instruction
stringclasses 8
values | input
stringlengths 6
2.69k
| output
stringlengths 1
34.2k
| source
stringclasses 3
values |
|---|---|---|---|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Smallpox?
|
Smallpox is a serious and often deadly viral infection. It's contagious — meaning it spreads from person to person — and can cause permanent scarring. Sometimes, it causes disfigurement.
Smallpox has affected humans for thousands of years but was wiped out worldwide by 1980 thanks to smallpox vaccines. It's no longer found naturally in the world. The last case of naturally occurring smallpox was reported in 1977.
Samples of smallpox virus have been kept for research purposes. And scientific advances have made it possible to create smallpox in a lab. This has led to concerns that smallpox could someday be used as a bioweapon.
Vaccines can prevent smallpox, but because most people are unlikely to come in contact with smallpox naturally, routine vaccination isn't recommended. New antiviral medications can be used to treat people who develop smallpox.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Smallpox?
|
The first symptoms of smallpox usually appear 12 to 14 days after you're exposed to the smallpox virus. However, the virus can be in your body from 7 to 19 days before you look or feel sick. This time is called the incubation period.
After the incubation period, sudden flu-like symptoms occur. These include:
• Fever
• Muscle aches
• Headache
• Severe fatigue
• Severe back pain
• Vomiting, sometimes
A few days later, flat, red spots appear on the body. They may start in the mouth and on the tongue and then spread to the skin. The face, arms and legs are often affected first, followed by the torso, hands and feet.
Within a day or two, many of the spots turn into small blisters filled with clear fluid. Later, the blisters fill with pus. These sores are called pustules. Scabs form 8 to 9 days later and eventually fall off, leaving deep, pitted scars.
Smallpox can be spread from person to person when the rash appears and until the scabs fall off.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Smallpox?
|
Smallpox is caused by the variola virus. The virus can spread:
• Directly from person to person.You can catch the smallpox virus by being around someone who has it. An infected person can spread the virus when they cough, sneeze or talk. Coming in contact with skin sores also can cause you to get smallpox.
• Indirectly from an infected person.Rarely, smallpox can spread through the air inside buildings, infecting people in other rooms or on other floors.
• Through contaminated items.Smallpox can also spread through contact with contaminated clothing and bedding. But getting smallpox this way is less likely.
• As a terrorist weapon, potentially.Using smallpox as a weapon is an unlikely threat. But because releasing the virus could spread the disease quickly, governments are preparing for this possibility.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Smallpox?
|
Most people who get smallpox survive. However, some rare types of smallpox are almost always deadly. These more-severe forms are most common in pregnant women and children.
People who recover from smallpox usually have severe scars, especially on the face, arms and legs. Sometimes, smallpox causes vision loss (blindness).
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Smallpox?
|
If a smallpox outbreak happened, people with smallpox would be isolated to try to stop the spread of the virus. Anyone who had contact with someone who had smallpox would need a smallpox vaccine. A vaccine can protect you from getting sick or cause you to get less sick if you get smallpox. The vaccine should be given before or one week after exposure to the virus.
Two vaccines are available:
• The ACAM2000 vaccine uses a live virus that's like smallpox, but less harmful. It can sometimes cause serious side effects, such as infections in the heart or brain. That's why the vaccine is not given to everyone. Unless there is a smallpox outbreak, the risks of the vaccine outweigh the benefits for most people.
• A second vaccine (Jynneos) uses a very weakened strain of virus and is safer than ACAM2000. It can be used in people who can't take ACAM2000 due to compromised immune systems or skin disorders.
Smallpox vaccines also provide protection against other similar viral infections such as mpox, also known as monkeypox, and cowpox.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Snoring?
|
Snoring is the hoarse or harsh sound that occurs when air flows past relaxed tissues in your throat, causing the tissues to vibrate as you breathe. Nearly everyone snores now and then, but for some people it can be a chronic problem. Sometimes it may also indicate a serious health condition. In addition, snoring can be a nuisance to your partner.
Lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, avoiding alcohol close to bedtime or sleeping on your side, can help stop snoring.
In addition, medical devices and surgery are available that may reduce disruptive snoring. However, these aren't suitable or necessary for everyone who snores.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Snoring?
|
Snoring is often associated with a sleep disorder called obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Not all snorers have OSA, but if snoring is accompanied by any of the following symptoms, it may be an indication to see a doctor for further evaluation for OSA:
• Witnessed breathing pauses during sleep
• Excessive daytime sleepiness
• Difficulty concentrating
• Morning headaches
• Sore throat upon awakening
• Restless sleep
• Gasping or choking at night
• High blood pressure
• Chest pain at night
• Your snoring is so loud it's disrupting your partner's sleep
• In children, poor attention span, behavioral issues or poor performance in school
OSA often is characterized by loud snoring followed by periods of silence when breathing stops or nearly stops. Eventually, this reduction or pause in breathing may signal you to wake up, and you may awaken with a loud snort or gasping sound.
You may sleep lightly due to disrupted sleep. This pattern of breathing pauses may be repeated many times during the night.
People with obstructive sleep apnea usually experience periods when breathing slows or stops at least five times during every hour of sleep.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Snoring?
|
Snoring can be caused by a number of factors, such as the anatomy of your mouth and sinuses, alcohol consumption, allergies, a cold, and your weight.
When you doze off and progress from a light sleep to a deep sleep, the muscles in the roof of your mouth (soft palate), tongue and throat relax. The tissues in your throat can relax enough that they partially block your airway and vibrate.
The more narrowed your airway, the more forceful the airflow becomes. This increases tissue vibration, which causes your snoring to grow louder.
The following conditions can affect the airway and cause snoring:
• Your mouth anatomy.Having a low, thick soft palate can narrow your airway. People who are overweight may have extra tissues in the back of their throats that may narrow their airways. Likewise, if the triangular piece of tissue hanging from the soft palate (uvula) is elongated, airflow can be obstructed and vibration increased.
• Alcohol consumption.Snoring can also be brought on by consuming too much alcohol before bedtime. Alcohol relaxes throat muscles and decreases your natural defenses against airway obstruction.
• Nasal problems.Chronic nasal congestion or a crooked partition between your nostrils (deviated nasal septum) may contribute to your snoring.
• Sleep deprivation.Not getting enough sleep can lead to further throat relaxation.
• Sleep position.Snoring is typically most frequent and loudest when sleeping on the back as gravity's effect on the throat narrows the airway.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Snoring?
|
Risk factors that may contribute to snoring include:
• Being a man.Men are more likely to snore or have sleep apnea than are women.
• Being overweight.People who are overweight or obese are more likely to snore or have obstructive sleep apnea.
• Having a narrow airway.Some people may have a long soft palate, or large tonsils or adenoids, which can narrow the airway and cause snoring.
• Drinking alcohol.Alcohol relaxes your throat muscles, increasing the risk of snoring.
• Having nasal problems.If you have a structural defect in your airway, such as a deviated septum, or your nose is chronically congested, your risk of snoring is greater.
• Having a family history of snoring or obstructive sleep apnea.Heredity is a potential risk factor for OSA.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Snoring?
|
Habitual snoring may be more than just a nuisance. Aside from disrupting a bed partner's sleep, if snoring is associated with OSA, you may be at risk for other complications, including:
• Daytime sleepiness
• Frequent frustration or anger
• Difficulty concentrating
• A greater risk of high blood pressure, heart conditions and stroke
• An increased risk of behavior problems, such as aggression or learning problems, in children with OSA
• An increased risk of motor vehicle accidents due to lack of sleep
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Soft palate cancer?
|
Soft palate cancer is cancer that starts as a growth of cells on the soft palate. The soft palate is located on the upper part of the back of the mouth, behind the teeth.
Soft palate cancer most often begins in the thin, flat cells that line the inside of the mouth and throat, called squamous cells. When cancer starts in these cells it's called squamous cell carcinoma.
Soft palate cancer can cause changes in the look and feel of the tissue on the soft palate. These changes may include a lump or a sore that doesn't heal.
Soft palate cancer is considered a type of throat cancer. It is treated similarly to the way other types of throat cancers are treated. This may include a combination of surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Soft palate cancer?
|
Signs and symptoms of soft palate cancer can include the following:
• Bleeding in the mouth.
• Difficulty swallowing.
• Difficulty speaking.
• Bad breath.
• Mouth pain.
• Sores in the mouth that won't heal.
• Loose teeth.
• Pain when swallowing.
• Weight loss.
• Ear pain.
• Swelling in the neck that may hurt.
• White patches in the mouth that won't go away.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Soft palate cancer?
|
Soft palate cancer happens when cells on the soft palate develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
It's not always clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to soft palate cancer. For some soft palate cancers, human papillomavirus is thought to have a part.HPVis a common virus that's transmitted through sexual contact. For most people,HPVdoesn't cause any problems. For others, it causes changes in the cells that may one day lead to cancer.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Soft palate cancer?
|
Things that may increase the risk of soft palate cancer include:
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Soft palate cancer?
|
Ways to reduce your risk of soft palate cancer include:
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Soft tissue sarcoma of Solitary fibrous tumor?
|
• Symptoms&causes
• Diagnosis&treatment
• Doctors&departments
• Care atMayoClinic
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Somatic symptom disorder?
|
Somatic symptom disorder is characterized by an extreme focus on physical symptoms — such as pain or fatigue — that causes major emotional distress and problems functioning. You may or may not have another diagnosed medical condition associated with these symptoms, but your reaction to the symptoms is not normal.
