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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the symptoms of Lichen planus?
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Symptoms of lichen planus vary depending on the part of the body affected. Nail disease usually affects several nails. Symptoms include:
• Purple, shiny, flat bumps, often on the inner forearms, wrists or ankles.
• Lines of rash where the skin has been scratched.
• Lacy white patches on the tongue or inside of the cheeks.
• Itchiness.
• Painful sores in the mouth or genitals.
• Rarely, hair loss.
• Nail scarring or loss.
• Dark lines from the tip of the nail to the base.
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What are the causes of Lichen planus?
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The cause of lichen planus is likely related to the immune system attacking cells of the skin or mucous membranes. It's not clear why this irregular immune response happens. The condition isn't contagious.
Lichen planus may be activated by:
• Hepatitis C infection.
• Pain relievers and other medicines.
• An allergic reaction to the metal in dental fillings.
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What are the risk factors of Lichen planus?
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Anyone can develop lichen planus. It most often affects middle-aged adults. Lichen planus in the mouth is more likely to affect women than men.
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What are the complications of Lichen planus?
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Lichen planus can be difficult to treat on the vulva and in the vagina. It can cause scarring and severe pain. Sores on the genitals can make sex painful.
The affected skin and nails might stay slightly darker even after healing.
Oral sores may affect your ability to eat. Oral lichen planus increases the risk of oral cancer. Rarely, lichen planus affects the ear canal. Left untreated, it may lead to hearing loss.
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What are the Overview of Lichen sclerosus?
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Lichen sclerosus (LIE-kun skluh-ROW-sus) is a condition that causes patchy, discolored, thin skin. It usually affects the genital and anal areas.
Anyone can get lichen sclerosus but postmenopausal women are at higher risk. It isn't contagious and can't be spread through sexual contact.
Treatment is usually a medicated ointment. This treatment helps return the skin to its usual color and reduces the risk of scarring. Even if your symptoms clear up, they tend to come back. So you'll likely need long-term follow-up care.
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What are the symptoms of Lichen sclerosus?
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It's possible to have mild lichen sclerosus with no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they usually affect the skin of the genital and anal areas. The back, shoulders, upper arms and breasts may also be affected. Symptoms may include:
• Smooth discolored skin patches
• Blotchy, wrinkled skin patches
• Itching
• Soreness or a burning feeling
• Easy bruising
• Fragile skin
• Changes in the tube for urine flow (urethra)
• Bleeding, blistering or open sores
• Painful sex
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What are the causes of Lichen sclerosus?
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The exact cause of lichen sclerosus isn't known. It's likely a combination of factors, including an overactive immune system, your genetic makeup, and previous skin damage or irritation.
Lichen sclerosus isn't contagious and can't be spread through sexual contact.
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What are the risk factors of Lichen sclerosus?
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Anyone can get lichen sclerosus, but the risk is higher for:
• Postmenopausal women
• Children younger than 10 years old
• Women who have another autoimmune disease, such as forms of low thyroid function (hypothyroidism)
• Men with urinary incontinence or an uncircumcised penis
• People with a family history of the disease
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What are the complications of Lichen sclerosus?
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Complications of lichen sclerosus include painful sex and scarring, including covering of the clitoris. Scarring of the penis can cause painful erection, poor urine flow and an inability to retract the foreskin.
People with vulvar lichen sclerosus are also at an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma.
In children, constipation is a common complication.
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What are the Overview of Lip cancer?
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Lip cancer occurs on the skin of the lips. Lip cancer can occur anywhere along the upper or lower lip, but is most common on the lower lip. Lip cancer is considered a type of mouth (oral) cancer.
Most lip cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, which means they begin in the thin, flat cells in the middle and outer layers of the skin called squamous cells.
Lip cancer risk factors include excessive sun exposure and tobacco use. You may reduce your risk of lip cancer by protecting your face from the sun with a hat or sunblock, and by quitting smoking.
Treatment for lip cancer usually involves surgery to remove the cancer. For small lip cancers, surgery may be a minor procedure with minimal impact on your appearance.
For larger lip cancers, more extensive surgery may be necessary. Careful planning and reconstruction can preserve your ability to eat and speak normally, and also achieve a satisfactory appearance after surgery.
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What are the symptoms of Lip cancer?
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Signs and symptoms of lip cancer include:
• A flat or slightly raised whitish discoloration of the lip
• A sore on your lip that won't heal
• Tingling, pain or numbness of the lips or the skin around the mouth
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What are the causes of Lip cancer?
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It's not clear what causes lip cancer.
In general, cancer starts when cells develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cell to begin multiplying uncontrollably and to continue living when healthy cells would die. The accumulating cells form a tumor that can invade and destroy normal body tissue.
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What are the risk factors of Lip cancer?
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Factors that can increase your risk of lip cancer include:
• Tobacco use of any kind, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco and snuff, among others
• Fair skin
• Excessive sun exposure to your lips
• A weakened immune system
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What is the prevention of Lip cancer?
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To reduce your risk of lip cancer, you can:
• Stop using tobacco or don't start.If you use tobacco, stop. If you don't use tobacco, don't start. Using tobacco, whether smoked or chewed, exposes the cells in your lips to dangerous cancer-causing chemicals.
• Avoid the sun during the middle of the day.For many people in North America, the sun's rays are strongest between about 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Schedule outdoor activities for other times of the day, even during winter or when the sky is cloudy.
• Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, even on cloudy days.Apply sunscreen generously, and reapply every two hours — or more often if you're swimming or perspiring.
• Avoid tanning beds.Tanning beds emit UV rays and can increase your risk of lip cancer.
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What are the symptoms of Liposarcoma?
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Liposarcoma symptoms depend on the part of the body where the cancer forms.
Liposarcoma in the arms and legs can cause:
• A growing lump of tissue under the skin.
• Pain.
• Swelling.
• Weakness of the affected limb.
Liposarcoma in the belly, also called the abdomen, can cause:
• Abdominal pain.
• Abdominal swelling.
• Feeling full sooner when eating.
• Constipation.
• Blood in stool.
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What are the causes of Liposarcoma?
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It's not clear what causes liposarcoma.
Liposarcoma starts when fat cells get changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes turn the fat cells into cancer cells. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow quickly and make a lot of extra cells. The cancer cells keep living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle.
The cancer cells form a growth, called a tumor. In some types of liposarcoma, the cancer cells stay put. They continue making more cells, causing the tumor to get bigger. In other types of liposarcoma, the cancer cells might break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads to other parts of the body, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the Overview of Liver disease?
