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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the symptoms of Nasal polyps?
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Nasal polyps are linked to irritation and swelling, also called inflammation, of the inside of the nose and sinuses that lasts more than 12 weeks. This is known as chronic sinusitis. But it's possible to have chronic sinusitis without getting nasal polyps.
People who have small nasal polyps might not know they have them. But having more than one polyp or having a large polyp can block the nose.
Common symptoms of chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps include:
• Runny, stuffy nose.
• Mucus running down the throat, also known as postnasal drip.
• Not being able to smell.
• Not being able to taste.
• Facial pain or headache.
• Pain in the teeth.
• A sense of pressure over the forehead and face.
• Snoring.
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What are the causes of Nasal polyps?
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Experts don't know what causes nasal polyps. They don't know why some people get nasal polyps and others don't.
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What are the risk factors of Nasal polyps?
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Infections, allergies or any condition that causes long-term inflammation in the nose or sinuses can increase the risk of having nasal polyps.
Conditions often linked to nasal polyps include:
• Asthma.
• Aspirin sensitivity.
• Cystic fibrosis.
• Dental infections.
• Lack of vitamin D.
Having a family history of nasal polyps also might increase the risk.
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What are the complications of Nasal polyps?
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One of the most common complications of chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps is making asthma worse.
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What is the prevention of Nasal polyps?
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The following might help lower the chances of getting nasal polyps or having nasal polyps come back after treatment:
• Manage allergies and asthma.Follow your treatment plan. Be sure symptoms are controlled. See your health care provider if they're not.
• Avoid things that can irritate the nose.These include tobacco smoke, chemical fumes and dust. If you smoke, talk to your health care provider about ways to quit.
• Wash your hands often and well.This is one of the best ways to protect against infections that can cause irritation and swelling of the nose and sinuses.
• Use a machine that adds moisture to the air, known as a humidifier.This might help prevent the nose from getting stuffy and irritated. Clean the humidifier as directed to keep bacteria from growing.
• Use a nasal rinse.Rinsing the inside of the nose with a saltwater spray or nasal wash might help remove what irritates it.You can buy saltwater sprays and nasal wash kits without a prescription. Nasal wash kits come with a neti pot or squeeze bottle and directions for how to use them.Use water that's distilled or sterile or has been boiled for one minute and cooled. The water can also be filtered using a filter with an absolute pore size of 1 micron or smaller. Rinse the pot or bottle after each use with the distilled, sterile, previously boiled or filtered water and leave it open to dry.
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What are the Overview of Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis?
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Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a rare disease that occurs mainly in people with advanced kidney failure with or without dialysis. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis may resemble skin diseases, such as scleroderma and scleromyxedema, with thickening and darkening developing on large areas of the skin.
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis can also affect internal organs, such as the heart and lungs, and it can cause a disabling shortening of muscles and tendons in the joints (joint contracture).
For some people with advanced kidney disease, being exposed to older gadolinium-based contrast agents (group 1) during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other imaging studies has been identified as a trigger for development of this disease. Recognition of this link has dramatically reduced the incidence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Newer gadolinium-based contrast agents (group 2) are not associated with an increased risk of systemic nephrogenic fibrosis.
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What are the symptoms of Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis?
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Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis can begin days to months, and even years, after exposure to an older gadolinium-based contrast agent (group 1). Some signs and symptoms of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis may include:
• Swelling and tightening of the skin
• Reddened or darkened patches on the skin
• Thickening and hardening of the skin, typically on the arms and legs and sometimes on the body, but almost never on the face or head
• Skin that may feel "woody" and develop an orange-peel appearance
• Burning, itching or severe sharp pains in areas of involvement
• Skin thickening that inhibits movement, resulting in loss of joint flexibility
• Rarely, blisters or ulcers
In some people, involvement of muscles and body organs may cause:
• Muscle weakness
• Limitation of joint motion caused by muscle tightening (contractures) in arms, hands, legs and feet
• Bone pain, particularly in the hip bones or ribs
• Reduced internal organ function, including heart, lung, diaphragm, gastrointestinal tract or liver
• Yellow plaques on the white surface (sclera) of the eyes
The condition is generally long term (chronic), but some people may improve. In a few people, it can cause severe disability, even death.
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What are the risk factors of Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis?
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The highest risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis after exposure to older gadolinium-based contrast agents (group 1) occurs in people who:
• Have moderate to severe kidney disease
• Have had a kidney transplant but have compromised renal function
• Are receiving hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis
• Have acute kidney injury
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What is the prevention of Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis?
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Avoidance of older gadolinium-based contrast agents (group 1) is key to preventing nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, as newer gadolinium-based contrast agents (group 2) are safer and are not associated with increased risk.
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What are the Overview of Neuroendocrine tumors?
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Neuroendocrine tumors are cancers that begin in specialized cells called neuroendocrine cells. Neuroendocrine cells have traits similar to those of nerve cells and hormone-producing cells.
Neuroendocrine tumors are rare and can occur anywhere in the body. Most neuroendocrine tumors occur in the lungs, appendix, small intestine, rectum and pancreas.
There are many types of neuroendocrine tumors. Some grow slowly and some grow very quickly. Some neuroendocrine tumors produce excess hormones (functional neuroendocrine tumors). Others don't release hormones or don't release enough to cause symptoms (nonfunctional neuroendocrine tumors).
Diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors depend on the type of tumor, its location, whether it produces excess hormones, how aggressive it is and whether it has spread to other parts of the body.
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What are the symptoms of Neuroendocrine tumors?
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Neuroendocrine tumors don't always cause signs and symptoms at first. The symptoms you might experience depend on the location of your tumor and whether it produces excess hormones.
In general, neuroendocrine tumor signs and symptoms might include:
• Pain from a growing tumor
• A growing lump you can feel under the skin
• Feeling unusually tired
• Losing weight without trying
Neuroendocrine tumors that produce excess hormones (functional tumors) might cause:
• Skin flushing
• Diarrhea
• Frequent urination
• Increased thirst
• Dizziness
• Shakiness
• Skin rash
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What are the causes of Neuroendocrine tumors?
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The exact cause of neuroendocrine tumors isn't known. These cancers begin in neuroendocrine cells that have traits similar to those of nerve cells and hormone-producing cells. Neuroendocrine cells are found throughout your body.
Neuroendocrine tumors begin when neuroendocrine cells develop changes (mutations) in theirDNA. TheDNAinside a cell contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the neuroendocrine cells to multiply rapidly and form a tumor.
Some neuroendocrine tumors grow very slowly. Others are aggressive cancers that invade and destroy normal body tissue or spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.
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What are the risk factors of Neuroendocrine tumors?
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The risk of neuroendocrine tumors is higher in people who inherit genetic syndromes that increase the risk of cancer. Examples include:
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1)
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2 (MEN 2)
• Von Hippel-Lindau disease
• Tuberous sclerosis
• Neurofibromatosis
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What are the Overview of Neurofibroma?
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A neurofibroma is a type of peripheral nerve tumor that forms a soft bump on or under the skin. The tumor can develop within a major or minor nerve anywhere in the body.
This common type of nerve tumor tends to form centrally within the nerve. A neurofibroma forms on the protective covering of the nerve, known as the nerve sheath. Sometimes it grows on several nerve bundles. When this happens, it's called a plexiform neurofibroma.
A neurofibroma may cause mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. If the tumor presses against nerves or grows within them, it may cause pain or numbness.
A neurofibroma usually isn't cancer. Rarely, it can become cancer.
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What are the symptoms of Neurofibroma?
