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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the Overview of Residual limb pain?
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Residual limb pain is a type of pain felt in the part of an arm or leg that's left after the arm or leg is removed, called amputation. More than half of people who have an amputation get this type of pain. Sometimes called stump pain, it may happen soon after the surgery, often within the first week. But the pain may last after healing.
Residual limb pain is not the same thing as phantom pain. Phantom pain feels like it comes from the part of the arm or leg that's no longer there after amputation. But many people have both residual limb pain and phantom pain.
Residual limb pain gets better on its own for some people. For others, there are treatments.
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What are the symptoms of Residual limb pain?
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Residual limb pain symptoms can begin soon after surgery. Or they can start more than two years after the amputation. The type of pain may depend on the cause. People most often feel the pain at the end of the stump. Pain may feel like:
• Prickling.
• Throbbing.
• Burning.
• Squeezing.
• Stabbing.
• Cramping.
In some people, the residual limb may move by itself a little or a lot.
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What are the causes of Residual limb pain?
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There are several causes of pain after removal of an arm or leg, called amputation. They include the following:
• Issues in the bone or the soft tissue, such as sores or bone spurs.
• Infection.
• Poor blood supply to the part of the arm or leg that's left.
• A tumor.
• A tangle of nerve endings that forms after the arm or leg is removed, called a neuroma.
• Nerve damage.
• Issues with the fit or use of a replacement arm or leg, called a prosthesis.
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What are the risk factors of Residual limb pain?
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Some studies have found that risk factors for residual limb pain may include:
• How high on the body the arm or leg was removed, called amputation.
• How much pain there was before amputation.
• The reason for the amputation.
• Older age at the time of amputation.
Emotional stress, such as fear and lack of emotional support, may make the pain worse.
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What are the complications of Residual limb pain?
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Residual limb pain affects quality of life and may get in the way of using a replacement arm or leg, called a prosthesis. People with residual limb pain may be more likely to be depressed or anxious than people who don't have the pain.
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What is the prevention of Residual limb pain?
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A replacement limb, called a prothesis, that fits well can ease pressure between the residual limb and the prothesis. This can help prevent residual limb pain. Taking good care of the skin that comes into contact with the prothesis also can help prevent residual limb pain.
Some nerve issues, such as diabetic neuropathy, can make it harder to feel pain. If you have these nerve issues, you can take steps to help prevent skin sores and infections. It may help to remove the prothesis several times a day to check for skin issues and take care of them right away.
Researchers are studying other ways to prevent residual limb pain after amputation.
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What are the Overview of Restless legs syndrome?
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Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a condition that causes a very strong urge to move the legs. The urge to move usually is caused by an uncomfortable feeling in the legs. It typically happens in the evening or at night when sitting or lying down. Moving eases the discomfort for a short time.
Restless legs syndrome can begin at any age and tends to get worse with age. It can disrupt sleep, which interferes with daily activities.RLSalso is known as Willis-Ekbom disease.
Simple self-care steps and lifestyle changes may help relieve symptoms. Medicines also help many people withRLS.
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What are the symptoms of Restless legs syndrome?
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The chief symptom of restless legs syndrome is an urge to move the legs. It's common to experience:
• Uncomfortable sensations that begin while resting.A feeling in the legs typically begins after you've been lying down or sitting for an extended time. It might happen while sitting in a car, airplane or movie theater.
• Relief with movement.The sensation ofRLSlessens with movement. Stretching, jiggling the legs, pacing or walking may improve symptoms.
• Worsening of symptoms in the evening.Symptoms occur mainly at night.
• Nighttime leg twitching.RLSmay be associated with another, more common condition called periodic limb movement of sleep. This condition causes the legs to twitch and kick during sleep, possibly throughout the night.
People typically describeRLSsymptoms as compelling, unpleasant feelings in the legs or feet. They usually happen on both sides of the body. Less commonly, the sensations affect the arms.
The sensations are felt within the leg rather than on the skin. They're described as:
• Crawling.
• Creeping.
• Pulling.
• Throbbing.
• Aching.
• Itching.
• Electric.
Sometimes the feelings ofRLSare hard to explain. People withRLSusually don't describe the condition as a muscle cramp or numbness. They do, however, consistently describe the desire to move the legs.
It's common for symptoms to get better and worse. Sometimes symptoms disappear for periods of time, then come back.
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What are the causes of Restless legs syndrome?
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Often, there's no known cause for restless legs syndrome. Researchers suspect the condition may be caused by an imbalance of the brain chemical dopamine. Dopamine sends messages to control muscle movement.
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What are the risk factors of Restless legs syndrome?
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Restless legs syndrome can develop at any age, even during childhood. The condition is more common with increasing age. It's also more common in women than in men.
RLSusually isn't related to a serious underlying medical condition. However, it sometimes occurs with other conditions, such as:
• Peripheral neuropathy.This damage to the nerves in the hands and feet is sometimes due to chronic diseases such as diabetes and alcohol use disorder.
• Iron deficiency.Too little iron in the body, known as iron deficiency, can cause or worsenRLS. People who have a history of bleeding from the stomach or bowels may have iron deficiency. Deficiency also may affect people who have heavy menstrual periods or who often donate blood.
• Kidney failure.If you have kidney failure, you also may have iron deficiency, often with anemia. When kidneys don't function properly, iron stores in the blood can decrease. This and other changes in body chemistry may cause or worsenRLS.
• Spinal cord conditions.Damage to or injury of the spinal cord has been linked toRLS.
• Parkinson's disease.People who have Parkinson's disease may have an increased risk of developingRLS.
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What are the complications of Restless legs syndrome?
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Restless legs syndrome symptoms can range from being mild to having a serious impact on people's lives. Many people withRLSfind it hard to fall or stay asleep.
Serious symptoms ofRLScan affect quality of life and result in depression. Not being able to sleep may lead to excessive daytime drowsiness, butRLSmay interfere with napping.
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What are the Overview of Retinal diseases?
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Retinal diseases vary widely, but most of them cause visual symptoms. Retinal diseases can affect any part of your retina, a thin layer of tissue on the inside back wall of the eye.
The retina contains millions of light-sensitive cells, called rods and cones, and other nerve cells that receive and organize visual information. The retina sends this information to the brain through the optic nerve, enabling you to see.
Treatment is available for some retinal diseases. Depending on your condition, treatment goals may be to stop or slow the disease. This may help preserve, improve or restore your vision. Untreated, some retinal diseases can cause severe vision loss or blindness.
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What are the symptoms of Retinal diseases?
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Many retinal diseases share some common symptoms. These may include:
• Seeing floating specks or cobwebs.
• Blurred or distorted vision in which straight lines can look wavy.
• Defects in the side vision.
• Vision loss.
You may need to try looking with each eye alone to notice these changes.
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What are the risk factors of Retinal diseases?
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Risk factors for retinal diseases might include:
• Aging.
• Smoking.
• Being obese.
• Having diabetes or other diseases.
