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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the symptoms of Idiopathic hypersomnia?
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The main symptom of idiopathic hypersomnia is being very sleepy during the day. Symptoms begin slowly over several weeks or months and may include:
• Having a strong need to sleep.
• Not being able to stay awake and alert during the day.
• Sleeping more than 11 hours at night.
• Having trouble waking up in the morning.
• Being confused, moving slowly and having trouble with coordination after waking up.
• Feeling anxiety after waking up.
People with idiopathic hypersomnia may need to set several loud alarms to wake up in the morning.
People with the condition also may:
• Take naps longer than an hour.
• Not feel refreshed after naps.
• Have trouble with memory and attention.
Rarely, idiopathic hypersomnia can cause someone to fall asleep suddenly during the day.
Some people with idiopathic hypersomnia may experience automatic behavior when they are very sleepy. This can include staring, or they may drive without purpose and later realize that they are miles from home. Automatic behavior also may include writing or saying things that don't make sense. Afterward, people with idiopathic hypersomnia don't remember the behavior.
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What are the causes of Idiopathic hypersomnia?
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The cause of idiopathic hypersomnia is not known.
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What are the risk factors of Idiopathic hypersomnia?
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Experts don't know what causes idiopathic hypersomnia, so risk factors are not known. But symptoms usually appear at a younger age, between ages 10 and 30. And women may be more likely to have idiopathic hypersomnia than are men.
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What are the Overview of Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)?
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Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an illness that can lead to bruising and bleeding. Low levels of the cells that help blood clot, also known as platelets, most often cause the bleeding.
Once known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura,ITPcan cause purple bruises. It also can cause tiny reddish-purple dots on the skin that look like a rash.
Children can getITPafter a virus. They most often get better without treatment. In adults, the illness often lasts months or years.
People withITPwho aren't bleeding and whose platelet count isn't too low might not need treatment. For worse symptoms, treatment might include medicines to raise platelet count or surgery to remove the spleen.
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What are the symptoms of Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)?
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Immune thrombocytopenia might not have symptoms. When symptoms occur, they might include:
• Easy bruising.
• Bleeding into the skin that looks like tiny reddish-purple spots, also known as petechiae. The spots mostly show up on the lower legs. They look like a rash.
• Bleeding into the skin that's larger than petechiae, also known as purpura.
• Bleeding from the gums or nose.
• Blood in urine or stools.
• Really heavy menstrual flow.
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What are the causes of Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)?
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Immune thrombocytopenia usually happens when the immune system makes a mistake. It attacks and destroys the cells that help blood clot, also known as platelets.
In adults, an infection withHIV, hepatitis or the bacteria that causes stomach ulcers, known as H. pylori, can causeITP. In most children withITP, the disorder follows a virus, such as the mumps or the flu.
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What are the risk factors of Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)?
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ITPis more common among young women. The risk appears to be higher in people who also have other diseases in which the immune system attacks healthy tissues, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
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What are the complications of Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)?
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Rarely, immune thrombocytopenia causes bleeding into the brain. This can be fatal.
Someone who's pregnant with a low platelet count or who's bleeding has a greater risk of heavy bleeding during delivery. A health care provider might suggest treatment to keep the platelet count even.
ITPdoesn't usually affect the fetus. However, the baby's platelet count should be tested soon after birth.
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What are the Overview of Impacted wisdom teeth?
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Wisdom teeth, the third molars at the back of the mouth, are the last adult teeth to come in. Most people have four wisdom teeth — two on the top and two on the bottom. When wisdom teeth become impacted, they don't have enough room to emerge or develop in the usual way.
Impacted wisdom teeth can cause pain, damage other teeth and lead to other dental problems. Sometimes they don't cause any problems. But because wisdom teeth are hard to clean, they may be more prone to tooth decay and gum disease than other teeth.
Impacted wisdom teeth that cause pain or other dental problems usually are taken out. Some dentists and oral surgeons also recommend taking out impacted wisdom teeth that don't cause symptoms to prevent future problems.
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What are the symptoms of Impacted wisdom teeth?
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Impacted wisdom teeth don't always cause symptoms. But when an impacted wisdom tooth becomes infected, damages other teeth or causes other dental problems, you may have some of these symptoms:
• Red or swollen gums.
• Tender or bleeding gums.
• Jaw pain.
• Swelling around the jaw.
• Bad breath.
• An unpleasant taste in your mouth.
• A hard time opening your mouth.
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What are the causes of Impacted wisdom teeth?
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Wisdom teeth become impacted because they don't have enough room to come in or develop in the usual way.
Wisdom teeth usually emerge sometime between the ages of 17 and 26. Some people have wisdom teeth that emerge behind the second molars without any problems and line up with the other teeth. But in many cases, the mouth is too crowded for proper development of third molars. These crowded third molars become impacted.
An impacted wisdom tooth may partially emerge so that some of the crown is visible. This is called a partially impacted wisdom tooth. If the tooth never breaks through the gums, it's called a fully impacted wisdom tooth.
Whether partially or fully impacted, the tooth may:
• Grow at an angle toward the next tooth, which is the second molar.
• Grow at an angle toward the back of the mouth.
• Grow at a right angle to the other teeth, as if the wisdom tooth is "lying down" within the jawbone.
• Grow straight up or down like other teeth but stay trapped within the jawbone.
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What are the risk factors of Impacted wisdom teeth?
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Risk factors that can lead to impacted wisdom teeth include lack of space or a blockage that keeps the teeth from emerging properly.
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What are the complications of Impacted wisdom teeth?
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Impacted wisdom teeth can cause several problems in the mouth, including:
• Damage to other teeth.If the wisdom tooth pushes against the second molar, it may damage the second molar or raise the risk of infection in that area. This pressure also can cause problems with crowding of the other teeth or require orthodontic treatment to straighten other teeth.
• Cysts.Wisdom teeth develop in sacs within the jawbone. The sacs can fill with fluid, forming cysts that can damage the jawbone, teeth and nerves. Rarely, a tumor develops. This type of tumor is usually noncancerous, also called benign. But tissue and bone may need to be taken out due to this problem.
• Decay.Partially impacted wisdom teeth appear to be at higher risk of getting cavities compared toother teeth. This is because the position of wisdom teeth when they are impacted makes them harder to clean. Also, food and bacteria can get trapped easily between the gum and a partially erupted tooth.
• Gum disease.It's hard to clean impacted, partially erupted wisdom teeth. So you're more likely to get a painful, inflammatory gum condition called pericoronitis (per-ih-kor-o-NI-tis) in those areas.
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What is the prevention of Impacted wisdom teeth?
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You can't keep an impaction from occurring. But keeping regular six-month dental appointments for cleaning and checkups allows your dentist to watch the growth and emergence of your wisdom teeth. Regularly updated dental X-rays may show impacted wisdom teeth before any symptoms start.
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What are the Overview of Infertility?
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If you and your partner are struggling to have a baby, you're not alone. Millions of people around the world face the same challenge. Infertility is the medical term for when you can't get pregnant despite having frequent, unprotected sex for at least a year for most couples.
Infertility may happen because of a health issue with either you or your partner, or a mix of factors that prevent pregnancy. But many safe and effective treatments can boost your chances of getting pregnant.
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What are the symptoms of Infertility?
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The main symptom of infertility is not getting pregnant. There may be no other clear symptoms. Some women with infertility may have irregular menstrual periods or no periods. And some men may have some symptoms of hormonal problems, such as changes in hair growth or sexual function.
Many couples eventually will conceive — with or without treatment.
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What are the Women’s health topics - straight to your inbox of Infertility?
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Get the latest information from our Mayo Clinic experts on women’s health topics, serious and complex conditions, wellness and more.Click to view a previewand subscribe below.
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What are the causes of Infertility?
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All of the steps during ovulation and fertilization need to happen correctly in order to get pregnant. Ovulation is the release of an egg from an ovary. Fertilization is when the egg and sperm unite to form an embryo, which becomes an unborn baby during pregnancy. Sometimes, the issues that cause infertility in couples are present at birth. Other times, they develop later in life.
