Datasets:
CodCodingCode
/
medcialQA-reasoning-V2.1

Dataset card Data Studio Files
xet
Community
1
instruction
stringclasses
8 values
input
stringlengths
6
2.69k
output
stringlengths
1
34.2k
source
stringclasses
3 values
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What is the prevention of Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?
There's no sure way to prevent oppositional defiant disorder. But positive parenting and early treatment can help improve behavior and prevent the situation from getting worse. The earlier thatODDcan be managed, the better. Treatment can help restore your child's self-esteem and rebuild a positive relationship between you and your child. Your child's relationships with other important adults in their life — such as teachers and care providers — also will benefit from early treatment.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Overview of Orchitis?
Orchitis (or-KIE-tis) refers to infection or swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of one or both testicles. Infections are common causes of orchitis. These include sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and infection with the mumps virus. Orchitis often is linked with an infection of the epididymis, which is the coiled tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm. The infection of the epididymis is called epididymitis. With orchitis, the condition is called epididymo-orchitis. Orchitis may cause pain and swelling. It is typically treated with supportive underwear, cold packs, medicines called anti-inflammatories and, in some instances, medicines called antibiotics. But it can take several weeks or even months for tenderness in the scrotum to go away. Rarely, severe orchitis can affect being able to have children, called fertility. This most often happens in people who get the infection during childhood or the teen years.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Orchitis?
Orchitis symptoms most often come on quickly. They can include: • Swelling in one or both testicles. • Pain ranging from mild to very bad. • Fever. • Nausea and vomiting. • Feeling ill, called malaise.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the causes of Orchitis?
Infection with a virus or bacteria can cause orchitis. Sometimes a cause can't be found.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the risk factors of Orchitis?
Factors that raise the risk of orchitis include untreated conditions that block the urinary tract. These include prostate enlargement or scar tissue in the urethra, called urethral stricture. Procedures done through the urethra also raise the risk of orchitis. These include having a tube, called a catheter, or a scope in the bladder. The main risk factor for mumps orchitis is not getting the mumps vaccine. Sexual behaviors that can lead to STIs put you at risk of sexually transmitted orchitis. Those behaviors include having: • More than one sexual partner. • Sex with a partner who has an STI. • Sex without a condom. • A personal history of an STI.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the complications of Orchitis?
Most often, orchitis gets better with supportive care. It can take several weeks or months before the pain and swelling go away. Rarely, complications of orchitis may include: • Testicular atrophy.Over time, orchitis can cause the affected testicle to shrink. • Scrotal abscess.The infected tissue fills with pus. • Infertility.Sometimes, orchitis can cause you to not be able to have a child, called infertility. Or it can cause the body to make too little testosterone, a condition called hypogonadism. But these are less likely to happen if orchitis affects only one testicle.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What is the prevention of Orchitis?
To help prevent orchitis: • Get the vaccine against mumps, the most common cause of viral orchitis. • Practice safe sex to help protect against STIs that can cause bacterial orchitis. • Talk with your healthcare professional if you have trouble with urination. That may mean you have a blockage or other condition that can lead to orchitis.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Overview of Osteochondritis dissecans?
Osteochondritis dissecans (os-tee-o-kon-DRY-tis DIS-uh-kanz) is a joint condition in which bone underneath the cartilage of a joint dies due to lack of blood flow. This bone and cartilage can then break loose, causing pain and possibly hindering joint motion. Osteochondritis dissecans occurs most often in children and adolescents. It can cause symptoms either after an injury to a joint or after several months of activity, especially high-impact activity such as jumping and running, that affects the joint. The condition occurs most commonly in the knee, but also occurs in elbows, ankles and other joints. Doctors stage osteochondritis dissecans according to the size of the injury, whether the fragment is partially or completely detached, and whether the fragment stays in place. If the loosened piece of cartilage and bone stays in place, you may have few or no symptoms. For young children whose bones are still developing, the injury might heal by itself. Surgery might be necessary if the fragment comes loose and gets caught between the moving parts of your joint or if you have persistent pain.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Osteochondritis dissecans?
Depending on the joint that's affected, signs and symptoms of osteochondritis dissecans might include: • Pain.This most common symptom of osteochondritis dissecans might be triggered by physical activity — walking up stairs, climbing a hill or playing sports. • Swelling and tenderness.The skin around your joint might be swollen and tender. • Joint popping or locking.Your joint might pop or stick in one position if a loose fragment gets caught between bones during movement. • Joint weakness.You might feel as though your joint is "giving way" or weakening. • Decreased range of motion.You might be unable to straighten the affected limb completely.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the causes of Osteochondritis dissecans?
The cause of osteochondritis dissecans is unknown. The reduced blood flow to the end of the affected bone might result from repetitive trauma — small, multiple episodes of minor, unrecognized injury that damage the bone. There might be a genetic component, making some people more inclined to develop the disorder.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the risk factors of Osteochondritis dissecans?
Osteochondritis dissecans occurs most commonly in children and adolescents between the ages of 10 and 20 who are highly active in sports.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the complications of Osteochondritis dissecans?
Osteochondritis dissecans can increase your risk of eventually developing osteoarthritis in that joint.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What is the prevention of Osteochondritis dissecans?
Adolescents participating in organized sports might benefit from education on the risks to their joints associated with overuse. Learning the proper mechanics and techniques of their sport, using the proper protective gear, and participating in strength training and stability training exercises can help reduce the chance of injury.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Overview of Osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and brittle — so brittle that a fall or even mild stresses such as bending over or coughing can cause a break. Osteoporosis-related breaks most commonly occur in the hip, wrist or spine. Bone is living tissue that is constantly being broken down and replaced. Osteoporosis occurs when the creation of new bone doesn't keep up with the loss of old bone. Osteoporosis affects men and women of all races. But white and Asian women, especially older women who are past menopause, are at highest risk. Medicines, healthy diet and weight-bearing exercise can help prevent bone loss or strengthen already weak bones.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Osteoporosis?
There typically are no symptoms in the early stages of bone loss. But once your bones have been weakened by osteoporosis, you might have signs and symptoms that include: • Back pain, caused by a broken or collapsed bone in the spine. • Loss of height over time. • A stooped posture. • A bone that breaks much more easily than expected.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the causes of Osteoporosis?
Your bones are in a constant state of renewal — new bone is made and old bone is broken down. When you're young, your body makes new bone faster than it breaks down old bone and your bone mass increases. After the early 20s this process slows, and most people reach their peak bone mass by age 30. As people age, bone mass is lost faster than it's created. How likely you are to develop osteoporosis depends partly on how much bone mass you attained in your youth. Peak bone mass is partly inherited and varies also by ethnic group. The higher your peak bone mass, the more bone you have "in the bank" and the less likely you are to develop osteoporosis as you age.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the risk factors of Osteoporosis?
A number of factors can increase the likelihood that you'll develop osteoporosis — including your age, race, lifestyle choices, and medical conditions and treatments.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the complications of Osteoporosis?