• Eye trauma.
• A family history of retinal diseases.
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What are the Overview of Retractile testicle?
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A retractile testicle is a testicle that may move back and forth between the scrotum and the groin. When the retractile testicle is in the groin, it might be easily guided by hand into its proper position in the scrotum — the bag of skin hanging behind the penis — during a physical exam. Upon release, the testicle will remain in the proper position at least temporarily.
For most boys, the problem of a retractile testicle goes away sometime before or during puberty. The testicle moves to its correct location in the scrotum and stays there permanently.
Sometimes the retractile testicle remains in the groin and is no longer movable. When this happens, the condition is called an ascending testicle or an acquired undescended testicle.
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What are the symptoms of Retractile testicle?
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Testicles form in the abdomen during fetal development. During the final months of development, the testicles gradually descend into the scrotum. If this descent isn't completed at birth, the testicle usually descends within a few months. If your son has a retractile testicle, the testicle originally descended as it should, but doesn't remain in place.
Symptoms of a retractile testicle include:
• The testicle may be moved by hand from the groin into the scrotum and won't immediately retreat to the groin.
• The testicle might spontaneously appear in the scrotum and remain there for a time.
• The testicle might spontaneously disappear again for a time.
Retractile testicle is different from undescended testicle (cryptorchidism). An undescended testicle is one that never entered the scrotum.
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What are the causes of Retractile testicle?
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An overactive muscle causes a testicle to become a retractile testicle. The cremaster muscle is a thin pouch-like muscle in which a testicle rests. When the cremaster muscle contracts, it pulls the testicle up toward the body. The cremaster reflex can be stimulated by rubbing a nerve on the inner thigh and by emotion, such as fear and laughter. The cremaster is also activated by a cold environment.
If the cremaster reflex is strong enough, it can result in a retractile testicle, pulling the testicle out of the scrotum and up into the groin.
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What are the risk factors of Retractile testicle?
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There are no known risk factors for retractile testicles.
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What are the complications of Retractile testicle?
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Retractile testicles are generally not associated with complications, aside from a greater risk of the testicle becoming an ascending testicle.
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What are the Overview of Reye's syndrome?
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Reye's syndrome is a serious condition that causes swelling in the liver and brain. It can occur at any age but usually affects children and teenagers after a viral infection, most commonly the flu or chickenpox. Reye's syndrome is rare. The condition also is known as Reye syndrome.
Symptoms such as confusion, seizures and loss of consciousness need emergency treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment of Reye's syndrome can save a child's life.
Aspirin has been linked with Reye's syndrome in children or teenagers who have the flu or chickenpox. Do not give children or teenagers aspirin. To treat fever or pain, consider giving your child infants' or children's acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others). Infants' or children's acetaminophen and ibuprofen medicines are safer alternatives to aspirin. Talk to your healthcare professional if you have concerns.
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What are the symptoms of Reye's syndrome?
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The symptoms of Reye's syndrome usually start about 3 to 5 days after a viral infection begins. The viral infection may be the flu, also known as influenza, or chickenpox. Or Reye's syndrome may develop after an upper respiratory infection such as a cold.
In Reye's syndrome, a child's blood sugar usually drops while levels of ammonia and acidity in the blood rise. The liver also may swell, and fats may build up. Swelling may occur in the brain. This can cause seizures, convulsions or loss of consciousness.
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What are the causes of Reye's syndrome?
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The exact cause of Reye's syndrome is not known. The use of aspirin during a viral illness has most commonly been linked to Reye's syndrome. Several factors may play a role.
In some children, the symptoms of Reye's syndrome may be caused by another health condition, such as a metabolic condition. This can occur even without the use of aspirin.
Metabolic conditions are rare. The most common condition that causes Reye's syndrome is medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency. In MCAD deficiency, the body can't break down certain fats to turn them into energy. This happens because an enzyme is missing or not working properly. MCAD deficiency is a fatty acid oxidation disorder.
In people with a fatty acid oxidation disorder, aspirin use during a viral illness is more likely to trigger symptoms of Reye's syndrome. A screening test can determine if your child has a fatty acid oxidation disorder.
Reye's syndrome may develop after influenza or chickenpox in particular.
Exposure to certain toxins — such as insecticides, herbicides and paint thinner — may produce symptoms similar to Reye's syndrome. But these toxins don't cause Reye's syndrome.
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What are the risk factors of Reye's syndrome?
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The following risk factors — usually when they occur together — may lead to Reye's syndrome:
• Using aspirin to treat a viral infection such as chickenpox, the flu or an upper respiratory infection.
• Having a metabolic condition. This may include a fatty acid oxidation disorder.
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What are the complications of Reye's syndrome?
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Most children and teenagers who have Reye's syndrome survive. However, varying degrees of lasting brain damage are possible. Without proper diagnosis and treatment, Reye's syndrome can cause death within a few days.
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What is the prevention of Reye's syndrome?
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To prevent Reye's syndrome, do not give children or teenagers aspirin. This includes plain aspirin and medicines that contain aspirin. Aspirin has been linked to Reye's syndrome in children and teenagers who have the flu or chickenpox.
Some hospitals and medical facilities screen newborns for fatty acid oxidation disorders to determine which children are at greater risk of developing Reye's syndrome. It's especially important not to give aspirin or medicines that contain aspirin to children with known fatty acid oxidation disorders.
Always check the label before you give your child medicine. This includes products you buy without a prescription and alternative or herbal remedies. Aspirin can show up in some unexpected products such as Alka-Seltzer.
Sometimes aspirin goes by other names, such as:
• Acetylsalicylic acid.
• Acetylsalicylate.
• Salicylic acid.
• Salicylate.
For the treatment of fever or pain related to the flu, chickenpox or another viral illness, give your child a safer alternative to aspirin. This may include infants' or children's acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others).
There's an exception to the general rule about aspirin. Children and teenagers who have certain chronic diseases, such as Kawasaki disease, may need long-term treatment with medicines that contain aspirin.
If your child needs to take aspirin, make sure your child's vaccines are current. This includes two doses of the chickenpox vaccine and a yearly flu vaccine. Avoiding these two viral illnesses can help prevent Reye's syndrome.
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What are the symptoms of Rhabdomyosarcoma?
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Signs and symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma depend on where the cancer starts.
For example, if the cancer is in the head or neck area, symptoms may include:
• Headache.
• Bleeding in the nose, throat or ears.
• Tearing, bulging or swelling of the eyes.
If the cancer is in the urinary or reproductive system, symptoms may include:
• A mass or bleeding in the vagina or rectum.
• Trouble urinating and blood in the urine.
• Trouble with bowel movements.
If the cancer is in the arms or legs, symptoms may include:
• Possibly pain in the affected area, if the cancer pushes on nerves or other areas of the body.
• Swelling or a lump in the arm or leg.
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What are the causes of Rhabdomyosarcoma?