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A neurofibroma might cause no symptoms. If symptoms occur, they're usually mild. When a neurofibroma grows on or under the skin, symptoms may include:
• A bump on the skin. The bump may be the color of your skin or pink or tan.
• Pain.
• Bleeding.
If a neurofibroma becomes large or presses against or grows on a nerve, symptoms may include:
• Pain.
• Tingling.
• Numbness or weakness.
• Change in appearance when a large neurofibroma is on the face.
Some people with neurofibromas have a genetic condition known as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). A person with NF1 may have many neurofibromas. The number of neurofibromas increases with age.
A tumor that involves many nerves, known as a plexiform neurofibroma, can occur in a person with NF1. This type of neurofibroma can grow large and cause pain. It also can become cancerous.
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What are the causes of Neurofibroma?
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A neurofibroma can arise with no known cause, or it may appear in people with a genetic condition called neurofibromatosis type 1. Neurofibromas most often are found in people ages 20 to 30 years old.
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What are the risk factors of Neurofibroma?
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The only known risk factor for neurofibromas is having the genetic condition known as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). People with NF1 have several neurofibromas, along with other symptoms. In about half of the people with NF1, the disease was passed down from a parent. However, most people with neurofibromas don't have NF1.
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What are the Overview of Neurofibromatosis type 1?
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Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic condition that causes changes in skin pigment and tumors on nerve tissue. Skin changes include flat, light brown spots and freckles in the armpits and groin. Tumors can grow anywhere in the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord and nerves. NF1 is rare. About 1 in 2,500 is affected by NF1.
The tumors often are not cancerous, known as benign tumors. But sometimes they can become cancerous. Symptoms often are mild. But complications can occur and may include trouble with learning, heart and blood vessel conditions, vision loss, and pain.
Treatment focuses on supporting healthy growth and development in children and early management of complications. If NF1 causes large tumors or tumors that press on a nerve, surgery can reduce symptoms. A newer medicine is available to treat tumors in children, and other new treatments are being developed.
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What are the causes of Neurofibromatosis type 1?
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Neurofibromatosis type 1 is caused by an altered gene that either is passed down by a parent or occurs at conception.
The NF1 gene is located on chromosome 17. This gene produces a protein called neurofibromin that helps regulate cell growth. When the gene is altered, it causes a loss of neurofibromin. This allows cells to grow without control.
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What are the risk factors of Neurofibromatosis type 1?
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The biggest risk factor for neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a family history. For about half of people who have NF1, the disease was passed down from a parent. People who have NF1 and whose relatives aren't affected are likely to have a new change to a gene.
NF1 has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. This means that any child of a parent who is affected by the disease has a 50% chance of having the altered gene.
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What are the complications of Neurofibromatosis type 1?
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Complications of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) vary, even within the same family. Generally, complications occur when tumors affect nerve tissue or press on internal organs.
Complications of NF1 include:
• Neurological symptoms.Trouble with learning and thinking are the most common neurological symptoms associated with NF1. Less common complications include epilepsy and the buildup of excess fluid in the brain.
• Concerns with appearance.Visible signs of NF1 can include widespread cafe au lait spots, many neurofibromas in the facial area or large neurofibromas. In some people this can cause anxiety and emotional distress, even if they're not medically serious.
• Skeletal symptoms.Some children have bones that didn't form as usual. This can cause bowing of the legs and fractures that sometimes don't heal. NF1 can cause curvature of the spine, known as scoliosis, that may need bracing or surgery. NF1 also is associated with lower bone mineral density, which increases the risk of weak bones, known as osteoporosis.
• Changes in vision.Sometimes a tumor called an optic pathway glioma develops on the optic nerve. When this happens, it can affect vision.
• Increase in symptoms during times of hormonal change.Hormonal changes associated with puberty or pregnancy might cause an increase in neurofibromas. Most people who have NF1 have healthy pregnancies but will likely need monitoring by an obstetrician who is familiar with NF1.
• Cardiovascular symptoms.People who have NF1 have an increased risk of high blood pressure and may develop blood vessel conditions.
• Trouble breathing.Rarely, plexiform neurofibromas can put pressure on the airway.
• Cancer.Some people who have NF1 develop cancerous tumors. These usually arise from neurofibromas under the skin or from plexiform neurofibromas. People who have NF1 also have a higher risk of other forms of cancer. They include breast cancer, leukemia, colorectal cancer, brain tumors and some types of soft tissue cancer. Screening for breast cancer should begin earlier, at age 30, for women with NF1 compared to the general population.
• Benign adrenal gland tumor, known as a pheochromocytoma.This noncancerous tumor produces hormones that raise your blood pressure. Surgery often is needed to remove it.
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What are the Overview of Niemann-Pick disease?
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Niemann-Pick disease is a group of rare conditions passed down in families. The conditions affect the body's ability to break down and use fats, such as cholesterol and lipids, inside cells. Because of the buildup of fats, these cells don't work as they should and, over time, the cells die. Niemann-Pick disease can affect the brain, nerves, liver, spleen and bone marrow. Sometimes it can affect the lungs.
Symptoms of Niemann-Pick disease relate to worsening function of the nerves, brain and other organs over time.
Niemann-Pick disease can happen at different ages but mainly affects children. The condition has no known cure and is sometimes fatal. Treatment is focused on helping people live with their symptoms.
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What are the symptoms of Niemann-Pick disease?
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The three main types of Niemann-Pick disease are called A, B and C. Symptoms differ widely but depend in part on the type and how severe the condition is. Symptoms may include:
• Loss of muscle control, such as clumsiness and problems walking.
• Muscle weakness and floppiness.
• Stiff and awkward movements.
• Vision problems, such as vision loss and eye movements that can't be controlled.
• Hearing loss.
• Being sensitive to touch.
• Problems sleeping.
• Problems swallowing and eating.
• Slurred speech.
• Problems with learning and memory that get worse.
• Mental health conditions, such as depression, paranoia and behavior problems.
• Liver and spleen that get too large.
• Repeated infections that cause pneumonia.
Some infants with type A show symptoms within the first few months of life. Those with type B may not show symptoms for years and have a better chance of living to adulthood. People with type C can start to have symptoms at any age but may not have any symptoms until adulthood.
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What are the causes of Niemann-Pick disease?
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Niemann-Pick disease is caused by changes in specific genes related to how the body breaks down and uses fats. These fats include cholesterol and lipids. The gene changes are passed from parents to children in a pattern called autosomal recessive inheritance. This means that both the mother and the father must pass on a changed gene for the child to have the condition.
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What are the risk factors of Niemann-Pick disease?
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Risk factors for Niemann-Pick disease depend on the type. The condition is caused by changes in genes that are passed down in families. Although the condition can occur in any population, type A occurs more often in people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Type B occurs more often in people of North African descent. Type C occurs in many different populations, but it occurs more often in people of Acadian and Bedouin descent.
If you have a child with Niemann-Pick disease, your risk of having another child with the condition is higher.
Genetic testing and counseling can help you learn about your risks.
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What are the Overview of Nightmare disorder?
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A nightmare is a disturbing dream associated with negative feelings, such as anxiety or fear that awakens you. Nightmares are common in children but can happen at any age. Occasional nightmares usually are nothing to worry about.
Nightmares may begin in children between 3 and 6 years old and tend to decrease after the age of 10. During the teen and young adult years, girls appear to have nightmares more often than boys do. Some people have them as adults or throughout their lives.
Although nightmares are common, nightmare disorder is relatively rare. Nightmare disorder is when nightmares happen often, cause distress, disrupt sleep, cause problems with daytime functioning or create fear of going to sleep.