Bone breaks, particularly in the spine or hip, are the most serious complications of osteoporosis. Hip fractures often are caused by a fall and can result in disability and even an increased risk of death within the first year after the injury. In some cases, broken bones in the spine can occur even if you haven't fallen. The bones that make up your spine, called vertebrae, can weaken to the point of collapsing, which can result in back pain, lost height and a hunched-forward posture.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What is the prevention of Osteoporosis?
Good nutrition and regular exercise are essential for keeping your bones healthy throughout your life.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Overview of Osteosarcoma?
Osteosarcoma is a kind of cancer that begins in the cells that form bones. Osteosarcoma tends to happen most often in teenagers and young adults. But it also can happen in younger children and older adults. Osteosarcoma can start in any bone. It's most often found in the long bones of the legs, and sometimes the arms. Very rarely, it happens in soft tissue outside the bone. Advances in the treatment of osteosarcoma have improved the outlook for this cancer. After treatment for osteosarcoma, people sometimes face late effects from the strong treatments used to control the cancer. Healthcare professionals often suggest lifelong monitoring for side effects after treatment.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Osteosarcoma?
Osteosarcoma signs and symptoms most often start in a bone. The cancer most often affects the long bones of the legs, and sometimes the arms. The most common symptoms include: • Bone or joint pain. Pain might come and go at first. It can be mistaken for growing pains. • Pain related to a bone that breaks for no clear reason. • Swelling near a bone.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the causes of Osteosarcoma?
It's not clear what causes osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma happens when bone cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions, called genes, that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the risk factors of Osteosarcoma?
Most people with osteosarcoma don't have any known risk factors for the cancer. But these factors can increase the risk of osteosarcoma: • Certain conditions that run in families. These include hereditary retinoblastoma, Bloom syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome and Werner syndrome. • Other bone conditions. These include Paget's disease of bone and fibrous dysplasia. • Prior treatment with radiation therapy or chemotherapy. There is no way to prevent osteosarcoma.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the complications of Osteosarcoma?
Complications of osteosarcoma and its treatment include the following.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Overview of Overactive bladder?
Overactive bladder, also called OAB, causes sudden urges to urinate that may be hard to control. There might be a need to pass urine many times during the day and night. There also might be loss of urine that isn't intended, called urgency incontinence. People with an overactive bladder might feel self-conscious. That can cause them to keep away from others or limit their work and social life. The good news is that it can be treated. Simple behavior changes might manage symptoms of an overactive bladder. These might include changes in diet, urinating on a certain schedule and using pelvic floor muscles to control the bladder. There also are other treatments to try.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Overactive bladder?
If you have an overactive bladder, you may: • Feel a sudden urge to urinate that's hard to control. • Lose urine without meaning to after an urgent need to urinate, called urgency incontinence. • Urinate often. This can mean eight or more times in 24 hours. • Wake up more than twice a night to urinate, called nocturia. Even if you can get to the toilet in time when you feel an urge to urinate, having to urinate often during day and night can disrupt your life.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the risk factors of Overactive bladder?
Aging increases the risk of overactive bladder. So does being female. Conditions such as enlarged prostate and diabetes also can increase the risk. Many people with declines in thinking ability, such as those who have had a stroke or have Alzheimer's disease, get an overactive bladder. That's because they're less able to notice the symptoms of needing to urinate. Drinking fluids on a schedule, timing and prompting urination, absorbent garments, and bowel programs can help manage the condition. Some people with an overactive bladder also have trouble with bowel control. Tell your healthcare professional if you're having trouble controlling your bowels.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the complications of Overactive bladder?
Any type of incontinence can affect quality of life. If your overactive bladder symptoms disrupt your life, you might also have: • Anxiety. • Emotional distress or depression. • Sexual problems. • Sleep disturbances and interrupted sleep cycles. People assigned female at birth who have an overactive bladder also may have a condition called mixed incontinence. This has both urgency and stress incontinence. Stress incontinence is the sudden loss of urine from physical movement or activity that puts pressure on the bladder. Examples are coughing, sneezing, laughing or exercising.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What is the prevention of Overactive bladder?
These healthy lifestyle choices may reduce your risk of overactive bladder: • Do exercises to make the pelvic floor muscles stronger. These are called Kegel exercises. • Get regular, daily physical activity and exercise. • Limit caffeine and alcohol. • Maintain a healthy weight. • Manage ongoing, called chronic, conditions, such as diabetes, that might add to overactive bladder symptoms. • Quit smoking.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Overview of Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea?
Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which a child's breathing is partly or completely blocked during sleep. Breathing can briefly stop and start again many times a night. The condition happens when the upper airway narrows or is blocked during sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea can look different in children than it does in adults. Adults usually have daytime sleepiness. Children are more likely to have behavior issues, such as acting hyper or not paying attention. Risk factors also differ. In adults, the key risk factors are obesity and age. Although obesity can play a role in children, the main risk factor in children is having tonsils and adenoids that are larger than usual. The adenoids are two small pads of tissue in the back of the nose. The tonsils are two oval-shaped pads in the back of the mouth. It's important for healthcare professionals to find and treat pediatric obstructive sleep apnea as soon as possible. Early treatment helps prevent other health conditions called complications. These can affect children's growth, learning, behavior and heart health. The first treatment may be surgery to remove enlarged tonsils and adenoids. But some children may get better using medical devices or taking medicines.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea?
During sleep, symptoms of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can include: • Snoring. • Pauses in breathing. • Restless sleep. • Snorting, gasping, coughing or choking. • Mouth breathing. • Nighttime sweating. • Bed-wetting that starts after a long period of dry overnights. Infants and young children with obstructive sleep apnea don't always snore. They might just have disturbed sleep. During the day, children with sleep apnea might: • Get headaches in the morning. • Breathe through the mouth or have trouble breathing through the nose. • Have trouble learning and paying attention. • Do poorly in school. • Have behavior issues such as acting hyper, impulsive or aggressive. • Have poor weight gain. • Talk about feeling sleepy, or fall asleep during school or during short car or bus rides.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the causes of Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea?
Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is caused by muscles in the back of the throat relaxing and blocking the upper airway. In children, this leads to pauses in breathing that last about twice as long as the typical breath. When breathing stops, this triggers the brain to wake up so that the airway can open again. This makes it hard to get enough rest. Various conditions can raise the risk of the upper airway becoming blocked during sleep. Commonly, enlarged tonsils in the back of the mouth and enlarged adenoids in the back of the nose can cause a blockage. Other possible causes include being born with a birth defect related to the shape of the face or head and certain health conditions.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the risk factors of Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea?
The main risk factor for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is enlarged tonsils and adenoids, especially in younger children. Obesity also is an important a risk factor, mainly among teenagers. Other risk factors for pediatric sleep apnea include having: • A genetic condition such as Down syndrome or Prader-Willi syndrome. • Birth defects in the skull or face. • A group of conditions called cerebral palsy that affect movement and posture. • A group of inherited blood disorders known as sickle cell disease. • Conditions called neuromuscular disorders that affect the function of muscles due to problems with the nerves and muscles in the body. • A history of low birth weight. • A family history of obstructive sleep apnea.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the complications of Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea?