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It's not clear what causes rhabdomyosarcoma. It starts when a soft tissue cell develops changes in its DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do.
In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Rhabdomyosarcoma?
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Factors that may increase the risk of rhabdomyosarcoma include:
• Younger age.Rhabdomyosarcoma most often happens to children younger than 10.
• Inherited syndromes.Rarely, rhabdomyosarcoma has been linked to genetic syndromes that are passed from parents to children. These include neurofibromatosis 1, Noonan syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and Costello syndrome.
There is no way to prevent rhabdomyosarcoma.
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What are the complications of Rhabdomyosarcoma?
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Complications of rhabdomyosarcoma and its treatment include:
• Cancer that spreads.Rhabdomyosarcoma can spread from where it started to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it might require more-intense treatments. This can make recovery harder. Rhabdomyosarcoma most often spreads to the lungs, lymph nodes and bones.
• Long-term side effects.Rhabdomyosarcoma and its treatments can cause many side effects, both short and long term. Your healthcare team can help you manage the side effects that happen during treatment. And the team can give you a list of side effects to watch for in the years after treatment.
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What are the Overview of Rheumatic fever?
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Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that can develop when strep throat or scarlet fever isn't properly treated. Strep throat and scarlet fever are caused by an infection with streptococcus (strep-toe-KOK-us) bacteria.
Rheumatic fever most often affects children ages 5 to 15. But younger children and adults can get it too. Rheumatic fever is rare in the United States and other developed countries.
Rheumatic fever can cause long-lasting heart damage, including heart valve problems and heart failure. Treatment includes medicines to kill the strep bacteria. Other medicines are used to treat pain and prevent complications.
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What are the symptoms of Rheumatic fever?
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Rheumatic fever symptoms usually start about 2 to 4 weeks after a strep throat infection. Symptoms are due to swelling, called inflammation, in the heart, joints, skin or central nervous system. There may be few symptoms or several. Symptoms can come and go or change while a person is sick with rheumatic fever.
Rheumatic fever symptoms can include:
• Fever.
• Joint pain or swelling — most often the knees, ankles, elbows and wrists. Joints may feel hot or tender.
• Pain in one joint that travels to another joint.
• Chest pain.
• Fatigue.
• Small, painless bumps beneath the skin.
• Flat or slightly raised, painless rash with a ragged edge.
Some people with rheumatic fever develop a condition called Sydenham chorea. Symptoms of this condition include:
• Jerky, uncontrollable body movements, most often in the hands, feet and face.
• Outbursts of crying or inappropriate laughing.
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What are the causes of Rheumatic fever?
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Rheumatic fever can happen after a throat infection from group A streptococcus bacteria, also called strep bacteria. The bacteria cause strep throat and scarlet fever. Improperly treated strep throat or scarlet fever infections cause rheumatic fever.
There's little chance of getting rheumatic fever when strep throat is treated right away with antibiotics. It's important to finish all of the medicine.
Group A strep infections of the skin or other parts of the body rarely cause rheumatic fever.
How a strep infection causes rheumatic fever isn't clear. It may be that the bacteria trick the body's immune system into attacking healthy tissue. This usually happens in the heart, joints, skin and central nervous system. The incorrect immune system reaction causes swelling of joints and tissues. This swelling is called inflammation.
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What are the risk factors of Rheumatic fever?
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Things that may increase the risk of rheumatic fever include:
• Genes.Some people have one or more genes that might make them more likely to develop rheumatic fever.
• Specific type of strep bacteria.Some strains of strep bacteria are more likely to cause rheumatic fever than others.
• Environmental factors.Overcrowding, poor sanitation and other conditions can cause strep bacteria to easily spread among many people. These conditions increase the risk of rheumatic fever.
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What is the prevention of Rheumatic fever?
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The best way to prevent rheumatic fever is to treat strep throat infections or scarlet fever right away. It's also important to finish all of the prescribed antibiotics as directed.
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What are the Overview of Rosacea?
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Rosacea (roe-ZAY-she-uh) is a common skin condition that causes flushing or long-term redness on your face. It also may cause enlarged blood vessels and small, pus-filled bumps. Some symptoms may flare for weeks to months and then go away for a while.
Rosacea can be mistaken for acne, dermatitis or other skin problems.
There's no cure for rosacea. But you may be able to control it with medicine, gentle skin care and avoiding things that cause flare-ups.
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What are the symptoms of Rosacea?
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Symptoms of rosacea include:
• Facial redness and flushing.Rosacea can make your face flush more easily. Over time, you may notice that your face stays red. Depending on skin color, redness may be subtle or look more pink or purple.
• Visible veins.Small blood vessels of the nose and cheeks break and become larger. These are also called spider veins. They may be subtle and hard to see, depending on skin color.
• Swollen bumps.Many people with rosacea develop pimples on the face that look like acne. These bumps sometimes contain pus. They also may appear on the chest and back.
• Burning sensation.The skin of the affected area may feel hot and tender.
• Eye problems.Many people with rosacea also have dry, irritated, swollen eyes and eyelids. This is known as ocular rosacea. Eye symptoms may show up before, after or at the same time as skin symptoms.
• Enlarged nose.Over time, rosacea can thicken the skin on the nose, causing the nose to look bigger. This condition also is called rhinophyma. It occurs more often in men than in women.
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What are the causes of Rosacea?
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The cause of rosacea is not known. It could be due to genetics, an overactive immune system or things in your daily life. Rosacea is not caused by poor hygiene, and you can't catch it from other people.
Flare-ups might be brought on by:
• Sun or wind.
• Hot drinks.
• Spicy foods.
• Alcohol.
• Very hot and cold temperatures.
• Emotional stress.
• Exercise.
• Drugs that dilate blood vessels, including some blood pressure medicines.
• Some cosmetic, skin and hair care products.
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What are the risk factors of Rosacea?
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Anyone can develop rosacea. But you may be more likely to develop it if you:
• Have skin that burns easily in the sun.
• Are between the ages of 30 to 50 years.
• Have a history of smoking.
• Have a family member with rosacea.
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What are the Overview of Rotator cuff injury?
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The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that surround the shoulder joint. These muscles keep the ball of the upper arm bone firmly within the shallow socket of the shoulder. A rotator cuff injury can cause a dull ache in the shoulder that worsens at night.
Rotator cuff injuries are common and increase with age. These injuries may occur earlier in people who have jobs that require repeatedly performing overhead motions, such as painters and carpenters.
Physical therapy exercises can improve flexibility and strength of the muscles surrounding the shoulder joint. For many people with rotator cuff problems, these exercises are all that's needed to manage their symptoms.
Sometimes, rotator cuff tears may occur from a single injury. In those circumstances, people should seek medical advice quickly because they might need surgery.
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What are the symptoms of Rotator cuff injury?
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The pain associated with a rotator cuff injury may:
• Be described as a dull ache deep in the shoulder.
• Disturb sleep.
• Make it difficult to comb your hair or reach behind your back.
