instruction
stringclasses 8
values | input
stringlengths 6
2.69k
| output
stringlengths 1
34.2k
| source
stringclasses 3
values |
|---|---|---|---|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Morning sickness?
|
Nausea, with or without vomiting, is common in pregnancy. Morning sickness is often brought on by smelling certain odors or eating certain foods.
Morning sickness is most common during the first three months of pregnancy. It typically starts before nine weeks. Symptoms usually improve by the middle or end of the second three months of pregnancy.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Morning sickness?
|
The cause of morning sickness is not known. Hormone changes might play a role. Rarely, a medical condition not related to pregnancy, such as thyroid or gallbladder disease, can cause serious nausea or vomiting.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Morning sickness?
|
Morning sickness can affect anyone who's pregnant, but it might be more likely for those who:
• Had nausea or vomiting from other causes before becoming pregnant, such as motion sickness or migraines
• Had morning sickness during a prior pregnancy
• Are pregnant with twins or other multiples
Hyperemesis gravidarum might be more likely for those who:
• Are pregnant with a girl
• Have a family history of hyperemesis gravidarum
• Have had hyperemesis gravidarum during an earlier pregnancy
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Morning sickness?
|
Mild nausea and vomiting of pregnancy usually won't cause harm.
If left untreated, severe nausea and vomiting can cause a lack of bodily fluids, a condition known as dehydration. It also may lead to an imbalance in electrolytes — the salts in blood that control the balance of fluids in the body. Severe nausea and vomiting may result in less urine output. Research is mixed on whether hyperemesis gravidarum causes poor weight gain for the baby during pregnancy.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Morning sickness?
|
There's no sure way to prevent morning sickness. However, taking a daily vitamin supplement before and during pregnancy might help.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Morton's neuroma?
|
Morton's neuroma is a painful condition that affects the ball of your foot, most commonly the area between your third and fourth toes. Morton's neuroma may feel as if you are standing on a pebble in your shoe or on a fold in your sock.
Morton's neuroma involves a thickening of the tissue around one of the nerves leading to your toes. This can cause a sharp, burning pain in the ball of your foot. You may have stinging, burning or numbness in the affected toes.
High-heeled or tight shoes have been linked to the development of Morton's neuroma. Many people experience relief by switching to lower heeled shoes with wider toe boxes. Sometimes corticosteroid injections or surgery may be necessary.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Morton's neuroma?
|
Typically, there's no outward sign of this condition, such as a lump. Instead, you may experience the following symptoms:
• A feeling as if you're standing on a pebble in your shoe
• A burning pain in the ball of your foot that may radiate into your toes
• Tingling or numbness in your toes
In addition to these symptoms, you may find that removing your shoe and rubbing your foot often helps to relieve the pain.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Morton's neuroma?
|
Morton's neuroma seems to occur in response to irritation, pressure or injury to one of the nerves that lead to your toes.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Morton's neuroma?
|
Factors that appear to contribute to Morton's neuroma include:
• High heels.Wearing high-heeled shoes or shoes that are tight or ill fitting can place extra pressure on your toes and the ball of your foot.
• Certain sports.Participating in high-impact athletic activities such as jogging or running may subject your feet to repetitive trauma. Sports that feature tight shoes, such as snow skiing or rock climbing, can put pressure on your toes.
• Foot deformities.People who have bunions, hammertoes, high arches or flatfeet are at higher risk of developing Morton's neuroma.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Mosquito bites?
|
Mosquito bites are the itchy bumps that form on the skin after mosquitoes feed on your blood. The bumps usually go away without treatment in a few days. Some mosquito bites may get very swollen, sore and inflamed. This type of reaction, sometimes called skeeter syndrome, is most common in children.
Mosquito bites can cause severe illnesses if the insects carry certain viruses or parasites. Infected mosquitoes can spread West Nile virus, Zika virus, and the viruses that cause malaria, yellow fever and some types of brain infection.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Mosquito bites?
|
Mosquito bites often happen on parts of the body that aren't covered by clothing. Symptoms include:
• An itchy, inflamed bump that forms a few minutes after a bite
• A painful spot that looks like a hive and forms within 24 hours after a bite
• Small blisters
A severe reaction to mosquito bites can cause:
• A large, swollen, inflamed area
• A hive-like rash
• Swelling around the eyes
Children are more likely to have a severe reaction than are adults.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Mosquito bites?
|
Mosquito bites are caused by female mosquitoes feeding on your blood. As a biting mosquito fills itself with blood, it injects saliva into your skin. The saliva triggers an immune system reaction that results in the classic itching and bump.
Mosquitoes are attracted to smells, such as from sweat, floral scents and exhaled carbon dioxide.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Mosquito bites?
|
Risk factors for mosquito bites include:
• Sweating
• Wearing floral scents
• Living in an area where mosquitoes are active
• Spending time outside without using mosquito repellent
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Mosquito bites?
|
Scratching bites can lead to infection.
Mosquitoes can carry the viruses that cause certain diseases, such as West Nile virus and the viruses that cause malaria, yellow fever and dengue fever. The mosquito gets a virus or parasite by biting an infected person or animal. Then when it's biting you, the mosquito can transfer that virus or parasite to you through its saliva. West Nile, dengue fever and some types of encephalitis occur in the United States. Other diseases, such as malaria and yellow fever, are far more common in tropical areas of the world.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Mosquito bites?
|
Mosquitos bite during both day and night, and they can live indoors. You can take several steps to protect yourself from mosquito bites.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Movement disorders?
|
Movement disorders are a group of nervous system conditions that affect movement. They can cause either increased movements or reduced or slow movements. These movements may be under the person's control, known as voluntary. Or the movements may not be under the person's control, known as involuntary.
There are many types of movement disorders that cause different symptoms. For example, dystonia causes muscle contractions that lead to twisting of the body. Another movement disorder called chorea causes brief periods of quick involuntary movements that happen over and over. Parkinsonism causes slowness of movement with stiffness, tremors or loss of balance.
Treatments may be available to help manage the symptoms of movement disorders. Depending on the type of movement disorder, medicines, therapies or surgeries may be available. If a condition causes the movement disorder, treating the condition may help improve symptoms.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Movement disorders?
|
Symptoms of movement disorders vary depending on the type of the disorder. Common types of movement disorders and their symptoms include:
• Ataxia.Ataxia affects the part of the brain that controls coordinated movement. Ataxia may cause clumsy movements of the arms and legs, and a loss of balance. Ataxia also can change a person's speech and cause other symptoms. There are many causes of ataxia, including genetic and degenerative conditions. Ataxia also may be caused by an infection or another treatable condition.
• Chorea.Chorea causes brief, irregular, somewhat rapid, involuntary movements that happen over and over. The movements typically involve the face, mouth, trunk, arm and leg. Chorea can look like exaggerated fidgeting.The most common genetic chorea is Huntington's disease. This disease is passed down from a parent and gets worse over time. It can be confirmed with genetic testing. Huntington's disease has three types of symptoms. They include movements that can't be controlled, trouble with thinking and mental health conditions.