Without treatment, pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can lead to other health conditions called complications. Rarely, pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can cause infants and young children not to grow as much as those who don't have the condition. Children who don't receive treatment also may have a higher risk of later complications such as: • High blood pressure. • High cholesterol. • A higher than typical blood sugar level that raises the risk of diabetes. • Other heart and blood vessel conditions. Very rarely, children with certain genetic conditions can have serious symptoms of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. These symptoms can lead to death. But in most children, treatment can help manage complications.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Overview of Panic attacks and panic disorder?
A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear that triggers severe physical reactions when there is no real danger or apparent cause. Panic attacks can be very frightening. When panic attacks occur, you might think you're losing control, having a heart attack or even dying. Many people have just one or two panic attacks in their lifetimes, and the problem goes away, perhaps when a stressful situation ends. But if you've had recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and spent long periods in constant fear of another attack, you may have a condition called panic disorder. Although panic attacks themselves aren't life-threatening, they can be frightening and significantly affect your quality of life. But treatment can be very effective.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Panic attacks and panic disorder?
Panic attacks typically begin suddenly, without warning. They can strike at any time — when you're driving a car, at the mall, sound asleep or in the middle of a business meeting. You may have occasional panic attacks, or they may occur frequently. Panic attacks have many variations, but symptoms usually peak within minutes. You may feel fatigued and worn out after a panic attack subsides. Panic attacks typically include some of these signs or symptoms: • Sense of impending doom or danger • Fear of loss of control or death • Rapid, pounding heart rate • Sweating • Trembling or shaking • Shortness of breath or tightness in your throat • Chills • Hot flashes • Nausea • Abdominal cramping • Chest pain • Headache • Dizziness, lightheadedness or faintness • Numbness or tingling sensation • Feeling of unreality or detachment One of the worst things about panic attacks is the intense fear that you'll have another one. You may fear having panic attacks so much that you avoid certain situations where they may occur.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the causes of Panic attacks and panic disorder?
It's not known what causes panic attacks or panic disorder, but these factors may play a role: • Genetics • Major stress • Temperament that is more sensitive to stress or prone to negative emotions • Certain changes in the way parts of your brain function Panic attacks may come on suddenly and without warning at first, but over time, they're usually triggered by certain situations. Some research suggests that your body's natural fight-or-flight response to danger is involved in panic attacks. For example, if a grizzly bear came after you, your body would react instinctively. Your heart rate and breathing would speed up as your body prepared for a life-threatening situation. Many of the same reactions occur in a panic attack. But it's unknown why a panic attack occurs when there's no obvious danger present.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the risk factors of Panic attacks and panic disorder?
Symptoms of panic disorder often start in the late teens or early adulthood and affect more women than men. Factors that may increase the risk of developing panic attacks or panic disorder include: • Family history of panic attacks or panic disorder • Major life stress, such as the death or serious illness of a loved one • A traumatic event, such as sexual assault or a serious accident • Major changes in your life, such as a divorce or the addition of a baby • Smoking or excessive caffeine intake • History of childhood physical or sexual abuse
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the complications of Panic attacks and panic disorder?
Left untreated, panic attacks and panic disorder can affect almost every area of your life. You may be so afraid of having more panic attacks that you live in a constant state of fear, ruining your quality of life. Complications that panic attacks may cause or be linked to include: • Development of specific phobias, such as fear of driving or leaving your home • Frequent medical care for health concerns and other medical conditions • Avoidance of social situations • Problems at work or school • Depression, anxiety disorders and other psychiatric disorders • Increased risk of suicide or suicidal thoughts • Alcohol or other substance misuse • Financial problems For some people, panic disorder may include agoraphobia — avoiding places or situations that cause you anxiety because you fear being unable to escape or get help if you have a panic attack. Or you may become reliant on others to be with you in order to leave your home.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What is the prevention of Panic attacks and panic disorder?
There's no sure way to prevent panic attacks or panic disorder. However, these recommendations may help. • Get treatment for panic attacksas soon as possible to help stop them from getting worse or becoming more frequent. • Stick with your treatment planto help prevent relapses or worsening of panic attack symptoms. • Get regular physical activity,which may play a role in protecting against anxiety.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Overview of Paraganglioma?
A paraganglioma is a growth of cells that can happen in different places in the body. The growth, called a tumor, forms from an important type of nerve cell that's found throughout the body. Paragangliomas most often start in the head, neck, stomach area or pelvis. A paraganglioma is rare. And most often, it's not cancer. When a tumor isn't cancer, it's called benign. Sometimes a paraganglioma is cancerous. A cancerous tumor can spread to other parts of the body. Paragangliomas often don't have a clear cause. Some paragangliomas are caused by DNA changes that pass from parents to children. Paragangliomas can form at any age. Healthcare professionals most often find them in adults between the ages of 20 and 50. Paraganglioma treatment typically involves surgery to remove the tumor. If the paraganglioma is cancerous and spreads to other areas of the body, more treatments may be needed.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Paraganglioma?
Paraganglioma symptoms may depend on where the tumor starts. Paragangliomas most often start in the head, neck, stomach area or pelvis. Symptoms of a paraganglioma in the head or neck can include: • A rhythmic pulsing or whooshing sound in the ears, called pulsatile tinnitus. • Trouble swallowing. • Hoarse voice. • Hearing loss. • Blurred vision. • Dizziness. Symptoms of a paraganglioma in the head and neck area might happen as the tumor grows larger. The tumor can press on nearby structures. When paragangliomas form in other places in the body, the symptoms are more likely to be caused by hormones that the paraganglioma makes. The hormones, called catecholamines, play a role in how the body response to stress. They include adrenaline, also known as the fight-or-flight hormone. Symptoms of paragangliomas that make hormones include: • High blood pressure. • Feelings of having a fast-beating, fluttering or pounding heart. • The sudden loss of color in the face. • Sweating. • Headache. • Uncontrolled shaking in the hands or arms. • General weakness. These symptoms may come and go. Some people with paragangliomas don't have any symptoms. They may learn they have these tumors when imaging tests done for other reasons happen to spot the tumors.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the causes of Paraganglioma?
Paragangliomas often don't have a clear cause. Sometimes these tumors run in families. They can be caused by DNA changes that are passed from parents to children. But many people with paragangliomas don't have a family history of these tumors and the cause is not known. A paraganglioma is a growth of cells. It forms from a type of nerve cell called a chromaffin cell. Chromaffin cells perform key roles in the body, including controlling blood pressure. A paraganglioma starts when chromaffin cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions also tell the cells to die at a set time. In paraganglioma cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the paraganglioma cells to make many more cells quickly. The cells keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes a growth of cells called a tumor. Most paragangliomas stay where they started. They don't spread to other parts of the body. But sometimes cells can break away from a paraganglioma and spread. When this happens, it's called metastatic paraganglioma. When a paraganglioma spreads, it most often spreads to nearby lymph nodes. It also can spread to the lungs, liver and bones. A paraganglioma is closely related to another rare tumor called a pheochromocytoma. A pheochromocytoma is a tumor that starts in chromaffin cells in the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are two glands that sit on top of the kidneys.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Overview of Parkinson's disease?