Infertility causes can affect one or both partners. In some cases, no cause can be found.
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What are the risk factors of Infertility?
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Many of the risk factors for both male and female infertility are the same. They include:
• Age.Women's fertility slowly declines with age, especially in the mid-30s. It drops quickly after age 37. Infertility in older women likely is due to the lower number and quality of eggs, or to health problems that affect fertility. Men over age 40 may be less fertile than younger men. The risk of birth defects and genetic problems also rises for children born to men over age 40.
• Tobacco use.Smoking tobacco by either partner may lower the chances of pregnancy. It also can make fertility treatments less effective. The risk of miscarriages may rise in women who smoke tobacco. When a pregnant person's partner smokes, that also raises the risk of miscarriage — even when the pregnant person is not a smoker. And smoking can raise the risk of erectile dysfunction and a low sperm count in men.
• Marijuana use.Marijuana may affect fertility, but more research is needed. Use during pregnancy has been linked with negative health effects on unborn babies. It also might raise the risk of miscarriage and stillbirth.
• Alcohol use.For women, there is no safe level of alcohol use when you're trying to get pregnant or during pregnancy. Alcohol may contribute to infertility. For men, heavy drinking can lower sperm count and affect how well sperm move.
• Being overweight.An inactive lifestyle and being overweight or obese can raise the risk of infertility. Obesity is linked with lower quality of semen, the fluid that contains sperm.
• Being underweight.People at risk of fertility problems include those with eating disorders, such as anorexia or bulimia. Those who follow a very low-calorie or restrictive diet also are at risk.
• Exercise issues.A lack of exercise plays a role in obesity, which raises the risk of infertility. Less often, ovulation problems may be linked with frequent, strenuous, intense exercise in women who are not overweight.
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What is the prevention of Infertility?
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Some types of infertility can't be prevented. But the following tips may boost your chances of pregnancy.
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What are the Overview of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?
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Inflammatory bowel disease, also called IBD, is an umbrella term for a group of conditions that cause swelling and inflammation of the tissues in the digestive tract.
The most common types ofIBDinclude:
• Ulcerative colitis.This condition involves inflammation and sores, called ulcers, along the lining of the colon and rectum.
• Crohn's disease.In this type ofIBD, the lining of the digestive tract is inflamed. The condition often involves the deeper layers of the digestive tract. Crohn's disease most commonly affects the small intestine. However, it also can affect the large intestine and, uncommonly, the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Symptoms of both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease usually include belly pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, extreme tiredness and weight loss.
For some people,IBDis only a mild illness. But for others, it's a condition that causes disability and can lead to life-threatening complications.
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What are the symptoms of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?
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Inflammatory bowel disease symptoms vary depending on how bad the inflammation is and where it occurs. Symptoms may range from mild to severe. A person withIBDis likely to have periods of active illness followed by periods of remission.
Symptoms that are common to both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis include:
• Diarrhea.
• Belly pain and cramping.
• Blood in the stool.
• Loss of appetite.
• Losing weight without trying.
• Feeling extremely tired.
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What are the causes of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?
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The exact cause of inflammatory bowel disease remains unknown. Previously, diet and stress were suspected, but now, healthcare professionals know that these factors may aggravateIBDbut aren't the cause of it. Several factors likely play a role in its development.
• Immune system.One possible cause is change in the function of the immune system. When the immune system tries to fight off an invading virus or bacterium, an immune response that is not typical causes the immune system to attack the cells in the digestive tract too.
• Genes.Several genetic markers have been associated withIBD. Traits passed down in families also seem to play a role in thatIBDis more common in people who have family members with the disease. However, most people withIBDdon't have this family history.
• Environmental triggers.Researchers believe environmental factors may play a role in gettingIBD, especially factors that affect the gut microbiome. These may include:Being raised in a sterile environment as a child, with limited exposure to germs.Having a gastrointestinal infection early in life.Taking antibiotics during the first year of life.Being mostly bottle-fed.
• Being raised in a sterile environment as a child, with limited exposure to germs.
• Having a gastrointestinal infection early in life.
• Taking antibiotics during the first year of life.
• Being mostly bottle-fed.
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What are the risk factors of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?
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Risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease include:
• Age.Most people who getIBDare diagnosed before they're 30 years old. But some people don't get the disease until their 50s or 60s.
• Race or ethnicity.IBDis more common in white people, but it can occur in anyone. The number of people withIBDalso is increasing in other races and ethnicities.
• Family history.You're at higher risk if you have a blood relative — such as a parent, sibling or child — with the disease.
• Cigarette smoking.Cigarette smoking is the most important controllable risk factor for getting Crohn's disease.Smoking may help prevent ulcerative colitis. However, its harm to overall health outweighs any benefit, and quitting smoking can improve the general health of your digestive tract as well as provide many other health benefits.
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines.These include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve), diclofenac sodium and others. These medicines may increase the risk of gettingIBDor worsen the disease in people who haveIBD.
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What are the Overview of Ingrown hair?
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Ingrown hair occurs when a hair that's been removed starts to grow back and curves into the skin. Shaving, tweezing or waxing can cause this to happen. An ingrown hair can cause tiny, swollen bumps on the skin that may hurt. The condition most often affects Black people with curly hair who shave.
Most instances of ingrown hair get better without treatment. You can avoid this condition by not removing hair or not shaving very close to the skin. If that's not an option, you might try other hair removal methods that lessen the risk of developing ingrown hair.
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What are the symptoms of Ingrown hair?
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Signs and symptoms of ingrown hair include:
• Tiny, swollen bumps where you shave, tweeze or wax
• Small bumps that look like blisters or are filled with pus
• Small bumps that are darker than surrounding skin (hyperpigmentation)
• Burning or stinging
• Itching
• Hair in the shape of a loop because the tip of the hair curves and grows into the skin
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What are the causes of Ingrown hair?
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Ingrown hair occurs when a hair that's been removed starts to grow back and curves into the skin. This usually happens after shaving, tweezing or waxing.
Hair structure and direction of growth play a role in ingrown hair. A curved hair follicle, which produces tightly curled hair, is believed to encourage the hair to reenter the skin once the hair is cut and starts to grow back. Shaving creates a sharp edge on hair, making it easier to pierce the skin.
Ingrown hair might also be caused by:
• Pulling your skin when you shave. This action causes hair to draw back into the skin.
• Tweezing.
When a hair penetrates your skin, your skin reacts as it would to a foreign body — it becomes irritated.
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What are the risk factors of Ingrown hair?
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The main risk factor for ingrown hair is having tightly curled hair.
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What are the complications of Ingrown hair?
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Ingrown hair that doesn't clear up can lead to:
• Bacterial infection (from scratching)
• Patches of skin that are darker than usual (postinflammatory hyperpigmentation)
• Raised scars that are darker than surrounding skin (keloids)
• Pseudofolliculitis barbae, also known as razor bumps
• Fine depressed scars (grooves)
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What is the prevention of Ingrown hair?
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To help prevent ingrown hair, avoid shaving, tweezing and waxing. If that's not an option, use these tips to make ingrown hair less likely:
• Before shaving wash your skin with warm water and a mild facial cleanser.
• Apply lubricating shaving cream or gel a few minutes before shaving to soften the hair. Or apply a warm, damp cloth.
• Apply shaving cream and use a sharp, single-blade razor. This helps avoid a too-close shave.
• Don't pull your skin while shaving.
• Shave in the direction of hair growth.
• Rinse the blade after each stroke.
• Rinse your skin and apply a cool, wet cloth for about five minutes. Then use a soothing after-shave product or a glycolic acid lotion to help remove dead skin cells (exfoliate).
The following hair removal methods also may help prevent ingrown hair:
• Electric razor or clippers.With the razor, avoid the closest shave setting. Hold the razor or clippers slightly away from your skin.
• Chemical hair remover (depilatory).The chemicals in hair removal products may irritate your skin, so test on a small patch of hair first.
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What are the Overview of Inherited metabolic disorders?
