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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What is the prevention of Supraventricular tachycardia?
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The same lifestyle changes used to manage supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) also may help prevent it. Try these tips.
• Follow a heart-healthy lifestyle.Eat a nutritious diet, don't smoke, get regular exercise and manage stress.
• Don't use a lot of caffeine.Avoid large amounts of caffeine. For most people with supraventricular tachycardia, moderate amounts of caffeine do not trigger episodes ofSVT.
• Keep a notebook or diary of when symptoms happen.Include the symptoms, your heart rate and what you were doing at the time of the fast heartbeat. This information can help you learn the things that trigger the very fast heartbeat.
• Use medicines carefully.Some medicines, including those bought without a prescription, may contain stimulants that can triggerSVT.
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What are the Overview of Suspicious breast lumps?
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A breast lump is a growth of tissue that forms in the breast. Most breast lumps are not irregular or cancerous. But it's key to have your healthcare professional check them promptly.
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What are the symptoms of Suspicious breast lumps?
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Breast tissue typically might feel lumpy or ropy. You also may have breast tenderness that comes and goes with your menstrual period.
If you have a health problem that affects your breasts, you might notice changes in how your breasts usually feel. These changes can include:
• A round, smooth and firm breast lump.
• A lump that feels firm and moves easily under the skin.
• A hard breast lump with irregular edges.
• An area of skin that has changed color.
• Skin dimpling like an orange.
• New changes in breast size or shape.
• Fluid leaking from the nipple.
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What are the causes of Suspicious breast lumps?
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Breast lumps can be caused by:
• Breast cysts.These fluid-filled sacs inside the breast are round, smooth and firm. A breast cyst can range in size from a few millimeters to as large as an orange. The tissue around it may be tender. A breast cyst may appear before your period and get smaller, larger or go away afterward. Breast cysts tend to come on quickly around the time of the menstrual cycle.
• Fibrocystic breast changes.With these changes, you may feel general fullness in your breasts. Some areas may be lumpy or ropelike. Your breasts may feel tender. It's common to have fibrocystic breast changes related to the menstrual cycle. The symptoms tend to get better after you have your period.
• Fibroadenomas.These solid breast tumors aren't cancer. They're smooth, and they move easily under the skin when touched. A fibroadenoma may get smaller over time or it may grow larger. Factors that may be linked with fibroadenoma growth include being pregnant, using hormone therapy such as birth control pills or having a period.
• Injury or post-surgery.A serious injury to breast tissue or a complication after breast surgery can create a breast lump. This is called fat necrosis.
• Infections.A collection of infected fluid called an abscess in breast tissue also can cause a breast lump. The lump often is linked with breast pain, redness in that area and swelling of the skin.
• Intraductal papilloma.This is a skin tag-like growth in a milk duct. It can cause the nipple to leak clear or bloody fluid. It's usually not painful. This growth can be seen on a breast ultrasound of the area under the nipple.
• Lipoma.This type of lump can feel soft. It involves fatty breast tissue. It's often harmless.
• Breast cancer.A breast lump that's painless, hard, has irregular edges and is different from the breast tissue around it might be breast cancer. The skin covering the lump may thicken, change color or look red. There also may be skin changes such as dimpled or pitted areas that look like the skin of an orange. Your breast size and shape may change. You may notice fluid leaking from the nipple, or the nipple may turn inward. The lymph nodes under the arm or near the collarbone might be swollen.
See your healthcare professional to learn what kinds of tests you might need and which type of breast lump you have.
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What are the risk factors of Suspicious breast lumps?
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Risk factors for breast lumps caused by conditions that are not cancer include the following:
• Age.Some conditions that cause breast lumps are more common in the 30s and 40s. These include fibrocystic changes and fibroadenomas.
• Menstrual periods.Before or during your period, you may feel a breast lump due to extra fluid in the breasts.
• Pregnancy.Your breasts may feel lumpy during pregnancy. That's because the glands that make milk grow in number and get larger.
• Premenopause.As you get closer to menopause, hormone changes might make your breasts feel lumpier and tender.
Some risk factors for breast cancer are within your control to change. These include:
• Alcohol.The more alcohol you drink, the higher the risk of breast cancer.
• Overweight or obesity.The risk of breast cancer rises if you're overweight or obese after menopause.
• A lack of exercise.If you don't get physical activity, it may make you more likely to get breast cancer.
• Not giving birth.The risk of breast cancer is slightly higher in people who haven't had children or who didn't have children until after age 30.
• Not breastfeeding.The risk of breast cancer may be slightly higher in people who don't breastfeed their babies.
• Hormonal birth control.Birth control methods that use hormones to prevent pregnancy may slightly raise breast cancer risk. These include birth control pills, shots and intrauterine devices.
• Hormone therapy.Long-term use of estrogen combined with progesterone can raise the risk of breast cancer.
Other risk factors for cancerous breast lumps can't be controlled. These include:
• Being born female.Women are much more likely than men to get breast cancer.
• Aging.The risk of breast cancer rises with age. Most often, tests find breast cancer in people 55 and older.
• Gene changes.Some types of breast cancer are caused by genes changes passed from parents to children, also called inherited gene changes. A change in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene is the most common cause of inherited breast cancer.
• Family history of breast cancer.You're more likely to get breast cancer if a close relative such as a parent or sibling also had the disease.
• Dense breasts.This means your breasts have more glandular and fibrous tissue, and less fatty tissue. People with dense breast tissue have a higher risk of breast cancer than those whose breast density is average.
• Early menstrual periods or later menopause.Starting your period at an early age, especially before 12, is linked with a slightly higher breast cancer risk. Going through menopause after 55 also is tied to a slightly higher risk of breast cancer.
• Certain breast conditions that aren't cancer.Some benign breast conditions that cause lumps can make breast cancer more likely later on. These conditions include atypical ductal hyperplasia and atypical lobular hyperplasia, which involve too much cell growth in certain breast cells. Another condition called lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) happens when cells grow in glands that make breast milk.LCISalso can raise the risk for breast cancer.
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What are the complications of Suspicious breast lumps?
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Some conditions that cause breast lumps may lead to other health concerns, also called complications. The complications depend on the type of breast lump that you have. For example, without treatment, some breast infections can cause pockets of pus to form in the breast.
Other breast conditions that are not cancer still can raise the risk of breast cancer later on. These include conditions that can cause lumps, such as atypical ductal hyperplasia, atypical lobular hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ. If you have a breast condition that raises the risk of cancer, it doesn't mean that you'll definitely get breast cancer. Ask your healthcare professional what the risk means for you and whether you can make lifestyle changes to lower it.
Some breast lumps don't cause complications. For example, small cysts and simple fibroadenomas sometimes go away on their own over time.
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What is the prevention of Suspicious breast lumps?
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There's no clear way to prevent many breast lumps. Breast lumps that are not cancer often are linked with natural changes in the body, such as hormonal changes over time.
But some risk factors for cancerous breast lumps are within your power to change. Take the following steps to lower your chances of breast cancer:
• Drink less alcohol.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
• Eat a balanced diet.Fill your plate with lean proteins, whole grains, and fruits and vegetables. Eat less sugary, salty and processed foods.
• Exercise.The American Cancer Society recommends that adults aim to get 150 to 300 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise a week. Or you can try to do 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous activity a week. If you're not active now, ask your healthcare professional to help you get started.
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What are the symptoms of Synovial sarcoma?
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Signs and symptoms of synovial sarcoma depend on where the cancer starts. Most people notice a painless lump or bump that slowly gets bigger. The lump usually starts near the knee or ankle, but it can appear on any part of the body.
Synovial sarcoma symptoms may include:
• A lump or bump under the skin that slowly gets bigger.
• Joint stiffness.
• Pain.
• Swelling.
