instruction
stringclasses 8
values | input
stringlengths 6
2.69k
| output
stringlengths 1
34.2k
| source
stringclasses 3
values |
|---|---|---|---|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Prediabetes?
|
Healthy lifestyle choices can help you prevent prediabetes and its progression to type 2 diabetes — even if diabetes runs in your family. These include:
• Eating healthy foods
• Getting active
• Losing excess weight
• Controlling your blood pressure and cholesterol
• Not smoking
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Jaw tumors and cysts?
|
Jaw tumors and cysts are relatively rare growths or lesions that develop in the jawbone or the soft tissues in the mouth and face. Jaw tumors and cysts — sometimes referred to as odontogenic or nonodontogenic, depending on their origin — can vary greatly in size and severity. These growths are usually noncancerous (benign), but they can be aggressive and expand, displace or destroy the surrounding bone, tissue and teeth.
Treatment options for jaw tumors and cysts vary, depending on the type of growth or lesion you have, the stage of growth, and your symptoms. Mouth, jaw and face (oral and maxillofacial) surgeons can treat your jaw tumor or cyst usually by surgery, or in some cases, by medical therapy or a combination of surgery and medical therapy.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Jaw tumors and cysts?
|
A tumor is an abnormal growth or mass of tissue. A cyst is a lesion that contains liquid or semisolid material. Examples of jaw tumors and cysts include:
• Ameloblastoma.This rare, usually noncancerous (benign) tumor begins in the cells that form the protective enamel lining on the teeth. It develops most often in the jaw near the molars. The most common type is aggressive, forming large tumors and growing into the jawbone. Although this tumor can recur after treatment, aggressive surgical treatment will typically reduce the chance of recurrence.
• Central giant cell granuloma.Central giant cell granulomas are benign lesions that grow from bone cells. They most often occur in the front portion of the lower jaw. One type of these tumors can grow rapidly, cause pain and destroy bone, and has a tendency to recur after surgical treatment. The other type is less aggressive and may not have symptoms. Rarely, a tumor may shrink or resolve on its own, but typically these tumors require surgical treatment.
• Dentigerous cyst.This cyst originates from tissue that surrounds a tooth before it erupts into the mouth. This is the most common form of cyst that affects the jaws. Most often these cysts will occur around wisdom teeth that are not fully erupted, but they can also involve other teeth.
• Odontogenic keratocyst.This cyst is also referred to as a keratocystic odontogenic tumor because of its tumorlike tendency to recur after surgical treatment. Although this cyst is typically slow growing, it can still be destructive to the jaw and teeth if left untreated over a long period of time. Most often the cyst develops in the lower jaw near the third molars. These cysts may also be found in people with an inherited condition called nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.
• Odontogenic myxoma.This is a rare, slow-growing, benign tumor that occurs most often in the lower jaw. The tumor can be large and aggressively invade the jaw and surrounding tissue and displace teeth. Odontogenic myxomas are known to recur after surgical treatment; however, the chances of tumor recurrence are typically lessened by more-aggressive forms of surgical treatment.
• Odontoma.This benign tumor is the most common odontogenic tumor. Odontomas often have no symptoms, but they may interfere with tooth development or eruption. Odontomas are made up of dental tissue that grows around a tooth in the jaw. They can resemble an oddly shaped tooth or can be a small or large calcified tumor. These tumors may be part of some genetic syndromes.
• Other types of cysts and tumors.These include adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, glandular odontogenic cyst, squamous odontogenic tumor, calcifying odontogenic cyst, cementoblastoma, aneurysmal bone cyst, ossifying fibroma, osteoblastoma. central odontogenic fibroma and others.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Jaw tumors and cysts?
|
Odontogenic jaw tumors and cysts originate from cells and tissues that are involved in normal tooth development. Other tumors that affect the jaws can be nonodontogenic, meaning that they can develop from other tissues within the jaws that are not related to the teeth, such as bone or soft tissue cells. Generally, the cause of jaw tumors and cysts is not known; however, some are associated with gene changes (mutations) or genetic syndromes.
People with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, also called Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, lack a gene that suppresses tumors. The genetic mutation that causes the syndrome is inherited. This syndrome results in the development of multiple odontogenic keratocysts within the jaws, multiple basal cell skin cancers and other characteristics.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Jellyfish stings?
|
Jellyfish stings are fairly common problems for people swimming, wading or diving in oceans. The long tentacles trailing from the jellyfish can inject venom from thousands of microscopic barbed stingers.
Most often jellyfish stings cause instant pain and inflamed marks on the skin. Some stings may cause more whole-body (systemic) illness. And in rare cases they're life-threatening.
Most jellyfish stings get better over a few days or weeks with home treatment. Severe reactions likely need emergency medical care.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Jellyfish stings?
|
Symptoms of jellyfish stings include:
• Burning, prickling, stinging pain
• Welts or tracks on the skin — a "print" of the tentacles' contact with the skin
• Itchiness (pruritus)
• Swelling
• Throbbing pain that radiates up a leg or an arm
Severe jellyfish stings can affect multiple body systems. These reactions may appear rapidly or several hours after the stings. Symptoms of severe jellyfish stings include:
• Stomach pain, nausea and vomiting
• Headache
• Muscle pain or spasms
• Faintness, dizziness or confusion
• Difficulty breathing
• Heart problems
The severity of a reaction depends on:
• The type and size of the jellyfish
• The age, size and health of the person affected, with severe reactions more likely in children
• How long the person was exposed to the stingers
• How much of the skin is affected
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Jellyfish stings?
|
Jellyfish stings are caused by brushing against a jellyfish tentacle. Tentacles have thousands of microscopic barbed stingers. Each stinger has a tiny bulb that holds venom and a coiled, sharp-tipped tube.
When you brush against a tentacle, tiny triggers on its surface release the stingers. The tube pierces the skin and releases venom. It affects the area of contact and may enter the bloodstream.
Jellyfish that have washed up on a beach may still release venomous stingers if touched.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Jellyfish stings?
|
Conditions that increase the risk of jellyfish stings:
• Swimming when jellyfish appear in large numbers (a jellyfish bloom)
• Swimming or diving in jellyfish areas without protective clothing
• Playing or sunbathing where jellyfish are washed up on the beach
• Swimming in a place known to have many jellyfish
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Jellyfish stings?
|
Possible complications of a jellyfish sting include:
• Delayed skin reaction, causing blisters, rash or other irritation
• Irukandji syndrome, which causes chest and stomach pain, high blood pressure, and heart problems
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Jellyfish stings?
|
The following tips can help you avoid jellyfish stings:
• Wear a protective suit.When swimming or diving in areas where jellyfish stings are possible, wear a wet suit or other protective clothing. Diving stores sell protective "skin suits" or "stinger suits" made of thin, high-tech fabric. Consider protective footwear, as stings can also occur while wading in shallow water.
• Get information about conditions.Talk to lifeguards, local residents or officials with a local health department before swimming or diving in coastal waters, especially in areas where jellyfish are common.
• Avoid water during jellyfish season.Stay out of the water in jellyfish areas when jellyfish numbers are high.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Jet lag disorder?
|
Jet lag, also called jet lag disorder, is a temporary sleep problem that can affect anyone who quickly travels across several time zones.
