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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the risk factors of Peripheral nerve tumors?
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Peripheral nerve tumors are more common in people who have:
• Neurofibromatosis (types 1 and 2) and schwannomatosis.In these disorders, tumors develop on or near the nerves throughout the body. There are often multiple tumors. They can lead to a variety of symptoms depending on where they are in the body. These tumors are usually not cancerous.
• A history of radiation treatment.A person who was exposed to radiation is at higher risk of developing peripheral nerve tumors years later.
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What are the complications of Peripheral nerve tumors?
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Peripheral nerve tumors can press against nerves. This can lead to complications. Some may be permanent:
• Numbness and weakness in the affected area.
• Loss of function in the affected area.
• Trouble with balance.
• Pain.
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What are the Overview of Peritoneal carcinomatosis?
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Peritoneal carcinomatosis is a serious condition that happens when cancer spreads to the lining of the abdomen, called the peritoneum. Peritoneal carcinomatosis usually comes from cancers that start in other organs, such as the colon, stomach or ovaries. Peritoneal carcinomatosis is usually a sign that the cancer is at a late stage.
Peritoneal carcinomatosis can cause belly pain and swelling, blockage in the bowels, and loss of appetite. Treatments for this condition include chemotherapy, surgery or newer methods that place heated medicine directly into the abdomen. These newer treatments can help some people feel better and live longer. Sometimes they may even lead to a cure.
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What are the symptoms of Peritoneal carcinomatosis?
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Some people may notice symptoms of peritoneal carcinomatosis early, while others may not feel anything until the disease has gotten worse. Symptoms often become more noticeable when cancer cells grow and start affecting nearby organs, such as the intestines, bladder and stomach.
The most common symptoms include:
• Abdominal swelling or bloating.This is the most common symptom. Swelling is caused by fluid buildup, called ascites, in the belly. Someone may feel that they are gaining weight in the belly despite exercise. Women in menopause may appear as if they are pregnant.
• Abdominal pain or discomfort.This is often described as vague cramping or pressurelike pain.
• Loss of appetite.Someone may feel full quickly, even after small meals.
• Losing weight without trying.This weight loss is not related to changes in diet or activity.
• Fatigue.Someone may feel very tired, even after resting.
• Nausea and vomiting.These are often linked to bowel issues caused by tumor pressure.
• Bowel changes.These can include constipation or diarrhea and, sometimes, a blockage that prevents food or gas from passing.
• Bleeding.Peritoneal carcinomatosis may cause rectal or vaginal bleeding.
Other possible symptoms include:
• Urinary symptoms.If cancer spreads near the bladder or ureters, it may cause changes in urination or block urine flow. The ureters are thin tubes that carry urine from each kidney to the bladder.
• Shortness of breath.This is usually due to pressure from fluid buildup pushing on the lungs.
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What are the causes of Peritoneal carcinomatosis?
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Peritoneal carcinomatosis develops when cancer cells break off from other organs. The cells then travel into the abdominal cavity and attach to the lining of the belly, called the peritoneum. The peritoneum has a large surface area with a rich blood supply. This allows cancer cells to grow quickly.
The most common cancers that can lead to peritoneal carcinomatosis include:
• Ovarian cancer.
• Colon or rectal cancer.
• Stomach cancer.
• Pancreatic cancer.
• Appendix cancer.
• Less commonly, breast, lung, neuroendocrine or skin cancer or gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
Cancer that starts in the peritoneum is called primary peritoneal cancer. This is much rarer than peritoneal carcinomatosis that has spread from other organs, which is considered a secondary or metastatic cancer. The most common primary peritoneal cancer is peritoneal mesothelioma.
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What are the risk factors of Peritoneal carcinomatosis?
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Most of the time, peritoneal carcinomatosis happens when cancer spreads to the peritoneum from another part of the body. Some traits of the cancer or the person can make the cancer more likely to spread to the peritoneum.
• Advanced or larger cancers.Cancers that grow through the outermost layers of the organs or spread to lymph nodes are more likely to reach the peritoneum.
• Certain types of cancer cells.Some cancer cells, including mucinous and signet ring cancer cells, are strongly linked to peritoneal carcinomatosis. These types of cancers can be fast growing and aggressive and are more likely to spread throughout the abdomen rather than stay in one spot. That raises the risk that they will cause peritoneal carcinomatosis.
• Lymph node involvement.When cancer has already spread to nearby lymph nodes, the risk of peritoneal carcinomatosis is higher.
• Surgery to remove primary cancer.Having surgery to remove primary cancer in nearby organs increases the risk of cancer cells spreading during the procedure. If the cancerous tissue is accidentally cut or leaks during surgery, cancer cells can spill into the abdominal cavity. These cells can implant on the peritoneum and grow into new cancers.
• Cancer location.Cancers on the right side of the colon are more likely to spread to the peritoneum than are cancers on the left side of the colon.
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What are the complications of Peritoneal carcinomatosis?
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Peritoneal carcinomatosis can lead to several serious complications as the cancer spreads and affects organs within the abdominal cavity:
• Fluid buildup in the belly.Cancer cells in the peritoneum often cause fluid to build up in the belly, a condition called ascites. This leads to bloating, discomfort, shortness of breath and, sometimes, infection. Fluid may need to be drained often, sometimes through catheters that you or your caregiver must manage at home.
• Bowel blockage.As cancer spreads across the peritoneum, it can press on or wrap around the intestines. This can lead to a bowel blockage, called obstruction. This can cause severe pain and vomiting and make it difficult to pass stool or eat. Obstructions may require emergency surgeries.
• Urinary blockage.In peritoneal carcinomatosis, cancer can press on or grow around the thin tubes called ureters that carry urine from each kidney to the bladder. This can block the flow of urine.
• Trouble absorbing nutrients.When the intestines aren't working well, the body can't take in enough nutrients from food. Over time, this can make a person weak and raise the risk of conditions such as infections or poor nutrition.
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What are the Overview of Peritonitis?
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Peritonitis is a serious condition that starts in the abdomen. That's the area of the body between the chest and the pelvis. Peritonitis happens when the thin layer of tissue inside the abdomen becomes inflamed. The tissue layer is called the peritoneum. Peritonitis usually happens due to an infection from bacteria or fungi.
There are two types of peritonitis:
• Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.This infection is caused by bacteria. It can happen when someone has liver disease, such as cirrhosis, or kidney disease.
• Secondary peritonitis.Peritonitis can happen due to a hole, also called a rupture, inside an organ in the abdomen. Or it can be caused by other health conditions.
It's important to get treatment fast for peritonitis. Health care providers have ways to clear out the infection. They also can treat any medical problem that might be causing it. Peritonitis treatment usually involves medicines that are used for infections caused by bacteria, called antibiotics. Some people with peritonitis need surgery. If you don't get treatment, peritonitis can lead to a serious infection that spreads through the body. It can be deadly.
A common cause of peritonitis is a treatment for kidney failure called peritoneal dialysis. This treatment helps get rid of waste products from the blood when the kidneys struggle to do that job themselves. If you get peritoneal dialysis, you can help prevent peritonitis with good hygiene before, during and after dialysis. For example, it's important to wash your hands and clean the skin around your catheter.
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What are the symptoms of Peritonitis?
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Symptoms of peritonitis include:
• Belly pain or tenderness.
• Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen.
• Fever.
• Upset stomach and vomiting.
• Loss of appetite.
• Diarrhea.
• Reduced urine.
• Thirst.
• Not able to pass stool or gas.
• Feeling tired.
• Confusion.
If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include:
• Cloudy dialysis fluid.
• White flecks, strands or clumps — which are called fibrin — in the dialysis fluid.
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What are the causes of Peritonitis?
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Peritoneum infection is usually caused by a hole in an organ in the abdomen, such as the stomach and colon. The hole is also called a rupture. It's rare for peritonitis to happen for other causes.