You often think the worst about your symptoms and frequently seek medical care, continuing to search for an explanation even when other serious conditions have been excluded. Health concerns may become such a central focus of your life that it's hard to function, sometimes leading to disability.
If you have somatic symptom disorder, you may experience significant emotional and physical distress. Treatment can help ease symptoms, help you cope and improve your quality of life.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Somatic symptom disorder?
|
Symptoms of somatic symptom disorder may be:
• Specific sensations, such as pain or shortness of breath, or more general symptoms, such as fatigue or weakness
• Unrelated to any medical cause that can be identified, or related to a medical condition such as cancer or heart disease, but more significant than what's usually expected
• A single symptom, multiple symptoms or varying symptoms
• Mild, moderate or severe
Pain is the most common symptom, but whatever your symptoms, you have excessive thoughts, feelings or behaviors related to those symptoms, which cause significant problems, make it difficult to function and sometimes can be disabling.
These thoughts, feelings and behaviors can include:
• Constant worry about potential illness
• Viewing normal physical sensations as a sign of severe physical illness
• Fearing that symptoms are serious, even when there is no evidence
• Thinking that physical sensations are threatening or harmful
• Feeling that medical evaluation and treatment have not been adequate
• Fearing that physical activity may cause damage to your body
• Repeatedly checking your body for abnormalities
• Frequent health care visits that don't relieve your concerns or that make them worse
• Being unresponsive to medical treatment or unusually sensitive to medication side effects
• Having a more severe impairment than is usually expected from a medical condition
For somatic symptom disorder, more important than the specific physical symptoms you experience is the way you interpret and react to the symptoms and how they impact your daily life.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Somatic symptom disorder?
|
The exact cause of somatic symptom disorder isn't clear, but any of these factors may play a role:
• Genetic and biological factors,such as an increased sensitivity to pain
• Family influence,which may be genetic or environmental, or both
• Personality trait of negativity,which can impact how you identify and perceive illness and bodily symptoms
• Decreased awareness of or problems processing emotions,causing physical symptoms to become the focus rather than the emotional issues
• Learned behavior —for example, the attention or other benefits gained from having an illness; or "pain behaviors" in response to symptoms, such as excessive avoidance of activity, which can increase your level of disability
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Somatic symptom disorder?
|
Risk factors for somatic symptom disorder include:
• Having anxiety or depression
• Having a medical condition or recovering from one
• Being at risk of developing a medical condition, such as having a strong family history of a disease
• Experiencing stressful life events, trauma or violence
• Having experienced past trauma, such as childhood sexual abuse
• Having a lower level of education and socio-economic status
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Somatic symptom disorder?
|
Somatic symptom disorder can be associated with:
• Poor health
• Problems functioning in daily life, including physical disability
• Problems with relationships
• Problems at work or unemployment
• Other mental health disorders, such as anxiety, depression and personality disorders
• Increased suicide risk related to depression
• Financial problems due to excessive health care visits
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Somatic symptom disorder?
|
Little is known about how to prevent somatic symptom disorder. However, these recommendations may help.
• If you have problems with anxiety or depression, seek professional helpas soon as possible.
• Learn to recognize when you're stressedand how this affects your body — and regularly practice stress management and relaxation techniques.
• If you think you have somatic symptom disorder, get treatment earlyto help stop symptoms from getting worse and impairing your quality of life.
• Stick with your treatment planto help prevent relapses or worsening of symptoms.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Specific phobias?
|
Specific phobias are an extreme fear of objects or situations that pose little or no danger but make you highly anxious. So you try to stay away from these things. Unlike the brief anxiety you may feel when giving a speech or taking a test, specific phobias are long-lasting. Without treatment, specific phobias tend to last a lifetime.
Phobias can cause strong physical, mental and emotional responses. They also can affect how you act at work or school, or in social situations.
Specific phobias are common anxiety disorders. Overall, they happen more often in females. Not all phobias need to be treated. But if a specific phobia affects your daily life, several types of therapies are available to help you work through and conquer your fears — often forever.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Specific phobias?
|
A specific phobia involves a strong, lasting fear of a certain object or situation that's much greater than the actual risk. There are many types of phobias. It's common to have a specific phobia about more than one object or situation. Specific phobias also can happen along with other types of anxiety disorders.
Common types of specific phobias are fears of:
• Situations, such as airplanes, driving, enclosed spaces or going to school.
• Nature, such as thunderstorms, heights or the dark.
• Animals or insects, such as dogs, snakes or spiders.
• Blood, shots or injuries, such as needles, accidents or medical procedures.
• Others, such as choking, throwing up, loud noises or clowns.
Each specific phobia has a name. Phobia comes from the Greek word "phobos," which means fear. Examples of more common names include acrophobia for the fear of heights and claustrophobia for the fear of confined spaces.
No matter what specific phobia you have, you may:
• Feel intense fear, anxiety and panic right away when exposed to or even thinking about what causes your fear.
• Know that your fears are not reasonable or not as big as you think they are, but you cannot control them.
• Have anxiety that gets worse as the situation or object gets closer to you physically or in time.
• Do everything possible to stay away from an object or situation or face it with extreme anxiety or fear.
• Have trouble with daily activities because of your fear.
• Have physical reactions and feelings, including sweating, rapid heartbeat, tight chest or trouble breathing.
• Feel like throwing up, or you get dizzy or faint, especially around blood or injuries.
Children may have tantrums, or they may cling, cry or refuse to leave a parent's side or approach their fear.
When to see a doctor
An extreme fear can make life hard — for example, taking long flights of stairs instead of an elevator. But it is not a specific phobia unless it seriously disrupts your life. If anxiety negatively affects the way you act at work or school, or in social situations, talk with your doctor or another health care professional, or a mental health professional.
Childhood fears, such as fear of the dark, monsters or of being left alone, are common. Most children outgrow them. But if your child has an ongoing, strong fear that interferes with how they act at school or work daily, talk to your child's doctor.
The right therapy can help most people. And the sooner you ask for help, the more likely that therapy will be effective.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Specific phobias?
|
Much is still not known about what causes specific phobias. Causes may include:
• Bad experiences.Many phobias start because of a bad experience or panic attack related to a specific object or situation. Sometimes even seeing or hearing about a bad experience can be enough to trigger a phobia.
• Genetics or learned behavior.There may be a link between your specific phobia and the phobia or anxiety of your parents. This could be due to a blend of genetics and learned behaviors.
• Brain function and structure.Those with specific phobias trigger certain parts of the brain, while a person without these phobias does not have the same response in the brain. Also, a person with a specific phobia can have a different brain structure than a person without that specific phobia.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Specific phobias?
|
These factors may increase your risk of specific phobias:
• Age.Specific phobias can first appear when you're a child, typically by age 10. But they can occur later in life too.
• Your relatives.If a family member has a specific phobia or anxiety, you're more likely to develop it too. This could be something passed down to you from a blood relative. Or children may learn specific phobias by watching how a family member reacts to an object or a situation.
• Your temperament.Your risk may increase if you're more sensitive to anxiety or you're more reserved or negative than what's typical.
• A bad experience.A specific phobia can start when something distressing happens to you, such as being trapped in an elevator or attacked by an animal.
• Learning about bad experiences.Hearing about bad experiences, such as a plane crash, can cause a specific phobia to start.
• Changing your behavior.Avoidance is the most common way people cope with phobias. By doing so, their anxiety typically gets worse.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Spina bifida?
|
Spina bifida is a condition that occurs when the spine and spinal cord don't form properly. It's a type of neural tube defect. The neural tube is the structure in a developing embryo that later becomes the baby's brain and spinal cord and the tissues that enclose them.
Typically, the neural tube forms early in pregnancy and closes by the 28th day after conception. In babies with spina bifida, a portion of the neural tube doesn't close all the way. This affects the spinal cord and bones of the spine.
Spina bifida can range from being mild to causing serious disabilities. Symptoms depend on where on the spine the opening is located and how big it is. Symptoms also depend on whether the spinal cord and nerves are involved. When necessary, early treatment for spina bifida involves surgery. However, surgery doesn't always completely restore lost function.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Spina bifida?
|
Symptoms of spina bifida vary by type and from one person to another.
• Spina bifida occulta.Typically, there aren't any symptoms of spina bifida occulta because the spinal nerves aren't involved. But you can sometimes see symptoms on the newborn's skin above the small gap in the spine. You might see a tuft of hair, a small dimple or a birthmark. Sometimes, these skin marks can be symptoms of a spinal cord issue that can be found withMRIor a spinal ultrasound in a newborn.
• Meningocele.This type may affect bladder and bowel function.