Your body has its own internal clock, called circadian rhythms. They signal to your body when to stay awake and when to sleep.
Jet lag occurs because your body's internal clock is synced to your original time zone. It hasn't changed to the time zone of where you've traveled. The more time zones crossed, the more likely you are to experience jet lag.
Jet lag can cause daytime fatigue, an unwell feeling, trouble staying alert and stomach problems. Although symptoms are temporary, they can affect your comfort while on vacation or during a business trip. But you can take steps to help prevent or lessen the effects of jet lag.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Jet lag disorder?
|
Symptoms of jet lag can vary. You may experience only one symptom or you may have many. Jet lag symptoms may include:
• Sleep problems such as not being able to fall asleep or waking up early.
• Daytime fatigue.
• Not being able to focus or function at your usual level.
• Stomach problems such as constipation or diarrhea.
• A general feeling of not being well.
• Mood changes.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Jet lag disorder?
|
Factors that increase the likelihood you'll experience jet lag include:
• Number of time zones crossed.The more time zones you cross, the more likely you are to feel jet lag.
• Flying east.You may find it harder to fly east, when you "lose" time, than to fly west, when you "gain" time.
• Being a frequent flyer.Pilots, flight attendants and business travelers are most likely to experience jet lag.
• Being an older adult.Older adults may need more time to recover from jet lag.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Jet lag disorder?
|
Auto accidents caused by drowsy driving may be more likely in people who are jet-lagged.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Jet lag disorder?
|
A few basic steps may help prevent jet lag or reduce its effects:
• Arrive early.If you have an important meeting or other event that requires you to be in top form, try to arrive a few days early to give your body a chance to adjust.
• Get plenty of rest before your trip.Starting out sleep deprived makes jet lag worse.
• Gradually adjust your schedule before you leave.If you're traveling east, try going to bed one hour earlier each night for a few days before your trip. If you're flying west, go to bed one hour later for several nights before you fly. If possible, eat meals closer to the time you'll be eating them during your trip.
• Properly time bright light exposure.Light exposure is a prime influence on your body's circadian rhythms. After traveling west, expose yourself to light in the evening to help you adjust to a later than usual time zone. After traveling east, expose yourself to morning light to adapt to an earlier time zone.The one exception is if you've traveled across more than eight time zones. Your body might mistake early-morning light for evening dusk. It also might mistake evening light for early-morning light.So if you've traveled more than eight time zones to the east, wear sunglasses and avoid bright light in the morning. Then allow as much sunlight as possible in the late afternoon for the first few days in your new location.If you've traveled west by more than eight time zones, avoid sunlight a few hours before dark for the first few days to adjust to the local time.
• Stay on your new schedule.Set your watch or phone to the new time before you leave. Once you reach your destination, try not to sleep until the local nighttime, no matter how tired you are. Try to time your meals with local mealtimes too.
• Stay hydrated.Drink plenty of water before, during and after your flight to counteract the effects of dry cabin air. Dehydration can make jet lag symptoms worse. Avoid alcohol and caffeine, as these can dehydrate you and affect your sleep.
• Try to sleep on the plane if it's nighttime at your destination.Earplugs, headphones and eye masks can help block noise and light. If it's daytime where you're going, resist the urge to sleep.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Jock itch?
|
Jock itch is a fungal skin infection that causes an itchy rash in warm, moist areas of the body. The rash often affects the groin and inner thighs and may be shaped like a ring. The condition is also called tinea cruris.
Jock itch gets its name because it's common in athletes. It's also common in people who sweat a lot. The condition can range from mild to serious. It usually clears up in 1 to 3 weeks with antifungal creams and self care.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Jock itch?
|
Symptoms of jock itch are:
• A spreading rash that begins in the crease of the groin and moves down the upper thigh and buttocks.
• A rash whose center tends to clear as the rash spreads.
• A rash that may be full or partially ring shaped.
• A rash bordered with small blisters.
• Itchiness.
• Scaly skin.
• A rash that might be red, brown, purple or gray depending on your skin color.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Jock itch?
|
Jock itch is caused by fungi that thrive in warm, moist areas of the body. Jock itch is often caused by the same organism that causes athlete's foot. The rash can spread from person to person with skin contact or from sharing contaminated towels or clothing. You can also spread an infection from the foot to groin by way of the hands or a towel.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Jock itch?
|
You're at greater risk of jock itch if you:
• Are male.
• Are a teen or young adult.
• Wear underwear, jeans or other clothing that's tight.
• Sweat heavily.
• Have a weak immune system.
• Have athlete's foot.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Jock itch?
|
Tips for reducing the risk of jock itch include:
• Stay dry.Keep the groin area and inner thighs dry by drying with a clean towel after showering or exercising. Dry your feet last to avoid spreading athlete's foot to the groin area.
• Wear clean clothes.Change your underwear at least once a day or more often if you sweat a lot. It helps to wear underwear made of cotton or other fabric that breathes and keeps the skin drier. Wash workout clothes after each use.
• Find the correct fit.Choose underwear, athletic supporters and sports uniforms that fit well. Tight-fitting clothes can chafe your skin and up the risk of jock itch. Try wearing boxer shorts rather than briefs.
• Don't share personal items.Don't let others use your clothing, towels or other personal items. Don't borrow such items from others.
• Treat or prevent athlete's foot.Control athlete's foot to prevent its spread to the groin. Prevent athlete's foot by wearing waterproof footwear around public pools and in showers and locker rooms.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Kaposi sarcoma?
|
Kaposi sarcoma is a type of cancer that forms in the lining of blood vessels and lymph vessels. The cancer forms growths of cells, called lesions, on the skin. The lesions often form on the face, arms and legs. The lesions may look pink, red, purple or brown.
Lesions also can appear on the genitals or in the mouth. In severe Kaposi sarcoma, lesions can be in the digestive tract and lungs.
The cause of Kaposi sarcoma is infection with the virus human herpes virus 8, also called HHV-8. In healthy people, this infection usually causes no symptoms because the immune system keeps it under control. In someone with a weakened immune system, however, HHV-8 can lead to Kaposi sarcoma.
Types of Kaposi sarcoma include:
• AIDS-related or epidemic Kaposi sarcoma.This type happens in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus, also called HIV. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS.
• Transplant-associated or iatrogenic Kaposi sarcoma.This type happens in people who take medicine to control the immune system after an organ transplant.
• Classic Kaposi sarcoma.This type occurs in older adults of Eastern European, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern descent. It usually grows slowly and can cause swelling in areas such as the legs.
• Endemic Kaposi sarcoma.This type affects young people in Africa. It can grow slowly on the skin or quickly inside the body.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Kaposi sarcoma?
|
Kaposi sarcoma signs and symptoms include:
• A growth on the skin that may be raised or flat.
• A growth on the skin that looks red, purple or brown in color.
The growths, called lesions, most often happen on the face, arms or legs. They usually don't cause discomfort.
If Kaposi sarcoma isn't treated, the lesions can get bigger. They may cause:
• Swelling in the lower legs caused by blood flow problems.
