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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the causes of Pseudobulbar affect?
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Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) typically occurs in people with neurological conditions or injuries, including:
• Stroke
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Traumatic brain injury
• Alzheimer's disease
• Parkinson's disease
While further research is needed, the cause of PBA is believed to involve injury to the neurological pathways that regulate the external expression of emotion (affect).
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What are the complications of Pseudobulbar affect?
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Severe symptoms of pseudobulbar affect (PBA) can cause embarrassment, social isolation, anxiety and depression. The condition might interfere with your ability to work and do daily tasks, especially when you're already coping with a neurological condition.
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What are the Overview of Pseudogout?
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Pseudogout (SOO-doe-gout) is a form of arthritis characterized by sudden, painful swelling in one or more of the joints. Episodes can last for days or weeks.
Pseudogout is formally known as calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease or CPPD. But the condition is commonly called pseudogout because of its similarity to gout. In both pseudogout and gout, crystal deposits form within a joint, although the type of crystal differs for each condition.
It isn't clear why crystals form in joints and cause pseudogout, but the risk increases with age. Treatments can help relieve pain and reduce inflammation.
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What are the symptoms of Pseudogout?
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Pseudogout most commonly affects the knees. Less often, it affects the wrists and ankles. When a pseudogout attack occurs, the affected joints are usually:
• Swollen
• Warm
• Severely painful
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What are the causes of Pseudogout?
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Pseudogout has been linked to the presence of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals within the affected joint. These crystals become more numerous as people age, appearing in nearly half the population older than age 85. But most people who have these crystal deposits never develop pseudogout. It's not clear why some people have symptoms and others don't.
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What are the risk factors of Pseudogout?
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Factors that can increase your risk of pseudogout include:
• Older age.The risk of developing pseudogout increases with age.
• Joint trauma.Trauma to a joint, such as a serious injury or surgery, increases the risk of pseudogout in that joint.
• Genetic disorder.In some families, family members have a hereditary tendency to develop pseudogout. These people tend to develop pseudogout at younger ages.
• Mineral imbalances.The risk of pseudogout is higher for people who have excessive calcium or iron in their blood or too little magnesium.
• Other medical conditions.Pseudogout has also been linked to an underactive thyroid gland or an overactive parathyroid gland.
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What are the complications of Pseudogout?
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The crystal deposits associated with pseudogout can also cause joint damage, which can mimic the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis.
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What are the Overview of Psoriasis?
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Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes a rash with itchy, scaly patches, most commonly on the knees, elbows, trunk and scalp.
Psoriasis is a common, long-term (chronic) disease with no cure. It can be painful, interfere with sleep and make it hard to concentrate. The condition tends to go through cycles, flaring for a few weeks or months, then subsiding for a while. Common triggers in people with a genetic predisposition to psoriasis include infections, cuts or burns, and certain medications.
Treatments are available to help you manage symptoms. And you can try lifestyle habits and coping strategies to help you live better with psoriasis.
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What are the symptoms of Psoriasis?
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Common signs and symptoms of psoriasis include:
• A patchy rash that varies widely in how it looks from person to person, ranging from spots of dandruff-like scaling to major eruptions over much of the body
• Rashes that vary in color, tending to be shades of purple with gray scale on brown or Black skin and pink or red with silver scale on white skin
• Small scaling spots (commonly seen in children)
• Dry, cracked skin that may bleed
• Itching, burning or soreness
• Cyclic rashes that flare for a few weeks or months and then subside
There are several types of psoriasis, each of which varies in its signs and symptoms:
• Plaque psoriasis.The most common type of psoriasis, plaque psoriasis causes dry, itchy, raised skin patches (plaques) covered with scales. There may be few or many. They usually appear on the elbows, knees, lower back and scalp. The patches vary in color, depending on skin color. The affected skin might heal with temporary changes in color (post inflammatory hyperpigmentation), particularly on brown or Black skin.
• Nail psoriasis.Psoriasis can affect fingernails and toenails, causing pitting, abnormal nail growth and discoloration. Psoriatic nails might loosen and separate from the nail bed (onycholysis). Severe disease may cause the nail to crumble.
• Guttate psoriasis.Guttate psoriasis primarily affects young adults and children. It's usually triggered by a bacterial infection such as strep throat. It's marked by small, drop-shaped, scaling spots on the trunk, arms or legs.
• Inverse psoriasis.Inverse psoriasis mainly affects the skin folds of the groin, buttocks and breasts. It causes smooth patches of inflamed skin that worsen with friction and sweating. Fungal infections may trigger this type of psoriasis.
• Pustular psoriasis.Pustular psoriasis, a rare type, causes clearly defined pus-filled blisters. It can occur in widespread patches or on small areas of the palms or soles.
• Erythrodermic psoriasis.The least common type of psoriasis, erythrodermic psoriasis can cover the entire body with a peeling rash that can itch or burn intensely. It can be short-lived (acute) or long-term (chronic).
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What are the causes of Psoriasis?
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Psoriasis is thought to be an immune system problem that causes skin cells to grow faster than usual. In the most common type of psoriasis, known as plaque psoriasis, this rapid turnover of cells results in dry, scaly patches.
The cause of psoriasis isn't fully understood. It's thought to be an immune system problem where infection-fighting cells attack healthy skin cells by mistake. Researchers believe that both genetics and environmental factors play a role. The condition is not contagious.
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What are the risk factors of Psoriasis?
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Anyone can develop psoriasis. About a third of instances begin in childhood. These factors can increase the risk of developing the disease:
• Family history.The condition runs in families. Having one parent with psoriasis increases your risk of getting the disease. And having two parents with psoriasis increases your risk even more.
• Smoking.Smoking tobacco not only increases the risk of psoriasis but also may increase the severity of the disease.
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What are the complications of Psoriasis?
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If you have psoriasis, you're at greater risk of developing other conditions, including:
• Psoriatic arthritis, which causes pain, stiffness, and swelling in and around the joints
• Temporary skin color changes (post-inflammatory hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation) where plaques have healed
• Eye conditions, such as conjunctivitis, blepharitis and uveitis
• Obesity
• Type 2 diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Cardiovascular disease
• Other autoimmune diseases, such as celiac disease, sclerosis and the inflammatory bowel disease called Crohn's disease
• Mental health conditions, such as low self-esteem and depression
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What are the Overview of Pulmonary atresia?
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Pulmonary atresia (uh-TREE-zhuh) is a heart problem present at birth. That means it is a congenital heart defect. In this condition, the valve that helps move blood from the heart to the lungs doesn't form correctly. The valve is called the pulmonary valve.