• Dystonia.This condition involves involuntary muscle contractions that cause twisting, irregular postures, or movements that occur again and again. Dystonia may affect the entire body or one part of the body.The most common type of dystonia in adults is cervical dystonia. In cervical dystonia, the neck muscles contract involuntarily. This causes the head to pull to one side or to tilt forward or backward. The head also may shake, known as a tremor.
• Functional movement disorder.This condition may look like any of the movement disorders. But it's not caused by a disease of the nervous system, also known as a neurological disease. Functional movement disorders are treatable.
• Multiple system atrophy.This rare condition affects many brain systems and gets worse over time. Multiple system atrophy causes a movement disorder, such as ataxia or parkinsonism. It also can cause low blood pressure, bladder symptoms and acting out dreams.
• Myoclonus.Myoclonus are very quick jerks of a muscle.
• Parkinson's disease.Parkinson's disease causes tremors, muscle stiffness, slow or decreased movement, or loss of balance. It also can cause symptoms not related to movement. These symptoms include a reduced sense of smell, constipation, acting out dreams and a decline in thinking skills. Parkinson's disease slowly gets worse over time.
• Parkinsonism.Parkinsonism is a general term for slowness of movement along with stiffness, tremors or loss of balance. There are many different causes. Parkinson's disease and certain dopamine blocking medicines are the most common causes. Other causes include degenerative disorders such as multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy. Stroke or repeated head trauma also can cause parkinsonism.
• Progressive supranuclear palsy.This is a rare nervous system condition that causes problems with walking, balance and eye movements. It may resemble Parkinson's disease but is a distinct condition.
• Restless legs syndrome.This movement disorder causes aching, itching, or creeping feelings in the legs while relaxing or lying down. The feeling often goes away with movement.
• Tardive dyskinesia.This neurological condition is caused by long-term use of certain medicines used to treat mental health conditions, called neuroleptic medicines. It also can be caused by a common gastrointestinal medicine called metoclopramide (Reglan, Gimoti). Tardive dyskinesia causes involuntary movements that occur over and over. Symptoms include grimacing, eye blinking and other movements.
• Tourette syndrome.This is a neurological condition associated with repetitive movements and vocal sounds called tics. Tics are voluntary movements, but they're caused by an involuntary urge to make the movements. Tourette syndrome starts between childhood and teenage years.
• Tremor.This movement disorder causes rhythmic shaking of parts of the body, such as the hands, head or other body parts. The most common type is essential tremor.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Movement disorders?
|
A wide variety of factors can cause movement disorders, including:
• Genetics.Some types of movement disorders can be caused by an altered gene. The altered gene is passed down from a parent to a child. This is called an inherited condition. Huntington's disease and Wilson's disease are two movement disorders that can be inherited.
• Medicines.Medicines such as anti-seizure and anti-psychotic medicines can lead to movement disorders.
• Illegal drugs or large amounts of alcohol.Illegal drugs such as cocaine can cause movement disorders such as chorea. Drinking large amounts of alcohol can cause chorea or ataxia.
• Not getting enough of certain vitamins.Having low levels of certain vitamins in the body, known as a vitamin deficiency, can cause movement disorders. A deficiency in vitamin B-1, vitamin B-12 or vitamin E can lead to ataxia.
• Medical conditions.Thyroid conditions, multiple sclerosis, stroke, viral encephalitis and several others can cause movement disorders. Brain tumors also can lead to movement disorders.
• Head injury.Head trauma from an injury can lead to movement disorders.
For most people with a movement disorders, there is no known cause. When healthcare professionals haven't found the exact cause, it's called idiopathic.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Movement disorders?
|
Your risk of some movement disorders is higher if you have a parent with the condition. Movement disorders that can be passed down through families include essential tremor, Huntington's disease, Wilson's disease and Tourette syndrome.
Other factors that may increase the risk of having a movement disorder include having certain medical conditions or taking certain medicines. Drinking large amount of alcohol, doing illegal drugs such as cocaine or not having enough of certain vitamins in the body also can increase risk.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Moyamoya disease?
|
Moyamoya disease is a rare blood vessel condition in which the carotid artery in the skull becomes blocked or narrowed. The carotid artery is a major artery that brings blood to the brain. When it's blocked, blood flow to the brain is reduced. Tiny blood vessels then form at the base of the brain to supply the brain with blood.
The condition may cause a ministroke, known as atransient ischemic attack (TIA), or astroke. It also can cause bleeding in the brain. Moyamoya disease can affect how well the brain functions and can cause cognitive and developmental delays or disability.
Moyamoya disease most commonly affects children. However, adults may have the condition as well. Moyamoya disease is found all over the world. But it's more common in East Asian countries, especially Korea, Japan and China. This may be due to certain genetic factors in those populations.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Moyamoya disease?
|
Moyamoya disease may happen at any age. But symptoms are most common in children between ages 5 and 10 and in adults between ages 30 and 50. Spotting symptoms early is very important to prevent complications such as a stroke.
Moyamoya disease causes different symptoms in adults and children. In children, the first symptom is usually a stroke or recurrent transient ischemic attack, also called TIA. Adults may experience these symptoms, as well. But adults also may experience bleeding in the brain, known as a hemorrhagic stroke. The bleeding happens because of the way blood vessels in the brain formed.
Symptoms of moyamoya disease related to reduced blood flow to the brain include:
• Headache.
• Seizures.
• Weakness, numbness or paralysis in the face, arm or leg. This is typically on one side of the body.
• Vision problems.
• Trouble speaking or understanding others, known as aphasia.
• Cognitive or developmental delays.
• Involuntary movements.
These symptoms can be triggered by exercise, crying, coughing, straining or a fever.
See your healthcare professional if you have any of the symptoms of moyamoya disease. Early detection and treatment can help prevent a stroke and serious complications.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Moyamoya disease?
|
The exact cause of moyamoya disease isn't known. Moyamoya disease is most commonly seen in Japan, Korea and China. But it also happens in other parts of the world. Because moyamoya disease is most common in these Asian countries, researchers believe this strongly suggests a genetic factor in some populations.
Sometimes changes to the blood vessels, known as vascular changes, can happen that mimic moyamoya disease. These changes may have different causes and symptoms. This is known as moyamoya syndrome.
Moyamoya syndrome can be linked to certain conditions, such as Down syndrome, sickle cell anemia, neurofibromatosis type 1 and hyperthyroidism.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Moyamoya disease?
|
Though the cause of moyamoya disease is not known, certain factors may increase your risk of having the condition. They include:
• Asian heritage.Although moyamoya disease is found all over the world, it's more common in East Asian countries, especially Korea, Japan and China. This may be due to certain genetic factors in those populations. People with Asian heritage living in Western countries also have a higher risk of moyamoya disease.
• Family history of moyamoya disease.If you have a family member with moyamoya disease, your risk of having the condition is 30 to 40 times higher than that of the general population. This strongly suggests a genetic link.