• Enlarged lymph nodes.
• Skin that appears red or purple in color and may be painful and itchy.
Kaposi sarcoma also can affect areas you can't see. It can grow in the digestive tract or lungs. When Kaposi sarcoma happens in the digestive tract, symptoms may include:
• Diarrhea.
• Nausea.
• Stomach pain.
• Vomiting.
• Weight loss.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Kaposi sarcoma?
|
The human herpes virus 8 causes Kaposi sarcoma. Healthcare professionals believe this virus, also called HHV-8, spreads from person to person through saliva. It also may be passed through blood.
When a healthy person gets the HHV-8 virus, that person's immune system is likely to control it. The virus may stay in the body, but it doesn't cause any problems. If something happens to weaken the immune system, the virus may no longer be controlled. This can lead to Kaposi sarcoma.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Kaposi sarcoma?
|
Risk factors for Kaposi sarcoma include:
• HIV infection.HIV is the virus that causes AIDS.
• Older age.Kaposi sarcoma can happen at any age. It's most common in adults between 50 and 70.
• Living in certain parts of the world.Kaposi sarcoma is rare in the United States. It's most common in the Mediterranean, Eastern Europe and sub-Saharan Africa.
• Medicines that weaken the immune system.Some conditions are treated with medicine to control the immune system. Medicine that works in this way often is used after organ transplant surgery.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Kawasaki disease?
|
Kawasaki disease causes swelling, called inflammation, in the walls of small to medium-sized blood vessels that carry blood throughout the body. Kawasaki disease most often affects the heart arteries in children. Those arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart.
Kawasaki disease is sometimes called mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. That's because it also causes swelling in glands, called lymph nodes, and mucous membranes inside the mouth, nose, eyes and throat.
Children with Kawasaki disease might have high fever, swollen hands and feet with skin peeling, and red eyes and tongue. But Kawasaki disease is often treatable. With early treatment, most children get better and have no long-lasting problems.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Kawasaki disease?
|
Symptoms of Kawasaki disease include a fever greater than 102.2 degrees Fahrenheit (39 degrees Celsius) for five or more days. And the child has at least four of the following symptoms.
• A rash on the main part of the body or in the genital area.
• An enlarged lymph node in the neck.
• Very red eyes without a thick discharge.
• Red, dry, cracked lips and a red, swollen tongue.
• Swollen, red skin on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Later the skin on fingers and toes peels.
The symptoms might not happen at the same time. Let your child's healthcare professional know about a symptom that has gone away.
Other symptoms might include:
• Belly pain.
• Diarrhea.
• Fussiness.
• Joint pain.
• Vomiting.
Some children get a high fever for five or more days but have fewer than four of the symptoms needed for a diagnosis of Kawasaki disease. They might have what's called incomplete Kawasaki disease. Children with incomplete Kawasaki disease are still at risk of damage to the heart arteries. They still need treatment within 10 days of when symptoms appear.
Kawasaki disease can have symptoms like those of a condition called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. The syndrome happens in children with COVID-19.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Kawasaki disease?
|
No one knows what causes Kawasaki disease. But experts don't believe the disease spreads from person to person. Some think that Kawasaki disease happens after a bacterial or viral infection, or that it's linked to factors in the environment. Certain genes might make children more likely to get Kawasaki disease.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Kawasaki disease?
|
Three things are known to increase a child's risk of developing Kawasaki disease.
• Age.Children under 5 years old are at highest risk of Kawasaki disease.
• Sex.Children who are assigned male at birth are slightly more likely to get Kawasaki disease.
• Ethnicity.Children of Asian or Pacific Islander descent have higher rates of Kawasaki disease.
Kawasaki disease tends to occur seasonally. In North America and countries with like climates, it most often happens in the winter and early spring.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Kawasaki disease?
|
Kawasaki disease is a leading cause of heart disease in children who live in developed countries. But, with treatment, few children have lasting damage.
Heart complications include:
• Swelling of blood vessels, most often the arteries that send blood to the heart.
• Swelling of the heart muscle.
• Heart valve problems.
Any of these complications can damage the heart. Swelling of the heart arteries can weaken them and cause a bulge in the artery wall, called an aneurysm. Aneurysms raise the risk of blood clots. These can lead to a heart attack or cause bleeding inside the body.
Rarely, for children who get heart artery problems, Kawasaki disease can cause death.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Keloid scar?
|
A keloid scar is a thick raised scar. It can occur wherever you have a skin injury but usually forms on earlobes, shoulders, cheeks or the chest. If you're prone to developing keloids, you might get them in more than one place.
A keloid scar isn't harmful to your physical health, but it can cause emotional distress. Prevention or early treatment is key.
Keloid scar treatment is possible. If you don't like how a keloid looks or feels, talk with a doctor about how to flatten or remove it. Even with treatment, a keloid can last for years or recur.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Keloid scar?
|
A keloid scar may form within months to years of the inciting injury. Signs and symptoms might include:
• Thick, irregular scarring, typically on the earlobes, shoulders, cheeks or middle chest
• Shiny, hairless, lumpy, raised skin
• Varied size, depending on the size of the original injury and when the keloid stops growing
• Varied texture, from soft to firm and rubbery
• Reddish, brown or purplish, depending on your skin color
• Itchiness
• Discomfort
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Keloid scar?
|
Experts don't completely understand what causes keloid scars. But most agree it's likely a dysfunction of the wound-healing process. Collagen — a protein found throughout the body — is useful to wound healing, but when the body produces too much, keloids can form.
Keloid growth might be triggered by any sort of skin injury — an insect bite, acne, an injection, body piercing, burns, hair removal, and even minor scratches and bumps. Sometimes keloids form for no obvious reason.
Keloids aren't contagious or cancerous.
A keloid is different from a hypertrophic scar. A hypertrophic scar stays within the bounds of the original wound and can fade over time without treatment.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Keloid scar?
|
Risk factors for keloids include:
• Having brown or Black skin.Keloids are most common in people with brown or Black skin. The reason for this predisposition is unknown.
• Having a personal or family history of keloids.Keloids can run in families, indicating that the tendency might be inherited. If you've had one keloid, you're at risk of developing others.
• Being under 30.You're more likely to develop a keloid if you're between the ages of 20 and 30.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Keloid scar?
|
Keloids located on a joint might develop hard, tight tissue that restricts movement.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Keloid scar?
|
If you're prone to developing keloids, take these preventive self-care tips:
• Practice good wound care.Keep a wound clean and moist. Gently wash the area with mild soap and water. Apply a thin layer of petrolatum jelly (Vaseline, Aquaphor) or other ointment. Reapply the ointment throughout the day as needed. Your doctor might recommend applying a pressure pad or a silicone gel pad to a wound while it's healing. Adults need to take these preventive steps for six months after skin injury, and children up to 18 months.Applying pressure earrings to your earlobes after an ear piercing helps prevent keloids.