Instead of a valve that opens and closes, a solid sheet of tissue forms. So, blood can't travel its usual path to get oxygen from the lungs. Instead, some blood travels to the lungs through other natural passages within the heart and its arteries.
A baby in the womb needs these other passages. But they usually close soon after birth.
Pulmonary atresia is a life-threatening condition that needs emergency treatment. Treatment includes surgery to repair the heart and medicines to help the heart work better.
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What are the symptoms of Pulmonary atresia?
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Symptoms of pulmonary atresia may be seen soon after birth. They can include:
• Blue or gray skin, lips or fingernails due to low oxygen levels. Depending on the skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see.
• Fast breathing or shortness of breath.
• Tiring easily.
• Not feeding well.
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What are the causes of Pulmonary atresia?
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The cause of pulmonary atresia is not clear. During the first six weeks of pregnancy, the baby's heart begins to form and starts beating. The major blood vessels that run to and from the heart also begin to develop during this critical time. It's at this point in a baby's development that a congenital heart defect such as pulmonary atresia may begin to develop.
To understand how pulmonary atresia occurs, it may be helpful to know how the heart works.
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What are the risk factors of Pulmonary atresia?
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Pulmonary atresia happens as the baby's heart is forming during pregnancy. Certain health conditions or illicit drug use during pregnancy may increase a baby's risk of pulmonary atresia or other congenital heart defects. Risk factors include:
• Obesity.
• Alcohol or tobacco use.
• Diabetes.
• Use of some types of medicines during pregnancy, such as certain acne and blood pressure medicines.
Some types of congenital heart defects occur in families. This means they are inherited. If you or someone in your family was born with a heart problem, including pulmonary atresia, ask your care team is genetic screening is right for you. Screening can help show the risk of certain congenital heart defects in future children.
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What are the complications of Pulmonary atresia?
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Without treatment, pulmonary atresia most often leads to death. After surgery for pulmonary atresia, babies need regular health checkups throughout their lives to watch for complications.
Complications of pulmonary atresia may include:
• Bacterial infection of the inner lining of the heart and valves, called infectious endocarditis.
• Irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.
• Weakening of heart function.
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What is the prevention of Pulmonary atresia?
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It might not be possible to prevent pulmonary atresia. But getting good prenatal care is important. Some things you can do before or during pregnancy might help lower your baby's risk of congenital heart defects. They include:
• Control other health conditions.If you have diabetes, keep your blood sugar in check. For other conditions that need medicines, talk to your healthcare professional about taking these medicines while pregnant.
• Don't smoke and don't be around others who smoke.If you smoke, quit. Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of a congenital heart defect in the baby.
• Aim for a healthy weight.Obesity increases the risk of having a baby with a congenital heart defect.
• Get recommended vaccinations.Having rubella, also called German measles, during pregnancy can cause problems in a baby's heart development. A blood test done before pregnancy can determine if you're immune to rubella. A vaccine is available for those who aren't immune.
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What are the Pulmonary atresia of Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum?
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• Symptoms&causes
• Diagnosis&treatment
• Doctors&departments
• Care atMayoClinic
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What are the Overview of Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect?
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Pulmonary atresia (uh-TREE-zhuh) with ventricular septal defect, also called PA-VSD, is a heart condition present at birth. That means it's a congenital heart defect.
In pulmonary atresia, the valve between the heart and lungs is not fully formed. This valve is called the pulmonary valve. Blood can't flow from the right lower heart chamber, called the right ventricle, to the lungs. In PA-VSD, there also is a hole between the two pumping chambers of the heart.
Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect is life-threatening. A baby with pulmonary atresia eventually doesn't get enough oxygen. One or more procedures or surgeries are needed to fix the heart.
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What are the symptoms of Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect?
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Symptoms of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect, also called PA-VSD, may appear at birth or very soon after. They can include:
• Blue or gray skin. This change may be harder or easier to see depending on skin color.
• Fast breathing or shortness of breath.
• Tiredness.
• Poor feeding.
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What are the causes of Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect?
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The cause of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect, also called PA-VSD, is not clear. Most congenital heart conditions happen during the first six weeks of pregnancy. The major blood vessels that run to and from the heart also begin to grow at this time. This is when a congenital heart defect such as pulmonary atresia may occur.
In PA-VSD, the pulmonary valve isn't fully formed. There also is a hole in the heart called a ventricular septal defect. The hole lets blood flow into and out of the right lower heart chamber. Some blood also may flow through a natural opening called the ductus arteriosus. The ductus arteriosus usually closes soon after birth. But medicines can keep it open.
In babies with pulmonary atresia, the lung arteries can be very small. Or they may be missing. If the blood vessels are missing, other vessels form on the body's main artery, called the aorta. These new vessels help send blood to the lungs. They are called major aortopulmonary collateral arteries, also called MAPCAs.
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What are the risk factors of Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect?
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It's not clear what increases the risk of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect. Possible risk factors for congenital heart conditions in general may include:
• Smoking.If you smoke, quit. Smoking during pregnancy or being around cigarette smoke increases the risk of some congenital heart conditions.
• Alcohol use.Drinking alcohol during pregnancy may increase the risk of heart conditions in the baby.
• Some medicines.Some medicines taken during pregnancy may increase the risk of congenital heart conditions. These include lithium (Lithobid) for bipolar disorder and isotretinoin (Claravis, Myorisan, others), which is used to treat acne. Talk with your healthcare team about the medicines you take.
• Genetics.Changes in some genes may affect how a baby's heart forms. For example, people with Down syndrome are often born with heart conditions.
• Diabetes.Having type 1 or type 2 diabetes during pregnancy may change how a baby's heart forms. Diabetes that develops during pregnancy is called gestational diabetes. It typically doesn't increase a baby's risk of congenital heart conditions.
• Rubella, also called German measles.Having rubella during pregnancy can change how a baby's heart forms. A blood test can be done before pregnancy to see if you're immune to rubella. If you're not, a vaccine is available.
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What are the Overview of Pulmonary valve disease?
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Pulmonary valve disease is a type of heart valve disease. It affects the valve between the heart's lower right chamber and the artery that delivers blood to the lungs. That artery is called the pulmonary artery. The valve is called the pulmonary valve.
A diseased or damaged pulmonary valve doesn't work the way it should. It changes how blood flows from the heart to the lungs.
Types of pulmonary valve disease include:
• Pulmonary valve stenosis.The valve is narrowed. This reduces the blood flow from the heart to the pulmonary artery and lungs.
• Pulmonary valve regurgitation.The flaps of the pulmonary valve don't close tightly. Blood moves backward into the right lower heart chamber, called the right ventricle.