Common causes of a hole that leads to peritonitis include:
• Medical proceduresPeritoneal dialysis uses tubes, also called catheters, to remove waste products from the blood. An infection may happen during peritoneal dialysis due to an unclean treatment room, poor hygiene or tainted equipment.Peritonitis also may happen after digestive surgery.Use of feeding tubes can lead to peritonitis.Peritonitis can happen after a procedure to take out fluid from your abdomen, such as for the condition ascites in liver disease.In rare cases, it can be a complication of an exam to check inside the rectum and colon called colonoscopy.Peritonitis can happen after a procedure to check the digestive tract called endoscopy. This is also rare.
• Peritoneal dialysis uses tubes, also called catheters, to remove waste products from the blood. An infection may happen during peritoneal dialysis due to an unclean treatment room, poor hygiene or tainted equipment.
• Peritonitis also may happen after digestive surgery.
• Use of feeding tubes can lead to peritonitis.
• Peritonitis can happen after a procedure to take out fluid from your abdomen, such as for the condition ascites in liver disease.
• In rare cases, it can be a complication of an exam to check inside the rectum and colon called colonoscopy.
• Peritonitis can happen after a procedure to check the digestive tract called endoscopy. This is also rare.
• A ruptured appendix, stomach ulcer or hole in the colon.Any of these conditions can allow bacteria to get into the peritoneum through a hole in your digestive tract.
• Pancreatitis.This is inflammation of a gland in the abdomen called the pancreas. If you have pancreatitis and you get an infection, bacteria could spread outside the pancreas. That may lead to peritonitis.
• Diverticulitis.Infection of small, bulging pouches in the digestive tract may cause peritonitis. This could happen if one of the pouches breaks open. The burst pouch could spill waste from the intestine into the abdomen.
• Trauma.Injury may cause peritonitis. This could allow bacteria or chemicals from other parts of the body to get into your peritoneum.
Peritonitis that happens without a hole or tear is called spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. It's usually a complication of liver disease, such as cirrhosis. Advanced cirrhosis causes a lot of fluid buildup in your abdomen. That fluid buildup could lead to a bacterial infection.
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What are the risk factors of Peritonitis?
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Some things that raise the risk of peritonitis are:
• Peritoneal dialysis.Peritonitis can happen in people who get this treatment.
• Other medical conditions.Certain conditions raise your risk of getting peritonitis, such as:Liver cirrhosis.Appendicitis.Stomach ulcers.Diverticulitis.Crohn's disease.Pancreatitis.
• Liver cirrhosis.
• Appendicitis.
• Stomach ulcers.
• Diverticulitis.
• Crohn's disease.
• Pancreatitis.
• History of peritonitis.Once you've had peritonitis, your risk of getting it again may be higher than that of someone who's never had it.
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What are the complications of Peritonitis?
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Without treatment, peritonitis may cause a whole-body infection called sepsis. Sepsis is very dangerous. It can cause shock, organ failure and death.
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What is the prevention of Peritonitis?
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Peritonitis that's linked with peritoneal dialysis is often caused by germs around the catheter. If you use peritoneal dialysis, take these steps to prevent peritonitis:
• Wash your hands before you touch the catheter. Scrub under your fingernails and between your fingers.
• Clean the skin around the catheter with an antiseptic every day.
• Store your supplies in a clean place.
• Wear a surgical mask during your dialysis fluid exchanges.
• Talk with your dialysis care team about the correct care for your peritoneal dialysis catheter.
Your health care provider may prescribe antibiotics to prevent peritonitis, especially if you've had peritonitis before. Antibiotics also might be prescribed if you have a buildup of peritoneal fluid due to a medical condition such as liver cirrhosis. If you take medicine called a proton pump inhibitor, you may be asked to stop taking it.
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What are the Overview of Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)?
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Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. The symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and trouble with concentration and memory. Symptoms can last weeks to months.
A mild traumatic brain injury is known as a concussion. A concussion may be caused by a fall, car accident or contact sports injury. Other causes include violent shaking and movement of the head or body.
You don't have to lose consciousness to get a concussion. And a concussion doesn't always cause persistent post-concussive symptoms. The risk of having persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn't appear to be linked to how severe the injury was.
Persistent post-concussive symptoms in most people appear within the first 7 to 10 days after an injury and typically last longer than three months. But sometimes they can last for a year or more. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms and to improve functioning and quality of life.
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What are the symptoms of Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)?
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Persistent post-concussive symptoms can be different in each person. They may include:
• Headaches.
• Dizziness.
• Fatigue.
• Irritability.
• Anxiety.
• Depression.
• Trouble falling asleep or sleeping too much.
• Poor concentration and memory.
• Ringing in the ears.
• Blurry vision.
• Noise and light sensitivity.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Neck pain.
Headaches after a concussion most often feel like migraines. The headaches also might feel like tension-type headaches, which may be related to a neck injury that happened at the same time as the head injury.
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What are the causes of Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)?
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More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others.
Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. Symptoms also may be related to other factors. These may include trouble with sleep, dizziness, stress and mental health. Your healthcare professional works with you to understand the cause of your symptoms and which treatments may help.
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What are the risk factors of Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)?
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Risk factors for developing persistent post-concussive symptoms include:
• Age.Persistent post-concussive symptoms usually are reported in people ages 20 to 30. But studies also show that older adults are at risk of more serious and prolonged persistent post-concussive symptoms.
• Sex assigned at birth.Women are more likely to be diagnosed with persistent post-concussive symptoms. But this may be because women are generally more likely to seek medical care.
• Anxiety.A history of anxiety is a strong risk factor.
• Prior headaches.People who have a history of headaches are at higher risk of having persistent post-concussive symptoms.
• Prior brain injury.A previous brain injury is linked to persistent post-concussive symptoms. But lasting symptoms also can happen after a single concussion.
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What is the prevention of Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)?
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The only known way to prevent persistent post-concussive symptoms is to avoid a head injury in the first place. You can't always prevent a head injury. But some tips for avoiding them include:
• Wear your seat belt.Buckle up every time you ride in a car or other motor vehicle.
• Be sure children are in the right safety seats for their ages.Children under age 13 are safest riding in the back seat, especially if your car has air bags. From birth to age 4, their car seats should face the rear. After outgrowing their rear-facing car seats and until at least age 5, they can face forward in the car seats. When children outgrow their forward-facing car seats, they should be moved to buckled booster seats in the back seat. When their seat belts fit properly without booster seats, they can move to seat belts. This usually happens between ages 9 and 12. All children age 13 and under should sit in the back seat.
• Wear a helmet.Wear a helmet when biking, roller-skating or ice-skating, skateboarding, riding a motorcycle, skiing, snowboarding, or any activity that could cause a head injury. It's also a good idea to wear a helmet when horseback riding or playing football, baseball or softball.
• Get annual eye exams.This is very important for older adults because vision problems may increase the risk of falls. If needed, get new glasses or contacts.
• Make your home safer.Remove small area rugs, improve lighting, install handrails and use safety gates for children. Prevent falls in older adults by talking to a healthcare professional about medicines that might cause dizziness or affect balance.
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What are the symptoms of Personality disorders?
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In some cases, you may not know that you have a personality disorder. That's because how you think and behave seems natural to you. You also may think others are responsible for your challenges.
There are many types of personality disorders, each with important differences. These disorders are organized into three groups, or clusters, with shared features and symptoms:
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What are the causes of Personality disorders?
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It's believed that personality disorders are caused by a blend of how genetics and your environment affect you. Your genes may make it more likely that you develop a personality disorder, and what happens to you in life may set a personality disorder into motion.
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What are the risk factors of Personality disorders?
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Although the specific causes of personality disorders are not known, some factors seem to increase the risk of having one:
• Specific personality traits.This includes always trying to stay away from harm, or the opposite — a strong need to seek out new activities that get the adrenaline pumping. It also includes poor impulse control.