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The liver is an organ that sits just under the rib cage on the right side of the abdomen. It can weigh up to 4 pounds (1.8 kilograms). The liver is needed to help digest food, rid the body of waste products and make substances, called clotting factors, that keep the blood flowing well, among other tasks.
Liver disease can be passed through families, called inherited. Anything that damages the liver also can cause liver problems, including viruses, alcohol use and obesity.
Over time, conditions that damage the liver can lead to scarring, called cirrhosis. Cirrhosis can lead to liver failure, a life-threatening condition. But early treatment may give the liver time to heal.
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What are the symptoms of Liver disease?
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Liver disease doesn't always cause symptoms that can be seen or felt. If there are symptoms of liver disease, they may include:
• Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, called jaundice. Yellowing of the skin might be harder to see on Black or brown skin.
• Belly pain and swelling.
• Swelling in the legs and ankles.
• Itchy skin.
• Dark urine.
• Pale stool.
• Constant tiredness.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Loss of appetite.
• Bruising easily.
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What are the causes of Liver disease?
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Liver disease has many causes.
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What are the risk factors of Liver disease?
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Factors that can increase the risk of liver disease include:
• Ongoing moderate or heavy alcohol use.
• Obesity.
• Type 2 diabetes.
• Tattoos or body piercings.
• Shared needles to inject drugs.
• Blood transfusion before 1992.
• Contact with other people's blood and body fluids.
• Sex without protection.
• Contact with chemicals or toxins.
• Family history of liver disease.
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What are the complications of Liver disease?
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Complications of liver disease depend on the cause of the liver problems. Without treatment, liver disease may progress to liver failure. Liver failure can be fatal.
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What is the prevention of Liver disease?
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To prevent liver disease:
• If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation.For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
• Avoid risky behavior.Use a condom during sex. If you get tattoos or body piercings, pick a shop that's clean and safe. Seek help if you shoot illicit drugs. Don't share needles to shoot drugs.
• Get vaccinated.If you're at increased risk of getting hepatitis, talk with your healthcare professional about getting the hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines. This also is true if you've been infected with any form of the hepatitis virus.
• Be careful when taking medicines.Take prescription and other medicines only when needed. Take only as much as directed. Don't mix medicines and alcohol. Talk with your healthcare provider before mixing herbal supplements or prescription or other medicines.
• Stay away from other people's blood and body fluids.Hepatitis viruses can be spread by accidental needle sticks or poor cleanup of blood or body fluids.
• Keep your food safe.Wash your hands well before eating or making foods. If traveling in a resource-poor country, use bottled water to drink, wash your hands and brush your teeth.
• Take care with aerosol sprays.Make sure to use these products in an open area. Wear a mask when spraying insecticides, fungicides, paint and other toxic chemicals. Always follow the maker's instructions.
• Protect your skin.When using insecticides and other toxic chemicals, wear gloves, long sleeves, a hat and a mask so that chemicals don't get on your skin.
• Maintain a healthy weight.Obesity can cause nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, now called metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease.
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What are the Overview of Long QT syndrome?
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Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a heart rhythm disorder that causes fast, chaotic heartbeats. The irregular heartbeats can be life-threatening.LQTSaffects the electrical signals that travel through the heart and cause it to beat.
Some people are born with changes in DNA that cause long QT syndrome. This is known as congenital long QT syndrome.LQTSalso can happen later in life due to some health conditions, certain medicines or changes in the levels of body minerals. This is called acquired long QT syndrome.
Long QT syndrome can cause sudden fainting and seizures. Young people withLQTSsyndrome have a higher risk of sudden cardiac death.
Treatment for long QT syndrome includes lifestyle changes and medicines to prevent dangerous heartbeats. Sometimes a medical device or surgery is needed.
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What are the symptoms of Long QT syndrome?
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The most common symptom of long QT syndrome is fainting, also called syncope. A fainting spell fromLQTScan happen with little to no warning.
Fainting happens when the heart beats in an irregular way for a short time. You might faint when you're excited, angry or scared, or during exercise. If you haveLQTS, things that startle you can cause you to pass out, such as a loud ringtone or an alarm clock.
Before fainting happens, some people with long QT syndrome might have symptoms such as:
• Blurred vision.
• Lightheadedness.
• Pounding heartbeats called palpitations.
• Weakness.
Long QT syndrome also can cause seizures in some people.
Babies born withLQTSmay have symptoms during the first weeks to months of life. Sometimes the symptoms start later in childhood. Most people born withLQTShave symptoms by age 40. Symptoms of long QT syndrome sometimes happen during sleep.
Some people with long QT syndrome (LQTS) do not notice any symptoms. The disorder may be found during a heart test called an electrocardiogram. Or it may be discovered when genetic tests are done for other reasons.
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What are the causes of Long QT syndrome?
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Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is caused by changes in the heart's electrical signaling system. It doesn't affect the shape or form of the heart.
To understand the causes ofLQTS, it may help to know how the heart usually beats.
In a typical heart, the heart sends blood out to the body during each heartbeat. The heart's chambers squeeze and relax to pump the blood. The heart's electrical system controls this coordinated action. Electrical signals called impulses move from the top to the bottom of the heart. They tell the heart when to squeeze and beat. After each heartbeat, the system recharges to prepare for the next heartbeat.
But in long QT syndrome, the heart's electrical system takes longer than usual to recover between beats. This delay is called a prolonged QT interval.
Long QT syndrome usually falls into two groups.
• Congenital long QT syndrome.You're born with this type ofLQTS. It's caused by changes in DNA that are passed down through families. That means it is inherited.
• Acquired long QT syndrome.This type ofLQTSis caused by another health condition or medicine. It usually can be reversed when the specific cause is found and treated.
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What are the risk factors of Long QT syndrome?
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Things that may raise the risk of long QT syndrome (LQTS) include:
• A history of cardiac arrest.
• Having a parent, brother, sister or child with long QT syndrome.
• Using medicines known to cause prolonged QT intervals.
• People who are assigned female at birth who take certain heart medicines.
• A lot of vomiting or diarrhea, which can cause changes in body minerals such as potassium.
• Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, which also cause changes in the levels of body minerals.
If you have long QT syndrome and want to become pregnant, tell your healthcare professional. Your care team carefully checks you during pregnancy to help prevent things that can triggerLQTSsymptoms.
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What are the complications of Long QT syndrome?