• Myelomeningocele.In this most serious type of spina bifida, the spinal canal remains open along several vertebrae in the lower or middle back. The membranes and part of the spinal cord or nerves protrude at birth, forming a sac. Tissues and nerves usually are exposed, though sometimes skin covers the sac. Babies with this type of spina bifida may have trouble with bladder and bowel function. They also may experience weakness or lack of movement in the legs. Babies may have a buildup of fluid in the brain called hydrocephalus that can put pressure on brain tissue.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Spina bifida?
|
The cause of spina bifida is not known. It's thought that a combination of genetic, nutritional and environmental risk factors causes the condition. This includes having a family history of neural tube defects and getting too little folate, also known as vitamin B-9, during pregnancy.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Spina bifida?
|
Spina bifida is more common among Hispanic people and white people. Also, female babies are affected more often than male babies. Although healthcare professionals and researchers don't know why spina bifida occurs, they have identified some risk factors:
• Too little folate in the pregnant person's body.Folate, the natural form of vitamin B-9, is important to the development of a healthy baby. Folic acid is the synthetic form that's found in supplements and fortified foods. If folate levels are too low, it's known as a deficiency. Folate deficiency increases the risk of spina bifida and other conditions that affect the neural tube.
• Family history of neural tube defects.Having one child with a condition that affects the neural tube slightly increases the chance of having another baby with the same condition. The risk increases even more if two previous children have been affected by the condition.Also, being born with a neural tube defect increases the chance of giving birth to a child with spina bifida. However, most babies with spina bifida are born to parents with no known family history of the condition.
• Some medicines.Taking anti-seizure medicines such as valproic acid during pregnancy increases the risk of having a baby with spina bifida. This might happen because the medicines interfere with the body's ability to use folate and folic acid.
• Diabetes.Having diabetes that is not well controlled before becoming pregnant increases the risk of having a baby with spina bifida.
• Obesity.Obesity at the time of pregnancy also is associated with an increased risk of spina bifida.
• Increased body temperature.Some evidence suggests that increased body temperature in the early weeks of pregnancy may increase the risk of spina bifida. A high core body temperature can be caused by a fever or by using a sauna or hot tub.
If you have known risk factors for spina bifida, talk with your healthcare professional. You may need a larger dose or prescription dose of folic acid, even before a pregnancy begins.
Also tell your healthcare professional about all of the medicines you take. If you plan ahead, some medicines can be adjusted to lower the potential risk of spina bifida.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Spina bifida?
|
Spina bifida may cause minimal symptoms or it can lead to more-serious physical conditions. Symptoms are affected by:
• The size and location of the opening in the spine.
• Whether skin covers the affected area.
• Which spinal nerves come out of the affected area of the spinal cord.
A number of complications may affect children with spina bifida. But not all children get all of these complications. Many complications can be treated.
• Walking and mobility problems.The nerves that control the leg muscles don't work properly below the area of the spinal cord that is affected. This can cause muscle weakness of the legs. Sometimes it can cause loss of movement, known as paralysis. Whether a child can walk depends on the location of the spine that's affected and the size of the opening in the neural tube. Ability to walk also depends on the care received before and after birth.
• Orthopedic complications.Children with myelomeningocele can have several complications in the legs and spine because of weak muscles. The complications depend on the location of the spine that's affected. Possible orthopedic issues may include:Curved spine, known as scoliosis.Changes that aren't typical, such as an inward-facing foot, known as clubfoot.Dislocation of the hip.Bone and joint conditions.Shortened, tight muscles, known as muscle contractures.
• Curved spine, known as scoliosis.
• Changes that aren't typical, such as an inward-facing foot, known as clubfoot.
• Dislocation of the hip.
• Bone and joint conditions.
• Shortened, tight muscles, known as muscle contractures.
• Bowel and bladder symptoms.Nerves that supply the bladder and bowel usually don't work properly in children with myelomeningocele. As a result, they can't control their bowel or bladder. This is because the nerves that supply the bowel and bladder come from the lowest level of the spinal cord.
• Buildup of fluid in the brain, known as hydrocephalus.Babies born with myelomeningocele commonly have a buildup of fluid in the brain. This condition is known as hydrocephalus.
• Shunt malfunction.Shunts placed in the brain to treat hydrocephalus can stop working or become infected. Warning signs may vary. Some of the warning symptoms of a shunt that isn't working include:Headaches.Vomiting.Sleepiness.Irritability.Swelling or redness along the shunt.Confusion.Changes in the eyes, such as a fixed downward gaze.Trouble feeding.Seizures.
• Headaches.
• Vomiting.
• Sleepiness.
• Irritability.
• Swelling or redness along the shunt.
• Confusion.
• Changes in the eyes, such as a fixed downward gaze.
• Trouble feeding.
• Seizures.
• Chiari malformation type 2.Chiari malformation (kee-AH-ree mal-for-MAY-shun) type 2 is common in children who have myelomeningocele. The brainstem is the lowest part of the brain above the spinal cord. In Chiari malformation type 2, the brainstem becomes longer and is lower than usual in the spinal canal or area of the neck. This can cause arm weakness and trouble with breathing and swallowing. Rarely, this condition can cause compression on this area of the brain. Surgery is needed to relieve the pressure.
• Infection in the tissues surrounding the brain, known as meningitis.Some babies with myelomeningocele may develop an infection in the tissues surrounding the brain. This potentially dangerous infection may cause brain injury.
• Tethered spinal cord.A tethered spinal cord is when the spinal nerves attach to tissue and stretch. This can happen with scar tissue that resulted from surgery. When a spinal cord is tethered, it's less able to grow as the child grows. It can lead to loss of muscle function in the legs, bowel or bladder. Surgery can limit the degree of disability.
• Sleep-disordered breathing.Sleep apnea or other sleep conditions can affect both children and adults with spina bifida, particularly those with myelomeningocele. They may need to be tested to see if they briefly stop breathing several times during sleep, known as sleep apnea. Getting treatment can improve health and quality of life.
• Skin problems.Children with spina bifida have less feeling in some parts of their bodies and may get wounds on their feet, legs, buttocks or backs. Blisters or sores can turn into deep wounds or foot infections that are hard to treat. Children with myelomeningocele have a higher risk of developing wounds in casts.
• Latex allergy.Children with spina bifida have a higher risk of an allergic reaction to natural rubber or latex products. A latex allergy may cause rash, sneezing, itching, watery eyes and a runny nose. It also can cause a dangerous condition in which the face and airways swell and make it hard to breathe, known as anaphylaxis. It's best to use latex-free gloves and equipment during childbirth and when caring for a child with spina bifida.
• Other complications.Other medical issues may arise as children with spina bifida get older. These complications may include urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal (GI) conditions and depression. Children with myelomeningocele may have learning disabilities. They may have trouble paying attention and learning reading and math.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Spina bifida?
|
You can greatly reduce your risk of having a baby with spina bifida or other neural tube defects by taking folic acid supplements. Begin taking the supplements at least one month before becoming pregnant and continue taking them through the first trimester of pregnancy.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Spinal arteriovenous malformation (AVM)?
|
Symptoms of a spinal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) can differ from person to person. Symptoms depend on where theAVMis found and how serious it is. Some people may not notice symptoms for many years, if at all. Others may experience symptoms that are life-threatening.
Symptoms often begin when people are in their 20s but can occur at earlier or later ages. Some people are diagnosed under the age of 16.
Symptoms may start suddenly or slowly and may include:
• Trouble walking or climbing stairs.
• Numbness, tingling or sudden pain in the legs.
• Weakness on one or both sides of the body.
As the condition gets worse, you may have more symptoms including:
• Sudden, serious back pain.
• Lack of feeling in the legs.
• Trouble urinating or having bowel movements.
• Headache.
• Stiff neck.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Spinal arteriovenous malformation (AVM)?
|
The cause of spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) isn't known. Most spinalAVMsare present at birth, known as congenital. But others may happen later in life.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Spinal arteriovenous malformation (AVM)?
|
There are no known risk factors for spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). The condition occurs equally in men and women.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Spinal arteriovenous malformation (AVM)?
|
Without treatment, a spinal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) can cause disability that gets worse over time. This is from damage to the spinal cord and surrounding tissues. This can cause:
• Trouble moving.
• Pain, tingling and numbness.
• Damage to the spine.
• Bulging blood vessel, known as an aneurysm.
• High blood pressure in the veins, known as venous hypertension. This can cause fluid to build up, called edema. It also can cause tissues to die due to lack of oxygen, known as spinal cord infarction.
• Hemorrhage, which can speed up spinal cord damage.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Spinal cord injury?
|
A spinal cord injury involves damage to any part of the spinal cord. It also can include damage to nerves at the end of the spinal cord, known as the cauda equina. The spinal cord sends and receives signals between the brain and the rest of the body. A spinal cord injury often causes permanent changes in strength, feeling and other body functions below the site of the injury.
People who have had a spinal cord injury also may experience mental, emotional and social side effects.
