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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the risk factors of Hyponatremia?
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The following factors may increase your risk of hyponatremia:
• Age.Older adults may have more contributing factors for hyponatremia, including age-related changes, taking certain medications and a greater likelihood of developing a chronic disease that alters the body's sodium balance.
• Certain drugs.Medications that increase your risk of hyponatremia include thiazide diuretics as well as some antidepressants and pain medications. In addition, the recreational drug Ecstasy has been linked to fatal cases of hyponatremia.
• Conditions that decrease your body's water excretion.Medical conditions that may increase your risk of hyponatremia include kidney disease, syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH) and heart failure, among others.
• Intensive physical activities.People who drink too much water while taking part in marathons, ultramarathons, triathlons and other long-distance, high-intensity activities are at an increased risk of hyponatremia.
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What are the complications of Hyponatremia?
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In chronic hyponatremia, sodium levels drop gradually over 48 hours or longer — and symptoms and complications are typically more moderate.
In acute hyponatremia, sodium levels drop rapidly — resulting in potentially dangerous effects, such as rapid brain swelling, which can result in a coma and death.
Premenopausal women appear to be at the greatest risk of hyponatremia-related brain damage. This may be related to the effect of women's sex hormones on the body's ability to balance sodium levels.
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What is the prevention of Hyponatremia?
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The following measures may help you prevent hyponatremia:
• Treat associated conditions.Getting treatment for conditions that contribute to hyponatremia, such as adrenal gland insufficiency, can help prevent low blood sodium.
• Educate yourself.If you have a medical condition that increases your risk of hyponatremia or you take diuretic medications, be aware of the signs and symptoms of low blood sodium. Always talk with your doctor about the risks of a new medication.
• Take precautions during high-intensity activities.Athletes should drink only as much fluid as they lose due to sweating during a race. Thirst is generally a good guide to how much water or other fluids you need.
• Consider drinking sports beverages during demanding activities.Ask your doctor about replacing water with sports beverages that contain electrolytes when participating in endurance events such as marathons, triathlons and other demanding activities.
• Drink water in moderation.Drinking water is vital for your health, so make sure you drink enough fluids. But don't overdo it. Thirst and the color of your urine are usually the best indications of how much water you need. If you're not thirsty and your urine is pale yellow, you are likely getting enough water.
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What are the Overview of Hypopituitarism?
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Hypopituitarism is a rare condition in which the pituitary gland doesn't make one or more hormones or doesn't make enough hormones.
The pituitary gland is a kidney-bean-sized gland at the base of your brain. It is part of the body's system of glands that make hormones, called the endocrine system. The pituitary gland makes several hormones. They act on nearly every part of the body.
Hypopituitarism is when there isn't enough of one or more of the pituitary hormones. This lack of hormones, called a deficiency, can affect how the body works in many ways. These include growth, blood pressure and the ability to have children, among others. Symptoms depend on which hormones are missing.
People who have hypopituitarism usually need to take medicines for the rest of their lives. These medicines replace the missing hormones, which helps control symptoms.
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What are the symptoms of Hypopituitarism?
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The symptoms of hypopituitarism usually start slowly and get worse over time. They might not be noticed for months or even years. But for some people, symptoms start suddenly.
Symptoms of hypopituitarism vary from person to person. Symptoms depend on what hormones are missing and how little of the hormone is being made. There might be more than one hormone that's low. A second hormone deficiency might increase the symptoms of the first one. Or sometimes, it might hide those symptoms.
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What are the causes of Hypopituitarism?
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Hypopituitarism has a number of causes. One common cause is a tumor of the pituitary gland. As a pituitary tumor grows, it can press on and damage pituitary tissue. This disrupts the pituitary gland's ability to make hormones. A tumor also can press on the optic nerves, causing vision problems.
Other potential causes of damage to the pituitary gland that may lead to hypopituitarism include:
• Lack of blood flow to the brain or pituitary gland, known as a stroke, or bleeding, called hemorrhage, into the brain or pituitary gland.
• Certain medicines, such as narcotics, high-dose steroids or certain cancer medicines called checkpoint inhibitors.
• Swelling, known as inflammation, of the pituitary gland caused by an unusual immune system response, called hypophysitis.
• Infections of the brain, such as meningitis, or infections that can spread to the brain, such as tuberculosis or syphilis.
• Significant blood loss during childbirth, which can damage the front part of the pituitary gland. This condition is known as Sheehan syndrome or postpartum pituitary necrosis.
In some cases, a change in a gene causes hypopituitarism. That change is heredity, which means it is passed down in families. The genetic change affects the pituitary gland's ability to make one or more of its hormones. This often starts at birth or in early childhood.
Tumors or diseases of a part of the brain that's just above the pituitary, called the hypothalamus, also can cause hypopituitarism. The hypothalamus makes hormones that affect how the pituitary gland works.
Sometimes, the cause of hypopituitarism isn't known.
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What are the risk factors of Hypopituitarism?
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Most people with hypopituitarism don't have any factors that put them at higher risk of developing the condition. But the following may raise the risk of developing hypopituitarism:
• A head injury.
• Brain surgery.
• Radiation treatment to the head or neck.
• Diseases that affect more than one part of the body. These include an inflammatory disease that affects various organs, called sarcoidosis; a disease in which unusual cells cause scarring, called Langerhans cell histiocytosis; and a disease that causes too much iron in the liver and other tissues, called hemochromatosis.
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What are the Overview of Hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
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Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a rare heart condition that a child is born with. That means it's a congenital heart defect. In this condition, the left side of the heart doesn't develop fully and is too small. So it can't pump blood well. Instead, the right side of the heart must pump blood to the lungs and to the rest of the body.
Treatment for hypoplastic left heart syndrome may include medicines, heart surgery or a heart transplant. Advances in care have improved the outlook for babies born with HLHS.
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What are the symptoms of Hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
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Babies born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) usually are very sick soon after birth. Symptoms of HLHS include:
• Blue or gray skin, lips or fingernails. Depending on skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see.
• Rapid, difficult breathing.
• Poor feeding.
• Cold hands and feet.
• Weak pulse.
• Being more drowsy or less active than is typical for most babies.
Without treatment, a baby with this condition may go into shock. Symptoms of shock include:
• Cool, clammy skin that can be pale or lips that can be blue or gray.
• A weak and rapid pulse.
• Breathing that may be slow and shallow or very rapid.
• Dull eyes that seem to stare.
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What are the risk factors of Hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
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People who have a child with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) have a higher risk of having another baby with this or a similar condition.
There are no other clear risk factors for hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
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What are the complications of Hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
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With proper treatment, many babies with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) survive. But they do need many surgeries and can have less energy and other challenges. Complications of HLHS may include:
• Getting tired more easily during sports or other exercises.
• Irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.
• Fluid buildup, called edema, in the lungs, stomach area, legs and feet.
• Not growing well.
• Developmental conditions related to the brain and nervous system.
• Need for more heart surgery or a heart transplant.
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What is the prevention of Hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
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There's no way to prevent hypoplastic left heart syndrome. If you were born with a heart condition, talk with a heart doctor and genetic counselor before getting pregnant.
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What are the Overview of Hypospadias?
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Hypospadias (hi-poe-SPAY-dee-us) is a condition that happens as the unborn baby, called a fetus, develops in the womb. The opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. The urethra is the tube that drains urine from the bladder and out of the body.
Hypospadias is common and doesn't cause difficulty in caring for your baby. Surgery usually can create a typical looking penis that works properly. With successful treatment of hypospadias, most men can pass urine properly. And with successful hypospadias treatment, the condition won't block sperm from fertilizing an egg.
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What are the symptoms of Hypospadias?
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In hypospadias, the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. In most cases, the opening of the urethra is within the head of the penis. Less often, the opening is at the middle or the base of the penis. Rarely, the opening is in or beneath the scrotum.