• Early life experiences.This includes a home environment that is not stable, predictable or supportive. It also includes a history of trauma — physical neglect or abuse, emotional neglect or abuse, or sexual abuse.
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What are the complications of Personality disorders?
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Personality disorders can seriously disrupt your life and the lives of those who care about you. They may cause issues in relationships, work or school. And they can lead to social isolation, other mental health issues with addictions, as well as occupational and legal issues.
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What are the Overview of Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
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Phenylketonuria (fen-ul-key-toe-NU-ree-uh), also called PKU, is a rare inherited disorder that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body.PKUis caused by a change in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene. This gene helps create the enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine.
Without the enzyme necessary to break down phenylalanine, a dangerous buildup can develop when a person withPKUeats foods that contain protein or eats aspartame, an artificial sweetener. This can eventually lead to serious health problems.
For the rest of their lives, people withPKU— babies, children and adults — need to follow a diet that limits phenylalanine, which is found mostly in foods that contain protein. Newer medications may allow some people withPKUto eat a diet that has a higher or an unrestricted amount of phenylalanine.
Babies in the United States and many other countries are screened forPKUsoon after birth. Although there is no cure forPKU, recognizingPKUand starting treatment right away can help prevent limitations in areas of thinking, understanding and communicating (intellectual disability) and major health problems.
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What are the symptoms of Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
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Newborns withPKUinitially don't have any symptoms. However, without treatment, babies usually develop signs ofPKUwithin a few months.
Signs and symptoms of untreatedPKUcan be mild or severe and may include:
• A musty odor in the breath, skin or urine, caused by too much phenylalanine in the body
• Nervous system (neurological) problems that may include seizures
• Skin rashes, such as eczema
• Lighter skin, hair and eye color than family members, because phenylalanine can't transform into melanin — the pigment responsible for hair and skin tone
• Unusually small head size (microcephaly)
• Hyperactivity
• Intellectual disability
• Delayed development
• Behavioral, emotional and social problems
• Mental health disorders
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What are the causes of Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
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A gene change (genetic mutation) causesPKU, which can be mild, moderate or severe. In a person withPKU, a change in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene causes a lack of or reduced amount of the enzyme that's needed to process phenylalanine, an amino acid.
A dangerous buildup of phenylalanine can develop when a person withPKUeats protein-rich foods, such as milk, cheese, nuts or meat, or grains such as bread and pasta, or aspartame, an artificial sweetener.
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What are the risk factors of Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
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Risk factors for inheritingPKUinclude:
• Having both parents with a gene change that causesPKU.Two parents must pass along a copy of the changed gene for their child to develop the condition.
• Being of a certain racial or ethnic descent.PKUaffects people from most ethnic backgrounds worldwide. But in the United States, it's most common in people of European ancestry and much less common in people of African ancestry.
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What are the complications of Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
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UntreatedPKUcan lead to complications in infants, children and adults with the disorder. When women withPKUhave high blood phenylalanine levels during pregnancy, it can harm their unborn baby.
UntreatedPKUcan lead to:
• Irreversible brain damage and marked intellectual disability beginning within the first few months of life
• Neurological problems such as seizures and tremors
• Behavioral, emotional and social problems in older children and adults
• Major health and developmental problems
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What is the prevention of Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
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If you havePKUand are considering getting pregnant:
• Follow a low-phenylalanine diet.Women withPKUcan prevent harm to their developing baby by sticking to or returning to a low-phenylalanine diet before becoming pregnant. Nutritional supplements designed for people withPKUcan ensure enough protein and nutrition during pregnancy. If you havePKU, talk to your health care provider before you start trying to conceive.
• Consider genetic counseling.If you havePKU, a close relative withPKUor a child withPKU, you may benefit from genetic counseling before becoming pregnant. A specialist in medical genetics (geneticist) can help you better understand howPKUis passed through your family. The specialist can also help determine your risk of having a child withPKUand assist with family planning.
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What are the Overview of Pheochromocytoma?
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A pheochromocytoma (fee-o-kroe-moe-sy-TOE-muh) is a rare tumor that grows in an adrenal gland. Most often, the tumor is not cancer and has not spread to other parts of the body. This is called benign or nonmetastatic pheochromocytoma. Rarely, the tumor is cancer and has spread to other parts of the body. This is called malignant or metastatic pheochromocytoma.
You have two adrenal glands — one at the top of each kidney. The adrenal glands make hormones that help control key processes in the body, such as blood pressure. Usually, a pheochromocytoma forms in only one adrenal gland. But tumors can grow in both adrenal glands.
With a pheochromocytoma, the tumor releases hormones that can cause various symptoms. They include high blood pressure, headache, sweating and symptoms of a panic attack. If a pheochromocytoma isn't treated, serious or life-threatening damage to other body systems can happen.
Surgery to remove a pheochromocytoma often returns blood pressure to a healthy range.
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What are the symptoms of Pheochromocytoma?
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A pheochromocytoma often causes the following symptoms:
• High blood pressure.
• Headache.
• Heavy sweating.
• Rapid heartbeat.
Some people with pheochromocytomas also have symptoms such as:
• Nervous shaking.
• Skin that turns a lighter color, also called pallor.
• Shortness of breath.
• Panic attack-type symptoms, which can include sudden intense fear.
• Anxiety or a sense of doom.
• Vision problems.
• Constipation.
• Weight loss.
Some people with pheochromocytomas have no symptoms. They don't realize they have the tumor until an imaging test happens to find it.
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What are the causes of Pheochromocytoma?
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Researchers don't know exactly what causes a pheochromocytoma. The tumor forms in cells called chromaffin cells. These cells are located in the center of an adrenal gland. They release certain hormones, mainly adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones help control many body functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure and blood sugar.
Adrenaline and noradrenaline trigger the body's fight-or-flight response. That response happens when the body thinks there is a threat. The hormones cause blood pressure to rise and the heart to beat faster. They also prepare other body systems so you can react quickly. A pheochromocytoma causes more of these hormones to be released. And it causes them to be released when you're not in a threatening situation.
Most of the chromaffin cells are in the adrenal glands. But small clusters of these cells also are in the heart, head, neck, bladder, stomach area and along the spine. Chromaffin cell tumors located outside of the adrenal glands are called paragangliomas. They may cause the same effects on the body as a pheochromocytoma.
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What are the complications of Pheochromocytoma?
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A pheochromocytoma can lead to other health problems. The high blood pressure linked with a pheochromocytoma can damage organs, especially tissues of the heart and blood vessel system, brain and kidneys. This damage can cause dangerous conditions, including:
• Heart disease.
• Stroke.
• Kidney failure.
• Vision loss.
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What are the Overview of Pinched nerve?
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A pinched nerve occurs when too much pressure is applied to a nerve by surrounding tissues, such as bones, cartilage, muscles or tendons. This pressure can cause pain, tingling, numbness or weakness.
A pinched nerve can occur in many areas of the body. For example, a herniated disk in the lower spine may put pressure on a nerve root. This may cause pain that radiates down the back of the leg. A pinched nerve in the wrist can lead to pain and numbness in the hand and fingers, known as carpal tunnel syndrome.
With rest and other conservative treatments, most people recover from a pinched nerve within a few days or weeks. Sometimes, surgery is needed to relieve pain from a pinched nerve.
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What are the symptoms of Pinched nerve?
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Pinched nerve symptoms include:
• Numbness or less feeling in the area supplied by the nerve.
• Sharp, aching or burning pain, which may radiate outward.
• Tingling, or a pins and needles feeling.
• Muscle weakness in the affected area.
• Often feeling as if a foot or hand has "fallen asleep."
Symptoms related to a pinched nerve may be worse when you're sleeping.
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What are the causes of Pinched nerve?