• Medical conditions.Moyamoya syndrome sometimes happens with other disorders, including neurofibromatosis type 1, sickle cell disease and Down syndrome, among many others.
• Being female.Moyamoya disease is slightly more common in females.
• Being young.Though adults can have moyamoya disease, children younger than 15 years old are most commonly affected.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Moyamoya disease?
|
Most complications from moyamoya disease are linked to the effects of strokes. They include seizures, paralysis and vision problems. Other complications include speech problems, movement disorders and developmental delays. Moyamoya disease can cause serious and permanent damage to the brain.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Moyamoya disease?
|
There is no way to prevent moyamoya disease. However, moyamoya treatments can prevent strokes and other complications.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1)?
|
Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1) is a rare condition. It mainly causes tumors in the glands that make and release hormones. These are called the endocrine glands. The condition also can cause tumors in the small intestine and stomach. Another name for MEN 1 is Wermer's syndrome.
The endocrine gland tumors that form due to MEN 1 usually are not cancer. Most often, the tumors grow on the parathyroid glands, the pancreas and the pituitary gland. Some glands affected by MEN 1 also may release too many hormones. That can lead to other health concerns.
The extra hormones of MEN 1 can cause many symptoms. These symptoms may include tiredness, bone pain, broken bones, kidney stones, and ulcers in the stomach or intestines.
MEN 1 can't be cured. But regular testing can detect health concerns, and healthcare professionals can provide treatment as needed.
MEN 1 is an inherited condition. That means people who have a genetic change that causes MEN 1 can pass it on to their children.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1)?
|
Symptoms of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1) can include the following:
• Tiredness.
• Bone pain or broken bones.
• Kidney stones.
• Ulcers in the stomach or intestines.
• Stomach pain.
• Muscle weakness.
• Depression.
• Acid reflux.
• Frequent diarrhea.
Symptoms are caused by the release of too many hormones in the body.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1)?
|
Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1) is caused by a change in the MEN1 gene. That gene controls how the body makes a protein called menin. Menin helps to keep cells in the body from growing and dividing too quickly.
Many different changes in the MEN1 gene can cause the MEN 1 condition to develop. People who have one of those genetic changes can pass it on to their children. Many people with a change in the MEN1 gene inherit it from a parent. But some people are the first in their family to have a new MEN1 gene change that doesn't come from a parent.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1)?
|
Risk factors for multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1) include the following:
• Children with a parent who has a genetic change in the MEN1 gene are at risk of the MEN 1 condition. That's because these children have a 50% chance of having the same genetic change that causes MEN 1.
• Parents and siblings of people who have a change in the MEN1 gene also are at risk. That's because they may have the same genetic change, even if they haven't had any symptoms of MEN 1.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2 (MEN 2)?
|
Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2, also called MEN 2, is a rare condition. It causes tumors in the thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, lips, mouth, eyes and digestive tract. Genetic testing can find the changed gene that causesMEN 2. Health care providers can treat the health issues that gene may cause.
MEN 2is an inherited disorder. This means people who have the changed gene can pass it on to their children. Each child has a 50% chance of getting the disorder.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2 (MEN 2)?
|
Symptoms ofMEN 2depend on the type of tumor. People who haveMEN 2Bhave a unique appearance. They may have bumps on the tongue, lips and eyes. They tend to be tall and thin with long arms and legs. Following are symptoms that may be related to each tumor type.
Medullary thyroid cancer:
• Lumps in the throat or neck
• Trouble breathing or swallowing
• Hoarseness
• Diarrhea
Parathyroid hyperplasia, also known as primary hyperparathyroidism:
• Muscle and joint pain
• Constipation
• Fatigue
• Memory problems
• Kidney stones
Adrenal tumors, also known as pheochromocytoma:
• High blood pressure
• Rapid heart rate
• Anxiety
• Headaches
Symptoms may be caused by a thyroid tumor pressing on tissues around it or by the release of too many hormones in the body. Some people who have medullary thyroid cancer may have no symptoms.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2 (MEN 2)?
|
MEN 2is an inherited condition. This means someone who has a changed gene that can causeMEN 2can pass that gene on to their children.
Many people also may be the first person in their families to have this disorder. People diagnosed with medullary thyroid cancer are screened regularly forMEN 2.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2 (MEN 2)?
|
MEN 2can cause the parathyroid glands to put too much calcium into the blood. This is known as primary hyperparathyroidism. The parathyroid glands are located in your neck. The extra calcium in the blood can cause many issues, including weak bones, called osteoporosis, kidney stones and having to urinate a lot. Medullary thyroid cancer shows up as a lump on the thyroid or neck. It can be hard to swallow when the tumor is large or other symptoms if the cancer spreads outside the neck.
People withMEN 2also can have a condition called pheochromocytoma. This condition causes noncancerous tumors on an adrenal gland. The adrenal glands are located at the top of the kidneys. These tumors can release hormones that cause high blood pressure, sweating and other symptoms.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2 (MEN 2)?
|
Genetic testing is used to find out if someone has a changed gene that causesMEN 2. Children of someone who has this changed gene could inherit it and developMEN 2. Parents and siblings also could have the changed gene even if they don't have symptoms.
If someone in your family is diagnosed withMEN 2, your health care provider will likely recommend you and your family members have genetic testing. This is becauseMEN 2can be treated or managed by removing the thyroid gland early in life. Being screened for parathyroid or adrenal tumors also can help.
If no gene changes are found in family members, usually no other screening tests are needed. However, genetic testing doesn't find allMEN 2gene changes. IfMEN 2isn't found in people who may have it, they and their family members will have regular blood and imaging tests over time to check for signs of the disease.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Multiple sclerosis?
|
Multiple sclerosis is a disease that causes breakdown of the protective covering of nerves. Multiple sclerosis can cause numbness, weakness, trouble walking, vision changes and other symptoms. It's also known as MS.
In MS, the immune system attacks the protective sheath that covers nerve fibers, known as myelin. This interrupts communication between the brain and the rest of the body. Eventually, the disease can cause permanent damage of the nerve fibers.
Symptoms of MS depend on the person, the location of damage in the nervous system and how bad the damage is to the nerve fibers. Some people lose the ability to walk on their own or move at all. Others may have long periods between attacks without any new symptoms, called remission. The course of the disease varies depending on the type of MS.
There's no cure for multiple sclerosis. However, there are treatments to help speed the recovery from attacks, modify the course of the disease and manage symptoms.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Multiple sclerosis?
|
Multiple sclerosis symptoms vary depending on the person. Symptoms may change over the course of the disease depending on which nerve fibers are affected.
Common symptoms include:
• Numbness or tingling.
• Electric-shock sensations that happen with certain neck movements, especially bending the neck forward. This sensation is called Lhermitte sign.
• Lack of coordination.
• Trouble with walking or not being able to walk at all.
• Weakness.
• Partial or complete loss of vision, usually in one eye at a time. Vision loss often happens with pain during eye movement.