Synovial sarcoma that happens in the head or neck can cause other symptoms. These may include:
• Problems breathing.
• Difficulty swallowing.
• Changes in the way the voice sounds.
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What are the causes of Synovial sarcoma?
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It's not clear what causes synovial sarcoma.
This kind of cancer forms when cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Synovial sarcoma?
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Younger age is a risk factor for synovial sarcoma. This cancer happens most often in older children and young adults.
There is no way to prevent synovial sarcoma.
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What are the Overview of Syphilis?
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Syphilis is an infection caused by bacteria. Most often, it spreads through sexual contact. The disease starts as a sore that's often painless and typically appears on the genitals, rectum or mouth. Syphilis spreads from person to person through direct contact with these sores. It also can be passed to a baby during pregnancy and childbirth and sometimes through breastfeeding.
After the infection happens, syphilis bacteria can stay in the body for many years without causing symptoms. But the infection can become active again. Without treatment, syphilis can damage the heart, brain or other organs. It can become life-threatening.
Early syphilis can be cured, sometimes with a single shot of medicine called penicillin. That's why it's key to get a health care checkup as soon as you notice any symptoms of syphilis. All pregnant people should get tested for syphilis at their first prenatal checkup too.
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What are the symptoms of Syphilis?
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Syphilis develops in stages. The symptoms vary with each stage. But the stages may overlap. And the symptoms don't always happen in the same order. You may be infected with syphilis bacteria without noticing any symptoms for years.
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What are the causes of Syphilis?
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The cause of syphilis is a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. The most common way syphilis spreads is through contact with an infected person's sore during vaginal, oral or anal sex.
The bacteria enter the body through minor cuts or scrapes in the skin or in the moist inner lining of some body parts.
Syphilis is contagious during its primary and secondary stages. Sometimes it's also contagious in the early latent period, which happens within a year of getting infected.
Less often, syphilis can spread by kissing or touching an active sore on the lips, tongue, mouth, breasts or genitals. It also can be passed to babies during pregnancy and childbirth and sometimes through breastfeeding.
Syphilis can't be spread through casual contact with objects that an infected person has touched.
So you can't catch it by using the same toilet, bathtub, clothing, eating utensils, doorknobs, swimming pools or hot tubs.
Once cured, syphilis doesn't come back on its own. But you can become infected again if you have contact with someone's syphilis sore.
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What are the risk factors of Syphilis?
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The risk of catching syphilis is higher if you:
• Have unprotected sex.
• Have sex with more than one partner.
• Live with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS if untreated.
The chances of getting syphilis also are higher for men who have sex with men. The higher risk may be linked, in part, with less access to health care and less use of condoms among this group. Another risk factor for some people in this group includes recent sex with partners found through social media apps.
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What are the complications of Syphilis?
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Without treatment, syphilis can lead to damage throughout the body. Syphilis also raises the risk of HIV infection and can cause problems during pregnancy. Treatment can help prevent damage. But it can't repair or reverse damage that's already happened.
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What is the prevention of Syphilis?
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There is no vaccine for syphilis. To help prevent the spread of syphilis, follow these tips:
• Have safe sex or no sex.The only certain way to avoid contact with syphilis bacteria is not to have sex. This is called abstinence. If a person is sexually active, safer sex means a long-term relationship in which you and your partner have sex only with each other, and neither of you is infected. Before you have sex with someone new, you should both get tested for syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
• Use a latex condom.Condoms can lower your risk of getting or spreading syphilis. But condoms work only if they cover an infected person's syphilis sores. Other types of birth control do not lower your risk of syphilis.
• Be careful with alcohol and stay away from street drugs.Drinking too much alcohol or taking drugs can get in the way of your judgment. Either can lead to unsafe sex.
• Do not douche.It can remove some of the healthy bacteria that's usually in the vagina. And that might raise your risk of getting STIs.
• Breastfeed with caution.Syphilis can pass from a parent to a baby during breastfeeding if sores are on one or both breasts. This can happen when the baby or pumping equipment touches a sore. To keep that from happening, pump or hand-express breastmilk from the breast with sores. Do so until the sores heal. If your pump touches a sore, get rid of the milk you just pumped.
A medicine called doxycycline may be an option to prevent infection among people who have a higher risk than average of getting syphilis. Higher risk groups include men who have sex with men and transgender women.
Taking doxycycline within 3 days of sexual activity lowers the risk of an infection with the bacteria that cause syphilis. Your healthcare professional can prescribe doxycycline and any testing you need while taking the medicine.
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What are the Overview of Syringomyelia?
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Syringomyelia (sih-ring-go-my-E-lee-uh) is the development of a fluid-filled cyst within the spinal cord. The cyst, which is sometimes called a syrinx, can grow larger over time. When it does, it can damage the spinal cord and cause pain, weakness and stiffness.
Syringomyelia has several possible causes. Many cases are associated with a Chiari malformation. This is a condition in which brain tissue pushes into the spinal canal.
Other causes of syringomyelia include spinal cord tumors, spinal cord injuries and damage caused by swelling around the spinal cord.
If syringomyelia doesn't cause problems, monitoring the condition might be all that's necessary. But if the symptoms are bothersome, surgery might be needed.
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What are the symptoms of Syringomyelia?
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Syringomyelia symptoms usually develop slowly over time. If syringomyelia is caused by brain tissue pushing into the spinal canal, it is called a Chiari malformation. Symptoms generally begin between ages 25 and 40.
In some cases, coughing or straining can trigger symptoms of syringomyelia, although neither causes syringomyelia.
Syringomyelia might affect the back, shoulders, arms or legs. Symptoms can include:
• Muscle weakness and muscle wasting.
• Loss of reflexes.
• Loss of sensitivity to pain and temperature.
• Headaches.
• Stiffness in the back, shoulders, arms and legs.
• Pain in the neck, arms and back.
• Scoliosis. This is when the spine curves sideways.
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What are the causes of Syringomyelia?
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It's not clear how and why syringomyelia happens. When it develops, the fluid that surrounds, cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord collects within the spinal cord itself. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid. If it collects and forms a fluid-filled cyst, it is called a syrinx.
Several conditions and diseases can lead to syringomyelia, including:
• Chiari malformation, a condition in which brain tissue pushes into the spinal canal and blocks the regular flow of cerebrospinal fluid.
• Meningitis, which is swelling of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
• Spinal cord tumor, which can interfere with the regular flow of cerebrospinal fluid.
• Conditions present at birth, such as a tethered spinal cord. A tethered spinal cord is a condition caused when tissue attached to the spinal cord limits its movement.
• Spinal cord injury, which can cause symptoms months or years later.
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What are the complications of Syringomyelia?
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In some people, syringomyelia can progress and lead to serious complications. Other people have no symptoms.
A syrinx can cause complications if it grows or damages nerves within the spinal cord. Complications include:
• Scoliosis. This is when the spine curves sideways.
• Chronic pain resulting from damage to the spinal cord.
• Motor difficulties that can affect walking. Examples include weakness and stiffness in the leg muscles.
• Paralysis.
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What are the symptoms of Systemic mastocytosis?
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Signs and symptoms of systemic mastocytosis depend on the part of the body affected by excessive mast cells. Too many mast cells can build up in the skin, liver, spleen, bone marrow or intestines. Less commonly, other organs such as the brain, heart or lungs also may be affected.
Signs and symptoms of systemic mastocytosis may include:
• Flushing, itching or hives
• Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting
• Anemia or bleeding disorders
• Bone and muscle pain
• Enlarged liver, spleen or lymph nodes
• Depression, mood changes or problems concentrating
The mast cells are triggered to produce substances that cause inflammation and symptoms. People have different triggers, but the most common ones include:
• Alcohol
• Skin irritation
• Spicy foods
• Exercise
• Insect stings
• Certain medications
When to see a doctor
Talk to your doctor if you have problems with flushing or hives, or if you have concerns about the signs or symptoms listed above.