Symptoms of hypospadias may include:
• Opening of the urethra at a place other than the tip of the penis.
• Downward curve of the penis. This condition is called chordee.
• Hooded appearance of the penis because only the top half of the penis is covered by foreskin.
• Differences in spraying when passing urine.
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What are the causes of Hypospadias?
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Hypospadias is a condition that is present at birth. As the penis develops in a male unborn baby, certain hormones stimulate how the urethra and foreskin form. Hypospadias results from a change in the action of these hormones. This keeps the two sides of the urethral folds from joining completely. The location of the urethral opening depends on when the joining stopped.
In most cases, the exact cause of hypospadias is not known. Sometimes, hypospadias is caused by gene changes, but environment also may play a role.
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What are the risk factors of Hypospadias?
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Although the cause of hypospadias is usually not known, these factors may be linked with the condition:
• Family history.This condition is more common in babies with a family history of hypospadias.
• Genetics.Some gene changes may play a role in changing the hormones that stimulate how the male genitals develop.
• Maternal age over 35.Some research suggests that there may be a higher risk of hypospadias in male babies born to women older than 35 years.
• Exposure to certain substances during pregnancy.A link between hypospadias and a mother's exposure to certain hormones or certain compounds such as pesticides or industrial chemicals is being looked at. But more research is needed to confirm this link.
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What are the complications of Hypospadias?
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If hypospadias is not treated, it can result in:
• Differences in how the penis looks.
• Problems learning to use a toilet.
• Unusual curve of the penis with an erection.
• Problems releasing sperm from the penis. This release is called an ejaculation.
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What are the Overview of Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)?
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Hypothyroidism happens when the thyroid gland doesn't make enough thyroid hormone. This condition also is called underactive thyroid. Hypothyroidism may not cause noticeable symptoms in its early stages. Over time, hypothyroidism that isn't treated can lead to other health problems, such as high cholesterol and heart problems.
Blood tests are used to diagnose hypothyroidism. Treatment with thyroid hormone medicine usually is simple, safe and effective once you and your health care provider find the right dosage for you.
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What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)?
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The symptoms of hypothyroidism depend on the severity of the condition. Problems tend to develop slowly, often over several years.
At first, you may barely notice the symptoms of hypothyroidism, such as fatigue and weight gain. Or you may think they are just part of getting older. But as your metabolism continues to slow, you may develop more-obvious problems.
Hypothyroidism symptoms may include:
• Tiredness.
• More sensitivity to cold.
• Constipation.
• Dry skin.
• Weight gain.
• Puffy face.
• Hoarse voice.
• Coarse hair and skin.
• Muscle weakness.
• Muscle aches, tenderness and stiffness.
• Menstrual cycles that are heavier than usual or irregular.
• Thinning hair.
• Slowed heart rate, also called bradycardia.
• Depression.
• Memory problems.
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What are the causes of Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)?
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The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, just below the Adam's apple. The thyroid gland makes two main hormones: thyroxine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-3). These hormones affect every cell in the body. They support the rate at which the body uses fats and carbohydrates. They help control body temperature. They have an effect on heart rate. And they help control how much protein the body makes.
Hypothyroidism happens when the thyroid gland doesn't make enough hormones. Conditions or problems that can lead to hypothyroidism include:
• Autoimmune disease.The most common cause of hypothyroidism is an autoimmune disease called Hashimoto's disease. Autoimmune diseases happen when the immune system makes antibodies that attack healthy tissues. Sometimes that process involves the thyroid gland and affects its ability to make hormones.
• Thyroid surgery.Surgery to remove all or part of the thyroid gland can lower the gland's ability to make thyroid hormones or stop it completely.
• Radiation therapy.Radiation used to treat cancers of the head and neck can affect the thyroid gland and lead to hypothyroidism.
• Thyroiditis.Thyroiditis happens when the thyroid gland becomes inflamed. This may be due to an infection. Or it can result from an autoimmune disorder or another medical condition affecting the thyroid. Thyroiditis can trigger the thyroid to release all of its stored thyroid hormone at once. That causes a spike in thyroid activity, a condition called hyperthyroidism. Afterward, the thyroid becomes underactive.
• Medicine.A number of medicines may lead to hypothyroidism. One such medicine is lithium, which is used to treat some psychiatric disorders. If you're taking medicine, ask your heath care provider about its effect on the thyroid gland.
Less often, hypothyroidism may be caused by:
• Problems present at birth.Some babies are born with a thyroid gland that doesn't work correctly. Others are born with no thyroid gland. In most cases, the reason the thyroid gland didn't develop properly is not clear. But some children have an inherited form of a thyroid disorder. Often, infants born with hypothyroidism don't have noticeable symptoms at first. That's one reason why most states require newborn thyroid screening.
• Pituitary disorder.A relatively rare cause of hypothyroidism is the failure of the pituitary gland to make enough thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This is usually because of a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland.
• Pregnancy.Some people develop hypothyroidism during or after pregnancy. If hypothyroidism happens during pregnancy and isn't treated, it raises the risk of pregnancy loss, premature delivery and preeclampsia. Preeclampsia causes a significant rise in blood pressure during the last three months of pregnancy. Hypothyroidism also can seriously affect the developing fetus.
• Not enough iodine.The thyroid gland needs the mineral iodine to make thyroid hormones. Iodine is found mainly in seafood, seaweed, plants grown in iodine-rich soil and iodized salt. Too little iodine can lead to hypothyroidism. Too much iodine can make hypothyroidism worse in people who already have the condition. In some parts of the world, it's common for people not to get enough iodine in their diets. The addition of iodine to table salt has almost eliminated this problem in the United States.
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What are the risk factors of Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)?
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Although anyone can develop hypothyroidism, you're at an increased risk if you:
• Are a woman.
• Have a family history of thyroid disease.
• Have an autoimmune disease, such as type 1 diabetes or celiac disease.
• Have received treatment for hyperthyroidism.
• Received radiation to your neck or upper chest.
• Have had thyroid surgery.
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What are the complications of Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)?
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Hypothyroidism that isn't treated can lead to other health problems, including:
• Goiter.Hypothyroidism may cause the thyroid gland to become larger. This condition is called a goiter. A large goiter may cause problems with swallowing or breathing.
• Heart problems.Hypothyroidism can lead to a higher risk of heart disease and heart failure. That's mainly because people with an underactive thyroid tend to develop high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol — the "bad" cholesterol.
• Peripheral neuropathy.Hypothyroidism that goes without treatment for a long time can damage the peripheral nerves. These are the nerves that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. Peripheral neuropathy may cause pain, numbness and tingling in the arms and legs.
• Infertility.Low levels of thyroid hormone can interfere with ovulation, which can limit fertility. Some of the causes of hypothyroidism, such as autoimmune disorders, also can harm fertility.
• Birth defects.Babies born to people with untreated thyroid disease may have a higher risk of birth defects compared with babies born to mothers who do not have thyroid disease.Infants with hypothyroidism present at birth that goes untreated are at risk of serious physical and mental development problems. But if the condition is diagnosed within the first few months of life, the chances of typical development are excellent.
• Myxedema coma.This rare, life-threatening condition can happen when hypothyroidism goes without treatment for a long time. A myxedema coma may be triggered by sedatives, infection or other stress on the body. Its symptoms include intense cold intolerance and drowsiness, followed by an extreme lack of energy and then unconsciousness. Myxedema coma requires emergency medical treatment.
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What are the Overview of Illness anxiety disorder?
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Illness anxiety disorder, sometimes called hypochondriasis or health anxiety, is worrying excessively that you are or may become seriously ill. You may have no physical symptoms. Or you may believe that normal body sensations or minor symptoms are signs of severe illness, even though a thorough medical exam doesn't reveal a serious medical condition.