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A pinched nerve occurs when too much pressure, known as compression, is applied to a nerve by surrounding tissues.
This tissue might be bone or cartilage, such as when a herniated spinal disk compresses a nerve root. Or muscle or tendons may compress a nerve.
In carpal tunnel syndrome, a variety of tissues may be responsible for compression of the carpal tunnel's median nerve in the wrist. It can be caused by swollen tendon sheaths within the tunnel, enlarged bone that narrows the tunnel, or a thickened and degenerated ligament.
A number of conditions may cause tissue to compress a nerve or nerves, including:
• Injury.
• Rheumatoid or wrist arthritis.
• Stress from repetitive work.
• Hobbies or sports.
• Obesity.
If a nerve is pinched for only a short time, there's often no permanent damage. Once the pressure is relieved, nerve function returns. However, if the pressure continues, chronic pain and permanent nerve damage can occur.
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What are the risk factors of Pinched nerve?
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The following factors may increase your risk of experiencing a pinched nerve:
• Sex assigned at birth.Women are more likely to develop carpal tunnel syndrome, possibly due to having smaller carpal tunnels.
• Bone spurs.Trauma or a condition that causes bone thickening, such as osteoarthritis, can cause bone spurs. Bone spurs can stiffen the spine as well as narrow the space where your nerves travel, pinching nerves.
• Rheumatoid arthritis.Inflammation caused by rheumatoid arthritis can compress nerves, especially in your joints.
• Thyroid disease.People with thyroid disease are at higher risk of carpal tunnel syndrome.
Other risk factors include:
• Diabetes.People with diabetes are at higher risk of nerve compression.
• Overuse.Jobs or hobbies that require repetitive hand, wrist or shoulder movements increase the risk of a pinched nerve. This includes assembly line work.
• Obesity.Excess weight can add pressure to nerves.
• Pregnancy.Water and weight gain associated with pregnancy can swell nerve pathways, compressing your nerves.
• Prolonged bed rest.Long periods of lying down can increase the risk of nerve compression.
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What is the prevention of Pinched nerve?
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The following measures may help you prevent a pinched nerve:
• Maintain good positioning.Don't cross your legs or lie in any one position for a long time.
• Incorporate strength and flexibility exercisesinto your regular exercise program.
• Limit repetitive activitiesand take frequent breaks when engaging in these activities.
• Maintain a healthy weightto put less pressure on nerves.
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What are the Overview of Pineoblastoma?
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Pineoblastoma is a type of cancer that starts in the brain's pineal gland. The pineal gland is located in the center of the brain. The gland makes a hormone called melatonin. Melatonin plays a role in the body's natural sleep-wake cycle.
Pineoblastoma begins as a growth of cells in the pineal gland. The cells grow quickly and can invade and destroy healthy body tissue.
Pineoblastoma can occur at any age. But it happens most often in young children. Pineoblastoma may cause headaches, sleepiness and changes in the way the eyes move.
Pineoblastoma can be very difficult to treat. It can spread within the brain and into the fluid around the brain. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid. Pineoblastoma almost never spreads beyond the central nervous system. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove as much of the cancer as possible. Additional treatments also may be recommended.
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What are the symptoms of Pineoblastoma?
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Pineoblastoma signs and symptoms include:
• Behavior changes.
• Headaches.
• Lack of energy.
• Nausea.
• Problems with memory and thinking.
Pineoblastoma sometimes causes eye symptoms. This can happen when the cancer causes pressure on parts of the brain that help with vision. The eye symptoms that pineoblastoma causes are sometimes called Parinaud syndrome. Eye symptoms caused by pineoblastoma include:
• Blurred vision.
• Double vision.
• Problems focusing on objects that are up close.
• Problems looking upward.
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What are the causes of Pineoblastoma?
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The cause of pineoblastoma often isn't known. This cancer starts as a growth of cells in the pineal gland. The pineal gland is located in the center of the brain.
Pineoblastoma happens when cells in the pineal gland develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells form a growth in the pineal gland. The growth, called a tumor, may press on nearby parts of the brain as it gets bigger. The tumor also may block the flow of fluid in the brain. This causes pressure that builds up inside the brain.
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What are the risk factors of Pineoblastoma?
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Risk factors for pineoblastoma include:
• Young age.Pineoblastoma is most common in children ages 1 to 12 years old.
• Inherited eye cancer.A genetic disorder called hereditary retinoblastoma raises the risk of pineoblastoma. Hereditary retinoblastoma runs in families. It increases the risk of a type of eye cancer called retinoblastoma and other kinds of cancer.
There is no way to prevent pineoblastoma.
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What are the Overview of Pituitary tumors?
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Pituitary tumors are unusual growths that develop in the pituitary gland. This gland is an organ about the size of a pea. It's located behind the nose at the base of the brain. Some of these tumors cause the pituitary gland to make too much of certain hormones that control important body functions. Others can cause the pituitary gland to make too little of those hormones.
Most pituitary tumors are benign. That means they are not cancer. Another name for these noncancerous tumors is pituitary adenomas. Most adenomas stay in the pituitary gland or in the tissue around it, and they grow slowly. They typically don't spread to other parts of the body.
Pituitary tumors can be treated in several ways. The tumor may be removed with surgery. Or its growth may be controlled with medications or radiation therapy. Sometimes, hormone levels are managed with medicine. Your health care provider may suggest a combination of these treatments. In some cases, observation — also called a ''wait-and-see'' approach — may be the right choice.
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What are the symptoms of Pituitary tumors?
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Not all pituitary tumors cause symptoms. Sometimes these tumors are found during an imaging test, such as anMRIor aCTscan, that is done for another reason. If they don't cause symptoms, pituitary tumors usually don't need treatment.
Pituitary tumor symptoms may be caused by a tumor putting pressure on the brain or on other parts of the body nearby. Symptoms also can be caused by a hormone imbalance. Hormone levels can rise when a pituitary tumor makes too much of one or more hormones. Or a large tumor that disrupts the way the pituitary gland works may cause hormone levels to fall.
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What are the causes of Pituitary tumors?
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The pituitary gland is a small organ about the size of a pea. It's located behind the nose at the base of the brain. Despite its small size, the pituitary gland has an effect on nearly every part of the body. The hormones it makes control important body functions, such as growth, blood pressure and reproduction.
The cause of uncontrolled cell growth in the pituitary gland, which creates a tumor, remains unknown. In rare cases, pituitary tumors can be caused by genes you've inherited. But most have no clear hereditary cause. Still, scientists think that changes in genes may play an important role in how pituitary tumors develop.
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What are the risk factors of Pituitary tumors?
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Most people who get pituitary tumors don't have any factors that put them at higher risk of developing these tumors. Environment and lifestyle choices don't seem to have an effect on a person's risk of pituitary tumors.
Although genetics seems to play a role, most people who have pituitary tumors don't have a family history of them.
The only known risk factors are several rare hereditary conditions that raise the risk of many health problems, including pituitary tumors. These conditions include:
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1, also called MEN 1.
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 4, also called MEN 4.
• Carney complex.
• McCune-Albright syndrome.
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What are the complications of Pituitary tumors?
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Pituitary tumors usually don't spread to other parts of the body. They can affect a person's health, though. Pituitary tumors may cause:
• Problems with eyesight, including vision loss.
• High blood pressure.
• High blood sugar.
• Bone loss.
• Heart problems.
• Problems with thinking and memory.
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What are the Overview of Plague?
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Plague is a serious illness caused by a germ called Yersinia pestis. The germs mostly live in small rodents and their fleas. The most common way for humans to get plague is a flea bite.
Plague is a rare disease. The illness mostly occurs in only a few countries around the world. In the United States, plague affects a few people each year in rural or semirural areas of western states.
Plague usually can be treated with antibiotics. If not treated, the illness is often deadly.
