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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What is the prevention of Schizophrenia?
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There's no sure way to prevent schizophrenia. But staying with your treatment plan can help stop symptoms from returning or getting worse. Researchers hope that learning more about risk factors for schizophrenia may lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment.
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What are the Overview of Sciatica?
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Sciatica refers to pain that travels along the path of the sciatic nerve. The sciatic nerve travels from the buttocks and down each leg.
Sciatica most often happens when a herniated disk or an overgrowth of bone puts pressure on the lumbar spine nerve roots. This happens "upstream" from the sciatic nerve. This causes inflammation, pain and often some numbness in the affected leg.
Although the pain associated with sciatica can be serious, those cases that are caused by a herniated disk can clear up with treatment in a few weeks to months. People who have severe sciatica and serious leg weakness or bowel or bladder changes might need surgery.
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What are the symptoms of Sciatica?
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Sciatica pain can be almost anywhere along the nerve pathway. It's especially likely to follow a path from the low back to the buttock and the back of a thigh and calf.
The pain can vary from a mild ache to a sharp, burning pain. Sometimes it feels like a jolt or electric shock. It can be worse when coughing or sneezing or sitting a long time. Usually, sciatica affects only one side of the body.
Some people also have numbness, tingling, or muscle weakness in the leg or foot. One part of the leg can be in pain, while another part can feel numb.
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What are the causes of Sciatica?
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Sciatica occurs when the nerve roots to the sciatic nerve become pinched. The cause is usually a herniated disk in the spine or an overgrowth of bone, sometimes called bone spurs, on the spinal bones. More rarely, a tumor can put pressure on the nerve.
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What are the risk factors of Sciatica?
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Risk factors for sciatica include:
• Age.People ages 20 to 50 are most likely to have herniated disks. Bone spurs develop more commonly as people age.
• Obesity.Being overweight increases stress on the spine.
• Occupation.A job that requires twisting the back, carrying heavy loads or driving a motor vehicle for long periods might play a role in herniated disks.
• Prolonged sitting.People who sit a lot or don't move much are more likely to develop herniated disks than active people are.
• Diabetes.This condition, which affects the way the body uses blood sugar, increases the risk of nerve damage.
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What are the complications of Sciatica?
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Most people recover fully from sciatica caused by herniated disks, often without treatment. But sciatica can damage nerves. Seek immediate medical attention for:
• Loss of feeling in the affected leg.
• Weakness in the affected leg.
• Loss of bowel or bladder control.
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What is the prevention of Sciatica?
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It's not always possible to prevent sciatica, and the condition can come back. To protect your back:
• Exercise regularly.To keep the back strong, work the core muscles — the muscles in the abdomen and lower back needed for good posture and alignment. A healthcare professional can recommend activities.
• Keep good posture when sitting.Choose a seat with good lower back support, armrests and a swivel base. For better low back support, place a pillow or rolled towel in the small of the back to keep its normal curve. Keep knees and hips level.
• Use your body correctly.When standing for long periods, rest one foot on a stool or small box from time to time. When lifting something heavy, let your legs do the work. Hold the load close to your body. Don't lift and twist at the same time. Find someone to help lift heavy or awkward things.
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What are the Overview of Scleroderma?
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Scleroderma (sklair-oh-DUR-muh), also known as systemic sclerosis, is a group of rare diseases that involve the hardening and tightening of the skin. Scleroderma also may cause problems in the blood vessels, internal organs and digestive tract.
Scleroderma is often categorized as limited or diffuse, which refers only to the degree of skin involvement. Both types can involve any of the other vascular or organ symptoms that are part of the disease. Localized scleroderma, also known as morphea, affects only the skin.
While there is no cure for scleroderma, treatments can ease symptoms, slow progression and improve quality of life.
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What are the symptoms of Scleroderma?
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Scleroderma symptoms vary from person to person, depending on which parts of the body are affected.
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What are the complications of Scleroderma?
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Scleroderma complications range from mild to serious and can affect the:
• Fingertips.In systemic sclerosis, Raynaud's phenomenon can become so severe that the restricted blood flow permanently damages the tissue at the fingertips, causing pits or skin sores. In some people, the tissue on the fingertips may die.
• Lungs.Scarring of lung tissue can impact the ability to breathe and tolerance for exercise. High blood pressure in the arteries to the lungs also may happen.
• Kidneys.A serious kidney complication, called scleroderma renal crisis, involves a sudden increase in blood pressure and rapid kidney failure. Prompt treatment of this condition is important to preserve kidney function.
• Heart.Scarring of heart tissue increases the risk of irregular heartbeats and heart failure. Scleroderma also can cause inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart.
• Teeth.Serious tightening of facial skin can cause the mouth to become smaller and narrower. This may make it hard to brush the teeth or to have them professionally cleaned or restored. People who have scleroderma often don't make typical amounts of saliva, so the risk of dental decay increases even more.
• Digestive system.Digestive complications of scleroderma can include heartburn and difficulty swallowing. Scleroderma also can cause bouts of cramps, bloating, constipation or diarrhea. Some people who have scleroderma also may have problems absorbing nutrients due to overgrowth of bacteria in the intestine.
• Joints.The skin over joints can become so tight that it restricts flexibility and movement, particularly in the hands.
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What are the Overview of Sclerosing mesenteritis?
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Sclerosing mesenteritis is a condition in which tissue that holds the small intestines in place, called the mesentery, becomes inflamed and forms scar tissue. The condition also is called mesenteric panniculitis. Sclerosing mesenteritis is rare, and it's not clear what causes it.
Sclerosing mesenteritis can cause belly pain, vomiting, bloating, diarrhea and fever. But some people experience no symptoms and may never need treatment.
In rare cases, scar tissue formed by sclerosing mesenteritis can block food from moving through the digestive tract. In this case, you may need surgery.
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What are the symptoms of Sclerosing mesenteritis?
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Symptoms of sclerosing mesenteritis include pain in the belly, vomiting, bloating, diarrhea and fever. Sometimes people don't have any symptoms.
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What are the causes of Sclerosing mesenteritis?
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The cause of sclerosing mesenteritis is not known.
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What are the Overview of Scorpion sting?
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Scorpion stings are painful but rarely life-threatening. Healthy adults usually don't need treatment for scorpion stings. Young children and older adults are most at risk of serious complications.
Scorpions are arthropods — a relative of insects, spiders and crustaceans. Bark scorpions — the only scorpion species in the U.S. with venom strong enough to cause serious symptoms — are generally about 1.6 to 3 inches (4 to 8 cm) long, including a segmented tail with a stinger that can deliver venom. They're found mainly in the desert Southwest. Worldwide, of more than 2,000 species of scorpions, about 100 produce venom serious enough to be fatal.
Scorpions have eight legs and a pair of lobster-like pinchers and a tail that curves up. They're generally more active at night. They usually won't sting unless provoked or attacked. Most stings occur when they're accidentally grabbed or stepped on or brushed against the body.
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What are the symptoms of Scorpion sting?
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Symptoms at the site of a scorpion sting may include:
• Pain, which can be intense.
• Numbness and tingling.
• Slight swelling.
• Warmth.
Symptoms from venom that affect the whole body — usually in children who are stung — include:
• A hard time breathing.
• Muscle twitching or thrashing.
• Unusual head, neck and eye movements.
• Drooling.
• Sweating.
• Slurred speech.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• High blood pressure (hypertension).
• Fast heart rate (tachycardia).
• Being restless or excitable, or crying in children that can't be comforted.
As with other stinging insects, such as bees and wasps, it is possible for people who have been stung by scorpions before to have allergic reactions when stung later. Reactions to these later stings are sometimes serious enough to cause a life-threatening condition called anaphylaxis. Symptoms in these cases are like those of anaphylaxis caused by bee stings, including hives, trouble breathing, and nausea and vomiting.
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What are the causes of Scorpion sting?