You may experience extreme anxiety that body sensations, such as muscle twitching or fatigue, are associated with a specific, serious illness. This excessive anxiety — rather than the physical symptom itself — results in severe distress that can disrupt your life.
Illness anxiety disorder is a long-term condition that can fluctuate in severity. It may increase with age or during times of stress. But psychological counseling (psychotherapy) and sometimes medication can help ease your worries.
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What are the symptoms of Illness anxiety disorder?
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Symptoms of illness anxiety disorder involve preoccupation with the idea that you're seriously ill, based on normal body sensations (such as a noisy stomach) or minor signs (such as a minor rash). Signs and symptoms may include:
• Being preoccupied with having or getting a serious disease or health condition
• Worrying that minor symptoms or body sensations mean you have a serious illness
• Being easily alarmed about your health status
• Finding little or no reassurance from doctor visits or negative test results
• Worrying excessively about a specific medical condition or your risk of developing a medical condition because it runs in your family
• Having so much distress about possible illnesses that it's hard for you to function
• Repeatedly checking your body for signs of illness or disease
• Frequently making medical appointments for reassurance — or avoiding medical care for fear of being diagnosed with a serious illness
• Avoiding people, places or activities for fear of health risks
• Constantly talking about your health and possible illnesses
• Frequently searching the internet for causes of symptoms or possible illnesses
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What are the causes of Illness anxiety disorder?
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The exact cause of illness anxiety disorder isn't clear, but these factors may play a role:
• Beliefs.You may have a difficult time tolerating uncertainty over uncomfortable or unusual body sensations. This could lead you to misinterpret that all body sensations are serious, so you search for evidence to confirm that you have a serious disease.
• Family.You may be more likely to have health anxiety if you had parents who worried too much about their own health or your health.
• Past experience.You may have had experience with serious illness in childhood, so physical sensations may be frightening to you.
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What are the risk factors of Illness anxiety disorder?
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Illness anxiety disorder usually begins in early or middle adulthood and may get worse with age. Often for older individuals, health-related anxiety may focus on the fear of losing their memory.
Risk factors for illness anxiety disorder may include:
• A time of major life stress
• Threat of a serious illness that turns out not to be serious
• History of abuse as a child
• A serious childhood illness or a parent with a serious illness
• Personality traits, such as having a tendency toward being a worrier
• Excessive health-related internet use
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What are the complications of Illness anxiety disorder?
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Illness anxiety disorder may be associated with:
• Relationship or family problems because excessive worrying can frustrate others
• Work-related performance problems or excessive absences
• Problems functioning in daily life, possibly even resulting in disability
• Financial problems due to excessive health care visits and medical bills
• Having another mental health disorder, such as somatic symptom disorder, other anxiety disorders, depression or a personality disorder
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What is the prevention of Illness anxiety disorder?
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Little is known about how to prevent illness anxiety disorder, but these suggestions may help.
• If you have problems with anxiety, seek professional adviceas soon as possible to help stop symptoms from getting worse and impairing your quality of life.
• Learn to recognize when you're stressed and how this affects your body— and regularly practice stress management and relaxation techniques.
• Stick with your treatment planto help prevent relapses or worsening of symptoms.
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What are the Overview of Intracranial hematoma?
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An intracranial hematoma is a collection of blood within the skull. The blood may collect in the brain tissue or underneath the skull, pressing on the brain. It's usually caused by a blood vessel that bursts in the brain. It also may be caused by a head injury due to a car accident or fall.
Some head injuries, such as one that causes only a short period of unconsciousness, can be minor. However, an intracranial hematoma is potentially life-threatening. It usually requires immediate treatment. This might include surgery to remove the blood.
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What are the symptoms of Intracranial hematoma?
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Symptoms of an intracranial hematoma may develop right after a head injury, or they may take weeks or longer to appear. There may be a period of time without symptoms after a head injury. This is called the lucid interval.
Over time, pressure on the brain increases, producing some or all of the following symptoms:
• Headache that gets worse.
• Vomiting.
• Drowsiness and gradual loss of consciousness.
• Dizziness.
• Confusion.
• Pupils that are different sizes.
• Slurred speech.
• Loss of movement, known as paralysis, on the opposite side of the body from the head injury.As more blood fills the brain or the narrow space between the brain and skull, other symptoms may appear, such as:Feeling very sleepy or sluggish.Seizures.Loss of consciousness.
• Feeling very sleepy or sluggish.
• Seizures.
• Loss of consciousness.
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What are the causes of Intracranial hematoma?
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The most common cause of an intracranial hematoma is a head injury. A head injury that causes bleeding within the skull may result from motor vehicle or bicycle accidents, falls, assaults, and sports injuries.
If you're an older adult, even mild head trauma can cause a hematoma. This is especially true if you're taking a blood-thinning medicine or an anti-platelet medicine, such as aspirin.
A head injury can cause an intracranial hematoma even if there's no open wound, bruise or other obvious damage.
What happens in the brain to cause bleeding varies based on the type of hematoma. There are three categories of hematoma — subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma and intracerebral hematoma. An intracerebral hematoma also is known as an intraparenchymal hematoma.
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What is the prevention of Intracranial hematoma?
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To prevent or minimize a head injury that may cause an intracranial hematoma:
• Wear a helmet and make sure your kids wear helmets.Wear an appropriate and properly fitted helmet when doing any activity that could result in head injury. This includes while playing contact sports, bicycling, motorcycling, skiing, horseback riding, skating, skateboarding and snowboarding.
• Buckle your seat belt and make sure your kids are buckled in.Do so every time you drive or ride in a motor vehicle.
• Protect young children.Always use properly fitted car seats. Pad countertops and edges of tables, block stairways, and attach heavy furniture or appliances to the wall to prevent tipping. Keep children from climbing on objects that aren't safe or steady. Place safety gates on stairs and guards on windows.
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What are the Overview of Kyphosis?
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Kyphosis is an excessive forward rounding of the upper back.
In older people, kyphosis is often due to weakness in the spinal bones that causes them to compress or crack. Other types of kyphosis can appear in infants or teens. These types are due to malformation of the spine or wedging of the spinal bones over time.
Mild kyphosis causes few problems. Serious kyphosis can cause pain and be disfiguring. Treatment for kyphosis depends on your age, and the cause and seriousness of the curvature.
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What are the symptoms of Kyphosis?
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Mild kyphosis may not have any noticeable symptoms. In fact, the upper back naturally has a little kyphosis. People who have excessive curvature may experience back pain and stiffness.
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What are the causes of Kyphosis?
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The bones that make up a healthy spine look like cylinders stacked in a column. These bones are called vertebrae. Kyphosis happens when the vertebrae in the back become more wedge shaped.
The shape of vertebrae can be changed by:
• Fractures.Broken vertebrae can result in curvature of the spine. Compression fractures, which can happen in weakened bone, are the most common. Mild compression fractures may not produce noticeable symptoms.
• Osteoporosis.Weak bones can cause spinal curvature, especially if weakened vertebrae develop compression fractures. Osteoporosis is most common in older women and people who have taken corticosteroids for long periods of time.
• Disk degeneration.Soft, circular disks act as cushions between spinal vertebrae. With age, these disks flatten and shrink, which often worsens kyphosis.
• Scheuermann's disease.Also called Scheuermann's kyphosis, this disease usually becomes noticeable during adolescence.
• Other problems.Spinal bones that don't develop properly before birth can cause kyphosis. Kyphosis in children also can be associated with certain medical conditions.
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What are the risk factors of Kyphosis?
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The risk of developing kyphosis as an adult increases with age as bone density decreases and spinal disks degenerate. In children, certain genetic and metabolic conditions may put them at increased risk for kyphosis, including osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome.