• Protect your skin from injury.Try to avoid injuring your skin. Consider not getting body piercings, tattoos and elective surgeries. Even minor injuries — such as ingrown hairs, cuts and scratches — can incite a keloid to grow.If you decide to undergo surgery, talk with your doctor about your tendency to develop keloids. Your doctor can use surgical techniques that reduce the risk of developing keloids at the surgical site. After surgery, ask your doctor about postoperative care and follow the instructions carefully.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Keratitis?
|
Keratitis is an inflammation of the cornea — the clear, dome-shaped tissue on the front of your eye that covers the pupil and iris. Keratitis may or may not be associated with an infection. Noninfectious keratitis can be caused by a relatively minor injury, such as from wearing your contact lenses too long or getting a foreign body in the eye. Infectious keratitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.
If you have eye redness or other symptoms of keratitis, make an appointment to see an eye specialist. With prompt attention, mild to moderate cases of keratitis can usually be effectively treated without loss of vision. If left untreated, or if an infection is severe, keratitis can lead to serious complications that may permanently damage your vision.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Keratitis?
|
Symptoms of keratitis include:
• Eye redness
• Eye pain
• Excess tears or other discharge from your eye
• Difficulty opening your eyelid because of pain or irritation
• Blurred vision
• Decreased vision
• Sensitivity to light, called photophobia
• A feeling that something is in your eye
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Keratitis?
|
Causes of keratitis include:
• Injury.If any object scratches or injures the surface of your cornea, noninfectious keratitis may result. In addition, an injury may allow microorganisms to gain access to the damaged cornea, causing infectious keratitis.
• Bacteria, fungi or parasites.These organisms may live on the surface of a contact lens or contact lens carrying case. The cornea may become contaminated when the lens is in your eye, resulting in infectious keratitis. Poor contact lens hygiene or contact lens overwear can cause both noninfectious and infectious keratitis.
• Viruses.The herpes viruses — herpes simplex and herpes zoster — may cause keratitis.
• Bacteria.Staphylococcus, streptococcus and pseudomonas are common bacteria involved in keratitis.
• Contaminated water.Bacteria, fungi and parasites in water — particularly in oceans, rivers, lakes and hot tubs — can enter your eyes when you're swimming and result in keratitis. However, even if you're exposed to these organisms, a healthy cornea is unlikely to become infected unless there has been some previous breakdown of the corneal surface — for example, from wearing a contact lens too long.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Keratitis?
|
Factors that may increase your risk of keratitis include:
• Contact lenses.Wearing contact lenses — especially sleeping in the lenses —increases your risk of both infectious and noninfectious keratitis. The risk typically stems from wearing them longer than recommended, improper disinfection or wearing contact lenses while swimming.Keratitis is more common in people who use extended-wear contacts, or wear contacts continuously, than in those who use daily wear contacts and take them out at night.
• Reduced immunity.If your immune system is weakened due to disease or medications, you're at higher risk of developing keratitis.
• Corticosteroids.Use of corticosteroid eye drops to treat an eye disorder can increase your risk of developing infectious keratitis or make existing keratitis worse.
• Eye injury.If one of your corneas has been damaged from an injury in the past, you may be more vulnerable to developing keratitis.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Keratitis?
|
Potential complications of keratitis include:
• Chronic corneal inflammation and scarring
• Chronic or recurrent viral infections of your cornea
• Open sores on your cornea, called corneal ulcers
• Temporary or permanent reduction in your vision
• Blindness
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Keratoconus?
|
Keratoconus (ker-uh-toe-KOH-nus) is an eye condition in which the clear, dome-shaped front of the eye, called the cornea, gets thinner, steeper and bulges outward into a cone shape.
A cone-shaped cornea causes blurred vision and may cause sensitivity to light and glare. Keratoconus usually affects both eyes. However, it can affect one eye more than the other. It generally begins to affect people between the late teens and 30 years of age. The condition may progress slowly for 10 years or longer.
In the early stages of keratoconus, you might be able to correct vision problems with glasses or soft contact lenses. Later, you may have to be fitted with rigid, gas permeable contact lenses or other types of lenses, such as scleral lenses. If your condition gets worse, you may need a cornea transplant.
A procedure called corneal collagen cross-linking may help to slow or stop keratoconus from progressing, possibly preventing the need for a future cornea transplant. This treatment may be offered in addition to the vision correction options above.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Keratoconus?
|
Symptoms of keratoconus may change as the disease progresses. They include:
• Blurred or distorted vision.
• Increased sensitivity to bright light and glare, which can cause problems with night driving.
• A need for frequent changes in eyeglass prescriptions.
• Sudden worsening or clouding of vision.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Keratoconus?
|
No one knows what causes keratoconus, although genetic and environmental factors are thought to be involved. Around 1 in 10 people with keratoconus also has a parent with the condition.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Keratoconus?
|
These factors can increase the risk of developing keratoconus:
• Having a family history of keratoconus.
• Rubbing the eyes vigorously.
• Having certain conditions, such as retinitis pigmentosa, Down syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, hay fever and asthma.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Keratoconus?
|
In some situations, the cornea may swell quickly and cause sudden reduced vision and scarring of the cornea. This is caused by a condition in which the inside lining of the cornea, called Descemet's membrane, breaks down. This causes fluid to enter the cornea, a condition known as hydrops. The swelling usually goes down by itself, but a scar may form that affects vision.
Advanced keratoconus also may cause the cornea to become scarred, particularly where the cone is most prominent. A scarred cornea causes worsening vision problems and may require cornea transplant surgery.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Keratosis pilaris?
|
Keratosis pilaris (ker-uh-TOE-sis pih-LAIR-is) is a harmless skin condition that causes dry, rough patches and tiny bumps, often on the upper arms, thighs, cheeks or buttocks. The bumps usually don't hurt or itch.
Keratosis pilaris is often considered a common variant of skin. It can't be cured or prevented. But you can treat it with moisturizers and prescription creams to help improve how the skin looks. The condition usually disappears by age 30.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Keratosis pilaris?
|
Keratosis pilaris can occur at any age, but it's more common in young children. Symptoms include:
• Painless tiny bumps on the upper arms, thighs, cheeks or buttocks
• Dry, rough skin in the areas with bumps
• Worsening when seasonal changes cause low humidity and dry skin
• Sandpaper-like bumps resembling goose flesh
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Keratosis pilaris?
|
Keratosis pilaris is caused by the buildup of keratin — a hard protein that protects skin from harmful substances and infection. The keratin blocks the opening of hair follicles, causing patches of rough, bumpy skin.
It's not clear why keratin builds up in people with keratosis pilaris. It might happen along with a genetic disease or skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis. Dry skin tends to make keratosis pilaris worse.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Keratosis pilaris?
|
Keratosis pilaris is very common. It tends to run in families.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Kidney infection?
|
A kidney infection is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI). A kidney infection may begin in the tube that carries urine from the body (urethra) or in the bladder. The infection can travel to one or both kidneys. A kidney infection is also called pyelonephritis.
A kidney infection needs prompt medical treatment. If not treated properly, an infection can cause lasting damage to the kidneys. Or the bacteria can spread to the bloodstream and cause a dangerous infection.