Many scientists are optimistic that advances in research will someday make repair of spinal cord injuries possible. Research studies are ongoing around the world. In the meantime, treatments and rehabilitation allow many people with spinal cord injuries to lead productive, independent lives.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Spinal cord injury?
|
The ability to control your arms or legs after a spinal cord injury depends on two factors. One factor is where the injury occurred on the spinal cord. The other factor is how bad the injury is.
The lowest part of the spinal cord not damaged after an injury is known as the neurological level of the injury. "The completeness" of the injury refers to how much feeling, known as sensation, is lost. Completeness is classified as:
• Complete.If all feeling and all ability to control movement are lost below the spinal cord injury, the injury is called complete.
• Incomplete.If some feeling and control of movement remain below the affected area, the injury is called incomplete. There are varying degrees of incomplete injury.
Loss of feeling and control of movement is known as paralysis. Paralysis from a spinal cord injury can be referred to as:
• Tetraplegia, also known as quadriplegia.This means that your arms, hands, trunk, legs and pelvic organs are all affected by your spinal cord injury.
• Paraplegia.This paralysis affects all or part of the trunk, legs and pelvic organs but not the arms.
Your healthcare team performs a series of tests to determine the neurological level and completeness of your injury.
Spinal cord injuries can cause the following symptoms:
• Loss of movement.
• Loss of or a change in sensation. This includes a change in the ability to feel heat, cold and touch.
• Loss of bowel or bladder control.
• Exaggerated reflex activities or spasms.
• Changes in sexual function, sexual sensitivity and fertility.
• Pain or an intense stinging sensation caused by damage to the nerve fibers in the spinal cord.
• Trouble breathing, coughing or clearing secretions from the lungs.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Spinal cord injury?
|
Spinal cord injuries can result from damage to the spinal cord itself or to the bones that surround the spinal cord, known as the vertebrae. Injuries also may happen as a result of damage to the ligaments or disks of the spinal column.
A sudden, traumatic blow to the spine can fracture, dislocate, crush or compress one or more of the vertebrae. A gunshot or knife wound that penetrates and cuts the spinal cord also can cause a spinal cord injury.
Additional damage usually occurs over days or weeks. This is because of bleeding, swelling and fluid accumulation in and around the spinal cord after an injury.
Other causes of a spinal cord injury don't include trauma. Arthritis, cancer, inflammation, infections or disk degeneration of the spine can be possible causes.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Spinal cord injury?
|
A spinal cord injury usually results from an accident and can happen to anyone. But certain factors can increase the risk of having a spinal cord injury, including:
• Being male.Spinal cord injuries largely affect men. In fact, women account for only about 20% of traumatic spinal cord injuries in the United States.
• Being between the ages of 16 and 30.More than half of spinal cord injuries occur in people in this age range.
• Being 65 and older.Another spike in spinal cord injuries occurs at age 65. Falls cause most injuries in older adults.
• Alcohol use.Alcohol use is involved in about 25% of traumatic spinal cord injuries.
• Engaging in risky behavior.Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of spinal cord injuries for people under 65. Other risky behaviors include diving into shallow water and playing sports without wearing safety gear or taking proper precautions.
• Having certain diseases.A minor injury can cause spinal cord damage if you have a condition that affects your joints or bones, such as osteoporosis.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Spinal cord injury?
|
A spinal cord injury can lead to many complications. Your rehabilitation team helps you develop tools to address these complications. The team also recommends equipment and resources to promote your quality of life and independence. Areas often affected include:
• Bladder control.The bladder continues to store urine from the kidneys after a spinal cord injury. But the injury may interfere with the brain receiving the messages it needs to control the bladder.Changes in bladder control increase the risk of urinary tract infections. The changes also may cause kidney infections and kidney or bladder stones. During rehabilitation, you learn ways to help empty your bladder.
• Bowel control.The stomach and intestines work much like they did before the injury, but control of bowel movements is often altered. A high-fiber diet might help regulate the bowels. You also can learn ways to help control your bowel.
• Pressure injuries.Below the neurological level of your injury, you might have lost some or all skin sensations. Therefore, your skin can't send a message to your brain when it's injured by certain things such as prolonged pressure.This can increase the risk of getting pressure sores. Changing positions often — with help, if needed — can help prevent the sores. Proper skin care also can help prevent pressure sores.
• Circulatory control.People with a spinal cord injury may have low blood pressure when they rise, known as orthostatic hypotension. They also may have swelling in the arms and legs. This can increase the risk of developing blood clots, such as deep vein thrombosis or a pulmonary embolus.Another issue with circulatory control is a potentially life-threatening rise in blood pressure, known as autonomic dysreflexia. Your rehabilitation team can teach you how to address these issues if they affect you.
• Respiratory system.If the injury affects the stomach and chest muscles, it may be hard to breathe and cough.The neurological level of injury determines what kind of breathing problems you may have. If the injury affects your neck and chest, you might have an increased risk of pneumonia or other lung conditions. Medicines and therapy can be helpful for treatment and prevention.
• Bone density.A spinal cord injury increases the risk of osteoporosis and fractures below the level of injury.
• Muscle tone.Some people with spinal cord injuries have a tightening or motion in the muscles, known as spasticity. Other people may have soft and limp muscles lacking muscle tone, known as flaccidity.
• Fitness and wellness.Weight loss and muscle thinning are common soon after a spinal cord injury. Because limited mobility can lead to a more sedentary lifestyle, there is a risk of weight gain, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.A dietitian can help you eat a nutritious diet to sustain a healthy weight. Physical and occupational therapists can help you develop a fitness and exercise program.
• Sexual health.A spinal cord injury may lead to changes in erection and ejaculation, or in changes in lubrication. Healthcare professionals specializing in urology or fertility can offer options for sexual functioning and fertility.
• Pain.Some people have pain, such as muscle or joint pain, from overuse of particular muscle groups. Nerve pain can occur after a spinal cord injury, especially in someone with an incomplete injury.
• Depression.Pain and the changes a spinal cord injury brings can cause depression in some people.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Spinal cord injury?
|
Following this advice might reduce your risk of a spinal cord injury:
• Drive safely.Car crashes are one of the most common causes of spinal cord injuries. Wear a seat belt every time you are in a moving vehicle.Make sure that your children wear a seat belt or use an age- and weight-appropriate child safety seat. To protect them from air bag injuries, children under age 12 should always ride in the back seat.
• Check water depth before diving.Don't dive into a pool unless it's at least 9 feet (about 2.74 meters) deep and clearly marked safe for diving. Competition diving requires a deeper depth. And don't dive into an aboveground pool or into water if you don't know how deep it is.
• Prevent falls.Use a step stool with a grab bar to reach high-up objects. Add handrails along stairways. Put nonslip mats on tile floors and in the tub or shower. For young children, use safety gates to block stairs and consider installing window guards.
• Take precautions when playing sports.Always wear recommended safety gear. Avoid leading with your head in sports. For example, don't slide headfirst in baseball. In American football, don't tackle using the top of your helmet. Use a spotter for new moves in gymnastics.
• Don't drink and drive.Don't drive after drinking alcohol or while under the influence of drugs. Don't ride with a driver who has been drinking.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Spinal cord tumor?
|
A spinal cord tumor is a growth of cells that forms in or around the spinal cord. The spinal cord extends downward from the base of the brain. It's made up of nerve cells and groups of nerves that carry messages between the brain and the rest of the body. The bones of the spine surround and protect the spinal cord.
Spinal cord tumors also are called intradural tumors or spinal tumors.
Most spinal cord tumors aren't cancers, but some are cancerous. Spinal cord tumors that aren't cancers also are called benign spinal cord tumors. Spinal cord tumors that are cancers also are called malignant spinal cord tumors or spinal cord cancers.
Many types of spinal cord tumors exist. The different types of spinal cord tumors are often divided up by where they happen.
• Intramedullary spinal cord tumors.Intramedullary spinal cord tumors happen in the cells of the spinal cord. Examples of intramedullary spinal cord tumors include glioma, astrocytoma and ependymoma.
• Extramedullary spinal cord tumors.Extramedullary spinal cord tumors happen in the tissues around the spinal cord. These tumors can happen in the tissue that surrounds the spinal cord, called the dura. They also can happen in the nerve roots that reach out from the spinal cord. Examples of extramedullary spinal cord tumors include meningioma, neurofibroma, schwannoma and nerve sheath tumor.
Spinal cord tumors can happen anywhere along the spinal cord. Most happen in the upper back. Less often the tumors happen in the neck or lower back.
Spinal cord tumors can cause pain in the neck or back near where they are growing. They also can cause loss of function in the part of the body that's controlled by the nerves involved in the tumor.
Spinal cord tumor treatment depends on the type of tumor and where it is in the spine. Treatments may include surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Spinal cord tumor?
|
Spinal cord tumors may not cause signs and symptoms at first. When symptoms happen, they might start in the part of the spine near the tumor. As a spinal cord tumor grows, it can hurt nearby nerves and cause symptoms in other parts of the body.
In the spine, spinal cord tumor symptoms include:
• Pain near the spot where the tumor forms.
• Pain that feels worse at night.
• Pain that feels like it extends or shoots from the back to nearby areas.