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Usually after an episode of long QT syndrome (LQTS), the heart goes back to a regular rhythm. But sudden cardiac death can happen if the heart rhythm isn't quickly corrected. The heart rhythm may reset on its own. Sometimes, treatment is needed to reset the heart rhythm.
Complications of long QT syndrome may include:
• Torsades de pointes ("twisting of the points").This is a life-threatening fast heartbeat. The heart's two lower chambers beat fast and out of rhythm. The heart pumps out less blood. The lack of blood to the brain causes sudden fainting, often without warning.If a long QT interval lasts for a long time, fainting can be followed by a full-body seizure. If the dangerous rhythm does not correct itself, then a life-threatening arrhythmia called ventricular fibrillation follows.
• Ventricular fibrillation.This type of irregular heartbeat causes the lower heart chambers to beat so fast that the heart trembles and stops pumping blood. Unless a device called a defibrillator is quickly used to correct the heart's rhythm, brain damage and death can happen.
• Sudden cardiac death.This is the swift and not expected ending of all heart activity. Long QT syndrome has been linked to sudden cardiac death in young people who otherwise appear healthy.LQTSmight be responsible for some unexplained events in children and young adults, such as unexplained fainting, drownings or seizures.
Proper medical treatment and lifestyle changes can help prevent complications of long QT syndrome.
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What is the prevention of Long QT syndrome?
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There is no known way to prevent congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS). If someone in your family hasLQTS, ask a health professional if genetic screening is right for you. With proper treatment, you can manage and prevent the dangerous heartbeats that can lead toLQTScomplications.
Regular health checkups and good communication with your healthcare professional also may help prevent causes of some types of acquired long QT syndrome. It's especially important not to take medicines that can affect the heart rhythm and cause a prolonged QT interval.
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What are the Overview of Low sperm count?
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A low sperm count means there is less sperm than is typical in fluid called semen that the penis releases during orgasm.
A low sperm count also is called oligospermia (ol-ih-go-SPUR-me-uh). A complete lack of sperm is called azoospermia (ay-zoh-uh-SPUR-me-uh). Your sperm count is considered lower than typical if you have fewer than 15 million sperm per milliliter of semen.
Having a low sperm count makes it less likely that one of your sperm will join with your partner's egg to start a pregnancy. If needed, there are treatments to help couples boost their chances of becoming pregnant.
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What are the symptoms of Low sperm count?
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The main symptom of a low sperm count is not being able to start a pregnancy. There might be no other clear symptoms.
In some people, an underlying health condition causes a low sperm count along with other symptoms. Depending on the condition, these other symptoms can include:
• Trouble with sexual function — for example, some people have low sex drive. Others have trouble getting or keeping an erection that's firm enough for sex, also called erectile dysfunction.
• Pain, swelling or a lump in the testicle area.
• Less facial or body hair or other symptoms of a chromosome or hormone condition.
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What are the causes of Low sperm count?
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For the body to make sperm, the testicles and certain organs in the brain that produce hormones need to work properly. Once sperm are made in the testicles, sperm travel in delicate tubes until they mix with semen. Then semen is released from the penis, usually during an orgasm. Issues with any of these systems can lower the number of sperm in semen.
When sperm's movement or shape is irregular, that also can lessen fertility.
Still, the cause of low sperm count often can't be found.
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What are the risk factors of Low sperm count?
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Many risk factors are linked with low sperm count and other issues that can cause low sperm count.
Some risk factors are lifestyle choices, including:
• Smoking tobacco.
• Drinking alcohol.
• Using certain illicit drugs.
Some health conditions can be risk factors, such as:
• Being overweight.
• Being very stressed.
• Having certain past or present infections.
• Having had trauma to the testicles.
• Being born with a fertility disorder or having a blood relative with a fertility disorder.
• Having certain health conditions, including tumors and long-term illnesses.
• Having a history of undescended testicles.
Some treatments for health conditions also can be risk factors, including:
• Cancer treatments, such as radiation.
• Certain medicines.
• Vasectomy or major abdominal or pelvic surgery.
Some things in a person's environment also may raise the risk of a low sperm count. These include being exposed to toxins.
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What are the complications of Low sperm count?
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Infertility caused by low sperm count can be stressful for both you and your partner. Complications can include:
• Surgery or other treatments for an underlying cause of low sperm count.
• Expensive and involved fertility treatments such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).
• Stress from not being able to start a pregnancy.
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What is the prevention of Low sperm count?
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To protect your fertility, try to stay away from known factors that can affect sperm count and quality. Take these steps:
• Don't smoke.
• Limit alcohol or don't drink it.
• Don't use illicit drugs.
• Talk with your healthcare professional to find out whether any medicines you take can affect sperm count.
• Stay at a healthy weight.
• Try not to become overheated.
• Manage stress.
• Do what you can to avoid exposure to pesticides, heavy metals and other toxins.
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What are the Overview of Lupus nephritis?
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Lupus nephritis is a problem that occurs often in people who have systemic lupus erythematosus, also called lupus.
Lupus is a disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own cells and organs, called autoimmune disease. Lupus causes the immune system to make proteins called autoantibodies. These proteins attack tissues and organs in the body, including the kidneys.
Lupus nephritis occurs when lupus autoantibodies affect parts of the kidneys that filter out waste. This causes swelling and irritation of the kidneys, called inflammation. It might lead to blood in the urine, protein in the urine, high blood pressure, kidneys that don't work well or even kidney failure.
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What are the symptoms of Lupus nephritis?
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Signs and symptoms of lupus nephritis include:
• Blood in the urine.
• Urine that foams because of too much protein.
• High blood pressure.
• Swelling in the legs, ankles or feet and sometimes in the hands and face.
• High levels of a waste product called creatinine in the blood.
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What are the causes of Lupus nephritis?
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As many as half of adults with systemic lupus get lupus nephritis. Systemic lupus causes the body's immune system to damage the kidneys. Then the kidneys can't filter out waste as they should.
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What are the risk factors of Lupus nephritis?
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The only known risk factors for lupus nephritis are:
• Being male.Women are more likely to get lupus, but men get lupus nephritis more than women do.
• Race or ethnicity.Black people, Hispanic people and Asian Americans are more likely to have lupus nephritis than are whites.
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What are the complications of Lupus nephritis?
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Lupus nephritis can cause:
• Hypertension.
• Kidney failure.
• A higher risk of getting cancer, especially one that starts in the cells of the immune system, called B-cell lymphoma.