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What are the symptoms of Nightmare disorder?
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You're more likely to have a nightmare in the second half of your night. Nightmares may occur rarely or more frequently, even several times a night. Episodes are generally brief, but they cause you to awaken, and returning to sleep can be difficult.
A nightmare may involve these features:
• Your dream seems vivid and real and is very upsetting, often becoming more disturbing as the dream unfolds.
• Your dream storyline is usually related to threats to safety or survival, but it can have other disturbing themes.
• Your dream awakens you.
• You feel scared, anxious, angry, sad or disgusted as a result of your dream.
• You feel sweaty or have a pounding heartbeat while in bed.
• You can think clearly upon awakening and can recall details of your dream.
• Your dream causes distress that keeps you from falling back to sleep easily.
Nightmares are only considered a disorder if you experience:
• Frequent occurrences
• Major distress or impairment during the day, such as anxiety or persistent fear, or bedtime anxiety about having another nightmare
• Problems with concentration or memory, or you can't stop thinking about images from your dreams
• Daytime sleepiness, fatigue or low energy
• Problems functioning at work or school or in social situations
• Behavior problems related to bedtime or fear of the dark
Having a child with nightmare disorder can cause significant sleep disturbance and distress for parents or caregivers.
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What are the causes of Nightmare disorder?
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Nightmare disorder is referred to by doctors as a parasomnia — a type of sleep disorder that involves undesirable experiences that occur while you're falling asleep, during sleep or when you're waking up. Nightmares usually occur during the stage of sleep known as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The exact cause of nightmares is not known.
Nightmares can be triggered by many factors, including:
• Stress or anxiety.Sometimes the ordinary stresses of daily life, such as a problem at home or school, trigger nightmares. A major change, such as a move or the death of a loved one, can have the same effect. Experiencing anxiety is associated with a greater risk of nightmares.
• Trauma.Nightmares are common after an accident, injury, physical or sexual abuse, or other traumatic event. Nightmares are common in people who have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
• Sleep deprivation.Changes in your schedule that cause irregular sleeping and waking times or that interrupt or reduce the amount of sleep you get can increase your risk of having nightmares. Insomnia is associated with an increased risk of nightmares.
• Medications.Some drugs — including certain antidepressants, blood pressure medications, beta blockers, and drugs used to treat Parkinson's disease or to help stop smoking — can trigger nightmares.
• Substance misuse.Alcohol and recreational drug use or withdrawal can trigger nightmares.
• Other disorders.Depression and other mental health disorders may be linked to nightmares. Nightmares can happen along with some medical conditions, such as heart disease or cancer. Having other sleep disorders that interfere with adequate sleep can be associated with having nightmares.
• Scary books and movies.For some people, reading scary books or watching frightening movies, especially before bed, can be associated with nightmares.
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What are the risk factors of Nightmare disorder?
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Nightmares are more common when family members have a history of nightmares or other sleep parasomnias, such as talking during sleep.
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What are the complications of Nightmare disorder?
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Nightmare disorder may cause:
• Excessive daytime sleepiness, which can lead to difficulties at school or work, or problems with everyday tasks, such as driving and concentrating
• Problems with mood, such as depression or anxiety from dreams that continue to bother you
• Resistance to going to bed or to sleep for fear you'll have another bad dream
• Suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts
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What are the Overview of Nonmelanoma skin cancer?
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Nonmelanoma skin cancer refers to all the types of cancer that happen in the skin that are not melanoma.
Several types of skin cancer fall within the broader category of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Almost all nonmelanoma skin cancers are either basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. Other types of nonmelanoma skin cancer are rare.
Nonmelanoma skin cancer treatment depends on the type of cancer. Skin cancer treatment usually involves surgery to remove the cancer cells.
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What are the symptoms of Nonmelanoma skin cancer?
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Symptoms of nonmelanoma skin cancer often develop on parts of the body that are exposed to the sun. Examples include the scalp, face, ears, neck, chest, arms and hands. But nonmelanoma skin cancer can happen on other parts of the body too. This includes the lips, fingers, fingernails and genital areas.
Nonmelanoma skin cancer symptoms appear as a change in the skin, including:
• A new growth on the skin.
• Changes to an existing skin spot, such as changes in shape or color.
• Itching, pain, crusting or bleeding of a skin spot.
• A sore that won't heal or one that keeps coming back.
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What are the causes of Nonmelanoma skin cancer?
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Nonmelanoma skin cancer develops when changes happen in the DNA of skin cells. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. In nonmelanoma skin cancer, the cells grow out of control and may form a new growth on the skin or cause changes in an existing spot on the skin.
Ultraviolet light, also called UV light, causes most of the DNA changes in skin cells. UV light can come from sunlight, tanning lamps and tanning beds. But sun exposure doesn't explain skin cancers that develop on skin that's not typically exposed to sunlight. Other factors can contribute to the risk and development of nonmelanoma skin cancer. The exact cause is not always clear.
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What are the risk factors of Nonmelanoma skin cancer?
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Factors that may raise the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer include:
• Being in the sun too much.A lot of time spent in the sun or using tanning beds raises the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Getting severe sunburns also raises the risk.
• Having skin that sunburns easily.Anyone of any skin color can get nonmelanoma skin cancer. But it's more common in people who have low levels of melanin in their skin. Melanin is a substance that gives color to skin. It also helps protect the skin from damaging UV light. People with Black or brown skin have more melanin than people with white skin. The risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer is highest in people who have blond or red hair, have light-colored eyes, and freckle or sunburn easily.
• A personal or family history of skin cancer.People who have had skin cancer before have a higher risk of developing it again. Those with a family history of skin cancer also may have a higher risk of developing nonmelanoma skin cancer.
• Medicines to control the immune system.Medicines that work by suppressing the immune system raise the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancers significantly. Medicines that work in this way include those used after an organ transplant to prevent rejection.
• Radiation therapy.Radiation therapy to treat acne or other skin conditions may raise the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer at the previous treatment sites on the skin.
• Increasing age.The risk of some types of nonmelanoma skin cancer goes up as people get older.
• Inherited syndromes that cause skin cancer.Some rare genetic diseases can raise the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer.
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What are the Overview of Noonan syndrome?
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Noonan syndrome is a genetic condition that stops typical development in various parts of the body. It can affect a person in several ways, including unusual facial features, short height, heart problems and other physical problems. It also can cause a child to develop more slowly than usual, for example, in walking, talking or learning new things.
A changed gene causes Noonan syndrome. A child inherits a copy of an affected gene from a parent. This is called dominant inheritance. The condition also can occur as a spontaneous change. This means there's no family history involved.
Doctors manage Noonan syndrome by controlling the symptoms and complications. They may use a growth hormone to treat short height in some people with Noonan syndrome.
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What are the symptoms of Noonan syndrome?
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Symptoms of Noonan syndrome vary greatly and range from mild to severe. These symptoms may be related to the specific gene containing the change.
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What are the causes of Noonan syndrome?
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A change in one or more genes can cause Noonan syndrome. Changes in these genes produce proteins that are always active. Because these genes play a role in how tissues form in the body, this constant activation of proteins disrupts the typical process of cell growth and division.
The gene changes that cause Noonan syndrome can be:
• Inherited.Children who have one parent with Noonan syndrome who carries the changed gene have a 50% chance of developing the condition. This is called an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern.
• Random.Noonan syndrome can develop in a child because of a new changed gene — meaning the child did not inherit that gene from a parent. This is known as a de novo genetic condition.