Parkinson's disease is a movement disorder of the nervous system that worsens over time. The nervous system is a network of nerve cells that controls many parts of the body, including movement. Symptoms start slowly. The first symptom may be a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand or sometimes a foot or the jaw. Tremor is common in Parkinson's disease. But the disorder also may cause stiffness, slowing of movement and trouble with balance that raises the risk of falls. In the early stages of Parkinson's disease, your face may show little or no expression. Your arms may not swing when you walk. Your speech may become soft or slurred. Symptoms get worse over time. Although Parkinson's disease can't be cured, medicines may help symptoms get better. Sometimes a healthcare professional may suggest surgery to help control parts of the brain. This surgery may help lessen symptoms.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
Parkinson's disease symptoms can be different for everyone. Early symptoms may be mild, and you may not even notice them. Symptoms often begin on one side of the body, then affect both sides. Symptoms are usually worse on one side than the other. Some Parkinson's disease symptoms are similar to those of other disorders. Parkinson's symptoms may include: • Tremor.This rhythmic shaking usually begins in the hands or fingers. Sometimes tremor begins in the foot or jaw. You may rub your thumb and forefinger back and forth. This is known as a pill-rolling tremor. Your hand may tremble when it's at rest or when you're under stress. You may notice that you shake less when you're doing some sort of task or moving around. • Slowed movement, also called bradykinesia.Parkinson's disease may slow your movement, making simple tasks more difficult. It may be hard to get out of a chair, shower or get dressed. You may have less expression in your face. It may be hard to blink. • Rigid muscles.You may have stiff muscles in any part of your body. Your muscles may feel tense and painful, and your arm movements may be short and jerky. • Poor posture and balance.Your posture may become stooped. You may fall or have balance problems. • Loss of automatic movements.You may be less able to make certain movements that you typically do without thinking, including blinking, smiling or swinging your arms when you walk. • Speech changes.You may speak softly or quickly, slur, or hesitate before talking. Your speech may be flat or monotone, without typical speech patterns. • Writing changes.You may have trouble writing, and your writing may appear cramped and small. • Nonmotor symptoms.These may include depression, anxiety, constipation and sleep problems. They also may include acting out dreams, needing to urinate often, trouble smelling, problems with thinking and memory, and feeling very tired.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the causes of Parkinson's disease?
In Parkinson's disease, nerve cells in the brain called neurons slowly break down or die. Many Parkinson's disease symptoms are caused by a loss of neurons that produce a chemical messenger in the brain. This messenger is called dopamine. Decreased dopamine leads to irregular brain activity. This causes movement problems and other symptoms of Parkinson's disease. People with Parkinson's disease also lose a chemical messenger called norepinephrine that controls many body functions, such as blood pressure. The cause of Parkinson's disease is unknown, but several factors seem to play a role, including: • Genes.Specific genetic changes are linked to Parkinson's disease. But these are rare unless many family members have had Parkinson's disease. • Environmental factors.Exposure to certain toxins or other environmental factors may increase the risk of later Parkinson's disease. One example is MPTP, a substance that can be found in illegal drugs and is sometimes sold illegally as "synthetic heroin." Other examples include pesticides and well water used for drinking. But no environmental factor has proved to be a cause. Many changes happen in the brains of people with Parkinson's disease. Researchers are studying why the changes happen and the roles they play. These changes include: • The presence of Lewy bodies.Clumps of proteins in the brain are associated with Parkinson's disease. These are called Lewy bodies, and researchers believe these proteins hold an important clue to the cause of Parkinson's disease. • Alpha-synuclein found within Lewy bodies.Alpha-synuclein is a protein found in all Lewy bodies. It occurs in a clumped form that cells can't break down. This is currently an important focus among Parkinson's disease researchers. Alpha-synuclein has been found in the spinal fluid of people who later have Parkinson's disease. • Altered mitochondria.Mitochondria are powerhouse compartments inside cells that create most of the body's energy. Changes to mitochondria can cause cell damage. These changes have been found in the brains of people with Parkinson's disease.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the risk factors of Parkinson's disease?
Risk factors for Parkinson's disease include: • Age.The risk of Parkinson's disease increases with age. Usually, it starts around age 50 or older. The average age of onset is around age 70. Parkinson's disease can occur in younger adults, but it is rare. When people younger than age 50 have the disease, it's known as early-onset Parkinson's disease. • Genetics.Having one or more first-degree relatives, such as parents or siblings, with Parkinson's disease increases your risk. Your risks are still small unless you have many blood relatives with the condition. • Male sex.Men are more likely to develop Parkinson's disease than are women. • Exposure to toxins.Ongoing exposure to herbicides and pesticides may slightly increase your risk of Parkinson's disease.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the complications of Parkinson's disease?
People with Parkinson's disease may have other complications that may be treatable. These may include: • Trouble thinking clearly.Parkinson's disease can affect people's memory, language and reasoning skills. The disease also can lead to dementia or other conditions that affect thinking. These complications usually happen later in Parkinson's disease, and medicines usually have only a modest benefit in managing these symptoms. • Emotional changes and depression.Some people may feel irritable and concerned early in the course of Parkinson's disease. They also may have depression and anxiety. Medicines and other treatment can help with these changes. • Trouble swallowing and chewing.Late-stage Parkinson's disease affects the muscles in the mouth. This causes trouble swallowing and chewing, which can lead to not getting enough nutrients in your diet. If food or saliva collects in the mouth, it can cause choking or drooling. • Sleep problems and sleep disorders.You may wake up often during the night, have nightmares and fall asleep during the day.Another symptom may be rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. This involves acting out your dreams. Medicines and other therapies may help your sleep get better. Other symptoms that can occur include: • Bladder problems.You may have problems such as urgency. • Constipation.You may have a hard time passing stool. You may pass stool fewer than three times a week. • Blood pressure changes.You may feel dizzy or lightheaded or even faint when you stand up due to a sudden drop in blood pressure. This also is called orthostatic hypotension. • Loss of smell.You may fully or partially lose your sense of smell. • Tiredness.You may feel very tired and lack energy, especially late in the day. • Pain.You may have pain or cramps in your muscles and joints. • Sexual symptoms.You may have a decrease in sexual desire or performance.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What is the prevention of Parkinson's disease?
Because the cause of Parkinson's disease is not known, there are no proven ways to prevent it. Research shows that some factors may help protect against it. But scientists don't know for sure. These factors include: • Exercise.Aerobic exercise has been linked to a lower risk of Parkinson's disease. • Caffeine.Some studies show a link between drinking caffeinated beverages such as coffee and green tea and a lower risk of Parkinson's disease. • Medicines.Some medicines, such as ibuprofen and statins, have been linked to a lower risk of the disease.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Overview of Parotid tumors?