• A higher risk of heart and blood vessel problems.
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What are the Overview of Lyme disease?
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Lyme disease is an illness caused by borrelia bacteria. Humans usually get Lyme disease from the bite of a tick carrying the bacteria.
Ticks that can carry borrelia bacteria live throughout most of the United States. But Lyme disease is most common in the upper Midwest and the northeastern and mid-Atlantic states. It's also common in Europe and in south central and southeastern Canada.
You're at risk of Lyme disease if you spend time where the ticks live, such as grassy, brushy or wooded areas. Taking safety measures in these areas can lower the risk of Lyme disease.
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What are the symptoms of Lyme disease?
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A tick bite may look like as a tiny, itchy bump on your skin, much like a mosquito bite. This doesn't mean you have a tick-borne disease. Many people will not notice they've had a tick bite.
The symptoms of Lyme disease vary. They usually show up in stages. But the stages can overlap. And some people don't have symptoms of the typical early stage.
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What are the causes of Lyme disease?
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Lyme disease is caused by borrelia bacteria. In North America, the black-legged tick, also called the deer tick, mainly carry the bacteria.
In Europe, a different species of borrelia causes Lyme disease. Ticks carry the bacteria. These ticks are known by a few names, including castor bean tick, sheep tick or deer tick.
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What are the risk factors of Lyme disease?
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Your risk for getting Lyme disease depends on if you spend time where they are likely to live. This includes the:
• Region.Deer ticks that carry Lyme disease are widespread. They are mostly found in the upper Midwest, the northeastern and mid-Atlantic states, and in south central and southeastern Canada. The castor bean tick is found throughout Europe.
• Habitat.Ticks live in wooded, shrubby or grassy areas.
• Time of year.The risk of infection is greater in the spring, summer and fall. But ticks can be active any time the temperature is above freezing.
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What are the complications of Lyme disease?
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Some people with Lyme disease report symptoms that continue after treatment. These longer-lasting symptoms may include:
• Arthritis that begins with Lyme disease and doesn't improve.
• Body aches and pains.
• Constant or frequent tiredness.
• Memory complaints.
These conditions are not clearly understood. Some people with these symptoms may be diagnosed with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, or PTLDS. These long-lasting problems may be caused by:
• Incomplete treatment.
• Reinfection with Lyme disease.
• Immune system response to fragments of killed bacteria.
• Immune system activity that harms healthy tissues, also called autoimmunity.
• Conditions other than Lyme disease that have not been diagnosed.
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What is the prevention of Lyme disease?
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The best way to prevent Lyme disease is to avoid tick bites when you are outdoors. Most ticks attach themselves to your lower legs and feet as you walk or work in grassy, wooded areas or overgrown fields. After a tick attaches to your body, it often crawls upward to find a spot to burrow into your skin.
If you're in or plan to be in an area where ticks are likely to live, follow these tips to protect yourself.
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What are the Overview of Lymphedema?
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Lymphedema refers to tissue swelling caused by an accumulation of protein-rich fluid that's usually drained through the body's lymphatic system. It most commonly affects the arms or legs, but can also occur in the chest wall, abdomen, neck and genitals.
Lymph nodes are an important part of your lymphatic system. Lymphedema can be caused by cancer treatments that remove or damage your lymph nodes. Any type of problem that blocks the drainage of lymph fluid can cause lymphedema.
Severe cases of lymphedema can affect the ability to move the affected limb, increase the risks of skin infections and sepsis, and can lead to skin changes and breakdown. Treatment may include compression bandages, massage, compression stockings, sequential pneumatic pumping, careful skin care and, rarely, surgery to remove swollen tissue or to create new drainage routes.
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What are the symptoms of Lymphedema?
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Lymphedema signs and symptoms include:
• Swelling of part or all of the arm or leg, including fingers or toes
• A feeling of heaviness or tightness
• Restricted range of motion
• Recurring infections
• Hardening and thickening of the skin (fibrosis)
Signs and symptoms can range from mild to severe. Lymphedema caused by cancer treatment may not occur until months or years after treatment.
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What are the causes of Lymphedema?
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The lymphatic system is a network of vessels that carry protein-rich lymph fluid throughout the body. It's part of your immune system. Lymph nodes act as filters and contain cells that fight infection and cancer.
The lymph fluid is pushed through the lymph vessels by muscle contractions as you move through the tasks of your day and small pumps in the wall of the lymph vessels. Lymphedema occurs when the lymph vessels are not able to adequately drain lymph fluid, usually from an arm or leg.
The most common causes of lymphedema include:
• Cancer.If cancer cells block lymph vessels, lymphedema may result. For instance, a tumor growing near a lymph node or lymph vessel could enlarge enough to block the flow of the lymph fluid.
• Radiation treatment for cancer.Radiation can cause scarring and inflammation of lymph nodes or lymph vessels.
• Surgery.In cancer surgery, lymph nodes are often removed to see if the disease has spread. However, this doesn't always result in lymphedema.
• Parasites.In developing countries in the tropics, the most common cause of lymphedema is infection with threadlike worms that clog the lymph nodes.
Less commonly, lymphedema results from inherited conditions in which the lymphatic system doesn't develop properly.
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What are the risk factors of Lymphedema?
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Factors that may increase the risk of developing lymphedema include:
• Older age
• Excess weight or obesity
• Rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis
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What are the complications of Lymphedema?
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Lymphedema complications may include:
• Skin infections (cellulitis).The trapped fluid provides fertile ground for germs, and the smallest injury to the arm or leg can be an entry point for infection. Affected skin appears swollen and red and is typically painful and warm to the touch. Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to keep on hand so that you can start taking them immediately.
• Sepsis.Untreated cellulitis can spread into the bloodstream and trigger sepsis — a potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the body's response to an infection damages its own tissues. Sepsis requires emergency medical treatment.
• Leakage through the skin.With severe swelling, the lymph fluid can drain through small breaks in the skin or cause blistering.
• Skin changes.In some people with very severe lymphedema, the skin of the affected limb can thicken and harden so it resembles the skin of an elephant.
• Cancer.A rare form of soft tissue cancer can result from the most-severe cases of untreated lymphedema.
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What are the Overview of Lymphoma?
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Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is part of the body's germ-fighting and disease-fighting immune system. Lymphoma begins when healthy cells in the lymphatic system change and grow out of control.
The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes. They are found throughout the body. Most lymph nodes are in the abdomen, groin, pelvis, chest, underarms and neck.