In some cases, the cause of Noonan syndrome is not known.
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What are the risk factors of Noonan syndrome?
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A parent with Noonan syndrome has a 50% chance of passing the changed gene to a child. The child who inherits the irregular gene may or may not have more symptoms than the parent who is affected.
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What are the complications of Noonan syndrome?
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Complications from Noonan syndrome can arise that may need attention, including:
• Developmental delays.Children with Noonan syndrome may be slow to develop compared with other children their age. For example, they may be way behind in learning to speak or walk or in learning things at school. A plan is needed to address the children's developmental challenges and learning and educational needs.
• Bleeding and bruising.Sometimes the bleeding problem common in people with Noonan syndrome is not found until they have dental work or surgery.
• Buildup of fluid.Called lymphedema, this complication involves too much fluid that builds up in various areas of the body. Sometimes fluid can collect in the space around the heart and lungs.
• Urinary tract issues.A kidney structure that is not typical may raise the risk of urinary tract infections.
• Fertility issues.Males may have a low sperm count and other fertility problems because of undescended testicles or testicles that do not work properly.
• Higher risk of cancer.There may be a higher risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as leukemia or certain types of tumors.
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What is the prevention of Noonan syndrome?
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If you have a family history of Noonan syndrome, talk to your doctor or health care team about the benefits of genetic counseling before you have children. Genetic testing can detect Noonan syndrome.
If Noonan syndrome is detected early, it's possible that proper and ongoing care may lessen complications such as heart disease.
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What are the Overview of Peripheral neuropathy?
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Peripheral neuropathy happens when the nerves that are located outside of the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves) are damaged. This condition often causes weakness, numbness and pain, usually in the hands and feet. It also can affect other areas and body functions including digestion and urination.
The peripheral nervous system sends information from the brain and spinal cord, also called the central nervous system, to the rest of the body through motor nerves. The peripheral nerves also send sensory information to the central nervous system through sensory nerves.
Peripheral neuropathy can result from traumatic injuries, infections, metabolic problems, inherited causes and exposure to toxins. One of the most common causes of neuropathy is diabetes.
People with peripheral neuropathy usually describe the pain as stabbing, burning or tingling. Sometimes symptoms get better, especially if caused by a condition that can be treated. Medicines can reduce the pain of peripheral neuropathy.
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What are the symptoms of Peripheral neuropathy?
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Every nerve in the peripheral system has a specific job. Symptoms depend on the type of nerves affected. Nerves are divided into:
• Sensory nerves that receive sensation, such as temperature, pain, vibration or touch, from the skin.
• Motor nerves that control muscle movement.
• Autonomic nerves that control functions such as blood pressure, sweating, heart rate, digestion and bladder function.
Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy might include:
• Gradual onset of numbness, prickling, or tingling in your feet or hands. These sensations can spread upward into your legs and arms.
• Sharp, jabbing, throbbing or burning pain.
• Extreme sensitivity to touch.
• Pain during activities that shouldn't cause pain, such as pain in your feet when putting weight on them or when they're under a blanket.
• Lack of coordination and falling.
• Muscle weakness.
• Feeling as if you're wearing gloves or socks when you're not.
• Inability to move if motor nerves are affected.
If autonomic nerves are affected, symptoms might include:
• Heat intolerance.
• Excessive sweating or not being able to sweat.
• Bowel, bladder or digestive problems.
• Drops in blood pressure, causing dizziness or lightheadedness.
Peripheral neuropathy can affect one nerve, called mononeuropathy. If it affects two or more nerves in different areas, it's called multiple mononeuropathy, and if it affects many nerves, it's called polyneuropathy. Carpal tunnel syndrome is an example of mononeuropathy. Most people with peripheral neuropathy have polyneuropathy.
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What are the causes of Peripheral neuropathy?
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Peripheral neuropathy is nerve damage caused by several different conditions. Health conditions that can cause peripheral neuropathy include:
• Autoimmune diseases.These include Sjogren's syndrome, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and vasculitis. Also, some cancers related to the body's immune system can cause polyneuropathy. These are a form of autoimmune disorder called paraneoplastic syndrome.
• Diabetes and metabolic syndrome.This is the most common cause. Among people with diabetes, more than half will develop some type of neuropathy.
• Infections.These include certain viral or bacterial infections, including Lyme disease, shingles, hepatitis B and C, leprosy, diphtheria, and HIV.
• Inherited disorders.Disorders such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease are hereditary types of neuropathy that run in families.
• Tumors.Cancerous growths, also called malignant, and noncancerous growths, also called benign, can grow on or press on nerves.
• Bone marrow disorders.These include a protein in the blood that isn't usually there, called monoclonal gammopathies, a rare form of myeloma that affects the bones, lymphoma and the rare disease amyloidosis.
• Other diseases.These include metabolic conditions such as kidney disease or liver disease, and an underactive thyroid, also known as hypothyroidism.
Other causes of neuropathies include:
• Alcohol use disorder.Unhealthy dietary choices made by people with alcohol use disorder, also known as alcoholism, and poor absorption of vitamins can lead to low amounts of essential vitamins in the body.
• Exposure to poisons.Toxic substances include industrial chemicals and heavy metals such as lead and mercury.
• Medicines.Certain medicines, especially chemotherapy used to treat cancer, can cause peripheral neuropathy.
• Injury or pressure on the nerve.Injuries, such as from motor vehicle accidents, falls or sports injuries, can sever or damage peripheral nerves. Nerve pressure can result from having a cast or using crutches or repeating a motion such as typing many times.
• Low vitamin levels.B vitamins, including B-1, B-6 and B-12, as well as copper and vitamin E are crucial to nerve health.
In some cases, no cause can be identified. This is called idiopathic peripheral neuropathy.
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What are the risk factors of Peripheral neuropathy?
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Peripheral neuropathy risk factors include:
• Diabetes, especially if your sugar levels are not controlled well.
• Alcohol misuse.
• Low levels of vitamins in the body, especially vitamin B-12.
• Infections, such as Lyme disease, shingles, hepatitis B and C, and HIV.
• Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, in which the immune system attacks your own tissues.
• Kidney, liver or thyroid disorders.
• Exposure to toxins.
• Repetitive motion, such as those performed for certain jobs.
• Family history of neuropathy.
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What are the complications of Peripheral neuropathy?
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Complications of peripheral neuropathy can include:
• Burns, skin injuries and wounds on the feet.You might not feel temperature changes or pain on parts of your body that are numb.
• Infection.Your feet and other areas that lack sensation can become injured without your knowing. Check these areas regularly, wear close-toed, well-fitting shoes and treat minor injuries before they become infected, especially if you have diabetes.
• Falls.Weakness and loss of sensation may be associated with lack of balance and falling. Installing handrails in the bathroom, using canes or walkers when needed, and ensuring that you are walking only in well-lit rooms can decrease fall risk.
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What are the Overview of Postherpetic neuralgia?
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Postherpetic neuralgia (post-hur-PET-ik noo-RAL-juh) is the most common complication of shingles. It causes a burning pain in nerves and skin. The pain lasts long after the rash and blisters of shingles go away.
The risk of postherpetic neuralgia rises with age. It mainly affects people older than 60. There's no cure, but treatments can ease symptoms. For most people, postherpetic neuralgia gets better over time.
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What are the symptoms of Postherpetic neuralgia?
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In general, the symptoms of postherpetic neuralgia are limited to the area of skin where the shingles outbreak first happened. That's commonly in a band around the trunk of the body, most often on one side.