• Pain that gets worse over time.
A spinal cord tumor that grows to hurt the nearby nerves can cause symptoms that happen along those nerves. Symptoms may include:
• Changes in feeling in one part of the body, such as being less sensitive to pain, heat and cold.
• Loss of bowel or bladder function.
• Muscle weakness in one part of the body.
• Trouble with walking, which can lead to falls.
Spinal cord tumors happen rarely in children. Symptoms of spinal cord tumors in children include:
• A new curve in the spine.
• Back or neck pain that often is worse at night.
• Changes in the way the child walks, including falling and tripping more than usual.
• Loss of mobility. For example, a child who learned to walk may seem to prefer crawling. A child who learned to stand may no longer try to stand.
• Muscle weakness.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Spinal cord tumor?
|
It's not clear what causes most spinal cord tumors. A spinal cord tumor starts as a growth of cells in or around the spinal cord. The spinal cord extends downward from the base of the brain. It's made up of nerve cells and groups of nerves that carry messages between the brain and the rest of the body. The bones of the spine surround and protect the spinal cord.
A spinal cord tumor starts when cells in the spinal cord or in the tissue around it develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time.
In tumor cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to grow and multiply quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. The tumor cells form a growth that can press on the nearby nerves.
Sometimes the cells develop DNA changes that turn them into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Spinal cord tumor?
|
Spinal cord tumors are more common in people who have:
• Neurofibromatosis type 1.Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a genetic condition that causes changes in skin pigment and tumors in nerve tissue. The tumors can grow anywhere in the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
• Neurofibromatosis type 2.Neurofibromatosis type 2 is a genetic condition that often causes multiple brain tumors and spinal tumors.
• Von Hippel-Lindau disease.Von Hippel-Lindau disease is a rare, multisystem disease that causes blood vessel tumors. These tumors are called hemangioblastomas. They can happen in the brain, retina and spinal cord. This disease also can cause other types of tumors in the kidneys or adrenal glands.
There is no way to prevent spinal cord tumors.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Spinal cord tumor?
|
Spinal cord tumors can press on nerves. This may lead to a loss of movement or feeling. These changes typically affect parts of the body that are below the tumor. Changes might include weakness in the legs and difficulty walking. There might be changes in bowel and bladder functions.
The changes in function and feeling may never go away. But spinal cord tumor treatment may help prevent further loss of function. Sometimes function comes back with treatment.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Spinal stenosis?
|
Spinal stenosis happens when the space inside the backbone is too small. This can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerves that travel through the spine. Spinal stenosis happens most often in the lower back and the neck.
Some people with spinal stenosis have no symptoms. Others may experience pain, tingling, numbness and muscle weakness. Symptoms can get worse over time.
The most common cause of spinal stenosis is wear-and-tear damage in the spine related to arthritis. People who have serious spinal stenosis may need surgery.
Surgery can create more space inside the spine. This can ease the symptoms caused by pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. But surgery can't cure arthritis, so arthritis pain in the spine may continue.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Spinal stenosis?
|
Spinal stenosis often causes no symptoms. When symptoms do happen, they start slowly and get worse over time. Symptoms depend on which part of the spine is affected.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Spinal stenosis?
|
Spinal bones are stacked in a column from the skull to the tailbone. They protect the spinal cord, which runs through an opening called the spinal canal.
Some people are born with a small spinal canal. But most spinal stenosis occurs when something happens to reduce the amount of open space within the spine. Causes of spinal stenosis include:
• Bone spurs.Wear-and-tear damage from arthritis can cause extra bone to grow on the spine. This creates bone spurs that can push into the spinal canal. Paget's disease also can cause extra bone to grow on the spine.
• Herniated disks.Disks are the soft cushions that act as shock absorbers between the spinal bones. If part of the disk's soft inner material leaks out, it can press on the spinal cord or nerves.
• Thick ligaments.The strong cords that help hold the bones of the spine together can become stiff and thick over time. Thick ligaments can push into the spinal canal.
• Tumors.Rarely, tumors can form inside the spinal canal.
• Spinal injuries.Car accidents and other trauma can cause spinal bones to break or move out of place. Swelling of nearby tissue right after back surgery also can put pressure on the spinal cord or nerves.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Spinal stenosis?
|
Most people with spinal stenosis are over age 50. Younger people may be at higher risk of spinal stenosis if they have scoliosis or other spinal problems.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)?
|
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is an emergency condition that occurs when a tear forms in a wall of a heart artery. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection also is calledSCAD.
SCADcan slow or block blood flow to the heart, causing a heart attack, heart rhythm problems or sudden death.
SCADmost commonly affects women in their 40s and 50s, though it can occur at any age and can occur in men. People who haveSCADoften don't have risk factors for heart disease, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol or diabetes.
SCADcan cause sudden death if it isn't treated promptly. Get emergency medical help if you have heart attack symptoms — even if you think you aren't at risk of a heart attack.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)?
|
Symptoms ofSCADcan include:
• Chest pain or pressure.
• Pain in the arms, shoulders, back or jaw.
• Shortness of breath.
• Unusual sweating.
• Extreme tiredness.
• Upset stomach.
• A rapid heartbeat or fluttery feeling in the chest.
• Feeling dizzy.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)?
|
The cause of spontaneous coronary artery dissection is unknown.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)?
|
A possible complication ofSCADis heart attack.SCADslows or stops blood flow through an artery. This weakens the heart and may lead to a heart attack. A heart attack fromSCADis different from a heart attack caused by a buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This condition is called atherosclerosis.
In some people withSCAD, the inner and outer layers of the artery may split. Blood can collect between these layers. Pressure from the pooled blood can makeSCADworse.
Even with successful treatment,SCADcan happen more than once. It might happen soon after the first episode or years later. People who haveSCADalso may have a higher risk of other heart problems. These problems include heart failure due to the heart attack damage.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Sprains?
|
Signs and symptoms will vary, depending on the severity of the injury, and may include:
• Pain
• Swelling
• Bruising
• Limited ability to move the affected joint
• Hearing or feeling a "pop" in your joint at the time of injury
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Sprains?
|
A sprain occurs when you overextend or tear a ligament while severely stressing a joint. Sprains often occur in the following circumstances:
• Ankle — Walking or exercising on an uneven surface, landing awkwardly from a jump
• Knee — Pivoting during an athletic activity
• Wrist — Landing on an outstretched hand during a fall
• Thumb — Skiing injury or overextension when playing racquet sports, such as tennis
Children have areas of softer tissue, called growth plates, near the ends of their bones. The ligaments around a joint are often stronger than these growth plates, so children are more likely to experience a fracture than a sprain.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Sprains?
|
Factors contributing to sprains include:
• Environmental conditions.Slippery or uneven surfaces can make you more prone to injury.
• Fatigue.Tired muscles are less likely to provide good support for your joints. When you're tired, you're also more likely to succumb to forces that could stress a joint.
• Poor equipment.Ill-fitting or poorly maintained footwear or other sporting equipment can contribute to your risk of a sprain.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Sprains?
|
Regular stretching and strengthening exercises for your sport, fitness or work activity, as part of an overall physical conditioning program, can help to minimize your risk of sprains. Try to be in shape to play your sport; don't play your sport to get in shape. If you have a physically demanding occupation, regular conditioning can help prevent injuries.
You can protect your joints in the long term by working to strengthen and condition the muscles around the joint that has been injured. The best brace you can give yourself is your own "muscle brace." Ask your doctor about appropriate conditioning and stability exercises. Also, use footwear that offers support and protection.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Stage 4 (metastatic) colon cancer?
|
Stage 4 colon cancer is cancer that starts in the colon and spreads to other parts of the body. Stage 4 colon cancer also is known as metastatic, late-stage or distant colon cancer.
Up to half of the people diagnosed with colon cancer eventually develop cancer in other parts of the body. These are known as metastases. The liver, lungs, abdominal cavity or distant lymph nodes are the most common locations for colon cancer to metastasize.
Stage 4 colon cancer typically requires complex treatment strategies to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Treatment for stage 4 colon cancer may include chemotherapy, surgery, targeted therapy, immunotherapy or radiation.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Stage 4 (metastatic) colon cancer?
|
Colon cancer doesn't always cause symptoms, even if it's progressed to stage 4. When symptoms do happen in metastatic colon cancer, they can be similar to colon cancer that hasn't yet spread outside the colon. General symptoms may include:
• Feeling full soon after eating.
• A lump in the belly button area.
• A change in bowel habits, such as more-frequent diarrhea, constipation or changes in stool shape.
• Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool.
• Iron deficiency anemia, which can cause tiredness, weakness and a change in skin color.
• Ongoing discomfort in the belly area, such as cramps, gas, bloating or pain.
• A feeling that the bowel doesn't empty all the way during a bowel movement.
• Pain in the back, buttocks or legs.
In stage 4 colon cancer, other symptoms may happen, depending on where the cancer has spread. The most common sites of metastatic colon cancer are the liver, lungs, abdominal cavity and lymph nodes.
Symptoms of stage 4 colon cancer that has spread to the liver include:
• Pain in the upper right part of the belly.