The lymphatic system also includes the spleen, thymus, tonsils and bone marrow. Lymphoma can affect all these areas and other organs in the body.
There are many types of lymphoma. The main subtypes are:
• Hodgkin lymphoma (formerly called Hodgkin disease).
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Many treatments for lymphoma exist. The treatment that's best for you will depend on the type of lymphoma you have. Treatments can control the disease and give many people with lymphoma the chance of a full recovery.
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What are the symptoms of Lymphoma?
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Signs and symptoms of lymphoma may include:
• Fever.
• Night sweats.
• Fatigue.
• Itchy skin.
• Painless swelling of lymph nodes in the belly, neck, armpits or groin.
• Pain in chest, abdomen or bones.
• Losing weight without trying.
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What are the causes of Lymphoma?
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Healthcare professionals aren't sure what causes lymphoma. Lymphoma begins with changes in the DNA of a disease-fighting blood cell called a lymphocyte.
A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. Healthy cells die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make more cells quickly. The cancer cells can go on living when healthy cells would die.
In lymphoma, the DNA changes happen in the lymphocytes. The changes can:
• Lead diseased lymphocytes to grow out of control.
• Cause too many diseased lymphocytes in the lymph nodes.
• Cause the lymph nodes, spleen and liver to swell.
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What are the risk factors of Lymphoma?
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Some factors can increase the risk of lymphoma. They include:
• A weakened immune system.If the immune system is weakened by medicines or illness, there might be a higher risk of lymphoma. People with a weakened immune system include those taking medicines to control the immune system, such as after an organ transplant. Certain health conditions, such as infection with HIV, also can weaken the immune system.
• Family history.People who have a parent, sibling or child with lymphoma are at higher risk of the disease.
• Specific infections.Some infections increase the risk of developing lymphoma. Examples include Epstein-Barr virus, Helicobacter pylori and HIV.
• Your age.Some types of lymphoma are more common in teens and young adults. Others happen more often in people over 55.
There is no way to prevent lymphoma.
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What are the Overview of Morphea?
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Morphea (mor-FEE-uh) is a rare condition that causes painless, discolored patches on your skin.
Typically, the skin changes appear on the belly, chest or back. But they might also appear on your face, arms and legs. Over time the patches may become firm, dry and smooth. Morphea tends to affect only the outer layers of your skin. But some forms of the condition also affect deeper tissues and may restrict movement in the joints.
Morphea usually improves on its own over time, though recurrences are common. In the meantime, medications and therapies are available to help treat the skin discoloration and other effects.
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What are the symptoms of Morphea?
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Signs and symptoms of morphea vary depending on the type and stage of the condition. They include:
• Reddish or purplish oval patches of skin, often on the belly, chest or back
• Patches that gradually develop a lighter or whitish center
• Linear patches, especially on the arms or legs and possibly the forehead or scalp
• A gradual change in the affected skin, which becomes firm, thickened, dry and shiny
Morphea affects the skin and underlying tissue and sometimes bone. The condition generally lasts several years and then improves or at times disappears by itself. It may leave scars or areas of darkened or discolored skin. It is possible for morphea to recur.
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What are the causes of Morphea?
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The cause of morphea is unknown. It may be caused by an unusual reaction of your immune system. In people at increased risk of morphea, it could be triggered by injury to the affected area, medications, chemical toxins, an infection or radiation therapy.
The condition isn't contagious.
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What are the risk factors of Morphea?
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Certain factors may affect your risk of developing morphea, including:
• Being white and female.Morphea is most common in white females.
• Age.The condition can affect people at any age. It usually appears between the ages of 2 and 14 or in the mid-40s.
• A family history of morphea.This condition can run in families. People with morphea are more likely to have a family history of morphea and other autoimmune diseases.
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What are the complications of Morphea?
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Morphea can cause a number of complications, including:
• Self-esteem issues.Morphea can have a negative effect on your self-esteem and body image, particularly if discolored patches of skin appear on your arms, legs or face.
• Movement problems.Morphea that affects the arms or legs can impair joint mobility.
• Widespread areas of hardened, discolored skin.Numerous new patches of hardened, discolored skin may seem to join together, a condition known as generalized morphea.
• Loss of hair and sweat glands.Over time, you may lose hair and sweat glands in the affected area.
• Eye damage.Children with head and neck morphea may experience unnoticeable but permanent eye damage.
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What are the Overview of Oral lichen planus?
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Oral lichen planus (LIE-kun PLAY-nus) is an ongoing inflammatory condition that affects mucous membranes inside the mouth. There are several different types of lichen planus that affect the mouth, but the two main types are:
• Reticular.This type appears as white patches in the mouth and can look lacy. It's the most common type of oral lichen planus. It usually has no related symptoms. And it usually doesn't need treatment or lead to major complications.
• Erosive.This type appears as red, swollen tissues or open sores. It may cause a burning feeling or pain. A healthcare professional should check erosive oral lichen planus regularly because it can lead to mouth cancer.
Oral lichen planus can't be passed from one person to another. The condition occurs when the immune system attacks cells of the oral mucous membranes for reasons that aren't known.
Symptoms usually can be managed. But people who have oral lichen planus need regular checkups. That's because oral lichen planus — especially the erosive type — may raise the risk of getting mouth cancer in the affected areas.
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What are the symptoms of Oral lichen planus?
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Symptoms of oral lichen planus affect the mucous membranes of the mouth.
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What are the causes of Oral lichen planus?
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It's not known what causes oral lichen planus. But T lymphocytes — white blood cells involved in inflammation — appear to be activated in oral lichen planus. This could mean that it's an immune condition and it could involve genetic factors. More research is needed to find the exact cause.
In some people, certain medicines, mouth injury, infection or allergy-causing agents such as dental materials may cause oral lichen planus. Stress may cause symptoms to get worse or come back from time to time. But these causes are not confirmed.
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What are the risk factors of Oral lichen planus?
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Anyone can get oral lichen planus, but it's more common in middle-aged adults, particularly women over age 50. Some factors may raise your risk of getting oral lichen planus, such as having a condition that lowers your immunity or taking certain medicines. But more research is needed.
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What are the complications of Oral lichen planus?
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Severe cases of oral lichen planus may raise the risk of:
• A lot of pain.
• Weight loss or not getting enough nutrition.
• Stress or anxiety.
• Depression.
• Scarring from erosive sores or other affected spots.
• Secondary oral yeast or fungal infections.
• Mouth cancer.
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What are the Overview of Tetanus?