• Double vision.
• Blurry vision.
• Dizziness and a false sense that you or your surroundings are moving, known as vertigo.
• Trouble with sexual, bowel and bladder function.
• Fatigue.
• Slurred speech.
• Troubles with memory, thinking and understanding information.
• Mood changes.
Small increases in body temperature can temporarily worsen symptoms of MS. These aren't considered true disease relapses but pseudorelapses.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Multiple sclerosis?
|
The cause of multiple sclerosis is not known. It's considered an immune-mediated disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. In MS, the immune system attacks and destroys the fatty substance that coats and protects nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. This fatty substance is called myelin.
Myelin can be compared to the insulation coating on electrical wires. When the protective myelin is damaged and the nerve fiber is exposed, the messages traveling along that nerve fiber may be slowed or blocked.
It isn't clear why MS develops in some people and not others. A combination of genetics and environmental factors may increase the risk of MS.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Multiple sclerosis?
|
Complications of multiple sclerosis may include:
• Mood changes, such as depression, anxiety or mood swings.
• Muscle stiffness or spasms.
• Seizures, though they are very rare.
• Severe weakness or paralysis, typically in the arms or legs.
• Trouble with bladder, bowel or sexual function.
• Trouble with thinking and memory.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Multiple system atrophy?
|
Multiple system atrophy, also called MSA, causes people to lose coordination and balance or become slow and stiff. It also causes changes in speech and loss of control of other bodily functions.
MSA is a rare condition. It sometimes shares symptoms with Parkinson's disease, including slow movement, rigid muscles and poor balance.
Treatment includes medicines and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms, but there is no cure. The condition gets worse over time and eventually leads to death.
In the past, this condition has been called Shy-Drager syndrome, olivopontocerebellar atrophy or striatonigral degeneration.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Multiple system atrophy?
|
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) symptoms affect many parts of the body. Symptoms start in adulthood, usually in the 50s or 60s.
There are two types of MSA: parkinsonian and cerebellar. The type depends on the symptoms a person has when diagnosed.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Multiple system atrophy?
|
There is no known cause for multiple system atrophy (MSA). Some researchers are studying the possible role of genetics or environmental causes such as a toxin in MSA. But there's no substantial evidence to support these theories.
MSA causes parts of the brain to shrink. This is known as atrophy. The areas of the brain that shrink due to MSA include the cerebellum, basal ganglia and brainstem. The atrophy of these parts of the brain affect internal body functions and movement.
Under a microscope, the brain tissue of people with MSA shows a buildup of a protein called alpha-synuclein. Some research suggests that the buildup of this protein leads to multiple system atrophy.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Multiple system atrophy?
|
A risk factor for multiple system atrophy (MSA) is having rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder. People with this disorder act out their dreams. Most people who have MSA have a history of REM sleep behavior disorder.
Another risk factor is having a condition caused by the autonomic nervous system not working properly. Symptoms such as urinary incontinence could be an early sign of MSA. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Multiple system atrophy?
|
Complications of multiple system atrophy (MSA) vary from person to person. But for everyone with the disease, MSA symptoms get worse over time. The symptoms can make daily activities harder as time goes on.
Possible complications include:
• Worsening breathing symptoms during sleep.
• Injuries from falls caused by poor balance or fainting.
• The breakdown of the skin in people who have trouble moving or can't move.
• Not being able to care for yourself in day-to-day activities.
• Vocal cord paralysis, which affects speech and breathing.
• Increased trouble swallowing.
People typically live about 7 to 10 years after multiple system atrophy symptoms first appear. However, the survival rate with MSA varies widely. Death is often due to trouble breathing, infections or blood clots in the lungs.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Muscle strains?
|
Signs and symptoms will vary, depending on the severity of the injury, and may include:
• Pain or tenderness
• Redness or bruising
• Limited motion
• Muscle spasms
• Swelling
• Muscle weakness
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Muscle strains?
|
Acute strains can be caused by one event, such as using poor body mechanics to lift something heavy. Chronic muscle strains can result from repetitive injuries when you stress a muscle by doing the same motion over and over.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Muscle strains?
|
Participating in contact sports — such as soccer, football, hockey, boxing and wrestling — can increase your risk of muscle strains.
Certain parts of the body are more susceptible to strains during participation in certain sports. Examples include:
• Legs and ankles.Sports that feature quick starts and jumping, such as hurdling and basketball, can be particularly tough on the Achilles tendon in your ankle.
• Hands.Gripping sports, such as gymnastics or golf, can increase your risk of muscle strains in your hands.
• Elbows.Elbow strains are often caused by throwing sports and racquet sports.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Muscle strains?
|
Regular stretching and strengthening exercises for your sport, fitness or work activity, as part of an overall physical conditioning program, can help to minimize your risk of muscle strains. Try to be in shape to play your sport; don't play your sport to get in shape. If you have a physically demanding occupation, regular conditioning can help prevent injuries.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Myasthenia gravis?
|
Myasthenia gravis (my-us-THEE-nee-uh GRAY-vis) causes muscles under your voluntary control to feel weak and get tired quickly. This happens when the communication between nerves and muscles breaks down.
There's no cure for myasthenia gravis. Treatment can help with symptoms. These symptoms can include weakness of arm or leg muscles, double vision, drooping eyelids, and problems with speaking, chewing, swallowing and breathing.
This disease can affect people of any age, but it's more common in women younger than 40 and in men older than 60.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Myasthenia gravis?
|
Muscle weakness caused by myasthenia gravis gets worse when the affected muscle is used. Because symptoms usually get better with rest, muscle weakness can come and go. However, the symptoms tend to progress over time. They usually reach their worst within a few years after the disease begins.
Myasthenia gravis may affect any of the muscles that you can control. Certain muscle groups are more commonly affected than others.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Myasthenia gravis?
|
Complications of myasthenia gravis are treatable, but some can be life-threatening.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD)?
|
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, also known as MOGAD, is a rare inflammatory disease that affects the central nervous system. InMOGAD, the immune system attacks the fatty substance that protects nerve fibers in the optic nerves, brain and spinal cord.
Symptoms ofMOGADmay include vision loss, muscle weakness, stiffness or paralysis, confusion, seizures, and headaches. These symptoms can be sometimes confused with other diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
There's no cure forMOGAD. However, there are treatments to help speed the recovery from attacks, manage symptoms and reduce the likelihood of symptoms returning.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD)?
|
MOGADcauses painful swelling, known as inflammation. Symptoms are caused by attacks from:
• Inflammation of the optic nerve.Called optic neuritis, this condition may lead to vision loss in one or both eyes and eye pain that gets worse with eye movement. Optic neuritis in children may be mistaken for a headache.
• Inflammation of the spinal cord.Called transverse myelitis, this condition may lead to arm or leg weakness, muscle stiffness, or paralysis. It also may cause sensory loss and changes in bowel, bladder or sexual function.
• Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord.Called acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, also known as ADEM, this condition may lead to vision loss, weakness, unsteady walk and confusion.ADEMis more common in children withMOGAD.
Other symptoms ofMOGADmay include:
• Seizures.
• Headaches.
• Fever.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD)?
|
The cause ofMOGADis not known. It's an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. In people withMOGAD, the immune system destroys the fatty substance called myelin. Myelin coats and protects nerve fibers in the optic nerve, brain and spinal cord.
The brain sends messages down nerve fibers that help tell parts of the body what to do. When the myelin is damaged and nerve fibers are exposed, those messages may be slowed or blocked. This means those parts of the body won't work properly.
MOGADis often misdiagnosed as another disease that attacks myelin and causes similar symptoms. It may be mistaken for multiple sclerosis, known as MS. Or it may be confused with a condition called neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, also known as NMOSD.
MOGADis different fromMSandNMOSDbecause the first attack ofMOGADis usually the most severe, but people with the disease can have a complete recovery.MOGADalso is diagnosed differently, using results fromMRIand blood tests. People withMSandNMOSDtypically have multiple attacks, while about half of people withMOGADhave only one attack.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD)?
|
These factors may increase your risk of developingMOGAD:
• Age.Children and young adults are slightly more likely to developMOGAD.
• Recent infection or vaccination.MOGADmay develop after an infectious illness or vaccination, such asSARS-CoV-2.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD)?
|
MOGADcomplications are caused by the attacks on the fatty substance that protects nerve fibers in the optic nerves, brain and spinal cord. The first attack is usually the worst, but each attack can cause more damage. Some possible complications may include:
• Permanent paralysis in the arms and legs.
• Long-term bowel and bladder difficulties.
• Blindness in one or both eyes.
• Trouble with language, memory and thinking.
SomeMOGADtreatments also may cause complications. Long-term use of certain medicines may result in:
• Infection.
• Lymphoma or skin cancers.
• Slowed growth in children.
• Headaches.
• Kidney failure.
Your healthcare team will work with you to decide which treatment options are the best and how long to continue them.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Myelodysplastic syndromes?
|
Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of disorders caused by blood cells that are poorly formed or don't work properly. Myelodysplastic syndromes result from something amiss in the spongy material inside your bones where blood cells are made (bone marrow).
Management of myelodysplastic syndromes is most often intended to slow the disease, ease symptoms and prevent complications. Common measures include blood transfusions and medications to boost blood cell production. In certain situations, a bone marrow transplant, also known as a stem cell transplant, may be recommended to replace your bone marrow with healthy bone marrow from a donor.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Myelodysplastic syndromes?
|
People with myelodysplastic syndromes might not experience signs and symptoms at first.
In time, myelodysplastic syndromes might cause:
• Fatigue
• Shortness of breath
• Unusual paleness (pallor), which occurs due to a low red blood cell count (anemia)
• Easy or unusual bruising or bleeding, which occurs due to a low blood platelet count (thrombocytopenia)
• Pinpoint-sized red spots just beneath the skin that are caused by bleeding (petechiae)
• Frequent infections, which occur due to a low white blood cell count (leukopenia)
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Myelodysplastic syndromes?
|
In a healthy person, bone marrow makes new, immature blood cells that mature over time. Myelodysplastic syndromes occur when something disrupts this process so that the blood cells don't mature.
Instead of developing normally, the blood cells die in the bone marrow or just after entering the bloodstream. Over time, there are more immature, defective cells than healthy ones, leading to problems such as fatigue caused by too few healthy red blood cells (anemia), infections caused by too few healthy white blood cells (leukopenia) and bleeding caused by too few blood-clotting platelets (thrombocytopenia).
Most myelodysplastic syndromes have no known cause. Others are caused by exposure to cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation, or to toxic chemicals, such as benzene.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Myelodysplastic syndromes?
|
Factors that can increase your risk of myelodysplastic syndromes include:
• Older age.Most people with myelodysplastic syndromes are older than 60.
• Previous treatment with chemotherapy or radiation.Chemotherapy or radiation therapy, both of which are commonly used to treat cancer, can increase your risk of myelodysplastic syndromes.
• Exposure to certain chemicals.Chemicals, including benzene, have been linked to myelodysplastic syndromes.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Myelodysplastic syndromes?
|
Complications of myelodysplastic syndromes include:
• Anemia.Reduced numbers of red blood cells can cause anemia, which can make you feel tired.
• Recurrent infections.Having too few white blood cells increases your risk of serious infections.
• Bleeding that won't stop.Lacking platelets in your blood to stop bleeding can lead to excessive bleeding.
• Increased risk of cancer.Some people with myelodysplastic syndromes might eventually develop a cancer of the bone marrow and blood cells (leukemia).
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Myocarditis?
|
Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle, called the myocardium. The condition can reduce the heart's ability to pump blood. Myocarditis can cause chest pain, shortness of breath, and rapid or irregular heartbeats.
Infection with a virus is one cause of myocarditis. Sometimes myocarditis is caused by a medicine reaction or a condition that causes inflammation throughout the body.
Severe myocarditis weakens the heart so that the rest of the body doesn't get enough blood. Clots can form in the heart, leading to a stroke or heart attack.
Treatment for myocarditis may include medicines, procedures or surgeries.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Myocarditis?
|
Some people with early myocarditis don't have symptoms. Others have mild symptoms.
Common myocarditis symptoms include:
• Chest pain.
• Fatigue.
• Swelling of the legs, ankles and feet.
• Rapid or irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.
• Shortness of breath, at rest or during activity.
• Lightheadedness or feeling like you might faint.
• Flu-like symptoms such as headache, body aches, joint pain, fever or sore throat.
Sometimes, myocarditis symptoms are like symptoms of a heart attack. If you are having unexplained chest pain and shortness of breath, seek emergency medical help.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Myocarditis?
|
Infections can cause myocarditis.
• Viruses.Many viruses have been linked to myocarditis, including the adenovirus, which causes the common cold; theCOVID-19virus; viruses that cause hepatitis B and C; parvovirus, which causes a mild rash, usually in children; and herpes simplex virus.Gastrointestinal infections due to echoviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis, and German measles, also called rubella, all can cause myocarditis. Myocarditis also can be caused byHIV, the virus that causesAIDS.
• Bacteria.Bacteria that can cause myocarditis include staphylococcus, streptococcus, and bacteria that cause diphtheria and Lyme disease.
• Parasites.Parasites that can cause myocarditis are Trypanosoma cruzi and toxoplasma. Some parasites are transmitted by insects and can cause a condition called Chagas disease. Chagas disease is much more common in Central and South America than in the United States.
• Fungi.A fungal infection may cause myocarditis, particularly in people with weakened immune systems. Fungal infections linked to myocarditis include yeast infections, such as candida; molds, such as aspergillus; and histoplasma, often found in bird droppings.
Myocarditis also may be caused by:
• Certain medicines or illegal drugs.These include medicines used to treat cancer; antibiotics, such as penicillin and sulfonamide drugs; some anti-seizure medicines; and cocaine. When these cause myocarditis, it's called drug-induced myocarditis.