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What are the causes of Systemic mastocytosis?
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Most cases of systemic mastocytosis are caused by a random change (mutation) in the KIT gene. Typically this flaw in the KIT gene is not inherited. Too many mast cells are produced and build up in tissues and body organs, releasing substances such as histamine, leukotrienes and cytokines that cause inflammation and symptoms.
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What are the complications of Systemic mastocytosis?
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Complications of systemic mastocytosis can include:
• Anaphylactic reaction.This severe allergic reaction includes signs and symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, fainting, loss of consciousness and shock. If you have a severe allergic reaction, you may need an injection of epinephrine.
• Blood disorders.These can include anemia and poor blood clotting.
• Peptic ulcer disease.Chronic stomach irritation can lead to ulcers and bleeding in your digestive tract.
• Reduced bone density.Because systemic mastocytosis can affect your bones and bone marrow, you may be at risk of bone problems, such as osteoporosis.
• Organ failure.A buildup of mast cells in body organs can cause inflammation and damage to the organ.
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What are the Overview of Temporal lobe seizure?
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Temporal lobe seizures begin in the temporal lobes of the brain. These areas process emotions and are important for short-term memory. Symptoms of a temporal lobe seizure often affect these functions . Some people have odd feelings during the seizure, such as joy, deja vu or fear.
Temporal lobe seizures are sometimes called focal seizures with impaired awareness. Some people are aware of what's going on during the seizure. People who have more-intense seizures might look awake but won't respond to what's around them. Their lips and hands may make motions over and over.
The cause of temporal lobe seizures often isn't known. But it may stem from a scar in the temporal lobe. Temporal lobe seizures are treated with medicine. Some people who don't respond to medicine may have surgery.
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What are the symptoms of Temporal lobe seizure?
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An odd feeling called an aura may happen before a temporal lobe seizure. An aura acts as a warning. Not everyone who has temporal lobe seizures has auras. And not everyone who has auras remembers them.
The aura is the first part of a focal seizure before a loss of consciousness.
Examples of auras include:
• A sudden sense of fear or joy.
• A feeling that what's happening has happened before, known as deja vu.
• A sudden or strange odor or taste.
• A rising feeling in the belly that feels like being on a roller coaster
Sometimes temporal lobe seizures keep people from responding to others. This type of temporal lobe seizure most often lasts 30 seconds to 2 minutes.
Symptoms of a temporal lobe seizure include:
• Not being aware of the people and things around you.
• Staring.
• Lip smacking.
• Swallowing or chewing over and over.
• Finger movements, such as picking motions.
After a temporal lobe seizure, you may:
• Be confused and have trouble speaking for a time.
• Be unable to recall what happened during the seizure.
• Be unaware of having had a seizure.
• Be very sleepy.
Sometimes, what starts as a temporal lobe seizure becomes a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. This type of seizure causes shaking, known as convulsions, and loss of consciousness. It also is called a grand mal seizure.
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What are the causes of Temporal lobe seizure?
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Often, experts don't know the cause of temporal lobe seizures. But they can be a result of the following factors:
• Traumatic brain injury.
• Infections such as encephalitis and meningitis, or a history of such infections.
• A process that causes scarring in a part of the temporal lobes called the hippocampus. This is known as gliosis.
• Blood vessels in the brain that aren't formed correctly, called vascular malformations.
• Stroke.
• Brain tumors.
• Genetic syndromes.
• Withdrawal from alcohol overuse.
During waking and sleeping, the brain cells have electrical activity. A burst of electrical activity in many brain cells may cause a seizure.
If this burst happens in just one area of the brain, the result is a focal seizure. A temporal lobe seizure is a focal seizure that starts in one of the temporal lobes.
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What are the risk factors of Temporal lobe seizure?
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There are several risk factors for temporal lobe seizure. They pose the most risk if they happen early in life. These risk factors include:
• Brain injury.
• Infections such as encephalitis or meningitis.
• A seizure caused by a fever, called a febrile seizure.
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What are the complications of Temporal lobe seizure?
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Over time, repeated temporal lobe seizures can cause the part of the brain involved in learning and memory to shrink. This area of the brain is called the hippocampus. The loss of brain cells in the hippocampus may cause memory problems.
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What are the Overview of Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure?
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A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. It's the type of seizure most people picture when they think about seizures.
During a seizure, there's a burst of electrical activity in the brain that causes changes in behavior and movements. Seizures can be focal, meaning the burst of electrical activity happens in one area of the brain. Or seizures can be generalized, in which they result in electrical activity in all areas of the brain. Tonic-clonic seizures may begin as focal seizures in a small area of the brain and spread to become generalized seizures that involve the whole brain.
Focal and generalized seizures have different symptoms. People who have generalized seizures usually lose consciousness. But people who have focal seizures may or may not lose consciousness. In tonic-clonic seizures, the muscles become stiff, causing the person to fall. Then the muscles alternately flex and relax.
Usually, a tonic-clonic seizure is caused by epilepsy. But sometimes this type of seizure can be triggered by other health problems, such as a high fever or damage to the brain.
Some people who have a tonic-clonic seizure don’t have another one and don't need treatment. But someone who has recurrent seizures may need treatment with daily anti-seizure medicines to control and prevent future tonic-clonic seizures. Surgery and dietary changes also may be options to manage your seizures.
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What are the symptoms of Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure?
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Tonic-clonic seizures have two stages:
• Tonic phase.Often, someone in the tonic phase will make a sound, such as a groan or yell. The muscles suddenly get stiff and cause the person to fall down. Loss of consciousness occurs. This phase tends to last about 10 to 20 seconds.
• Clonic phase.The muscles go into rhythmic contractions. The arms and legs often jerk. They alternately flex and relax. Convulsions usually last 1 to 2 minutes or less.
The following symptoms occur in some but not all people with tonic-clonic seizures:
• Loss of bowel and bladder function.This may happen during or following a seizure.
• Not responding after convulsions.The person may not become conscious for several minutes after convulsions have ended.
• Confusion.The person often is disoriented after a tonic-clonic seizure. This is referred to as postictal confusion.
• Fatigue.Sleepiness is common after a tonic-clonic seizure.
• Bad headache.Headaches may occur after a tonic-clonic seizure.
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What are the risk factors of Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure?
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Risk factors for tonic-clonic seizures include:
• A family history of seizure disorders.
• Any injury to the brain from trauma, a stroke, previous infection and other causes.
• Sleep deprivation.
• Medical problems that affect the balance of minerals in the body.
• Illicit drug use.
• Heavy alcohol use.
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What are the complications of Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure?
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Having a seizure at certain times can be dangerous for you or others. You might be at risk of:
• Falling.If you fall during a seizure, you can injure your head or break a bone.
• Drowning.If you have a seizure while swimming or bathing, you're at risk of accidental drowning.
• Car accidents.A seizure that causes either loss of awareness or control can be dangerous if you're driving a car or operating other equipment.
• Pregnancy complications.Seizures during pregnancy pose dangers to both mother and baby. And certain anti-seizure medicines increase the risk of birth defects. If you have epilepsy and plan to become pregnant, talk with a healthcare professional. Your medicines may need to be adjusted. A healthcare professional likely will monitor your pregnancy.
• Emotional health issues.People with seizures are more likely to have depression and anxiety. Children with seizures may be more likely to develop attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, also called ADHD. Emotional health issues may be a result of dealing with the condition itself or as a result of medicine side effects.
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What are the Overview of Trigger finger?
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Trigger finger makes a finger get stuck in a bent position. It may straighten suddenly with a snap. The fingers most often affected are the ring finger and the thumb, but the condition can affect any finger.
Trigger finger happens when the tendon that controls that finger can't glide smoothly in the sheath that surrounds it. This may occur if part of the tendon sheath becomes swollen or if a small lump forms on the tendon.