The symptoms might include:
• Pain that lasts three months or longerafter the shingles rash has healed. The pain may feel burning, sharp and jabbing. Or it may feel deep and aching.
• Not being able to stand light touch.People with postherpetic neuralgia often can't bear even the touch of clothing on the affected skin.
• Itching or loss of feeling.Less often, postherpetic neuralgia can cause an itchy feeling or numbness.
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What are the causes of Postherpetic neuralgia?
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The chickenpox virus causes shingles. Once you've had chickenpox, the virus stays in your body for the rest of your life. The virus can become active again and cause shingles. This risk goes up with age. The risk also rises if something turns down the body's immune system, such as chemotherapy medicines to treat cancer.
Postherpetic neuralgia happens if nerve fibers get damaged during an outbreak of shingles. Damaged fibers can't send messages from the skin to the brain as they usually do. Instead, the messages become confused and heightened. This causes pain that can last months or even years.
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What are the risk factors of Postherpetic neuralgia?
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With shingles, things that can raise the risk of postherpetic neuralgia are:
• Age.You're older than 60.
• How bad the case of shingles was.You had a severe rash and pain that kept you from doing daily activities.
• Other illness.You have a long-term disease, such as diabetes.
• Where shingles appeared.You had shingles on your face or torso.
• A delay in shingles treatment.You didn't start taking antiviral medicine within 72 hours of your rash appearing.
• No shingles vaccine.You had not been vaccinated for shingles.
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What are the complications of Postherpetic neuralgia?
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People with postherpetic neuralgia can develop other problems that are common with long-term pain. It depends on how long the postherpetic neuralgia lasts and how painful it is. These other problems can include:
• Depression.
• Trouble sleeping.
• Tiredness
• Not feeling as hungry as usual.
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What is the prevention of Postherpetic neuralgia?
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Shingles vaccines can help prevent shingles and postherpetic neuralgia. Ask your health care provider when you should get a vaccine.
In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggests that adults 50 and older get a shingles vaccine called Shingrix. The agency also suggests Shingrix for adults 19 and older who have weaker immune systems because of diseases or treatments. Shingrix is suggested even if you've already had shingles or the older vaccine, Zostavax. Shingrix is given in two doses, 2 to 6 months apart.
With two doses, Shingrix is more than 90% effective in preventing shingles and postherpetic neuralgia. Other shingles vaccines are offered outside of the United States. Talk to your provider for more information on how well they prevent shingles and postherpetic neuralgia.
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What are the Peripheral nerve tumors of Schwannoma?
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• Symptoms&causes
• Diagnosis&treatment
• Doctors&departments
• Care atMayoClinic
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What are the Overview of Schwannomatosis?
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Schwannomatosis is a condition that results in slow-growing tumors on nerve tissue. The tumors can grow on nerves in the ears, brain, spine and eyes. They also can grow on peripheral nerves, which are nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord. Schwannomatosis is rare. It's usually diagnosed in early adulthood.
There are three types of schwannomatosis. Each type is caused by an altered gene.
In NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2), tumors grow in both ears and can cause hearing loss. The altered gene that causes this type is sometimes passed down from a parent. NF2-related schwannomatosis was previously known as neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2).
The other two types of schwannomatosis are SMARCB1-related schwannomatosis and LZTR1-related schwannomatosis. The altered genes that cause these types usually are not passed down through families.
The tumors caused by schwannomatosis usually are not cancerous. Symptoms can include headaches, hearing loss, trouble with balance and pain. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms.
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What are the symptoms of Schwannomatosis?
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Schwannomatosis symptoms depend on the type.
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What are the causes of Schwannomatosis?
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Schwannomatosis is caused by an altered gene. The specific genes involved depend on the type:
• NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2).The NF2 gene produces a protein called merlin, also called schwannomin, that suppresses tumors. An altered gene causes a loss of merlin, leading to cell growth that's not controlled.
• SMARCB1- and LZTR1-related schwannomatosis.So far, two genes are known to cause these types of schwannomatosis. Changes of the genes SMARCB1 and LZTR1, which suppress tumors, are linked with these conditions.
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What are the risk factors of Schwannomatosis?
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The gene that causes schwannomatosis is sometimes passed down from a parent. The risk of inheriting the gene differs based on the type of schwannomatosis.
For about half of people who have NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2), they received an altered gene from a parent that caused the disease. NF2 has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. This means that any child of a parent who is affected by the disease has a 50% chance of having the gene change. People who have NF2 and whose relatives aren't affected are likely to have a new gene change.
In SMARCB1- and LZTR1-related schwannomatosis, the disease is less likely to be passed down from a parent. Researchers estimate that the risk of inheriting SMARCB1- and LZTR1-related schwannomatosis from an affected parent is about 15%.
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What are the complications of Schwannomatosis?
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Complications can occur in schwannomatosis, and they depend on the type the person has.
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What are the Overview of Sleep terrors (night terrors)?
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Sleep terrors are times of screaming or crying, intense fear, and sometimes waving arms and legs when not fully awake. Also known as night terrors, sleep terrors may lead to sleepwalking. Like sleepwalking, sleep terrors are a type of parasomnia. Parasomnias are disturbing or strange behaviors or experiences during sleep. A sleep terror usually lasts from seconds to a few minutes, but it may last longer.
Sleep terrors may happen in children between the ages of 1 and 12 years. They happen much less often in adults. Although sleep terrors can be frightening to those around the person with sleep terrors, they aren't usually a cause for concern. Most children outgrow sleep terrors by their teenage years.
Sleep terrors may need treatment if they cause problems with getting enough sleep or cause a safety risk.
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What are the symptoms of Sleep terrors (night terrors)?
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Sleep terrors differ from nightmares. A nightmare is a bad dream. The person who has a nightmare wakes up from the dream and may remember details. A person who has a sleep terror remains asleep. Children usually don't remember anything about their sleep terrors in the morning. Adults may recall part of a dream they had during the sleep terrors.
Sleep terrors generally happen in the first part of sleep time, and rarely during naps. A sleep terror may lead to sleepwalking.
During a sleep terror, a person may:
• Start by screaming, shouting or crying.
• Sit up in bed and look scared.
• Stare wide-eyed.
• Sweat, breathe heavily, and have a racing pulse, flushed face and enlarged pupils.
• Kick and thrash.
• Be hard to wake up and be confused if awakened.
• Not be comforted or soothed.
• Have no or little memory of the event the next morning.
• Possibly, get out of bed and run around the house or have aggressive behavior if blocked or held back.
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What are the causes of Sleep terrors (night terrors)?
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Sleep terrors are a type of parasomnia. A parasomnia is a disturbing or strange behavior or experience during sleep. People who have sleep terrors don't completely wake up from sleep during the episodes. Their appearance may suggest they are awake, but they remain partially asleep.
Several issues can contribute to sleep terrors, such as:
• Serious lack of sleep and extreme tiredness.
• Stress.
• Sleep schedule changes, travel or sleep interruptions.
• Fever.
Sleep terrors sometimes can be triggered by conditions that interfere with sleep, such as:
• Sleep-disordered breathing — a group of disorders that include breathing patterns that are not typical during sleep. The most common type of sleep-disordered breathing is obstructive sleep apnea.
• Restless legs syndrome.
• Some medicines.
• Mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety.
• Alcohol use.
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What are the risk factors of Sleep terrors (night terrors)?
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Sleep terrors are more common if family members have a history of sleep terrors or sleepwalking.
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What are the complications of Sleep terrors (night terrors)?
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Some complications that may result from sleep terrors include:
• Being too sleepy during the day, which can lead to problems at school or work or with everyday tasks.