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Tetanus is a serious disease of the nervous system caused by a toxin-producing bacterium. The disease causes muscle contractions, particularly of your jaw and neck muscles. Tetanus is commonly known as lockjaw.
Severe complications of tetanus can be life-threatening. There's no cure for tetanus. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and complications until the effects of the tetanus toxin resolve.
Because of the widespread use of vaccines, cases of tetanus are rare in the United States and other parts of the developed world. The disease remains a threat to people who aren't up to date on their vaccinations. It's more common in developing countries.
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What are the symptoms of Tetanus?
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The average time from infection to appearance of signs and symptoms (incubation period) is 10 days. The incubation period can range from 3 to 21 days.
The most common type of tetanus is called generalized tetanus. Signs and symptoms begin gradually and then progressively worsen over two weeks. They usually start at the jaw and progress downward on the body.
Signs and symptoms of generalized tetanus include:
• Painful muscle spasms and stiff, immovable muscles (muscle rigidity) in your jaw
• Tension of muscles around your lips, sometimes producing a persistent grin
• Painful spasms and rigidity in your neck muscles
• Difficulty swallowing
• Rigid abdominal muscles
Progression of tetanus results in repeated painful, seizure-like spasms that last for several minutes (generalized spasms). Usually, the neck and back arch, the legs become rigid, the arms are drawn up to the body, and the fists are clenched. Muscle rigidity in the neck and abdomen may cause breathing difficulties.
These severe spasms may be triggered by minor events that stimulate the senses — a loud sound, a physical touch, a draft or light.
As the disease progresses, other signs and symptoms may include:
• High blood pressure
• Low blood pressure
• Rapid heart rate
• Fever
• Extreme sweating
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What are the causes of Tetanus?
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The bacterium that causes tetanus is called Clostridium tetani. The bacterium can survive in a dormant state in soil and animal feces. It's essentially shut down until it discovers a place to thrive.
When the dormant bacteria enter a wound — a condition good for growth — the cells are "awakened." As they are growing and dividing, they release a toxin called tetanospasmin. The toxin impairs the nerves in the body that control muscles.
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What are the risk factors of Tetanus?
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The greatest risk factor for tetanus infection is not being vaccinated or not keeping up with the 10-year booster shots.
Other factors that increase the risk of tetanus infection are:
• Cuts or wounds exposed to soil or manure
• A foreign body in a wound, such as a nail or splinter
• A history of immune-suppressing medical conditions
• Infected skin lesions in people living with diabetes
• An infected umbilical cord when a mother isn't fully vaccinated
• Shared and unsanitary needles for illegal drug use
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What are the complications of Tetanus?
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Complications of tetanus infection may include:
• Breathing problems.Life-threatening breathing problems can occur from tightening of the vocal cords and muscle rigidity in the neck and abdomen, especially during a generalized spasm.
• Blockage of a lung artery (pulmonary embolism).A blood clot that has traveled from elsewhere in your body can block the main artery of the lung or one of its branches.
• Pneumonia.A lung infection caused by accidentally inhaling something into the lungs (aspiration pneumonia) may be a complication of generalized spasms.
• Broken bones.Generalized spasms may cause fractures of the spine or other bones.
• Death.Death from tetanus is often caused by a blocked airway during spasms or damage to the nerves that regulate breathing, heart rate or other organ functions.
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What is the prevention of Tetanus?
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You can prevent tetanus by being vaccinated.
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What are the Overview of Thrombocytopenia?
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Thrombocytopenia is low blood platelet count. Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are colorless blood cells that help blood clot. Platelets stop bleeding by clumping together and forming plugs in blood vessel injuries.
Thrombocytopenia (throm-boe-sie-toe-PEE-nee-uh) can happen because of conditions or medicines that affect the circulation, production or destruction of blood platelets. Thrombocytopenia can affect both children and adults.
Thrombocytopenia can be mild and cause no symptoms. If platelets become too low, there is a risk of serious bleeding after an injury or during surgery. Rarely, dangerous internal bleeding can occur.
Treatments address the underlying condition causing the low platelet count. In some cases, treatment includes a transfusion of donor platelets.
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What are the symptoms of Thrombocytopenia?
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Symptoms of thrombocytopenia may include:
• Easy or excessive bruising, called purpura, on the skin or inside the mouth.
• Pinpoint-sized dots on the skin, called petechiae, that may be red, purplish or brownish.
• Bleeding from minor cuts that lasts longer than usual.
• Bleeding from the gums or nose.
• Blood in urine or stools.
• Unusually heavy menstrual flows.
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What are the causes of Thrombocytopenia?
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Platelets are produced in bone marrow. Each platelet lives about 7 to 10 days, so bone marrow is always renewing the supply and releasing it into the blood.
Thrombocytopenia is a platelet count lower than 135,000 platelets per microliter of blood in men and lower than 157,000 platelets per microliter of blood in women. Some clinics or labs may use slightly different numbers.
A large, rapid drop in platelets may result in a count higher than these targets, but this drop may still indicate a condition affecting platelet levels.
The causes of a decline in a platelet count fall into three categories:
• Platelets are trapped and not circulating.
• Not enough platelets are made.
• Platelets are being destroyed or used up.
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What are the complications of Thrombocytopenia?
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Generally, the lower the platelet count, the greater the risk for complications of excessive bleeding or clotting.
A platelet count is checked before having procedures that involve bleeding, such as surgery. Rarely, internal bleeding can happen without injury when a platelet count is very low.
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What are the Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) of Thrombocytopenia?
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• Symptoms&causes
• Diagnosis&treatment
• Doctors&departments
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What are the Overview of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia?
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Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (mak-roe-glob-u-lih-NEE-me-uh) is a type of cancer that begins in the white blood cells. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is considered a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It's sometimes called lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma.
In Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, some white blood cells undergo changes that turn them into cancer cells. The cancer cells can build up in the spongy material inside the bones where blood cells are made. This material is called bone marrow. The cancer cells crowd healthy blood cells out of the bone marrow. Cancer cells also may build up in other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes and the spleen.
The cancer cells make a protein that can build up in the blood. Too much of the protein can reduce blood flow in the body and cause other problems.
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What are the symptoms of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia?
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Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia grows slowly. It might not cause symptoms for years.
When they happen, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia symptoms may include:
• Fatigue.
• Fever.
• Weight loss.
• Night sweats.
• Numbness in the hands or feet.
• Swollen lymph nodes.