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What are the complications of Kyphosis?
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In addition to causing back pain, kyphosis may cause:
• Limited physical functions.Kyphosis is associated with weakened back muscles and difficulty doing tasks such as walking and getting out of chairs. The spinal curvature can also make it difficult to gaze upward or drive and can cause pain when you lie down.
• Digestive problems.Serious kyphosis can compress the digestive tract, causing problems such as acid reflux and difficulty with swallowing.
• Back pain.Some patients with serious kyphosis experience back pain.
• Body image problems.People with kyphosis, especially adolescents, may have poor body image from having a rounded back.
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What are the Overview of Low blood pressure (hypotension)?
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Low blood pressure is a condition in which the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls is too low. It's also called hypotension.
Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). In general, low blood pressure is a reading lower than 90/60 mm Hg.
What's considered low blood pressure for one person might be OK for someone else though. Low blood pressure might cause no symptoms that you notice. Or it might cause dizziness and fainting. Sometimes, low blood pressure can be life-threatening.
The causes of low blood pressure include dehydration and other serious medical conditions. It's important to find out what's causing low blood pressure so that it can be treated, if needed.
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What are the symptoms of Low blood pressure (hypotension)?
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Low blood pressure symptoms can include:
• Blurred or fading vision.
• Dizzy or lightheaded feelings.
• Fainting.
• Fatigue.
• Trouble concentrating.
• Upset stomach.
For some people, low blood pressure may be a symptom of an underlying health condition. That's especially so when blood pressure drops suddenly or when low blood pressure occurs with symptoms.
A sudden fall in blood pressure can be dangerous. A change of just 20 mm Hg can make you feel dizzy or faint. For example, those symptoms could happen after a drop in systolic pressure from 110 mm Hg to 90 mm Hg. And big drops can be life-threatening. These can happen for reasons such as serious bleeding, serious infections or allergic reactions.
Extreme low blood pressure can lead to a condition known as shock. Symptoms of shock include:
• Confusion, especially in older people.
• Cold, clammy skin.
• Decrease in skin color, also called pallor.
• Rapid, shallow breathing.
• Weak and rapid pulse.
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What are the causes of Low blood pressure (hypotension)?
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Low blood pressure has various causes. Some health conditions and the use of certain medicines can cause it. Other factors affect blood pressure as well.
Blood pressure is determined by the amount of blood the heart pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in the arteries. A blood pressure reading has two numbers:
• Top number, called systolic pressure.The top number is the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats.
• Bottom number, called diastolic pressure.The bottom number is the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats.
The American Heart Association classifies healthy blood pressure as normal. Normal blood pressure usually is lower than 120/80 mm Hg.
Blood pressure varies throughout the day. It depends on:
• Body position.
• Breathing.
• Food and drink.
• Medicines.
• Physical condition.
• Stress.
• Time of day.
Blood pressure usually is lowest at night and rises sharply on waking.
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What are the risk factors of Low blood pressure (hypotension)?
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Anyone can have low blood pressure. Risk factors for hypotension include:
• Age.Drops in blood pressure when standing up or after eating occur mainly in adults older than 65. Neurally mediated hypotension mainly affects children and younger adults.
• Medications.Certain medicines have the potential to cause low blood pressure. These include all medicines that treat high blood pressure.
• Certain diseases.Parkinson's disease, diabetes and some heart conditions can lead to low blood pressure.
• Alcohol or illegal drugs.Either of these may raise the risk of low blood pressure.
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What are the complications of Low blood pressure (hypotension)?
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Complications of low blood pressure can include:
• Dizzy feeling.
• Weakness.
• Fainting.
• Injury from falls.
Severely low blood pressure can lower the body's oxygen levels, which can lead to heart and brain damage.
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What are the Overview of Low sex drive in women?
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Women's levels of sexual desire change over the years. It's common for highs and lows to happen along with the start or end of a relationship. Or they can happen with major life changes such as pregnancy, menopause or illness. Some medicines used for conditions that affect mood also can cause low sex drive in women.
If your lack of interest in sex continues or returns and causes personal distress, talk with your healthcare professional. You may have a treatable condition called sexual interest-arousal disorder.
But you don't have to meet this medical definition to seek help. If you're bothered by a low or reduced sex drive, you can take steps to boost your libido. Lifestyle changes and sexual techniques may put you in the mood more often. Some medicines may offer promise as well.
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What are the symptoms of Low sex drive in women?
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neither of you may have a sex drive that's outside what's typical for people at your stage in life.
And even if your sex drive is lower than it once was, your relationship may be strong. Bottom line: There is no magic number to define low sex drive. It varies.
Symptoms of low sex drive in women include:
• Having less or no interest in any type of sexual activity, including masturbation.
• Never or only seldom having sexual fantasies or thoughts.
• Being sad or concerned about your lack of sexual activity or fantasies.
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What are the causes of Low sex drive in women?
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Desire for sex is based on a complex mix of many things that affect intimacy. These factors include:
• Physical and emotional well-being.
• Experiences.
• Beliefs.
• Lifestyle.
• Your current relationship.
If you have challenges in any of these areas, it can affect your desire for sex.
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What are the risk factors of Low sex drive in women?
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Factors that can raise the risk of low sex drive include:
• Conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure and coronary artery disease.
• Pain during sex or not being able orgasm.
• Mental health conditions and life circumstances that affect your state of mind.
• Various prescription medicines, including depression medicines called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
• Surgeries related to the breasts or genital tract.
• Changes in hormone levels during menopause, pregnancy or breastfeeding.
• Relationship issues that lessen emotional closeness with your partner.
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What are the Overview of Lynch syndrome?
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Lynch syndrome is a condition that increases the risk of many kinds of cancer. This condition is passed from parents to children.
Families that have Lynch syndrome have more instances of cancer than expected. This might include colon cancer, endometrial cancer and other types of cancer. Lynch syndrome also causes cancers to happen at an earlier age.
People with Lynch syndrome may need careful testing to look for cancer when it's small. Treatment is more likely to be successful when the cancer is caught early. Some people with Lynch syndrome might consider treatments to prevent cancer.
Lynch syndrome used to be called hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC).HNPCCis a term used to describe families with a strong history of colon cancer. Lynch syndrome is the term used when healthcare professionals find a gene that runs in the family and causes cancer.
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What are the symptoms of Lynch syndrome?
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People with Lynch syndrome may experience:
• Colon cancer before age 50
• Cancer of the inside lining of the uterus (endometrial cancer) before age 50
• A personal history of more than one type of cancer
• A family history of cancer before age 50
• A family history of other cancers caused by Lynch syndrome, including stomach cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, ureteral cancer, brain cancer, small bowel cancer, gallbladder cancer, bile duct cancer and skin cancer
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What are the causes of Lynch syndrome?
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Lynch syndrome is caused by genes that are passed from parents to children.
Genes are pieces of DNA. DNA is like a set of instructions for every chemical process that happens in the body.
As cells grow and make new cells as part of their lifecycle, they make copies of their DNA. Sometimes the copies have errors. The body has a set of genes that hold the instructions for finding the errors and fixing them. Healthcare professionals call these genes mismatch repair genes.
People with Lynch syndrome have mismatch repair genes that don't work as expected. If an error happens in the DNA, it might not get fixed. This could cause cells that grow out of control and become cancer cells.
Lynch syndrome runs in families in an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. This means that if one parent has genes that cause Lynch syndrome, there's a 50% chance that each child will have the genes that cause Lynch syndrome. Which parent carries the gene doesn't affect the risk.
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What are the risk factors of Lynch syndrome?
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The risk of Lynch syndrome is higher in people who have a personal history or family history of the cancers caused by this syndrome. Cancers caused by Lynch syndrome include:
• Biliary system cancers, including gallbladder cancer and bile duct cancer.
