instruction
stringclasses 8
values | input
stringlengths 6
2.69k
| output
stringlengths 1
34.2k
| source
stringclasses 3
values |
|---|---|---|---|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Glomerulonephritis?
|
Glomerulonephritis affects the ability of nephrons to filter the bloodstream efficiently. The breakdown in filtering results in:
• Accumulation of wastes or toxins in the bloodstream.
• Poor regulation of essential minerals and nutrients.
• Loss of red blood cells.
• Loss of blood proteins.
Possible complications of glomerulonephritis include:
• Acute kidney failure.Acute kidney failure is the sudden, rapid decline in kidney function, often associated with an infectious cause of glomerulonephritis. The accumulation of waste and fluids can be life-threatening if not treated promptly with an artificial filtering machine (dialysis). The kidneys often resume typical function after recovery.
• Chronic kidney disease.Persistent inflammation results in long-term damage and declining function of the kidneys. Chronic kidney disease is generally defined as kidney damage or decreased function for three or more months. Chronic kidney disease may advance to end-stage kidney disease, which requires either dialysis or a kidney transplant.
• High blood pressure.Damage to the glomeruli from inflammation or scarring can lead to increased blood pressure.
• Nephrotic syndrome.Nephrotic syndrome is a condition in which there is too much blood protein in urine and too little in the bloodstream. These proteins play a role in regulating fluids and cholesterol levels. A drop in blood proteins results in high cholesterol, high blood pressure and swelling (edema) of the face, hands, feet and abdomen. In rare instances, nephrotic syndrome may cause a blood clot in a kidney blood vessel.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Glomerulonephritis?
|
There may be no way to prevent some forms of glomerulonephritis. However, here are some steps that might be beneficial:
• Seek prompt treatment of a strep infection with a sore throat or impetigo.
• To prevent infections that can lead to some forms of glomerulonephritis, such asHIVand hepatitis, follow safe-sex guidelines and avoid intravenous drug use.
• Control high blood pressure, which lessens the likelihood of damage to your kidneys from hypertension.
• Control your blood sugar to help prevent diabetic nephropathy.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Golfer's elbow?
|
Golfer's elbow is a condition that causes pain where the tendons of your forearm muscles attach to the bony bump on the inside of your elbow. The pain might spread into your forearm and wrist.
Golfer's elbow is similar to tennis elbow, which occurs on the outside of the elbow. It's not limited to golfers. Tennis players and others who repeatedly use their wrists or clench their fingers also can develop golfer's elbow.
The pain of golfer's elbow doesn't have to keep you off the course or away from your favorite activities. Rest and appropriate treatment can get you back into the swing of things.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Golfer's elbow?
|
Golfer's elbow is characterized by:
• Pain and tenderness.Usually felt on the inner side of your elbow, the pain sometimes extends along the inner side of your forearm. Pain typically worsens with certain movements.
• Stiffness.Your elbow may feel stiff, and making a fist might hurt.
• Weakness.You may have weakness in your hands and wrists.
• Numbness or tingling.These sensations might radiate into one or more fingers — usually the ring and little fingers.
The pain of golfer's elbow can come on suddenly or gradually. The pain might worsen with certain movements, such as swinging a golf club.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Golfer's elbow?
|
Golfer's elbow, also known as medial epicondylitis, is caused by damage to the muscles and tendons that control your wrist and fingers. The damage is typically related to excess or repeated stress — especially forceful wrist and finger motions. Improper lifting, throwing or hitting, as well as too little warmup or poor conditioning, also can contribute to golfer's elbow.
Besides golf, many activities and occupations can lead to golfer's elbow, including:
• Racket sports.Improper technique with tennis strokes, especially the backhand, can cause injury to the tendon. Excessive use of topspin and using a racket that's too small or heavy also can lead to injury.
• Throwing sports.Improper pitching technique in baseball or softball can be another culprit. Football, archery and javelin throwing also can cause golfer's elbow.
• Weight training.Lifting weights using improper technique, such as curling the wrists during a biceps exercise, can overload the elbow muscles and tendons.
• Forceful, repetitive occupational movements.These occur in fields such as construction, plumbing and carpentry
To cause golfer's elbow, the activity generally needs to be done for more than an hour a day on many days.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Golfer's elbow?
|
You could be at higher risk of developing golfer's elbow if you're:
• Age 40 or older
• Performing repetitive activity at least two hours a day
• Obese
• A smoker
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Golfer's elbow?
|
You can take steps to prevent golfer's elbow:
• Strengthen your forearm muscles.Use light weights or squeeze a tennis ball. Even simple exercises can help your muscles absorb the energy of sudden physical stress.
• Stretch before your activity.Walk or jog for a few minutes to warm up your muscles. Then do gentle stretches before you begin your game.
• Fix your form.Whatever your sport, ask an instructor to check your form to avoid overload on muscles.
• Use the right equipment.If you're using older golfing irons, consider upgrading to lighter graphite clubs. If you play tennis, make sure your racket fits you. A racket with a small grip or a heavy head may increase the risk of elbow problems.
• Lift properly.When lifting anything — including free weights — keep your wrist rigid and stable to reduce the force to your elbow.
• Know when to rest.Try not to overuse your elbow. At the first sign of elbow pain, take a break.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Gonorrhea?
|
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection, also called a sexually transmitted disease, caused by bacteria. Sexually transmitted diseases are infections spread mainly by contact with genitals or bodily fluids. Also called STDs, STIs or venereal disease, sexually transmitted infections are caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites.