• A feeling of pain or fullness under the ribs on your left side, which may be caused by an enlarged spleen.
• Easy bruising.
• Bleeding nose or gums.
• Headache.
• Shortness of breath.
• Changes in vision.
• Confusion.
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What are the causes of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia?
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Cancer happens when cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply quickly. The cells continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural lifecycle.
In Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, the changes happen in the white blood cells. The changes turn some of the white blood cells into cancer cells. It's not clear what causes the changes.
The cancer cells can build up in the spongy material inside the bones where blood cells are made. This material is called bone marrow. The cancer cells crowd healthy blood cells out of the bone marrow. The cancer cells also may build up in the lymph nodes and the spleen.
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cells make a protein that the body can't use. The protein is immunoglobulin M, which is also called IgM.IgMcan build up in the blood. This may reduce blood flow in the body and cause other problems.
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What are the risk factors of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia?
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Factors that can increase the risk of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia include:
• Being older.Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia can occur at any age, but it's most often found in adults 70 and older.
• Being male.Males are more likely to have Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.
• Being white.White people are more likely to develop the disease, compared with people of other races.
• Having a family history of lymphoma.Having a relative who has Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia or another type of B-cell lymphoma might increase your risk.
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What are the Overview of Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors?
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Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are rare cancers that start in the lining of the nerves. These cancers happen in the nerves that run from the spinal cord into the body, called peripheral nerves. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors used to be called neurofibrosarcomas.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors can happen anywhere in the body. They mostly occur in the deep tissue of the arms, legs and trunk. They tend to cause pain and weakness where they occur. They might also cause a growing lump or mass.
Surgery is the usual treatment for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Sometimes, treatment might include radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
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What are the symptoms of Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors?
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Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors often cause symptoms that get worse quickly. Symptoms include:
• Pain where the tumor is growing.
• Weakness when trying to move the body part that has the tumor.
• A growing lump of tissue under the skin.
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What are the causes of Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors?
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It's not clear what causes most malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors.
Experts know that these cancers begin when a cell in the lining around a nerve gets changes in its DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to make more cells quickly. These cells continue to live when healthy cells die as part of their life cycle.
The cells then can form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow into and kill healthy body tissue. In time, the cells can spread to other parts of the body.
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What are the risk factors of Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors?
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Factors that increase the risk of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors include:
• Radiation therapy for cancer.A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor might occur in the area treated with radiation 10 to 20 years after treatment.
• Noncancerous nerve tumors.Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors can develop from nerve tumors that aren't cancerous, such as neurofibroma.
• A condition that runs in families.Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors occur more often in people with neurofibromatosis 1. This condition increases the risk of tumors in the nerves.
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What are the symptoms of Marfan syndrome?
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The signs and symptoms of Marfan syndrome can vary greatly, even among members of the same family, because the disorder can affect so many different areas of the body. Some people experience only mild effects, but others develop life-threatening complications.
Marfan syndrome features may include:
• Tall and slender build
• Disproportionately long arms, legs and fingers
• A breastbone that protrudes outward or dips inward
• A high, arched palate and crowded teeth
• Heart murmurs
• Extreme nearsightedness
• An abnormally curved spine
• Flat feet
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What are the risk factors of Marfan syndrome?
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Marfan syndrome affects men and women equally and occurs among all races and ethnic groups. Because it's a genetic condition, the greatest risk factor for Marfan syndrome is having a parent with the disorder.
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What are the complications of Marfan syndrome?
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Because Marfan syndrome can affect almost any part of your body, it may cause a wide variety of complications.
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What are the Overview of MCAD deficiency?
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Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency is an inherited disorder that prevents your body from breaking down certain fats and turning them into energy. Your metabolism involves the processes your body uses to produce energy.MCADdeficiency can cause problems with your metabolism.
If left untreated,MCADdeficiency may lead to severe lack of energy and tiredness, liver disease, coma, and other serious health problems. Also, the level of sugar in your blood can drop dangerously low — a condition called hypoglycemia. Prevention and prompt treatment are essential regardless of blood sugar level. If you haveMCADdeficiency, a sudden episode, called a metabolic crisis, can be caused by common illnesses, high fever, stomach problems or going too long without eating, known as prolonged fasting.
MCADdeficiency is present from birth and is a lifelong condition. In the United States, all states test forMCADdeficiency at birth as part of newborn screening. Many other countries also provide routine newborn screening forMCADdeficiency. IfMCADdeficiency is diagnosed and treated early, the disorder can be well managed through diet and lifestyle.
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What are the symptoms of MCAD deficiency?
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MCADdeficiency is usually first identified in babies and young children. In rare cases, the disorder is not diagnosed until adulthood.
Symptoms can vary among people with MCAD deficiency. They may include:
• Vomiting.
• Low or no energy.
• Weak feeling.
• Low blood sugar.
A sudden severe episode, called a metabolic crisis, can be due to:
• Going too long without eating.
• Missing meals.
• Common infections.
• High fever.
• Ongoing stomach and digestive problems that may cause vomiting and diarrhea.
• Intense exercise.
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What are the causes of MCAD deficiency?
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When you don't have enough of theMCADenzyme in your body, certain fats called medium-chain fatty acids can't be broken down and turned into energy. This leads to low energy and low blood sugar. Also, fatty acids can build up in body tissues and cause damage.
MCADdeficiency is caused by a change in the ACADM gene. The condition is inherited from both parents in an autosomal recessive pattern. This means that both parents are carriers — each has one changed gene and one unchanged gene — but they don't have symptoms of the condition. The child withMCADdeficiency inherits two copies of the changed gene — one from each parent.
If you inherit only one changed gene, you won't developMCADdeficiency. With one changed gene, you are a carrier and can pass the changed gene to your children. But they wouldn't develop the condition unless they also inherited a changed gene from their other parent.
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What are the risk factors of MCAD deficiency?
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A child is at risk ofMCADdeficiency if both parents are carriers of a gene known to cause it. The child then inherits two copies of the gene — one from each parent. Children who inherit only one copy of the affected gene from one parent typically won't developMCADdeficiency but will be carriers of the gene.
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What are the complications of MCAD deficiency?
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If metabolic crisis caused byMCADdeficiency is left untreated, it can lead to:
• Seizures.
• Liver problems.
• Brain damage.
• Coma.
• Sudden death.
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What are the Overview of Medication overuse headaches?