• Brain cancer.
• Digestive system cancers, including stomach cancer, small bowel cancer and colon cancer.
• Female reproductive system cancers, including endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer.
• Pancreatic cancer.
• Skin cancer.
• Urinary system cancers, including kidney cancer, ureteral cancer and bladder cancer.
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What are the complications of Lynch syndrome?
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Knowing that you have Lynch syndrome can raise concerns about your health. It may also raise some concerns about other parts of your life. These might include:
• Your privacy.You may have questions about what could happen if others find out you have Lynch syndrome. For instance, you might be concerned that your job or insurance companies might find out. A genetics professional can explain the laws that may protect you.
• Your children.If you have Lynch syndrome, your children have a risk of inheriting it from you. A genetics professional can help you come up with a plan for talking about this with your children. The plan might include how and when to tell them and when they should consider testing.
• Your extended family.Having Lynch syndrome has implications for your entire family. Other blood relatives may have a chance of having Lynch syndrome. A genetics professional can help you come up with the best way to tell family members.
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What are the Overview of Migraine?
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A migraine is a headache that can cause severe throbbing pain or a pulsing sensation, usually on one side of the head. It's often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and extreme sensitivity to light and sound. Migraine attacks can last for hours to days, and the pain can be so bad that it interferes with your daily activities.
For some people, a warning symptom known as an aura occurs before or with the headache. An aura can include visual disturbances, such as flashes of light or blind spots, or other disturbances, such as tingling on one side of the face or in an arm or leg and difficulty speaking.
Medications can help prevent some migraines and make them less painful. The right medicines, combined with self-help remedies and lifestyle changes, might help.
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What are the symptoms of Migraine?
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Migraines, which affect children and teenagers as well as adults, can progress through four stages: prodrome, aura, attack and post-drome. Not everyone who has migraines goes through all stages.
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What are the causes of Migraine?
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Though migraine causes aren't fully understood, genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role.
Changes in the brainstem and its interactions with the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway, might be involved. So might imbalances in brain chemicals — including serotonin, which helps regulate pain in your nervous system.
Researchers are studying the role of serotonin in migraines. Other neurotransmitters play a role in the pain of migraine, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).
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What are the risk factors of Migraine?
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Several factors make you more prone to having migraines, including:
• Family history.If you have a family member with migraines, then you have a good chance of developing them too.
• Age.Migraines can begin at any age, though the first often occurs during adolescence. Migraines tend to peak during your 30s, and gradually become less severe and less frequent in the following decades.
• Sex.Women are three times more likely than men to have migraines.
• Hormonal changes.For women who have migraines, headaches might begin just before or shortly after onset of menstruation. They might also change during pregnancy or menopause. Migraines generally improve after menopause.
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What are the complications of Migraine?
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Taking painkillers too often can trigger serious medication-overuse headaches. The risk seems to be highest with aspirin, acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) and caffeine combinations. Overuse headaches may also occur if you take aspirin or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) for more than 14 days a month or triptans, sumatriptan (Imitrex, Tosymra) or rizatriptan (Maxalt) for more than nine days a month.
Medication-overuse headaches occur when medications stop relieving pain and begin to cause headaches. You then use more pain medication, which continues the cycle.
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What are the symptoms of Plantar fasciitis?
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Plantar fasciitis typically causes a stabbing pain in the bottom of your foot near the heel. The pain is usually the worst with the first few steps after awakening, although it also can be triggered by long periods of standing or when you get up from sitting.
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What are the risk factors of Plantar fasciitis?
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Even though plantar fasciitis can develop without an obvious cause, some factors can increase your risk of developing this condition. They include:
• Age.Plantar fasciitis is most common in people between the ages of 40 and 60.
• Certain types of exercise.Activities that place a lot of stress on your heel and attached tissue — such as long-distance running, ballet dancing and aerobic dance — can contribute to the onset of plantar fasciitis.
• Foot mechanics.Flat feet, a high arch or even an atypical pattern of walking can affect the way weight is distributed when you're standing and can put added stress on the plantar fascia.
• Obesity.Excess pounds put extra stress on your plantar fascia.
• Occupations that keep you on your feet.Factory workers, teachers and others who spend most of their work hours walking or standing on hard surfaces can be at increased risk of plantar fasciitis.
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What are the complications of Plantar fasciitis?
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Ignoring plantar fasciitis can result in chronic heel pain that hinders your regular activities. You're likely to change your walk to try to avoid plantar fasciitis pain, which might lead to foot, knee, hip or back problems.
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What are the Overview of Progeria?
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Progeria (pro-JEER-e-uh), also known as Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, is an extremely rare, progressive genetic disorder. It causes children to age rapidly, starting in their first two years of life.
Children with progeria generally appear healthy at birth. During the first year, symptoms such as slowed growth, loss of fat tissue and hair loss begin to appear.
Heart problems or strokes are the eventual cause of death in most children with progeria. The average life expectancy for a child with progeria is about 15 years. Some with the condition may die younger and others may live longer, even to about 20 years.
There's no cure for progeria, but new treatments and research show some promise for managing symptoms and complications.
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What are the symptoms of Progeria?
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Usually within the first year of life, you'll notice that your child's growth has slowed. But motor development and intelligence are not affected.
Symptoms of this progressive disorder cause a distinctive appearance. They include:
• Slowed growth and poor weight gain, with below-average height and weight.
• Lack of fat that's stored just beneath the skin.
• Head that is large compared with the face.
• Small jaw, chin and mouth and thin lips.
• Thin, curved nose with a slight hook at the end, which may look like a bird's beak.
• Large eyes and eyelids that don't close completely.
• Hair loss, including eyelashes and eyebrows.
• Thin, spotty and wrinkled skin.
• Veins easily seen through the skin.
• High-pitched voice.
• Premature aging.
Symptoms also include health issues:
• Severe progressive heart and blood vessel disease, also known as cardiovascular disease.
• Hardening and tightening of skin.
• Delayed tooth formation and tooth shape that is not usual.
• Some hearing loss.
• Loss of fat under the skin and loss of muscle.
• Problems with the growth and development of bones.
• Joint problems, including stiff joints.
• A hip that's forced out of the correct position, known as hip dislocation.
• Dental problems.
• No significant progression of puberty.
• Insulin resistance, which means the body doesn't respond well to insulin made by an organ called the pancreas.
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What are the causes of Progeria?
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A change in one gene causes progeria. This gene, known as lamin A (LMNA), makes a protein that's needed to hold the center of a cell, called the nucleus, together. When theLMNAgene has a change, a flawed lamin A protein called progerin is made. Progerin makes cells unstable and appears to lead to progeria's aging process.
The changed gene that causes progeria is rarely passed down in families. In most cases, the rare gene change that causes progeria happens by chance.
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What are the risk factors of Progeria?
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There are no known factors, such as lifestyle or environmental issues, that increase the risk of having progeria or giving birth to a child with progeria. But the age of the father has been described as a possible risk factor. Progeria is extremely rare. If you've had one child with progeria, the chances of having a second child with progeria are slightly higher than the general population but are still low.
If you have a child with progeria, a genetic counselor can give you information about the risk of having other children with progeria.
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What are the complications of Progeria?
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Severe hardening of the arteries, known as atherosclerosis, is common in progeria. Arteries are blood vessels that carry nutrients and oxygen from the heart to the rest of the body. Atherosclerosis is a condition in which the walls of the arteries stiffen and thicken. This often limits blood flow. The condition especially affects arteries in the heart and brain.
Most children with progeria die of complications related to atherosclerosis, including:
• Problems with blood vessels that supply the heart, resulting in heart attack and congestive heart failure.