• Be accompanied by arm weakness.
Some rotator cuff injuries don't cause pain.
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What are the causes of Rotator cuff injury?
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Rotator cuff injuries are most often caused by progressive wear and tear of the tendon tissue over time. Repetitive overhead activity or prolonged bouts of heavy lifting can irritate or damage the tendon. The rotator cuff also can be injured in a single incident during falls or accidents.
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What are the risk factors of Rotator cuff injury?
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The following factors may increase the risk of having a rotator cuff injury:
• Age.The risk of a rotator cuff injury increases with age. Rotator cuff tears are most common in people older than 50.
• Some occupations.Jobs that require repetitive overhead arm motions, such as carpentry or house painting, can damage the rotator cuff over time.
• Certain sports.Some types of rotator cuff injuries are more common in people who participate in sports such as baseball, tennis and weightlifting.
• Family history.There may be a genetic component involved with rotator cuff injuries as they appear to occur more commonly in certain families.
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What are the complications of Rotator cuff injury?
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Without treatment, rotator cuff problems may lead to permanent loss of motion or weakness of the shoulder joint.
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What are the Overview of Rumination syndrome?
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Rumination syndrome is a condition in which someone repeatedly regurgitates undigested or partially digested food from the stomach. The regurgitated food is then chewed again and swallowed or spit out. People with rumination syndrome don't try to regurgitate food. It happens without any effort.
Because the food hasn't yet been digested, it reportedly tastes like regular food and isn't acidic like vomit. Rumination typically happens at every meal, soon after eating.
It's not clear how many people have this condition. Treatment may include behavioral therapy or medicine. Behavioral therapy typically involves teaching people to breathe from the diaphragm.
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What are the symptoms of Rumination syndrome?
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Symptoms of rumination syndrome include:
• Effortless regurgitation, typically within minutes of eating.
• Belly pain or pressure relieved by regurgitation.
• A feeling of fullness.
• Nausea.
• Losing weight without trying.
Rumination syndrome isn't usually associated with retching.
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What are the causes of Rumination syndrome?
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The exact cause of rumination syndrome isn't clear.But it appears to be caused by an increase in abdominal pressure.
Rumination syndrome is often confused with bulimia nervosa, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and gastroparesis. Some people have rumination syndrome linked to a rectal evacuation disorder. A rectal evacuation issue involves pelvic floor muscles that don't work together correctly, which leads to ongoing constipation.
The condition has long been known to happen in infants and people with developmental disabilities. It's now clear that the condition isn't related to age, as it can happen in children, teens and adults. Rumination syndrome is more likely to happen in people with anxiety, depression or other psychiatric disorders.
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What are the complications of Rumination syndrome?
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Complications of rumination syndrome may include:
• Unhealthy weight loss.
• Malnutrition.
• Worn teeth.
• Bad breath.
• Embarrassment.
• Social isolation.
Untreated, rumination syndrome can damage the tube between the mouth and stomach, called the esophagus.
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What are the Overview of Ruptured spleen?
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A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency that occurs as a result of a break in your spleen's surface. Your spleen, situated just under your rib cage on your left side, helps your body fight infection and filter old blood cells from your bloodstream.
A forceful blow to your stomach — during a sporting accident, a fistfight or a car crash, for example — is the usual cause of a ruptured spleen. If you have an enlarged spleen, a less forceful trauma might cause rupture. Without emergency treatment, the internal bleeding caused by a ruptured spleen can be life-threatening.
Some people with ruptured spleens need emergency surgery. Others can be treated with several days of hospital care.
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What are the symptoms of Ruptured spleen?
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Signs and symptoms of a ruptured spleen include:
• Pain in the upper left stomach.
• Tenderness when you touch the upper left stomach.
• Left shoulder pain.
• Confusion, lightheadedness or dizziness.
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What are the causes of Ruptured spleen?
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A spleen can rupture due to:
• Injury to the left side of the body.A ruptured spleen is typically caused by a blow to the left upper stomach or the left lower chest, such as might happen during sporting accidents, fistfights and car crashes. An injured spleen can rupture soon after the stomach trauma or, in some cases, days or weeks after the injury.
• An enlarged spleen.Your spleen can become enlarged when blood cells accumulate in the spleen. An enlarged spleen can be caused by various underlying problems, such as mononucleosis and other infections, liver disease, and blood cancers.
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What are the risk factors of Ruptured spleen?
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If the spleen is already enlarged due to infection or another cause, there is increased risk that the spleen might rupture. Contact sports that involve blows to the chest also increase the risk of a ruptured spleen.
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What are the complications of Ruptured spleen?
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A ruptured spleen can cause life-threatening bleeding into your stomach cavity.
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What is the prevention of Ruptured spleen?
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If you've been diagnosed with an enlarged spleen, ask your health care provider whether you need to avoid activities for several weeks that could cause it to rupture. These might include contact sports, heavy lifting and other activities that increase the risk of stomach trauma.
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What are the Overview of Tachycardia?
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Tachycardia (tak-ih-KAHR-dee-uh) is the medical term for a heart rate over 100 beats a minute. Many types of irregular heart rhythms, called arrhythmias, can cause tachycardia.
A fast heart rate isn't always a concern. For instance, the heart rate usually rises during exercise or as a response to stress.
Tachycardia may not cause any symptoms or complications. But sometimes it's a warning of a medical condition that needs attention. Some forms of tachycardia can lead to serious health problems if left untreated. Such problems may include heart failure, stroke or sudden cardiac death.
Treatment for tachycardia may include specific actions or movements, medicine, cardioversion, or surgery to control a rapid heartbeat.
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What are the symptoms of Tachycardia?
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Some people with tachycardia have no symptoms. The fast heartbeat may be discovered when a physical exam or heart tests are done for another reason.
In general, tachycardia may cause these symptoms:
• Racing, pounding heartbeat or flopping in the chest, called palpitations.
• Chest pain.
• Fainting.
• Lightheadedness.
• Rapid pulse.
• Shortness of breath.
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What are the causes of Tachycardia?
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Tachycardia is an increased heart rate for any reason. If a fast heart rate is caused by exercise or stress, it's called sinus tachycardia. Sinus tachycardia is a symptom, not a condition.
Most heart conditions can lead to different forms of tachycardia. Irregular heart rhythms, called arrhythmias, are one cause. An example of an irregular heart rhythm is atrial fibrillation (AFib).
Other things that may lead to tachycardia include:
• Fever.
• Excessive alcohol use, which is defined as 14 or more drinks a week for a man or seven or more drinks a week for a woman.
• Alcohol withdrawal.
• Too much caffeine.
• High or low blood pressure.
• Changes in the level of minerals in the body, called electrolytes. Examples include potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium.
• Certain medicines.
• Overactive thyroid, called hyperthyroidism.
• A low number of red blood cells, called anemia.
• Smoking or nicotine use.
• Use of illegal stimulants such as cocaine or methamphetamine.