The condition is most common in women over the age of 50. You may be at higher risk of trigger finger if you have diabetes, low thyroid function or rheumatoid arthritis.
Treatment of trigger finger can include splinting, steroid injections or surgery.
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What are the symptoms of Trigger finger?
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Symptoms of trigger finger may progress from mild to severe and include:
• Finger stiffness, particularly in the morning.
• A popping or clicking sensation as the finger moves.
• Tenderness or a bump in the palm at the base of the affected finger.
• Finger catching or locking in a bent position, which suddenly pops straight.
• Finger locked in a bent position.
Trigger finger can affect any finger, including the thumb. More than one finger may be affected at a time, and both hands might be involved. Triggering is usually worse in the morning.
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What are the causes of Trigger finger?
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Tendons are tough cords that attach muscle to bone. Each tendon is surrounded by a protective sheath. Trigger finger occurs when the affected finger's tendon sheath becomes irritated and swollen. This makes it harder for the tendon to glide through the sheath.
In most people, there's no explanation for why this irritation and swelling begins.
The constant back-and-forth irritation can cause a small lump of tissue to form on the tendon. This lump is called a nodule. The nodule can make it even harder for the tendon to glide smoothly.
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What are the risk factors of Trigger finger?
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Factors that put you at risk of developing trigger finger include:
• Repeated gripping.Occupations and hobbies that involve repetitive hand use and prolonged gripping may increase the risk of trigger finger.
• Certain health problems.People who have diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis are at higher risk of developing trigger finger.
• Your sex.Trigger finger is more common in women.
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What are the complications of Trigger finger?
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Trigger finger can make it harder to type, button a shirt or insert a key into a lock. It also can affect your ability to grip a steering wheel or grasp tools.
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What are the Overview of Tapeworm infection?
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A tapeworm is a parasite that can live and feed in human intestines. This is called a tapeworm infection.
A young and inactive form of the tapeworm is called a larval cyst. It can stay alive in other parts of the body. This is called a larval cyst infection.
A tapeworm in the intestines often causes mild symptoms. Moderate to severe symptoms may include stomach pain and diarrhea. Larval cysts can cause serious disease if they are in a person's brain, liver, lungs, heart or eyes.
Tapeworm infections are treated with anti-parasitic drugs. Treatments for larval cyst infections may include anti-parasitic drugs and surgery to remove the cyst. Other drugs may be used to treat symptoms.
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What are the symptoms of Tapeworm infection?
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Symptoms depend mostly on where the infection happens in the body.
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What are the causes of Tapeworm infection?
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Most tapeworms need two different hosts to complete a life cycle. One host is the place where a parasite grows from egg to larva, called the intermediate host. The other host is where the larva become adults, called the definitive host. For example, beef tapeworms need cattle and humans to go through a complete life cycle.
The beef tapeworm eggs can survive in the environment for months or years. If a cow, the intermediate host, eats grass with these eggs on it, the eggs hatch in its intestines. The young parasite, called a larva, passes into the bloodstream and moves to muscles. It forms a protective shell, called a cyst.
When people, the definitive host, eat undercooked meat from that cow, they can develop a tapeworm infection. The larval cyst develops into an adult tapeworm. The tapeworm attaches to the wall of the intestine where it feeds. It produces eggs that pass in the person's stool.
In this case, the cow is called the intermediate host, and the person is the definitive host.
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What are the risk factors of Tapeworm infection?
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Factors that may put you at greater risk of tapeworm or larval cyst infection include:
• Eating raw or undercooked meats.The main risk factor for tapeworm infection is eating raw or undercooked meat and fish. Dried and smoked fish also may have larval cysts in them.
• Poor hygiene.Poor handwashing increases the risk of getting and spreading infections. Unwashed fruits and vegetables also can carry tapeworm eggs.
• Lack of sanitation and sewage.Lack of sanitation and sewage for human waste increases the risk of livestock getting tapeworm eggs from people. This increases the risk of people eating infected meat.
• Lack of clean water.A lack of clean water for drinking, bathing and making food increases the risk of exposure to tapeworm eggs.
• High-risk regions.Living in or traveling to regions with high rates of infection is a risk factor.
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What is the prevention of Tapeworm infection?
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These steps can help prevent infections with tapeworms or tapeworm larval cysts.
• Wash your hands.Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. This is very important after using the toilet, before eating, and before and after handling food.
• Wash fruits and vegetables.Rinse fruits and vegetables under running water before eating, peeling or preparing them.
• Wash kitchen utensils well.Wash cutting boards, knives and other utensils with soapy water after contact with raw meats or unwashed fruits and vegetables.
• Don't eat raw or undercooked meat or fish.Use a meat thermometer to make sure meat is cooked enough to kill larval cysts. Cook whole meats and fish to at least 145 degrees Fahrenheit (63 degrees Celsius) and let rest for at least three minutes. Cook ground meat to at least 160 degrees Fahrenheit (71 degrees Celsius).
• Freeze meat.Freezing meat and fish can kill larval cysts. Freeze at minus 4 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 20 degrees Celsius) or below for 7 days.
• Treat infected dogs.Treat dogs with tapeworms right away.
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What are the Overview of Tay-Sachs disease?
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Tay-Sachs disease is a rare genetic disorder passed from parents to child. It's caused by the absence of an enzyme that helps break down fatty substances. These fatty substances, called gangliosides, build up to toxic levels in the brain and spinal cord and affect the function of the nerve cells.
In the most common and severe form of Tay-Sachs disease, signs and symptoms start to show up at about 3 to 6 months of age. As the disease progresses, development slows and muscles begin to weaken. Over time, this leads to seizures, vision and hearing loss, paralysis, and other major issues. Children with this form of Tay-Sachs disease typically live only a few years.
Less commonly, some children have the juvenile form of Tay-Sachs disease and may live into their teen years. Rarely, some adults have a late-onset form of Tay-Sachs disease which is often less severe than forms that begin in childhood.
If you have a family history of Tay-Sachs disease or if you're a member of a high-risk group and plan to have children, health care providers strongly recommend genetic testing and genetic counseling.
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What are the symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease?
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There are three forms of Tay-Sachs disease: infantile, juvenile and late onset/adult.
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What are the causes of Tay-Sachs disease?
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Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that is passed from parents to their children. It occurs when a child inherits a flaw (mutation) in the HEXA gene from both parents.
The genetic change that causes Tay-Sachs disease results in a deficiency of the enzyme beta-hexosaminidase A. This enzyme is required to break down the fatty substance GM2 ganglioside. The buildup of fatty substances damages nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. Severity and age of onset of the disease relates to how much enzyme is still produced.
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What are the risk factors of Tay-Sachs disease?
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Because the gene change that causes Tay-Sachs disease is found more often in certain populations, risk factors for Tay-Sachs disease include having ancestors from:
• Eastern and Central European Jewish communities (Ashkenazi Jews)
• Certain French Canadian communities in Quebec
• Cajun community of Louisiana
• Old Order Amish community in Pennsylvania
A blood test can be used to identify carriers of the HEXA gene change that causes Tay-Sachs disease. Genetic counseling is recommended following testing.
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What are the Overview of Teeth grinding (bruxism)?
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The medical term for teeth grinding is bruxism (BRUK-siz-um), a condition in which you squeeze or rub your teeth together, also called clenching or grinding. Bruxism is common and can happen during the day or night. If you have awake bruxism, you clench or grind your teeth when you're awake without being aware that you're doing it. If you have sleep bruxism, you clench or grind your teeth during sleep. Sleep bruxism is a sleep-related movement disorder.
People who clench or grind their teeth during sleep are more likely to have other sleep disorders, such as snoring and pauses in breathing called sleep apnea. Some people may not know they have sleep bruxism until they have tooth or jaw problems because of it.