Kidney infection treatment often includes antibiotics, which might be given in the hospital.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Kidney infection?
|
Symptoms of a kidney infection might include:
• Fever
• Chills
• A burning feeling or pain when urinating
• Having to urinate often
• A strong, lasting urge to urinate
• Back, side or groin pain
• Nausea and vomiting
• Pus or blood in the urine
• Urine that smells bad or is cloudy
• Belly pain
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Kidney infection?
|
Bacteria that enter the urinary tract through the urethra can multiply and travel to your kidneys. This is the most common cause of kidney infections.
Bacteria from an infection in another part of the body also can spread through the bloodstream to the kidneys. In rare cases, an artificial joint or heart valve that becomes infected can cause a kidney infection.
Rarely, a kidney infection happens after kidney surgery.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Kidney infection?
|
If left untreated, a kidney infection can lead to potentially serious complications, such as:
• Kidney scarring.This can lead to chronic kidney disease, high blood pressure and kidney failure.
• Blood poisoning.The kidneys filter waste from blood and return the filtered blood to the rest of the body. A kidney infection can cause bacteria to spread through the bloodstream.
• Pregnancy complications.A kidney infection that occurs during pregnancy can increase the risk of having a baby with a low birth weight.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Kidney infection?
|
Reduce your risk of kidney infection by taking steps to prevent urinary tract infections. Women in particular may lower the risk of urinary tract infections if they:
• Drink fluids, especially water.Fluids can help remove bacteria from the body when you urinate.
• Urinate as soon as you need to.Don't delay urinating when you feel the urge.
• Empty the bladder after sexual intercourse.Urinating as soon as possible after sex helps clear bacteria from the urethra. This lowers the risk of infection.
• Wipe carefully.Wipe from front to back after urinating and after a bowel movement. This helps prevent bacteria from spreading to the urethra.
• Avoid using products in the genital area.Deodorant sprays in the genital area or douches can be irritating.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Kidney stones?
|
Kidney stones are hard objects made of minerals and salts in urine. They form inside the kidneys. You may hear healthcare professionals refer to kidney stones as renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis.
Kidney stones have various causes. These include diet, extra body weight, some health conditions, and some supplements and medicines. Kidney stones can affect any of the organs that make urine or remove it from the body — from the kidneys to the bladder. Often, stones form when the urine has less water in it. This lets minerals form crystals and stick together.
Passing kidney stones can be quite painful. But prompt treatment usually helps prevent any lasting damage. Sometimes, the only treatment needed to pass a kidney stone is taking pain medicine and drinking lots of water. Other times, surgery or other treatments may be needed. It depends on size, location and the type of stone you have.
If you've had more than one kidney stone, your healthcare professional can show you ways to prevent more. This may involve making diet changes, taking medicine or both.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Kidney stones?
|
Kidney stones often have no definite, single cause. But many factors may raise your risk.
Kidney stones develop when the urine contains more crystal-forming substances than the fluid in the urine can dilute. These substances include calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and uric acid. At the same time, the urine may lack substances that prevent crystals from sticking together. That creates an ideal setting for kidney stones to form.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Kidney stones?
|
Factors that raise your risk of kidney stones include:
• Family or personal history.If someone in your family has had kidney stones, you're more likely to develop stones too. If you've already had one or more kidney stones, you're at higher risk of getting another.
• Dehydration.Not drinking enough water each day can raise your risk of kidney stones. People who live in warm, dry climates and those who sweat a lot may be at higher risk than others.
• Some diets.Eating a diet that's high in oxalate, protein, sodium and sugar may raise your risk of some types of kidney stones. This is especially true with a high-sodium diet. Too much sodium raises the amount of calcium the kidneys must filter. And that greatly raises the risk of kidney stones.
• Obesity.This complex disease involves having too much body fat, and it's been linked with a higher risk of kidney stones.
• Digestive diseases and surgery.Gastric bypass surgery, inflammatory bowel disease or ongoing diarrhea can cause changes in the digestive process. These changes affect how the body absorbs calcium and water. That in turn increases the amounts of stone-forming substances in the urine.
• Other health conditionssuch as renal tubular acidosis, cystinuria, hyperparathyroidism and repeated urinary tract infections also can raise the risk of kidney stones. A rare genetic condition called primary hyperoxaluria raises the risk of calcium oxalate stones.
• Some supplements and medicines.These include vitamin C, dietary supplements, overuse of laxatives, calcium-based antacids, and some medicines for migraines or depression.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Kidney stones?
|
Prevention of kidney stones may include a mix of lifestyle changes and medicines.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Klinefelter syndrome?
|
Klinefelter syndrome is a common condition that results when a person assigned male at birth has an extra copy of the X sex chromosome instead of the typical XY. Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition that occurs before birth, but it often isn't diagnosed until adulthood.
Klinefelter syndrome may affect testicular growth. This results in smaller testicles, which can lead to making less of the hormone testosterone. The syndrome also may cause smaller muscle mass, less body and facial hair, and extra breast tissue. The effects of Klinefelter syndrome vary, and not everyone has the same symptoms.
Most people with Klinefelter syndrome produce little or no sperm, but assisted reproductive procedures may make it possible for some people with Klinefelter syndrome to have biological children.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome?
|
Symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome vary widely. Many children with Klinefelter syndrome show few or only mild symptoms. Most often the condition isn't diagnosed until puberty or adulthood, or it may never be diagnosed. For others, the condition has a noticeable effect on growth or appearance. Klinefelter syndrome may affect development, physical appearance, sexual development and mental health.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Klinefelter syndrome?
|
Klinefelter syndrome occurs because of a random change in the egg or the sperm that causes a baby assigned male at birth to be born with an extra X sex chromosome. The condition is not passed down in families.
Klinefelter syndrome can be caused by:
• One extra copy of the X sex chromosome in each cell (XXY), the most common cause.
• An extra X sex chromosome in some of the cells. This is called mosaic Klinefelter syndrome and may result in fewer symptoms.
• More than one extra copy of the X sex chromosome, which is rare and results in a severe form of the syndrome.
In people assigned male at birth, extra copies of genes on the X sex chromosome can interfere with sexual development and fertility.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Klinefelter syndrome?
|
Klinefelter syndrome occurs because of a random genetic change in the sperm or the egg. The risk of Klinefelter syndrome is not raised by anything parents do or don't do. For people carrying a pregnancy after age 35, the risk is higher but only slightly.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Klinefelter syndrome?
|
Klinefelter syndrome may raise the risk of:
• Anxiety and depression.
• Social, emotional and behavioral problems, such as low self-esteem.
• Problem with fertility and sexual function.
• Thin and brittle bones, a condition called osteoporosis.
• Heart and blood vessel disease.
• Breast cancer and some other cancers.
• Lung disease.
• Metabolic syndrome, which includes type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol and triglycerides.
• Being overweight.
• Autoimmune disorders such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
• Tooth and mouth problems that make dental cavities more likely.
• Autism spectrum disorder.
Some complications caused by Klinefelter syndrome are the result of low testosterone, also called hypogonadism. Hormone therapy lessens the risk of certain health problems, especially when therapy is started at the beginning of puberty.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome?
|
Klippel-Trenaunay (klih-PEL tray-no-NAY) syndrome ― also called KTS ― is a rare disorder found at birth (congenital) involving problems in the development of certain blood vessels, soft tissues (such as skin and muscles), bones and sometimes the lymphatic system. The main features include a red birthmark (port-wine stain), ranging in color from pink to reddish-purple, atypical vein or lymphatic development (malformations), and overgrowth of tissues and bones. These findings most often affect one leg but may occur in an arm or elsewhere.