Parotid tumors are growths of cells that start in the parotid glands. The parotid glands are two salivary glands that sit just in front of the ears. There is one on each side of the face. Salivary glands make saliva to help with chewing and digesting food. There are many salivary glands in the lips, cheeks, mouth and throat. Growths of cells, which are called tumors, can happen in any of these glands. The parotid glands are the most common place that salivary gland tumors happen. Most parotid tumors aren't cancerous. These are called noncancerous or benign parotid tumors. Sometimes the tumors are cancers. These are called malignant parotid tumors or parotid gland cancers. Parotid tumors often cause swelling in the face or jaw. Other symptoms include problems swallowing or a loss of facial movement. Diagnosis and treatment for parotid tumors is often done by doctors who specialize in problems that affect the ear, nose and throat. These doctors are called ENT specialists or otolaryngologists.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Parotid tumors?
Signs and symptoms of parotid tumors include: • A lump or swelling on one side of the face that might appear near the ear or cheek. • Trouble swallowing. • Trouble opening the mouth widely. • Numbness in part of the face. • Muscle weakness in part of the face. • Pain in the face.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the causes of Parotid tumors?
It's not clear what causes parotid tumors. These tumors start as a growth of cells in the parotid glands. The parotid glands are two salivary glands that sit just in front of the ears. There is one on each side of the face. Salivary glands make saliva to help with chewing and digesting food. Parotid tumors happen when cells in the parotid glands develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to grow and multiply quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. Sometimes the changes in the DNA turn the cells into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the risk factors of Parotid tumors?
Factors that increase the risk of parotid tumors include: • Increasing age.Parotid tumors can happen at any age. However, they are more common in older adults. • Previous radiation therapy treatments.People who have had radiation therapy to the head and neck area in the past are at a higher risk of parotid tumors. • Exposure to harmful substances.People who work with certain substances may have an increased risk of salivary gland tumors, including parotid tumors. Examples of industries associated with an increased risk include those that involve rubber manufacturing and nickel.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Congenital heart disease in adults of Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return?
• Symptoms&causes • Diagnosis&treatment • Doctors&departments • Care atMayoClinic
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Overview of Patellofemoral pain syndrome?
Patellofemoral (puh-tel-o-FEM-uh-rul) pain syndrome is pain at the front of the knee, around the kneecap. The kneecap also is known as the patella. Patellofemoral pain syndrome is sometimes called runner's knee. It's more common in people who run and who play sports that involve running and jumping. The knee pain often increases when running, walking up or down stairs, sitting for long periods, or squatting. Simple treatments, such as rest and ice, often help. But sometimes patellofemoral pain needs physical therapy.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Patellofemoral pain syndrome?
Patellofemoral pain syndrome usually causes a dull, aching pain in the front of the knee. The following can increase the pain: • Walking up or down stairs. • Kneeling or squatting. • Sitting with a bent knee for long periods of time.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the causes of Patellofemoral pain syndrome?
Patellofemoral pain syndrome can have several causes. It's been linked with: • Overuse.Running or jumping sports put repeated stress on the knee joint, which can cause irritation under the kneecap. • Muscle imbalances or weaknesses.Patellofemoral pain can occur when the muscles around the hip and knee don't keep the kneecap in line. Moving the knee inward during a squat has been linked to patellofemoral pain. • Injury.Trauma to the kneecap, such as when the kneecap gets out of place or breaks, has been linked to patellofemoral pain syndrome. • Surgery.Knee surgery can increase the risk of patellofemoral pain. This is especially true of repair to the anterior cruciate ligament using one's own patellar tendon as a graft.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the risk factors of Patellofemoral pain syndrome?
Factors that can increase your risk include: • Age.Patellofemoral pain syndrome typically affects teens and young adults. Arthritis is more often to blame for knee problems in older people. • Sex.Women are twice as likely as men are to develop patellofemoral pain. This may be because women have wider pelvises. A wider pelvis increases the angle at which the bones in the knee joint meet. • Certain sports.Running and jumping sports can put extra stress on the knees. This is especially true when adding more training.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What is the prevention of Patellofemoral pain syndrome?
Sometimes knee pain just happens. But certain steps may help prevent the pain. • Build strength.Strong leg and hip muscles help keep the knee balanced during activity. Avoid deep squatting during weight training. • Move safely.Ask a physical therapist about exercises to help you jump, run and turn correctly. It's especially important to strengthen outer hip muscles. This will help keep your knee from caving inward when you squat, land from a jump or step down from a step. • Lose excess pounds.If you're overweight, losing weight relieves stress on the knees. • Warm up.Before running or doing other exercise, warm up with five minutes or so of light activity. • Stretch.Promote flexibility with gentle stretching exercises. • Build up slowly.Don't suddenly increase your workouts. • Mind your shoes.Wear shoes that fit well and are designed for the activity.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Overview of Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistent opening between the two major blood vessels leading from the heart. An opening called the ductus arteriosus is part of the blood flow system in the womb for an unborn baby, also called a fetus. It usually closes shortly after birth. If the opening remains open, it's called a patent ductus arteriosus. APDAis a type of congenital heart defect. A smallPDAmight never need treatment. But a large, untreated patent ductus arteriosus can let oxygen-poor blood move the wrong way. This can make the heart muscle weak, causing heart failure and other complications. Treatments for patent ductus arteriosus may include regular health checkups, medicines, and a procedure or surgery to close the opening.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
Patent ductus arteriosus symptoms (PDA) depend on the size of the opening and the person's age. A smallPDAmight not cause symptoms. Some people don't notice symptoms until adulthood. A largePDAcan cause symptoms of heart failure soon after birth. A largePDAfound during infancy or childhood might cause: • Poor eating, which leads to poor growth. • Sweating with crying or eating. • Constant fast breathing or being out of breath. • Easy tiring. • Rapid heart rate.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the causes of Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
The exact causes of patent ductus arteriosus and other congenital heart defects are not clear. During the first six weeks of pregnancy, an unborn baby's heart starts to form and beat. The major blood vessels to and from the heart grow. It's during this time that certain congenital heart defects may begin to develop. Before birth, there is a temporary opening called the ductus arteriosus between the two main blood vessels leaving a baby's heart. Those vessels are the aorta and the pulmonary artery. The opening is needed for a baby's blood flow before birth. It moves blood away from a baby's lungs while they develop. The baby gets oxygen from the mother's blood. After birth, the ductus arteriosus is no longer needed. It usually closes within 2 to 3 days. But in some infants, the opening doesn't close. When it stays open, it's called a patent ductus arteriosus. The constant opening causes too much blood to flow to the baby's lungs and heart. Untreated, the blood pressure in the baby's lungs might increase. The baby's heart might grow larger and get weak.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the risk factors of Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
Risk factors for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) include: • Premature birth.Patent ductus arteriosus occurs more commonly in babies who are born too early than in babies who are born full term. • Family history and other genetic conditions.A family history of heart conditions present at birth may increase the risk ofPDA. Babies born with an extra chromosome 21, a condition called Down syndrome, also are more likely to have patent ductus arteriosus. • German measles during pregnancy.Having German measles, also called rubella, during pregnancy can cause changes in an unborn baby's heart. A blood test done before pregnancy can tell if you're immune to rubella. A vaccine is available for those who aren't immune. • Being born at a high altitude.Babies born above 8,200 feet (2,499 meters) have a greater risk ofPDAthan babies born at lower altitudes. • Female sex assigned at birth.Patent ductus arteriosus is twice as common in girls.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the complications of Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
A small patent ductus arteriosus might not cause complications. Larger, untreatedPDAscould cause: • High blood pressure in the lungs, also called pulmonary hypertension.A largePDAcauses irregular blood flow in the heart and lungs. As a result, pressure goes up in the pulmonary artery. Over time, the increased pressure damages the smaller blood vessels in the lungs. A life-threatening and lasting type of lung damage called Eisenmenger syndrome may occur. • Heart failure.Symptoms of this serious complication include rapid breathing, often with gasping breaths, and poor weight gain. • Heart infection, called endocarditis.Patent ductus arteriosus can increase the risk of germs attaching to areas in the heart. Without quick treatment, endocarditis can damage or destroy the heart valves.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What is the prevention of Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
There is no known prevention for patent ductus arteriosus. However, it's important to do everything possible to have a healthy pregnancy. Here are some of the basics: • Get early prenatal care, even before you're pregnant.If you're thinking about pregnancy, talk with your healthcare team to develop a prenatal care plan. Also tell your healthcare professional about all the medicines you take, including those bought without a prescription. • Start taking folic acid.Taking 400 micrograms of folic acid daily before and during pregnancy has been shown to reduce brain and spinal cord conditions in the baby. It also may help reduce the risk of heart conditions. • Exercise and stay active.Work with your healthcare professional to develop an exercise plan that's right for you. • Do not drink alcohol or smoke.These lifestyle habits can harm a baby's health. Also avoid secondhand smoke. • Get recommended vaccines.Update your vaccinations before becoming pregnant. Certain types of infections can be harmful to a developing baby. • Control blood sugar.If you have diabetes, good control of your blood sugar may reduce the risk of certain heart conditions present at birth in your baby.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Overview of Pediatric white blood cell disorders?