Gonorrhea bacteria can infect the urethra, rectum, female reproductive tract, mouth, throat or eyes. Gonorrhea is most commonly spread during vaginal, oral or anal sexual activity. But babies can get the infection during childbirth. In babies, gonorrhea most commonly affects the eyes.
Avoiding sexual activity and not having sex prevents the spread of gonorrhea. Using a condom during sexual activity can help prevent the spread of gonorrhea. Being in a mutually monogamous relationship, in which both partners have sex only with each other and neither partner is infected, also limits the risk of an infection.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea?
|
In many people, gonorrhea infection causes no symptoms. If there are symptoms, they often affect the genital tract, but also may occur in other places.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Gonorrhea?
|
Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The gonorrhea bacteria are most often passed from one person to another during sexual contact, including oral, anal or vaginal intercourse.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Gonorrhea?
|
Sexually active women younger than 25 and men who have sex with men are at increased risk of getting gonorrhea.
Other factors that can increase your risk include:
• Having a new sex partner.
• Having a sex partner who has other partners.
• Having more than one sex partner.
• Having had gonorrhea or another sexually transmitted infection.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Gonorrhea?
|
Untreated gonorrhea can lead to major complications, such as:
• Infertility in women.Gonorrhea can spread into the uterus and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can result in scarring of the tubes, greater risk of pregnancy complications and infertility. PID requires immediate treatment.
• Infertility in men.Gonorrhea can cause inflammation in epididymis, the coiled tube above and behind the testicles that stores and transports sperm. This inflammation is known as epididymitis and without treatment it can lead to infertility.
• Infection that spreads to the joints and other areas of the body.The bacterium that causes gonorrhea can spread through the bloodstream and infect other parts of the body, including joints. Fever, rash, skin sores, joint pain, swelling and stiffness are possible results.
• Increased risk of HIV/AIDS.Having gonorrhea makes you more susceptible to infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that leads to AIDS. People who have both gonorrhea and HIV can pass both diseases more readily to their partners.
• Complications in babies.Babies who get gonorrhea during birth can develop blindness, sores on the scalp and infections.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Gonorrhea?
|
To lower your risk of getting gonorrhea:
• Use a condom if you have sex.Not having sex and avoiding sexual activity is the surest way to prevent gonorrhea. But if you choose to have sex, use a condom during any type of sexual contact, including anal sex, oral sex or vaginal sex.
• Limit your number of sex partners.Being in a monogamous relationship in which neither partner has sex with anyone else can lower your risk.
• Be sure you and your partner are tested for sexually transmitted infections.Before you have sex, get tested and share the results with each other.
• Don't have sex with someone who appears to have a sexually transmitted infection.If someone has symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection, such as burning during urination or a genital rash or sore, don't have sex with that person.
• Consider regular gonorrhea screening.Annual screening is recommended for sexually active women younger than 25 and for older women at increased risk of infection. This includes women who have new sex partners, more than one sex partner, sex partners with other partners, or sex partners who have sexually transmitted infections.
Regular screening also is recommended for men who have sex with men. Their partners also should be tested.
A medicine called doxycycline may be an option to prevent infection among people at higher risk than average of getting gonorrhea. Higher risk groups include men who have sex with men and transgender women.
Taking doxycycline within 3 days of sexual activity lowers the risk of an infection with the bacteria that cause gonorrhea. Your healthcare professional can prescribe doxycycline and any testing you need while taking the medicine.
If you've been diagnosed with gonorrhea, do not have sex until after you and your sex partner have completed treatment and after symptoms are gone. This helps avoid getting gonorrhea again.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Granuloma annulare?
|
Granuloma annulare (gran-u-LOW-muh an-u-LAR-e) is a skin condition that causes a raised rash or bumps in a ring pattern. The most common type affects young adults, usually on the hands and feet.
Minor skin injuries and some medicines might trigger the condition. It's not contagious and usually not painful, but it can make you feel self-conscious. And if it becomes a long-term condition, it can cause emotional distress.
Treatment might clear the skin gradually, but the bumps tend to come back. Untreated, the condition might last from a few weeks to decades.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Granuloma annulare?
|
The signs and symptoms of granuloma annulare can vary, depending on the type:
• Localized.This is the most common type of granuloma annulare. The rash borders are circular or semicircular, with a diameter up to 2 inches (5 centimeters). The rash occurs most commonly on the hands, feet, wrists and ankles of young adults.
• Generalized.This type is uncommon and usually affects adults. It causes bumps that form a rash on most of the body, including the trunk, arms and legs. The rash might cause discomfort or itchiness.
• Under the skin.A type that usually affects young children is called subcutaneous granuloma annulare. It produces small, firm lumps under the skin, instead of a rash. The lumps form on the hands, shins and scalp.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Granuloma annulare?
|
It's not clear what causes granuloma annulare. Sometimes it's triggered by:
• Animal or insect bites
• Infections, such as hepatitis
• Tuberculin skin tests
• Vaccinations
• Sun exposure
• Minor skin injuries
• Medicines
Granuloma annulare is not contagious.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Granuloma annulare?
|
Granuloma annulare can be related to diabetes or thyroid disease, most often when you have many bumps all over the body. It may, rarely, be related to cancer, especially in older people whose granuloma annulare is severe, doesn't respond to treatment or returns after cancer treatment.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis?
|
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare disease that causes swelling, also called inflammation, of small blood vessels. This condition mainly affects blood vessels in the nose, sinuses, throat, lungs and kidneys. But it can affect any organ.