• Pulmonary atresia.This condition is present at birth. That means it is a congenital heart defect. The pulmonary valve isn't formed. Instead, a solid sheet of tissue blocks blood flow from the right side of the heart. Blood can't go to the lungs to pick up oxygen.
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What are the symptoms of Pulmonary valve disease?
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Symptoms of pulmonary valve disease depend on the specific valve condition and how much blood flow is changed or blocked. Some babies are born with pulmonary valve disease. Symptoms may be noticed soon after birth. But sometimes symptoms aren't seen until later in life.
In general, pulmonary valve disease symptoms may include:
• Chest pain.
• Shortness of breath at rest or when active or lying down.
• Fatigue.
• Fainting.
Babies born with pulmonary valve disease may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. Depending on skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see.
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What are the causes of Pulmonary valve disease?
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Usually, pulmonary valve disease is caused by a heart condition that develops before birth, called a congenital heart defect. But pulmonary valve disease may happen later in life as a complication of another illness.
To understand how pulmonary valve disease happens, it might help to know how the valve works.
The pulmonary valve is like a one-way door from the lower right heart chamber, called the right ventricle, to the lungs. Blood usually flows from that chamber through the pulmonary valve and into the lungs. Blood gets oxygen in the lungs to take to the body.
When the pulmonary valve doesn't work as it should, the heart must work harder to pump blood to the lungs. The extra work can cause the right ventricle to become thick.
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What are the risk factors of Pulmonary valve disease?
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Things that can raise the risk of pulmonary valve disease are:
• A heart condition that you're born with, also called a congenital heart defect.Some congenital heart defects affect the shape of the pulmonary valve and how it works.
• Carcinoid syndrome.This condition happens when a rare cancerous tumor sends chemicals into the bloodstream. It can cause carcinoid heart disease, which commonly damages the pulmonary and tricuspid valves.
• Chest injury.An injury to the chest, such as from a car accident, may cause damage that leads to pulmonary valve regurgitation.
• German measles, also called rubella.Having German measles during pregnancy increases the risk of pulmonary valve stenosis in the baby.
• Infection of the lining of the heart and heart valves, also called endocarditis.This condition can damage the pulmonary valve. IV drug misuse makes a person more likely to get endocarditis.
• Noonan syndrome.This condition is caused by changes in genes. Pulmonary valve stenosis is a common heart complication seen in people with Noonan syndrome.
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What are the Overview of Pyloric stenosis?
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Pyloric stenosis (pie-LOHR-ik stuh-NOH-sis) is a narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the small intestine. This uncommon condition in infants can trap food in the stomach.
Typically, a ring-shaped muscular valve closes to hold food in the stomach or opens to allow food to pass into the small intestine. With pyloric stenosis, the muscle tissue is enlarged. The opening becomes very narrow, and little to no food passes into the intestine.
Pyloric stenosis usually leads to forceful vomiting, dehydration, poor nutrition and weight loss. Babies with pyloric stenosis may seem to be hungry all the time.
Pyloric stenosis is treated with surgery.
The passage between the stomach and small intestine is called the pylorus. The valve that controls the opening may be called the pyloric muscle, pyloric sphincter or pyloric valve.
The enlargement of the pyloric muscle is called hypertrophy. Pyloric stenosis also is called hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
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What are the symptoms of Pyloric stenosis?
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Symptoms of pyloric stenosis usually appear within 3 to 6 weeks after birth. Pyloric stenosis is rare in babies older than 3 months.
Symptoms include:
• Vomiting after feeding.The baby may vomit forcefully, ejecting breast milk or formula up to several feet away. This is known as projectile vomiting. Vomiting usually happens right after feeding. Vomiting might be mild at first and worsen over time.
• Constant hunger.Babies who have pyloric stenosis often want to eat soon after vomiting.
• Stomach contractions.Wavelike ripples across your baby's belly may be visible after feeding but before vomiting. This is a sign of the stomach muscles trying to move food out of the stomach.
• Dehydration.A baby may show signs of low body fluids, also called dehydration. These signs may include few wet diapers, lack of energy, dry mouth and lips, and crying without tears.
• Changes in stool.Since pyloric stenosis prevents food from reaching the intestines, babies with this condition might be constipated.
• Weight loss.The lack of nutrition can cause a baby not to gain weight or to lose weight.
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What are the causes of Pyloric stenosis?
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The causes of pyloric stenosis are unknown, but genes and environmental factors might play a role. Pyloric stenosis usually isn't present at birth but develops afterward.
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What are the risk factors of Pyloric stenosis?
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Pylorid stenosis is not a common condition. It is more likely in babies who:
• Are boys.
• Are first-born children.
• Were born prematurely.
• Have a family history of pyloric stenosis.
• Were born to a cigarette smoker.
• Were exposed to certain antibiotics late in the pregnancy or after birth.
• Are bottle-fed.
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What are the complications of Pyloric stenosis?
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Pyloric stenosis can lead to:
• Failure to grow and develop.The lack of nutrition causes poor growth, weight gain and development.
• Dehydration.Frequent vomiting can cause low fluid levels, called dehydration. This condition also may result in an imbalance in minerals called electrolytes. These minerals help regulate important functions throughout the body.
• Jaundice.Rarely, a substance secreted by the liver, called bilirubin, can build up. This may cause a yellowing of the skin and or the whites of the eyes. This condition is called jaundice.
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What are the Overview of Pyoderma gangrenosum?
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Pyoderma gangrenosum (pie-o-DUR-muh gang-ruh-NO-sum) is a rare condition that causes large, painful sores on the skin. The sores can develop quickly. Most often they appear on the legs.
The exact causes of pyoderma gangrenosum are unknown, but it appears to be a disorder of the immune system. People who have certain other conditions are at higher risk of pyoderma gangrenosum.
The condition usually clears up with treatment. But the sores often leave scars and can show up in new spots.
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What are the symptoms of Pyoderma gangrenosum?
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Pyoderma gangrenosum usually starts with a small bump on the skin. It might look like a spider bite. Within days it can turn into a large and painful open sore.
The sore usually appears on the legs but may develop anywhere on the body. Sometimes it appears around surgical sites. If you have two or more sores, they may grow and merge into one.
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What are the causes of Pyoderma gangrenosum?
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No one knows the exact cause of pyoderma gangrenosum. It's often seen in people who have autoimmune diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and arthritis. And some studies suggest that it may be passed down through families.
If you have pyoderma gangrenosum, getting a cut or other skin wound can bring on new sores. The condition isn't an infection and it isn't contagious.