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A scorpion sting is caused by the stinger in a scorpion's tail. When a scorpion stings, its stinger can release venom. The venom contains a complex mix of toxins that affect the nervous system. These are called neurotoxins.
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What are the risk factors of Scorpion sting?
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Your risk of a scorpion sting rises if you:
• Live or travel where scorpions are.In the U.S., scorpions mainly live in the desert Southwest, primarily Arizona, New Mexico and parts of California. Worldwide, they're found most often in Mexico, North Africa, South America, the Middle East and India. And you might bring them home with you. That's because scorpions can hide in clothing, luggage and shipping containers.
• Work, hike or camp where scorpions are.Bark scorpions live under rocks and logs. They also live under tree bark, which is how they get their name. You're more likely to come into contact with one when you're working outside, hiking or camping.
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What are the complications of Scorpion sting?
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The very old and the very young are most likely to die of untreated venomous scorpion stings. The cause is usually heart or lung failure that occurs some hours after the sting. Very few deaths from scorpion stings have been reported in the U.S.
Rarely, scorpion stings can cause a serious allergic reaction called anaphylaxis.
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What is the prevention of Scorpion sting?
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Scorpions tend to avoid contact. If you live in an area where scorpions are common, consider these steps to prevent chance meetings:
• Remove pilesof rocks or lumber from around your house, and don't store firewood against the house or inside.
• Keep grass closely mowed,and prune bushes and overhanging tree branches that can provide scorpions with a path to your roof.
• Caulk cracks,install weatherstripping around doors and windows, and repair torn screens.
• Inspect and shake outgardening gloves, clothing and boots that haven't been used for a while.
• Take steps when you're traveling.When you're in areas where deadly scorpions are common — especially if you're camping or staying in rustic accommodations — wear shoes. Also, shake out your clothing, bedding, gear and packages often.
Scorpions glow under a black light, so you might want to use one at night to look at what's around you. If you find a scorpion, use tongs to gently move it away from people.
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What are the Overview of Scrotal masses?
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Scrotal masses are lumps or swelling in the scrotum, the bag of skin that holds the testicles.
Scrotal masses might be:
• A buildup of fluids.
• The growth of irregular tissue.
• Swollen, inflamed or hardened parts inside the scrotum.
It's key to get a scrotal mass checked by a health care professional, even if you don't have pain or other symptoms. Some masses could be cancer. Or they could be caused by another medical condition that affects the health of the testicles and how well they work.
Each month, check your scrotum for any changes. Also get the area checked during regular health checkups. This can help you spot masses early, when many treatments work better.
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What are the symptoms of Scrotal masses?
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Symptoms of scrotal masses vary. Some cause pain and others don't. It depends on the cause. Symptoms of a scrotal mass might include:
• An unusual lump.
• Sudden pain.
• Dull aching or a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum.
• Pain that spreads all over the groin, stomach area or lower back.
• A tender, swollen or hardened testicle or epididymis (ep-ih-DID-uh-miss). The epididymis is the soft, comma-shaped tube above and behind the testicle that stores and transports sperm.
• Swelling in the scrotum.
• A change in color of the skin of the scrotum.
• Upset stomach or vomiting.
If an infection causes a scrotal mass, symptoms also might include:
• Fever.
• Needing to pee often.
• Pus or blood in the urine.
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What are the causes of Scrotal masses?
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Many health conditions can cause a scrotal mass or an unusual change in the scrotum. These include:
• Testicular cancer.This is cancer that starts in the testicles. It often causes a painless lump or swelling in the scrotum. But some people with testicular cancer don't have any symptoms. See your doctor or other health care professional if you notice a new lump in your scrotum.
• Spermatocele.This fluid-filled sac in the scrotum is often above the testicle. It tends to be painless. And usually, it's not cancer. A spermatocele also is known as a spermatic cyst or epididymal cyst.
• Epididymitis.This is when the coiled tube at the back of the testicle, called the epididymis, becomes inflamed.Often, epididymitis is caused by an infection with bacteria. For instance, bacterial infections that spread through sex, such as chlamydia, can cause it. Less often, a virus can lead to epididymitis.
• Orchitis.This is when inflammation, which can include pain and swelling, affects the testicle. Usually, it's due to an illness caused by a virus, most often mumps.
• Hydrocele.This is when extra fluid collects between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle. Most often, there's a small amount of fluid in this space. But the excess fluid of a hydrocele can lead to a painless swelling of the scrotum.In adults, a hydrocele can happen because of an imbalance in the amounts of fluid made or absorbed. Often, this is due to an injury or infection in the scrotum.In babies, a hydrocele tends to happen because an opening between the stomach area and the scrotum hasn't properly closed during development.
• Hematocele.This is a buildup of blood between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle. An injury, such as a direct hit to the testicles, is the most likely cause.
• Varicocele.This happens when the veins inside the scrotum get bigger. Varicocele is more common on the left side of the scrotum due to differences in how blood flows from each side. A varicocele might cause infertility, which is when you can't get your partner pregnant after a year of unprotected sex.
• Inguinal hernia.This is when part of the small intestine pushes through an opening or weak spot in the tissue that separates the stomach area and groin. It might appear as a mass in the scrotum or higher in the groin.In infants, an inguinal hernia often happens before birth when the passageway from the stomach area to the scrotum doesn't close.
• Testicular torsion.This is a painful problem that cuts off blood to the testicle. It happens due to a twisting of the spermatic cord. That's a bundle of blood vessels, nerves and the tube that carries semen from the testicle to the penis. Without prompt treatment, testicular torsion can lead to the loss of the testicle.
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What are the risk factors of Scrotal masses?
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Things that can raise the risk of a scrotal mass include:
• Undescended testicle.An undescended testicle doesn't leave the stomach area and move down into the scrotum before birth or in the months afterward.
• Conditions present at birth.Some people are born with irregular changes in the testicles, penis or kidneys. These might raise the risk of a scrotal mass and testicular cancer later in life.
• History of testicular cancer.If you've had cancer in one testicle, your risk of getting cancer in the other testicle is higher. Having a parent or a sibling who's had testicular cancer also raises your risk.
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What are the complications of Scrotal masses?
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Not all scrotal masses lead to long-term medical conditions. But any mass that affects the health or function of the testicle can result in:
• Delayed or poor development during puberty.
• Infertility.
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What are the Overview of Sebaceous carcinoma?
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Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare type of cancer that begins in an oil gland in the skin. Sebaceous carcinoma most often affects the eyelids.
Sebaceous carcinoma may begin as a painless lump or thickening of skin on the eyelid. On other parts of the body, it might cause a bump on the skin that may bleed or have a scab.
Sebaceous carcinoma treatment often involves surgery to remove the cancer. Sebaceous carcinoma can grow quickly and sometimes spreads to other parts of the body.
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What are the symptoms of Sebaceous carcinoma?
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Symptoms of sebaceous carcinoma may vary based on where it starts. This cancer happens most often on the eyelid.
Symptoms of sebaceous carcinoma on the eyelid include:
• A small, painless lump on the upper eyelid.
• A lump that may look pink, red-brown or yellow.
• Eyelid skin that becomes thicker.
• Swelling and irritation on the eyelid.
When sebaceous carcinoma happens on other parts of the body it's called extraocular sebaceous carcinoma. Symptoms of extraocular sebaceous carcinoma include:
• A lump on the skin.
• A lump that may look yellow, tan, dark brown or copper-colored depending on your skin color.
• A lump that forms on the head, neck, trunk, arm or leg.
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What are the causes of Sebaceous carcinoma?
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The cause of sebaceous carcinoma often isn't known. This cancer starts as a growth of cells in the oil-producing glands of the skin. These glands are called sebaceous glands.
Sebaceous carcinoma happens when sebaceous gland cells get changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. The cancer cells form a growth or lump on the skin.
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What are the risk factors of Sebaceous carcinoma?