• Disturbed sleep.
• Embarrassment about the sleep terrors or problems with relationships.
• Injury to the person having a sleep terror or, rarely, to someone nearby.
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What are the Overview of Trigeminal neuralgia?
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Trigeminal neuralgia (try-JEM-ih-nul nu-RAL-juh) is a condition that causes intense pain similar to an electric shock on one side of the face. It affects the trigeminal nerve, which carries signals from the face to the brain. Even light touch from brushing your teeth or putting on makeup may trigger a jolt of pain. Trigeminal neuralgia can be long-lasting. It's known as a chronic pain condition.
People with trigeminal neuralgia may at first experience short, mild episodes of pain. But the condition can get worse, causing longer periods of pain that happen more often. It's more common in women and people older than 50.
But trigeminal neuralgia, also known as tic douloureux, doesn't mean living a life of pain. It usually can be managed with treatment.
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What are the symptoms of Trigeminal neuralgia?
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Trigeminal neuralgia symptoms may include one or more of these patterns:
• Episodes of intense shooting or jabbing pain that may feel like an electric shock.
• Sudden episodes of pain or pain triggered by touching the face, chewing, speaking or brushing your teeth.
• Episodes of pain lasting from a few seconds to several minutes.
• Pain that occurs with facial spasms.
• Episodes of pain lasting days, weeks, months or longer. Some people have periods when they experience no pain.
• Pain in areas supplied by the trigeminal nerve. These areas include the cheek, jaw, teeth, gums or lips. Less often, the eye and forehead may be affected.
• Pain on one side of the face at a time.
• Pain focused in one spot. Or the pain may be spread in a wider pattern.
• Pain that rarely occurs while sleeping.
• Episodes of pain that become more frequent and intense over time.
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What are the causes of Trigeminal neuralgia?
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In trigeminal neuralgia, the trigeminal nerve's function is disrupted. Contact between a blood vessel and the trigeminal nerve at the base of the brain often causes the pain. The blood vessel may be an artery or a vein. This contact puts pressure on the nerve and doesn't allow it to function as usual.
But while compression by a blood vessel is a common cause, there are many other potential causes. Multiple sclerosis or a similar condition that damages the myelin sheath protecting certain nerves can cause trigeminal neuralgia. A tumor pressing against the trigeminal nerve also can cause the condition.
Some people may experience trigeminal neuralgia as a result of a stroke or facial trauma. An injury of the nerve due to surgery also can cause trigeminal neuralgia.
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What are the risk factors of Trigeminal neuralgia?
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Research has found that some factors put people at higher risk of trigeminal neuralgia, including:
• Sex.Women are more likely than men to experience trigeminal neuralgia.
• Age.Trigeminal neuralgia is more common among people 50 and older.
• Certain conditions.For example, hypertension is a risk factor for trigeminal neuralgia. In addition, people with multiple sclerosis are at higher risk of trigeminal neuralgia.
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What are the Overview of Vasovagal syncope?
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Vasovagal syncope (vay-zoh-VAY-gul SING-kuh-pee) occurs when you faint because your body overreacts to certain triggers. These may include the sight of blood or extreme emotional distress. Vasovagal syncope also is called neurocardiogenic syncope.
The vasovagal syncope trigger causes your heart rate and blood pressure to drop suddenly. That leads to reduced blood flow to your brain, causing you to briefly lose consciousness.
Vasovagal syncope is usually harmless and requires no treatment. But it's possible that you may injure yourself during a vasovagal syncope episode. Your healthcare professional may recommend tests to rule out more-serious causes of fainting, such as heart conditions.
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What are the symptoms of Vasovagal syncope?
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Before you faint due to vasovagal syncope, you may experience some of the following symptoms:
• Change in skin color.
• Lightheadedness.
• Tunnel vision — your field of vision narrows so that you see only what's in front of you.
• Upset stomach.
• Feeling warm.
• A cold, clammy sweat.
• Blurred vision.
During a vasovagal syncope episode, people around you may notice:
• Jerky movements.
• A slow, weak pulse.
• Dilated pupils.
Recovery after a vasovagal episode generally begins in less than a minute. However, if you stand up too soon after fainting — within about 15 to 30 minutes — you're at risk of fainting again.
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What are the causes of Vasovagal syncope?
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Vasovagal syncope occurs when the part of your nervous system that regulates heart rate and blood pressure overreacts to a trigger. Common triggers include:
• Standing for long periods of time.
• Heat exposure.
• Seeing blood.
• Having blood drawn.
• Fear of bodily injury.
• Straining, such as to pass stool.
Vasovagal syncope can happen without a trigger.
During a vasovagal syncope episode, your heart rate slows, and the blood vessels in your legs widen. This allows blood to pool in your legs, which lowers your blood pressure. The drop in blood pressure and slowed heart rate quickly reduce blood flow to your brain, and you faint.
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What are the risk factors of Vasovagal syncope?
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The risk of vasovagal syncope may be higher in:
• Children and young adults, although vasovagal syncope can happen at any age.
• People who stand for long periods of time.
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What is the prevention of Vasovagal syncope?
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You may not always be able to avoid a vasovagal syncope episode. If you feel like you might faint, lie down and lift your legs. This allows gravity to keep blood flowing to your brain. If you can't lie down, sit down and put your head between your knees until you feel better.
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What are the Overview of Obesity?
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Obesity is a complex disease involving having too much body fat. Obesity isn't just a cosmetic concern. It's a medical problem that increases the risk of many other diseases and health problems. These can include heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, liver disease, sleep apnea and certain cancers.
There are many reasons why some people have trouble losing weight. Often, obesity results from inherited, physiological and environmental factors, combined with diet, physical activity and exercise choices.
The good news is that even modest weight loss can improve or prevent the health problems associated with obesity. A healthier diet, increased physical activity and behavior changes can help you lose weight. Prescription medicines and weight-loss procedures are other options for treating obesity.
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What are the symptoms of Obesity?
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Body mass index, known as BMI, is often used to diagnose obesity. To calculateBMI, multiply weight in pounds by 703, divide by height in inches and then divide again by height in inches. Or divide weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. There are several online calculators available that help calculateBMI.
SeeBMIcalculator
Asians with aBMIof 23 or higher may have an increased risk of health problems.
For most people,BMIprovides a reasonable estimate of body fat. However,BMIdoesn't directly measure body fat. Some people, such as muscular athletes, may have aBMIin the obesity category even though they don't have excess body fat.
Many health care professionals also measure around a person's waist to help guide treatment decisions. This measurement is called a waist circumference. Weight-related health problems are more common in men with a waist circumference over 40 inches (102 centimeters). They're more common in women with a waist measurement over 35 inches (89 centimeters). Body fat percentage is another measurement that may be used during a weight loss program to track progress.
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What are the causes of Obesity?
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Although there are genetic, behavioral, metabolic and hormonal influences on body weight, obesity occurs when you take in more calories than you burn through typical daily activities and exercise. Your body stores these excess calories as fat.
In the United States, most people's diets are too high in calories — often from fast food and high-calorie beverages. People with obesity might eat more calories before feeling full, feel hungry sooner, or eat more due to stress or anxiety.
Many people who live in Western countries now have jobs that are much less physically demanding, so they don't tend to burn as many calories at work. Even daily activities use fewer calories, courtesy of conveniences such as remote controls, escalators, online shopping, and drive-through restaurants and banks.
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What are the risk factors of Obesity?
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Obesity often results from a combination of causes and contributing factors:
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What are the complications of Obesity?