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What are the risk factors of Pyoderma gangrenosum?
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Certain factors may increase your risk of pyoderma gangrenosum, including:
• Being a woman between 20 and 50 years of age.
• Having an inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.
• Having rheumatoid arthritis.
• Having a blood disorder, such as acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplasia.
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What are the complications of Pyoderma gangrenosum?
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Possible complications of pyoderma gangrenosum include infection, uncontrolled pain, scarring and and changes in skin color after the affected skin heals. This change in skin color is called postinflammatory hyperpigmentation when the skin darkens and postinflammatory hypopigmentation when the skin loses color. People with brown or Black skin have a higher risk of long-term skin color changes.
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What is the prevention of Pyoderma gangrenosum?
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You can't prevent the first instance of pyoderma gangrenosum. If you have the condition, you can help prevent new sores by protecting your skin from injury. Injury or trauma to the skin, including from surgery, can cause new sores to form.
It also may help to control any other condition you have that's related to pyoderma gangrenosum.
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What are the Overview of Sacral dimple?
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A sacral dimple is an indentation or pit in the skin on the lower back that is present at birth in some babies. It's usually just above the crease between the buttocks. Most sacral dimples are harmless and don't need treatment.
A sacral dimple can be a sign of a serious spinal problem in a newborn if the dimple is large or appears near a tuft of hair, skin tag, lump or discolored area. In these instances, your child's health care provider may recommend an imaging test. If a spinal problem is found, treatment depends on the underlying cause.
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What are the symptoms of Sacral dimple?
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A sacral dimple is an indentation or pit in the skin on the lower back. It's usually located just above the crease between the buttocks.
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What are the causes of Sacral dimple?
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There are no known causes for a sacral dimple. It is a congenital condition, meaning it's present at birth.
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What are the risk factors of Sacral dimple?
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Risk factors for sacral dimples include being born with a spinal cord problem, such as tethered cord syndrome. In this condition the spinal cord doesn't hang free within the spinal canal. Sacral dimples also can be present in newborns without other health conditions.
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What are the complications of Sacral dimple?
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Rarely, sacral dimples are associated with a serious underlying abnormality of the spine or spinal cord. Examples include:
• Spina bifida.A very mild form of this condition, called spina bifida occulta, occurs when the spine doesn't close properly around the spinal cord, but the cord remains within the spinal canal. In most cases, spina bifida occulta causes no symptoms and doesn't need treatment.
• Tethered cord syndrome.A spinal cord typically hangs freely within the spinal canal. Tethered cord syndrome is a disorder that occurs when tissue attached to the spinal cord limits its movements. Signs and symptoms may include weakness or numbness in the legs and bladder or bowel incontinence.
The risks of these spinal problems increase if the sacral dimple is accompanied by a nearby tuft of hair, skin tag or lump, and certain types of skin discoloration.
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What are the Overview of Schizoid personality disorder?
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Schizoid personality disorder is a condition where a person shows very little, if any, interest and ability to form relationships with other people. It's very hard for the person to express a full range of emotions.
If you have schizoid personality disorder, you may be seen as keeping to yourself or rejecting others. You may not be interested in or able to form close friendships or romantic relationships. Because you do not tend to show emotion, it may appear that you do not care about others or what's going on around you.
Schizoid personality disorder is less common than other personality disorders, but it's much more common than schizophrenia. The cause is not known. Some symptoms of schizoid personality disorder are similar to autism spectrum disorders, other personality disorders — especially avoidant personality disorder — and early symptoms of schizophrenia.
Talk therapy, also called psychotherapy, can help those who know they need to improve relationships with others. But it's common to feel unsure about change. Medicines are mainly used to treat mental health conditions that occur along with schizoid personality disorder, rather than the disorder itself.
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What are the symptoms of Schizoid personality disorder?
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If you have schizoid personality disorder, it's likely that you:
• Want to be alone and do activities alone.
• Do not want or enjoy close relationships.
• Feel little if any desire for sexual relationships.
• Take pleasure in few activities, if any.
• Find it hard to express your emotions and react.
• May lack humor or not be interested in others. Or you may be cold toward others.
• May lack the drive that makes you want to reach goals.
• Do not react to praise or criticism from others.
People may view you as odd or unusual.
Schizoid personality disorder most often begins when a person is a young adult. But some symptoms might be noticed during childhood. These symptoms may make it hard to do well in school, at work, in social situations or in other areas of life. But the person may do well if the job can be done by mostly working alone.
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What are the causes of Schizoid personality disorder?
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Personality is the blend of thoughts, emotions and behaviors that makes you special. It's the way you view, understand and relate to the outside world. It's also how you see yourself. Personality forms when you're a child. It's shaped through a blend of your surroundings and genes passed down from your parents.
Children typically learn over time to properly understand social cues and take action. What causes schizoid personality disorder to happen is not known. But a blend of your surroundings and genes passed down to you may play a role in developing the disorder.
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What are the risk factors of Schizoid personality disorder?
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Factors that raise your risk of schizoid personality disorder include:
• Having a parent or another relative who has schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder or schizophrenia.
• Having a parent who was cold, did not properly care for you and did not take action to help you emotionally.
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What are the complications of Schizoid personality disorder?
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People with schizoid personality disorder are at higher risk of:
• Schizotypal personality disorder or schizophrenia.
• Other personality disorders.
• Major depression.
• Anxiety disorders.
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What are the Overview of Schizotypal personality disorder?
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People with schizotypal personality disorder are often described as odd or eccentric, and they usually have few, if any, close relationships. They generally don't know how relationships form or how their behavior affects others. They also tend to misinterpret others' motivations and behaviors and greatly distrust others.
These problems may lead to severe anxiety and a tendency to stay away from social situations. That's because people with schizotypal personality disorder tend to hold odd beliefs and may find it hard to respond correctly to social cues.
Schizotypal personality disorder usually is diagnosed in early adulthood, although some features of this condition may show up during childhood and the teen years. It's likely to be a lifelong condition. Treatments, such as medicines and therapy, can make symptoms better.
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What are the symptoms of Schizotypal personality disorder?
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Schizotypal personality disorder usually includes five or more of these symptoms. The person may:
• Be a loner and lack close friends and other relationships outside of the immediate family.
• Have flat emotions or have emotional responses that are limited or not proper socially.
• Have too much social anxiety, which is ongoing.
• Incorrectly interpret events, such as feeling that something harmless or not offensive has a direct personal meaning.
• Have strange or unusual thinking, beliefs or mannerisms.
• Have suspicious or paranoid thoughts and constant doubts about the loyalty of others.