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Medication overuse headaches are the result of the long-term use of medicines needed to treat headaches such as migraines. It's OK to take pain relievers for headaches sometimes. But people who take them more than a couple of days a week may get medication overuse headaches, also called rebound headaches.
For people with a headache condition such as migraine, most medicines for pain relief can have this effect. This doesn't seem true for people who have never had a headache condition. But people with a history of headaches who take pain relievers regularly for another condition, such as arthritis, may get medicine overuse headaches.
Medication overuse headaches most often go away after stopping the pain medicine. This can make it challenging to manage pain in the short term. But your healthcare professional can help you find ways to
prevent medication overuse headaches.
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What are the symptoms of Medication overuse headaches?
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Symptoms of medication overuse headaches depend on the type of headache being treated and the medicine used. Medication overuse headaches tend to:
• Happen every day or nearly every day. These headaches often wake people from sleep.
• Improve with pain medicine but then return as the medicine wears off.
Other symptoms may include:
• Nausea.
• Restlessness.
• Trouble concentrating.
• Memory problems.
• Irritability.
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What are the causes of Medication overuse headaches?
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Experts don't know exactly why medication overuse headaches happen. The risk of getting these headaches varies depending on the medicine. But most headache medicines can lead to medication overuse headaches, including:
• Simple pain relievers.Common pain relievers such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve) have a low risk of causing medication overuse headaches. Taking more than the daily dosages raises the risk.
• Combined pain relievers.Pain relievers you can buy at the store that combine caffeine, aspirin and acetaminophen (Excedrin) have a moderate risk of causing medication overuse headaches.This group also includes combined prescription medicines that have the sedative butalbital (Butapap, Lanorinal, others). Medicines with butalbital have a high risk of causing medication overuse headaches. It's best not to take them to treat headaches.
• Migraine medicines.Triptans (Imitrex, Zomig, others) used to treat migraine have a high risk of medication overuse headaches. The ergot dihydroergotamine (Migranal, Trudhesa) appears to have a lower risk of causing medication overuse headaches.A newer group of migraine medicines known as gepants don't seem to cause medication overuse headaches. Gepants include ubrogepant (Ubrelvy), rimegepant (Nurtec ODT) and zavegepant (Zavzpret).
• Opioids.Painkillers made from opium or from human-made opium compounds have a high risk of causing medication overuse headaches. They include oxycodone (Oxycontin, Roxicodone, others) hydrocodone, tramadol (Conzip, Qdolo, others), and combined codeine and acetaminophen. Taking them 10 or more days a month can lead to medication overuse headaches.
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What are the risk factors of Medication overuse headaches?
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Risk factors for getting medication overuse headaches include:
• Long-term history of headaches.A long-term history of headaches, especially migraines, raises the risk. Medication overuse headache often occurs when a headache condition such as migraine is not well controlled and may make the underlying headache condition difficult to treat.
• Regular use of headache medicines.Your risk goes up if you use combined painkillers, opioids, ergotamine or triptans 10 or more days a month. Risk also rises if you use simple painkillers more than 15 days a month. This is especially true if you use these medicines for three months or longer.
• History of substance use disorders.A history of alcohol use disorder or another substance use disorder puts you at risk.
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What is the prevention of Medication overuse headaches?
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To help prevent medication overuse headaches:
• Take your headache medicine as prescribed.
• Contact your healthcare professional if you need headache medicine more than twice a week.
• Don't take medicines that have butalbital or opioids if possible.
• Use painkillers you can get without a prescription fewer than 14 days a month.
• Limit use of triptans or combined pain relievers to no more than nine days a month.
Taking care of yourself can help prevent most headaches.
• Stay away from headache triggers.If you're not sure what triggers your headaches, keep a headache diary. Write down details about every headache. You may see a pattern.
• Get enough sleep.Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, even on weekends.
• Don't skip meals.Start your day with a healthy breakfast. Eat lunch and dinner at about the same time every day.
• Stay hydrated.Be sure to drink plenty of water or other fluids that don't have caffeine.
• Exercise regularly.Physical activity causes the body to release chemicals that block pain signals to the brain. With your healthcare professional's OK, choose activities you enjoy. You might walk, swim or cycle.
• Lower stress.Make your schedule simpler. Plan your day. Try to stay positive.
• Lose weight.Obesity can add to headaches. If you need to lose weight, ask your healthcare professional to help you find a program that works for you.
• Quit smoking.If you smoke, talk to your healthcare professional about quitting. Smoking is linked to a higher risk of medication overuse headaches.
• Limit caffeine.Daily doses of caffeine also may add to medication overuse headaches. Caffeine may come from coffee, soda, pain relievers and other products. Read product labels to make sure you're not getting more caffeine than you know about.
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What are the Overview of Medulloblastoma?
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Medulloblastoma (muh-dul-o-blas-TOE-muh) is a cancerous brain tumor that starts in the lower back part of the brain. This part of the brain is called the cerebellum. It is involved in muscle coordination, balance and movement.
Medulloblastoma begins as a growth of cells, which is called a tumor. The cells grow quickly and can spread to other parts of the brain. Medulloblastoma cells tend to spread through the fluid that surrounds and protects your brain and spinal cord. This is called cerebrospinal fluid. Medulloblastomas don't usually spread to other parts of the body.
Medulloblastoma can happen at any age, but most often occurs in young children. Though medulloblastoma is rare, it's the most common cancerous brain tumor in children. Medulloblastoma happens more often in families that have a history of conditions that increase the risk of cancer. These syndromes include Gorlin syndrome or Turcot syndrome.
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What are the symptoms of Medulloblastoma?
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Medulloblastoma symptoms happen when the cancer grows or causes pressure to build up in the brain. Signs and symptoms of medulloblastoma may include:
• Dizziness.
• Double vision.
• Headaches.
• Nausea.
• Poor coordination.
• Tiredness.
• Unsteady walk.
• Vomiting.
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What are the causes of Medulloblastoma?
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It's not clear what causes medulloblastoma. This cancer starts as a growth of cells in the brain.
Medulloblastoma happens when cells in the brain develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells form a mass called a tumor that can grow to push on nearby structures. The cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. They also can spread to other areas.
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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the risk factors of Medulloblastoma?
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Factors that may increase the risk of medulloblastoma include:
• Young age.Medulloblastoma can happen at any age. This cancer happens most often in children.
• Inherited syndromes.Medulloblastoma happens more often in families that have a history of conditions that increase the risk of cancer. These conditions include Fanconi anemia, Gorlin syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and Turcot syndrome.
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