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Inherited metabolic disorders are medical conditions caused by changes in specific genes that affect metabolism. Different gene changes cause different types of inherited metabolic disorders. These gene changes are most commonly passed down from both parents. But sometimes the gene change comes only from one parent, most often from the mother. These disorders also are called inborn errors of metabolism.
Metabolism is the complex set of chemical reactions that your body uses to maintain life. These include:
• Making energy.Special enzymes break down food or certain chemicals so your body can use them right away for fuel or store them for later use.
• Making or getting rid of substances.Certain chemical processes make substances your body needs. Other chemical processes break down substances that your body no longer needs.
When these processes don't work properly, a metabolic disorder occurs. It may be due to an enzyme that's too low or missing or to another problem. Inherited metabolic disorders fall into different groups. They're grouped by the substance affected and whether it builds up too much because it can't be broken down or it's too low or missing.
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What are the symptoms of Inherited metabolic disorders?
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There are hundreds of inherited metabolic disorders caused by different genes. Symptoms depend on the type of disorder and how severe it is.
Examples of inherited metabolic disorders include:
• Familial hypercholesterolemia.
• Gaucher disease.
• Hunter syndrome.
• Krabbe disease.
• Maple syrup urine disease.
• Metachromatic leukodystrophy.
• Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke-like episodes (MELAS).
• Niemann-Pick.
• Phenylketonuria (PKU).
• Porphyria.
• Tay-Sachs disease.
• Wilson's disease.
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What are the causes of Inherited metabolic disorders?
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Inherited metabolic disorders are caused by changes in specific genes that affect metabolism. Different gene changes cause different types of inherited metabolic disorders. These gene changes are most commonly passed down from both parents. But sometimes the gene change comes only from one parent, most often from the mother. There are hundreds of inherited metabolic disorders caused by different genes.
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What are the risk factors of Inherited metabolic disorders?
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The risk of an inherited metabolic disorder is higher if one or both parents have the gene change that can cause the condition. In some cases, future parents may decide to have carrier testing before pregnancy. This test can identify some gene changes in parents that may raise the risk that future children will have certain types of inherited metabolic disorders.
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What are the Overview of Insomnia?
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Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that can make it hard to fall asleep or stay asleep. It also can cause you to wake up too early and not be able to get back to sleep. You may still feel tired when you wake up. Insomnia can drain your energy level and affect your mood. It also can affect your health, work performance and quality of life.
How much sleep is enough varies from person to person. But most adults need 7 to 9 hours a night.
At some point, many adults have short-term insomnia. This can last for days or weeks. Short-term insomnia is usually due to stress or a distressing event. But some people have long-term insomnia, also called chronic insomnia. This lasts for three months or more. Insomnia may be the main problem, or it may be related to other medical conditions or medicines.
You do not have to put up with sleepless nights. Simple changes in your daily habits often can help.
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What are the symptoms of Insomnia?
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Insomnia symptoms may include:
• Having a hard time falling asleep at night.
• Waking up during the night.
• Waking up too early.
• Feeling tired or sleepy during the day.
• Feeling cranky, depressed or anxious.
• Having a hard time paying attention, focusing on tasks or remembering.
• Making more errors or having more accidents.
• Having ongoing worries about sleep.
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What are the causes of Insomnia?
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Insomnia may be the main problem or it may be related to other conditions.
Long-term insomnia is usually due to stress, life events or habits that disrupt sleep. While treating the cause of your sleep problem may stop your insomnia, sometimes it can last for years.
Common causes of long-term insomnia include:
• Stress.Concerns about work, school, health, money or family can keep your mind active at night, making it hard to sleep. Stressful life events, such as the death or illness of a loved one, divorce, or a job loss, also may lead to insomnia.
• Travel or work schedule.Your body's "internal clock," known as circadian rhythms, guides things such as your sleep-wake cycle, metabolism and body temperature. Disrupting these rhythms can lead to insomnia. Causes include feeling jet lag from traveling across multiple time zones, working a late or early shift, or changing shifts often.
• Poor sleep habits.Poor sleep habits include going to bed and waking up at different times each day, taking naps, being too active before bedtime and having a sleep area that is not comfortable. Other poor sleep habits include working, eating or watching TV while in bed. Using computers or smartphones, playing video games, or watching TV just before bed can disrupt your sleep cycle.
• Eating too much late in the evening.Having a light snack before bedtime is OK. But eating too much may cause you to feel uncomfortable while lying down. Many people also have heartburn. This is when stomach acid backs up into the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach. This tube is called the esophagus. Heartburn may keep you awake.
• Mental health disorders.Anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, may disrupt your sleep. Waking up too early can be a sign of depression. Insomnia often occurs with other mental health conditions.
• Medicines.Many prescription drugs can interfere with sleep, such as certain antidepressants and medicines for asthma or blood pressure. Many medicines available without a prescription, such as some pain medicines, allergy and cold medicines, and weight-loss products, contain caffeine and other stimulants that can disrupt sleep.
• Medical conditions.Examples of conditions linked with insomnia include ongoing pain, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), overactive thyroid, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
• Sleep-related disorders.Sleep apnea causes you to stop breathing at times during the night, disrupting your sleep. Restless legs syndrome causes a strong uncomfortable urge to move your legs when trying to fall asleep. This may keep you from falling asleep or getting back to sleep.
• Caffeine, nicotine and alcohol.Coffee, tea, cola and other drinks that have caffeine are stimulants. Drinking them in the late afternoon or evening can keep you from falling asleep at night. Nicotine in tobacco products is another stimulant that can disrupt sleep. Alcohol may help you fall asleep, but it prevents deeper stages of sleep and often results in waking up in the middle of the night.
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What are the risk factors of Insomnia?
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Nearly everyone has an occasional sleepless night. But you're more likely to have insomnia if:
• You're a woman.Changes in hormones during the menstrual cycle and in menopause may play a role. During menopause, night sweats and hot flashes often disrupt sleep. Insomnia also is common during pregnancy.
• You're over 60.Because of changes in sleep patterns and health, it's more likely you'll have insomnia as you get older.
• You have a mental health or physical health condition.Many issues that affect your mental or physical health can disrupt sleep.
• You're under a lot of stress.Being stressed can cause short-term insomnia. Major or long-lasting stress can lead to long-term insomnia.
• You do not have a regular schedule.For example, changing shifts at work or traveling can disrupt your sleep-wake cycle.
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What are the complications of Insomnia?
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Sleep is as important to your health as a healthy diet and regular physical activity. Whatever is keeping you from sleeping, insomnia can affect you mentally and physically. People with insomnia report a lower quality of life compared with people who sleep well.
Complications of insomnia may include:
• Lower performance on the job or at school.
• Slowed reaction time while driving and a higher risk of accidents.
• Mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety or substance misuse.
• Higher risk or worsening of long-term diseases or conditions, such as high blood pressure and heart disease.
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What is the prevention of Insomnia?
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Good sleep habits like these can help prevent insomnia:
• Keep the time you go to bed and the time you wake up the same every day, including weekends.
• Stay active. Regular activity can lead to a good night's sleep.
• Limit naps or do not nap at all.
• Limit or do not use caffeine, alcohol and nicotine.
• Do not eat large meals or drink a lot of fluids before bed.
• Make your bedroom comfortable for sleep and only use it for sex or sleep.
• Create a relaxing bedtime ritual, such as taking a warm bath, reading or listening to soft music.
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What are the Overview of Intermittent explosive disorder?
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Intermittent explosive disorder involves repeated, sudden bouts of impulsive, aggressive, violent behavior or angry verbal outbursts. The reactions are too extreme for the situation. Road rage, domestic abuse, throwing or breaking objects, or other temper tantrums may be symptoms of intermittent explosive disorder.
These explosive outbursts, which occur off and on, cause major distress. They can harm relationships and cause problems at work or school. They also can result in problems with the law.
Intermittent explosive disorder is a long-term condition that can go on for years. But the severity of outbursts may lessen with age. Treatment involves talk therapy and medicine to help you control your aggressive impulses.
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What are the symptoms of Intermittent explosive disorder?