GPA used to be called Wegener granulomatosis. It's one of a group of blood vessel diseases called vasculitis. GPA slows blood flow to some organs. The affected tissues can develop inflamed areas called granulomas. Granulomas can damage these organs and affect how they work.
Symptoms of GPA vary. At first, the symptoms can seem like those of a cold. Other symptoms depend on which organs the disease affects. The cause of GPA isn't clear, but the immune system may play a role.
It's important for healthcare professionals to find and treat GPA as soon as possible. Early treatment can help people live full lives. Without treatment, the condition can lead to organ damage that sometimes is fatal.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis?
|
Symptoms of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) can vary widely from person to person. Symptoms can start quickly, or they can develop over months.
Early on, GPA can cause general symptoms such as:
• Fever.
• Tiredness and not feeling well, also called malaise.
• Weight loss without a clear reason for it.
• Muscle aches and pain.
• Joint stiffness.
Specific symptoms depend on what parts of the body GPA affects.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis?
|
The exact cause of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) isn't clear. The immune system may play a role. Some white blood cells may not function as they should, and they may be involved in the disease. The immune system makes proteins called antibodies that protect the body from germs such as viruses and bacteria. GPA has been linked with the presence of certain antibodies that attack healthy cells by mistake.
The condition can lead to inflamed, narrowed blood vessels and harmful, inflamed tissue masses called granulomas. Granulomas can destroy healthy tissue. And narrowed blood vessels lower the amount of blood and oxygen that reaches tissues and organs.
GPA doesn't spread from person to person. And it likely doesn't pass from parents to children through genes.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis?
|
Age is a risk factor for granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Most often, the disease affects people between the ages of 40 and 65. But it can happen at any age.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis?
|
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) can lead to other health conditions called complications. The complications depend on which organs or body parts the disease affects. They can include:
• Hearing loss.
• A loss of height in the bridge of the nose caused by weakened cartilage.
• Skin sores or scarring.
• Kidney damage or kidney failure.
• Bleeding and scarring of the lungs.
• A blood clot that forms in one or more deep veins, usually in the leg.
• Heart conditions such as swelling of the sac that surrounds the heart.
• Rarely, stroke or vision loss.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Graves' disease?
|
Graves' disease is an immune system condition that affects the thyroid gland. It causes the body to make too much thyroid hormone. That condition is called hyperthyroidism.
Thyroid hormones affect many organs in the body. So Graves' disease symptoms also can affect those organs. Anyone can get Graves' disease. But it's more common in women and in people older than 30.
Treatment for Graves' disease helps lower the amount of thyroid hormone that the body makes and eases symptoms.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Graves' disease?
|
Common symptoms of Graves' disease include:
• Feeling nervous and irritable.
• Having a slight tremor of the hands or fingers.
• Being sensitive to heat with an increase in sweating or warm, moist skin.
• Losing weight, despite wanting to eat more.
• Having an enlarged thyroid gland, also called goiter.
• Having changes in menstrual cycles.
• Not being able to get or keep an erection, called erectile dysfunction, or having less desire for sex.
• Having bowel movements often.
• Having bulging eyes — a condition called thyroid eye disease or Graves' ophthalmopathy.
• Being tired.
• Having thick, discolored skin mostly on the shins or tops of the feet, called Graves' dermopathy.
• Having fast or irregular heartbeat, called palpitations.
• Not sleeping well.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Graves' disease?
|
Graves' disease is caused by the body's disease-fighting immune system not working correctly. Experts don't know why this happens.
The immune system makes antibodies that target viruses, bacteria or other foreign substances. In Graves' disease, the immune system makes an antibody to one part of the cells in the hormone-making gland in the neck, called the thyroid gland.
A tiny gland at the base of the brain, called the pituitary gland, makes a hormone that controls the thyroid gland. The antibody linked with Graves' disease is called thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb). TRAb takes over the work of the pituitary hormone. That leads to more thyroid hormone in the body than the body needs. That condition is called hyperthyroidism.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Graves' disease?
|
Factors that can increase the risk of Graves' disease include:
• Family history.People who get Graves' disease often have a family history of thyroid conditions or an autoimmune condition.
• Sex.Women are much more likely to get Graves' disease than are men.
• Age.Graves' disease mostly happens between the ages of 30 and 60.
• Another autoimmune condition.People with other conditions of the immune system, such as type 1 diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis, have a higher risk.
• Smoking.Cigarette smoking, which can affect the immune system, raises the risk of Graves' disease. People who smoke and have Graves' disease are at higher risk of getting thyroid eye disease.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Graves' disease?
|
Complications of Graves' disease can include:
• Pregnancy health concerns.Graves' disease during pregnancy can cause miscarriage, early birth, fetal thyroid issues and poor fetal growth. It also can cause heart failure and preeclampsia in the pregnant person. Preeclampsia leads to high blood pressure and other serious symptoms.
• Heart conditions.Graves' disease that isn't treated can lead to irregular heart rhythms and changes in the heart and how it works. The heart might not be able to pump enough blood to the body. That condition is called heart failure.
• Thyroid storm.This rare but deadly complication of Graves' disease also is called accelerated hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxic crisis. It's more likely to happen when severe hyperthyroidism is not treated or not treated well enough.Thyroid storm happens when a sudden and drastic rise in thyroid hormones causes a number of effects in the body. They include fever, sweating, confusion, delirium, severe weakness, tremors, irregular heartbeat, severe low blood pressure and coma. Thyroid storm needs medical attention right away.