Although there is no cure forKTS, treatment goals are to improve symptoms and prevent complications.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome?
|
People who haveKTSmay have the following features, which can range from mild to more extensive:
• Port-wine stain.This pink to reddish-purple birthmark is caused by extra tiny blood vessels (capillaries) in the top layer of skin. The birthmark often covers part of one leg but can involve any portion of the skin. It may get darker or lighter with age.
• Vein malformations.These include swollen, twisted veins (varicose veins), usually on the surface of the legs. Deeper malformed veins in the arms, legs, abdomen and pelvis also can occur. There may be spongy tissue filled with small veins in or under the skin. Malformed veins may become more prominent with age.
• Overgrowth of bones and soft tissue.This begins in infancy and may be limited to one leg, but it can occur in an arm or, rarely, in the trunk or face. This overgrowth of bone and tissue creates a larger and longer extremity. Rarely, there may be fusion of fingers or toes or extra fingers or toes.
• Lymphatic system malformations.The lymphatic system — part of the immune system that protects against infection and disease and transports lymphatic fluid — can be malformed. Extra lymphatic vessels can be present that don't work properly and can lead to fluid leakage into the tissues and swelling.
• Other conditions.KTScan also include cataracts, glaucoma, hip dislocation at birth, purple-red skin coloring when cold and blood-clotting problems.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome?
|
KTSis a genetic disorder. It involves genetic changes (mutations), most commonly in thePIK3CAgene. This gene is responsible for the growth of cells and the development of tissues in the body. A change in this gene results in overgrowth of tissues.
KTSis not usually inherited. The gene changes occur randomly during cell division in early development before birth.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome?
|
Family history doesn't seem to be a risk factor, so it's unlikely that parents of one child withKTSwill have another child with the disorder, even if one of the parents hasKTS.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome?
|
Complications ofKTScan result from atypical development of blood vessels, soft tissues, bones and the lymphatic system. These can include:
• Port-wine stain complications.Some areas of the port-wine stain may thicken over time and may form blisters (blebs) that are prone to bleeding and infections. Skin ulcers and poor wound healing also may occur.
• Vein malformations.Varicose veins can cause pain and skin ulcers due to poor circulation. Deeper malformed veins can increase the risk of blood clots (deep vein thrombosis) and cause a life-threatening condition called pulmonary embolism if the clots dislodge and travel to the lungs. Venous malformations in the pelvis and abdominal organs can cause internal bleeding. Superficial veins can develop less serious but painful clots and inflammation (superficial thrombophlebitis).
• Overgrowth of bones and soft tissue.Overgrowth of bone and tissue can cause pain, a feeling of heaviness, limb enlargement and problems with movement. Overgrowth that causes one leg to be longer than the other can result in problems with walking and may lead to hip and back problems.
• Lymphatic system malformations.Malformations in the lymphatic system can cause fluid buildup and swelling in the tissues of the arms or legs (lymphedema), skin breakdown and skin ulcers, leakage of lymphatic fluid, or infection of the layer under the skin (cellulitis).
• Chronic pain.Pain can be a common problem that results from complications such as infections, swelling, bone involvement or vein problems.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Knee pain?
|
Knee pain is a common complaint that affects people of all ages. Knee pain may be the result of an injury, such as a ruptured ligament or torn cartilage. Medical conditions — including arthritis, gout and infections — also can cause knee pain.
Many types of minor knee pain respond well to self-care measures. Physical therapy and knee braces also can help relieve pain. In some cases, however, your knee may require surgical repair.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Knee pain?
|
The location and severity of knee pain may vary, depending on the cause of the problem. Signs and symptoms that sometimes accompany knee pain include:
• Swelling and stiffness
• Redness and warmth to the touch
• Weakness or instability
• Popping or crunching noises
• Inability to fully straighten the knee
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Knee pain?
|
Knee pain can be caused by injuries, mechanical problems, types of arthritis and other problems.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Knee pain?
|
A number of factors can increase your risk of having knee problems, including:
• Excess weight.Being overweight or obese increases stress on your knee joints, even during ordinary activities such as walking or going up and down stairs. It also puts you at increased risk of osteoarthritis by accelerating the breakdown of joint cartilage.
• Lack of muscle flexibility or strength.A lack of strength and flexibility can increase the risk of knee injuries. Strong muscles help stabilize and protect your joints, and muscle flexibility can help you achieve full range of motion.
• Certain sports or occupations.Some sports put greater stress on your knees than do others. Alpine skiing with its rigid ski boots and potential for falls, basketball's jumps and pivots, and the repeated pounding your knees take when you run or jog all increase your risk of knee injury. Jobs that require repetitive stress on the knees such as construction or farming also can increase your risk.
• Previous injury.Having a previous knee injury makes it more likely that you'll injure your knee again.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Knee pain?
|
Not all knee pain is serious. But some knee injuries and medical conditions, such as osteoarthritis, can lead to increasing pain, joint damage and disability if left untreated. And having a knee injury — even a minor one — makes it more likely that you'll have similar injuries in the future.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Knee pain?
|
Although it's not always possible to prevent knee pain, the following suggestions may help ward off injuries and joint deterioration:
• Keep extra pounds off.Maintain a healthy weight; it's one of the best things you can do for your knees. Every extra pound puts additional strain on your joints, increasing the risk of injuries and osteoarthritis.
• Be in shape to play your sport.To prepare your muscles for the demands of sports participation, take time for conditioning.
• Practice perfectly.Make sure the technique and movement patterns you use in your sports or activity are the best they can be. Lessons from a professional can be very helpful.
• Get strong, stay flexible.Weak muscles are a leading cause of knee injuries. You'll benefit from building up your quadriceps and hamstrings, the muscles on the front and back of your thighs that help support your knees. Balance and stability training helps the muscles around your knees work together more effectively.And because tight muscles also can contribute to injury, stretching is important. Try to include flexibility exercises in your workouts.
• Be smart about exercise.If you have osteoarthritis, chronic knee pain or recurring injuries, you may need to change the way you exercise. Consider switching to swimming, water aerobics or other low-impact activities — at least for a few days a week. Sometimes simply limiting high-impact activities will provide relief.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Left ventricular hypertrophy?
|
Left ventricular hypertrophy is thickening of the walls of the lower left heart chamber. The lower left heart chamber is called the left ventricle. The left ventricle is the heart's main pumping chamber.
During left ventricular hypertrophy, the thickened heart wall can become stiff. Blood pressure in the heart increases. The changes make it harder for the heart to effectively pump blood. Eventually, the heart may fail to pump with as much force as needed.
Uncontrolled high blood pressure is the most common cause of left ventricular hypertrophy. Complications include irregular heart rhythms, called arrhythmias, and heart failure.