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Impulsive attacks and angry outbursts occur suddenly, with little or no warning. They usually last less than 30 minutes. These bouts may occur often or be separated by weeks or months. Verbal outbursts or less severe physical attacks may still occur in between these times. You may be irritable, impulsive, aggressive or angry most of the time.
Before an aggressive bout, you may feel:
• Rage.
• Irritability.
• More tension and energy.
• Racing thoughts.
• Tingling.
• Shaking.
• Fast or pounding heartbeat.
• Chest tightness.
The explosive verbal and behavioral outbursts are much too intense for the situation, with no thought about what might happen as a result. The outbursts can include:
• Temper tantrums.
• Long, angry speeches.
• Heated arguments.
• Shouting.
• Slapping, shoving or pushing.
• Physical fights.
• Property damage.
• Threatening or harming people or animals.
You may feel a sense of relief and tiredness after the outburst. Later, you may feel guilty, sorry for your actions or embarrassed.
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What are the causes of Intermittent explosive disorder?
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Intermittent explosive disorder can begin in childhood — after the age of 6 years — or during the teenage years. It's more common in younger adults than in older adults. The exact cause of the disorder is not known. It may be caused by the living environment and learned behaviors, genetics, or differences in the brain.
• Living environment.Most people with this condition grew up in families where explosive behavior and verbal and physical abuse were common. Children who see or go through this type of violence at an early age are more likely to have these same traits as they grow up.
• Genetics.Genetics may play a role. There could be a gene related to the tendency to react more easily to stress. This gene may be passed down from parents to children.
• Differences in how the brain works.There may be differences in the structure, function and chemistry of the brain in people with intermittent explosive disorder compared with that of the brains of people who do not have the disorder.
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What are the risk factors of Intermittent explosive disorder?
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These factors raise your risk of developing intermittent explosive disorder:
• History of physical abuse.Being abused as a child, being bullied, or going through other disturbing, shocking or painful events can raise the risk of having intermittent explosive disorder.
• History of other mental health conditions.Having antisocial personality disorder or borderline personality disorder may raise the risk of also having intermittent explosive disorder. So can having other disorders that include disruptive behaviors, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Problems with alcohol and drugs also can be a risk factor.
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What are the complications of Intermittent explosive disorder?
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People with intermittent explosive disorder have a higher risk of:
• Problems with relationships.Others often think that people with intermittent impulsive disorder are always angry. Verbal fights or physical abuse can happen often. These actions can lead to relationship problems, divorce and family stress.
• Trouble at work, home or school.Complications of intermittent explosive disorder may include job loss, school suspension, car accidents, money problems or trouble with the law.
• Problems with mood.Mood disorders such as depression and anxiety often occur with intermittent explosive disorder.
• Problems with alcohol and drug use.Problems with alcohol or drugs often occur along with intermittent explosive disorder.
• Physical health problems.Medical conditions are more common and can include, for example, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease and stroke, ulcers, and ongoing pain.
• Self-harm.Self-injury or suicide attempts sometimes occur.
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What is the prevention of Intermittent explosive disorder?
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If you have intermittent explosive disorder, prevention is likely beyond your control unless you get treatment from a mental health professional.
After you start treatment, follow the plan and practice the skills you learn. If medicine is prescribed, be sure to take it. Do not use alcohol or drugs.
When possible, leave or avoid situations that upset you. Also, scheduling personal time to allow you to lower stress may help you to better handle an upcoming stressful or frustrating situation.
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What are the Overview of Intestinal ischemia?
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Intestinal ischemia (is-KEE-me-uh) refers to a range of conditions that happen when blood flow to the intestines slows or stops. Ischemia can be due to a fully or partly blocked blood vessel, most often an artery. Or low blood pressure may lead to less blood flow. Intestinal ischemia can affect the small intestine, the large intestine or both.
Less blood flow means that too little oxygen goes to the cells in the system through which food travels, called the digestive system. Intestinal ischemia is a serious condition that can cause pain. It can make it hard for the intestines to work well.
In severe cases, loss of blood flow to the intestines can cause lifelong damage to the intestines. And it may lead to death.
There are treatments for intestinal ischemia. Getting medical help early improves the chances of recovery.
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What are the symptoms of Intestinal ischemia?
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Symptoms of intestinal ischemia can come on quickly. When this happens, the condition is called acute intestinal ischemia. When symptoms come on slowly, the condition is called chronic intestinal ischemia. Symptoms may differ from person to person. But certain symptoms suggest a diagnosis of intestinal ischemia.
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What are the causes of Intestinal ischemia?
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Intestinal ischemia happens when the blood flow through the major blood vessels that send blood to and from the intestines slows or stops. The condition has many possible causes. Causes may include:
• A blood clot that blocks an artery.
• A narrowed artery due to buildup of fatty deposits, such as cholesterol. This condition is called atherosclerosis.
• Low blood pressure leading to less blood flow.
• Blockage in a vein, which happens less often.
Intestinal ischemia often is split into groups. Colon ischemia, also called ischemic colitis, affects the large intestine. Other types of ischemia affect the small intestine. These are acute mesenteric ischemia, chronic mesenteric ischemia and ischemia due to mesenteric venous thrombosis.
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What are the risk factors of Intestinal ischemia?
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Factors that may increase your risk of intestinal ischemia include:
• Buildup of fatty deposits in your arteries, called atherosclerosis.If you've had other conditions caused by atherosclerosis, you have an increased risk of intestinal ischemia. These conditions include less blood flow to the heart, called coronary artery disease; less blood flow to the legs, called peripheral vascular disease; or less blood flow to the arteries that go to the brain, called carotid artery disease.
• Age.People older than 50 are more likely to get intestinal ischemia.
• Smoking.Using cigarettes and other forms of smoked tobacco increases your risk of intestinal ischemia.
• Heart and blood vessel conditions.Your risk of intestinal ischemia is higher if you have congestive heart failure or an irregular heartbeat such as atrial fibrillation. Blood vessel diseases that result in irritation, called inflammation, of veins and arteries also may increase risk. This inflammation is known as vasculitis.
• Medicines.Certain medicines may increase your risk of intestinal ischemia. Examples include birth control pills and medicines that cause your blood vessels to expand or contract, such as some allergy medicines and migraine medicines.
• Blood-clotting problems.Diseases and conditions that raise your risk of blood clots also may raise your risk of intestinal ischemia. Examples include sickle cell anemia and a genetic condition known as the factor V Leiden mutation.
• Other health conditions.Having high blood pressure, diabetes or high cholesterol can increase the risk of intestinal ischemia.
• Illicit drug use.Cocaine and methamphetamine use have been linked to intestinal ischemia.
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What are the complications of Intestinal ischemia?
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Complications of intestinal ischemia can include:
• Death of intestinal tissue.A sudden and complete blockage in blood flow to the intestines can kill intestinal tissue. This is called gangrene.
• A hole through the wall of the intestines, called a perforation.A hole can cause what's in the intestine to leak into the belly. This may cause a serious infection called peritonitis.
• Scarring or narrowing of the intestine.Sometimes the intestines recover from ischemia. But as part of the healing process, the body forms scar tissue that narrows or blocks the intestines. This happens most often in the colon. Rarely, this happens in the small intestine.
Other health conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, also calledCOPD, can make intestinal ischemia worse. Emphysema, a type ofCOPD, and other smoking-related lung diseases increase this risk.
Sometimes, intestinal ischemia can be fatal.
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What are the Overview of Intracranial venous malformations?
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Intracranial venous malformations are veins in the brain that are unusually large. These larger veins aren't likely to cause symptoms or affect how the veins work.
Some people may have an intracranial venous malformation that is never diagnosed and never causes symptoms. Sometimes, they're found by accident during a brain imaging test for another condition.
Intracranial venous malformations usually don't require treatment.
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What are the symptoms of Intracranial venous malformations?
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Intracranial venous malformations may never cause symptoms. They are sometimes found by accident during brain imaging tests for another condition. If an intracranial venous malformation does cause symptoms, they may include:
• Headaches.
• Seizures.