• Heart attack.
Sometimes the exact cause of tachycardia is not known.
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What are the risk factors of Tachycardia?
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In general, things that may raise the risk of irregular heart rhythms that commonly cause tachycardia include:
• Getting older.
• Having a family history of some heart rhythm disorders.
• High blood pressure.
Lifestyle changes or treatment of heart conditions may lower the risk of tachycardia.
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What are the complications of Tachycardia?
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When the heart beats too fast, it may not pump enough blood to the body. As a result, the organs and tissues may not get enough oxygen.
Complications of tachycardia depend on:
• The type of tachycardia.
• How fast the heart is beating.
• How long the rapid heart rate lasts.
• Whether there are other heart conditions.
Potential complications of tachycardia may include:
• Blood clots that can cause a heart attack or stroke. Blood-thinning medicine may be used to lower this risk.
• Frequent fainting or unconsciousness.
• Heart failure.
• Sudden cardiac death. This is usually only associated with ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation.
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What is the prevention of Tachycardia?
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The best way to prevent tachycardia is to keep the heart healthy. Have regular health checkups. If you have heart disease, follow your treatment plan. Take all medicines as directed.
Try these tips to prevent heart disease and keep the heart healthy:
• Don't smoke.
• Eat a diet that's low in salt and saturated fat.
• Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Reduce and manage stress.
• Control high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes.
• Get good sleep. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily.
Talk to your healthcare team before using any medicines. Some cold and cough medicines have stimulants that may start a rapid heartbeat. Illegal drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine are other stimulants that can cause changes in the heart's rhythm.
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What are the Overview of Tinnitus?
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Tinnitus is when you experience ringing or other noises in one or both of your ears. The noise you hear when you have tinnitus isn't caused by an external sound, and other people usually can't hear it. Tinnitus is a common problem. It affects about 15% to 20% of people, and is especially common in older adults.
Tinnitus is usually caused by an underlying condition, such as age-related hearing loss, an ear injury or a problem with the circulatory system. For many people, tinnitus improves with treatment of the underlying cause or with other treatments that reduce or mask the noise, making tinnitus less noticeable.
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What are the symptoms of Tinnitus?
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Tinnitus is most often described as a ringing in the ears, even though no external sound is present. However, tinnitus can also cause other types of phantom noises in your ears, including:
• Buzzing
• Roaring
• Clicking
• Hissing
• Humming
Most people who have tinnitus have subjective tinnitus, or tinnitus that only you can hear. The noises of tinnitus may vary in pitch from a low roar to a high squeal, and you may hear it in one or both ears. In some cases, the sound can be so loud it interferes with your ability to concentrate or hear external sound. Tinnitus may be present all the time, or it may come and go.
In rare cases, tinnitus can occur as a rhythmic pulsing or whooshing sound, often in time with your heartbeat. This is called pulsatile tinnitus. If you have pulsatile tinnitus, your doctor may be able to hear your tinnitus when he or she does an examination (objective tinnitus).
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What are the causes of Tinnitus?
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A number of health conditions can cause or worsen tinnitus. In many cases, an exact cause is never found.
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What are the risk factors of Tinnitus?
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Anyone can experience tinnitus, but these factors may increase your risk:
• Loud noise exposure.Loud noises, such as those from heavy equipment, chain saws and firearms, are common sources of noise-related hearing loss. Portable music devices, such as MP3 players, also can cause noise-related hearing loss if played loudly for long periods. People who work in noisy environments — such as factory and construction workers, musicians, and soldiers — are particularly at risk.
• Age.As you age, the number of functioning nerve fibers in your ears declines, possibly causing hearing problems often associated with tinnitus.
• Sex.Men are more likely to experience tinnitus.
• Tobacco and alcohol use.Smokers have a higher risk of developing tinnitus. Drinking alcohol also increases the risk of tinnitus.
• Certain health problems.Obesity, cardiovascular problems, high blood pressure, and a history of arthritis or head injury all increase your risk of tinnitus.
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What are the complications of Tinnitus?
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Tinnitus affects people differently. For some people, tinnitus can significantly affect quality of life. If you have tinnitus, you may also experience:
• Fatigue
• Stress
• Sleep problems
• Trouble concentrating
• Memory problems
• Depression
• Anxiety and irritability
• Headaches
• Problems with work and family life
Treating these linked conditions may not affect tinnitus directly, but it can help you feel better.
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What is the prevention of Tinnitus?
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In many cases, tinnitus is the result of something that can't be prevented. However, some precautions can help prevent certain kinds of tinnitus.
• Use hearing protection.Over time, exposure to loud sounds can damage the nerves in the ears, causing hearing loss and tinnitus. Try to limit your exposure to loud sounds. And if you cannot avoid loud sounds, use ear protection to help protect your hearing. If you use chain saws, are a musician, work in an industry that uses loud machinery or use firearms (especially pistols or shotguns), always wear over-the-ear hearing protection.
• Turn down the volume.Long-term exposure to amplified music with no ear protection or listening to music at very high volume through headphones can cause hearing loss and tinnitus.
• Take care of your cardiovascular health.Regular exercise, eating right and taking other steps to keep your blood vessels healthy can help prevent tinnitus linked to obesity and blood vessel disorders.
• Limit alcohol, caffeine and nicotine.These substances, especially when used in excess, can affect blood flow and contribute to tinnitus.
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What are the symptoms of Vesicoureteral reflux?
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Vesicoureteral reflux symptoms often are due to a urinary tract infection (UTI). AUTIdoesn't always cause symptoms, but most people notice some.
These symptoms can include:
• A strong, constant urge to urinate.
• A burning feeling when urinating.
• The need to pass small amounts of urine often.
• Cloudy urine.
• Fever.
• Pain in the side, groin or stomach area.
Babies and some small children withUTIscan't tell adults what their symptoms feel like. But they may have:
• A fever for no clear reason.
• Lack of hunger.
• Fussiness.
As a child gets older, vesicoureteral reflux that doesn't get treated can lead to:
• Bed-wetting.
• Constipation or loss of control over bowel movements.
• High blood pressure.
• Protein in urine.
• Urgent need to urinate or urinating more often than usual.
• Leaking urine by accident, also called urinary incontinence.
Another symptom of vesicoureteral reflux is swelling of one or both kidneys. This swelling is called hydronephrosis. It's caused by the backup of urine into the kidneys. An imaging test called an ultrasound often finds this swelling before a baby is born.
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What are the risk factors of Vesicoureteral reflux?
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Risk factors for vesicoureteral reflux include:
• Bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD).Children withBBDhold their urine and stool. They also get repeated urinary tract infections. That can contribute to vesicoureteral reflux.
• Race.White children appear to have a higher risk of vesicoureteral reflux than do Black children.
• Sex assigned at birth.In general, girls have a much higher risk of having this condition than boys do. The exception is for vesicoureteral reflux that's present at birth. This is more common in boys.