• Believe in special powers, such as mental telepathy or superstitions.
• Have unusual thoughts, such as sensing an absent person's presence, or having illusions.
• Dress in odd ways, such as appearing messy or wearing oddly matched clothes.
• Speak in an odd way, such as vague or unusual patterns of speaking, or ramble oddly while speaking.
Symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder, such as more interest in activities done alone or a high level of social anxiety, may be seen in the teen years. The child may not do well in school or appear socially out of step with peers. This may lead to teasing or bullying.
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What are the causes of Schizotypal personality disorder?
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It's not known what causes schizotypal personality disorder. But it's likely that changes in the way the brain functions, genetics, environmental influences and learned behaviors play a role.
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What are the risk factors of Schizotypal personality disorder?
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You may be more at risk of schizotypal personality disorder if a relative has schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder.
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What are the complications of Schizotypal personality disorder?
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People with schizotypal personality disorder are more at risk of:
• Depression.
• Anxiety.
• Other personality disorders.
• Schizophrenia.
• Temporary psychotic bouts, usually in response to stress.
• Misuse of alcohol or drugs.
• Suicide attempts.
• Problems with work, school and other social relationships.
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What are the Overview of Uterine prolapse?
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Uterine prolapse occurs when pelvic floor muscles and ligaments stretch and weaken until they no longer provide enough support for the uterus. As a result, the uterus slips down into or protrudes out of the vagina.
Uterine prolapse most often affects people after menopause who've had one or more vaginal deliveries.
Mild uterine prolapse usually doesn't require treatment. But uterine prolapse that causes discomfort or disrupts daily life might benefit from treatment.
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What are the symptoms of Uterine prolapse?
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Mild uterine prolapse is common after childbirth. It generally doesn't cause symptoms. Symptoms of moderate to severe uterine prolapse include:
• Seeing or feeling tissue bulge out of the vagina
• Feeling heaviness or pulling in the pelvis
• Feeling like the bladder doesn't empty all the way when you use the bathroom
• Problems with leaking urine, also called incontinence
• Trouble having a bowel movement and needing to press the vagina with your fingers to help have a bowel movement
• Feeling as if you're sitting on a small ball
• Feeling as if you have vaginal tissue rubbing on clothing
• Pressure or discomfort in the pelvis or low back
• Sexual concerns, such as feeling as though the vaginal tissue is loose
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What are the causes of Uterine prolapse?
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Uterine prolapse results from the weakening of pelvic muscles and supportive tissues. Causes of weakened pelvic muscles and tissues include:
• Vaginal delivery
• Age at first delivery (older women are at higher risk of pelvic floor injuries compared with younger women)
• Difficult labor and delivery or trauma during childbirth
• Delivery of a large baby
• Being overweight
• Lower estrogen level after menopause
• Chronic constipation or straining with bowel movements
• Chronic cough or bronchitis
• Repeated heavy lifting
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What is the prevention of Uterine prolapse?
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To reduce the risk of uterine prolapse, try to:
• Prevent constipation.Drink plenty of fluids and eat high-fiber foods, such as fruits, vegetables, beans and whole-grains.
• Avoid heavy lifting.If you have to lift something heavy, do it correctly. Correct lifting uses the legs instead of the waist or back.
• Control coughing.Get treatment for a chronic cough or bronchitis. Don't smoke.
• Avoid weight gain.Talk with your doctor about your ideal weight and get advice on how to lose weight, if you need to.
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What are the Overview of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome?
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Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a heart condition present at birth. That means it's a congenital heart defect. People withWPWsyndrome have an extra pathway for signals to travel between the heart's upper and lower chambers. This causes a fast heartbeat. Changes in the heartbeat can make it harder for the heart to work as it should.
WPWsyndrome is fairly rare. Another name for it is preexcitation syndrome.
The episodes of fast heartbeats seen in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome usually aren't life-threatening. But serious heart problems can occur. Rarely, the syndrome may lead to sudden cardiac death in children and young adults.
Treatment ofWPWsyndrome may include special actions, medicines, a shock to the heart or a procedure to stop the irregular heartbeats.
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What are the symptoms of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome?
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The heart rate is the number of times the heart beats each minute. A fast heart rate is called tachycardia (tak-ih-KAHR-dee-uh).
The most common symptom of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a heart rate greater than 100 beats a minute.
InWPWsyndrome, the fast heartbeat can begin suddenly. It may last a few seconds or several hours. Episodes may occur during exercise or while at rest.
Other symptoms ofWPWsyndrome may depend on the speed of the heartbeat and the underlying heart rhythm disorder.
For example, the most common irregular heartbeat seen withWPWsyndrome is supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). During an episode ofSVT, the heart beats about 150 to 220 times a minute, but it can occasionally beat faster or slower.
Some people withWPWsyndrome also have a fast and chaotic heart rhythm disorder called atrial fibrillation.
In general, symptoms ofWPWsyndrome include:
• Rapid, fluttering or pounding heartbeats.
• Chest pain.
• Difficulty breathing.
• Dizziness or lightheadedness.
• Fainting.
• Fatigue.
• Shortness of breath.
• Anxiety.
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What are the complications of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome?
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WPWsyndrome has been linked to sudden cardiac death in children and young adults.
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What are the Overview of Wrist pain?
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Wrist pain is often caused by sprains or fractures from sudden injuries. But wrist pain also can result from long-term problems, such as repetitive stress, arthritis and carpal tunnel syndrome.
Because so many factors can lead to wrist pain, diagnosing the exact cause can be difficult. But an accurate diagnosis is essential for proper treatment and healing.
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What are the symptoms of Wrist pain?
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Wrist pain may vary, depending on the cause. For example, osteoarthritis pain often is described as being similar to a dull toothache. Carpal tunnel syndrome usually causes a pins and needles feeling. This tingling sensation often occurs in the thumb and index and middle fingers, especially at night. The precise location of wrist pain also provides clues to what's behind the symptoms.
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What are the causes of Wrist pain?
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Damage to any of the parts of your wrist can cause pain and affect your ability to use your wrist and hand. The damage may result from:
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What are the risk factors of Wrist pain?
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Wrist pain can happen to anyone — whether you're very sedentary, very active or somewhere in between. But the risk may be increased by:
• Sports participation.Wrist injuries are common in many sports, both those that involve impact and those that involve repetitive stress on the wrist. These can include football, bowling, golf, gymnastics, snowboarding and tennis.
• Repetitive work.Almost any repetitive activity that involves your hands and wrists may cause wrist pain. Even knitting and cutting hair, if performed forcefully enough and often enough, can lead to significant wrist pain.