In some people, bruxism can be a problem and happen often enough to lead to jaw pain, headaches, damaged teeth and other problems. The grinding sound can disrupt a bed partner's sleep. Learn the symptoms of bruxism and get regular dental care to check your teeth.
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What are the symptoms of Teeth grinding (bruxism)?
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Symptoms of bruxism may include:
• Teeth grinding or clenching, which may be loud enough to wake up your sleep partner.
• Teeth that are flattened, fractured, chipped or loose.
• Worn tooth enamel. This can expose the inner layers of your teeth.
• Tooth pain or sensitivity.
• Tired or tight jaw muscles, or a locked jaw that won't open or close all the way. Your jaw may pop and click.
• Jaw, neck or face pain or soreness.
• Jaw muscles that are larger than expected.
• Pain that feels like an earache, though it's not really a problem with your ear.
• Dull headache starting at your temples — the sides of your head between your forehead and ears.
• Sleep problems.
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What are the causes of Teeth grinding (bruxism)?
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Exactly what causes bruxism isn't completely understood. It may be due to a mix of physical, mental health and genetic factors.
• Awake bruxismmay be due to emotions such as anxiety, stress, anger, frustration or tension. Bruxism also may be a coping strategy or a habit when you're thinking deeply or concentrating.
• Sleep bruxismmay be a sleep-related chewing activity linked with brief disturbances during sleep.
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What are the risk factors of Teeth grinding (bruxism)?
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These factors can raise your risk of bruxism:
• Stress.Having extra anxiety or stress can lead to teeth grinding and clenching. So can anger and frustration.
• Age.Bruxism is common in young children, but it usually goes away by adulthood.
• Personality type.Having a personality type that's aggressive, competitive or hyperactive can raise your risk of bruxism.
• Awake time mouth habits.Mouth habits, such as lip, tongue or cheek biting and chewing gum for long periods of time, can increase the risk of awake bruxism.
• Medicines and other substances.Smoking tobacco or drinking caffeinated beverages or alcohol can raise your risk of bruxism. So can using recreational drugs or taking medicines that aren't approved by your healthcare professional. It's not common, but bruxism can be a side effect of mental health medicines such as some antidepressants and medicines to treat seizures and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
• Family members with bruxism.Sleep bruxism tends to occur in families. If you have bruxism, other members of your family also may have bruxism or a history of it.
• Other conditions.Bruxism can be linked with some mental health and medical conditions. These may include Parkinson's disease, dementia, gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD), epilepsy, night terrors, sleep-related disorders such as sleep apnea and ADHD.
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What are the complications of Teeth grinding (bruxism)?
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For most people bruxism doesn't cause serious complications. But severe bruxism may lead to:
• Damage to your teeth or jaws and to fillings, crowns or other dental repairs.
• Tension-type headaches.
• Severe facial or jaw pain.
• Conditions that occur in the temporomandibular joints (TMJs). These are jaw joints just in front of your ears. TMJ problems can cause pain and may sound like clicking when you open and close your mouth.
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What are the Overview of TEN?
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Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare, life-threatening skin reaction, usually caused by a medication. It's a severe form of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS). In people withSJS,TENis diagnosed when more than 30% of the skin surface is affected and the moist linings of the body (mucous membranes) have extensive damage.
TENis a life-threatening condition that affects people of all ages.TENis usually treated in a hospital. While the skin heals, supportive care includes controlling pain, caring for wounds and making sure you're getting enough fluids. Recovery can take weeks to months.
If your condition was caused by a medication, you'll need to permanently avoid that drug and those related to it.
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What are the symptoms of TEN?
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Toxic epidermal necrolysis signs and symptoms include:
• Widespread skin pain
• A spreading rash covering more than 30% of the body
• Blisters and large areas of peeling skin
• Sores, swelling and crusting on the mucous membranes, including the mouth, eyes and vagina
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What are the causes of TEN?
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SJS/TENis usually caused by a skin reaction to medicine. The symptoms are likely to start showing up one to four weeks after you start taking a new drug.
The most common drug triggers ofSJS/TENinclude antibiotics, epilepsy drugs, sulfa drugs and allopurinol (Aloprim, Zyloprim).
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What are the risk factors of TEN?
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Factors that increase your risk ofSJS/TENinclude:
• HIV infection.Among people with HIV, the incidence ofSJS/TENis about 100 times greater than that among the general population.
• A weakened immune system.The immune system can be affected by an organ transplant, HIV/AIDS and autoimmune diseases.
• Cancer.People with cancer, especially blood cancers (hematologic malignancies), are at increased risk ofSJS/TEN.
• A history ofSJS/TEN.If you've had a medication-related form of this condition, you are at risk of a recurrence if you use that drug again.
• A family history ofSJS/TEN.If a first-degree relative, such as a parent or sibling, has hadSJS/TEN, you may be more susceptible to developing it too.
• Genetic factors.Having certain genetic variations puts you at increased risk ofSJS/TEN, especially if you're also taking drugs for seizures, gout or mental illness.
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What are the complications of TEN?
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People at highest risk ofTENcomplications are those over age 70 and those who have liver cirrhosis or spreading (metastatic) cancer. Complications ofTENinclude:
• Blood infection (sepsis).Sepsis occurs when bacteria from an infection enter your bloodstream and spread throughout your body. Sepsis is a rapidly progressing, life-threatening condition that can cause shock and organ failure.
• Lung involvement.This can cause coughing, difficulty breathing and, with severe disease, acute respiratory failure.
• Visual impairment.TENcan cause eye problems, such as dry eye, ingrown eyelashes, corneal scarring and, rarely, blindness.
• Permanent skin damage.After recovering fromTEN, your skin may have bumps, scars and discoloration. Lasting skin problems might cause your hair to fall out, and your fingernails and toenails might not grow normally.
• Vaginal sores.In women,TENcan cause sores in the tissues lining the vagina, leading to pain or, if left untreated, vaginal fusion.
• Emotional distress.This condition causes distress and can have long-term psychological impact.
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What is the prevention of TEN?
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To prevent another episode ofTEN, learn whether it was caused by a medicine. If so, never take that medicine or anything similar again. A recurrence could be worse and life-threatening. Also tell any future health care providers about your history ofTEN, and wear a medic alert bracelet or necklace with information about your condition. Or carry an allergy passport.
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What are the Overview of Tendinitis?
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Tendinitis is inflammation of the thick fibrous cords that attach muscle to bone. These cords are called tendons. The condition causes pain and tenderness just outside a joint.
Tendinitis can occur in any tendon. But it's most common around shoulders, elbows, wrists, knees and heels.
Most tendinitis can be treated with rest, physical therapy and medicine to reduce pain. Long-lasting tendon inflammation can cause a tendon to tear. A torn tendon might need surgery.
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What are the symptoms of Tendinitis?
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Symptoms of tendinitis tend to occur where a tendon attaches to a bone. Symptoms often include:
• Pain, often described as a dull ache, especially when moving the hurt limb or joint
• Tenderness
• Mild swelling
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What are the causes of Tendinitis?
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Tendinitis can be caused by a sudden injury. But repeating the same movement over time is a much more likely cause. Most people develop tendinitis because their jobs or hobbies involve motions that they repeat, over and over. This puts stress on tendons.
Moving correctly is especially important when having to repeat movements for sports or a job. Moving incorrectly can overload the tendon and lead to tendinitis.
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What are the risk factors of Tendinitis?
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Risk factors for developing tendinitis include age, having jobs that involve doing the same motion over and over, doing physical activities with poor form, and taking certain medicines.
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What are the complications of Tendinitis?
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Without treatment, tendinitis can increase the risk of a tendon breaking down or tearing. A completely torn tendon might need surgery.
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What is the prevention of Tendinitis?