• Brittle bones.Hyperthyroidism that isn't treated can lead to weak, brittle bones — a condition called osteoporosis. The strength of the bones depends, in part, on the amount of calcium and other minerals they hold. Too much thyroid hormone makes it hard for the body to get calcium into the bones.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Periodontitis?
|
Periodontitis (per-e-o-don-TIE-tis), also called gum disease, is a serious gum infection that damages the soft tissue around teeth. Without treatment, periodontitis can destroy the bone that supports your teeth. This can cause teeth to loosen or lead to tooth loss.
Periodontitis is common but can usually be prevented. It's often the result of not taking care of your mouth and teeth. To help prevent periodontitis or improve your chance of successful treatment, brush at least twice a day, floss daily and get regular dental checkups.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Periodontitis?
|
Healthy gums are firm and fit snugly around teeth. The color of healthy gums can vary. They may range from light pink in some people to dark pink and brown in others.
Symptoms of periodontitis can include:
• Swollen or puffy gums.
• Bright red, dark red or dark purple gums.
• Gums that feel tender when touched.
• Gums that bleed easily.
• A toothbrush that looks pink after brushing your teeth.
• Spitting out blood when brushing or flossing your teeth.
• Bad breath that won't go away.
• Pus between your teeth and gums.
• Loose teeth or loss of teeth.
• Painful chewing.
• New spaces that develop between your teeth that look like black triangles.
• Gums that pull away from your teeth, making your teeth look longer than usual, called receding gums.
• A change in the way your teeth fit together when you bite.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Periodontitis?
|
In most cases, the development of periodontitis starts with plaque. Plaque is a sticky film mainly made up of bacteria. If not treated, here's how plaque can advance over time to periodontitis:
• Plaque forms on your teethwhen starches and sugars in food interact with bacteria commonly found in your mouth. Brushing your teeth twice a day and flossing once a day removes plaque, but plaque quickly comes back.
• Plaque can harden under your gumline into tartarif it stays on your teeth. Tartar is more difficult to remove. You can't get rid of it by brushing and flossing — you need a professional dental cleaning to remove it. Because plaque and tartar are filled with bacteria, the longer they stay on your teeth, the more damage they can do.
• Plaque can cause gingivitis,the mildest form of gum disease. Gingivitis is irritation and swelling of the gum tissue around the base of your teeth. Gingiva is another word for gum tissue. Gingivitis can be reversed with professional treatment and good home oral care, but only if treated early before you have bone loss.
• Ongoing gum irritation and swelling, called inflammation, can cause periodontitis.Eventually this causes deep pockets to form between your gums and teeth. These pockets fill with plaque, tartar and bacteria and become deeper over time. If not treated, these deep infections cause a loss of tissue and bone. Eventually you may lose one or more teeth. Also, ongoing inflammation can put a strain on your immune system, causing other health problems.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Periodontitis?
|
Factors that can increase your risk of periodontitis include:
• Gingivitis.
• Poor oral health care habits.
• Smoking or chewing tobacco.
• Hormonal changes, such as those related to pregnancy or menopause.
• Recreational drug use, such as smoking marijuana or vaping.
• Obesity.
• Poor nutrition, including a low vitamin C level.
• Genetics.
• Certain medicines that cause dry mouth or gum changes.
• Conditions that lower immunity, such as leukemia,HIV/AIDSand cancer treatment.
• Certain diseases, such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Periodontitis?
|
Periodontitis can cause tooth loss. The bacteria that cause periodontitis can enter your bloodstream through gum tissue, possibly affecting other parts of your body. For example, periodontitis is linked with respiratory disease, rheumatoid arthritis, coronary artery disease, preterm birth and low birth weight, and problems controlling blood sugar in diabetes.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Periodontitis?
|
The best way to prevent periodontitis is to get into the habit of taking good care of your mouth and teeth. Start this routine at a young age and keep it throughout life.
• Good oral care.This means brushing your teeth for two minutes at least twice a day — in the morning and before going to bed — and flossing at least once a day. Flossing before you brush allows you to clean away the loosened food bits and bacteria. Good oral care keeps your teeth and gums clean and removes the bacteria that cause periodontal disease.
• Regular dental visits.See your dentist regularly for cleanings, usually every 6 to 12 months. If you have risk factors that increase your chance of developing periodontitis — such as having dry mouth, taking certain medicines or smoking — you may need professional cleaning more often.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Hammertoe and mallet toe?
|
Hammertoe and mallet toe are foot conditions that cause a bend that is not usual in a toe or toes. Wearing shoes that don't fit well can cause hammertoe and mallet toe. Other causes are foot injury and certain illnesses, such as diabetes. Often the cause isn't known.
A hammertoe has a bend in the middle joint of the toe. A mallet toe has a bend in the joint nearest the toenail. Hammertoe and mallet toe usually occur in the second, third or fourth toes.
Changing footwear, wearing shoe inserts and using other devices might relieve the pain and pressure of hammertoe and mallet toe. If these treatments don't work, surgery can correct the condition and relieve the pressure.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Hammertoe and mallet toe?
|
Hammertoe and mallet toe have a bend that is not usual in the joints of one or more of the toes. Other symptoms include:
• Pain from wearing shoes.
• Trouble moving the affected toe.
• Toe stiffness.
• A change in skin color and swelling.