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Risk factors for sebaceous carcinoma include:
• Weakened immune system.If the body's germ-fighting immune system is weakened by medicine or illness, there might be a higher risk of sebaceous carcinoma. People with weakened immune systems include those taking medicine to control the immune system, such as after an organ transplant. Some health conditions, such as HIV infection, also can weaken the immune system.
• Radiation therapy.People who received radiation therapy treatments for cancer may have a higher risk of sebaceous carcinoma.
• Older age.Sebaceous carcinoma happens most often in people over age 60.
• Hereditary syndromes.People with some conditions that run in families may be more likely to have sebaceous carcinoma. Examples include Lynch syndrome and Muir-Torre syndrome.
There is no way to prevent sebaceous carcinoma.
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What are the Overview of Seizures?
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A seizure is a sudden burst of electrical activity in the brain. It can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings and levels of consciousness. Epilepsy is defined as having two or more seizures at least 24 hours apart that don't have a known cause. But epilepsy doesn't cause all seizures.
There are many types of seizures. They have a range of symptoms and vary in how much they affect your daily life. Seizure types also vary by where they begin in the brain and how far they spread. Most seizures last from 30 seconds to two minutes. A seizure that lasts longer than five minutes is a medical emergency.
Seizures can happen after a stroke or a head injury. An infection such as meningitis or another illness also may be the cause. But often the cause is not known.
Medicine can manage most seizures, but they can have side effects. Work with your healthcare professional to balance seizure management and medicine side effects.
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What are the symptoms of Seizures?
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Symptoms vary based on the type of seizure. They also can range from mild to serious. Seizure symptoms may include:
• Short-lived confusion.
• A staring spell.
• Jerking movements of the arms and legs that can't be stopped.
• Loss of consciousness or awareness.
• Changes in thinking or emotions. These may include fear, anxiety or a feeling of already having lived the moment, called deja vu.
Most seizures fall into one of two classes called focal or generalized. The classes are based on how and where the brain activity causing the seizure began. If health professionals don't know how the seizures began, they may say the seizures are of unknown onset.
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What are the causes of Seizures?
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Seizures are caused by changes in the way nerve cells in the brain communicate. Nerve cells in the brain create, send and receive electrical impulses. The nerve cells are called neurons. The impulses allow the cells to communicate. Anything that gets in way of the communication pathways can lead to a seizure. Gene changes cause some types of seizures.
Epilepsy is a common cause of seizures. But not everyone who has a seizure has epilepsy. Sometimes the following can cause seizures:
• A high fever. When fever causes a seizure, it's called a febrile seizure.
• An infection of the brain. This may include meningitis or encephalitis.
• Serious illness. This includes serious illness with COVID-19.
• Lack of sleep.
• Low blood sodium. This can happen if you take medicine that makes you urinate.
• Certain medicines that treat pain or depression or help people stop smoking.
• A new, active brain injury, such as head trauma. It can cause bleeding in an area of the brain or a stroke.
• The use of drugs that are sold on the streets. This includes amphetamines and cocaine.
• Alcohol misuse. Seizures can happen from withdrawal from alcohol or from drinking too much alcohol.
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What are the risk factors of Seizures?
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The following increase the risk of having a seizure:
• Head or brain injuries.
• Cognitive issues.
• Stroke.
• Alzheimer's disease.
• Brain tumors.
• Alcohol or illicit drug misuse.
• Family history of seizures.
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What are the complications of Seizures?
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Having a seizure can sometimes lead to complications that can cause danger for you or others. You might be at risk of:
• Falling.If you fall during a seizure, you can injure your head or break a bone.
• Drowning.If you have a seizure while swimming or bathing, you're at risk of drowning.
• Car accidents.A seizure can cause loss of awareness or not being able to control a vehicle while driving.
• Pregnancy complications.Seizures during pregnancy pose dangers to pregnant people and their babies. And certain antiseizure medicines increase the risk of health conditions present at birth. If you have epilepsy and plan to become pregnant, work with your healthcare professional to check to see if your medicines need to be adjusted during pregnancy.
• Mental health conditions.People with seizures are more likely to have depression, anxiety or other mental health conditions. This can be from dealing with seizures or from the side effects of antiseizure medicines.
• Sudden, unexpected death.Rarely, a single seizure causes death. This is called sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Seizures that aren't managed well and other factors play a role in the risk of SUDEP. But experts don't know the overall risks or the cause. Good treatment of seizures is vital in preventing SUDEP.
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What is the prevention of Seizures?
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People who have more than one seizure should stay away from things that can cause a seizure, such as:
• Not sleeping enough.
• Using alcohol or illicit drugs.
• Stress.
• Being around flashing lights.
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What are the Overview of Selective IgA deficiency?
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Selective IgA deficiency is the lack of a disease-fighting antibody in the immune system called immunoglobulin A (IgA). People with this condition usually have typical levels of other immunoglobulins (im-u-no-GLOB-u-lins).
An immunoglobulin is an antibody produced by immune system cells to fight bacteria, parasites and other agents that cause illness. IgA antibodies circulate in the blood and are found in tears, saliva, breast milk, and fluids released from the lining of the airways, lungs and digestive system.
Most people with selective IgA deficiency have no symptoms. But some people who have selective IgA deficiency have frequent illness of the airways, lungs and digestive system.
Selective IgA deficiency may increase the risk of other conditions related to the immune system, such as allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases and others.
There is no treatment specifically for selective IgA deficiency. Treatments focus on addressing the frequent, repeat or long-lasting conditions that develop with this immune system disorder.
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What are the symptoms of Selective IgA deficiency?
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Most people with selective IgA deficiency have no symptoms. Some people have illnesses more often than is typical. They also may have a particular illness that returns often. Having frequent illnesses doesn't necessarily mean a person has selective IgA deficiency.
People with selective IgA deficiency may have frequent or repeat episodes of the following:
• Ear infections, particularly in young children.
• Colds.
• Sinus infections.
• Lung illnesses, such as bronchitis or pneumonia.
• Giardiasis, a parasitic illness of the digestive system that causes diarrhea.
Children with frequent illnesses may not eat well or may not gain weight typical for their age.
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What are the causes of Selective IgA deficiency?
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Selective IgA deficiency happens when immune system cells don't produce any or produce very few IgA antibodies. The exact reason cells don't produce these antibodies isn't known.
Certain medicines used to treat seizures, epilepsy or rheumatoid arthritis may cause selective IgA deficiency in some people. The deficiency may continue after the medicine is no longer taken.
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What are the risk factors of Selective IgA deficiency?
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A family history of selective IgA deficiency increases the risk of the condition. Certain variations of genes appear to be linked to selective IgA deficiency, but no gene is known to directly cause the condition.
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What are the complications of Selective IgA deficiency?
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People with selective IgA deficiency are at increased risk of other long-term conditions. These include:
• Allergies and asthma.
• Rheumatoid arthritis.
• Celiac disease.
• Inflammatory bowel disease.
• Common variable immunodeficiency, which is a lack of two or more types of immunoglobulins.
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What are the Overview of Separation anxiety disorder?
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Separation anxiety is a typical phase for many infants and toddlers. Young children often have a period where they get anxious or distressed when they have to separate from their parent or main caregivers. Examples of this can be tears at daycare drop-off or getting fussy when a new person holds them. This usually starts to improve by about 2 to 3 years of age.
In some children, intense and ongoing separation anxiety is a sign of a more serious condition known as separation anxiety disorder. Separation anxiety disorder can be identified as early as preschool age.
Your child may have separation anxiety disorder if separation anxiety seems more intense than other kids of the same age or lasts a longer time, interferes with school or other daily activities, or includes panic attacks or other problem behaviors. Most often, separation anxiety relates to the child's anxiety about being away from parents or guardians, but it could relate to another close caregiver.
Less often, separation anxiety disorder can occur in teenagers and adults. This can cause major problems leaving home or going to work.