• Loss of appetite.
• Losing weight without trying.
• A bloated, distended belly, called ascites.
• Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, called jaundice.
• Itchy skin.
Symptoms of stage 4 colon cancer that has spread to the lungs include:
• An ongoing cough.
• Shortness of breath.
• Coughing up blood.
Symptoms of stage 4 colon cancer that has spread to distant lymph nodes include:
• Swollen lymph nodes above the collarbone or in the groin area.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Stage 4 (metastatic) colon cancer?
|
It's not clear what causes colon cancer to metastasize and progress to stage 4. This advanced form of colon cancer happens when cancer cells break away from where they started in the colon. The cancer cells can travel through the lymphatic system or the bloodstream to other areas of the body. Colon cancer cells also may spread by growing into nearby tissue or traveling to the lining of the abdominal cavity, called the peritoneum.
Cancer that spreads from its original location is known by the name of the primary cancer. For example, cancer that has spread from the colon to the liver is called metastatic colon cancer, not liver cancer.
Colon cancer most often spreads to the:
• Liver.
• Lungs.
• Abdominal cavity lining, called the peritoneum.
• Distant lymph nodes.
Less commonly, colon cancer spreads to the:
• Bones.
• Brain.
• Ovaries.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Stage 4 (metastatic) colon cancer?
|
Factors that raise the risk of metastatic colon cancer are the same for colon cancer in general. These include being older than age 45, lifestyle factors, genetic traits and certain conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease, Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis.
While these factors increase the likelihood of colon cancer, they don't guarantee it will progress to metastatic disease. Additional factors that increase the risk of advancement to stage 4 include:
• Late diagnosis.When colon cancer isn't caught early, it can grow and spread to other parts of the body. This often happens because younger people may have unusual symptoms that don't seem serious, or their symptoms are mistaken for harmless issues like stomach upset or hemorrhoids.
• Lack of screening.If people don't get screened regularly or at all, healthcare professionals might miss growths in the colon that could turn into cancer or cancer could be caught too late. This makes it more likely for cancer to progress.
• Aggressive types of cancer.Some types of colon cancer, such as those with specific genetic changes, grow quickly and are more likely to spread to other parts of the body.
While these factors increase the risk of stage 4 colon cancer, it's possible to slow down progression. Early intervention can improve outcomes.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Stage 4 (metastatic) colon cancer?
|
Stage 4 colon cancer, also known as metastatic colon cancer, is linked to a range of serious complications. This is due to both the primary cancer that started in the colon and the spread of cancer to distant organs. Complications may include:
• Bowel obstruction.Cancer may grow large enough to block the colon. This can cause belly pain, bloating and nausea.
• A tear in the colon, called a perforation.A perforation is a dangerous complication that can lead to contamination and infection in the abdominal cavity. It often needs emergency surgery.
• Bleeding.Cancer may cause either slow, ongoing bleeding that leads to anemia or, less commonly, life-threatening hemorrhage.
• Liver dysfunction or failure.The liver is the most common site for colon cancer spread. Cancer in the liver can lead to liver dysfunction or failure. Signs of liver problems include belly swelling, confusion, and yellowing of the skin and eyes, called jaundice.
• Lung complications.Cancer that spreads to the lungs can cause coughing, shortness of breath or fluid around the lungs, called pleural effusion.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Stress incontinence?
|
Urinary incontinence is the loss of bladder control. Stress incontinence happens when movement or activity puts pressure on the bladder, causing urine to leak. Movements include coughing, laughing, sneezing, running or heavy lifting. Stress incontinence is not related to mental stress.
Stress incontinence is not the same as urgency incontinence and overactive bladder (OAB). Those conditions cause the bladder muscle to spasm. This leads to a sudden need to urinate quickly. Stress incontinence is much more common in women than in men.
If you have stress incontinence, you may feel ashamed. You might limit your work and social life because you don't want to be with others. You also might not do physical or fun activities.
Treatment can help you manage stress incontinence and improve your quality of life.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Stress incontinence?
|
If you have stress incontinence, you may leak urine when you:
• Cough or sneeze.
• Laugh.
• Bend over.
• Lift something heavy.
• Exercise.
• Have sex.
You might not leak urine every time you do one of these things. But any activity that puts pressure on your bladder can make leaking more likely. Having a full bladder increases the chances of leaking.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Women’s health topics - straight to your inbox of Stress incontinence?
|
Get the latest information from our Mayo Clinic experts on women’s health topics, serious and complex conditions, wellness and more.Click to view a previewand subscribe below.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Stress incontinence?
|
Stress incontinence happens when certain muscles and other tissues linked to urinating weaken. These include the muscles that support the urethra, called the pelvic floor muscles, and the muscles that control the release of urine, called the urinary sphincter.
The bladder expands as it fills with urine. Most often, valve-like muscles in the tube that carries urine out of the body, called the urethra, stay closed as the bladder expands. This keeps you from leaking urine until you reach a bathroom.
But when those muscles weaken, anything that puts force on the stomach and pelvic muscles put pressure on your bladder. Sneezing, bending over, lifting or laughing hard, for instance, can cause urine leakage.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Stress incontinence?
|
Factors that increase the risk of getting stress incontinence include:
• Age.Physical changes that happen with age, such as muscles getting weaker, may make you more likely to get stress incontinence. But some stress incontinence can happen at any age.
• Body weight.People who are overweight or obese have a higher risk of stress incontinence. Excess weight increases pressure on the abdominal and pelvic organs.
For females, risks factors also include:
• Type of childbirth delivery.People who've had a vaginal delivery are more likely to have urinary incontinence than are those who had a cesarean section. Having more than one child also raises the risk.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Stress incontinence?
|
Complications of stress incontinence may include:
• Emotional upset.If you have stress incontinence, you may feel embarrassed. It can disrupt your work, social life, relationships and even your sex life. Some people are ashamed that they need pads or incontinence garments.
• Mixed urinary incontinence.It's common to have both stress incontinence and urgency incontinence. Urinary incontinence results when bladder muscles tighten and cause an urgent need to urinate. People with this condition may have frequent urination, urination in the evening and urgency to urinate with or without associated incontinence. This is called overactive bladder.
• Skin rash or soreness.Prolonged contact with urine can cause skin to be sore or to break down. This can happen with severe incontinence if you don't use moisture barriers or incontinence pads. Change pads often and use continence pads rather than menstrual pads to prevent skin sores.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Stuttering?
|
Stuttering is a speech condition that disrupts the normal flow of speech. Fluency means having an easy and smooth flow and rhythm when speaking. With stuttering, the interruptions in flow happen often and cause problems for the speaker. Other names for stuttering are stammering and childhood-onset fluency disorder.
People who stutter know what they want to say, but they have a hard time saying it. For example, they may repeat or stretch out a word, a syllable, or a consonant or vowel sound. Or they may pause during speech because they've reached a word or sound that's hard to get out.
Stuttering is common among young children as a usual part of learning to speak. Some young children may stutter when their speech and language abilities aren't developed enough to keep up with what they want to say. Most children outgrow this type of stuttering, called developmental stuttering.
But sometimes stuttering is a long-term condition that remains into adulthood. This type of stuttering can affect self-esteem and communicating with other people.
Children and adults who stutter may be helped by treatments such as speech therapy, electronic devices to improve speech fluency or a form of mental health therapy called cognitive behavioral therapy.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Stuttering?
|
Stuttering symptoms may include:
• Having a hard time starting a word, phrase or sentence.
• Stretching out a word or sounds within a word.
• Repeating a sound, syllable or word.
• Brief silence for certain syllables or words, or pausing before or within a word.
• Adding extra words such as "um" if expecting to have problems moving to the next word.
• A lot of tension, tightness or movement of the face or upper body when saying a word.
• Anxiety about talking.
• Not being able to communicate well with others.
These actions may happen when stuttering:
• Rapid eye blinks.
• Trembling of the lips or jaw.
• Unusual face movements, sometimes called facial tics.
• Head nodding.
• Tightening of fists.
Stuttering may be worse when the person is excited, tired or under stress, or when feeling self-conscious, hurried or pressured. Situations such as speaking in front of a group or talking on the phone can be especially hard for people who stutter.
But most people who stutter can speak without stuttering when they talk to themselves and when they sing or speak along with someone else.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Stuttering?
|
Researchers continue to study the underlying causes of developmental stuttering. A combination of factors may be involved.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Stuttering?
|
Males are much more likely to stutter than females are. Things that raise the risk of stuttering include:
• Having a childhood developmental condition.Children who have developmental conditions, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism or developmental delays, may be more likely to stutter. This is true for children with other speech problems too.
• Having relatives who stutter.Stuttering tends to run in families.
• Stress.Stress in the family and other types of stress or pressure can worsen existing stuttering.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Stuttering?
|
Stuttering can lead to:
• Problems communicating with others.
• Not speaking or staying away from situations that require speaking.
• Not taking part in social, school or work activities and opportunities for success.
• Being bullied or teased.