• Age.Infants and children up to age 2 are more likely to have vesicoureteral reflux than older children are.
• Family history.Primary vesicoureteral reflux tends to run in families. Children whose parents had the condition are at higher risk of it. Siblings of children who have the condition also are at higher risk. So your healthcare professional may recommend screening tests for siblings of a child with primary vesicoureteral reflux.
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What are the complications of Vesicoureteral reflux?
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Kidney damage is the main health concern, also called complication, that can happen with vesicoureteral reflux. The worse the reflux, the more serious the complications are likely to be.
Complications may include:
• Kidney scarring.Without treatment,UTIscan lead to lasting damage to kidney tissue known as scarring. Extensive scarring may lead to high blood pressure and kidney failure.
• High blood pressure.The kidneys filter waste from the bloodstream. So damage to the kidneys can cause waste to build up. That in turn can raise blood pressure.
• Kidney problems.Scarring can cause an affected kidney to have trouble filtering blood. This may lead to kidney failure, meaning the kidney loses its filtering ability. This life-threatening condition can happen quickly, also known as acute kidney injury. Or it can develop over time, also called chronic kidney disease.
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What are the Overview of Sacroiliitis?
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Sacroiliitis (say-kroe-il-e-I-tis) is a painful condition that affects one or both sacroiliac joints. These joints sit where the lower spine and pelvis meet. Sacroiliitis can cause pain and stiffness in the buttocks or lower back, and the pain might go down one or both legs. Standing or sitting for a long time or climbing stairs can make the pain worse.
Sacroiliitis can be hard to diagnose. It can be mistaken for other causes of low back pain. It's been linked to a group of diseases that cause inflammatory arthritis of the spine. Treatment might involve physical therapy and medicines.
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What are the symptoms of Sacroiliitis?
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The pain of sacroiliitis most often occurs in the buttocks and lower back. It also can affect the legs, groin and even the feet. The pain can improve with movement. The following can make sacroiliitis pain worse:
• Sleeping or sitting for a long time.
• Standing a long time.
• Having more weight on one leg than the other.
• Stair climbing.
• Running.
• Taking large steps when moving forward.
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What are the causes of Sacroiliitis?
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Causes for sacroiliac joint issues include:
• Injury.A sudden impact, such as a motor vehicle accident or a fall, can damage the sacroiliac joints.
• Arthritis.Wear-and-tear arthritis, also known as osteoarthritis, can occur in sacroiliac joints. So can a type of arthritis that affects the spine, known as ankylosing spondylitis.
• Pregnancy.The sacroiliac joints loosen and stretch for childbirth. The added weight and changed way of walking during pregnancy can stress these joints.
• Infection.Rarely, a sacroiliac joint can become infected.
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What are the risk factors of Sacroiliitis?
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Certain conditions may increase the risk of swelling in the sacroiliac joints.
Inflammatory forms of arthritis, such as ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis, may increase the risk of sacroiliitis. Inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, also may increase the risk.
Changes that happen to the body during pregnancy and childbirth also can stress the sacroiliac joints and cause pain and swelling.
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What are the complications of Sacroiliitis?
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Sacroiliitis can cause difficulty with certain actions, such as bending, lifting, staying in one position and rising from being seated. The ongoing pain of sacroiliitis can lead to depression and loss of sleep.
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What are the Overview of Salivary gland tumors?
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Salivary gland tumors are growths of cells that start in the salivary glands. Salivary gland tumors are rare.
The salivary glands make saliva. Saliva aids in digestion, keeps the mouth moist and supports healthy teeth. There are three pairs of major salivary glands under and behind the jaw. These are the parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands. Many other tiny salivary glands are in the lips, inside the cheeks, and throughout the mouth and throat.
Salivary gland tumors can happen in any salivary gland. Most salivary gland tumors occur in the parotid gland. Of these, most aren't cancer. For every five parotid gland tumors, on average, only one is found to be cancerous.
Treatment for salivary gland tumors is usually with surgery to remove the tumor. People with salivary gland cancers may need additional treatments.
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What are the symptoms of Salivary gland tumors?
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Signs and symptoms of a salivary gland tumor may include:
• A lump or swelling on or near the jaw or in the neck or mouth.
• Muscle weakness on one side of the face.
• Numbness in part of the face.
• Ongoing pain near a salivary gland.
• Trouble opening the mouth widely.
• Trouble swallowing.
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What are the causes of Salivary gland tumors?
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The cause of many salivary gland tumors isn't known. Healthcare professionals have identified some things that raise the risk of salivary gland tumors. These include smoking and radiation therapy for cancer. Not everyone with a salivary gland tumor has these risk factors, though. More research is needed to find out exactly what causes these tumors.
Salivary gland tumors happen when cells in a salivary gland develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions also tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to make many more cells quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
Sometimes the changes in the DNA turn the cells into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Salivary gland tumors?
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Factors that may increase the risk of salivary gland tumors include:
• Older age.Though salivary gland tumors can happen at any age, they most often happen in older adults.
• Radiation exposure.Radiation treatments for cancer, such as radiation used to treat head and neck cancers, may increase the risk of salivary gland tumors.
• Smoking tobacco.Smoking tobacco is shown to increase the risk of salivary gland tumors.
• Viral infections.People who have had viral infections such as Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus and human papillomavirus may have a higher risk of salivary gland tumors.
• Workplace exposure to certain substances.People who work with certain substances may have an increased risk of salivary gland tumors. Examples of industries associated with an increased risk include those that involve rubber manufacturing and nickel.
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What are the Overview of Sarcoidosis?
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Sarcoidosis is a condition that causes tiny collections of immune system cells in any part of the body. These tiny collections form red, swollen lumps called granulomas. Granulomas most commonly occur in the lungs and the lymph nodes of the chest. They also can occur in the eyes, skin, heart and other organs.
Experts don't know the exact cause of sarcoidosis, but it's likely a mix of genetic and environmental factors. Some people appear to have gene changes that make them more likely to develop sarcoidosis. The condition may then be triggered by bacteria, viruses, dust or chemicals. Their immune system overreacts to the trigger, causing inflammation that forms granulomas.
There is no cure for sarcoidosis, but most people do not need treatment. Sarcoidosis may go away on its own. Other people need treatment to lessen their body's immune system response. Sometimes sarcoidosis can last for years and may cause organ damage.
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What are the symptoms of Sarcoidosis?
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Symptoms of sarcoidosis vary, depending on which organs are affected and how badly they're affected. Sarcoidosis sometimes develops slowly over time and causes symptoms that last for years. Other times, symptoms appear suddenly and then disappear just as quickly. Many people with sarcoidosis have no symptoms, so the condition is found only when a chest X-ray is done for another reason.
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What are the causes of Sarcoidosis?
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The cause of sarcoidosis is not known. Experts think it results from a mix of genetic and environmental factors that cause the body's immune system to overreact to a substance it doesn't know.