• Certain diseases or conditions.Pregnancy, diabetes, obesity, rheumatoid arthritis and gout may increase the risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome.
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What is the prevention of Wrist pain?
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It's impossible to prevent the unforeseen events that often cause wrist injuries, but these basic tips may offer some protection:
• Build bone strength.Getting adequate amounts of calcium can help prevent fractures. For most adults, that means 1,000 to 1,200 milligrams a day.
• Prevent falls.Falling forward onto an outstretched hand is the main cause of most wrist injuries. To help prevent falls, wear sensible shoes. Remove home hazards. Light up your living space. And install grab bars in your bathroom and handrails on your stairways, if necessary.
• Use protective gear for athletic activities.Wear wrist guards for high-risk activities, such as football, snowboarding and in-line skating.
• Pay attention to ergonomics.If you spend long periods at a keyboard, take regular breaks. When you type, keep your wrists in a relaxed, neutral position. An ergonomic keyboard and a foam or gel wrist support may help.
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What are the Overview of Radiation enteritis?
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Radiation enteritis is inflammation of the intestines that occurs after radiation therapy.
Radiation enteritis causes diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and stomach cramps in people receiving radiation aimed at the abdomen, pelvis or rectum. It's most common in people receiving radiation therapy for cancer in the abdomen and pelvic areas.
For most people, radiation enteritis is temporary, with inflammation usually subsiding several weeks after treatment ends. But for some, radiation enteritis may continue long after radiation therapy ends or may develop months or years after treatment.
Chronic radiation enteritis can cause complications such as anemia, diarrhea or bowel obstruction.
Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms until the inflammation heals. In severe cases, tube feeding or surgery to remove sections of the intestine may be necessary.
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What are the symptoms of Radiation enteritis?
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The symptoms of radiation enteritis include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and stomach cramps. Symptoms occur because of irritation of the intestines from radiation therapy for cancer. Symptoms usually go away several weeks after treatment ends. But sometimes they last longer. Radiation enteritis that goes on for longer can cause anemia and bowel obstruction.
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What are the risk factors of Radiation enteritis?
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The risk of radiation enteritis is higher in people undergoing radiation treatments for cancers in the belly and the pelvis. Radiation enteritis occurs because radiation therapy can cause irritation of the intestines.
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What are the Overview of Raynaud's disease?
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Raynaud's (ray-NOSE) disease causes some areas of the body — such as fingers and toes — to feel numb and cold in response to cold temperatures or stress. In Raynaud's disease, smaller blood vessels that supply blood to the skin narrow. This limits blood flow to affected areas, which is called vasospasm.
Other names for this condition are:
• Raynaud's phenomenon.
• Raynaud syndrome.
Women are more likely than men to have Raynaud's disease. It seems to be more common in people who live in colder climates.
Treatment of Raynaud's disease depends on how bad it is and whether you have other health conditions. For most people, Raynaud's disease isn't disabling, but it can affect your quality of life.
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What are the symptoms of Raynaud's disease?
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Symptoms of Raynaud's disease include:
• Cold fingers or toes.
• Areas of skin that turn white then blue. Depending on your skin color, these color changes may be harder or easier to see.
• Numb, prickly feeling or stinging pain upon warming or easing of stress.
During an attack of Raynaud's, affected areas of the skin usually first turn pale. Next, they often change color and feel cold and numb. When the skin warms and blood flow improves, the affected areas may change color again, throb, tingle or swell.
Raynaud's most commonly affects fingers and toes. But it also can affect other areas of the body, such as nose, lips, ears and even nipples. After warming up, the return of blood flow to the area can take 15 minutes.
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What are the causes of Raynaud's disease?
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Experts don't fully understand the cause of Raynaud's attacks. But blood vessels in the hands and feet appear to react too strongly to cold temperatures or stress.
With Raynaud's, blood vessels to the fingers and toes narrow when exposed to cold or stress. The narrowed vessels limit blood flow. Over time, these small blood vessels can thicken slightly and limit blood flow even more.
Cold temperatures are the most likely cause of an attack. Examples are putting hands in cold water, taking something from a freezer or being in cold air. For some people, emotional stress can trigger an episode.
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What are the risk factors of Raynaud's disease?
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Risk factors for primary Raynaud's include:
• Sex assigned at birth.The condition affects more women than men.
• Age.Although anyone can develop the condition, primary Raynaud's often begins between the ages of 15 and 30.
• Climate.The illness also is more common in people who live in colder climates.
• Family history.Having a parent, sibling or child with the disease appears to increase the risk of primary Raynaud's.
Risk factors for secondary Raynaud's include:
• Certain diseases.These include conditions such as scleroderma and lupus.
• Certain jobs.These include jobs that cause repeated trauma, such as using tools that vibrate.
• Certain substances.These include smoking, taking medicines that affect the blood vessels and being around certain chemicals, such as vinyl chloride.
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What are the complications of Raynaud's disease?
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If secondary Raynaud's is severe, reduced blood flow to fingers or toes could cause tissue damage. But that's rare.
A completely blocked blood vessel can lead to skin sores or dead tissue. This can be difficult to treat. Rarely, very bad untreated instances might require removing the affected part of the body.
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What is the prevention of Raynaud's disease?
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To help prevent Raynaud's attacks:
• Bundle up outdoors.When it's cold, wear a hat, scarf, socks and boots, and two sets of mittens or gloves. Thermal underwear might help. A coat with cuffs that close around mittens or gloves helps protect the hands from cold air.Wear earmuffs and a face mask if the tip of your nose and your earlobes get too cold.
• Warm your car.Run your car heater for a few minutes before driving in cold weather.
• Take care indoors.Wear socks. To take food out of the refrigerator or freezer, wear gloves, mittens or oven mitts. Some people find it helpful to wear mittens and socks to bed during winter.Because air conditioning can cause attacks, set your air conditioner to a warmer temperature. Use drinking glasses that keep hands from feeling cold.
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What are the Overview of Rectal prolapse?
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Rectal prolapse happens when the rectum slips out of the anus and can be seen outside the body. While rectal prolapse may cause pain, it's rarely a medical emergency.
Rectal prolapse is sometimes treated with stool softeners, suppositories and other medicines. But surgery is usually needed to treat rectal prolapse.
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What are the symptoms of Rectal prolapse?
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If you have rectal prolapse, you may notice a reddish lump that comes out of the anus, often while straining during a bowel movement. The lump may slip back inside the anus, or it may continue to be seen.
Other symptoms may include:
• You cannot control your bowel movements, known as fecal incontinence.
• Constipation or loose stools.
• Leaking blood or mucus from the rectum.