Plague is considered a potential bioweapon. The U.S. government has plans and treatments in place if the disease is used as a weapon.
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What are the symptoms of Plague?
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There are three types of plague. The symptoms vary for each type.
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What are the causes of Plague?
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Plague is caused by a bacteria called Yersinia pestis. The bacteria circulate in populations of small animals and their fleas.
In the western United States, these animals include:
• Rats, mice and voles.
• Squirrels.
• Rabbits.
• Prairie dogs.
• Ground squirrels and chipmunks.
Other animals can get plague by eating small animals with the disease or picking up their fleas. These may include:
• Pet cats and dogs.
• Coyotes.
• Wild cats.
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What are the risk factors of Plague?
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The risk of getting plague is very low. Worldwide, only a few thousand people get plague each year. In the United States, seven people on average get plague each year.
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What are the complications of Plague?
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Complications of plague may include:
• Gangrene.Blood clots can form in the tiny blood vessels of the fingers, toes, nose and ears. This can cause the tissues to die. The dead tissue needs to be removed.
• Meningitis.Rarely, plague may cause swelling and disease of the protective tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This condition is called meningitis.
• Pharyngeal plague.Rarely, the disease can be present in the tissues behind the nasal cavity and mouth, called the pharynx. This is called pharyngeal plague.
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What is the prevention of Plague?
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No vaccine is available, but scientists are working to develop one. Antibiotics can help prevent infection if you were likely exposed to plague.
People with pneumonic plague are isolated during treatment to prevent the spread of disease. Health care workers must wear protective masks, gowns, gloves and eyewear when they treat someone with pneumonic plague.
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What are the Overview of Plantar warts?
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Plantar warts are small, rough growths on the feet. They usually show up on the balls and heels of the feet, the areas that bear the most pressure. This pressure may also cause a wart to grow inward beneath a hard, thick layer of skin (callus).
Plantar warts are caused by HPV. This virus enters through tiny cuts or breaks on the bottom of the feet.
Most plantar warts aren't a serious health concern and often go away without treatment, especially in children under 12. To get rid of them sooner, you can try self-care treatments or see your health care provider.
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What are the symptoms of Plantar warts?
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Plantar wart signs and symptoms include:
• A small, rough growth on the bottom of your foot, usually at the base of the toes or on the ball or heel
• On brown and Black skin, the growth may be lighter than unaffected skin
• Hard, thickened skin (callus) over a spot on the skin, where a wart has grown inward
• Black pinpoints, which are small clotted blood vessels commonly called wart seeds
• A cluster of growths on the sole of the foot (mosaic warts)
• A growth that interrupts the normal lines and ridges in the skin of your foot
• Pain or tenderness when walking or standing
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What are the causes of Plantar warts?
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Plantar warts are caused by an infection with HPV in the outer layer of skin on the soles of the feet. The warts develop when the virus enters through tiny cuts, breaks or weak spots on the bottom of the foot. If left untreated, warts can last from a few months to 2 years in children, and several years in in adults.
HPV is very common, and more than 100 kinds of the virus exist. But only a few of them cause warts on the feet. Other types of HPV are more likely to cause warts on other areas of your skin or on mucous membranes.
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What are the risk factors of Plantar warts?
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Anyone can develop plantar warts, but this type of wart is more likely to affect:
• Children and teenagers
• People with weak immune systems
• People who have had plantar warts before
• People who walk barefoot in areas where a wart-causing virus is common, such as locker rooms and swimming pools
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What are the complications of Plantar warts?
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When plantar warts cause pain, you may alter your normal posture or gait — perhaps without realizing it. Eventually, this change in how you stand, walk or run can cause muscle or joint discomfort.
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What is the prevention of Plantar warts?
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To help prevent plantar warts:
• Avoid direct contact with warts. This includes your own warts. Wash your hands carefully after touching a wart.
• Keep your feet clean and dry.
• Wear sandals or other foot protection when walking around swimming pools, in locker rooms or in gym showers.
• Don't pick at or scratch warts.
• When using an emery board, pumice stone or nail clipper on your warts, choose one that you don't use on your healthy skin and nails.
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What are the Overview of Pleurisy?
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Pleurisy (PLOOR-ih-see) is a condition in which the pleura — two large, thin layers of tissue that separate your lungs from your chest wall — becomes inflamed. Also called pleuritis, pleurisy causes sharp chest pain (pleuritic pain) that worsens during breathing.
One pleural layer of tissue wraps around the outside of the lungs. The other pleural layer lines the inner chest wall. Between these two layers is a small space (pleural space) that's usually filled with a very small amount of liquid. These layers act like two pieces of smooth satin gliding past each other, allowing your lungs to expand and contract when you breathe.
If you have pleurisy, these tissues swell and become inflamed. As a result, the two layers of the pleural lining rub against each other like two pieces of sandpaper. This causes pain when you breathe in and out. The pleuritic pain lessens or stops when you hold your breath.
Treatment of pleurisy involves pain control and treating the cause.
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What are the symptoms of Pleurisy?
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Signs and symptoms of pleurisy might include:
• Chest pain that worsens when you breathe, cough or sneeze.
• Shortness of breath — often from trying to limit breathing in and out.
• Cough — only in some cases.
• Fever — only in some cases.
Pain caused by pleurisy might worsen with movement of your upper body and can spread to your shoulders or back.
Pleurisy can occur along with pleural effusion, atelectasis or empyema:
• Pleural effusion.In some cases of pleurisy, fluid builds up in the small space between the two layers of tissue. This is called pleural effusion. When there is a fair amount of fluid, pleuritic pain lessens or disappears because the two layers of pleura are no longer in contact and don't rub together.
• Atelectasis.A large amount of fluid in the pleural space can create pressure. This can compress your lung to the point that it partially or completely collapses (atelectasis). This makes breathing difficult and might cause coughing.
• Empyema.The extra fluid in the pleural space can also become infected, resulting in a buildup of pus. This is called an empyema. Fever often occurs along with an empyema.
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What are the causes of Pleurisy?
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A variety of conditions can cause pleurisy. Causes include:
• Viral infection, such as the flu (influenza).
• Bacterial infection, such as pneumonia.
• Fungal infection.
• Autoimmune disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
• Lung cancer near the pleural surface.
• Pulmonary embolism.
• Tuberculosis (TB).
• Rib fracture or trauma.
• Certain inherited diseases, such as sickle cell disease.
• Certain medications and recreational drugs.
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What are the risk factors of Pleurisy?
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The risk of pleurisy increases if you get certain infections, such as the flu or pneumonia. Some medical conditions, such as lupus, TB and sickle cell disease also can increase your risk. And taking certain medicines or certain recreational drugs raise the risk of pleurisy.
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What are the Overview of Pneumonia?
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Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia.
Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening. It is most serious for infants and young children, people older than age 65, and people with health problems or weakened immune systems.
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What are the symptoms of Pneumonia?
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The signs and symptoms of pneumonia vary from mild to severe, depending on factors such as the type of germ causing the infection, and your age and overall health. Mild signs and symptoms often are similar to those of a cold or flu, but they last longer.
Signs and symptoms of pneumonia may include:
• Chest pain when you breathe or cough
• Confusion or changes in mental awareness (in adults age 65 and older)
• Cough, which may produce phlegm
• Fatigue
• Fever, sweating and shaking chills
• Lower than normal body temperature (in adults older than age 65 and people with weak immune systems)
• Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea
• Shortness of breath
Newborns and infants may not show any sign of the infection. Or they may vomit, have a fever and cough, appear restless or tired and without energy, or have difficulty breathing and eating.
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What are the causes of Pneumonia?
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Many germs can cause pneumonia. The most common are bacteria and viruses in the air we breathe. Your body usually prevents these germs from infecting your lungs. But sometimes these germs can overpower your immune system, even if your health is generally good.