Some people have gene changes that make their immune system more likely to overreact to triggers. Triggers could be bacteria, viruses, chemicals or dust. This causes immune cells to group into tiny collections of inflamed lumps called granulomas. As granulomas build up in an organ, the function of that organ can be affected.
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What are the risk factors of Sarcoidosis?
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While anyone can develop sarcoidosis, factors that may raise your risk include:
• Age and sex.Sarcoidosis can happen at any age, but often occurs between the ages of 20 and 60 years. Women are slightly more likely to develop the condition than are men.
• Race.Sarcoidosis occurs more often in people of African descent and those of Northern European descent. African Americans are more likely to have sarcoidosis in other organs along with the lungs.
• Job or hobbies.Working around chemicals and dust can raise your risk.
• Family history.If someone in your family has had sarcoidosis, you're more likely to get the condition.
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What are the complications of Sarcoidosis?
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Sometimes sarcoidosis causes long-term problems.
• Lungs.Pulmonary sarcoidosis that isn't treated can lead to scarring in the lungs that lasts forever. This scarring is called pulmonary fibrosis. Pulmonary fibrosis makes it hard to breathe and sometimes causes pulmonary hypertension.
• Eyes.Inflammation can affect almost any part of the eye. It may cause damage to the retina, which over time can affect vision. Sarcoidosis can cause cataracts and glaucoma.
• Kidneys.Sarcoidosis can affect how your body handles calcium. Sarcoidosis can result in too much calcium in the bloodstream, a condition called hypercalcemia. This can lead to kidney stones and affect how well the kidneys work. Rarely, long-term kidney disease can occur.
• Heart.Cardiac sarcoidosis results in granulomas in the heart. These can cause problems with heart rhythm, blood flow and heart function. Rarely, sarcoidosis results in heart problems that may cause death.
• Nervous system.Some people with sarcoidosis develop problems related to the central nervous system. This occurs when granulomas form in the nerves, brain and spinal cord. For example, granulomas in the facial nerves can cause paralyzed facial muscles.
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What are the symptoms of Sarcoma?
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Signs and symptoms of sarcoma include:
• A lump that can be felt through the skin that may or may not be painful.
• Bone pain.
• A bone that breaks with no clear cause, such as with a minor injury or no injury.
• Belly pain.
• Weight loss.
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What are the causes of Sarcoma?
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It's not clear what causes sarcoma. This cancer starts as a growth of cells in the bones and soft tissues.
Sarcoma happens when cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give other instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Sarcoma?
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Factors that can increase the risk of sarcoma include:
• Inherited syndromes.Some syndromes that raise the risk of cancer can pass from parents to children. For instance, syndromes that increase the risk of sarcoma include Li-Fraumeni syndrome, familial retinoblastoma and neurofibromatosis type 1.
• Radiation therapy for cancer.Radiation treatment for cancer raises the risk of getting a sarcoma later.
• Lymphedema.Lymphedema is swelling that happens when something blocks or damages the lymphatic system. Lymphedema raises the risk of a type of sarcoma called angiosarcoma.
• Exposure to viruses.The virus called human herpes virus 8 can raise the risk of a type of sarcoma called Kaposi sarcoma in people with weakened immune systems.
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What are the Overview of Scabies?
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Scabies is an itchy skin rash caused by a tiny burrowing mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. Intense itching occurs in the area where the mite burrows. The need to scratch may be stronger at night.
Scabies is contagious and can spread quickly through close person-to-person contact in a family, child care group, school class, nursing home or prison. Because scabies spreads so easily, health care providers often recommend treating the entire family or any close contacts.
Scabies is easily treated. Medicated skin creams or pills kill the mites that cause scabies and their eggs. But itching may not stop for many weeks after treatment.
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What are the symptoms of Scabies?
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Scabies symptoms include:
• Itching, often severe and usually worse at night
• Thin, wavy tunnels made up of tiny blisters or bumps on the skin
Scabies is often found in the skin folds. But scabies can appear on many parts of the body. In adults and older children, scabies is most often found:
• Between the fingers and toes
• In the armpits
• Around the waist
• Along the insides of the wrists
• On the inner elbows
• On the soles of the feet
• On the chest
• Around the nipples
• Around the belly button
• Around the genitals
• In the groin area
• On the buttocks
In infants and young children, common sites of scabies usually include the:
• Fingers
• Face, scalp and neck
• Palms of the hands
• Soles of the feet
If you've had scabies before, symptoms may start within a few days of exposure. If you've never had scabies, it can take as long as six weeks for symptoms to start. You can still spread scabies even if you don't have any symptoms yet.
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What are the causes of Scabies?
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Scabies is caused by a tiny, eight-legged mite. The female mite burrows just under the skin and makes a tunnel where it lays eggs.
The eggs hatch, and the mite larvae travel to the surface of the skin, where they mature. These mites can then spread to other areas of the skin or to the skin of other people. Itching is caused by the body's allergic reaction to the mites, their eggs and their waste.
Close skin-to-skin contact and, less often, sharing clothing or bedding with a person who has scabies can spread the mites.
Pets don't spread scabies to humans. The scabies mites that affect animals don't survive or reproduce in people.
However, coming in contact with an animal that has scabies may cause brief itching if the mite gets under the skin. But within a few days, the mite will die. So treatment isn't needed.
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What are the complications of Scabies?
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Scratching too much can break your skin and cause an infection, such as impetigo. Impetigo is an infection on the skin's surface that's caused most often by staph bacteria (staphylococci) or sometimes by strep bacteria (streptococci).
A more severe type of scabies, called crusted scabies, may affect certain people, including:
• Young children
• People with developmental disabilities
• People with weakened immune systems, such as those withHIVor lymphoma, or people who have had organ transplants
• People who are very sick, such as people in hospitals or nursing facilities
• Older people in nursing homes
Crusted scabies makes the skin crusty and scaly, and affects large areas of the body. It's very contagious and can be hard to treat. Quick treatment with both a prescription pill and a skin cream is needed.
Typically, someone with scabies has about 10 to 15 mites. But someone with crusted scabies may have millions of mites. Yet itching may not occur or may be mild.
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What is the prevention of Scabies?
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To prevent scabies from coming back and to keep the mites from spreading to other people, take these steps:
• Wash all clothes and linen.Heat kills the mites and their eggs. Use hot, soapy water to wash all clothing, towels and bedding used in the last three days before beginning treatment. Dry with high heat. Dry-clean items you can't wash at home.
• Starve the mites.Place items you can't wash in sealed plastic bags and leave them in an out-of-the-way place, such as your garage, for a week. Mites die after a few days without food.
• Clean and vacuum.It's a good idea to clean your home to prevent scabies from spreading. This is especially true for people with crusted scabies. Vacuum furniture, carpets and floors to remove scales and crusts that may have scabies mites.
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What are the Overview of Schizoaffective disorder?