• Growth of corns and calluses from the affected toe rubbing against shoes or against the ground.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Hammertoe and mallet toe?
|
Hammertoe and mallet toe have been linked to:
• Certain shoes.High-heeled shoes or footwear that's too tight in the toe can crowd toes so they can't lie flat. In time, the toe might remain curled even when not in shoes.
• Injury.A toe that has been stubbed, jammed or broken might be more likely to develop hammertoe or mallet toe.
• Toe muscles that are out of balance.If the muscles aren't balanced, they can put pressure on the tendons and joints. This change in balance can lead to hammertoe and mallet toe over time.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Hammertoe and mallet toe?
|
Factors that can increase the risk of hammertoe and mallet toe include:
• Sex assigned a birth.Women are more likely to develop hammertoe or mallet toe than are men.
• Certain diseases.Arthritis and diabetes can increase the risk of having foot problems. Genes also might play a role.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Hammertoe and mallet toe?
|
For a while, you still might be able to straighten the toe. But over time, the tendons and joints of a hammertoe or mallet toe might tighten. This can cause the toe to stay bent.
Shoes can rub against the higher part of the bent toe. The bent position also may lead to excess pressure on the toe bones. This can cause painful corns or calluses.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Hammertoe and mallet toe?
|
Shoes that fit well can prevent many foot, heel and ankle problems. Here's what to look for when buying shoes:
• Enough toe room.Avoid shoes with pointed toes.
• Low heels.Not wearing high heels can help prevent toe and back problems.
• Shoes that adjust.Shoes with laces or straps are roomier and easier to make comfortable feeling.
These added tips can help you buy the right shoes:
• Shop at the end of the day.Feet swell as the day goes on.
• Check size.Shoe size — especially the width — can change with age. Measure both feet and buy for the larger foot.
• Buy shoes that fit right away.Be sure shoes are comfortable before you buy them. A shoe repair store might be able to stretch shoes in tight spots, but it's better to buy them to fit.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Hamstring injury?
|
A hamstring injury involves straining or pulling one of the hamstring muscles — the group of three muscles that run along the back of the thigh.
Hamstring injuries often occur in people who play sports that involves sprinting with sudden stops and starts. Examples include soccer, basketball, football and tennis. Hamstring injuries can occur in runners and in dancers as well.
Self-care measures such as rest, ice and pain medicine are often all that's needed to relieve the pain and swelling of a hamstring injury. Rarely, surgery is done to repair a hamstring muscle or tendon.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Hamstring injury?
|
A hamstring injury typically causes a sudden, sharp pain in the back of the thigh. There might also be a "popping" or tearing sensation.
Swelling and tenderness usually develop within a few hours. There might be bruising or a change in skin color along the back of the leg. Some people have muscle weakness or are not able to put weight on the injured leg.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Hamstring injury?
|
The hamstring muscles are a group of three muscles that run along the back of the thigh from the hip to just below the knee. These muscles make it possible to extend the leg back and to bend the knee. Stretching or overloading any one of these muscles beyond its limit can cause injury.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Hamstring injury?
|
Hamstring injury risk factors include:
• Sports.Sports that require sprinting or running might make a hamstring injury more likely. So might other activities that can require extreme stretching, such as dancing.
• Earlier hamstring injury.People who have had one hamstring injury are more likely to have another one. This is especially true for people who try to go back to the same activities before the muscles have time to heal.
• Tired muscles, weak muscles and muscles that don't stretch well.Tired or weak muscles are more likely to be injured. Muscles with poor flexibility might not be able to bear the force of the action that certain activities require.
• Muscle imbalance.Although not all experts agree, some suggest that a muscle imbalance may lead to a hamstring injury. If the quadricep muscles along the front of the thigh are stronger and more developed than the hamstring muscles, injury to the hamstring muscles might be more likely.
• Age.Risk of injury increases with age.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Hamstring injury?
|
Returning to tiring activities before hamstring muscles are completely healed might cause the injury to happen again.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Hamstring injury?
|
Being in good physical condition and doing regular stretching and strengthening exercises can help lessen the risk of a hamstring injury. Try to be in shape to play your sport. Don't play your sport to get in shape.
If you have a job that's physically demanding, staying in shape can help prevent injuries. Ask your health care provider about good exercises to do regularly.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Hangovers?
|
A hangover is a group of unpleasant symptoms that can happen after drinking too much alcohol. As if feeling awful weren't bad enough, frequent hangovers also are linked with poor performance and conflict at home, school and work.
Generally, the more alcohol you drink, the more likely you are to have a hangover the next day. But there's no easy way to know how much you can safely drink and still avoid a hangover.
However unpleasant, most hangovers go away on their own, though they can last up to 24 hours. If you choose to drink alcohol, doing so responsibly can help you stay away from hangovers.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Hangovers?
|
Hangover symptoms often begin when your blood alcohol content drops and is at or near zero. Symptoms are usually in full effect the morning after a night of heavy drinking. Depending on what and how much alcohol you drank, you may notice:
• Extreme tiredness and weakness.
• Thirst and dry mouth.
• Headache and muscle aches.
• Nausea, vomiting or belly pain.
• Poor sleep or not getting enough sleep.
• Low tolerance for light and sound.
• Dizziness or a sense of the room spinning.
• Shakiness and sweating.
• Problems concentrating or thinking clearly.
• Changes in mood, such as depression, anxiety and irritability.
• Fast heartbeat.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Hangovers?
|
Hangovers are caused by drinking too much alcohol. A single alcoholic drink is enough to trigger a hangover for some people, while others may drink heavily and not have a hangover.