• Dizziness.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Muscle weakness or paralysis.
• Loss of coordination.
• Vision troubles.
• Difficulty speaking.
• Memory problems.
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What are the causes of Intracranial venous malformations?
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Experts don't understand what causes intracranial venous malformations. Certain genetic changes might play a role, and the malformations may happen during fetal development. However, some types may not be inherited and are acquired later in life, possibly after an injury to the central nervous system.
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What are the risk factors of Intracranial venous malformations?
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Having a family history of intracranial venous malformations can increase your risk. But most types aren't inherited.
Certain hereditary conditions can increase your risk of intracranial venous malformations. These include hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, Sturge-Weber syndrome and Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome.
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What are the Overview of Invasive lobular carcinoma?
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Invasive lobular carcinoma is a type of breast cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the milk-producing glands of the breast. These glands are called lobules.
Invasive cancer means that the cancer cells have broken out of the lobule where they began and spread into the breast tissue. The cells have the potential to spread to the lymph nodes and other areas of the body.
Invasive lobular carcinoma makes up a small portion of all breast cancers. The most common type of breast cancer begins in the breast ducts. This type is called invasive ductal carcinoma.
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What are the symptoms of Invasive lobular carcinoma?
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At first, invasive lobular carcinoma may cause no signs and symptoms. As it grows larger, invasive lobular carcinoma may cause:
• A change in the texture or appearance of the skin over the breast, such as dimpling or thickening.
• A new area of fullness or swelling in the breast.
• A newly inverted nipple.
• An area of thickening in part of the breast.
Invasive lobular carcinoma is less likely to cause a firm or distinct breast lump than other types of breast cancer.
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What are the causes of Invasive lobular carcinoma?
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It's not clear what causes invasive lobular carcinoma.
This form of breast cancer begins when cells in one or more milk-producing glands of the breast develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
Invasive lobular carcinoma cells tend to invade breast tissue by spreading out rather than forming a firm lump. The affected area may have a different feel from the surrounding breast tissue. The area may feel more like a thickening and fullness, but it's unlikely to feel like a lump.
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What are the risk factors of Invasive lobular carcinoma?
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Risk factors for invasive lobular carcinoma are thought to be similar to the risk factors for breast cancer in general. Factors that may increase the risk of breast cancer include:
• A family history of breast cancer.If a parent, sibling or child had breast cancer, your risk of breast cancer is increased. The risk is higher if your family has a history of getting breast cancer at a young age. The risk also is higher if you have multiple family members with breast cancer. Still, most people diagnosed with breast cancer don't have a family history of the disease.
• A personal history of breast cancer.If you've had cancer in one breast, you have an increased risk of getting cancer in the other breast.
• A personal history of breast conditions.Certain breast conditions are signs that you have a higher risk of breast cancer. These conditions include lobular carcinoma in situ, also called LCIS, and atypical hyperplasia of the breast. If you've had a breast biopsy that found one of these conditions, you have an increased risk of breast cancer.
• Beginning your period at a younger age.Beginning your period before age 12 increases your risk of breast cancer.
• Beginning menopause at an older age.Beginning menopause after age 55 increases the risk of breast cancer.
• Being female.Women are much more likely than men are to get breast cancer. Everyone is born with some breast tissue, so anyone can get breast cancer.
• Dense breast tissue.Breast tissue is made up of fatty tissue and dense tissue. Dense tissue is made of milk glands, milk ducts and fibrous tissue. If you have dense breasts, you have more dense tissue than fatty tissue in your breasts. Having dense breasts can make it harder to detect breast cancer on a mammogram. If a mammogram showed that you have dense breasts, your risk of breast cancer is increased. Talk with your healthcare team about other tests you might have in addition to mammograms to look for breast cancer.
• Drinking alcohol.Drinking alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer.
• Having your first child at an older age.Giving birth to your first child after age 30 may increase the risk of breast cancer.
• Having never been pregnant.Having been pregnant one or more times lowers the risk of breast cancer. Never having been pregnant increases the risk.
• Inherited DNA changes that increase cancer risk.Certain DNA changes that increase the risk of breast cancer can be passed from parents to children. Two DNA changes associated with an increased risk of invasive lobular carcinoma include BRCA2 and CDH1. BRCA2 increases the risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer. CDH1 increases the risk of breast cancer and stomach cancer. CDH1 is closely associated with a rare inherited condition called hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome.
• Menopausal hormone therapy.Taking certain hormone therapy medicines to control the symptoms of menopause may increase the risk of breast cancer. The risk is linked to hormone therapy medicines that combine estrogen and progesterone. The risk goes down when you stop taking these medicines.
• Obesity.People with obesity have an increased risk of breast cancer.
• Older age.Your risk of breast cancer increases as you age. Invasive lobular carcinoma tends to happen at an older age compared to other types of breast cancer.
• Radiation exposure.If you received radiation treatments to your chest as a child or young adult, your risk of breast cancer is higher.
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What is the prevention of Invasive lobular carcinoma?
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Making changes in your daily life may help lower your risk of invasive lobular carcinoma and other types of breast cancer. Try to:
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What are the Overview of Iritis?
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Iritis (i-RYE-tis) is swelling and irritation (inflammation) in the colored ring around your eye's pupil (iris). Another name for iritis is anterior uveitis.
The uvea is the middle layer of the eye between the retina and the white part of the eye. The iris is located in the front portion (anterior) of the uvea.
Iritis is the most common type of uveitis. Uveitis is inflammation of part of or all of the uvea. The cause is often unknown. It can result from an underlying condition or genetic factor.
If untreated, iritis could lead to glaucoma or vision loss. See your doctor as soon as possible if you have symptoms of iritis.
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What are the symptoms of Iritis?
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Iritis can occur in one or both eyes. It usually develops suddenly, and can last up to three months.
Signs and symptoms of iritis include:
• Eye redness
• Discomfort or achiness in the affected eye
• Sensitivity to light
• Decreased vision
Iritis that develops suddenly, over hours or days, is known as acute iritis. Symptoms that develop gradually or last longer than three months indicate chronic iritis.
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What are the causes of Iritis?
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Often, the cause of iritis can't be determined. In some cases, iritis can be linked to eye trauma, genetic factors or certain diseases. Causes of iritis include:
• Injury to the eye.Blunt force trauma, a penetrating injury, or a burn from a chemical or fire can cause acute iritis.
• Infections.Viral infections on your face, such as cold sores and shingles caused by herpes viruses, can cause iritis.Infectious diseases from other viruses and bacteria can also be linked to uveitis. For instance, they may include toxoplasmosis, an infection most often caused by a parasite in uncooked food; histoplasmosis, a lung infection that occurs when you inhale spores of fungus; tuberculosis, which happens when bacteria enters the lungs; and syphilis, which is caused by the spread of bacteria through sexual contact.
• Genetic predisposition.People who develop certain autoimmune diseases because of a gene alteration that affects their immune systems might also develop acute iritis. Diseases include a type of arthritis called ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriatic arthritis.
• Behcet's disease.An uncommon cause of acute iritis in Western countries, this condition is also characterized by joint problems, mouth sores and genital sores.
• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.Chronic iritis can develop in children with this condition.
• Sarcoidosis.This autoimmune disease involves the growth of collections of inflammatory cells in areas of your body, including your eyes.
• Certain medications.Some drugs, such as the antibiotic rifabutin (Mycobutin) and the antiviral medication cidofovir, that are used to treat HIV infections can be a rare cause of iritis. Rarely, bisphosphonates, used to treat osteoporosis, can cause uveitis. Stopping these medications usually stops the iritis symptoms.
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What are the risk factors of Iritis?
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Your risk of developing iritis increases if you:
• Have a specific genetic alteration.People with a specific change in a gene that's essential for healthy immune system function are more likely to develop iritis. This change is labeled HLA-B27.
• Develop a sexually transmitted infection.Certain infections, such as syphilis or HIV/AIDS, are linked with a significant risk of iritis.
• Have a weakened immune system or an autoimmune disorder.This includes conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis and reactive arthritis.