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Schizoaffective disorder is a mental health condition that is marked by a mix of schizophrenia symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, and mood disorder symptoms, such as depression, mania and a milder form of mania called hypomania. Hallucinations involve seeing things or hearing voices that others don't observe. Delusions involve believing things that are not real or not true.
The two types of schizoaffective disorder — both of which include some symptoms of schizophrenia — are:
• Bipolar type,which includes bouts of hypomania or mania and sometimes major depression.
• Depressive type,which includes only major depressive bouts.
Schizoaffective disorder may affect people differently.
Schizoaffective disorder changes how people think, feel and act. When it isn't treated, the condition can make it hard to function at work or school or in social settings. It also can cause loneliness. People with schizoaffective disorder may need help and support to live their daily lives. Treatment can help manage symptoms and make quality of life better.
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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the symptoms of Schizoaffective disorder?
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Schizoaffective disorder symptoms may vary from person to person. People with the condition have psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. They also can have symptoms of a mood disorder. This type of schizophrenia could be the bipolar type, which features bouts of mania and sometimes depression. Or it could be the depressive type, which features bouts of depression.
How schizoaffective disorder starts and how it affects people may vary. But defining features include a major bout of depressed or manic mood and at least a two-week period of psychotic symptoms when mood symptoms are not present.
Symptoms of schizoaffective disorder depend on the type — bipolar or depressive. Symptoms may include:
• Delusions — having false, fixed beliefs, despite facts showing that they're not true.
• Hallucinations, such as hearing voices or seeing things that others don't observe.
• Disorganized thinking and speech.
• Bizarre or unusual behavior.
• Symptoms of depression, such as feeling empty, sad or worthless.
• Periods of manic mood, with more energy and less need for sleep over several days, and behaviors that are out of character.
• Having a hard time functioning at work or school or in social situations.
• Problems managing personal care, such as not looking clean and not taking care in how one looks.
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What are the causes of Schizoaffective disorder?
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While it isn't known what causes schizoaffective disorder, genes that are passed down through families likely play a part.
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What are the risk factors of Schizoaffective disorder?
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Factors that raise the risk of developing schizoaffective disorder include:
• Having a close blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, who has schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
• Stressful events that may cause symptoms.
• Taking mind-altering drugs, which may make symptoms worse when an underlying problem is present.
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What are the complications of Schizoaffective disorder?
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People with schizoaffective disorder are at a greater risk of:
• Suicide, suicide attempts and thoughts about suicide.
• Social isolation.
• Conflicts with others and within families.
• Unemployment.
• Anxiety disorders.
• Alcohol or other substance misuse.
• Health conditions, such as heart disease, stroke and obesity.
• Being poor and not having a home.
• Being assaulted.
• Aggressive episodes, though people with schizoaffective disorder are more likely to be assaulted rather than assault others.
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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the Overview of Schizophrenia?
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Schizophrenia is a serious mental health condition that affects how people think, feel and behave. It may result in a mix of hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking and behavior. Hallucinations involve seeing things or hearing voices that aren't observed by others. Delusions involve firm beliefs about things that are not true. People with schizophrenia can seem to lose touch with reality, which can make daily living very hard.
People with schizophrenia need lifelong treatment. This includes medicine, talk therapy and help in learning how to manage daily life activities.
Because many people with schizophrenia don't know they have a mental health condition and may not believe they need treatment, many research studies have examined the results of untreated psychosis. People who have psychosis that is not treated often have more-severe symptoms, more stays in a hospital, poorer thinking and processing skills and social outcomes, injuries, and even death. On the other hand, early treatment often helps control symptoms before serious complications arise, making the long-term outlook better.
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What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia?
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Schizophrenia involves a range of problems in how people think, feel and behave. Symptoms may include:
• Delusions.This is when people believe in things that aren't real or true. For example, people with schizophrenia could think that they're being harmed or harassed when they aren't. They could think that they're the target for certain gestures or comments when they aren't. They may think they're very famous or have great ability when that's not the case. Or they could feel that a major disaster is about to occur when that's not true. Most people with schizophrenia have delusions.
• Hallucinations.These usually involve seeing or hearing things that other people don't observe. For people with schizophrenia, these things seem real. Hallucinations can occur with any of the senses, but hearing voices is most common.
• Disorganized speech and thinking.Disorganized speech causes disorganized thinking. It can be hard for people with schizophrenia to talk with other people. The answers people with schizophrenia give to questions may not be related to what's being asked. Or questions may not be answered fully. Rarely, speech may include putting together unrelated words in a way that can't be understood. Sometimes this is called word salad.
• Extremely disorganized or unusual motor behavior.This may show in several ways, from childlike silliness to being agitated for no reason. Behavior isn't focused on a goal, so it's hard to do tasks. People with schizophrenia may not want to follow instructions. They may move in ways that are not typical or not appropriate to the social setting. Or they may not move much or respond at all.
• Negative symptoms.People with schizophrenia may not be able to function in the way they could before their illness started. For example, they may not bathe, make eye contact or show emotions. They may speak in a monotone voice and not be able to feel pleasure. Also, they may lose interest in everyday activities, socially withdraw and have a hard time planning ahead.
Symptoms can vary in type and how severe they are. At times, symptoms may get better or worse. Some symptoms may be present at all times.
People with schizophrenia usually are diagnosed in the late teen years to early 30s. In men, schizophrenia symptoms usually start in the late teens to early 20s. In women, symptoms usually begin in the late 20s to early 30s. There also is a group of people — usually women — who are diagnosed later in life. It isn't common for children to be diagnosed with schizophrenia.
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What are the causes of Schizophrenia?
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It isn't known what causes schizophrenia. But researchers believe that a mix of genetics, brain chemistry and environment can play a part.
Changes in certain naturally occurring brain chemicals, including neurotransmitters called dopamine and glutamate, may play a part in schizophrenia. Neuroimaging studies show changes in the brain structure and central nervous systems of people with schizophrenia. While researchers haven't yet been able to apply these findings to new treatments, the findings show that schizophrenia is a brain disease.
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What are the risk factors of Schizophrenia?
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Although the cause of schizophrenia is not known, these factors seem to make schizophrenia more likely:
• A family history of schizophrenia.
• Life experiences, such as living in poverty, stress or danger.
• Some pregnancy and birth issues, such as not getting enough nutrition before or after birth, low birth weight, or exposure to toxins or viruses before birth that may affect brain development.
• Taking mind-altering — also called psychoactive or psychotropic — drugs as a teen or young adult.
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What are the complications of Schizophrenia?
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Left untreated, schizophrenia can lead to severe problems that affect every area of life.
Complications that schizophrenia may cause or be related to include:
• Suicide, suicide attempts and thoughts of suicide.
• Anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder, also known as OCD.
• Depression.
• Misuse of alcohol or other drugs, including nicotine.
• Not being able to work or attend school.
• Money problems and homelessness.
• Social isolation.
• Health and medical problems.
• Being victimized.
• Aggressive or violent behavior, though people with schizophrenia are more likely to be assaulted rather than assault others.
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