• Low self-esteem.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Subarachnoid hemorrhage?
|
A subarachnoid hemorrhage is bleeding in the space between the brain and the tissues that cover the brain. The space is known as the subarachnoid space. A subarachnoid hemorrhage is a type of stroke. It is a medical emergency that needs treatment right away.
The primary symptom of a subarachnoid hemorrhage is a sudden, very bad headache. Some people describe it as the worst headache they have ever felt. A subarachnoid hemorrhage also may cause nausea, vomiting, a stiff neck and other symptoms.
Bleeding usually happens when an irregular bulge in a blood vessel, known as an aneurysm, bursts in the brain. Bleeding also can happen because of a head injury. Sometimes a tangle of blood vessels in the brain, known as an arteriovenous malformation, causes the bleeding. And other health conditions, including conditions that affect the blood vessels, can cause bleeding.
If a subarachnoid hemorrhage isn't treated, it can lead to permanent brain damage or death, so it's important to get treatment right away.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Subarachnoid hemorrhage?
|
The most common symptom of a subarachnoid hemorrhage is a very sudden, very bad headache. The headache starts in a split second and becomes very painful right away. Some people describe it as the worst headache they have ever had.
Along with a sudden headache, symptoms may include:
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• Stiff neck or neck pain.
• Changes in vision.
• Brief loss of consciousness.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Subarachnoid hemorrhage?
|
A subarachnoid hemorrhage may be caused by:
• A brain aneurysm that bursts.A brain aneurysm is a bulge in a blood vessel in the brain. The aneurysm can burst and cause bleeding in the space between the brain and the tissues covering the brain, known as the subarachnoid space. A brain aneurysm is the most common cause of a subarachnoid hemorrhage.
• Head injury.Another common cause is a head injury. A head injury from an auto accident, fall or violence can lead to a subarachnoid hemorrhage.
• A tangle of blood vessels in the brain, known as an arteriovenous malformation.This irregular tangle of blood vessels can rupture and cause bleeding in the brain.
• Swelling of the blood vessels, known as vasculitis.This can cause the walls of the blood vessels to thicken and narrow. Vasculitis can lead to a blood clot or an aneurysm.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Subarachnoid hemorrhage?
|
Some risk factors for a subarachnoid hemorrhage are not under your control. They include:
• Being an older age.Most subarachnoid hemorrhages that result from an aneurysm occur in people between ages 55 and 60. Women in their 50s and 60s, in particular, have a higher risk.
• Having a first-degree relative with a brain aneurysm.This includes a parent, child or sibling related by blood
• Having certain health conditions.Conditions that increase the risk of a subarachnoid hemorrhage include Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1 and polycystic kidney disease.
People who have two or more first-degree relatives with brain aneurysms or who have had a subarachnoid hemorrhage can get screened.
Other risk factors for a subarachnoid hemorrhage can be avoided. They include:
• Having high blood pressure.
• Smoking.
• Misusing alcohol.
• Using drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Suicide and suicidal thoughts?
|
Suicide, taking your own life, is a tragic reaction to stressful life situations — and all the more tragic because suicide can be prevented. Whether you're considering suicide or know someone who feels suicidal, learn suicide warning signs and how to reach out for immediate help and professional treatment. You may save a life — your own or someone else's.
It may seem like there's no way to solve your problems and that suicide is the only way to end the pain. But you can take steps to stay safe — and start enjoying your life again.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Suicide and suicidal thoughts?
|
Suicide warning signs or suicidal thoughts include:
• Talking about suicide — for example, making statements such as "I'm going to kill myself," "I wish I were dead" or "I wish I hadn't been born"
• Getting the means to take your own life, such as buying a gun or stockpiling pills
• Withdrawing from social contact and wanting to be left alone
• Having mood swings, such as being emotionally high one day and deeply discouraged the next
• Being preoccupied with death, dying or violence
• Feeling trapped or hopeless about a situation
• Increasing use of alcohol or drugs
• Changing normal routine, including eating or sleeping patterns
• Doing risky or self-destructive things, such as using drugs or driving recklessly
• Giving away belongings or getting affairs in order when there's no other logical explanation for doing this
• Saying goodbye to people as if they won't be seen again
• Developing personality changes or being severely anxious or agitated, particularly when experiencing some of the warning signs listed above
Warning signs aren't always obvious, and they may vary from person to person. Some people make their intentions clear, while others keep suicidal thoughts and feelings secret.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Suicide and suicidal thoughts?
|
Suicidal thoughts have many causes. Most often, suicidal thoughts are the result of feeling like you can't cope when you're faced with what seems to be an overwhelming life situation. If you don't have hope for the future, you may mistakenly think suicide is a solution. You may experience a sort of tunnel vision, where in the middle of a crisis you believe suicide is the only way out.
There also may be a genetic link to suicide. People who complete suicide or who have suicidal thoughts or behavior are more likely to have a family history of suicide.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Suicide and suicidal thoughts?
|
Although attempted suicide is more frequent for women, men are more likely than women to complete suicide because they typically use more-lethal methods, such as a firearm.
You may be at risk of suicide if you:
• Attempted suicide before
• Feel hopeless, worthless, agitated, socially isolated or lonely
• Experience a stressful life event, such as the loss of a loved one, military service, a breakup, or financial or legal problems
• Have a substance abuse problem — alcohol and drug abuse can worsen thoughts of suicide and make you feel reckless or impulsive enough to act on your thoughts
• Have suicidal thoughts and have access to firearms in your home
• Have an underlying psychiatric disorder, such as major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder or bipolar disorder
• Have a family history of mental disorders, substance abuse, suicide, or violence, including physical or sexual abuse
• Have a medical condition that can be linked to depression and suicidal thinking, such as chronic disease, chronic pain or terminal illness
• Are lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender with an unsupportive family or in a hostile environment
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Suicide and suicidal thoughts?
|
Suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide take an emotional toll. For instance, you may be so consumed by suicidal thoughts that you can't function in your daily life. And while many attempted suicides are impulsive acts during a moment of crisis, they can leave you with permanent serious or severe injuries, such as organ failure or brain damage.
For those left behind after a suicide — people known as survivors of suicide — grief, anger, depression and guilt are common.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Sun allergy?
|
Sun allergy is a broad term. It describes several conditions that cause an itchy rash to form on the skin after being in sunlight or other sources of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Polymorphous light eruption is the most common form of sun allergy.
Some people have a hereditary type of sun allergy. Others develop symptoms only when triggered by another factor — such as taking medication or touching certain plants. Other types of sun-related reactions occur for reasons that are unclear.
Mild sun allergy may clear up without treatment. Severe rashes may be treated with steroid creams or pills. If you have severe sun allergy, you may need to take preventive steps. For example, wear clothing that shields you from the sun.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Sun allergy?
|
How skin with sun allergy looks varies widely depending on the color of your skin and what's causing the symptoms. Signs and symptoms may include:
• Itchiness (pruritus)
• Stinging
• Tiny bumps that may merge into raised patches
• A flushing of the exposed area
• Blisters or hives
Symptoms usually occur only on skin that has been exposed to the sun or other source ofUVlight. Symptoms show up within minutes to hours after sun exposure.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Sun allergy?
|
Causes of sun allergy include immune system reactions to sunlight, certain medications and chemicals that make the skin more sensitive to the sun. It isn't clear why some people have a sun allergy and others don't. Inherited traits may play a role.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Sun allergy?
|
Risk factors for having an allergic reaction to sunlight include:
• Contact with certain substances.Some sun allergy symptoms are triggered when your skin is exposed to a substance and then to sunlight. Common substances responsible for this type of reaction include fragrances, disinfectants and chemicals used in some sunscreens.
• Taking certain medications.A number of medications can make the skin sunburn more quickly — including tetracycline antibiotics, sulfa-based drugs and pain relievers, such as ketoprofen.
• Having another skin condition.Having dermatitis increases your risk of having a sun allergy.
• Having a blood relative with a sun allergy.You're more likely to have a sun allergy if you have a sibling or parent with a sun allergy.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Sun allergy?
|
If you have a sun allergy or an increased sensitivity to the sun, you can help prevent a reaction by taking these steps:
• Avoid sun exposure between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.The sun's rays are strongest during these hours. Try to schedule outdoor activities for other times. If you can't do that, limit the time you're in the sun. Seek shade when possible.
• Avoid sudden exposure to lots of sunlight.Many people have sun allergy symptoms seasonally. Symptoms occur when daylight hours get longer and people are exposed to more sunlight. At these times, gradually increase the amount of time you spend outdoors so that your skin has time to adapt to increased sunlight.
• Wear sunglasses and protective clothing.Long-sleeved shirts and wide-brimmed hats can help protect your skin from sun exposure. Avoid fabrics that are thin or have a loose weave —UVrays can pass through them.
• Apply sunscreen.Use a water-resistant, broad-spectrum sunscreen with anSPFof at least 30, even on cloudy days. Apply sunscreen generously, and reapply every two hours — or more often if you're swimming or perspiring.If you're using a product that contains physical blockers (titanium dioxide, zinc oxide), apply it over any other products you're wearing — except insect repellent. Insect repellent goes on last. Physical blockers provide the most effective protection for sensitive skin.The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires all sunscreen to retain its original strength for at least three years. Check sunscreen labels for directions on storing and expiration dates. Throw away sunscreen if it's expired or more than 3 years old.