• Chemicals or radiation.Exposure to carbon monoxide and radiation can sometimes cause myocarditis.
• Other health conditions.Conditions that may cause myocarditis include lupus, Wegener's granulomatosis, giant cell arteritis and Takayasu's arteritis.
Often, the cause of myocarditis isn't found.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Myocarditis?
|
Usually, myocarditis goes away without complications. However, severe myocarditis can permanently damage the heart muscle.
Possible complications of myocarditis may include:
• Heart failure.Untreated, myocarditis can damage the heart muscle so that it can't pump blood well. People with myocarditis-related heart failure may need a ventricular assist device or a heart transplant.
• Heart attack or stroke.If the heart muscle is damaged and can't pump blood, the blood that collects in the heart can form clots. A heart attack can occur if a clot blocks one of the heart arteries. A stroke can happen if a blood clot in the heart travels to an artery leading to the brain.
• Rapid or irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.Damage to the heart muscle can change how the heart beats. Certain arrhythmias increase the risk of stroke.
• Sudden cardiac death.Certain serious irregular heartbeats can cause the heart to suddenly stop beating, a condition called sudden cardiac arrest. If it leads to death it's called sudden cardiac death.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Myocarditis?
|
There's no specific prevention for myocarditis. However, taking these steps to prevent infections might help:
• Stay away from people who are sick.Stay away from people with symptoms of the flu or other respiratory illness until they are better. If you're sick with symptoms of a viral infection, try to avoid passing the germs to others.
• Wash your hands regularly.Frequent hand-washing is one of the best ways to not get sick and spread germs.
• Avoid risky behaviors.To reduce the chances of getting anHIV-related myocardial infection, practice safe sex and don't use illegal drugs.
• Get recommended vaccines.Stay up to date on recommended vaccines, including those that protect againstCOVID-19, influenza and rubella — diseases that can cause myocarditis. Rarely, theCOVID-19vaccine can cause myocarditis and inflammation of the outer heart lining, called pericarditis, particularly in males ages 12 to 29. Talk with your healthcare team about the benefits and risks of vaccines.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Myoclonus?
|
Myoclonus refers to a quick jerking movement that you can't control. Hiccups are a form of myoclonus, as are the sudden jerks or "sleep starts" that you may feel just before falling asleep. These forms of myoclonus occur in healthy people and usually aren't serious.
Other forms of myoclonus may occur because of a nervous system disorder, such as epilepsy, a metabolic condition, or a reaction to a medicine.
Treating whatever condition causes myoclonus can help control symptoms. Sometimes the cause of myoclonus is unknown or can't be specifically treated. In these cases, the goal of treatment is to reduce the effects of myoclonus on quality of life.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Myoclonus?
|
People with myoclonus often describe their symptoms as jerks, shakes or spasms that are:
• Sudden
• Brief
• Involuntary
• Shock-like
• Variable in intensity and frequency
• Occurring in one part of the body or all over the body
• Sometimes severe enough to interfere with eating, speaking or walking
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Myoclonus?
|
Myoclonus may be caused by a variety of underlying problems. It is commonly separated into different types based on what is causing it. The cause can help determine treatment.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Myofascial pain syndrome?
|
Myofascial pain syndrome is a long-term pain condition. It involves some muscles and the thin cover of tissue that holds muscles in place, called fascia. Pressure on these areas, called trigger points, causes pain.
Sometimes, the pain is felt in other parts of the body. This is called referred pain. The pain often is felt as shoulder pain, back pain, tension headaches and face pain.
This syndrome can happen after a muscle has been tensed over and over. Repeated motions used in jobs or hobbies can be the cause. So can stress-related muscle tension, poor posture and weak muscles. In some cases, the cause of myofascial pain is unknown.
Almost everyone has felt muscle tension pain. But the pain of myofascial pain syndrome doesn't go away. Treatment options include exercise, massage, physical therapy and shots in the trigger points. Pain medicines and finding ways to relax also can help.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Myofascial pain syndrome?
|
Symptoms of myofascial pain syndrome may include:
• Deep, aching pain in a muscle.
• Pain that doesn't go away or gets worse.
• A tender knot in a muscle.
• Trouble sleeping due to pain.
• A general feeling of being not well, called malaise.
• Tiredness.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Myofascial pain syndrome?
|
The exact cause of myofascial pain syndrome is not known. Areas of tight muscle fibers, called trigger points, form in muscles. Too much use of the muscles, most often with poor form, injury to the muscle and mental stress likely help cause trigger points.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Myofascial pain syndrome?
|
In myofascial pain syndrome, something such as muscle tightness sets off trigger points in the muscles. Factors that may increase the risk of muscle trigger points include:
• Muscle injury.A muscle injury or ongoing muscle stress may lead to the forming of trigger points. For instance, a spot in or near a strained muscle may become a trigger point. Repeat motions and poor posture also can increase the risk.
• Stress and anxiety.People who often feel stressed and anxious may be more likely to get trigger points in their muscles. One theory is that these people may be more likely to clench their muscles. Clenching is a form of repeated strain that leaves muscles open to trigger points.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Myofascial pain syndrome?
|
Complications linked to myofascial pain syndrome include:
• Sleep problems.Symptoms of myofascial pain syndrome may make it hard to sleep. It might be hard to find a good sleep position. And if you move while sleeping, you might hit a trigger point and awaken.
• Fibromyalgia.Some research suggests that myofascial pain syndrome may lead to fibromyalgia in some people. Fibromyalgia is a long-term condition of widespread pain.It's believed that the brains of people with fibromyalgia respond more to pain signals over time. Some experts believe myofascial pain syndrome might help start this process.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Myxofibrosarcoma?
|
Symptoms of myxofibrosarcoma include:
• A painless lump on an arm or leg.
• A lump that grows slowly.
Myxofibrosarcoma most often starts in the leg. It rarely starts in the abdomen, where other kinds of sarcomas tend to grow.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Myxofibrosarcoma?
|
The risk of myxofibrosarcoma is higher in adults. This cancer happens most often in adults ages 50 to 70. It is rare in people under age 30.
There is no way to prevent myxofibrosarcoma.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Nearsightedness?
|
Nearsightedness is a common vision condition in which close objects look clear but far objects look blurry. The medical term for nearsightedness is myopia. Myopia happens when the shape of the eye — or the shape of certain parts of the eye — causes light rays to bend or refract. Light rays that should be focused on nerve tissues at the back of the eye, called the retina, are focused in front of the retina instead.
Nearsightedness usually develops during childhood and adolescence. Typically, it becomes more stable between the ages of 20 and 40. It tends to run in families.
A basic eye exam can confirm nearsightedness. You can correct the blurry vision with eyeglasses, contact lenses or refractive surgery.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Nearsightedness?
|
Nearsightedness symptoms may include:
• Blurry vision when looking at distant objects.