• Feeling that your rectum isn't empty after a bowel movement.
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What are the causes of Rectal prolapse?
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The cause of rectal prolapse is unclear. Though it's a common belief that rectal prolapse is related to childbirth, about one-third of women with this health problem never had children.
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What are the risk factors of Rectal prolapse?
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Some things may increase your risk of getting rectal prolapse, including:
• Sex.Most people with rectal prolapse are women.
• Age.Rectal prolapse most often happens in people over age 50.
• Constipation.Straining may increase the risk of rectal prolapse.
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What are the symptoms of Rectovaginal fistula?
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The most common symptom of a rectovaginal fistula is passing gas or stool from the vagina. Depending on the fistula's size and location, you may have only minor symptoms. Or you may have significant problems with stool and gas leakage and keeping the area clean.
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What are the causes of Rectovaginal fistula?
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A rectovaginal fistula may form as a result of:
• Injuries during childbirth.Delivery-related injuries are the most common cause of rectovaginal fistulas. Injuries include tears in the perineum — the skin between the vagina and the anus — that extend to the bowel or an infection. Fistulas caused by injuries during childbirth may involve injury to the anal sphincter — the rings of muscle at the end of the rectum that help hold in stool.
• Inflammatory bowel disease.The second most common cause of rectovaginal fistulas is Crohn's disease and, more rarely, ulcerative colitis. These inflammatory bowel diseases cause swelling and irritation of the tissues lining the digestive tract. Most people with Crohn's disease never develop a rectovaginal fistula, but having Crohn's disease does increase your risk of the condition.
• Cancer or radiation treatment in the pelvic area.A cancerous tumor in your rectum, cervix, vagina, uterus or anal canal can result in a rectovaginal fistula. Also, radiation therapy for cancers in these areas can put you at risk. A fistula caused by radiation can form at any time following radiation treatment, but most commonly forms within the first two years.
• Surgery involving the vagina, perineum, rectum or anus.In rare cases, prior surgery in your lower pelvic area, such as removing an infected Bartholin's gland, can cause a fistula to develop. Bartholin's glands are found on each side of the vaginal opening and help keep the vagina moist. The fistula may develop as a result of an injury during surgery or a leak or infection that develops afterward.
• Complication from diverticulitis.Infection of small, bulging pouches in your digestive tract, called diverticulitis, may cause the rectum or large intestine to stick to the vagina and may lead to a fistula.
• Other causes.Rarely, a rectovaginal fistula may develop following infections in the skin around the anus or vagina.
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What are the risk factors of Rectovaginal fistula?
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A rectovaginal fistula has no clear risk factors.
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What are the complications of Rectovaginal fistula?
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Complications of a rectovaginal fistula may include:
• Uncontrolled loss of stool, called fecal incontinence.
• Problems keeping the perineum clean.
• Recurrent vaginal or urinary tract infections.
• Irritation or inflammation of your vagina, perineum or the skin around your anus.
• Fistula recurrence.
• Issues with self-esteem and intimacy.
Among people with Crohn's disease who develop a fistula, the chances of complications are high. These can include poor healing, or another fistula forming later.
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What is the prevention of Rectovaginal fistula?
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There are no steps you need to take to prevent a rectovaginal fistula.
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What are the Overview of Recurrent breast cancer?
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Recurrent breast cancer is breast cancer that comes back after initial treatment. Although the initial treatment is aimed at eliminating all cancer cells, a few may have evaded treatment and survived. These undetected cancer cells multiply, becoming recurrent breast cancer.
Recurrent breast cancer may occur months or years after your initial treatment. The cancer may come back in the same place as the original cancer (local recurrence), or it may spread to other areas of your body (distant recurrence).
Learning you have recurrent breast cancer may be harder than dealing with the initial diagnosis. But having recurrent breast cancer is far from hopeless. Treatment may eliminate local, regional or distant recurrent breast cancer. Even if a cure isn't possible, treatment may control the disease for long periods of time.
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What are the symptoms of Recurrent breast cancer?
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Signs and symptoms of recurrent breast cancer vary depending on where the cancer comes back.
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What are the causes of Recurrent breast cancer?
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Recurrent breast cancer occurs when cells that were part of your original breast cancer break away from the original tumor and hide nearby in the breast or in another part of your body. Later, these cells begin growing again.
The chemotherapy, radiation, hormone therapy or other treatment you may have received after your first breast cancer diagnosis was intended to kill any cancer cells that may have remained after surgery. But sometimes these treatments aren't able to kill all of the cancer cells.
Sometimes cancer cells may be dormant for years without causing harm. Then something happens that activates the cells, so they grow and spread to other parts of the body. It's not clear why this occurs.
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What are the risk factors of Recurrent breast cancer?
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For breast cancer survivors, factors that increase the risk of a recurrence include:
• Lymph node involvement.Finding cancer in nearby lymph nodes at the time of your original diagnosis increases your risk of the cancer coming back.
• Larger tumor size.People with larger tumors have a greater risk of recurrent breast cancer.
• Positive or close tumor margins.During breast cancer surgery, the surgeon tries to remove the cancer along with a small amount of the normal tissue that surrounds it. A pathologist examines the edges of the tissue to look for cancer cells.If the borders are free of cancer when examined under a microscope, that's considered a negative margin. If any part of the border has cancer cells (positive margin), or the margin between the tumor and normal tissue is close, the risk of breast cancer recurrence is increased.
• Lack of radiation treatment following a lumpectomy.Most people who choose a lumpectomy (wide local excision) for breast cancer undergo breast radiation therapy to reduce the risk of recurrence. Those who don't undergo the radiation therapy have an increased risk of local breast cancer recurrence.
• Younger age.Younger people, particularly those under age 35 at the time of their original breast cancer diagnosis, face a higher risk of recurrent breast cancer.
• Inflammatory breast cancer.People with inflammatory breast cancer have a higher risk of local recurrence.
• Lack of endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.In people who have a certain type of breast cancer, not receiving endocrine therapy can raise their risk of recurrence.
• Cancer cells with certain characteristics.If you had triple negative breast cancer, you may have an increased risk of breast cancer recurrence. Triple negative breast cancer cells don't have receptors for estrogen or progesterone, and they don't make too much of a protein called HER2.
• Obesity.Having a higher body mass index increases your risk of recurrence.
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What is the prevention of Recurrent breast cancer?
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Strategies that have been linked to a reduced risk of breast cancer recurrence include:
• Hormone therapy.Taking hormone therapy after your initial treatment may reduce the risk of recurrence if you have hormone receptor positive breast cancer. Hormone therapy may continue for at least five years.