Several issues may contribute to a hangover. For example:
• Alcohol causes the body to make more urine.You lose extra body liquid by urinating more than usual. This can lead to dehydration. Symptoms of dehydration include extra thirst, tiredness, headache, dizziness and lightheadedness.
• Alcohol triggers an inflammatory response from the immune system.The immune system may make certain substances linked to the body's defense system. This commonly causes physical symptoms that make you feel as if you're ill. Your symptoms also may include problems thinking clearly and remembering, poor appetite, and loss of interest in usual activities.
• Alcohol irritates the lining of the stomach.Alcohol can irritate your stomach. Alcohol also causes your stomach to make more acid. This can cause belly pain, nausea or vomiting.
• Alcohol can cause blood sugar levels to fall.If your blood sugar dips too low, you may feel extra tired, weak and shaky. You also may have mood changes and even seizures.
• Alcohol prevents restful sleep.You may feel sleepy, but alcohol keeps you from getting the kind of sleep that helps you feel rested. Alcohol also often causes you to awaken in the middle of the night or too early in the morning. Not getting good-quality sleep may leave you groggy and tired.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Hangovers?
|
Anyone who drinks alcohol can have a hangover. But some people are more likely to have hangovers than others are. A difference in a gene that affects the way the body breaks down alcohol may make some people flush, sweat or become ill after drinking even a small amount of alcohol.
Issues that may make a hangover more likely or worse include:
• Drinking on an empty stomach.Having no food in your stomach speeds up how much and how fast alcohol enters the body.
• Using other drugs, such as nicotine, along with alcohol.Smoking along with drinking appears to raise the likelihood of a hangover.
• Not sleeping well or long enough after drinking.Some researchers believe that certain hangover symptoms are often due, at least in part, to how much sleep you get following a night of drinking. Poor-quality sleep and not getting enough sleep usually follow drinking alcohol.
• Having a family history of alcohol use disorder.Having close relatives with a history of alcohol use disorder may suggest an inherited problem with the way your body processes alcohol.
• Drinking darker colored alcoholic beverages.Darker colored drinks often contain a high level of congeners and may be more likely to produce a hangover.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Hangovers?
|
When you have a hangover, you're likely to have problems with:
• Clear thinking and memory.
• Attention and focus.
• Tasks that require steady hands and body coordination.
Not surprisingly, this short-term dulling of your abilities increases your risk of problems at home, school and work, such as:
• Problems being on time or not showing up at all.
• Trouble finishing tasks.
• Conflict with others.
• Falling asleep at school or on the job.
• Problems driving a car or using machinery.
• Workplace injuries.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Hangovers?
|
Some companies use misleading advertising to claim that their products can prevent hangovers. But the only guaranteed way to prevent a hangover is to not drink alcohol.
If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. Moderate alcohol use for healthy adults means:
• Up to one drink a day for women.
• Up to two drinks a day for men.
The less alcohol you drink, the less likely you are to have a hangover. It may help to:
• Eat before and while drinking.Alcohol enters the body more quickly if your stomach is empty. It may help to eat something before drinking alcohol and during the time you're drinking.
• Choose carefully.Beverages with fewer congeners are slightly less likely to cause hangovers than beverages with more congeners. But remember that all types of alcohol can cause a hangover.
• Drink water between alcoholic drinks.Drinking a full glass of water after each alcoholic drink will help you stay hydrated. It'll also help you drink less alcohol.
• Know your limits and only drink in moderation.Decide ahead of time how many drinks you'll have — and stick to it. Don't feel pressured to drink.
• Take it slow.Don't have more than one alcoholic drink in an hour. Stop drinking completely when you've reached your limit — or before then.
Some people take pain relievers to prevent hangover symptoms. But ask your healthcare professional if this is safe for you and how much medicine is best for you. These medicines may not work well together with other medicines you take.
Aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) can cause your stomach to make more acid, which can irritate your stomach. And acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) may cause serious liver damage if taken with too much alcohol.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Head and neck cancers?
|
Head and neck cancers are cancers that start in the head and neck area. There are many kinds of cancer that can happen in the head and neck. Each kind begins as a growth of cells that can invade and destroy healthy body tissue.
Head and neck cancer often refers to cancers that start in the mouth, throat, sinuses and salivary glands. But other cancers can happen in the head and neck and are sometimes considered part of this category too.
Head and neck cancer isn't a diagnosis. Instead, it's a category of cancers that have some things in common. For example, many head and neck cancers share some risk factors and treatments. Most head and neck cancers begin in squamous cells. These thin, flat cells make up the outer layer of the skin. They also line the inside of the nose, mouth and throat. Cancers that begin in the squamous cells are called squamous cell carcinomas. Cancers can begin in other kinds of cells in the head and neck area, though these are less common.
Which treatment you'll have for your head and neck cancer depends on many factors. These might include the location of the cancer, its size and the type of cells involved. Your healthcare team also considers your overall health. Treatment options might include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and others.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Head and neck cancers?
|
Head and neck cancer symptoms may include a sore in the mouth and pain when swallowing. Symptoms might depend on where the cancer starts. Head and neck cancers include cancers that start in the mouth, throat, sinuses and salivary glands.
Symptoms in the mouth and throat:
• A lump in the neck that you might be able to feel through the skin. Typically the lump isn't painful.
• A sore in the mouth that won't heal.
• Coughing up blood.