• The need to squint or partially close the eyelids to see clearly.
• Headaches.
• Eyestrain.
School-age children may have difficulty seeing things on whiteboards or screen projections in the classroom. Younger children might not express difficulty seeing, but they may have the following behaviors that suggest difficulty seeing:
• Constant squinting.
• Seeming to not be aware of distant objects.
• Blinking often.
• Rubbing the eyes often.
• Sitting close to the television or moving screens closer to the face.
Adults with nearsightedness may notice difficulty reading street signs or signs in stores. Some people may experience blurry vision in dim light, as with nighttime driving, even if they see clearly in daylight. This condition is called night myopia.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Nearsightedness?
|
The eye has two parts that focus images:
• The corneais the clear, dome-shaped front surface of the eye.
• The lensis a clear structure about the size and shape of a pinto bean.
For you to see, light has to pass through the cornea and lens. These parts of the eye bend — also called refract — the light so that the light is focused directly on the retina at the back of your eye. These tissues translate light into signals sent to the brain, which lets you perceive images.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Nearsightedness?
|
Certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing nearsightedness, including:
• Genetics.Nearsightedness tends to run in families. If one of your parents is nearsighted, your risk of developing the condition is increased. The risk is higher if both parents are nearsighted.
• Prolonged close-up activities.Reading or doing other close-up activities for a long time is associated with an increased risk of nearsightedness.
• Screen time.Studies have shown that children who use computers or smart devices for long periods have a greater risk of developing nearsightedness.
• Environmental conditions.Some studies support the idea that not spending enough time outdoors may increase the risk of nearsightedness.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Nearsightedness?
|
Nearsightedness is associated with a variety of complications, such as:
• Poor school experiences.Children with myopia or other vision problems can experience delays in reading or other academic skills, difficulty with social interactions, and poor self-esteem.
• Reduced quality of life.If nearsightedness isn't corrected, it can prevent you from performing daily tasks well or enjoying activities.
• Eyestrain.Not correcting nearsightedness may cause persistent eyestrain and headaches.
• Impaired safety.Your safety and the safety of others may be jeopardized if you have a vision problem. This could be especially serious if you are driving a car or operating heavy equipment.
• Other eye problems.Severe nearsightedness puts you at an increased risk of retinal detachment, glaucoma, cataracts and other serious eye conditions.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
|
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, often called NAFLD, is a liver problem that affects people who drink little to no alcohol. In NAFLD, too much fat builds up in the liver. It is seen most often in people who are overweight or obese.
NAFLD is becoming more common, especially in Middle Eastern and Western nations as the number of people with obesity rises. It is the most common form of liver disease in the world. NAFLD ranges in severity from hepatic steatosis, called fatty liver, to a more severe form of disease called nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
NASH causes the liver to swell and become damaged due to the fat deposits in the liver. NASH may get worse and may lead to serious liver scarring, called cirrhosis, and even liver cancer. This damage is like the damage caused by heavy alcohol use.
A move is currently underway to change the name nonalcoholic fatty liver disease to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Experts also have recommended changing the name nonalcoholic steatohepatitis to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH).
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
|
NAFLDoften has no symptoms. When it does, they may include:
• Fatigue.
• Not feeling well, or malaise.
• Pain or discomfort in the upper right belly area.
Possible symptoms ofNASHand cirrhosis, or severe scarring, include:
• Itchy skin.
• Abdominal swelling, also called ascites (uh-SY-teez).
• Shortness of breath.
• Swelling of the legs.
• Spider-like blood vessels just beneath the skin's surface.
• Enlarged spleen.
• Red palms.
• Yellowing of the skin and eyes, or jaundice.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
|
Experts don't know exactly why fat builds up in some livers and not others. They also don't fully understand why some fatty livers turn intoNASH.
NAFLDandNASHare both linked to the following:
• Genetics.
• Overweight or obesity.
• Insulin resistance, which happens when your cells don't take up sugar in response to the hormone insulin.
• Type 2 diabetes, sometimes called high blood sugar or hyperglycemia.
• High levels of fats, especially triglycerides, in the blood.
These combined health problems may contribute to a fatty liver. However, some people getNAFLDeven if they do not have any risk factors.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
|
Many diseases and health problems can increase your risk ofNAFLD, including:
• Family history of fatty liver disease or obesity.
• Growth hormone deficiency, which means the body doesn't make enough hormones to grow.
• High cholesterol.
• High levels of triglycerides in the blood.
• Insulin resistance.
• Metabolic syndrome.
• Obesity, especially when fat is centered in the waist.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome.
• Obstructive sleep apnea.
• Type 2 diabetes.
• Underactive thyroid, also called hypothyroidism.
• Underactive pituitary gland, or hypopituitarism.
NASHis more likely in these groups:
• People older than 50.
• People with certain genetic risk factors.
• People with obesity.
• People with diabetes or high blood sugar.
• People with symptoms of metabolic syndrome, such as high blood pressure, high triglycerides and a large waist size.
It is hard to tell apartNAFLDfromNASHwithout a clinical evaluation and testing.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
|
Severe liver scarring, or cirrhosis, is the main complication ofNAFLDandNASH. Cirrhosis happens because of liver injury, such as the damage caused by inflammation inNASH. As the liver tries to stop inflammation, it creates areas of scarring, also called fibrosis. With ongoing inflammation, fibrosis spreads and takes up more liver tissue.
If nothing is done to stop the scarring, cirrhosis can lead to:
• Fluid buildup in the stomach area, called ascites.
• Swollen veins in your esophagus, or esophageal varices, which can rupture and bleed.
• Confusion, sleepiness and slurred speech, also called hepatic encephalopathy.
• Overactive spleen, or hypersplenism, which can cause too few blood platelets.
• Liver cancer.
• End-stage liver failure, which means the liver has stopped working.
Experts guess that about 24% of adults in the U.S. haveNAFLD, and about 1.5% to 6.5% haveNASH.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
|
To reduce your risk ofNAFLD:
• Eat a healthy diet.Eat a healthy diet that's rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and healthy fats.
• Limit alcohol, simple sugars and portion sizes.Avoid sugary drinks like soda, sports drinks, juices and sweet tea. Drinking alcohol can damage your liver and should be avoided or minimized.
• Keep a healthy weight.If you are overweight or obese, work with your health care team to gradually lose weight. If you are a healthy weight, work to keep it by eating a healthy diet and exercising.
• Exercise.Be active most days of the week. Get an OK from your health care team first if you haven't been exercising regularly.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma?
|
Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma symptoms depend on where the cancer occurs. It most often happens in the arms and legs, but it can happen anywhere in the body.
Signs and symptoms may include:
• Growing lump or area of swelling.
• If it grows very large, there may be pain, tingling and numbness.
• If it occurs in an arm or leg, there may be swelling in the hand or foot of an affected limb.
• If it occurs in the abdomen, there may be pain, loss of appetite and constipation.
• Fever.
• Weight loss.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma?
|
It's not clear what causes undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.