Pneumonia is classified according to the types of germs that cause it and where you got the infection.
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What are the risk factors of Pneumonia?
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Pneumonia can affect anyone. But the two age groups at highest risk are:
• Children who are 2 years old or younger
• People who are age 65 or older
Other risk factors include:
• Being hospitalized.You're at greater risk of pneumonia if you're in a hospital intensive care unit, especially if you're on a machine that helps you breathe (a ventilator).
• Chronic disease.You're more likely to get pneumonia if you have asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or heart disease.
• Smoking.Smoking damages your body's natural defenses against the bacteria and viruses that cause pneumonia.
• Weakened or suppressed immune system.People who haveHIV/AIDS, who've had an organ transplant, or who receive chemotherapy or long-term steroids are at risk.
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What are the complications of Pneumonia?
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Even with treatment, some people with pneumonia, especially those in high-risk groups, may experience complications, including:
• Bacteria in the bloodstream (bacteremia).Bacteria that enter the bloodstream from your lungs can spread the infection to other organs, potentially causing organ failure.
• Difficulty breathing.If your pneumonia is severe or you have chronic underlying lung diseases, you may have trouble breathing in enough oxygen. You may need to be hospitalized and use a breathing machine (ventilator) while your lung heals.
• Fluid accumulation around the lungs (pleural effusion).Pneumonia may cause fluid to build up in the thin space between layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavity (pleura). If the fluid becomes infected, you may need to have it drained through a chest tube or removed with surgery.
• Lung abscess.An abscess occurs if pus forms in a cavity in the lung. An abscess is usually treated with antibiotics. Sometimes, surgery or drainage with a long needle or tube placed into the abscess is needed to remove the pus.
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What is the prevention of Pneumonia?
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To help prevent pneumonia:
• Get vaccinated.Vaccines are available to prevent some types of pneumonia and the flu. Talk with your doctor about getting these shots. The vaccination guidelines have changed over time so make sure to review your vaccination status with your doctor even if you recall previously receiving a pneumonia vaccine.
• Make sure children get vaccinated.Doctors recommend a different pneumonia vaccine for children younger than age 2 and for children ages 2 to 5 years who are at particular risk of pneumococcal disease. Children who attend a group child care center should also get the vaccine. Doctors also recommend flu shots for children older than 6 months.
• Practice good hygiene.To protect yourself against respiratory infections that sometimes lead to pneumonia, wash your hands regularly or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
• Don't smoke.Smoking damages your lungs' natural defenses against respiratory infections.
• Keep your immune system strong.Get enough sleep, exercise regularly and eat a healthy diet.
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What are the Overview of Pneumonitis?
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Pneumonitis (noo-moe-NIE-tis) is a general term that refers to swelling and irritation, also called inflammation, of lung tissue. Lung infections such as pneumonia also can cause lung tissue to become inflamed. But pneumonitis generally refers to inflamed lung tissue not caused by an infection.
Pneumonitis is a result of an extra strong defense response by the body's immune system to an irritating substance. Common causes of pneumonitis include airborne irritants at a job, in the home or from hobbies. Other causes include some cancer treatments and many different medicines.
Trouble breathing, and often a dry cough, are the most common symptoms of pneumonitis. Treatment focuses on avoiding irritants and lessening the inflammation of lung tissue.
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What are the symptoms of Pneumonitis?
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Symptoms of pneumonitis may develop quickly or slowly and can worsen over time. At times symptoms may suddenly get worse or better. Also, symptoms vary greatly among people with the condition and include:
• Trouble breathing.
• Dry cough that usually doesn't bring up any mucus.
• Extreme tiredness.
• Loss of appetite.
• Fever.
• Joint and muscle pain.
• Headache.
• Weight loss.
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What are the causes of Pneumonitis?
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Pneumonitis happens when an irritating substance causes inflammation in the tiny air sacs called alveoli in your lungs. Inflamed lung tissue makes it hard for oxygen to pass through the alveoli into the bloodstream.
Many causes have been linked to pneumonitis. But it's not clear why some people have a strong immune system response to certain substances that cause pneumonitis, while others do not. For many people, the specific substance causing the inflammation is never identified.
Some types of pneumonitis include hypersensitivity pneumonitis, drug-induced pneumonitis and radiation-induced pneumonitis.
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What are the complications of Pneumonitis?
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If pneumonitis is not detected or not treated, you may gradually develop lung damage that can't be reversed.
In healthy lungs, the air sacs stretch and relax with each breath. Ongoing inflammation of the thin tissue lining each air sac causes scarring and makes the air sacs less flexible. They become stiff like a dried sponge. This is called pulmonary fibrosis. In severe cases, pulmonary fibrosis can cause high blood pressure in the lungs, right-sided heart failure, respiratory failure or death.
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What are the Overview of POEMS syndrome?
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POEMS syndrome is a rare blood disorder that damages nerves and affects other parts of the body. POEMS stands for symptoms of the condition. Symptoms may include weak legs, trouble breathing, a larger spleen or liver, and skin changes.
Without treatment, POEMS syndrome gets worse quickly. It can become life-threatening. So early diagnosis is vital.
There's no cure for POEMS syndrome. But treatment might improve symptoms. Treatment may include radiation therapy, chemotherapy and stem cell transplant. The outlook for people with POEMS syndrome has improved greatly over the years.
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What are the symptoms of POEMS syndrome?
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The symptoms of POEMS syndrome make up its name. Symptoms most often appear over weeks to months. They include the following:
• Polyneuropathy.This may include numbness, tingling and weakness in the legs. In time, it might affect the hands. It also involves trouble breathing. Polyneuropathy must be present for a POEMS diagnosis.
• Organomegaly.This is an enlarged spleen, liver or lymph nodes.
• Endocrinopathy and edema.Atypical hormone levels can cause an underactive thyroid, also called hypothyroidism. The hormone levels also can cause diabetes, sexual issues, tiredness, and swelling in arms and legs.
• Monoclonal protein.This is a protein that atypical plasma cells in bone marrow make. The monoclonal protein goes into the bloodstream. This must be present for the diagnosis of POEMS syndrome. Monoclonal protein often is linked with bones getting harder or thicker.
• Skin changes.This may involve having more color than usual on the skin. There may be red spots, which may be harder to see on Black or brown skin. The skin might be thicker. There might be more hair on the face or the legs.
Not all the symptoms of POEMS syndrome are in the name. And not everyone with POEMS syndrome has all the symptoms in the name. But everyone with POEMS syndrome has polyneuropathy and monoclonal protein.
Other symptoms some people with POEMS syndrome have spell out PEST. PEST stands for:
• Papilledema.This is swelling in the back of the eyes.
• Extravascular volume overload.This might include ankle swelling, fluid between the lung and the ribs, or fluid in the belly.
• Sclerotic bone lesions.X-rays can show these bone spots. They're most often not painful.
• Thrombocytosis and erythrocytosis.These are higher levels of red cells and platelets in the bloodstream.
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What are the causes of POEMS syndrome?
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Experts don't know the cause of POEMS syndrome. But people with POEMS syndrome have a higher number of plasma cells. These cells make too much of a type of protein, called monoclonal protein. This protein can damage other parts of the body.
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What are the risk factors of POEMS syndrome?
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Factors that raise the risk of POEMS syndrome include:
• Older age.POEMS syndrome most often happens after age 50.
• Male sex.People assigned male at birth are a bit more likely to get POEMS syndrome than are people assigned female at birth.
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What are the Overview of Poison ivy rash?
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Poison ivy rash is caused by an allergic reaction to an oily resin called urushiol (u-ROO-she-ol). This oil is in the leaves, stems and roots of poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac.
Wash your skin right away if you come into contact with this oil, unless you know you're not sensitive to it. Washing off the oil may reduce your chances of getting a poison ivy rash. If you develop a rash, it can be very itchy and last for weeks.