Treatment of left ventricular hypertrophy depends on the cause. Treatment may include medications or surgery.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Left ventricular hypertrophy?
|
Left ventricular hypertrophy usually develops gradually. Some people do not have symptoms, especially during the early stages of the condition.
Left ventricular hypertrophy itself doesn't cause symptoms. But symptoms may occur as the strain on the heart worsens. They may include:
• Shortness of breath, especially while lying down.
• Swelling of the legs.
• Chest pain, often when exercising.
• Sensation of rapid, fluttering or pounding heartbeats, called palpitations.
• Fainting or a feeling of lightheadedness.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Left ventricular hypertrophy?
|
Anything that puts stress on the heart's lower left chamber can cause left ventricular hypertrophy. The lower left chamber is called the left ventricle. As the strain on the lower left chamber increases, the muscle tissue in the chamber wall thickens. Sometimes, the size of the heart chamber itself also increases.
Left ventricular hypertrophy also may be caused by gene changes that affect the heart muscle's structure.
Things that can cause the heart to work harder and may possibly lead to left ventricular hypertrophy include:
• High blood pressure.Also called hypertension, this is the most common cause of left ventricular hypertrophy. Long-term high blood pressure strains the left side of the heart, causing it to grow bigger. Treating high blood pressure can help reduce left ventricular hypertrophy symptoms and may even reverse it.
• Narrowing of the aortic valve.The aortic valve is between the lower left heart chamber and the body's main artery, called the aorta. Narrowing of the valve is called aortic stenosis. When the valve is narrowed, the heart must work harder to pump blood into the aorta.
• Intensive athletic training.Intense, long-term strength and endurance training causes changes in the heart. The changes help the heart handle the extra physical workload. But the changes can make the heart muscle grow larger. Sometimes this is called athlete's heart or athletic heart syndrome. It's unclear whether the increased heart size in athletes can lead to stiffening of the heart muscle and disease.
Certain conditions passed down through families, called genetic conditions, can make the heart thicker. They include:
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.This condition is caused by changes in genes that cause the heart muscle to thicken. The thickening makes it harder for the heart to pump blood. It can occur even without high blood pressure. People with one parent with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have a 50% chance of having the changed gene that causes the disease.
• Amyloidosis.Proteins build up around the organs, including the heart. The collection of proteins interferes with how the organs work. When the condition is passed down through families, it is called familial amyloidosis. It also may affect the nerves and kidneys.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Left ventricular hypertrophy?
|
Things that increase the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy include:
• Age.Left ventricular hypertrophy is more common in older people. So is high blood pressure, which can cause heart muscle thickening.
• Weight.Being overweight increases the risk of high blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy.
• Family history.Changes in genes passed down through families may lead to left ventricular hypertrophy.
• Diabetes.Having diabetes increases the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy.
• Female gender.Women with high blood pressure are more likely to get the condition than are men with similar blood pressure measurements.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Left ventricular hypertrophy?
|
Left ventricular hypertrophy changes the structure of the heart and how the heart works. The thickened left ventricle becomes weak and stiff. This prevents the lower left heart chamber from filling properly with blood. As a result, blood pressure in the heart increases.
Complications of left ventricular hypertrophy include:
• Heart failure.
• Irregular heart rhythms, called arrhythmias.
• Too little oxygen to the heart, called ischemic heart disease.
• Sudden, unexpected loss of heart function, breathing and consciousness, called sudden cardiac arrest.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Left ventricular hypertrophy?
|
The same healthy lifestyle changes recommended to treat high blood pressure also help prevent left ventricular hypertrophy. Try these tips:
• Don't smoke.
• Eat healthy foods.
• Use less salt.
• Limit or avoid alcohol.
• Get regular exercise.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Get 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily.
• Manage stress.
Uncontrolled high blood pressure increases the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy. Get your blood pressure checked at least every two years if you're 18 and older. If you have risk factors for heart disease or are over age 40, you may need more-frequent checks. Ask your healthcare team what blood pressure reading is best for you. Your healthcare professional may recommend checking your blood pressure at home. Home blood pressure monitors are available at local stores and pharmacies.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the The Mayo Clinic experience and patient stories of Left ventricular hypertrophy?
|
Our patients tell us that the quality of their interactions, our attention to detail and the efficiency of their visits mean health care like they've never experienced. See the stories of satisfied Mayo Clinic patients.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease?
|
Legg-Calve-Perthes (LEG-kahl-VAY-PER-tuz) disease is a childhood condition that occurs when blood supply to the ball part (femoral head) of the hip joint is temporarily interrupted and the bone begins to die.
This weakened bone gradually breaks apart and can lose its round shape. The body eventually restores blood supply to the ball, and the ball heals. But if the ball is no longer round after it heals, it can cause pain and stiffness. The complete process of bone death, fracture and renewal can take several years.
To keep the ball part of the joint as round as possible, doctors use a variety of treatments that keep it snug in the socket portion of the joint. The socket acts as a mold for the fragmented femoral head as it heals.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease?
|
Symptoms of Perthes disease include:
• Limping.
• Pain or stiffness in the hip, groin, thigh or knee.
• Limited range of motion of the hip joint.
• Pain that worsens with activity and improves with rest.
Perthes disease usually involves just one hip. Both hips can be affected, but they usually are affected at different times.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease?
|
Perthes disease occurs when too little blood reaches the ball portion of the hip joint for a short time. Without enough blood, this bone becomes weak and collapses. The cause of the reduced blood flow is unknown.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease?
|
Risk factors for Perthes disease include:
• Age.Perthes disease can affect children of nearly any age, but it most commonly begins between ages 4 and 10.
• Your child's sex.Perthes is about four times more common in boys than in girls.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease?
|
Children who have had Perthes disease are at higher risk of developing hip arthritis in adulthood — especially if the hip joint has poor healing. If the ball-and-socket joint doesn't fit together well after healing, the joint can wear out early.
In general, children who are diagnosed with Perthes disease after age 6 are more likely to develop hip conditions later in life. The younger the child is at the time of diagnosis, the better the chances for the hip joint to heal in a typical, round shape.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Leiomyosarcoma?
|
Leiomyosarcoma might not cause signs or symptoms at first. As the cancer grows, symptoms may include:
• Pain.
• Weight loss.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• A lump or swelling under the skin.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Leiomyosarcoma?
|
It's not clear what causes leiomyosarcoma. This cancer starts when something changes the cells in the smooth muscles. Many areas of the body have smooth muscle tissue. These include the digestive system, urinary system, blood vessels and uterus.
Leiomyosarcoma happens when smooth muscle cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give other instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply at a fast rate. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Leiomyosarcoma?
|
Risk factors for leiomyosarcoma include:
• Being an adult.Leiomyosarcoma can happen at any age. But it is most common in adults. It's rare in children.
• Having certain genetic conditions.People with certain genetic conditions may have a higher risk of leiomyosarcoma. These conditions include hereditary retinoblastoma and Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
Healthcare professionals haven't found a way to prevent leiomyosarcoma.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Leukoplakia?
|
Leukoplakia (loo-koh-PLAY-key-uh) causes thick, white patches that form on the gums. The patches also may form on the insides of the cheeks and the bottom of the mouth. Sometimes the patches form on the tongue. These patches cannot be scraped off.