Treatment can lessen separation anxiety disorder symptoms. Treatment may include specific types of therapy, sometimes along with medicine.
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What are the symptoms of Separation anxiety disorder?
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Separation anxiety disorder is diagnosed when symptoms are much more than expected for someone's developmental age and cause major distress or problems doing daily activities. Symptoms may include:
• Repeated and intense distress when thinking about separation or when away from home or loved ones. This may include being clingy or having tantrums about separation that last longer or are more severe than other kids of the same age.
• Constant, intense worry about losing a parent or other loved one to an illness, death, or a disaster or harm coming to them.
• Constant worry that something bad will happen, such as being lost or kidnapped, causing separation from parents or other loved ones.
• Not wanting to or refusing to be away from home because of fear of separation.
• Not wanting to be home alone or somewhere without a parent or other loved one close by, if the child has reached an age where being alone might be expected.
• Not wanting to or refusing to sleep away from home or to go to sleep without a parent or other loved one nearby, if the child has reached an age where these activities might be expected.
• Repeated nightmares about separation.
• Repeated complaints of headaches, stomachaches, or other symptoms during or before separation from a parent or other loved one.
Separation anxiety disorder may occur along with panic attacks. Panic attacks are repeated bouts of sudden feelings of intense anxiety and fear or terror that reach a peak within minutes.
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What are the causes of Separation anxiety disorder?
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Sometimes, separation anxiety can be triggered by life stress that results in separation from a loved one. Examples include divorce of parents, changing schools, moving to a new location or a loved one's death. Genetics may play a role in separation anxiety becoming separation anxiety disorder.
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What are the risk factors of Separation anxiety disorder?
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Separation anxiety disorder most often begins in childhood. But it may continue into the teenage years and sometimes into adulthood.
Risk factors may include:
• Life stresses or loss that result in separation.Examples include the illness or death of a loved one, loss of a beloved pet, divorce of parents, or moving or going away to school.
• Family history.Having blood relatives who have anxiety symptoms or an anxiety disorder may increase the risk of having separation anxiety disorder.
• Situational issues.Experiencing some type of disaster or traumatic life event may increase the risk of separation anxiety disorder.
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What are the complications of Separation anxiety disorder?
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Separation anxiety disorder causes major distress and problems functioning at home, in social situations, or at work or school.
Disorders that can occur along with separation anxiety disorder include:
• Other anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks, phobias, social anxiety disorder or agoraphobia.
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder.
• Depression.
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What is the prevention of Separation anxiety disorder?
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There's no sure way to prevent separation anxiety disorder in your child, but these suggestions may help.
• Get professional advice as soon as possibleif you're concerned that your child's anxiety is much worse than others at the same developmental stage. Early diagnosis and treatment can help lessen anxiety symptoms and keep the condition from getting worse.
• Follow the treatment planto help prevent relapses or worsening of symptoms.
• Get your own evidence-based treatment and support if you have anxiety, depression or other mental health concerns,so that you can model healthy coping skills for your child.
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What are the Overview of Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
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Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs). They are spread mainly by sexual contact.STIsare caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites. A sexually transmitted infection may pass from person to person in blood, semen, or vaginal and other bodily fluids.
Sometimes sexually transmitted infections are spread in ways other than sexual contact. For example,STIscan spread to infants during pregnancy or childbirth.STIsalso can spread through blood transfusions or shared needles.
STIsdon't always cause symptoms. A person can get sexually transmitted infections from another person who seems healthy and may not even know they have an infection.
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What are the symptoms of Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
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STDscan have a range of symptoms, including no symptoms. That's why sexually transmitted infections may go unnoticed until a person has complications or a partner is diagnosed.
STIsymptoms might include:
• Sores or bumps on the genitals or in the oral or rectal area.
• Painful or burning urination.
• Discharge from the penis.
• Unusual or odorous vaginal discharge.
• Unusual vaginal bleeding.
• Pain during sex.
• Sore, swollen lymph nodes, particularly in the groin but sometimes more widespread.
• Lower abdominal pain.
• Fever.
• Rash over the trunk, hands or feet.
Sexually transmitted infection symptoms may appear a few days after exposure. But it may take years before you have any noticeable problems, depending on what's causing theSTI.
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What are the causes of Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
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Sexually transmitted infections can be caused by:
• Bacteria.Gonorrhea, syphilis and chlamydia are examples ofSTDsthat are caused by bacteria.
• Parasites.Trichomoniasis is anSTDcaused by a parasite.
• Viruses.STDscaused by viruses include human papillomavirus (HPV), the herpes simplex virus, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS.
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What are the risk factors of Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
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Anyone who is sexually active risks getting or spreading anSTD.
Factors that may increase the risk of getting an sexually transmitted infection include:
• Having unprotected sex.Vaginal or anal sex with an infected partner who isn't wearing a condom (latex or polyurethane) greatly increases the risk of getting anSTD. Condoms made from natural membranes aren't recommended because they're not effective at preventing someSTIs. Not using condoms properly or not using them each time also can increase risk.Oral sex may be less risky. But sexually transmitted infections can still spread if a person doesn't use a condom (latex or polyurethane) or a dental dam. That is a thin, square piece of rubber made with latex or silicone.
• Having sexual contact with many partners.The more people you have sexual activity with, the greater your risk.
• Having a history ofSTIs.Having one sexually transmitted infection makes it much easier for anotherSTIto take hold.
• Being forced to engage in sexual activity.See a health care professional as soon as possible to get screening, treatment and emotional support.
• Misuse of alcohol or use of recreational drugs.Substance misuse can inhibit your judgment, making you more willing to take part in risky behaviors.
• Injecting drugs.Sharing a needle while injecting drugs can spread many serious infections. Examples are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
• Being young.People age 15 to 24 report high levels ofSTIs compared to those who are older.
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What are the complications of Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
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Many people in the early stages of anSTDhave no symptoms. That's why screening is important to prevent complications.
Possible complications of sexually transmitted infections include:
• Pelvic pain.
• Pregnancy complications.
• Eye inflammation.
• Arthritis.
• Pelvic inflammatory disease.
• Infertility.
• Heart disease.
• Certain cancers, such asHPV-associated cervical and rectal cancers.
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What is the prevention of Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
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There are many ways to avoid or lower your risk of getting anSTD.
• Avoid sex or sexual activity.The most effective way to avoidSTDsis to not have sex.
• Stay with one uninfected partner.Staying in a long-term relationship in which both people have sex only with each other and neither partner is infected can be one way to avoid anSTD.
• Wait and test.Avoid vaginal and anal sex or sexual activity with new partners until you have both been tested for sexually transmitted infections. Oral sex may be less risky. ButSTIscan still spread if a person doesn't use a condom (latex or polyurethane) or a dental dam. These barriers prevent skin-to-skin contact between the oral and genital mucous membranes.
• Get vaccinated.Getting vaccinated before having sex can prevent certain types of sexually transmitted infections. Vaccines are available to preventSTDscaused by human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis A and hepatitis B.
• Use condoms and dental dams consistently and correctly.Use a new latex or polyurethane condom or dental dam for each sex act, whether oral, vaginal or anal. Never use an oil-based lubricant, such as petroleum jelly, with a latex condom or dental dam. Also, these types of barriers give less protection forSTDsinvolving exposed genital sores, such asHPVor herpes.Nonbarrier forms of contraception, such as birth control pills or intrauterine devices (IUDs), don't protect againstSTIs.
• Don't drink alcohol excessively or use illegal drugs.If you're under the influence of these substances, you're more likely to take sexual risks.
• Talk to your partner.Before any sexual contact, talk to your partner about practicing safer sex. Be sure you clearly agree on what activities will and won't be OK.
• Think about male circumcision.For men, evidence has found that circumcision can help lower the risk of gettingHIVfrom a woman withHIVby as much as 60%. Male circumcision may also help prevent spread of genitalHPVand genital herpes.