• Smoke tobacco.Studies have shown that smoking contributes to your risk.
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What are the complications of Iritis?
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If not treated properly, iritis could lead to:
• Cataracts.Development of a clouding of the lens of your eye (cataract) is a possible complication, especially if you've had a long period of inflammation.
• An irregular pupil.Scar tissue can cause the iris to stick to the underlying lens or the cornea, making the pupil irregular in shape and the iris sluggish in its reaction to light.
• Glaucoma.Recurrent iritis can result in glaucoma, a serious eye condition characterized by increased pressure inside the eye and possible vision loss.
• Calcium deposits on the cornea.This causes degeneration of your cornea and could decrease your vision.
• Swelling within the retina.Swelling and fluid-filled cysts that develop in the retina at the back of the eye can blur or decrease your central vision.
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What are the Overview of Irritable bowel syndrome?
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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common condition that affects the stomach and intestines, also called the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms include cramping, belly pain, bloating, gas, and diarrhea or constipation, or both.IBSis an ongoing condition that needs long-term management.
Only a small number of people withIBShave severe symptoms. Some people can control their symptoms by managing diet, lifestyle and stress. More-severe symptoms can be treated with medicine and counseling.
IBSdoesn't cause changes in bowel tissue or increase risk of colorectal cancer.
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What are the symptoms of Irritable bowel syndrome?
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Symptoms ofIBSvary but are usually present for a long time. The most common include:
• Belly pain, cramping or bloating that is related to passing stool.
• Changes in appearance of stool.
• Changes in how often you are passing stool.
Other symptoms that are often related include sensation of incomplete evacuation and increased gas or mucus in the stool.
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What are the causes of Irritable bowel syndrome?
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The exact cause ofIBSisn't known. Factors that appear to play a role include:
• Muscle contractions in the intestine.The walls of the intestines are lined with layers of muscle that contract as they move food through the digestive tract. Contractions that are stronger and last longer than usual can cause gas, bloating and diarrhea. Weak contractions can slow food passage and lead to hard, dry stools.
• Nervous system.Issues with the nerves in the digestive system may cause discomfort when the belly area, called the abdomen, stretches from gas or stool. Poorly coordinated signals between the brain and the intestines can cause the body to overreact to changes that typically occur in the digestive process. This can result in pain, diarrhea or constipation.
• Severe infection.IBScan develop after a severe bout of diarrhea caused by bacteria or a virus. This is called gastroenteritis.IBSalso might be associated with a surplus of bacteria in the intestines, known as bacterial overgrowth.
• Early-life stress.People exposed to stressful events, especially in childhood, tend to have more symptoms ofIBS.
• Changes in gut microbes.Examples include changes in bacteria, fungi and viruses, which typically live in the intestines and play a key role in health. Research indicates that the microbes in people withIBSmight differ from those in people who don't haveIBS.
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What are the risk factors of Irritable bowel syndrome?
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Many people have occasional symptoms ofIBS. But you're more likely to have the syndrome if you:
• Are young.IBSoccurs more often in people under age 50.
• Are female.In the United States,IBSis more common among women. Estrogen therapy before or after menopause also is a risk factor forIBS.
• Have a family history ofIBS.Genes may play a role, as may shared factors in a family's environment or a combination of genes and environment.
• Have anxiety, depression or other mental health issues.A history of sexual, physical or emotional abuse also might be a risk factor.
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What are the complications of Irritable bowel syndrome?
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Long-lasting constipation or diarrhea can cause hemorrhoids.
In addition,IBSis associated with:
• Poor quality of life.Many people with moderate to severeIBSreport poor quality of life. Research indicates that people withIBSmiss three times as many days from work as do those without bowel symptoms.
• Mood disorders.Experiencing the symptoms ofIBScan lead to depression or anxiety. Depression and anxiety also can makeIBSworse.
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What are the Overview of Itchy skin (pruritus)?
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Itchy skin is an irritating sensation that makes you want to scratch. It's also called pruritus (proo-RIE-tus). Itchy skin is often caused by dry skin and is common in older adults, as skin tends to become drier with age.
Depending on the cause of your itchiness, your skin may look no different than usual or it may be inflamed, rough or have bumps. Repeated scratching can cause raised thick areas of skin that might bleed or become infected.
Many people find relief with self-care measures such as moisturizers, gentle cleansers and lukewarm baths. Long-term relief requires identifying and treating the cause of itchy skin. Common treatments are medicated creams, moist dressings and anti-itch medicines taken by mouth.
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What are the symptoms of Itchy skin (pruritus)?
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Itchy skin can affect small areas, such as the scalp, an arm or a leg. Or it can cover the whole body. Itchy skin can occur without any other noticeable changes on the skin. Or it may come with:
• Inflamed skin
• Scratch marks
• Bumps, spots or blisters
• Dry, cracked skin
• Leathery or scaly patches
Sometimes itchiness lasts a long time and can be intense. As you rub or scratch the area, it gets itchier. And the more it itches, the more you scratch. Breaking this itch-scratch cycle can be difficult.
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What are the causes of Itchy skin (pruritus)?
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Causes of itchy skin include:
• Skin conditions.Examples include dry skin (xerosis), eczema (dermatitis), psoriasis, scabies, parasites, burns, scars, insect bites and hives.
• Internal diseases.Itching on the whole body might be a symptom of an underlying illness, such as liver disease, kidney disease, anemia, diabetes, thyroid problems and certain cancers.
• Nerve disorders.Examples include multiple sclerosis, pinched nerves and shingles (herpes zoster).
• Psychiatric conditions.Examples include anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression.
• Irritation and allergic reactions.Wool, chemicals, soaps and other things can irritate the skin and cause rashes and itching. Sometimes a substance, such as poison ivy or cosmetics, causes an allergic reaction. Also, reactions to certain medicines, such as narcotics to treat pain (opioids) can cause itchy skin.
Sometimes the cause of the itching can't be determined.
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What are the risk factors of Itchy skin (pruritus)?
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Anyone can develop itchy skin. But you may be more likely to develop it if you:
• Have a condition that can cause itching, such as dermatitis, kidney disease, anemia or thyroid disease.
• Are an older adult, as skin can become drier with age.
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What are the complications of Itchy skin (pruritus)?
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Itchy skin that is severe or lasts more than six weeks can affect the quality of your life. This type is called chronic pruritus. It might disturb your sleep or cause anxiety or depression. Prolonged itching and scratching can increase the intensity of the itch, possibly leading to skin injury, infection and scarring.
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What are the Overview of Male infertility?
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Nearly 1 in 7 couples is infertile, which means they haven't been able to conceive a child even though they've had frequent, unprotected sexual intercourse for a year or longer. In up to half of these couples, male infertility plays at least a partial role.
Male infertility can be caused by low sperm production, abnormal sperm function or blockages that prevent the delivery of sperm. Illnesses, injuries, chronic health problems, lifestyle choices and other factors may contribute to male infertility.
The inability to conceive a child can be stressful and frustrating, but a number of treatments are available for male infertility.
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What are the symptoms of Male infertility?
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The main sign of male infertility is the inability to conceive a child. There may be no other obvious signs or symptoms.
In some cases, however, an underlying problem such as an inherited disorder, hormonal imbalance, dilated veins around the testicle or a condition that blocks the passage of sperm causes signs and symptoms. Signs and symptoms you may notice include:
• Problems with sexual function — for example, difficulty with ejaculation or small volumes of fluid ejaculated, reduced sexual desire, or difficulty maintaining an erection (erectile dysfunction)
• Pain, swelling or a lump in the testicle area
• Recurrent respiratory infections
• Inability to smell
• Abnormal breast growth (gynecomastia)
• Decreased facial or body hair or other signs of a chromosomal or hormonal abnormality
• A lower than normal sperm count (fewer than 15 million sperm per milliliter of semen or a total sperm count of less than 39 million per ejaculate)
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What are the causes of Male infertility?