• Chemotherapy.For people with breast cancer who have an increased risk of cancer recurrence, chemotherapy has been shown to decrease the chance that cancer will recur, and those who receive chemotherapy live longer.
• Radiation therapy.People who've had a breast-sparing operation to treat their breast cancer and those who had a large tumor or inflammatory breast cancer have a lower chance of the cancer recurring if they're treated with radiation therapy.
• Targeted therapy.If your cancer makes extra HER2 protein, drugs that target that protein can help decrease the chance of the cancer recurring.
• Bone-building drugs.Taking bone-building drugs reduces the risk of cancer recurring in the bones (bone metastasis) in people with an increased risk for breast cancer recurrence.
• Maintaining a healthy weight.Maintaining a healthy weight may help decrease the risk of recurrent breast cancer.
• Exercising.Regular exercise may reduce your risk of breast cancer recurrence.
• Choosing a healthy diet.Focus on including lots of vegetables, fruits and whole grains in your diet. If you choose to drink alcohol, limit yourself to one drink a day.
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What are the Overview of REM sleep behavior disorder?
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Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder is a sleep disorder in which you physically act out vivid, often unpleasant dreams with vocal sounds and sudden, often violent arm and leg movements during REM sleep — sometimes called dream-enacting behavior.
You normally don't move during REM sleep, a normal stage of sleep that occurs many times during the night. About 20 percent of your sleep is spent in REM sleep, the usual time for dreaming, which occurs primarily during the second half of the night.
The onset of REM sleep behavior disorder is often gradual and it can get worse with time.
REM sleep behavior disorder may be associated with other neurological conditions, such as Lewy body dementia (also called dementia with Lewy bodies), Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy.
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What are the symptoms of REM sleep behavior disorder?
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With REM sleep behavior disorder, instead of experiencing the normal temporary paralysis of your arms and legs (atonia) during REM sleep, you physically act out your dreams.
The onset can be gradual or sudden, and episodes may occur occasionally or several times a night. The disorder often worsens with time.
Symptoms of REM sleep behavior disorder may include:
• Movement, such as kicking, punching, arm flailing or jumping from bed, in response to action-filled or violent dreams, such as being chased or defending yourself from an attack
• Noises, such as talking, laughing, shouting, emotional outcries or even cursing
• Being able to recall the dream if you awaken during the episode
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What are the causes of REM sleep behavior disorder?
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Nerve pathways in the brain that prevent muscles from moving are active during normal REM or dreaming sleep, resulting in temporary paralysis of your body. In REM sleep behavior disorder, these pathways no longer work and you may physically act out your dreams.
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What are the risk factors of REM sleep behavior disorder?
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Factors associated with the development of REM sleep behavior disorder include:
• Being male and over 50 years old— however, more women are now being diagnosed with the disorder, especially under age 50, and young adults and children can develop the disorder, usually in association with narcolepsy, antidepressant use or brain tumors
• Having a certain type of neurodegenerative disorder,such as Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, stroke or dementia with Lewy bodies
• Having narcolepsy,a chronic sleep disorder characterized by overwhelming daytime drowsiness
• Taking certain medications,especially newer antidepressants, or the use or withdrawal of drugs or alcohol
Recent evidence suggests that there may also be several specific environmental or personal risk factors for REM sleep behavior disorder, including occupational pesticide exposure, farming, smoking or a previous head injury.
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What are the complications of REM sleep behavior disorder?
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Complications caused by REM sleep behavior disorder may include:
• Distress to your sleeping partner or other people living in your home
• Social isolation for fear that others may become aware of your sleep disruption
• Injury to yourself or your sleeping partner
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What are the Overview of Renal artery stenosis?
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Renal artery stenosis is the narrowing of one or more arteries that carry blood to your kidneys (renal arteries).
Narrowing of the arteries prevents enough oxygen-rich blood from reaching your kidneys. Your kidneys need adequate blood flow to help filter waste products and remove excess fluids. Reduced blood flow to your kidneys may injure kidney tissue and increase blood pressure throughout your body.
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What are the symptoms of Renal artery stenosis?
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Renal artery stenosis often doesn't cause any signs or symptoms until it's advanced. The condition may be discovered incidentally during testing for something else. Your health care provider may also suspect a problem if you have:
• High blood pressure that begins suddenly or worsens without explanation
• High blood pressure that begins before age 30 or after age 50
As renal artery stenosis progresses, other signs and symptoms may include:
• High blood pressure that's hard to control
• A whooshing sound as blood flows through a narrowed vessel (bruit), which your doctor hears through a stethoscope placed over your kidneys
• Elevated protein levels in the urine or other signs of a problem with kidney function
• Worsening kidney function during treatment for high blood pressure
• Fluid overload and swelling in your body's tissues
• Treatment-resistant heart failure
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What are the causes of Renal artery stenosis?
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The two main causes of renal artery stenosis include:
• Buildup on kidney (renal) arteries.Fats, cholesterol and other substances (plaque) can build up in and on your kidney artery walls (atherosclerosis). As these deposits get larger, they can harden, reduce blood flow, cause kidney scarring and eventually narrow the artery. Atherosclerosis occurs in many areas of the body and is the most common cause of renal artery stenosis.
• Fibromuscular dysplasia.In fibromuscular dysplasia, the muscle in the artery wall doesn't grow as it should. This often begins in childhood. The renal artery can have narrow sections alternating with wider sections, giving a bead-like appearance in images of the artery.The renal artery can narrow so much that the kidney doesn't get enough blood. This can lead to high blood pressure at a young age. This can happen in one or both kidneys. Experts don't know what causes fibromuscular dysplasia, but the condition is more common in women and may be something that's present at birth (congenital).
Narrowed kidney arteries and fibromuscular dysplasia can affect other arteries in your body as well as your kidney arteries and cause complications.
Rarely, renal artery stenosis results from other conditions such as inflammation of the blood vessels or a growth that develops in your abdomen and presses on your kidneys' arteries.
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What are the risk factors of Renal artery stenosis?
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Most cases of renal artery stenosis result from narrowed kidney arteries. Risk factors that make narrowed arteries more likely in your kidneys and other parts of your body include:
• Aging
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Diabetes
• Obesity
• Smoking and other tobacco use
• A family history of early heart disease
• Lack of exercise
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What are the complications of Renal artery stenosis?
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Possible complications of renal artery stenosis include:
• High blood pressure
• Kidney failure, requiring treatment with dialysis or a kidney transplant
• Fluid retention in your legs, causing swollen ankles or feet
• Shortness of breath due to a sudden buildup of fluid in the lungs
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