• Hoarse voice.
• Loose teeth.
• Pain when swallowing.
Symptoms in the nose:
• Nosebleeds.
• Stuffy or blocked nose that doesn't go away.
Other symptoms:
• A sore on the skin of the face, neck or lips that doesn't heal.
• Ear pain.
• Losing weight without trying.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Head and neck cancers?
|
Experts aren't certain exactly what causes head and neck cancers. What causes a cancer may depend on where the cancer starts. Head and neck cancers include cancers that start in the mouth, throat, sinuses and salivary glands.
In general, head and neck cancer starts when a cell in the head and neck area develops changes in its DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Head and neck cancers?
|
Head and neck cancers have some risk factors in common. These include using tobacco and drinking alcohol. Other risk factors depend on the location of the cancer. Head and neck cancers include cancers that start in the mouth, throat, sinuses and salivary glands.
In general, things that increase the risk of head and neck cancers include:
• Using tobacco.Using tobacco of any kind increases the risk of many types of head and neck cancer. Examples of kinds of tobacco include cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco and snuff.
• Drinking alcohol.Frequent and heavy drinking increases the risk of many types of head and neck cancer.
• Being exposed to human papillomavirus, also called HPV.HPV is a common virus that's passed through sexual contact. For most people, it causes no problems and goes away on its own. For others, it can cause changes in cells that can lead to many types of cancer. Many throat cancers are thought to be caused by HPV.
• Breathing chemicals in the air.Exposure to chemicals in the air can increase the risk of cancer in the nose and sinuses. Chemicals at home and at work can increase the risk.
• Being exposed to the sun or tanning lamps.Ultraviolet light from the sun increases the risk of skin cancer of the head and neck. Ultraviolet light also can come from the lights used in tanning beds.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Head and neck cancers?
|
To help prevent head and neck cancers, don't smoke and limit the amount of alcohol you drink. Other steps you can take may depend on the specific type of cancer. Head and neck cancers include cancers that start in the mouth, throat, sinuses and salivary glands.
To lower the risk of head and neck cancer:
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Hearing loss?
|
Hearing loss that comes on little by little as you age, also known as presbycusis, is common. More than half the people in the United States older than age 75 have some age-related hearing loss.
There are three types of hearing loss:
• Conductive, which involves the outer or middle ear.
• Sensorineural, which involves the inner ear.
• Mixed, which is a mix of the two.
Aging and being around loud noises both can cause hearing loss. Other factors, such as too much earwax, can lower how well ears work for a time.
You usually can't get hearing back. But there are ways to improve what you hear.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Hearing loss?
|
Symptoms of hearing loss may include:
• Muffling of speech and other sounds.
• Trouble understanding words, especially when in a crowd or a noisy place.
• Trouble hearing the letters of the alphabet that aren't vowels.
• Often asking others to speak more slowly, clearly and loudly.
• Needing to turn up the volume of the television or radio.
• Staying clear of some social settings.
• Being bothered by background noise.
• Ringing in the ears, known as tinnitus.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Hearing loss?
|
To understand how hearing loss happens, it can be helpful to understand how hearing works.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Hearing loss?
|
Factors that damage or lead to loss of the hairs and nerve cells in the inner ear include:
• Aging.The inner ear breaks down over time.
• Loud noise.Being around loud sounds can damage the cells of the inner ear. Damage can happen by being around loud noises over time. Or the damage can come from a short blast of noise, such as from a gunshot.
• Heredity.Your genes may make you more likely to have ear damage from sound or from aging.
• Noises on the job.Jobs where loud noise is constant, such as farming, construction or factory work, can lead to damage inside the ear.
• Noises at play.Exposure to explosive noises, such as from firearms and jet engines, can cause immediate, permanent hearing loss. Other activities with dangerously high noise levels include snowmobiling, motorcycling, carpentry or listening to loud music.
• Some medicines.These include the antibiotic gentamicin, sildenafil (Viagra) and certain medicines used to treat cancer, which can damage the inner ear. Very high doses of aspirin, other pain relievers, antimalarial drugs or loop diuretics can cause short-term effects on hearing. These include ringing in the ears, also known as tinnitus, or hearing loss.
• Some illnesses.Illnesses such as meningitis that cause high fever can harm the cochlea.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Hearing loss?
|
Hearing loss can make life less pleasant. Older adults with hearing loss often report being depressed. Because hearing loss can make it harder to talk with others, some people with hearing loss feel cut off from others. Hearing loss is also linked to loss of thinking skills, known as cognitive impairment.
Hearing loss also is linked to risk of falling.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Hearing loss?
|
The following steps can help prevent hearing loss from loud noises and keep hearing loss from aging from getting worse:
• Protect your ears.Staying away from loud noise is the best protection. In the workplace, plastic earplugs or glycerin-filled earmuffs can help protect hearing.
• Have your hearing tested.If you work around a lot of noise, think about regular hearing tests. If you've lost some hearing, you can take steps to prevent further loss.
• Avoid risks from hobbies and play.Riding a snowmobile or a jet ski, hunting, using power tools, or listening to rock concerts can damage hearing over time. Wearing hearing protectors or taking breaks from the noise can protect your ears. Turning down the volume when listening to music helps too.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Heart valve disease?
|
In heart valve disease, one or more of the valves in the heart doesn't work properly. There are four heart valves. They keep blood flowing through the heart in the correct direction. Sometimes a valve doesn't open or close all the way. This can change how blood flows through the heart to the rest of the body.