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To reduce the chance of developing tendinitis, follow these suggestions:
• Ease up.Avoid activities that place too much stress on your tendons, especially for long periods. If you have pain during an exercise, stop and rest.
• Mix it up.If one exercise or activity causes you pain, try something else. Cross-training can help you mix high-impact exercise, such as running, with lower impact exercise, such as biking or swimming.
• Improve the way you move.If how you do an activity or exercise is flawed, you could be setting yourself up for problems with your tendons. Consider taking lessons or getting professional instructions when starting a new sport or using exercise equipment.
• Stretch.After exercise, move your joints through full range of motion. The best time to stretch is after exercise, when your muscles are warmed up.
• Move right in the workplace.Make sure your chair, keyboard and desktop are positioned correctly for your height, arm length and the tasks you do. This will help protect your joints and tendons from stress.
• Prepare your muscles to play.Strengthening muscles used in your activity or sport can help them bear the load better.
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What are the Overview of Tendinopathy?
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Tendinopathy is a term for any condition that affects a tendon. Tendons are cords that attach muscle to bone. Tendinopathy, which can cause pain and tenderness, is common. It is often caused by overuse or repeated movement and tends to affect certain tendons in the arm or leg.
Tendinopathy is an umbrella term for conditions affecting the tendon that include tendinitis, tendinosis and tenosynovitis:
• Tendinitisis new or sudden swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of a tendon. Often, people mistakenly call all tendon conditions by this term.
• Tendinosisis breakdown change in the tendon that occurs gradually over time.
• Tenosynovitisis inflammation of a thin layer of tissue that surrounds a tendon, called the sheath.
Tendon conditions can occur in any tendon, but they are common in the shoulders, elbows, wrists, hips, knees and heels. Most tendinopathy can be treated with rest, physical therapy and medicine to reduce pain.
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What are the symptoms of Tendinopathy?
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Tendinopathy symptoms can vary based on the type. Symptoms tend to occur where the tendon attaches to the bone and often include:
• Pain, often described as a dull ache, especially when moving the hurt limb or joint.
• Stiffness or weakness in the affected area.
• Tenderness in the affected area.
• Mild swelling.
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What are the causes of Tendinopathy?
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Tendinopathy can be caused by wear and tear on a tendon. This can happen due to overuse or naturally over time as people age and their tendons become less flexible. Most people develop tendinopathy because their jobs or hobbies involve motions they repeat over and over. Jobs such as carpentry or house painting or sports such as baseball, tennis and golf require the same motions to be repeated. Over time, this puts stress on the tendons. Some tendinopathies also can be caused by sudden injury such as a fall or accident.
How you move when doing your sport or activity can affect your risk of developing tendinopathy. Moving incorrectly can overload the tendon. Having proper form and technique is especially important when having to repeat movements for sports or a job.
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What are the risk factors of Tendinopathy?
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Risk factors for developing tendinopathy include older age and having jobs or hobbies that involve doing the same motion over and over. Some medical conditions and certain medicines also may increase the risk.
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What is the prevention of Tendinopathy?
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To lower your chance of developing a tendinopathy, follow these suggestions:
• Ease up.Avoid activities that place too much stress on the tendons, especially for long periods. If you have pain during an exercise, stop and rest.
• Mix it up.If one exercise or activity causes you pain, take a break from it and try something else. Cross-training can help you mix high-impact exercise, such as running, with low-impact exercise, such as biking or swimming.
• Improve the way you move.If you don't do an activity or exercise properly, you could be setting yourself up for problems with the tendons. Think about taking lessons or getting professional instructions when starting a new sport or using exercise equipment.
• Prepare your muscles.Strengthen muscles used in your activity or sport. For example, if you play baseball, use weights to strengthen the specific muscles you need to use. Strengthening muscles that you'll be using can help them bear the load better and lower the risk of injury.
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What are the Overview of Thoracic outlet syndrome?
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Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a group of conditions in which there's pressure on blood vessels or nerves in the area between the neck and shoulder. This space is known as the thoracic outlet. Compression of the blood vessels and nerves can cause shoulder and neck pain. It also can cause numbness in the fingers.
Common causes of thoracic outlet syndrome include trauma from a car accident, repetitive injuries from a job or sport, and pregnancy. Differences in anatomy, such as having an extra or irregular rib, also can cause TOS. Sometimes the cause of thoracic outlet syndrome is not known.
Treatment often involves physical therapy and pain relief. Most people improve with these treatments. For some, surgery may be recommended.
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What are the symptoms of Thoracic outlet syndrome?
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There are three types of thoracic outlet syndrome:
• Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome.This is the most common type of thoracic outlet syndrome. In this type, a group of nerves called the brachial plexus is compressed. The nerves of the brachial plexus come from the spinal cord. The nerves control muscle movements and feeling in the shoulder, arm and hand.
• Venous thoracic outlet syndrome.This type of thoracic outlet syndrome occurs when one or more of the veins under the collarbone are compressed and damaged. This can result in blood clots.
• Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome.This is the least common type of TOS. It occurs when one of the arteries under the collarbone is compressed. The compression may cause injury to the artery resulting in a bulge, known as an aneurysm, or blood clot formation.
Thoracic outlet syndrome symptoms can vary depending on the type. When nerves are compressed, symptoms of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome include:
• Numbness or tingling in the arm or fingers.
• Pain or aches in the neck, shoulder, arm or hand.
• Arm fatigue with activity.
• A weakening grip.
Symptoms of venous thoracic outlet syndrome can include:
• A change in the color of the hand or one or more fingers.
• Hand or arm pain and swelling.
Symptoms of arterial thoracic outlet syndrome can include:
• A pulsating lump near the collarbone.
• Cold fingers, hands or arms.
• Hand and arm pain.
• A change in color in one or more of the fingers or the entire hand.
• Weak or no pulse in the affected arm.
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What are the risk factors of Thoracic outlet syndrome?
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There are several factors that seem to increase the risk of thoracic outlet syndrome, including:
• Sex.Women are more than three times more likely to be diagnosed with thoracic outlet syndrome than are men.
• Age.Thoracic outlet syndrome may occur at any age but is most commonly diagnosed in adults between the ages of 20 and 50.
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What are the complications of Thoracic outlet syndrome?
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Complications from this condition stem from the type of thoracic outlet syndrome. If you have swelling or a painful discoloration in the arm, it is important to seek urgent medical attention. You may need treatment for blood clots or an aneurysm.
For neurogenic TOS, repetitive nerve compression can result in long-term injury resulting in chronic pain or disability. Neurogenic TOS can be confused for other joint or muscle injuries. If symptoms don't improve, it is important to seek medical attention for an evaluation and testing.
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What is the prevention of Thoracic outlet syndrome?
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If you're at risk of thoracic outlet compression, avoid repetitive movements and lifting heavy objects. If you're overweight, losing weight may help you prevent or relieve symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome.
Even if you don't have symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome, avoid carrying heavy bags over your shoulder. This can increase pressure on the thoracic outlet. Stretch daily, and do exercises that keep your shoulder muscles strong and flexible.
Daily stretches focusing on the chest, neck and shoulders can help improve shoulder muscle strength and prevent thoracic outlet syndrome.
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What are the Overview of Thrombocytosis?
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Platelets are parts of the blood that help form blood clots. Thrombocytosis (throm-boe-sie-TOE-sis) is a disorder in which your body produces too many platelets.
It's called reactive thrombocytosis or secondary thrombocytosis when the cause is an underlying condition, such as an infection.
Less commonly, when the high platelet count has no apparent underlying condition as a cause, the disorder is called primary thrombocythemia or essential thrombocythemia. This is a blood and bone marrow disease.
A high platelet level may be detected in a routine blood test known as a complete blood count. It's important to determine whether it's reactive thrombocytosis or essential thrombocythemia to choose the best treatment options.