• Problems with blood vessels that supply the brain, resulting in stroke.
Other health problems frequently linked with aging — such as an increased cancer risk — usually don't develop as part of progeria.
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What are the Overview of Pulmonary hypertension?
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Pulmonary hypertension is a type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of the heart.
In one form of pulmonary hypertension, called pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), blood vessels in the lungs are narrowed, blocked or destroyed. The damage makes it hard for blood to move through the lungs. Blood pressure in the lung arteries goes up. The heart must work harder to pump blood through the lungs. The extra effort eventually causes the heart muscle to become weak and fail.
In some people, pulmonary hypertension slowly gets worse. It can be life-threatening. There's no cure for pulmonary hypertension. But treatments are available to help you feel better, live longer and improve your quality of life.
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What are the symptoms of Pulmonary hypertension?
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The symptoms of pulmonary hypertension develop slowly. You may not notice them for months or even years. Symptoms get worse as the disease continues.
Pulmonary hypertension symptoms include:
• Shortness of breath. It may first start during exercise and eventually happen at rest.
• Blue or gray skin. Depending on skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see.
• Chest pressure or pain.
• Dizziness or fainting.
• Fast pulse or pounding heartbeat.
• Fatigue.
• Swelling in the ankles, legs and belly area.
These symptoms may be caused by many other health conditions. See a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis.
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What are the causes of Pulmonary hypertension?
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Pulmonary hypertension is caused by changes in the cells that line the lung arteries. The changes can make the artery walls narrow, stiff, swollen and thick. It gets harder for blood to flow through the lungs.
Pulmonary hypertension is sorted into five groups, depending on the cause.
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What are the risk factors of Pulmonary hypertension?
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Pulmonary hypertension is usually seen in people ages 30 to 60. Growing older can increase the risk of developing Group 1 pulmonary hypertension, called pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PAH from an unknown cause is more common in younger adults.
Other things that can raise the risk of pulmonary hypertension are:
• A family history of the condition.
• Being overweight.
• Smoking.
• Blood-clotting disorders or a family history of blood clots in the lungs.
• A history of being around asbestos.
• A heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect.
• Living at an altitude of 8,000 feet (2,438 meters) or higher.
• Use of some medicines, including those used for weight loss.
• Illicit drugs such as cocaine or methamphetamine.
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What are the complications of Pulmonary hypertension?
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Potential complications of pulmonary hypertension are:
• Right-sided heart enlargement and heart failure.Also called cor pulmonale, this condition causes the heart's right lower chamber to get larger. The chamber has to pump harder than usual to move blood through narrowed or blocked lung arteries.As a result, the heart walls get thick. The right lower heart chamber stretches to increase the amount of blood it can hold. These changes create more strain on the heart. Eventually the right lower heart chamber fails.
• Blood clots.Pulmonary hypertension increases the risk of blood clots in the small arteries in the lungs.
• Irregular heartbeats, also called arrhythmias.Pulmonary hypertension can cause changes in the heartbeat, which can be life-threatening.
• Bleeding in the lungs.Pulmonary hypertension can lead to life-threatening bleeding in the lungs and coughing up blood.
• Pregnancy complications.Pulmonary hypertension can be life-threatening for the mother and the developing baby.
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What are the Overview of Spinal headaches?
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Spinal headaches are a fairly common complication in those who undergo a spinal tap (lumbar puncture) or spinal anesthesia. Both procedures require a puncture of the membrane that surrounds the spinal cord and, in the lower spine, the lumbar and sacral nerve roots.
During a spinal tap, a sample of cerebrospinal fluid is withdrawn from the spinal canal. During spinal anesthesia, medication is injected into the spinal canal to numb the nerves in the lower half of the body. If spinal fluid leaks through the tiny puncture site, you may develop a spinal headache.
Most spinal headaches — also known as post-dural puncture headaches — resolve on their own with no treatment. However, severe spinal headaches lasting 24 hours or more may need treatment.
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What are the symptoms of Spinal headaches?
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Spinal headache symptoms include:
• Dull, throbbing pain that varies in intensity from mild to very severe
• Pain that typically gets worse when you sit up or stand and decreases or goes away when you lie down
Spinal headaches are often accompanied by:
• Dizziness
• Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)
• Hearing loss
• Blurred or double vision
• Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
• Nausea and vomiting
• Neck pain or stiffness
• Seizures
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What are the causes of Spinal headaches?
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Spinal headaches are caused by leakage of spinal fluid through a puncture hole in the membrane (dura mater) that surrounds the spinal cord. This leakage decreases the pressure exerted by the spinal fluid on the brain and spinal cord, which leads to a headache.
Spinal headaches typically appear within 48 to 72 hours after a spinal tap or spinal anesthesia.
Sometimes epidural anesthesia may lead to a spinal headache as well. Although epidural anesthetic is injected just outside the membrane that surrounds the spinal cord, a spinal headache is possible if the membrane is unintentionally punctured.
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What are the risk factors of Spinal headaches?
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Risk factors for spinal headaches include:
• Being between the ages of 18 and 30
• Being female
• Being pregnant
• Having a history of frequent headaches
• Undergoing procedures involving the use of larger needles or multiple punctures in the membrane that surrounds the spinal cord
• Having a small body mass
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What are the Overview of Tension headache?
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A tension-type headache causes mild to moderate pain that's often described as feeling like a tight band around the head. A tension-type headache is the most common type of headache, yet its causes aren't well understood.
Treatments are available. Managing a tension-type headache is often a balance between practicing healthy habits, finding effective nonmedicine treatments and using medicines appropriately.
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What are the symptoms of Tension headache?
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Symptoms of a tension-type headache include:
• Dull, aching head pain.
• Feeling of tightness or pressure across the forehead or on the sides and back of the head.
• Tenderness in the scalp, neck and shoulder muscles.
Tension-type headaches are divided into two main categories — episodic and chronic.
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What are the causes of Tension headache?
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The cause of tension-type headaches is not known. In the past, experts thought tension-type headaches were caused by muscle contractions in the face, neck and scalp. They thought the muscle contractions were a result of emotions, tension or stress. But research suggests that muscle contraction isn't the cause.
The most common theory is that people who have tension-type headaches have increased sensitivity to pain. Muscle tenderness, a common symptom of tension-type headaches, may result from this sensitized pain system.
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What are the risk factors of Tension headache?
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Most people experience a tension-type headache at some point in their lives. However, some research has found that women are more likely to have frequent episodic tension-type headaches and chronic tension-type headaches. Age also might play a factor. One study found that episodic tension-type headaches were more likely to affect people in their 40s.
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What are the complications of Tension headache?
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Because tension-type headaches are so common, they can have an effect on job productivity and quality of life, particularly if they're chronic. Frequent headache pain may make it hard to attend activities. You might need to stay home from work. If you do go to your job, it may be hard to function as usual.
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What is the prevention of Tension headache?
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Regular exercise can help prevent tension-type headaches. Other techniques also can help, such as:
• Biofeedback training.This training teaches you to control certain body responses that help reduce pain. A device monitors and gives you feedback on your muscle tension, heart rate and blood pressure. You then learn how to reduce muscle tension and slow your heart rate and breathing.
• Cognitive behavioral therapy.This type of talk therapy may help you learn to manage stress. Doing this may help you have fewer or less painful headaches.
• Other relaxation techniques.Anything that helps you relax may help your headaches. This can include deep breathing, yoga, meditation and progressive muscle relaxation. You can learn these methods in classes or at home using books or apps.
Using medicines along with stress management may be more effective than any one treatment in reducing your tension-type headaches.
Also, living a healthy lifestyle may help prevent headaches:
• Get enough, but not too much, sleep.
• Don't smoke.
• Stay physically active.
• Eat regular, balanced meals.