Children with pediatric white blood cell disorders have too few or too many white blood cells. White blood cells, called leukocytes, are part of the immune system. They come from bone marrow and help fight infections. Several conditions can cause having too few or too many white blood cells. A low white blood cell count, also called leukopenia, means having too few leukocytes in the blood. A long-term low white blood cell count raises the risk of infections. A high white blood cell count, also called leukocytosis, means having too many leukocytes in the blood. This most often is from an infection.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Pediatric white blood cell disorders?
Symptoms depend on the type of white blood cell and whether there are too few or too many of them. Symptoms might be those of infections, conditions in which the immune system attacks healthy tissues, called autoimmune conditions, allergies and certain cancers.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the causes of Pediatric white blood cell disorders?
The cause of pediatric white blood cell disorders depends on the type of white blood cell that's affected.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the risk factors of Pediatric white blood cell disorders?
The following factors can raise the risk of pediatric white blood cell disorders: • Family history. • Infections. • Cancer. • Allergies. • Conditions in which the body attacks its own cells, called autoimmune conditions. • Certain medicines.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Pelvic organ prolapse?
Sometimes, pelvic organ prolapse has no symptoms. When symptoms happen, they might include: • Seeing or feeling a bulge of tissue at or beyond the opening of the vagina. • Pelvic pressure, heaviness or pain. • Lower back pain. • Not being able to keep in a tampon. • Urinary changes. These might include urinating more, feeling an urgent need to urinate, not being able to empty the bladder all the way or having a weak urine stream. • Bowel changes, such as not emptying stool all the way or having to put fingers in the vagina to support the bulge to be able to pass stool. This is called splinting. • Sexual issues, such as pain with sex. Weakness of the pelvic floor often affects more than one area. For instance, if one of your pelvic organs is prolapsed, you're more likely to have another type of pelvic organ prolapse.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the causes of Pelvic organ prolapse?
The cause of pelvic organ prolapse is the weakening of the tissues and the muscles that support the pelvic organs. The most common cause is having a baby vaginally.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Overview of Pemphigus?
Pemphigus is a group of rare skin disorders that cause blisters and sores on the skin or mucous membranes, such as in the mouth or on the genitals. It's most common in people middle-aged or older. Pemphigus is easier to control if caught and treated early. It's usually treated with medicines that you take long term. The sores may heal slowly or not at all. The condition can become life-threatening if the sores become infected.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Pemphigus?
Pemphigus causes blisters on the skin and mucous membranes. The blisters break easily, leaving open sores. The sores may become infected and ooze. The symptoms of two common types of pemphigus are as follows: • Pemphigus vulgaris.This type usually begins with blisters in the mouth and then on the skin or genital mucous membranes. They're often painful but don't itch. Blisters in the mouth or throat may make it hard to talk, drink and eat. • Pemphigus foliaceus.This type causes blisters on the chest, back and shoulders. The blisters may be itchy or painful. Pemphigus foliaceus doesn't cause mouth blisters. Pemphigus is distinct from bullous pemphigoid, which is another type of blistering skin condition that affects older adults.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the causes of Pemphigus?
Pemphigus is an autoimmune disorder, which means that your immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in your body. With pemphigus the immune system attacks cells in the skin and mucous membranes. Pemphigus isn't passed from one person to another. In most cases, it's unknown what causes the disease to arise. Rarely, the disease can develop as a side effect of medicines, like penicillamine and certain blood pressure drugs. This type of the condition usually clears up when the medicine is stopped.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the risk factors of Pemphigus?
The risk of pemphigus increases if you're middle-aged or older. The condition also is more common in people of Jewish, Indian, southeast European or Middle Eastern ancestry.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the complications of Pemphigus?
Possible complications of pemphigus include: • Infection of the skin. • Infection that spreads to your bloodstream, also called sepsis. This type of infection can be life-threatening. • Scarring and changes in skin color after the affected skin heals. This is called postinflammatory hyperpigmentation when the skin darkens and postinflammatory hypopigmentation when the skin loses color. People with brown or Black skin have a higher risk of long-term skin color changes. • Malnutrition, because painful mouth sores make it difficult to eat. • Side effects from the medicine used to treat pemphigus. Examples are high blood pressure and infection. • Death, rarely, if certain types of pemphigus are left untreated.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Overview of Peptic ulcer?
Peptic ulcers are open sores on the inner lining of the stomach and the upper part of the small intestine. The most common symptom of a peptic ulcer is stomach pain. Peptic ulcers include: • Gastric ulcers, which appear on the inside of the stomach. • Duodenal ulcers, which appear on the inside of the upper part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. The most common causes of peptic ulcers are infection with the germ Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). Stress and spicy foods do not cause peptic ulcers. But they can make symptoms worse.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Peptic ulcer?
Many people with peptic ulcers don't have symptoms. If there are symptoms, they may include: • Dull or burning stomach pain. For some people, pain may be worse between meals and at night. For others, it may be worse after eating. • Feeling of fullness or bloating. • Belching. • Heartburn. • Nausea. Peptic ulcers can cause bleeding from the ulcer. Then symptoms might include: • Vomiting blood, which may appear red or black. • Having dark blood in stools, or stools that are black or tarry. • Feeling dizzy or fainting.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the causes of Peptic ulcer?