You can treat mild cases of poison ivy rash at home with soothing lotions and cool baths. You may need prescription medication for a rash that's severe or widespread — especially if it's on your face or genitals.
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What are the symptoms of Poison ivy rash?
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Signs and symptoms of a poison ivy rash include:
• Redness
• Itching
• Swelling
• Blisters
• Difficulty breathing, if you've inhaled the smoke from burning poison ivy
Poison ivy rash often appears in a straight line because of the way the plant brushes against your skin. But if you develop a rash after touching a piece of clothing or pet fur that has urushiol on it, the rash may be more spread out. You can also transfer the oil to other parts of your body with your fingers. The reaction usually develops 12 to 48 hours after exposure and lasts two to three weeks.
The severity of the rash depends on the amount of urushiol that gets on your skin.
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What are the causes of Poison ivy rash?
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Poison ivy rash is caused by an allergic reaction to an oily resin called urushiol. It's found in poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac. This oily resin is very sticky, so it easily attaches to your skin, clothing, tools, equipment and pet's fur. You can get a poison ivy reaction from:
• Touching the plant.If you touch the leaves, stem, roots or berries of the plant, you may have a reaction.
• Touching contaminated objects.If you walk through some poison ivy and then later touch your shoes, you might get urushiol on your hands. You might then transfer it to your face or body by touching or rubbing. If the contaminated object isn't cleaned, the urushiol on it can still cause a skin reaction years later.
• Inhaling smoke from the burning plants.Even the smoke from burning poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac can irritate or harm your nasal passages or lungs.
Pus that oozes from blisters doesn't contain urushiol and won't spread the rash. But it's possible to get poison ivy rash from someone if you touch plant resin that's still on the person or contaminated clothing.
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What are the risk factors of Poison ivy rash?
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Your risk of a rash is increased if you participate in outdoor activities that put you at higher risk of exposure to poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac:
• Cable or telephone line installation
• Camping
• Construction
• Farming
• Firefighting
• Fishing from the shoreline
• Forestry
• Gardening
• Hiking
• Hunting
• Landscaping
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What are the complications of Poison ivy rash?
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If you scratch a poison ivy rash, bacteria under your fingernails may cause the skin to become infected. See your doctor if pus starts oozing from the blisters. Your doctor might prescribe antibiotics. Serious difficulty breathing and inflammation of the lining of the lungs may result from inhaling urushiol.
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What is the prevention of Poison ivy rash?
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To prevent poison ivy rash, follow these tips:
• Avoid the plants.Learn how to identify poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac in all seasons. When hiking or engaging in other activities that might expose you to these plants, try to stay on cleared pathways. Wear socks, pants and long sleeves when outdoors. If camping, make sure you pitch your tent in an area free of these plants.Keep pets from running through wooded areas so that urushiol doesn't stick to their fur, which you then may touch.
• Wear protective clothing.If needed, protect your skin by wearing socks, boots, pants, long sleeves and heavy gloves.
• Remove or kill the plants.Identify and remove poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac from your yard or garden. You can get rid of such plants by applying an herbicide or pulling them out of the ground, including the roots, while wearing heavy gloves. Afterward remove the gloves carefully and wash them and your hands. Don't burn poison ivy or related plants because the urushiol can be carried by the smoke.
• Wash your skin or your pet's fur.Within 30 minutes after exposure to urushiol, use soap and water to gently wash off the harmful resin from your skin. Scrub under your fingernails too. Even washing after an hour or so can help reduce the severity of the rash.If you think your pet may be contaminated with urushiol, put on some long rubber gloves and give your pet a bath.
• Clean contaminated objects.If you think you've come into contact with poison ivy, wash your clothing promptly in warm soapy water — ideally in a washing machine. Handle contaminated clothing carefully so that you don't transfer the urushiol to yourself, furniture, rugs or appliances.Also wash as soon as possible any other items that came in contact with the plant oil — such as outdoor gear, garden tools, jewelry, shoes and even shoelaces. Urushiol can remain potent for years. So if you put away a contaminated jacket without washing it and take it out a year later, the oil on the jacket may still cause a rash.
• Apply a barrier cream.Try over-the-counter skin products that are intended to act as a barrier between your skin and the oily resin that causes poison ivy rash.
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What are the Overview of Polio?
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Polio is an illness caused by a virus that mainly affects nerves in the spinal cord or brain stem. In its most severe form, polio can lead to a person being unable to move certain limbs, also called paralysis. It can also lead to trouble breathing and sometimes death. The disease also is called poliomyelitis.
A vaccination effort throughout the world has led to only a small number of cases to occur around the world in recent years. But poliovirus still spreads within areas with low vaccination rates.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) publishes travel notices of countries where there is a higher risk of polio. Countries at a higher risk of polio are generally in Africa, the Middle East, and southern and central Asia.
Vaccinated adults who plan to travel to an area where polio is spreading should get a booster dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). Immunity after a booster lasts a lifetime.
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What are the symptoms of Polio?
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Most people infected with the virus that causes polio, called poliovirus, don't get symptoms.
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What are the causes of Polio?
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Polio is caused by the poliovirus. It mainly targets nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain stem that control muscle movement. Nerve cells controlling sensation are generally not affected.
The naturally-occurring poliovirus, called the wild-type poliovirus, has been eliminated in most countries and causes few cases of polio. Another version of the virus, called the vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV), is more widespread and now causes most infections worldwide.VDPVexists mainly in a few countries that use an oral vaccine with a weakened poliovirus.
The weakened virus in the oral vaccine doesn't itself cause polio, and vaccinated people rarely contractVDPV. Instead,VDPVis a new version of the virus that develops within a community or region where not enough people are vaccinated.
Even though the weakened virus in the oral vaccine doesn't cause illness, it can spread. If most people in a community are vaccinated, the spread of the weakened virus is controlled. If many people aren't vaccinated, the weakened virus can move through a community for a long time. This gives the virus the chance to change, or mutate, and behave like the wild-type virus that causes illness.
Infections fromVDPVhave been reported in the United States. In each case, the person was either not vaccinated or had a significantly weakened immune system. One case in New York in 2022 was in a county with a lower-than-average polio vaccination rate. Samples from wastewater showed thatVDPVwas spreading in some communities.
Since 2000, polio vaccination in the United States has used an injected vaccine with an inactivated poliovirus that doesn't create the risk forVDPV.
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What are the risk factors of Polio?
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Polio mainly affects children. But anyone who hasn't been vaccinated is at risk of getting the disease.
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What are the complications of Polio?
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Severe disease that affects the ability to breathe can cause death. Long-term complications for people who recover may include:
• Permanent paralysis
• Muscle shortening that causes deformed bones or joints
• Chronic pain
• Post-polio syndrome
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What is the prevention of Polio?
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The most effective way to prevent polio is vaccination.
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What are the Overview of Polycystic kidney disease?
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Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a condition in which clusters of cysts grow in the body, mainly in the kidneys. Over time, the cysts may cause the kidneys to get bigger and stop working. PKD is most often passed through families. This is called an inherited condition.
Cysts are round sacs with fluid in them. They are not cancer. In PKD, the cysts vary in size. They can grow very large. Having many cysts or large cysts can damage the kidneys.
Polycystic kidney disease also can cause cysts to grow in the liver, the pancreas and other places in the body. The disease can cause serious complications, including high blood pressure and kidney failure.
PKD varies greatly in how bad it is. It's possible to prevent some complications. Lifestyle changes and treatments might help reduce damage to the kidneys.
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What are the symptoms of Polycystic kidney disease?
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Polycystic kidney disease symptoms can include:
• High blood pressure.
• Belly, side or back pain.
• Blood in the urine.
• A feeling of fullness in the belly.
• Increased size of the belly from enlarged kidneys.
• Headaches.