• Drink plenty of water.
• Limit alcohol, caffeine and sugar.
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What are the Overview of Thunderclap headaches?
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Thunderclap headaches live up to their name, striking suddenly like a clap of thunder. The pain of these severe headaches peaks within 60 seconds.
Thunderclap headaches are uncommon, but they can warn of potentially life-threatening conditions — usually having to do with bleeding in and around the brain. Seek emergency medical attention for a thunderclap headache.
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What are the symptoms of Thunderclap headaches?
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Thunderclap headaches are dramatic. Symptoms include pain that:
• Strikes suddenly and severely
• Peaks within 60 seconds
• Can be accompanied by nausea or vomiting
Thunderclap headaches might be accompanied by other signs and symptoms, such as:
• Altered mental state
• Fever
• Seizures
These signs and symptoms might reflect the underlying cause.
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What are the causes of Thunderclap headaches?
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There's no obvious cause for some thunderclap headaches. In other cases, a variety of potentially life-threatening conditions might be responsible, including:
• Bleeding between the brain and membranes covering the brain (subarachnoid hemorrhage)
• A rupture of a blood vessel in the brain
• A tear in the lining of an artery that supplies blood to the brain
• Leaking of cerebrospinal fluid — usually due to a tear of the covering around a nerve root in the spine
• Death of tissue or bleeding in the pituitary gland
• A blood clot in the brain
• Severe elevation in blood pressure (hypertensive crisis)
• Infection such as meningitis or encephalitis
• Ischemic stroke
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What are the Overview of Toxic hepatitis?
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Toxic hepatitis is an inflammation of your liver in reaction to certain substances to which you're exposed. Toxic hepatitis can be caused by alcohol, chemicals, drugs or nutritional supplements.
In some cases, toxic hepatitis develops within hours or days of exposure to a toxin. In other cases, it may take months of regular use before signs and symptoms appear.
The symptoms of toxic hepatitis often go away when exposure to the toxin stops. But toxic hepatitis can permanently damage your liver, leading to irreversible scarring of liver tissue (cirrhosis) and in some cases to liver failure, which can be life-threatening.
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What are the symptoms of Toxic hepatitis?
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Mild forms of toxic hepatitis may not cause any symptoms and may be detected only by blood tests. When signs and symptoms of toxic hepatitis occur, they may include:
• Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)
• Itching
• Abdominal pain in the upper right portion of the abdomen
• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Rash
• Fever
• Weight loss
• Dark or tea-colored urine
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What are the causes of Toxic hepatitis?
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Toxic hepatitis occurs when your liver develops inflammation because of exposure to a toxic substance. Toxic hepatitis may also develop when you take too much of a prescription or over-the-counter medication.
The liver normally removes and breaks down most drugs and chemicals from your bloodstream. Breaking down toxins creates byproducts that can damage the liver. Although the liver has a great capacity for regeneration, constant exposure to toxic substances can cause serious, sometimes irreversible harm.
Toxic hepatitis can be caused by:
• Alcohol.Heavy drinking over many years can lead to alcoholic hepatitis — inflammation in the liver due to alcohol, which can lead to liver failure.
• Over-the-counter pain relievers.Nonprescription pain relievers such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen (Aleve, others) can damage your liver, especially if taken frequently or combined with alcohol.
• Prescription medications.Some medications linked to serious liver injury include the statin drugs used to treat high cholesterol, the combination drug amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin), phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek), azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran), niacin (Niaspan), ketoconazole, certain antivirals and anabolic steroids. There are many others.
• Herbs and supplements.Some herbs considered dangerous to the liver include aloe vera, black cohosh, cascara, chaparral, comfrey, kava and ephedra. There are many others. Children can develop liver damage if they mistake vitamin supplements for candy and take large doses.
• Industrial chemicals.Chemicals you may be exposed to on the job can cause liver injury. Common chemicals that can cause liver damage include the dry cleaning solvent carbon tetrachloride, a substance called vinyl chloride (used to make plastics), the herbicide paraquat and a group of industrial chemicals called polychlorinated biphenyls.
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What are the risk factors of Toxic hepatitis?
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Factors that may increase your risk of toxic hepatitis include:
• Taking over-the-counter pain relievers or certain prescription drugs.Taking a medication or over-the-counter pain reliever that carries a risk of liver damage increases your risk of toxic hepatitis. This is especially true if you take multiple medications or take more than the recommended dose of medication.
• Having a liver disease.Having a serious liver disorder such as cirrhosis or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease makes you much more susceptible to the effects of toxins.
• Having hepatitis.Chronic infection with a hepatitis virus (hepatitis B, hepatitis C or one of the other — extremely rare — hepatitis viruses that may persist in the body) makes your liver more vulnerable.
• Aging.As you age, your liver breaks down harmful substances more slowly. This means that toxins and their byproducts stay in your body longer.
• Drinking alcohol.Drinking alcohol while taking medications or certain herbal supplements increases the risk of toxicity.
• Being female.Because women seem to metabolize certain toxins more slowly than men do, their livers are exposed to higher blood concentrations of harmful substances for a longer time. This increases the risk of toxic hepatitis.
• Having certain genetic mutations.Inheriting certain genetic mutations that affect the production and action of the liver enzymes that break down toxins may make you more susceptible to toxic hepatitis.
• Working with industrial toxins.Working with certain industrial chemicals puts you at risk of toxic hepatitis.
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What are the complications of Toxic hepatitis?
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The inflammation associated with toxic hepatitis can lead to liver damage and scarring. Over time, this scarring, called cirrhosis, makes it difficult for your liver to do its job. Eventually cirrhosis leads to liver failure. The only treatment for chronic liver failure is to replace your liver with a healthy one from a donor (liver transplant).
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What is the prevention of Toxic hepatitis?
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Because it's not possible to know how you'll react to a particular medication, toxic hepatitis can't always be prevented. But you may reduce your risk of liver problems if you:
• Limit medications.Take prescription and nonprescription drugs only when absolutely necessary. Investigate nondrug options for common problems such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and arthritis pain.
• Take medications only as directed.Follow the directions exactly for any drug you take. Don't exceed the recommended amount, even if your symptoms don't seem to improve. Because the effects of over-the-counter pain relievers sometimes wear off quickly, it's easy to take too much.
• Be cautious with herbs and supplements.Don't assume that a natural product won't cause harm. Discuss the benefits and risks with your doctor before taking herbs and supplements. The National Institutes of Health maintains the LiverTox website, where you can look up medications and supplements to see if they're linked to liver damage.
• Don't mix alcohol and drugs.Alcohol and medications are a bad combination. If you're taking acetaminophen, don't drink alcohol. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about the interaction between alcohol and other prescription and nonprescription drugs you use.
• Take precautions with chemicals.If you work with or use hazardous chemicals, take all necessary precautions to protect yourself from exposure. If you do come in contact with a harmful substance, follow the guidelines in your workplace, or call your local emergency services or your local poison control center for help.
• Keep medications and chemicals away from children.Keep all medications and vitamin supplements away from children and in childproof containers so that children can't accidentally swallow them.
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What are the Overview of Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)?
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Trichotillomania (trik-o-til-o-MAY-nee-uh), also called hair-pulling disorder, is a mental health condition. It involves frequent, repeated and irresistible urges to pull out hair from your scalp, eyebrows or other areas of your body. You may try to resist the urges, but you can't stop. Trichotillomania is part of a group of conditions known as body-focused repetitive behaviors.
Pulling out hair from the scalp often leaves patchy bald spots. This can cause a lot of distress and can affect your work, school and social life. You may go to great lengths to hide the hair loss.
For some people, trichotillomania may be mild and can be managed. For others, the automatic or deliberate urge to pull out hair is too much to handle emotionally. Some treatment options may help reduce hair pulling or stop it entirely.