• Think about using preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP).The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two combination medicines to lower the risk ofHIVinfection in people who are at very high risk. The medicines are emtricitabine plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Truvada) and emtricitabine plus tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (Descovy). These medicines must be taken every day, exactly as prescribed.
Your health care professional will prescribe these medicines forHIVprevention only if you don't already haveHIV. You'll need anHIVtest before you start takingPrEPand then every three months as long as you're taking it.
Your health care professional also will test your kidney function before prescribing Truvada. They will then test your kidney function every six months. If you have hepatitis B, see an infectious disease specialist or liver specialist before starting therapy.
According to theCDC, if you use Truvada daily, you can lower your risk of gettingHIVfrom sex by about 99%. And you can lower your risk of gettingHIVfrom injection drug use by more than 74%.
Research suggests that Descovy is also effective in lowering the risk of gettingHIVfrom sex. But Descovy hasn't been studied in people who have receptive vaginal sex. Using added prevention, such as condoms, can lower your risk even more and prevent otherSTIs.
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What are the Overview of Shaken baby syndrome?
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Shaken baby syndrome is a serious brain injury that results from forcefully shaking an infant or a toddler. It also is known as abusive head trauma, shaken impact syndrome, inflicted head injury or whiplash shaken infant syndrome.
Shaken baby syndrome can damage or destroy a child's brain cells. This form of child abuse can cause permanent brain damage or death.
Shaken baby syndrome is preventable. Help is available for parents who are at risk of harming a child. Parents also can teach other caregivers about the dangers of shaken baby syndrome.
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What are the symptoms of Shaken baby syndrome?
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Symptoms of shaken baby syndrome may include:
• Extreme fussiness or irritability.
• Difficulty staying awake.
• Breathing problems.
• Poor eating.
• Vomiting.
• Pale or discolored skin.
• Seizures.
• Paralysis.
• Coma.
While sometimes a child may have bruising on the face, you may not see signs of physical injury to the child's outer body. Injuries that might not be seen immediately include:
• Bleeding in the brain and eyes.
• Spinal cord damage.
• Fractures of the ribs, skull, legs and other bones.
Children with shaken baby syndrome often show symptoms of prior child abuse.
In mild cases of shaken baby syndrome, children may appear OK after being shaken. But they may develop health or behavioral problems over time.
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What are the causes of Shaken baby syndrome?
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Babies have weak neck muscles and can't support the weight of their heads. If a baby is forcefully shaken, their brain moves back and forth inside the skull. This causes bruising, swelling and bleeding.
Shaken baby syndrome usually occurs when a parent or caregiver severely shakes a baby or toddler due to frustration or anger. It often happens because the child won't stop crying.
Shaken baby syndrome is not caused by bouncing a child on your knee or minor falls.
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What are the risk factors of Shaken baby syndrome?
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These things may increase the risk that parents or caregivers might forcefully shake a baby and cause shaken baby syndrome:
• Having unrealistic expectations of babies.
• Having a baby that cries uncontrollably.
• Having a baby born prematurely or with medical needs.
• Being a young or single parent.
• Stress.
• Domestic violence.
• Alcohol or substance misuse.
• Unstable family situations.
• Depression.
• A history of mistreatment as a child.
Also, men are more likely to severely shake a baby hard enough to cause shaken baby syndrome than women are.
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What are the complications of Shaken baby syndrome?
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Even brief shaking of an infant can cause brain damage that can't be reversed. Many children affected by shaken baby syndrome die.
Children who survive shaken baby syndrome may require lifelong medical care for conditions such as:
• Partial or total blindness.
• Delayed development.
• Troubles with learning and behavior.
• Seizures or epilepsy.
• Cerebral palsy, a disorder that affects movement and muscle coordination.
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What is the prevention of Shaken baby syndrome?
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New parent education classes can help parents better understand the dangers of violent shaking. The classes also may provide tips to soothe a crying baby and manage stress.
When your crying baby can't be calmed, you may be tempted to try anything to get the tears to stop. But it's important to always treat your child gently. Nothing justifies shaking a child.
If you're having trouble managing your emotions or the stress of parenthood, seek help. Your child's healthcare professional may offer a referral to a counselor or other mental health professional.
If other people help take care of your child, make sure they know the dangers of shaken baby syndrome. These people might include a hired caregiver, sibling or grandparent.
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What are the Overview of Shigella infection?
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Shigella infection is an illness that affects the intestine. Another name for it is shigellosis. It's caused by a group of germs called shigella bacteria.
Children under age 5 are most likely to get shigella infection. But the illness can happen at any age. The germs that cause it spread easily through an infected person's stool. The germs can get on fingers, on surfaces, or into food or water. Infection happens after the germs are swallowed.
The main symptom of shigella infection is diarrhea that can be bloody or long lasting. Other symptoms can include fever and stomach pain.
Most often, shigella infection clears up on its own within a week. Treatment for serious illness may include medicines called antibiotics that get rid of the germs.
Help prevent shigella infection by washing hands often, especially after changing a diaper or using the bathroom. And if you swim in ponds, lakes or swimming pools, try not to swallow the water.
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What are the symptoms of Shigella infection?
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Symptoms of shigella infection usually start a day or two after contact with the germs that cause it. Sometimes, the illness takes up to a week to start.
Symptoms can include:
• Diarrhea that may contain blood or mucus, and that may last more than three days.
• Stomach pain or cramps.
• A feeling of needing to pass stool even when the bowel is empty.
• Fever.
• Upset stomach or vomiting.
Symptoms tend to last up to seven days. Sometimes they last longer. Some people have no symptoms after they've been infected with shigella. But the germs may be able to spread through the stool for up to a few weeks.
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What are the causes of Shigella infection?
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Shigella infection is caused by swallowing shigella bacteria. This can happen when you:
• Touch your mouth.This poses a risk because there are many ways for shigella germs to get on your hands. You might change the diaper of a child who has shigella infection. Or you might touch an object that has germs on it, such as a toy or changing table. The germs also can spread from hand to mouth during sexual contact with someone who has the infection.
• Eat tainted food.A person with a shigella infection who handles food can spread the germs to people who eat the food. Food also can become tainted if it grows in a field that contains sewage.
• Swallow tainted water.Water can become tainted with shigella germs from sewage. Water also can become tainted if a person with shigella infection swims in it.
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What are the risk factors of Shigella infection?
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Risk factors for shigella infection include the following:
• Being a child.Children under age 5 are most likely to get shigella infection. But people of any age can get the illness.
• Living in group housing or doing group activities.Close contact with other people can spread the germs from person to person. Shigella outbreaks are more common in child care centers, schools, public pools, water parks and nursing homes.
• Living or traveling in areas that lack clean water and sewage disposal services.People who live or travel in developing countries are more likely to get shigella infection.
• Sexual contact that involves the anus.Shigella germs can spread from the stool or soiled fingers of one partner to the mouth of another partner. This puts men who have sex with men at higher risk of shigella infection.
• Experiencing homelessness.This may involve staying in crowded areas or having less access to clean water and toilets. That can raise the risk of infection when shigella germs are spread through the community.
• Having a weakened immune system.This raises the risk of more-serious shigella infection. The immune system may be weakened from health conditions such as HIV or from treatments such as chemotherapy.
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What are the complications of Shigella infection?
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It may take weeks or months before you return to your typical bowel habits. And most often, shigella infection clears up without leading to other health conditions called complications.
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What is the prevention of Shigella infection?
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Take the following steps to help prevent shigella infection:
• Wash hands often. Use soap and water, and scrub for at least 20 seconds. This is key before you prepare or eat food, and before sexual activity. It's also important to wash after you use the bathroom or change a diaper.
• Throw away soiled diapers in a covered, lined garbage can.
• Disinfect diaper-changing areas right after use, especially if the diaper leaks or spills.
• Try not to swallow water from ponds, lakes or untreated pools.