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Male fertility is a complex process. To get your partner pregnant, the following must occur:
• You must produce healthy sperm.Initially, this involves the growth and formation of the male reproductive organs during puberty. At least one of your testicles must be functioning correctly, and your body must produce testosterone and other hormones to trigger and maintain sperm production.
• Sperm have to be carried into the semen.Once sperm are produced in the testicles, delicate tubes transport them until they mix with semen and are ejaculated out of the penis.
• There needs to be enough sperm in the semen.If the number of sperm in your semen (sperm count) is low, it decreases the odds that one of your sperm will fertilize your partner's egg. A low sperm count is fewer than 15 million sperm per milliliter of semen or fewer than 39 million per ejaculate.
• Sperm must be functional and able to move.If the movement (motility) or function of your sperm is abnormal, the sperm may not be able to reach or penetrate your partner's egg.
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What are the risk factors of Male infertility?
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Risk factors linked to male infertility include:
• Smoking tobacco
• Using alcohol
• Using certain illicit drugs
• Being overweight
• Having certain past or present infections
• Being exposed to toxins
• Overheating the testicles
• Having experienced trauma to the testicles
• Having a prior vasectomy or major abdominal or pelvic surgery
• Having a history of undescended testicles
• Being born with a fertility disorder or having a blood relative with a fertility disorder
• Having certain medical conditions, including tumors and chronic illnesses, such as sickle cell disease
• Taking certain medications or undergoing medical treatments, such as surgery or radiation used for treating cancer
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What are the complications of Male infertility?
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Complications of male infertility can include:
• Stress and relationship difficulties related to the inability to have a child
• Expensive and involved reproductive techniques
• Increased risk of testicular cancer, melanoma, colon cancer and prostate cancer
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What is the prevention of Male infertility?
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Male infertility isn't always preventable. However, you can try to avoid some known causes of male infertility. For example:
• Don't smoke.
• Limit or abstain from alcohol.
• Steer clear of illicit drugs.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Don't get a vasectomy.
• Avoid things that lead to prolonged heat for the testicles.
• Reduce stress.
• Avoid exposure to pesticides, heavy metals and other toxins.
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What are the Overview of Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors?
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Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are a rare type of cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the pancreas. The pancreas is a long, flat gland that sits behind the stomach. It makes enzymes and hormones that help digest food.
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors start from the hormone-producing cells in the pancreas. These cells are called islet cells. Another term for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor is islet cell cancer.
Some pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cells keep making hormones. These are known as functional tumors. Functional tumors create too much of the given hormone. Examples of functional tumors include insulinoma, gastrinoma and glucagonoma.
Most pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors do not produce an excess amount of hormones. Tumors that don't produce extra hormones are called nonfunctional tumors.
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What are the symptoms of Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors?
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Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors sometimes don't cause symptoms. When they do, symptoms can include:
• Heartburn.
• Weakness.
• Fatigue.
• Muscle cramps.
• Indigestion.
• Diarrhea.
• Weight loss.
• Skin rash.
• Constipation.
• Pain in the abdomen or back.
• Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes.
• Dizziness.
• Blurred vision.
• Headaches.
• Increased thirst and hunger.
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What are the causes of Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors?
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Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors happen when cells in the pancreas develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes, which doctors call mutations, tell the cells to multiply quickly. The changes let the cells continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This causes many extra cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. Sometimes the cells can break away and spread to other organs, such as the liver. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
In pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, the DNA changes happen in hormone-producing cells called islet cells. It's not clear what causes the changes that lead to cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors?
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Factors that are associated with an increased risk of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors include:
• A family history of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.If a family member was diagnosed with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, your risk is increased.
• Syndromes present at birth that increase the risk of tumors.Some syndromes that are passed from parents to children can increase the risk of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Examples of these include multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1), von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) and tuberous sclerosis. These inherited syndromes are caused by changes in the DNA. These changes allow cells to grow and divide more than needed.
There's no way to prevent pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. If you develop this type of cancer, you didn't do anything to cause it.
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What are the Overview of Pancreatitis?
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Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. Inflammation is immune system activity that can cause swelling, pain, and changes in how an organ or tissues work.
The pancreas is a long, flat gland that's tucked behind the stomach. The pancreas helps the body digest food and regulates blood sugars.
Pancreatitis can be an acute condition. This means it appears suddenly and generally lasts a short time. Chronic pancreatitis is a long-term condition. The damage to the pancreas can get worse over time.
Acute pancreatitis may improve on its own. More-serious disease requires treatment in a hospital and can cause life-threatening complications.
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What are the symptoms of Pancreatitis?
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Symptoms of pancreatitis may vary. Acute pancreatitis symptoms may include:
• Pain in the upper belly.
• Pain in the upper belly that radiates to the back.
• Tenderness when touching the belly.
• Fever.
• Rapid pulse.
• Upset stomach.
• Vomiting.
Chronic pancreatitis signs and symptoms include:
• Pain in the upper belly.
• Belly pain that feels worse after eating.
• Losing weight without trying.
• Oily, smelly stools.
Some people with chronic pancreatitis only develop symptoms after they get complications of the disease.
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What are the causes of Pancreatitis?
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The pancreas has two major roles. It produces insulin, which helps the body manage and use sugars.
The pancreas also produces dietary juices, called enzymes, that help with digestion. The pancreas makes and stores "turned off" versions of the enzymes. After the pancreas sends the enzymes into the small intestine, they are "turned on" and break down proteins in the small intestine.
If the enzymes are turned on too soon, they can start acting like digestive juices inside the pancreas. The action can irritate, damage or destroy cells. This problem, in turn, leads to immune system responses that cause swelling and other events that affect how the pancreas works.
Several conditions can lead to acute pancreatitis, including:
• Blockage in the bile duct caused by gallstones.
• Heavy alcohol use.
• Certain medicines.
• High triglyceride levels in the blood.
• High calcium levels in the blood.
• Pancreas cancer.
• Injuries from trauma or surgery.
Conditions that can lead to chronic pancreatitis include:
• Damage from repeated acute pancreatitis.
• Heavy alcohol use.
• Inherited genes linked to pancreatitis.
• High triglyceride levels in the blood.
• High calcium levels in the blood.
Sometimes, a cause for pancreatitis is never found. This is known as idiopathic pancreatitis.
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What are the risk factors of Pancreatitis?
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Factors that increase your risk of pancreatitis include:
• Excessive alcohol use.Research shows that having four or five drinks a day increases the risk of pancreatitis.
• Cigarette smoking.Compared with nonsmokers, smokers are on average three times more likely to develop chronic pancreatitis. Quitting smoking can decrease the risk.
• Obesity.People with a body mass index of 30 or higher are at increased risk of pancreatitis.
• Diabetes.Having diabetes increases the risk of pancreatitis.
• Family history of pancreatitis.A number of genes have been linked to chronic pancreatitis. A family history of the disease is linked to an increased risk, especially when combined with other risk factors.
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What are the complications of Pancreatitis?
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Pancreatitis can cause serious complications, including:
• Kidney failure.Acute pancreatitis may result in the kidneys not filtering waste from the blood. Artificial filtering, called dialysis, may be needed for short-term or long-term treatment.
• Breathing problems.Acute pancreatitis can cause changes in how the lungs work, causing the level of oxygen in the blood to fall to dangerously low levels.
• Infection.Acute pancreatitis can make the pancreas vulnerable to infections. Pancreatic infections are serious and require intensive treatment, such as surgery or other procedures to remove the infected tissue.
• Pseudocyst.Acute and chronic pancreatitis can cause fluid and debris to collect in a "pocket" in the pancreas, called a pseudocyst. A large pseudocyst that ruptures can cause complications such as internal bleeding and infection.
• Malnutrition.With both acute and chronic pancreatitis, the pancreas may not produce enough enzymes for the digestive system. This can lead to malnutrition, diarrhea and weight loss.
• Diabetes.Diabetes can develop when chronic pancreatitis damages cells that produce insulin.
• Pancreatic cancer.Long-standing inflammation in the pancreas is a risk factor for cancer of the pancreas.
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What are the Overview of Pericarditis?