Doctors know this cancer begins when a cell develops changes in its DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cell to multiply rapidly, creating a mass of abnormal cells (tumor). The cells can invade and destroy nearby healthy tissue. In time, the cancer cells can break away and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the lungs and bones.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma?
|
Factors that may increase the risk of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma include:
• Older age.This cancer tends to occur in adults older than 50, though it can occur at any age.
• Previous radiation therapy.Rarely, this cancer can develop in an area of the body that was previously treated with radiation therapy.
Most people who develop undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma have no known risk factors, and many people who have risk factors never develop the cancer.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Narcissistic personality disorder?
|
Narcissistic personality disorder is a mental health condition in which people have an unreasonably high sense of their own importance. They need and seek too much attention and want people to admire them. People with this disorder may lack the ability to understand or care about the feelings of others. But behind this mask of extreme confidence, they are not sure of their self-worth and are easily upset by the slightest criticism.
A narcissistic personality disorder causes problems in many areas of life, such as relationships, work, school or financial matters. People with narcissistic personality disorder may be generally unhappy and disappointed when they're not given the special favors or admiration that they believe they deserve. They may find their relationships troubled and unfulfilling, and other people may not enjoy being around them.
Treatment for narcissistic personality disorder centers around talk therapy, also called psychotherapy.
Narcissistic personality disorder affects more males than females, and it often begins in the teens or early adulthood. Some children may show traits of narcissism, but this is often typical for their age and doesn't mean they'll go on to develop narcissistic personality disorder.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Narcissistic personality disorder?
|
Symptoms of narcissistic personality disorder and how severe they are can vary. People with the disorder can:
• Have an unreasonably high sense of self-importance and require constant, excessive admiration.
• Feel that they deserve privileges and special treatment.
• Expect to be recognized as superior even without achievements.
• Make achievements and talents seem bigger than they are.
• Be preoccupied with fantasies about success, power, brilliance, beauty or the perfect mate.
• Believe they are superior to others and can only spend time with or be understood by equally special people.
• Be critical of and look down on people they feel are not important.
• Expect special favors and expect other people to do what they want without questioning them.
• Take advantage of others to get what they want.
• Have an inability or unwillingness to recognize the needs and feelings of others.
• Be envious of others and believe others envy them.
• Behave in an arrogant way, brag a lot and come across as conceited.
• Insist on having the best of everything — for instance, the best car or office.
At the same time, people with narcissistic personality disorder have trouble handling anything they view as criticism. They can:
• Become impatient or angry when they don't receive special recognition or treatment.
• Have major problems interacting with others and easily feel slighted.
• React with rage or contempt and try to belittle other people to make themselves appear superior.
• Have difficulty managing their emotions and behavior.
• Experience major problems dealing with stress and adapting to change.
• Withdraw from or avoid situations in which they might fail.
• Feel depressed and moody because they fall short of perfection.
• Have secret feelings of insecurity, shame, humiliation and fear of being exposed as a failure.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Narcissistic personality disorder?
|
Although the cause of narcissistic personality disorder isn't known, some researchers think that overprotective or neglectful parenting may have an impact on children who are born with a tendency to develop the disorder. Genetics and other factors also may play a role in the development of narcissistic personality disorder.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Narcissistic personality disorder?
|
Complications of narcissistic personality disorder, and other conditions that can occur along with it include:
• Relationship difficulties
• Problems at work or school
• Depression and anxiety
• Other personality disorders
• An eating disorder called anorexia
• Physical health problems
• Drug or alcohol misuse
• Suicidal thoughts or behavior
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Narcissistic personality disorder?
|
Because the cause of narcissistic personality disorder is unknown, there's no known way to prevent the condition. But it may help to:
• Get treatment as soon as possible for childhood mental health problems.
• Participate in family therapy to learn healthy ways to communicate or to cope with conflicts or emotional distress.
• Attend parenting classes and seek guidance from a therapist or social worker if needed.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Nasal and paranasal tumors?
|
Nasal and paranasal tumors are growths that begin in and around the passageway within the nose. Nasal tumors begin in the main passageway within the nose, called the nasal cavity. Paranasal tumors begin in air-filled chambers around the nose, called the paranasal sinuses.
Some nasal and paranasal tumors aren't cancerous. These noncancerous tumors also are called benign tumors. They can grow to block the flow of air through the nose.
Other nasal and paranasal tumors are cancers. Cancerous tumors also are called malignant tumors. They can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body.
Several types of nasal and paranasal tumors exist. The type of tumor you have helps determine the best treatment for you.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Nasal and paranasal tumors?
|
Signs and symptoms of nasal and paranasal tumors can include:
• Difficulty breathing through the nose.
• Frequent headaches.
• Loss of the sense of smell.
• Nosebleeds.
• Discharge from the nose.
• Facial swelling or pain.
• Watery eyes.
• A sore on the roof of the mouth.
• Vision problems.
• A lump in the neck.
• Difficulty opening the mouth.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Nasal and paranasal tumors?
|
Nasal and paranasal tumors happen when cells in the nasal cavity or chambers around the nose develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions also tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to make many more cells quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
Sometimes the changes in the DNA turn the cells into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Nasal and paranasal tumors?
|
Factors that may increase the risk of nasal and paranasal tumors include:
• Smoking tobacco increases the risk.This includes cigarettes, cigars and pipes.
• Being exposed to air pollution.Breathing in polluted air increases the risk of nasal and paranasal tumors.
• Being exposed to chemicals and irritants in the air at work.These may include wood dust, fumes from glue, rubbing alcohol and formaldehyde, and dust from flour, chromium and nickel.
• Being exposed to human papillomavirus, also calledHPV.HPVis a common virus that's passed through sexual contact. For most people, it causes no problems and goes away on its own. For others, it causes changes in cells that can lead to many types of cancer.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Nasal and paranasal tumors?
|
To reduce your risk of nasal and paranasal tumors, you can:
• Stop smoking.If you don't use tobacco, don't start. If you currently use tobacco of any kind, talk with a healthcare professional about strategies to help you quit.
• Protect yourself at work.Follow your workplace safety rules for protecting yourself from harmful fumes and irritants in the air, such as wearing a face mask.
• Ask about theHPVvaccine.Receiving a vaccination to preventHPVinfection may reduce your risk ofHPV-related cancers. Ask your doctor or other healthcare professional whether anHPVvaccine is right for you.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Nasal polyps?
|
Nasal polyps are painless growths inside the nose or the hollow areas inside the bones of the face, also known as sinuses. Nasal polyps aren't cancer.
Small nasal polyps might not cause symptoms. Larger growths or groups of nasal polyps can block the nose. They can lead to breathing problems, not being able to smell and infections.
Nasal polyps can affect anyone. But they're more common in young and middle-aged adults. Medicines can often shrink nasal polyps or get rid of them. But surgery might be needed to remove them. Even after treatment, nasal polyps often come back.
|
local_scraped
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.