• Avoid known triggers.If you know that a certain substance causes your skin reaction, such as a medication or contact with wild parsnip or limes, avoid that trigger.
• ApplyUV-blocking window film.Put aUV-blocking film on the windows of your home and car.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Sunburn?
|
Sunburn is inflamed, painful skin that feels hot to the touch. It often appears within a few hours of being in the sun too long.
You can get sunburn relief with simple self-care measures such as taking pain relievers and cooling the skin. But it may take days for the sunburn to fade.
Preventing sunburn year-round by wearing sunscreen or using other skin-protection habits is important for everyone. It is especially important when you're outdoors, even on cool or cloudy days.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Sunburn?
|
Sunburn symptoms can include:
• Inflamed skin, which looks pink or red on white skin and may be harder to see on brown or Black skin.
• Skin that feels warm or hot to the touch.
• Pain, tenderness and itching.
• Swelling.
• Small, fluid-filled blisters, which may break.
• Headache, fever, nausea and fatigue, if the sunburn is severe.
• Eyes that feel painful or gritty.
Any exposed part of the body — including the earlobes, scalp and lips — can burn. Even covered areas can burn if, for example, clothing has a loose weave that allows ultraviolet (UV) light through. The eyes, which are extremely sensitive to the sun's UV light, also can burn.
Sunburn symptoms often appear within a few hours after sun exposure.
Within a few days, the body may start to heal itself by peeling the damaged skin's top layer. A bad sunburn may take several days to heal. Any lingering changes in skin color usually go away with time.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Sunburn?
|
Sunburn is caused by too much exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. UV light may be from the sun or artificial sources, such as sunlamps and tanning beds. UVA is the wavelength of light that can penetrate to the deep layers of skin and lead to skin damage over time. UVB is the wavelength of light that penetrates the skin more superficially and causes sunburn.
The UV light damages skin cells. The immune system reacts by increasing blood flow to the affected areas, which causes the inflamed skin (erythema) known as sunburn.
You can get sunburn on cool or cloudy days. Surfaces such as snow, sand and water can reflect UV rays and burn skin too.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Sunburn?
|
Risk factors for sunburn include:
• Having white skin and red hair.
• Having a history of sunburn.
• Living or vacationing somewhere sunny, warm or at high altitude.
• Working outdoors.
• Swimming or spraying your skin with water or baby oil, as wet skin tends to burn more than does dry skin.
• Mixing outdoor recreation and drinking alcohol.
• Regularly exposing unprotected skin to UV light from sunlight or artificial sources, such as tanning beds.
• Taking a drug that makes you more likely to burn (photosensitizing medication).
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Sunburn?
|
Intense, repeated sun exposure that results in sunburn increases your risk of other skin damage and certain diseases. These include premature aging of skin (photoaging), precancerous skin lesions and skin cancer.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Sunburn?
|
Use these methods to prevent sunburn, even on cool, cloudy or hazy days. Sun exposure on cloudy days is decreased by about 20%. Be extra careful around water, snow, concrete and sand because they reflect the sun's rays. In addition, UV light is more intense at high altitudes.
• Avoid sun exposure between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.The sun's rays are strongest during these hours, so try to schedule outdoor activities for other times. If you can't do that, limit the time you're in the sun. Seek shade when possible.
• Avoid sun tanning and tanning beds.Getting a base tan doesn't decrease your risk of sunburn. If you use a self-tanning product to look tan, also apply a sunscreen before going outdoors.
• Use sunscreen often and generously.Use water-resistant, broad-spectrum lip balm and sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, even on cloudy days. Broad-spectrum products offer protection against ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB) rays. SPF 30 blocks 97% of UVB rays. No sunscreen can block 100% of the sun's UVB rays.About 30 minutes before going outdoors, generously apply your sunscreen to clean, dry skin. Use at least 2 tablespoons of sunscreen, or 1 ounce, to cover all surfaces of the exposed skin, except the eyelids. If you're using spray sunscreen, spray it into your hands and then rub it into the skin. This helps avoid inhaling the product. Don't use a spray product while smoking or near an open flame.If you're using a product that contains physical blockers (titanium oxide, zinc oxide), apply it over any other products you're wearing — except insect repellent. Insect repellent goes on last. Physical blockers provide the most effective protection for sensitive skin.Reapply sunscreen every two hours — or more often if you're swimming or perspiring. If you're wearing makeup and want to reapply your sunscreen without redoing your whole face, one option is to use an SPF powder over makeup.The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires all sunscreen to retain its original strength for at least three years. Check sunscreen labels for directions on storing and expiration dates. Throw away sunscreen if it's expired or more than three years old.
• Protect babies and toddlers.Protect babies and toddlers from sunburn with brimmed hats and lightweight clothing that covers the arms and legs. Keep them cool, hydrated and out of direct sunlight. When that's not possible, the American Academy of Pediatrics suggests applying sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 to the face and back of the hands. The American Academy of Dermatology and the FDA don't suggest sunscreen for children under 6 months.If sun-protective clothing and shade aren't available, sunscreens containing zinc oxide or titanium dioxide are the next best choice.
• Cover up.When outside, other items such as umbrellas or wide-brimmed hats can offer protection in addition to sunscreen. Dark clothing with a tight weave offers more protection. Consider using outdoor gear specially designed to provide sun protection. Check the label for its ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), which tells how well a fabric blocks sunlight. The higher the UPF number, the better.
• Wear sunglasses when outdoors.Choose sunglasses with UVA and UVB protection. Check the UV rating on the label when buying new glasses. Darker lenses don't always mean better UV protection. It also helps to wear sunglasses that fit close to your face or have wraparound frames.
• Be aware of sun-sensitizing medications and cosmetics.Some common prescription and nonprescription drugs can make skin more sensitive to sunlight. Examples include antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and cholesterol-lowering drugs. Talk with your pharmacist or health care provider about the side effects of drugs you take. Cosmetics that contain alpha-hydroxy acids also increase sun sensitivity.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Supraventricular tachycardia?
|
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a type of irregular heartbeat, also called an arrhythmia. It's a very fast or erratic heartbeat that affects the heart's upper chambers.SVTalso is called paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.
The typical heart beats about 60 to 100 times a minute. DuringSVT, the heart beats about 150 to 220 times a minute. Occasionally it beats faster or slower.
Most people with supraventricular tachycardia don't need treatment. When recommended, treatment may include specific actions or movements, medicines, a heart procedure, or a device to control the heartbeat.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Supraventricular tachycardia?
|
The main symptom of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a very fast heartbeat that may last for a few minutes to a few days. The heart beats 100 or more times a minute. Usually duringSVT, the heart beats 150 to 220 times a minute. The fast heartbeat may come and go suddenly.
Symptoms of supraventricular tachycardia may include:
• Pounding or fluttering feelings in the chest, called palpitations.
• A pounding sensation in the neck.
• Chest pain.
• Fainting or almost fainting.
• Lightheadedness or dizziness.
• Shortness of breath.
• Sweating.
• Weakness or extreme tiredness.
Some people withSVTdo not notice symptoms.
In infants and very young children, symptoms ofSVTmay be vague. The symptoms can include sweating, poor feeding, a change in skin color and a rapid pulse. If your infant or young child has any of these symptoms, talk with a healthcare professional.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Supraventricular tachycardia?
|
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is caused by faulty signaling in the heart. Electrical signals in the heart control the heartbeat.
InSVT, a change in heart signaling causes the heartbeat to start too early in the heart's upper chambers. When this happens, the heartbeat speeds up. The heart can't fill with blood properly. Symptoms such as lightheadedness or dizziness can occur.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Supraventricular tachycardia?
|
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is the most common type of arrhythmia in infants and children. It also tends to occur more often in women, particularly during pregnancy.
Health conditions or treatments that may increase the risk of supraventricular tachycardia include:
• Coronary artery disease, heart valve disease and other heart diseases.
• Heart failure.
• A heart problem present at birth, also called a congenital heart defect.
• Previous heart surgery.
• A sleep disorder called obstructive sleep apnea.
• Thyroid disease.
• Uncontrolled diabetes.
• Some medicines, including those used to treat asthma, allergies and colds.
Other things that may increase the risk ofSVTinclude:
• Emotional stress.
• Too much caffeine.
• Excessive alcohol use, which is defined as 14 or more drinks a week for men and seven or more drinks a week for women.
• Smoking and nicotine use.
• Stimulant drugs, including cocaine and methamphetamine.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Supraventricular tachycardia?
|
When the heart beats too fast, it may not send enough blood to the body. As a result, the organs and tissues may not get enough oxygen.
Over time, untreated and frequent attacks of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) may weaken the heart and lead to heart failure. This is especially true in people who also have other medical conditions.
A severe attack ofSVTmay cause fainting or a sudden loss of all heart activity, called sudden cardiac arrest.
|
local_scraped
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.