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Pericarditis is swelling and irritation of the thin, saclike tissue surrounding the heart. This tissue is called the pericardium. Pericarditis often causes sharp chest pain. The chest pain occurs when the irritated layers of the pericardium rub against each other.
Pericarditis often is mild. It may go away without treatment. Treatment for more-serious symptoms can include medicines and, very rarely, surgery. When healthcare professionals find and treat pericarditis early, that may help lower the risk of long-term complications from pericarditis.
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What are the symptoms of Pericarditis?
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Chest pain is the most common symptom of pericarditis. It usually feels sharp or stabbing. But some people have dull, achy or pressure-like chest pain.
Most often, pericarditis pain is felt behind the breastbone or on the left side of the chest. The pain may:
• Spread to the left shoulder and neck, or to both shoulders.
• Get worse when coughing, lying down or taking a deep breath.
• Get better when sitting up or leaning forward.
Other symptoms of pericarditis can include:
• Cough.
• Fatigue or general feeling of weakness or being sick.
• Swelling of the legs or feet.
• Low-grade fever.
• Pounding or racing heartbeat, also called heart palpitations.
• Shortness of breath when lying down.
• Swelling of the belly, also called the abdomen.
The specific symptoms depend on the type of pericarditis. Pericarditis is grouped into different categories, according to the pattern of symptoms and how long symptoms last.
• Acute pericarditisbegins suddenly but doesn't last longer than four weeks. Future episodes can occur. It may be hard to tell the difference between acute pericarditis and pain due to a heart attack.
• Recurrent pericarditisoccurs about 4 to 6 weeks after a bout of acute pericarditis. No symptoms happen in between.
• Incessant pericarditislasts about 4 to 6 weeks but less than three months. The symptoms continue over this whole time.
• Chronic constrictive pericarditisusually develops slowly and lasts longer than three months.
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What are the causes of Pericarditis?
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The cause of pericarditis is often hard to determine. A cause may not be found. When this happens, it's called idiopathic pericarditis.
Pericarditis causes can include:
• Immune system response after heart damage due to a heart attack or heart surgery. Other names for this include Dressler syndrome, post-myocardial infarction syndrome and post-cardiac injury syndrome.
• Infections, such as those caused by viruses.
• Injury to the heart or chest.
• Lupus.
• Rheumatoid arthritis.
• Other long-term health conditions, including kidney failure and cancer.
• Some medicines, such as the seizure treatment phenytoin (Dilantin) and medicine called procainamide to treat an irregular heartbeat.
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What are the complications of Pericarditis?
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When pericarditis is found and treated early, the risk of complications usually becomes lower. Complications of pericarditis can include:
• Fluid buildup around the heart, also called pericardial effusion.The fluid buildup can lead to further heart complications.
• Thickening and scarring of the heart lining, also called constrictive pericarditis.Some people with long-term pericarditis develop permanent thickening and scarring of the pericardium. The changes prevent the heart from filling and emptying properly. This complication often leads to severe swelling of the legs and abdomen, and shortness of breath.
• Pressure on the heart due to fluid buildup, also called cardiac tamponade.This life-threatening condition prevents the heart from filling properly. Less blood leaves the heart, causing a large drop in blood pressure. Cardiac tamponade requires emergency treatment.
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What is the prevention of Pericarditis?
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There's no specific way to prevent pericarditis. But you can take these steps to prevent infections, which might help lower the risk of heart inflammation:
• Stay away from people who have a viral or flu-like illnessuntil they've recovered. If you're sick with symptoms of a viral infection, try not to expose others. For instance, cover your mouth when you sneeze or cough.
• Follow good hygiene.Regular hand-washing can help prevent spreading illness. Scrub your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
• Get recommended vaccines.Stay up to date on the recommended vaccines, including those that protect against COVID-19, rubella and influenza. These are examples of viral diseases that can cause inflammation of the heart muscle, called myocarditis. Myocarditis and pericarditis can happen together due to a viral infection. Rarely, the COVID-19 vaccine can cause pericarditis and myocarditis, especially in males ages 12 through 17. Talk to your healthcare professional about the benefits and risks of vaccines.
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What are the Overview of Prediabetes?
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Prediabetes means you have a higher than normal blood sugar level. It's not high enough to be considered type 2 diabetes yet. But without lifestyle changes, adults and children with prediabetes are at high risk to develop type 2 diabetes.
If you have prediabetes, the long-term damage of diabetes — especially to your heart, blood vessels and kidneys — may already be starting. There's good news, however. Progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes isn't inevitable.
Eating healthy foods, making physical activity part of your daily routine and staying at a healthy weight can help bring your blood sugar level back to normal. The same lifestyle changes that can help prevent type 2 diabetes in adults might also help bring children's blood sugar levels back to normal.
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What are the symptoms of Prediabetes?
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Prediabetes doesn't usually have any signs or symptoms.
One possible sign of prediabetes is darkened skin on certain parts of the body. Affected areas can include the neck, armpits and groin.
Classic signs and symptoms that suggest you've moved from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes include:
• Increased thirst
• Frequent urination
• Increased hunger
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision
• Numbness or tingling in the feet or hands
• Frequent infections
• Slow-healing sores
• Unintended weight loss
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What are the causes of Prediabetes?
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The exact cause of prediabetes is unknown. But family history and genetics appear to play an important role. What is clear is that people with prediabetes don't process sugar (glucose) properly anymore.
Most of the glucose in your body comes from the food you eat. When food is digested, sugar enters your bloodstream. Insulin allows sugar to enter your cells — and lowers the amount of sugar in your blood.
Insulin is produced by a gland located behind the stomach called the pancreas. Your pancreas sends insulin to your blood when you eat. When your blood sugar level starts to drop, the pancreas slows down the secretion of insulin into the blood.
When you have prediabetes, this process doesn't work as well. As a result, instead of fueling your cells, sugar builds up in your bloodstream. This can happen because:
• Your pancreas may not make enough insulin
• Your cells become resistant to insulin and don't allow as much sugar in
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What are the risk factors of Prediabetes?
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The same factors that increase the odds of getting type 2 diabetes also increase the risk of prediabetes. These factors include:
• Weight.Being overweight is a primary risk factor for prediabetes. The more fatty tissue you have — especially inside and between the muscle and skin around your abdomen — the more resistant your cells become to insulin.
• Waist size.A large waist size can indicate insulin resistance. The risk of insulin resistance goes up for men with waists larger than 40 inches and for women with waists larger than 35 inches.
• Diet.Eating red meat and processed meat, and drinking sugar-sweetened beverages, is associated with a higher risk of prediabetes.
• Inactivity.The less active you are, the greater your risk of prediabetes.
• Age.Although diabetes can develop at any age, the risk of prediabetes increases after age 35.
• Family history.Your risk of prediabetes increases if you have a parent or sibling with type 2 diabetes.
• Race or ethnicity.Although it's unclear why, certain people — including Black, Hispanic, American Indian and Asian American people — are more likely to develop prediabetes.
• Gestational diabetes.If you had diabetes while pregnant (gestational diabetes), you and your child are at higher risk of developing prediabetes.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome.Women with this common condition — characterized by irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth and obesity — have a higher risk of prediabetes.
• Sleep.People with obstructive sleep apnea — a condition that disrupts sleep repeatedly — have an increased risk of insulin resistance. People who are overweight or obese have a higher risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea.
• Tobacco smoke.Smoking may increase insulin resistance and can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in people with prediabetes. Smoking also increases your risk of complications from diabetes.
Other conditions associated with an increased risk of prediabetes include:
• High blood pressure
• Low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the "good" cholesterol
• High levels of triglycerides — a type of fat in your blood
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What are the complications of Prediabetes?
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Prediabetes has been linked with long-term damage, including to your heart, blood vessels and kidneys, even if you haven't progressed to type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes is also linked to unrecognized (silent) heart attacks.
Prediabetes can progress to type 2 diabetes, which can lead to:
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Heart disease
• Stroke
• Kidney disease
• Nerve damage
• Fatty liver disease
• Eye damage, including loss of vision
• Amputations
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