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People with obesity are more likely to develop a number of potentially serious health problems, including:
• Heart disease and strokes.Obesity makes you more likely to have high blood pressure and unhealthy cholesterol levels, which are risk factors for heart disease and strokes.
• Type 2 diabetes.Obesity can affect the way the body uses insulin to control blood sugar levels. This raises the risk of insulin resistance and diabetes.
• Certain cancers.Obesity may increase the risk of cancer of the uterus, cervix, endometrium, ovary, breast, colon, rectum, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidney and prostate.
• Digestive problems.Obesity increases the likelihood of developing heartburn, gallbladder disease and liver problems.
• Sleep apnea.People with obesity are more likely to have sleep apnea, a potentially serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep.
• Osteoarthritis.Obesity increases the stress placed on weight-bearing joints. It also promotes inflammation, which includes swelling, pain and a feeling of heat within the body. These factors may lead to complications such as osteoarthritis.
• Fatty liver disease.Obesity increases the risk of fatty liver disease, a condition that happens due to excessive fat deposit in the liver. In some cases, this can lead to serious liver damage, known as liver cirrhosis.
• Severe COVID-19 symptoms.Obesity increases the risk of developing severe symptoms if you become infected with the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019, known as COVID-19. People who have severe cases ofCOVID-19may need treatment in intensive care units or even mechanical assistance to breathe.
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What are the Overview of Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) features a pattern of unwanted thoughts and fears known as obsessions. These obsessions lead you to do repetitive behaviors, also called compulsions. These obsessions and compulsions get in the way of daily activities and cause a lot of distress.
Ultimately, you feel driven to do compulsive acts to ease your stress. Even if you try to ignore or get rid of bothersome thoughts or urges, they keep coming back. This leads you to act based on ritual. This is the vicious cycle ofOCD.
OCDoften centers around certain themes, such as being overly fearful of getting contaminated by germs. To ease contamination fears, you may wash your hands over and over again until they're sore and chapped.
If you haveOCD, you may be ashamed, embarrassed and frustrated about the condition. But treatment can be effective.
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What are the symptoms of Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder usually includes both obsessions and compulsions. But it's also possible to have only obsession symptoms or only compulsion symptoms. You may or may not know that your obsessions and compulsions are beyond reason. But they take up a great deal of time, reduce your quality of life, and get in the way of your daily routines and responsibilities.
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What are the causes of Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
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The cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder isn't fully understood. Main theories include:
• Biology.OCDmay be due to changes in your body's natural chemistry or brain functions.
• Genetics.OCDmay have a genetic component, but specific genes have yet to be found.
• Learning.Obsessive fears and compulsive behaviors can be learned from watching family members or learning them over time.
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What are the risk factors of Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
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Factors that may raise the risk of causing obsessive-compulsive disorder include:
• Family history.Having parents or other family members with the disorder can raise your risk of gettingOCD.
• Stressful life events.If you've gone through traumatic or stressful events, your risk may increase. This reaction may cause the intrusive thoughts, rituals and emotional distress seen inOCD.
• Other mental health disorders.OCDmay be related to other mental health disorders, such as anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse or tic disorders.
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What are the complications of Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
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Issues due to obsessive-compulsive disorder include:
• Excessive time spent taking part in ritualistic behaviors.
• Health issues, such as contact dermatitis from frequent hand-washing.
• Having a hard time going to work or school or taking part in social activities.
• Troubled relationships.
• Poor quality of life.
• Thoughts about suicide and behavior related to suicide.
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What is the prevention of Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
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There's no sure way to prevent obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, getting treated as soon as possible may help keepOCDfrom getting worse and disrupting activities and your daily routine.
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What are the Overview of Obstructive sleep apnea?
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Obstructive sleep apnea is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder. People with obstructive sleep apnea repeatedly stop and start breathing while they sleep.
There are several types of sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the throat muscles relax and block the airway. This happens off and on many times during sleep. A sign of obstructive sleep apnea is snoring.
Treatments for obstructive sleep apnea are available. One treatment is a device that uses positive pressure to keep the airway open during sleep. Another option is a mouthpiece to thrust the lower jaw forward during sleep. In some people, surgery might be an option too.
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What are the symptoms of Obstructive sleep apnea?
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Symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea include:
• Excessive daytime sleepiness.
• Loud snoring.
• Observed episodes of stopped breathing during sleep.
• Waking during the night and gasping or choking.
• Awakening in the morning with a dry mouth or sore throat.
• Morning headaches.
• Trouble focusing during the day.
• Mood changes, such as depression or being easily upset.
• High blood pressure.
• Decreased interest in sex.
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What are the causes of Obstructive sleep apnea?
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Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the muscles in the back of the throat relax too much to allow for proper breathing. These muscles support the back of the roof of the mouth, known as the soft palate. The muscles also support the tongue and side walls of the throat.
When the muscles relax, the airway narrows or closes as you breathe in. This can lower the level of oxygen in the blood and cause a buildup of carbon dioxide.
Your brain senses this impaired breathing and briefly rouses you from sleep so that you can reopen your airway. This awakening is usually so brief that you don't remember it.
You may awaken with shortness of breath that corrects itself quickly, within one or two deep breaths. Or you might make a snorting, choking or gasping sound.
This pattern can repeat itself 5 to 30 times or more each hour, all night long. These disruptions impair your ability to reach the deep, restful phases of sleep, and you'll probably feel sleepy during your waking hours.
People with obstructive sleep apnea might not be aware of their interrupted sleep. Many people with this type of sleep apnea don't realize they haven't slept well all night.
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What are the risk factors of Obstructive sleep apnea?
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Anyone can develop obstructive sleep apnea. However, certain factors put you at increased risk, including:
• Excess weight.Most but not all people with obstructive sleep apnea are overweight. Fat deposits around the upper airway can obstruct breathing. Medical conditions that are associated with obesity, such as hypothyroidism and polycystic ovary syndrome, also can cause obstructive sleep apnea.
• Older age.The risk of obstructive sleep apnea increases as you age but appears to level off after your 60s and 70s.
• Narrowed airway.A naturally narrow airway is a trait that can be passed down in your family. Or your tonsils or adenoids might become enlarged and block your airway.
• High blood pressure, known as hypertension.Obstructive sleep apnea is relatively common in people with hypertension.
• Chronic nasal congestion.Obstructive sleep apnea occurs twice as often in those who have consistent nasal congestion at night, regardless of the cause.
• Smoking.People who smoke are more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea.
• Diabetes.Obstructive sleep apnea might be more common in people with diabetes.
• Male sex.In general, men are 2 to 3 times more likely as premenopausal women to have obstructive sleep apnea. However, the risk of obstructive sleep apnea increases in women after menopause.
• A family history of sleep apnea.Having family members with obstructive sleep apnea might increase your risk.
• Asthma.Research has found an association between asthma and the risk of obstructive sleep apnea.
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What are the Overview of Ocular rosacea?
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Ocular rosacea (roe-ZAY-she-uh) is inflammation that causes redness, burning and itching of the eyes. It often develops in people who have rosacea, a chronic skin condition that affects the face. Sometimes ocular (eye) rosacea is the first sign that you may later develop the facial type.
Ocular rosacea primarily affects adults between the ages of 30 and 50. It seems to develop in people who tend to blush and flush easily.
There's no cure for ocular rosacea, but medications and a good eye care routine can help control the signs and symptoms.
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What are the symptoms of Ocular rosacea?