• Do not have sexual contact with anyone who has diarrhea or who recently recovered from diarrhea. Wait at least two weeks.
If you or your child has diarrhea or a known shigella infection, take these steps to prevent spreading germs:
• Keep washing hands often. And watch small children when they wash their hands.
• Don't prepare food for others if possible.
• Stay home from healthcare, food service or child care jobs while sick.
• Keep children with diarrhea home from child care, play groups or school.
• Don't go swimming until you have fully recovered.
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What are the Overview of Short bowel syndrome?
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Short bowel syndrome is a condition in which the body cannot absorb enough nutrients from foods because part of the small intestine is missing or damaged.
The small intestine is where most of the nutrients you eat are absorbed into your body during digestion.
Short bowel syndrome can happen when:
• Parts of the small intestine have been surgically removed.Conditions that may require surgical removal of large portions of the small intestine include Crohn's disease, cancer, traumatic injuries and blood clots in the arteries that provide blood to the intestines.
• Portions of the small intestine are missing or damaged at birth.Babies may be born with a short small intestine or with a damaged small intestine that must be surgically removed.
Short bowel syndrome treatment typically involves special diets and nutritional supplements. It may involve receiving nutrition through a vein, called parenteral nutrition, to prevent malnutrition.
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What are the symptoms of Short bowel syndrome?
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Common symptoms of short bowel syndrome may include:
• Diarrhea.
• Greasy, foul-smelling stools.
• Fatigue.
• Weight loss.
• Malnutrition.
• Swelling, called edema, in the legs and feet.
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What are the causes of Short bowel syndrome?
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Causes of short bowel syndrome include having parts of your small intestine removed during surgery, or being born with some of the small intestine missing or damaged. Conditions that may require surgical removal of portions of the small intestine include Crohn's disease, cancer, injuries and blood clots.
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What are the Overview of Sjogren's syndrome?
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Sjogren's (SHOW-grins) syndrome is a disorder of your immune system identified by its two most common symptoms — dry eyes and a dry mouth.
The condition often accompanies other immune system disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. In Sjogren's syndrome, the mucous membranes and moisture-secreting glands of your eyes and mouth are usually affected first — resulting in decreased tears and saliva.
Although you can develop Sjogren's syndrome at any age, most people are older than 40 at the time of diagnosis. The condition is much more common in women. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms.
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What are the symptoms of Sjogren's syndrome?
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The two main symptoms of Sjogren's syndrome are:
• Dry eyes.Your eyes might burn, itch or feel gritty — as if there's sand in them.
• Dry mouth.Your mouth might feel like it's full of cotton, making it difficult to swallow or speak.
Some people with Sjogren's syndrome also have one or more of the following:
• Joint pain, swelling and stiffness
• Swollen salivary glands — particularly the set located behind your jaw and in front of your ears
• Skin rashes or dry skin
• Vaginal dryness
• Persistent dry cough
• Prolonged fatigue
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What are the causes of Sjogren's syndrome?
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Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disorder. Your immune system mistakenly attacks your body's own cells and tissues.
Scientists aren't certain why some people develop Sjogren's syndrome. Certain genes put people at higher risk of the disorder, but it appears that a triggering mechanism — such as infection with a particular virus or strain of bacteria — is also necessary.
In Sjogren's syndrome, your immune system first targets the glands that make tears and saliva. But it can also damage other parts of your body, such as:
• Joints
• Thyroid
• Kidneys
• Liver
• Lungs
• Skin
• Nerves
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What are the risk factors of Sjogren's syndrome?
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Sjogren's syndrome typically occurs in people with one or more known risk factors, including:
• Age.Sjogren's syndrome is usually diagnosed in people older than 40.
• Sex.Women are much more likely to have Sjogren's syndrome.
• Rheumatic disease.It's common for people who have Sjogren's syndrome to also have a rheumatic disease — such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
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What are the complications of Sjogren's syndrome?
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The most common complications of Sjogren's syndrome involve your eyes and mouth.
• Dental cavities.Because saliva helps protect the teeth from the bacteria that cause cavities, you're more prone to developing cavities if your mouth is dry.
• Yeast infections.People with Sjogren's syndrome are much more likely to develop oral thrush, a yeast infection in the mouth.
• Vision problems.Dry eyes can lead to light sensitivity, blurred vision and corneal damage.
Less common complications might affect:
• Lungs, kidneys or liver.Inflammation can cause pneumonia, bronchitis or other problems in your lungs; lead to problems with kidney function; and cause hepatitis or cirrhosis in your liver.
• Lymph nodes.A small percentage of people with Sjogren's syndrome develop cancer of the lymph nodes (lymphoma).
• Nerves.You might develop numbness, tingling and burning in your hands and feet (peripheral neuropathy).
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What are the Overview of Skull base tumors?
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Skull base tumors are growths that form at the area of the skull just behind the eyes and nose, beneath the brain. The base of the skull is where important blood vessels and nerves come together with the spinal cord. The base of the skull also separates the brain from the neck.
Tumors also may be called masses, growths or lesions. These tumors can grow inside or outside the skull. They may be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Some skull base tumors may not cause any symptoms, but others can cause symptoms that affect your senses, such as vision or hearing, and the way that your nervous system works.
Even noncancerous skull base tumors can be dangerous. These tumors may press on the blood vessels, nerves and brain tissue in the skull base. This may lead to hearing loss, vision problems, dizziness and other issues that affect safety and well-being.
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What are the symptoms of Skull base tumors?
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Symptoms of skull base tumors are different based on the size of the tumor, the kind of tumor, and where the tumor is growing in the skull base.
Some of the most common symptoms of skull base tumors are:
• Headaches.
• Neck pain.
• Changes in vision — blurry or double vision, or loss of vision.
• Changes in hearing — hearing loss or ringing in the ears.
• Problems with walking and balance.
• Clumsiness or other problems with coordination.
• Hoarse voice.
• Problems with breathing or swallowing.
• Changes in the sense of smell.
• Nosebleeds.
Skull base tumors may not cause any symptoms. Or the symptoms may be mild and general. Some symptoms may be headaches or problems with balance. Skull base tumors may be found by accident during imaging scans or other tests to find the cause of other symptoms.
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What are the causes of Skull base tumors?
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Experts aren't sure what causes most skull base tumors. Most skull base tumors seem to develop without any clear cause. It's thought that some skull base tumors, particularly acoustic neuromas, likely are caused by genetic conditions passed down in families. But several other factors also may contribute. These factors include exposure to radiation and harmful chemicals.
It's likely that a combination of factors in genes and the environment cause skull base tumors.
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What are the complications of Skull base tumors?
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Complications of skull base tumors are usually caused by the tumors growing and pressing into blood vessels, nerves and other tissues, including the brain.
Complications of the nervous system may include:
• Problems with vision.
• Hearing loss.
• Weakness or numbness in the face.
• Difficulty swallowing or speaking.
• Difficulty breathing.
• Seizures.
• Headaches.
• Cerebrospinal fluid leaks.
• Water buildup on the brain, which can increase pressure inside the skull and cause headaches, nausea and vomiting.
Other complications may include:
• Changes in hormone levels.
• Infections, such as meningitis.
• Problems with memory, concentration, mood or behavior.
• Problems with balance, coordination and walking.
• Stroke or bleeding in the brain.
• Problems with the eustachian tube in the ear.
Sometimes skull base tumors can spread. Noncancerous skull base tumors generally do not spread. Cancerous skull base tumors can grow into nearby tissues and spread to the lymph nodes, lungs, liver or other parts of the body. Chordomas, chondrosarcomas, sinonasal carcinomas and olfactory neuroblastomas are more likely than other types of skull base tumors to spread throughout the body.