Peptic ulcers happen when acid in the organs that food travels through, called the digestive tract, eats away at the inner surface of the stomach or small intestine. The acid can create a painful open sore that may bleed. Your digestive tract is coated with a mucous layer that most often protects against acid. But if the amount of acid increases or the amount of mucus decreases, you could develop an ulcer. Common causes include: • Helicobacter pylori.This germ lives in the mucous layer that covers and protects tissues that line the stomach and small intestine. The H. pylori germ often causes no problems. But it can cause swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the stomach's inner layer. When this happens, it can cause an ulcer.It's not clear how H. pylori infection spreads. It may go from person to person by close contact, such as kissing. People also can contract H. pylori through food and water. • Regular use of certain pain relievers.Taking aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) over time can irritate or inflame the lining of the stomach and small intestine. These medicines include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve, Anaprox DS, others), ketoprofen and others. They do not include acetaminophen (Tylenol, others).
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the risk factors of Peptic ulcer?
If you take NSAIDs, the following factors may increase your risk of peptic ulcers: • Old age.This includes people older than 60. • Prior peptic ulcer.People who have had a peptic ulcer before have a higher risk of having another one. • NSAIDs use.Taking high doses of NSAIDs or two or more NSAIDs increases the risk. So does taking NSAIDS with certain other medicines.These include other pain relievers, steroids, blood thinners, certain antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and medicines to treat the bone-thinning disease osteoporosis. These include alendronate (Fosamax, Binosto) and risedronate (Actonel, Atelvia). Factors that don't cause peptic ulcers but can make them worse include: • Smoking.This may increase the risk of peptic ulcers in people who are infected with H. pylori. • Drinking alcohol.Alcohol can irritate and erode the mucous lining of the stomach. And it increases stomach acid. • Having untreated stress. • Eating spicy foods.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the complications of Peptic ulcer?
Untreated peptic ulcers can cause: • Bleeding in the stomach or duodenum.Bleeding can be a slow blood loss that leads to too few red blood cells, called anemia. Or you can lose enough blood so that you need to be in a hospital or get blood from a donor. Severe blood loss may cause black or bloody vomit or black or bloody stools. • A hole, called a perforation, in the stomach wall.Peptic ulcers can eat a hole through the wall of your stomach or small intestine. This puts you at risk of infection of your abdomen, called peritonitis. • Blockage.Peptic ulcers can keep food from going through the digestive tract. The blockage can make you feel full easily and cause you to vomit and lose weight. • Stomach cancer.Studies have shown that people infected with H. pylori have an increased risk of stomach cancer.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What is the prevention of Peptic ulcer?
To help prevent peptic ulcers: • Take care with pain relievers.If you often use NSAIDs, which can increase your risk of peptic ulcer, take steps to reduce your risk of stomach problems. For instance, take pain relievers with meals.Work with your healthcare professional to find the lowest dose that gives you pain relief. Don't drink alcohol with pain relievers. Together, they can increase your risk of stomach upset.If you need an NSAID, you also may need to take other medicines to help protect your stomach. These include antacids, proton pump inhibitors, acid blockers or cytoprotective agents.A class of NSAIDs called COX-2 inhibitors may be less likely to cause peptic ulcers. But these medicines may increase the risk of heart attack. • If you smoke, find a way to quit.Quitting smoking can lower your risk of peptic ulcer. Talk with your healthcare professional for help with quitting.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Overview of Perimenopause?
Perimenopause means "around menopause" and refers to the time during which your body makes the natural transition to menopause, marking the end of the reproductive years. Perimenopause is also called the menopausal transition. Women start perimenopause at different ages. You may notice signs of progression toward menopause, such as menstrual irregularity, sometime in your 40s. But some women notice changes as early as their mid-30s. The level of estrogen — the main female hormone — in your body rises and falls unevenly during perimenopause. Your menstrual cycles may lengthen or shorten, and you may begin having menstrual cycles in which your ovaries don't release an egg (ovulate). You may also experience menopause-like symptoms, such as hot flashes, sleep problems and vaginal dryness. Treatments are available to help ease these symptoms. Once you've gone through 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period, you've officially reached menopause, and the perimenopause period is over.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Perimenopause?
Throughout the menopausal transition, some subtle — and some not-so-subtle — changes in your body may take place. You might experience: • Irregular periods.As ovulation becomes more unpredictable, the length of time between periods may be longer or shorter, your flow may be light to heavy, and you may skip some periods. If you have a persistent change of seven days or more in the length of your menstrual cycle, you may be in early perimenopause. If you have a space of 60 days or more between periods, you're likely in late perimenopause. • Hot flashes and sleep problems.Hot flashes are common during perimenopause. The intensity, length and frequency vary. Sleep problems are often due to hot flashes or night sweats, but sometimes sleep becomes unpredictable even without them. • Mood changes.Mood swings, irritability or increased risk of depression may happen during perimenopause. The cause of these symptoms may be sleep disruption associated with hot flashes. Mood changes may also be caused by factors not related to the hormonal changes of perimenopause. • Vaginal and bladder problems.When estrogen levels diminish, your vaginal tissues may lose lubrication and elasticity, making intercourse painful. Low estrogen may also leave you more vulnerable to urinary or vaginal infections. Loss of tissue tone may contribute to urinary incontinence. • Decreasing fertility.As ovulation becomes irregular, your ability to conceive decreases. However, as long as you're having periods, pregnancy is still possible. If you wish to avoid pregnancy, use birth control until you've had no periods for 12 months. • Changes in sexual function.During perimenopause, sexual arousal and desire may change. But if you had satisfactory sexual intimacy before menopause, this will likely continue through perimenopause and beyond. • Loss of bone.With declining estrogen levels, you start to lose bone more quickly than you replace it, increasing your risk of osteoporosis — a disease that causes fragile bones. • Changing cholesterol levels.Declining estrogen levels may lead to unfavorable changes in your blood cholesterol levels, including an increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol — the "bad" cholesterol — which contributes to an increased risk of heart disease. At the same time, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol — the "good" cholesterol — decreases in many women as they age, which also increases the risk of heart disease.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the causes of Perimenopause?
As you go through perimenopause, your body's production of estrogen and progesterone, key female hormones, rises and falls. Many of the changes you experience during perimenopause are a result of decreasing estrogen.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the risk factors of Perimenopause?
Menopause is a normal phase in life. But it may occur earlier in some women than in others. Although not always conclusive, some evidence suggests that certain factors may make it more likely that you start perimenopause at an earlier age, including: • Smoking.The onset of menopause occurs 1 to 2 years earlier in women who smoke than in women who don't smoke. • Family history.Women with a family history of early menopause may experience early menopause themselves. • Cancer treatment.Treatment for cancer with chemotherapy or pelvic radiation therapy has been linked to early menopause. • Hysterectomy.A hysterectomy that removes your uterus, but not your ovaries, usually doesn't cause menopause. Although you no longer have periods, your ovaries still produce estrogen. But such surgery may cause menopause to occur earlier than average. Also, if you have one ovary removed, the remaining ovary might stop working sooner than expected.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the complications of Perimenopause?