• Kidney stones.
• Kidney failure.
• Urinary tract or kidney infections.
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What are the causes of Polycystic kidney disease?
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Gene changes cause polycystic kidney disease. Most often, the condition runs in families. Sometimes, a gene change happens on its own in a child. This is known as a spontaneous gene change. Then neither parent has a copy of the changed gene.
There are two main types of polycystic kidney disease. They're caused by different gene changes. The two types of PKD are:
• Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD).This is the most common type of ongoing kidney disease that's passed through families, also called inherited. Symptoms of ADPKD often start between the ages of 30 and 40.Only one parent needs to have the condition to pass it to the children. If one parent has ADPKD, each child has a 50% chance of getting the condition. This is the more common type of polycystic kidney disease.
• Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD).This type is far less common than is ADPKD. The symptoms often appear soon after birth. Sometimes, symptoms don't appear until later in childhood or during the teen years.Both parents must have gene changes to pass on this form of the condition. If both parents carry a changed gene, each child has a 25% chance of getting the condition.
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What are the risk factors of Polycystic kidney disease?
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The biggest risk factor for getting polycystic kidney disease is getting the gene changes that cause the disease from one or both parents.
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What are the complications of Polycystic kidney disease?
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Complications linked to polycystic kidney disease include:
• High blood pressure.This is common in polycystic kidney disease. Not treated, high blood pressure can cause more damage to the kidneys and increase the risk of heart disease and strokes.
• Loss of kidney function.The kidneys' losing their ability to do their work is one of the most serious complications of polycystic kidney disease. Nearly half of people with the condition have kidney failure by age 60. But for some people, it starts in the early 30s.
• Pain.It's common to have pain with polycystic kidney disease. Pain often is in the side or back. The pain can come and go or be ongoing. The pain may be linked to bleeding into a cyst, a urinary tract infection, a kidney stone or, less often, cancer.
• Cysts in the liver.The older people with polycystic kidney disease get, the more likely it is they'll get cysts in the liver. With cysts, the liver most often keeps working.Women tend to get larger cysts than do men. Hormones and pregnancies might be part of the reason.
• Brain aneurysm.A balloonlike bulge in a blood vessel, called an aneurysm, in the brain can cause bleeding if it bursts. People with polycystic kidney disease have a higher risk of aneurysms. People with a family history of aneurysms seem to be at highest risk.Ask your healthcare professional if you need screening. If screening doesn't show an aneurysm, your healthcare professional may suggest screening again in a few years. The timing of repeat screening depends on your risk.
• Pregnancy complications.Most people with polycystic kidney disease can have success with pregnancy. But sometimes, they can get a life-threatening condition called preeclampsia during pregnancy. Those most at risk have high blood pressure or a loss of kidney function before they become pregnant.
• Heart valve conditions.As many as 1 in 4 adults with polycystic kidney disease gets mitral valve prolapse. When this happens, the heart valve no longer closes well. This lets blood leak backward.
• Colon conditions.People with polycystic kidney disease may get weaknesses and pouches or sacs called diverticula in the wall of the colon. This condition is called diverticulosis. Diverticula most often don't cause symptoms, but they may bleed or get infected.
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What is the prevention of Polycystic kidney disease?
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If you have polycystic kidney disease and you're thinking about having children, a genetic counselor can help you know your risk of passing the disease to your children.
Keeping your kidneys as healthy as possible may help prevent some of the complications of this disease. It's most important to manage your blood pressure.
Here are some tips for keeping your blood pressure in check:
• Take the blood pressure medicines your healthcare professional prescribes as directed.
• Eat a low-salt diet that has plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
• Get to and stay at a healthy weight.
• Exercise regularly. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity most days of the week.
• Limit alcohol use.
• Don't smoke.
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What are the Overview of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a problem with hormones that happens during the reproductive years. If you havePCOS, you may not have periods very often. Or you may have periods that last many days. You may also have too much of a hormone called androgen in your body.
WithPCOS, many small sacs of fluid develop along the outer edge of the ovary. These are called cysts. The small fluid-filled cysts contain immature eggs. These are called follicles. The follicles fail to regularly release eggs.
The exact cause ofPCOSis unknown. Early diagnosis and treatment along with weight loss may lower the risk of long-term complications such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease.
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What are the symptoms of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
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Symptoms ofPCOSoften start around the time of the first menstrual period. Sometimes symptoms develop later after you have had periods for a while.
The symptoms ofPCOSvary. A diagnosis ofPCOSis made when you have at least two of these:
• Irregular periods.Having few menstrual periods or having periods that aren't regular are common signs ofPCOS. So is having periods that last for many days or longer than is typical for a period. For example, you might have fewer than nine periods a year. And those periods may occur more than 35 days apart. You may have trouble getting pregnant.
• Too much androgen.High levels of the hormone androgen may result in excess facial and body hair. This is called hirsutism. Sometimes, severe acne and male-pattern baldness can happen, too.
• Polycystic ovaries.Your ovaries might be bigger. Many follicles containing immature eggs may develop around the edge of the ovary. The ovaries might not work the way they should.
PCOSsigns and symptoms are typically more severe in people with obesity.
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What are the Women’s health topics - straight to your inbox of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
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Get the latest information from our Mayo Clinic experts on women’s health topics, serious and complex conditions, wellness and more.Click to view a previewand subscribe below.
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What are the causes of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
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The exact cause ofPCOSisn't known. Factors that might play a role include:
• Insulin resistance.Insulin is a hormone that the pancreas makes. It allows cells to use sugar, your body's primary energy supply. If cells become resistant to the action of insulin, then blood sugar levels can go up. This can cause your body to make more insulin to try to bring down the blood sugar level.Too much insulin might cause your body to make too much of the male hormone androgen. You could have trouble with ovulation, the process where eggs are released from the ovary.One sign of insulin resistance is dark, velvety patches of skin on the lower part of the neck, armpits, groin or under the breasts. A bigger appetite and weight gain may be other signs.
• Low-grade inflammation.White blood cells make substances in response to infection or injury. This response is called low-grade inflammation. Research shows that people withPCOShave a type of long-term, low-grade inflammation that leads polycystic ovaries to produce androgens. This can lead to heart and blood vessel problems.
• Heredity.Research suggests that certain genes might be linked toPCOS. Having a family history ofPCOSmay play a role in developing the condition.
• Excess androgen.WithPCOS, the ovaries may produce high levels of androgen. Having too much androgen interferes with ovulation. This means that eggs don't develop on a regular basis and aren't released from the follicles where they develop. Excess androgen also can result in hirsutism and acne.
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What are the complications of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
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Complications ofPCOScan include:
• Infertility
• Gestational diabetes or pregnancy-induced high blood pressure
• Miscarriage or premature birth
• Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis — a severe liver inflammation caused by fat buildup in the liver
• Metabolic syndrome — a cluster of conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and unhealthy cholesterol or triglyceride levels that significantly increase your risk of heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease
• Type 2 diabetes or prediabetes
• Sleep apnea
• Depression, anxiety and eating disorders
• Cancer of the uterine lining (endometrial cancer)
Obesity commonly occurs withPCOSand can worsen complications of the disorder.
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What are the Overview of Polyhydramnios?
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Polyhydramnios (pol-e-hi-DRAM-nee-os) is the buildup of increased amniotic fluid — the fluid that surrounds the baby in the uterus during pregnancy. Polyhydramnios happens in about 1% to 2% of pregnancies.
Most of the time, the condition is mild. It's often found during the middle or later stages of pregnancy. Severe polyhydramnios may cause shortness of breath, preterm labor or other symptoms.
If you learn that you have polyhydramnios, your health care team carefully tracks your pregnancy to help prevent health problems. Treatment depends on how serious the condition is. Mild polyhydramnios may go away on its own. Severe polyhydramnios may need to be watched more closely by your care team.
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