Doctors do not know the exact cause of leukoplakia. But ongoing irritation from tobacco — whether smoked, dipped or chewed — may be the most common cause. Long-term alcohol use is another possible cause.
Most leukoplakia patches are not cancer. But some patches show early signs of cancer. Cancers in the mouth can occur next to areas of leukoplakia. White areas mixed with red areas, also called speckled leukoplakia, may possibly lead to cancer. It's best to see your dentist or doctor if you have any changes in your mouth that do not go away.
A type of leukoplakia in the mouth called hairy leukoplakia mainly affects people whose immune systems have been weakened by disease, especially HIV/AIDS.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Leukoplakia?
|
Leukoplakia usually occurs on the gums, the insides of the cheeks, the bottom of the mouth under the tongue and, sometimes, the tongue. Usually it is not painful and it may not be noticed for a while.
Leukoplakia may appear as:
• White or gray patches that cannot be wiped away.
• Patches with a rough, ridged, wrinkled or smooth surface, or a combination of these.
• Patches with shapes and edges that are not regular.
• Thick or hard patches.
White patches of leukoplakia may appear along with raised, red areas called erythroplakia (uh-rith-roe-PLAY-key-uh). This combination is called speckled leukoplakia. These patches are more likely to show changes that may lead to cancer.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Leukoplakia?
|
The exact cause of leukoplakia is not known. But long-term irritation from tobacco use — smoked and smokeless — appears to be strongly related to many cases. Often, regular users of smokeless tobacco products get leukoplakia in places where they hold the tobacco between their gums and cheeks.
The use of betel nut, also called an areca nut, may be a cause of leukoplakia. A betel nut packet, like smokeless tobacco, is held between the gum and cheek.
Other possible causes may include ongoing irritation from:
• Long-term, heavy alcohol use.
• Jagged, broken or sharp teeth rubbing on tongue surfaces.
• Broken dentures or dentures that do not fit well.
Your doctor or other healthcare professional can talk with you about what may be causing leukoplakia.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Leukoplakia?
|
Tobacco use, particularly smokeless tobacco, puts you at high risk of leukoplakia and mouth cancer. Long-term, heavy alcohol use increases your risk. Drinking alcohol combined with using tobacco increases your risk even more.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Leukoplakia?
|
Leukoplakia usually does not cause permanent damage to the inside of the mouth. But leukoplakia increases the risk of mouth cancer. Mouth cancers often form near leukoplakia patches. And the patches themselves may show cancerous changes. Even after leukoplakia patches are removed, the risk of mouth cancer remains.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Leukoplakia?
|
You may be able to prevent leukoplakia if you avoid all tobacco products or alcohol use. Talk to your doctor or other healthcare professional about ways to help you quit. If you continue to smoke or chew tobacco or drink alcohol, have dental checkups often. Mouth cancers are usually painless until advanced. Quitting tobacco and alcohol is a better way to prevent mouth cancers.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Lice?
|
Lice are tiny, wingless insects that feed on human blood. Lice spread from person to person through close contact and by sharing belongings.
There are three types of lice:
• Head licefound on the scalp. They're easiest to see at the nape of the neck and over the ears.
• Body licethat live in clothing and bedding and move onto the skin to feed. Body lice most often affect people who aren't able to bathe or wash clothing often, such as homeless people.
• Pubic lice,also called crabs, that occur on the skin and hair of the pubic area. Less often, they may be found on coarse body hair, such as chest hair, eyebrows or eyelashes.
Unless treated properly, lice can become a recurring problem.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Lice?
|
Common signs and symptoms of lice include:
• Intense itchingon the scalp, body or in the genital area.
• A tickling feelingfrom movement of hair.
• The presence of lice on your scalp, body, clothing, or pubic or other body hair.Adult lice may be about the size of a sesame seed or slightly larger.
• Lice eggs (nits) on hair shafts.Nits may be difficult to see because they're very tiny. They're easiest to spot around the ears and the nape of the neck. Nits can be mistaken for dandruff, but unlike dandruff, they can't be easily brushed out of hair.
• Sores on the scalp, neck and shoulders.Scratching can lead to small red bumps that can sometimes get infected with bacteria.
• Bite marks,especially around the waist, groin, upper thighs and pubic area.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Lice?
|
Lice feed on human blood and can be found on the human head, body and pubic area. The female louse produces a sticky substance that firmly attaches each egg to the base of a hair shaft. Eggs hatch in 6 to 9 days.
You can get lice by coming into contact with either lice or their eggs. Lice can't jump or fly. They spread through:
• Head-to-head or body-to-body contact.This may occur as children or family members play or interact closely.
• Closely stored belongings.Storing clothing that have lice close together in closets, lockers or on side-by-side hooks at school can spread lice. Lice also can spread when storing personal items such as pillows, blankets, combs and stuffed toys together.
• Items shared among friends or family members.These may include clothing, headphones, brushes, combs, hair accessories, towels, blankets, pillows and stuffed toys.
• Contact with furniture that has lice on it.Lying on a bed or sitting in overstuffed, cloth-covered furniture recently used by someone with lice can spread them. Lice can live for 1 to 2 days off the body.
• Sexual contact.Pubic lice usually spread through sexual contact. Pubic lice most commonly affect adults. Pubic lice found on children may be a sign of sexual exposure or abuse.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Lice?
|
It's difficult to prevent the spread of head lice among children in child care and school settings. There's so much close contact among children and their belongings that lice can spread easily. The presence of head lice isn't a reflection of hygiene habits. It's also not a failure on the parent if a child gets head lice.
Some nonprescription products claim to repel lice. But more research is needed to prove their safety and effectiveness.
Many small studies have shown that ingredients in some of these products — mostly plant oils such as coconut, olive, rosemary and tea tree — may work to repel lice. However, these products are classified as "natural," so they aren't regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Their safety and effectiveness haven't been tested toFDAstandards.
Until more research proves the effectiveness of head lice prevention products, the best approach is simply to take thorough steps to get rid of lice and their eggs if you find them on your child. In the meantime, these steps can help prevent lice:
• Ask your child to avoid head-to-head contactwith classmates during play and other activities.
• Teach your child not to share personal belongingssuch as hats, scarves, coats, combs, brushes, hair accessories and headphones.
• Tell your child to avoid shared spaceswhere hats and clothing from more than one student are hung on a common hook or kept in a locker.
However, it's not realistic to expect that you and your child can avoid all contact that may cause the spread of lice.
Your child may have nits in his or her hair but may not develop a case of head lice. Some nits are empty eggs. However, nits that are found within 1/4 inch (6 millimeters) of the scalp typically should be treated — even if you find only one — to prevent the possibility of hatching.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Lichen planus?
|
Lichen planus (LIE-kun PLAY-nus) is a condition of the skin, hair, nails, mouth and genitals. On skin, lichen planus often appears as purple, itchy, flat bumps that develop over several weeks. In the mouth and genital mucosa, lichen planus forms lacy white patches, sometimes with painful sores.
Mild lichen planus of the skin may not need treatment. If the condition causes pain or intense itching, you may need prescription medicine.
|
local_scraped
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.