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What are the symptoms of Thrombocytosis?
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People with high platelet levels often don't have signs or symptoms. When symptoms occur, they're often related to blood clots. Examples include:
• Headache.
• Confusion or changes in speech.
• Chest pain.
• Shortness of breath and nausea.
• Weakness.
• Burning pain in the hands or feet.
Less commonly, very high platelet levels may cause bleeding. This can cause:
• Nosebleeds.
• Bruising.
• Bleeding from your mouth or gums.
• Bloody stool.
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What are the causes of Thrombocytosis?
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Bone marrow is a spongy tissue inside your bones. It contains stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets. Platelets stick together, helping blood to form a clot that stops bleeding when you damage a blood vessel, such as when you cut yourself. Thrombocytosis occurs when your body produces too many platelets.
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What are the complications of Thrombocytosis?
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Essential thrombocythemia can lead to a variety of potentially life-threatening complications, such as:
• Strokes.If a blood clot occurs in the arteries that supply the brain, it may cause a stroke. A mini stroke, also called a transient ischemic attack, is a temporary interruption of blood flow to part of the brain.
• Heart attacks.Less commonly, essential thrombocythemia can cause clots in the arteries that supply blood to your heart.
• Cancer.Rarely, essential thrombocythemia may lead to a type of leukemia that progresses quickly.
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What are the symptoms of TMJ disorders?
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Symptoms of TMJ disorders may include:
• Pain or tenderness in the jaw.
• Pain in one or both temporomandibular joints.
• Aching pain in and around the ear.
• Having a hard time chewing or pain while chewing.
• Aching facial pain.
• Locking of the joint, making it hard to open or close your mouth.
• Headache.
• Neck pain.
• Eye pain.
• Tooth pain that occurs along with jaw tenderness.
TMJ disorders also can cause a clicking sound or grating sensation when you open your mouth or chew. But if there's no pain or limitation of movement related to your jaw clicking, it's likely that you won't need treatment.
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What are the causes of TMJ disorders?
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The temporomandibular joint combines a hinge action with sliding motions. The parts of the bones that work together in the joint are covered with cartilage and separated by a small shock-absorbing disk. This disk usually keeps the movement smooth.
Painful TMJ disorders can happen if:
• The disk erodes or moves out of its proper relationship between the ball and socket of the joint.
• Sprain or strain occurs in the ligaments or soft tissues associated with TMJ disorders.
• Arthritis damages the joint's cartilage.
• A blow or another impact damages the joint.
• Jaw muscles are associated with TMJ spasms.
Many times, the cause of TMJ disorder has a variety of causes and is hard to identify.
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What are the Overview of Tongue cancer?
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Tongue cancer is a type of cancer that starts as a growth of cells on the tongue. The tongue begins in the throat and extends into the mouth. It's made up of muscles and nerves that help with movement and function, such as taste. The tongue aids in speaking, eating and swallowing.
Tongue cancer that starts in the mouth is different from tongue cancer that starts in the throat.
• In the mouth,tongue cancer is called oral tongue cancer. Tongue cancer in the mouth can cause symptoms right away. A doctor, dentist or other member of your health care team might notice it first because this part of the tongue is easily seen and examined.
• In the throat,tongue cancer is called oropharyngeal tongue cancer. It may grow for a while before it causes symptoms. When symptoms happen, they tend to be symptoms that have many possible causes. If you have a sore throat or ear pain, your health care team might first check for causes other than cancer. Cancer at the back of the tongue is hard to see and examine. For these reasons, the cancer often isn't diagnosed right away. It's often found after the cancer cells have spread to the lymph nodes in the neck.
Several types of cancer can affect the tongue. Tongue cancer most often begins in the thin, flat cells that line the surface of the tongue, called squamous cells. Tongue cancer that starts in these cells is called squamous cell carcinoma.
Your health care team considers the type of cancer cells when making a treatment plan. The team also considers the location and size of the cancer. Tongue cancer treatment typically involves surgery and radiation therapy. Other options might be chemotherapy and targeted therapy.
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What are the symptoms of Tongue cancer?
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Tongue cancer might not cause symptoms at first. Sometimes it's found by a doctor or dentist who examines the mouth for signs of cancer as part of a checkup.
When tongue cancer happens in the mouth, the first sign is often a sore on the tongue that doesn't heal. Other symptoms may include pain or bleeding in the mouth and a lump or thickening on the tongue.
When tongue cancer happens in the throat, the first sign can be swollen lymph nodes in the neck. Other symptoms may include coughing up blood, weight loss and ear pain. There also may be a lump in the back of the mouth, throat or neck.
Other tongue cancer symptoms may include:
• A red or white patch on the tongue or lining of the mouth.
• A sore throat that doesn't go away.
• A feeling that something is caught in the throat.
• Numbness of the mouth or tongue.
• Difficulty or pain with chewing, swallowing, or moving the jaws or tongue.
• Swelling of the jaw.
• A change in voice.
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What are the causes of Tongue cancer?
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Tongue cancer starts when healthy cells in the tongue develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to grow out of control and to continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This makes a lot of extra cells. The cells can form a growth, called a tumor. In time, the cells can break away and spread to other areas of the body.
It's not always clear what causes the changes that lead to tongue cancer. For some tongue cancers that happen in the throat, human papillomavirus, also calledHPV, can be involved.HPVis a common virus that's transmitted through sexual contact. Tongue cancer in the throat that's caused byHPVtends to respond better to treatment compared with tongue cancer in the throat that's not related toHPV.
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What are the risk factors of Tongue cancer?
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The most common factors that can increase the risk of tongue cancer include:
• Tobacco use.Tobacco is the single largest risk factor for tongue cancer. All forms of tobacco, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco and snuff, increase the risk.
• Consuming alcohol.Frequent and heavy drinking increases the risk of tongue cancer. Using alcohol and tobacco together increases the risk even more.
• Being exposed toHPV.In recent years, tongue cancer in the throat has become more common in those exposed to specific types ofHPV.
Other factors may include:
• Being male.Men are more likely to develop tongue cancer than women. This may be from higher rates of tobacco and alcohol use in men.
• Increasing age.People older than 45 have an increased risk of tongue cancer. This is typically from years of tobacco and alcohol use.
• Trouble maintaining oral hygiene.Lack of dental care can contribute to tongue cancer. The risk is even higher in those who use alcohol and tobacco.
• Having a weak immune system.This can happen if you take medicine to control the immune system, such as after an organ transplant. It also can be caused by illness, such as infection withHIV.
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What is the prevention of Tongue cancer?
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You can reduce your risk of tongue cancer by:
• Don't use tobacco.If you don't use tobacco, don't start. If you currently use tobacco of any kind, talk with your health care team about strategies to help you quit.
• Limit alcohol intake.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
• Consider theHPVvaccine.Receiving a vaccination to preventHPVinfection may reduce your risk ofHPV-related cancers, such as tongue cancer. Ask your health care team whether an HPV vaccine is appropriate for you.
• Have regular health and dental exams.During your appointments, your dentist, doctor or other member of your health care team can check your mouth for signs of cancer and precancerous changes.
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What are the Overview of Tonsil cancer?
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Tonsil cancer is a growth of cells that starts in a tonsil. The tonsils are two oval-shaped pads in the back of the mouth. They help the immune system fight germs.
Tonsil cancer can cause difficulty swallowing. It may make it feel like something is caught in the throat. Tonsil cancer is often diagnosed late in the disease. Often, the cancer has spread to nearby areas, such as the lymph nodes in the neck.
Tonsil cancer is considered a kind of throat cancer. Tonsil cancer happens in the part of the throat that's behind the mouth, called the oropharynx. Cancer that starts in this part of the throat is sometimes called oropharyngeal cancer.