Whether or not skull base tumors spread, and how quickly they do so, depends on the type and grade of the tumor. High-grade cancerous tumors are more aggressive. They likely will spread more quickly than low-grade tumors. The grade of a tumor shows how different the tumor cells are from healthy cells. High-grade tumors have irregular cells and tend to grow and spread very quickly.
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What are the Overview of Sleep apnea?
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Sleep apnea is a potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts. If you snore loudly and feel tired even after a full night's sleep, you might have sleep apnea.
The main types of sleep apnea are:
• Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA),which is the more common form that occurs when throat muscles relax and block the flow of air into the lungs
• Central sleep apnea (CSA), which occurs when the brain doesn't send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing
• Treatment-emergent central sleep apnea, also known as complex sleep apnea, which happens when someone hasOSA— diagnosed with a sleep study — that converts toCSAwhen receiving therapy forOSA
If you think you might have sleep apnea, see your health care provider. Treatment can ease your symptoms and might help prevent heart problems and other complications.
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What are the symptoms of Sleep apnea?
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The symptoms of obstructive and central sleep apneas overlap, sometimes making it difficult to determine which type you have. The most common symptoms of obstructive and central sleep apneas include:
• Loud snoring.
• Episodes in which you stop breathing during sleep — which would be reported by another person.
• Gasping for air during sleep.
• Awakening with a dry mouth.
• Morning headache.
• Difficulty staying asleep, known as insomnia.
• Excessive daytime sleepiness, known as hypersomnia.
• Difficulty paying attention while awake.
• Irritability.
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What are the risk factors of Sleep apnea?
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Sleep apnea can affect anyone, even children. But certain factors increase your risk.
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What are the complications of Sleep apnea?
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Sleep apnea is a serious medical condition. Complications ofOSAcan include:
• Daytime fatigue.The repeated awakenings associated with sleep apnea make typical, restorative sleep impossible, in turn making severe daytime drowsiness, fatigue and irritability likely.You might have trouble concentrating and find yourself falling asleep at work, while watching TV or even when driving. People with sleep apnea have an increased risk of motor vehicle and workplace accidents.You might also feel quick-tempered, moody or depressed. Children and adolescents with sleep apnea might perform poorly in school or have behavior problems.
• High blood pressure or heart problems.Sudden drops in blood oxygen levels that occur duringOSAincrease blood pressure and strain the cardiovascular system. HavingOSAincreases your risk of high blood pressure, also known as hypertension.OSAmight also increase your risk of recurrent heart attack, stroke and irregular heartbeats, such as atrial fibrillation. If you have heart disease, multiple episodes of low blood oxygen (hypoxia or hypoxemia) can lead to sudden death from an irregular heartbeat.
• Type 2 diabetes.Having sleep apnea increases your risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
• Metabolic syndrome.This disorder, which includes high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, high blood sugar and an increased waist circumference, is linked to a higher risk of heart disease.
• Complications with medicines and surgery.Obstructive sleep apnea is also a concern with certain medicines and general anesthesia. People with sleep apnea might be more likely to have complications after major surgery because they're prone to breathing problems, especially when sedated and lying on their backs.Before you have surgery, tell your doctor about your sleep apnea and how it's being treated.
• Liver problems.People with sleep apnea are more likely to have irregular results on liver function tests, and their livers are more likely to show signs of scarring, known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
• Sleep-deprived partners.Loud snoring can keep anyone who sleeps nearby from getting good rest. It's common for a partner to have to go to another room, or even to another floor of the house, to be able to sleep.
Complications ofCSAcan include:
• Fatigue.The repeated awakening associated with sleep apnea makes typical, restorative sleep impossible. People with central sleep apnea often have severe fatigue, daytime drowsiness and irritability.You might have difficulty concentrating and find yourself falling asleep at work, while watching television or even while driving.
• Cardiovascular problems.Sudden drops in blood oxygen levels that occur during central sleep apnea can adversely affect heart health.If there's underlying heart disease, these repeated multiple episodes of low blood oxygen — known as hypoxia or hypoxemia — worsen prognosis and increase the risk of irregular heart rhythms.
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What are the Overview of Sleep disorders?
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Sleep disorders are conditions that change the way you sleep. If you have a sleep disorder, you may not get enough sleep or you may not feel rested when you wake up. You may be very sleepy during the daytime. You may have changes in breathing or move around a lot during sleep. Or you may have problems getting to sleep, staying asleep or waking too early.
A sleep disorder can affect your overall health, safety and quality of life. Not getting a good night's sleep can affect your ability to drive or work safely. It also can raise your risk of other health problems. But treatment can help you get the sleep you need.
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What are the symptoms of Sleep disorders?
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Symptoms of common sleep disorders include:
• Being very sleepy during the daytime. You may fall asleep at times that aren't typical, such as while driving or while working at your desk.
• Trouble falling asleep, waking up during the night and not being able to go back to sleep. Or you may wake up too early.
• Breathing in a pattern that isn't typical. This may include snoring, snorting, gasping, choking or pausing during breathing.
• Feeling an urge to move that is not comfortable while you're trying to fall asleep. Your legs or arms may feel tingly or crawly.
• Moving too much or having movements that bother you during sleep, such as arm and leg movements or teeth grinding.
• Activities during sleep that are not usual, such as sleepwalking, sleep-eating or bed-wetting.
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What are the causes of Sleep disorders?
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There are many different types of sleep disorders, and the causes vary widely. Sleep disorders are often grouped according to why they happen or their effects. Sleep disorders also can be grouped based on behaviors, problems with your natural sleep-wake cycles, breathing problems, difficulty sleeping or how sleepy you feel during the day.
Sometimes the exact cause is not known, but several factors can increase the risk of having a sleep disorder.
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What are the risk factors of Sleep disorders?
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These issues can raise the risk of sleep disorders:
• Age.Sleep varies depending on age, and age may play a role in sleep disorders. Some sleep disorders, such as bed-wetting, may be more common in children. Other sleep disorders are more common with older age.
• Genetics.Having some sleep disorders, such as insomnia, restless leg syndrome, sleepwalking, and sleep apnea, may be more likely if a family member also has them.
• Medical conditions.Brain and nerve conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain injury, may raise the risk of sleep disorders. Heart disease, lung disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic pain are linked with insomnia. Being overweight raises the risk of obstructive sleep apnea. Heart failure and atrial fibrillation raise the risk of central sleep apnea.
• Mental health conditions.Stress, depression, anxiety and other mental health conditions may affect sleep.
• Schedule changes.Jet lag or shift work can change your sleep-wake cycle and disrupt sleep.
• Medicines and drugs.Certain medicines, caffeine, alcohol, and legal or illegal drugs that may be sold on the streets, also called recreational drugs, can affect sleep.
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What are the complications of Sleep disorders?
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Untreated sleep disorders are linked with serious complications. These can include a higher risk or worsening of medical conditions such as heart disease, stroke and diabetes. Sleep disorders also can affect mental health. And ongoing insomnia can raise the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior.
Sleep disorders can affect your quality of life. Excessive daytime sleepiness can make it hard to focus and pay attention. This can impact driving safety, workplace errors and how well you do in school.
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What are the Overview of Sleepwalking?
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Sleepwalking, also known as somnambulism, is when people get up and walk around while asleep. It's more common in children than adults. Children usually outgrow sleepwalking by the teen years. Sleepwalking that happens once in a while often isn't a serious problem and doesn't need treatment. But sleepwalking that happens a lot may suggest an underlying sleep disorder.
Sleepwalking in adults is more likely to be confused with, or happen as part of, other sleep disorders. Medical conditions also can cause people to walk in their sleep.
If people in your household sleepwalk, it's important to take steps to help prevent them from getting injured while sleepwalking.
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What are the symptoms of Sleepwalking?
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Sleepwalking usually occurs early in the night — often 1 to 2 hours after falling asleep. It isn't likely to happen during naps, but it is possible. A bout of sleepwalking can occur rarely or often. A bout generally lasts several minutes, but it can last longer.