Irregular periods are a hallmark of perimenopause. Most of the time this is normal and nothing to be concerned about. However, see your doctor if: • Bleeding is extremely heavy — you're changing tampons or pads every hour or two for two or more hours • Bleeding lasts longer than seven days • Bleeding occurs between periods • Periods regularly occur less than 21 days apart Signs such as these may mean there's a problem with your reproductive system that requires diagnosis and treatment.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Overview of Peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common condition in which narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the arms or legs. This condition also may be called peripheral arterial disease. In PAD, the legs or arms — usually the legs — don't get enough blood flow to keep up with demand. This may cause leg pain when walking, called claudication, and other symptoms. Peripheral artery disease is usually a sign of a buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries, a condition called atherosclerosis. Treatment for PAD includes exercising, eating healthy foods, and not smoking or using tobacco.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) may not cause symptoms, or symptoms may be mild. PAD symptoms include: • Leg pain when walking. • Muscle pain or cramping in the arms or legs, often in the calf. • Muscle pain in the arms or legs that begins with exercise and ends with rest. • Painful cramping in one or both of the hips, thighs or calves after walking or climbing stairs or other activities. • Pain when using the arms, such as aching and cramping when knitting or writing. • Coldness in the lower leg or foot, especially when compared with the other side. • Leg numbness or weakness. • No pulse or a weak pulse in the legs or feet. The muscle pain in peripheral artery disease may: • Be mild to extreme. • Wake you up from sleep. • Make it hard to walk or exercise. • Occur during rest or when lying down if the condition is severe. Other symptoms of PAD may include: • Shiny skin on the legs. • Skin color changes on the legs. • Slow-growing toenails. • Sores on the toes, feet or legs that won't heal. • Hair loss or slower hair growth on the legs. • Erectile dysfunction.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the causes of Peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is often caused by a buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls, a condition called atherosclerosis. The buildup is called plaque. Plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. In PAD, plaque collects in the arteries of the arms or legs. Less common causes of PAD include: • Swelling and irritation of blood vessels. • Injury to the arms or legs. • Changes in the muscles or ligaments. • Radiation exposure.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the risk factors of Peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
Risk factors for peripheral artery disease (PAD) include: • A family history of peripheral artery disease, heart disease or stroke. • Diabetes. • High blood pressure. • High cholesterol. • Increasing age, especially after 65, or after 50 if you have risk factors for atherosclerosis. • Obesity. • Smoking.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the complications of Peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
Complications of peripheral artery disease (PAD) caused by atherosclerosis include: • Critical limb ischemia.In this condition, an injury or infection causes tissue to die. Symptoms include open sores on the limbs that don't heal. Treatment may include amputation of the affected limb. • Stroke and heart attack.Plaque buildup in the arteries also can affect the blood vessels in the heart and brain.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What is the prevention of Peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
The best way to prevent leg pain due to peripheral artery disease (PAD) is to have a healthy lifestyle. That means: • Don't smoke. • Eat foods that are low in sugar, trans fats and saturated fats. • Get regular exercise — but check with your care team about what type and how much is best for you. • Keep a healthy weight. • Manage blood pressure, cholesterol and diabetes. • Get good sleep. • Control stress.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Overview of Peripheral nerve injuries?
Peripheral nerves send messages from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. They help do things such as move the body's muscles for walking and sense that the feet are cold. Peripheral nerves are made of fibers called axons that are insulated by surrounding tissues. Peripheral nerves are fragile and easily damaged. A nerve injury can affect the brain's ability to communicate with muscles and organs. Damage to the peripheral nerves is called peripheral neuropathy. It's important to get medical care for a peripheral nerve injury as soon as possible. Early diagnosis and treatment may prevent complications and permanent damage.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Peripheral nerve injuries?
With a peripheral nerve injury, symptoms may range from mild to serious, limiting your daily activities. Your symptoms often depend on which nerve fibers are damaged: • Motor nerves.These nerves regulate all the muscles under your conscious control, such as those used for walking, talking and holding objects. Damage to these nerves can cause muscle weakness, painful cramps and muscle twitching. • Sensory nerves.Because these nerves relay information about touch, temperature and pain, you may experience a variety of symptoms. These include numbness or tingling in the hands or feet. You may have trouble walking, keeping your balance with your eyes closed, fastening buttons, or sensing pain or changes in temperature. Injury of sensory nerves also may cause pain. • Autonomic (aw-tuh-NOM-ik) nerves.This group of nerves regulates activities that are not controlled consciously, such as breathing, heart and thyroid function, and digestion. Symptoms may include excessive sweating, changes in blood pressure, the inability to tolerate heat and gastrointestinal symptoms. Many peripheral nerve injuries affect more than one type of nerve fiber, so you may experience a range of symptoms.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the causes of Peripheral nerve injuries?
Peripheral nerves can be damaged in several ways: • Injury from an accident, a fall or sports can stretch, compress, crush or cut nerves. • Medical conditions, such as diabetes, Guillain-Barre syndrome and carpal tunnel syndrome, can damage nerves. • Autoimmune diseases including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren syndrome also can damage nerves. Other causes include narrowing of the arteries, changes in hormone balance and tumors.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the risk factors of Peripheral nerve injuries?
People who experience physical trauma or play sports may be at higher risk of an injury that can stretch or crush peripheral nerves. People with certain medical conditions also may be at higher risk of peripheral nerve injuries. These conditions, especially diabetes, may put nerves at greater risk of compression.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the Overview of Peripheral nerve tumors?
Peripheral nerve tumors are growths that form in or near nerves. Nerves are strands of tissue that transmit signals from the brain to the rest of the body. Peripheral nerves control muscles that allow you to walk, blink, swallow, pick things up and do other activities. Peripheral nerve tumors can occur anywhere in the body. Most of them are benign, meaning they're not cancerous. But they can lead to pain, nerve damage and loss of function in the affected area. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the tumor. When the tumor can't be removed without damaging nearby healthy tissue and nerves, other treatments may be considered. There are several types of peripheral nerve tumors. Intraneural tumors grow within nerves. Extraneural tumors press against nerves.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Peripheral nerve tumors?
The symptoms of a peripheral nerve tumor develop from direct effects on the main nerve or from the tumor pressing on nearby nerves, blood vessels or tissues. As the tumor grows, it may be more likely to cause symptoms, although tumor size doesn't always determine effects. Symptoms of peripheral nerve tumors vary depending on where the tumors are located and the tissues affected. They include: • Swelling or a lump under the skin. • Pain, tingling or numbness. • Weakness or a loss of function in the affected area. • Dizziness or a loss of balance.
local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the causes of Peripheral nerve tumors?
It's not clear why most peripheral nerve tumors develop. Some are linked to known inherited syndromes, such as neurofibromatosis (types 1 and 2) and schwannomatosis. Others may be caused by changes in a gene.
local_scraped