Treatments for tonsil cancer include surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
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What are the symptoms of Tonsil cancer?
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Signs and symptoms of tonsil cancer include:
• Difficulty swallowing.
• A sensation that something is caught in the back of the throat.
• Swelling and pain in the neck.
• Earache.
• Jaw stiffness.
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What are the causes of Tonsil cancer?
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Tonsil cancer happens when cells in the tonsils develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
It's not always clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to tonsil cancer. For many tonsil cancers, human papillomavirus is thought to have a part. Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is a common virus that's passed through sexual contact. For most people,HPVdoesn't cause any problems. For others, it causes changes in the cells that may one day lead to cancer. Tonsil cancer caused byHPVtends to occur at a younger age and is more likely to respond well to available treatments.
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What are the risk factors of Tonsil cancer?
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Factors that may increase the risk of tonsil cancer include:
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What is the prevention of Tonsil cancer?
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Things that can help lower the risk of tonsil cancer include making healthy choices and having regular checkups. To lower your risk of tonsil cancer:
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What are the Congenital heart defects in children of Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)?
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• Symptoms&causes
• Diagnosis&treatment
• Doctors&departments
• Care atMayoClinic
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What are the Overview of Tourette syndrome?
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Tourette (too-RET) syndrome is a disorder that involves repetitive movements or unwanted sounds (tics) that can't be easily controlled. For instance, you might repeatedly blink your eyes, shrug your shoulders or blurt out unusual sounds or offensive words.
Tics typically show up between ages 2 and 15, with the average being around 6 years of age. Males are about three to four times more likely than females to develop Tourette syndrome.
Although there's no cure for Tourette syndrome, treatments are available. Many people with Tourette syndrome don't need treatment when symptoms aren't troublesome. Tics often lessen or become controlled after the teen years.
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What are the symptoms of Tourette syndrome?
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Tics — sudden, brief, intermittent movements or sounds — are the hallmark sign of Tourette syndrome. They can range from mild to severe. Severe symptoms might significantly interfere with communication, daily functioning and quality of life.
Tics are classified as:
• Simple tics.These sudden, brief and repetitive tics involve a limited number of muscle groups.
• Complex tics.These distinct, coordinated patterns of movements involve several muscle groups.
Tics can also involve movement (motor tics) or sounds (vocal tics). Motor tics usually begin before vocal tics do. But the spectrum of tics that people experience is diverse.
In addition, tics can:
• Vary in type, frequency and severity
• Worsen if you're ill, stressed, anxious, tired or excited
• Occur during sleep
• Change over time
• Worsen in the early teenage years and improve during the transition into adulthood
Before the onset of motor or vocal tics, you'll likely experience an uncomfortable bodily sensation (premonitory urge) such as an itch, a tingle or tension. Expression of the tic brings relief. With great effort, some people with Tourette syndrome can temporarily stop or hold back a tic.
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What are the causes of Tourette syndrome?
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The exact cause of Tourette syndrome isn't known. It's a complex disorder likely caused by a combination of inherited (genetic) and environmental factors. Chemicals in the brain that transmit nerve impulses (neurotransmitters), including dopamine and serotonin, might play a role.
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What are the risk factors of Tourette syndrome?
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Risk factors for Tourette syndrome include:
• Family history.Having a family history of Tourette syndrome or other tic disorders might increase the risk of developing Tourette syndrome.
• Sex.Males are about three to four times more likely than females to develop Tourette syndrome.
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What are the complications of Tourette syndrome?
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People with Tourette syndrome often lead healthy, active lives. However, Tourette syndrome frequently involves behavioral and social challenges that can harm your self-image.
Conditions often associated with Tourette syndrome include:
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
• Autism spectrum disorder
• Learning disabilities
• Sleep disorders
• Depression
• Anxiety disorders
• Pain related to tics, especially headaches
• Anger-management problems
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What are the Overview of Toxoplasmosis?
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Toxoplasmosis (tok-so-plaz-MOE-sis) is an infection with a parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. People often get the infection from eating undercooked meat. You can also get it from contact with cat feces. The parasite can pass to a baby during pregnancy.
Most people infected with the parasite do not have symptoms. Some people get flu-like symptoms. Serious disease most often affects infants and people with weakened immune systems. Toxoplasmosis during pregnancy may cause miscarriage and birth defects.
Most infections don't need treatment. Drug treatment is used for people with more-serious cases, pregnant people, newborns and people with weakened immune systems. Several steps to prevent toxoplasmosis can lower the risk of infection.
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What are the symptoms of Toxoplasmosis?
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Most people infected with toxoplasmosis do not have any symptoms. They often don't know they're infected. Some people have flu-like symptoms, including:
• Fever.
• Swollen lymph nodes that may last for weeks.
• Headache.
• Muscle aches.
• Skin rash.
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What are the causes of Toxoplasmosis?
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Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that can infect most animals and birds. It can only go through the entire cycle of reproduction in domestic and wild cats. These are the main hosts for the parasite.
Immature eggs, a middle stage of reproduction, can be in the feces of cats. This immature egg allows for the parasite to make its way through the food chain. It can pass from soil and water to plants, animals and humans. Once the parasite has a new host, the reproduction cycle goes on and causes an infection.
If you're in typical health, your immune system keeps the parasites in check. They stay in your body but are not active. This often gives you lifelong immunity. If you're exposed to the parasite again, your immune system would clear it out.
If your immune system is weakened later in life, parasite reproduction can start again. This causes a new active infection that can lead to serious disease and complications.
People often get a toxoplasma infection one of the following ways:
• Cat feces with the parasite.Cats that hunt or who are fed raw meat are more likely to carry toxoplasma parasites. You may get infected if you touch your mouth after touching anything that has been in contact with cat feces. This may be gardening or cleaning a litter box.
• Contaminated food or water.Undercooked beef, lamb, pork, venison, chicken and shellfish are all known carriers of the parasite. Unpasteurized goat milk and untreated drinking water also may be carriers.
• Unwashed fruits and vegetables.The surface of fruits and vegetables may have the parasite on them.
• Contaminated kitchen tool.Parasites may be on cutting boards, knives and other utensils that come into contact with raw meat or unwashed fruits and vegetables.
• Infected organ transplant or transfused blood.Rarely, toxoplasma parasites are passed through an organ transplant or blood transfusion.
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What are the risk factors of Toxoplasmosis?
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The parasite is found throughout the world. Anyone can become infected.
Risks of serious disease from toxoplasmosis include things that prevent the immune system from fighting infections, such as:
• Infection with HIV/AIDS.
• Chemotherapy treatment for cancer.
• High-dose steroids.
• Drugs that prevent the rejection of transplanted organs.
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What is the prevention of Toxoplasmosis?
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Certain precautions can help prevent toxoplasmosis:
• Wear gloves when you garden or handle soil.Wear gloves when you work outdoors. Wash your hands with soap and water afterward.
• Don't eat raw or undercooked meat.Use a meat thermometer to make sure meat is cooked enough. Cook whole meats and fish to at least 145 F (63 C) and let rest for at least three minutes. Cook ground meat to at least 160 F (71 C). Cook whole and ground poultry to at least 165 F (74 C).
• Don't eat raw shellfish.Do not eat raw clams, mussels or oysters, particularly during pregnancy.
• Wash kitchen utensils thoroughly.Wash cutting boards, knives and other utensils with soapy water after contact with raw meats or unwashed fruits and vegetables. Wash your hands thoroughly before and after preparing foods.
• Wash all fruits and vegetables.Wash fresh fruits and vegetables before eating, peeling or cooking.
• Don't drink unpasteurized goat milk.Avoid unpasteurized goat milk or products made from the milk.
• Don't drink untreated water.During pregnancy, do not drink untreated water.
• Cover children's sandboxes.Cover sandboxes to prevent outdoor cats from using them as litter boxes.
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