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What are the symptoms of Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)?
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Symptoms of trichotillomania often include:
• Repeatedly pulling out your hair, whether it's automatic or on purpose, usually from your scalp, eyebrows or eyelashes, but sometimes from other body areas. The sites may vary over time.
• An increasing sense of tension before pulling out your hair, or when you try to resist pulling.
• A sense of pleasure or relief after the hair is pulled out.
• Hair loss that's easy to see, such as shortened hair or thinned or bald areas on the scalp or other areas of your body. This may include thin or missing eyelashes or eyebrows.
• Pulling out specific types of hair, taking the same steps in the same way each time hair is pulled out or pulling out hair in certain patterns.
• Biting, chewing or eating pulled-out hair.
• Playing with pulled-out hair or rubbing it across your lips or face.
• Repeatedly trying to stop pulling out your hair or trying to do it less often without success.
• Experiencing a great deal of distress or problems at work, school or in social situations related to pulling out your hair.
Often trichotillomania also includes picking your skin, biting your nails or chewing your lips. Sometimes pulling out hairs from pets or dolls or from materials, such as clothes or blankets, may be a sign. Pulling out hair is usually done in private. An episode can last from a few seconds to hours. You may try to hide your condition from others.
With trichotillomania, pulling out hair can be:
• Automatic.You may pull out your hair without even realizing that you're doing it. This might happen, for example, when you're bored, reading or watching TV.
• Focused.You may pull out your hair on purpose to relieve tension or distress. You may develop specific rituals for pulling out hair, such as finding just the right hair. You may play with, bite or eat pulled-out hairs.
You may do both automatic and focused hair pulling, depending on the situation and your mood. Certain positions or activities may trigger pulling out hair, such as resting your head on your hand or brushing your hair.
Trichotillomania can be related to emotions, including:
• Negative feelings.Pulling out hair may be a way of dealing with negative or uncomfortable feelings, such as stress, anxiety, tension, boredom, loneliness, extreme tiredness or frustration.
• Positive feelings.You may find that pulling out hair feels satisfying and provides some relief. As a result, you may continue to pull out your hair to keep these positive feelings.
Trichotillomania is a long-term disorder. If not treated, symptoms may come and go for weeks, months or years at a time. Also, symptoms can vary in severity over time. For example, hormone changes during the menstrual period can worsen symptoms in some females. Rarely, pulling out hair ends within a few years of starting.
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What are the causes of Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)?
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The cause of trichotillomania is not clear. But like many complex disorders, trichotillomania likely results from a combination of genetic and learned factors.
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What are the risk factors of Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)?
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These factors tend to increase the risk of trichotillomania:
• Family history.Genetics may play a role in the development of trichotillomania. You may be more likely to have the condition if you have a close relative with trichotillomania.
• Health conditions.Some people may have hair or skin conditions that feel uncomfortable. This may focus their attention toward pulling hair or picking at their scalp.
• Age.Trichotillomania usually develops just before or during the early teens — most often between the ages of 10 and 13 years. It's often a lifelong problem. Babies may pull out their hair, but this is usually mild and goes away on its own without treatment.
• Other mental health conditions.Other conditions, such as depression, anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may occur along with trichotillomania.
• Stress.Severely stressful situations or events may trigger trichotillomania in some people.
• Environment.Boredom, isolation and privacy often increase the likelihood of hair pulling.
Although far more women than men are treated for trichotillomania, this may be because women are more likely to seek medical advice. In early childhood, trichotillomania occurs just as often in boys and girls.
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What are the complications of Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)?
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Although it may not seem serious, trichotillomania can have harmful effects on your life. Complications may include:
• Emotional distress.You may feel frustrated, ashamed and embarrassed because of your condition and hair loss. You may feel that you don't have control over pulling out your hair. You may experience low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and problems with alcohol or drugs.
• Problems in your social life and with work.Hair loss may lead you to avoid social activities and school and job opportunities. You may wear wigs, style your hair to disguise bald patches or wear false eyelashes. You may avoid intimacy to hide your condition.
• Skin and hair damage.Constantly pulling out hair can cause scarring, infections and other damage to the skin on your scalp or the area where hair is pulled out. This can permanently affect hair growth.
• Hairballs.Eating your hair may lead to a large, matted hairball that stays in your digestive tract. Over a period of years, the hairball can cause weight loss, vomiting, an intestinal block and even death.
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What are the Overview of Wilson's disease?
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Wilson's disease is a rare inherited condition that causes copper levels to build up in several organs, especially the liver, brain and eyes. Most people with Wilson's disease are diagnosed between the ages of 5 and 35. But younger and older people can be affected too.
Copper plays a key role in building healthy nerves, bones, collagen and the skin pigment melanin. You usually take in copper from the food you eat. Your liver produces a substance called bile that removes any extra copper.
But in people with Wilson's disease, copper isn't removed properly and instead builds up. Sometimes it can be life-threatening if it's not treated. When diagnosed early, Wilson's disease is treatable, and many people with the condition live normal lives.
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What are the symptoms of Wilson's disease?
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Wilson's disease is present at birth, but symptoms don't appear until copper levels build up in the brain, liver, eyes or another organ. Symptoms vary based on the parts of your body the disease affects.
These symptoms can include:
• Tiredness and loss of appetite.
• A yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eye, known as jaundice.
• Golden-brown or copper-colored rings around the irises of the eyes, known as Kayser-Fleischer rings.
• Fluid buildup in the legs or stomach area.
• Problems with speech, swallowing or physical coordination.
• Depression, mood changes and personality changes.
• Having a hard time falling asleep and staying asleep.
• Uncontrolled movements or muscle stiffness.
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What are the causes of Wilson's disease?
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Wilson's disease is caused by a changed gene passed down from each parent. If you get only one affected gene, you won't get the disease yourself, but you'll be a carrier. This means you could pass the affected gene to your children.
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What are the risk factors of Wilson's disease?
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You can be at greater risk of Wilson's disease if your parents or siblings have the condition. Ask your doctor whether you should have genetic testing to find out if you have Wilson's disease. Diagnosing the condition as early as possible greatly increases the chances of successful treatment.
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What are the complications of Wilson's disease?
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If Wilson's disease isn't treated, sometimes it can lead to death. Serious complications include:
• Scarring of the liver, also known as cirrhosis.As liver cells try to repair damage due to high copper levels, scar tissue forms in the liver. This makes it harder for the liver to work.
• Liver failure.This can occur suddenly — what's known as acute liver failure or decompensated Wilson's disease. It also can come about slowly over years. A liver transplant might be a treatment option.
• Lasting nervous system issues.Tremors, involuntary muscle movements, clumsy walking and having a hard time speaking usually improve with treatment for Wilson's disease. But some people have lasting nervous system problems, even with treatment.
• Kidney problems.Wilson's disease can damage the kidneys, leading to issues such as kidney stones and an unusual number of amino acids removed in the urine.
• Mental health issues.These might include personality changes, depression, irritability, bipolar disorder or psychosis.
• Blood problems.These might include the destruction of red blood cells — what's known as hemolysis. This leads to anemia and jaundice.
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What are the Overview of Idiopathic hypersomnia?
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Idiopathic hypersomnia is a condition that causes people to be very sleepy during the day even after a full night of sleep. People with the condition have trouble waking up from sleep. They also may wake up confused and disoriented. Naps typically don't lead to feeling refreshed.
Idiopathic hypersomnia is not common, and the cause of the condition is not known.
The need to sleep can strike at any time, including when driving a car or working. This makes idiopathic hypersomnia potentially dangerous.
The condition often develops slowly over time. Diagnosing idiopathic hypersomnia requires ruling out more common sleep conditions. Treatment aims to control symptoms with medicine.
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