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Signs and symptoms of ocular rosacea can precede the skin symptoms of rosacea, develop at the same time, develop later or occur on their own. Signs and symptoms of ocular rosacea may include:
• Red, burning, itchy or watering eyes
• Dry eyes
• Grittiness or the feeling of having a foreign body in the eye or eyes
• Blurred vision
• Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
• Dilated small blood vessels on the white part of the eye that are visible when you look in a mirror
• Red, swollen eyelids
• Recurrent eye or eyelid infections, such as pink eye (conjunctivitis), blepharitis, sties or chalazia
The severity of ocular rosacea symptoms doesn't always match the severity of skin symptoms.
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What are the causes of Ocular rosacea?
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The exact cause of ocular rosacea, like skin rosacea, is unknown. It may be due to one or more factors, including:
• Heredity
• Environmental factors
• Bacterial involvement
• Blocked glands in the eyelids
• Eyelash mites
Some research has also shown a possible link between skin rosacea and Helicobacter pylori bacteria, which is the same bacteria that causes gastrointestinal infections.
A number of factors that aggravate skin rosacea can aggravate ocular rosacea, as well. Some of these factors include:
• Hot or spicy foods or beverages
• Alcohol
• Sunlight, wind or temperature extremes
• Certain emotions, such as stress, anger or embarrassment
• Strenuous exercise
• Hot baths or saunas
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What are the risk factors of Ocular rosacea?
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Ocular rosacea is common in people with skin rosacea, although you can also have ocular rosacea without the skin being involved. Skin rosacea affects more women than men, and ocular rosacea affects men and women equally. It's also more common in fair-skinned people of Celtic and Northern European origin.
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What are the complications of Ocular rosacea?
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Ocular rosacea may affect the surface of your eye (cornea), particularly when you have dry eyes from evaporation of tears. Corneal complications can lead to visual symptoms. Inflammation of your eyelids (blepharitis) can cause secondary irritation of the cornea from misdirected eyelashes or other complications. Ultimately, corneal complications can lead to vision loss.
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What are the Overview of Oligodendroglioma?
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Oligodendroglioma is a growth of cells that starts in the brain or spinal cord. The growth, called a tumor, begins in cells called oligodendrocytes. These cells make a substance that protects nerve cells and helps with the flow of electrical signals in the brain and spinal cord.
Oligodendroglioma is most common in adults, but it can happen at any age. Symptoms include seizures, headaches, and weakness or disability in a part of the body. Where this happens in the body depends on which parts of the brain or spinal cord are affected by the tumor.
Treatment is with surgery, when possible. Sometimes surgery can't be done if the tumor is in a place that makes it hard to reach with surgical tools. Other treatments may be needed if the tumor can't be removed or if it's likely to come back after surgery.
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What are the symptoms of Oligodendroglioma?
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Signs and symptoms of oligodendroglioma include:
• Balance problems.
• Changes in behavior.
• Memory problems.
• Numbness on one side of the body.
• Problems speaking.
• Problems thinking clearly.
• Seizures.
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What are the causes of Oligodendroglioma?
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The cause of oligodendroglioma often isn't known. This tumor starts as a growth of cells in the brain or spinal cord. It forms in cells called oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes help protect nerve cells and help with the flow of electrical signals in the brain.
Oligodendroglioma happens when oligodendrocytes develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to grow and multiply quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The tumor cells form a growth that may press on nearby parts of the brain or spinal cord as the growth gets bigger. Sometimes the DNA changes turn the tumor cells into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue.
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What are the risk factors of Oligodendroglioma?
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Risk factors for oligodendroglioma include:
• History of radiation exposure.A history of radiation to the head and neck can increase a person's risk.
• Adult age.This tumor can happen at any age. But it's more often found in adults in their 40s and 50s.
• White race.Oligodendroglioma happens most often in white people who don't have Hispanic ancestry.
There is no way to prevent oligodendroglioma.
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What are the Overview of Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?
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Even the best-behaved children can be difficult and challenging at times. But oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) includes a frequent and ongoing pattern of anger, irritability, arguing and defiance toward parents and other authority figures.ODDalso includes being spiteful and seeking revenge, a behavior called vindictiveness.
These emotional and behavioral issues cause serious problems with family life, social activities, school and work. But as a parent, you don't have to try to manage a child withODDalone. Your health care provider, a mental health professional and a child development expert can help.
Treatment ofODDinvolves learning skills to help build positive family interactions and to manage problem behaviors. Other therapy, and possibly medicines, may be needed to treat related mental health conditions.
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What are the symptoms of Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?
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Sometimes it's difficult to recognize the difference between a strong-willed or emotional child and one with oppositional defiant disorder. It's common for children to show oppositional behavior at certain stages of development.
Symptoms ofODDgenerally begin during preschool years. SometimesODDmay develop later, but almost always before the early teen years. Oppositional and defiant behaviors are frequent and ongoing. They cause severe problems with relationships, social activities, school and work, for both the child and the family.
Emotional and behavioral symptoms ofODDgenerally last at least six months. They include angry and irritable mood, argumentative and defiant behavior, and hurtful and revengeful behavior.
Angry and irritable mood
• Often and easily loses temper.
• Is frequently touchy and easily annoyed by others.
• Is often angry and resentful.
Argumentative and defiant behavior
• Often argues with adults or people in authority.
• Often actively defies or refuses to follow adults' requests or rules.
• Often annoys or upsets people on purpose.
• Often blames others for their own mistakes or misbehavior.
Hurtful and revengeful behavior
• Says mean and hateful things when upset.
• Tries to hurt the feelings of others and seeks revenge, also called being vindictive.
• Has shown vindictive behavior at least twice in the past six months.
Severity
ODDcan be mild, moderate or severe:
• Mild.Symptoms occur only in one setting, such as only at home, school, work or with peers.
• Moderate.Some symptoms occur in at least two settings.
• Severe.Some symptoms occur in three or more settings.
For some children, symptoms may first be seen only at home. But with time, problem behavior also may happen in other settings, such as school, social activities and with friends.
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What are the causes of Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?
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There's no known clear cause of oppositional defiant disorder. Causes may include a combination of genetic and environmental factors:
• Genetics.A child's natural personality or character — also called temperament — may contribute to developingODD. Differences in the way nerves and the brain function also may play a role.
• Environment.Problems with parenting that may involve a lack of supervision, inconsistent or harsh discipline, or abuse or neglect may contribute to developingODD.
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What are the risk factors of Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?
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Oppositional defiant disorder is a complex problem. Possible risk factors forODDinclude:
• Temperament —a child who has a temperament that includes difficulty managing emotions, such as reacting with strong emotions to situations or having trouble tolerating frustration.
• Parenting issues —a child who experiences abuse or neglect, harsh or inconsistent discipline, or a lack of proper supervision.
• Other family issues —a child who lives with parent or family relationships that are unstable or has a parent with a mental health condition or substance use disorder.
• Environment —problem behaviors that are reinforced through attention from peers and inconsistent discipline from other authority figures, such as teachers.
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What are the complications of Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?
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Children and teenagers with oppositional defiant disorder may have trouble at home with parents and siblings, in school with teachers, and at work with supervisors and other authority figures. Children and teens withODDmay struggle to make and keep friends and relationships.
ODDalso may lead to other problems, such as:
• Poor school and work performance.
• Antisocial behavior.
• Legal problems.
• Impulse control problems.
• Substance use disorder.
• Suicide.
Many children and teens withODDalso have other mental health conditions, such as:
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
• Conduct disorder.
• Depression.
• Anxiety disorders.
• Learning and communication disorders.
Treating these other mental health conditions may help reduceODDsymptoms. It may be difficult to treatODDif these other conditions are not evaluated and treated appropriately.
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