People who sleepwalk may:
• Get out of bed and walk around.
• Sit up in bed and open their eyes.
• Have a glazed, glassy-eyed expression.
• Not respond or talk to others.
• Be hard to wake up.
• Be confused for a short time after waking up.
• Not remember in the morning that they sleepwalked.
• Have problems functioning during the day because of disturbed sleep.
• Also have sleep terrors that cause screaming and waving of arms and legs.
Sometimes, people who sleepwalk will:
• Do routine activities, such as getting dressed, talking or eating.
• Leave the house.
• Drive a car.
• Take part in unusual behavior, such as passing urine in a closet.
• Take part in sexual activity without being aware of it.
• Get injured, such as by falling down the stairs or jumping out a window.
• Become violent while briefly confused after waking up or once in a while sleepwalking.
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What are the causes of Sleepwalking?
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Sleepwalking is classified as a parasomnia — an undesirable behavior or event during sleep. Sleepwalking is a disorder of arousal. This means it occurs during N3 sleep, the deepest stage of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Another NREM disorder is sleep terrors, which can occur with sleepwalking.
Many factors can lead to sleepwalking, including:
• Not getting enough sleep.
• Stress.
• Fever.
• Sleep schedule disruptions, travel or sleep interruptions.
Sometimes underlying conditions that affect sleep can cause sleepwalking, such as:
• Sleep-disordered breathing — a group of disorders featuring unusual breathing patterns during sleep, such as obstructive sleep apnea.
• Taking certain medicines, such as hypnotics, sedatives or some medicines used for mental health conditions.
• Substance use, such as alcohol.
• Restless legs syndrome.
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
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What are the risk factors of Sleepwalking?
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Factors that may raise the risk of sleepwalking include:
• Genetics.Sleepwalking appears to run in families. It's more common if one parent has a history of sleepwalking, and much more common if both parents have a history of the sleep disorder.
• Age.Sleepwalking occurs more often in children than adults. When it starts in an adult, it's more likely related to other underlying conditions.
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What are the complications of Sleepwalking?
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Sleepwalking itself isn't necessarily a concern, but people who sleepwalk can:
• Get hurt, especially if they walk near furniture or stairs, wander outdoors, drive a car, or eat something that shouldn't be eaten while sleepwalking.
• Have a sleep disruption that lasts a long time, which can lead to being very tired during the day and possible school or behavioral issues.
• Be very embarrassed about their actions.
• Disturb others' sleep.
Rarely, people who sleepwalk can injure someone else nearby.
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What are the Overview of Small bowel cancer?
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Small bowel cancer is a type of cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the small intestine. The small intestine, also called the small bowel, is a long tube that carries digested food between the stomach and the large intestine.
The small intestine digests and absorbs nutrients from the foods you eat. It produces hormones that help with digestion. The small intestine also plays a role in the body's germ-fighting immune system. It contains cells that fight bacteria and viruses that enter the body through the mouth.
Small bowel cancer treatment usually involves surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments include chemotherapy and targeted therapy, which use medicines to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy also may be used to shrink the cancer before surgery.
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What are the symptoms of Small bowel cancer?
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Symptoms of small bowel cancer include:
• Abdominal pain.
• Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, called jaundice.
• Feeling very weak or tired.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• Losing weight without trying.
• Blood in the stool, which might look red or black.
• Watery diarrhea.
• Skin flushing.
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What are the causes of Small bowel cancer?
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The cause of small bowel cancer isn't known. What's known is that something happens to cells in the small bowel that changes them into cancer cells.
Small bowel cancer happens when cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply quickly. The cells continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This causes too many cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. The cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body.
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What are the risk factors of Small bowel cancer?
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Factors that may increase the risk of small bowel cancer include:
• DNA changes that run in families.Some DNA changes that are passed down from your parents can increase your risk of small bowel cancer and other cancers. Examples include Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, also called FAP, and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
• Other bowel diseases.Other diseases and conditions that affect the intestines may increase the risk of small bowel cancer. These may include Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease.
• Weakened immune system.If your body's germ-fighting immune system is weakened, you may have an increased risk of small bowel cancer. Examples include people withHIVinfection and those who take medicine to control the immune system after an organ transplant.
• What you eat and drink.Some studies have found a higher risk of small bowel cancer in those who eat and drink certain things. For example, the risk seems to be associated with drinking alcohol and eating a diet that's low in fiber and high in red meat, sugar, and salt-cured and smoked foods.
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What are the complications of Small bowel cancer?
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Small bowel cancer can cause complications, including:
• An increased risk of other cancers.People who have small bowel cancer run a higher risk of having other types of cancers. These may include those that affect the colon, rectum, ovaries and the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium.
• Cancer that spreads to other parts of the body.Advanced small bowel cancer can spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer. Small bowel cancer most often spreads to the liver.
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What is the prevention of Small bowel cancer?
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It's not clear what may help to reduce the risk of small bowel cancer. If you're interested in reducing your risk of cancer in general, it may help to:
• Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables and whole grains.Fruits, vegetables and whole grains contain vitamins, minerals, fiber and antioxidants, which may help reduce your risk of cancer and other diseases. Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables so that you get different vitamins and nutrients.
• Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
• Stop smoking.Talk to a health care professional about ways to quit that may work for you.
• Exercise most days of the week.Try to get at least 30 minutes of exercise on most days. If you've been inactive, start slowly and build up gradually to 30 minutes. Also, talk to your health care team before starting any exercise program.
• Maintain a healthy weight.If you are at a healthy weight, work to maintain your weight by combining a healthy diet with daily exercise. If you need to lose weight, ask your health care team about healthy ways to achieve your goal. Aim to lose weight slowly by increasing the amount of exercise you get and reducing the number of calories you eat.
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What are the Overview of Small bowel prolapse (enterocele)?
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Small bowel prolapse, also called enterocele (EN-tur-o-seel), occurs when the small intestine (small bowel) descends into the lower pelvic cavity and pushes at the top part of the vagina, creating a bulge. The word "prolapse" means to slip or fall out of place.
Childbirth, aging and other processes that put pressure on your pelvic floor may weaken the muscles and ligaments that support pelvic organs, making small bowel prolapse more likely to occur.
To manage small bowel prolapse, self-care measures and other nonsurgical options are often effective. In severe cases, you may need surgery to fix the prolapse.
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What are the symptoms of Small bowel prolapse (enterocele)?
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Mild small bowel prolapse may produce no signs or symptoms. However, if you have significant prolapse, you might experience:
• A pulling sensation in your pelvis that eases when you lie down
• A feeling of pelvic fullness, pressure or pain
• Low back pain that eases when you lie down
• A soft bulge of tissue in your vagina
• Vaginal discomfort and painful intercourse (dyspareunia)
Many women with small bowel prolapse also experience prolapse of other pelvic organs, such as the bladder, uterus or rectum.
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What are the causes of Small bowel prolapse (enterocele)?
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Increased pressure on the pelvic floor is the main reason for any form of pelvic organ prolapse. Conditions and activities that can cause or contribute to small bowel prolapse or other types of prolapse include:
• Pregnancy and childbirth
• Chronic constipation or straining with bowel movements
• Chronic cough or bronchitis
• Repeated heavy lifting
• Being overweight or obese
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What is the prevention of Small bowel prolapse (enterocele)?
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You may be able to lower your chances of small bowel prolapse with these strategies:
• Maintain a healthy weight.If you're overweight, losing some weight can decrease the pressure inside your abdomen.
• Prevent constipation.Eat high-fiber foods, drink plenty of fluids and exercise regularly to help prevent having to strain during bowel movements.
• Treat a chronic cough.Constant coughing increases abdominal pressure. See your doctor to ask about treatment if you have an ongoing (chronic) cough.
• Quit smoking.Smoking contributes to chronic coughing.
• Avoid heavy lifting.Lifting heavy objects increases abdominal pressure.
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