Heart valve disease treatment depends on the heart valve affected and the type and severity of the disease. Sometimes surgery is needed to repair or replace the heart valve.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Heart valve disease?
|
Some people with heart valve disease might not have symptoms for many years. When symptoms occur, they might include:
• Shortness of breath at rest or when active or lying down.
• Fatigue.
• Chest pain.
• Dizziness.
• Swelling of the ankles and feet.
• Fainting.
• Irregular heartbeat.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Heart valve disease?
|
To understand the causes of heart valve disease, it may be helpful to know how the heart works.
Four valves in the heart keep blood flowing in the right direction. These valves are:
• Aortic valve.
• Mitral valve.
• Pulmonary valve.
• Tricuspid valve.
Each valve has flaps, called leaflets or cusps. The flaps open and close once during each heartbeat. If a valve flap doesn't open or close properly, less blood moves out of the heart to the rest of the body.
Types of heart valve disease include:
• Stenosis.The valve flaps become thick or stiff and sometimes can join together. The valve opening becomes narrowed. Less blood can flow through the narrowed valve.
• Regurgitation.The valve flaps may not close tightly, causing blood to leak backward.
• Prolapse.The valve flaps become stretched out and floppy. They bulge backward like a parachute. This condition can lead to regurgitation.
• Atresia.The valve isn't formed. A solid sheet of tissue blocks the blood flow between the heart chambers. This type usually affects the pulmonary valve.
Some people are born with heart valve disease. This is called congenital heart valve disease. But adults can get heart valve disease too. Causes of heart valve disease in adults may include infections, age-related changes and other heart conditions.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Heart valve disease?
|
Several things can increase the risk of heart valve disease, including:
• Older age.
• Some infections, such as rheumatic fever or blood infections.
• A heart attack or some types of heart disease.
• High blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and other heart disease risk factors.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Heart valve disease?
|
Heart valve disease can cause many complications, including:
• Heart failure
• Stroke
• Blood clots
• Heart rhythm abnormalities
• Death
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Heat exhaustion?
|
Heat exhaustion is a condition that happens when your body overheats. Symptoms may include heavy sweating and a rapid pulse. Heat exhaustion is one of three heat-related illnesses, with heat cramps being the mildest and heatstroke being the most serious.
Causes of heat illness include exposure to high temperatures, particularly when there is also high humidity, and strenuous physical activity. Without prompt treatment, heat exhaustion can lead to heatstroke, a life-threatening condition. Fortunately, heat exhaustion is preventable.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Heat exhaustion?
|
Symptoms of heat exhaustion may start suddenly or progress over time, especially with prolonged periods of exercise. Possible heat exhaustion symptoms include:
• Cool, moist skin with goose bumps when in the heat.
• Heavy sweating.
• Faintness.
• Dizziness.
• Fatigue.
• Weak, rapid pulse.
• Low blood pressure upon standing.
• Muscle cramps.
• Nausea.
• Headache.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Heat exhaustion?
|
The body's heat combined with environmental heat results in what's called your core temperature. This is your body's inner temperature. Your body needs to regulate heat gain in hot weather or heat loss in cold weather to keep a core temperature that's typical for you. The average core temperature is about 98.6 F (37 C).
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Heat exhaustion?
|
Anyone can get heat illness, but certain factors increase your sensitivity to heat. They include:
• Young age or old age.Infants and children younger than 4 and adults older than 65 are at higher risk of heat exhaustion. The body's ability to regulate its temperature isn't fully developed in children. In older adults, illness, medicines or other factors can affect the body's ability to control temperature.
• Certain drugs.Some medicines can affect your body's ability to stay hydrated and respond properly to heat. These include some medicines used to treat high blood pressure and heart problems (beta blockers, diuretics), reduce allergy symptoms (antihistamines), calm you (tranquilizers), or reduce psychiatric symptoms such as delusions (antipsychotics). Some illegal drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines, can increase your core temperature.
• Obesity.Carrying excess weight can affect your body's ability to regulate its temperature and cause your body to keep more heat.
• Sudden temperature changes.If you're not used to the heat, you're more susceptible to heat-related illnesses, such as heat exhaustion. The body needs time to get used to higher temperatures. Traveling to a warm climate from a cold one or living in an area that experiences an early heat wave can put you at risk of a heat-related illness. The body hasn't had a chance to get used to the higher temperatures.
• A high heat index.The heat index is a single temperature value that considers how both the outdoor temperature and humidity make you feel. When the humidity is high, your sweat can't evaporate as easily, and your body has more trouble cooling itself. This makes you more prone to heat exhaustion and heatstroke. When the heat index is 91 F (33 C) or higher, you should take precautions to keep cool.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Heat exhaustion?
|
If heat exhaustion isn't treated, it can lead to heatstroke. Heatstroke is a life-threatening condition. It happens when your core body temperature reaches 104 F (40 C) or higher. Heatstroke needs immediate medical attention to prevent permanent damage to your brain and other vital organs that can result in death.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Heat exhaustion?
|
There are a lot of things you can do to prevent heat exhaustion and other heat-related illnesses. When temperatures climb, remember to:
• Wear loose fitting, lightweight clothing.Wearing too much clothing or clothing that fits tightly won't allow your body to cool properly.
• Protect against sunburn.Sunburn affects your body's ability to cool itself. Protect yourself outdoors with a wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses. Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15. Apply sunscreen generously and reapply every two hours. Reapply more often if you're swimming or sweating.
• Drink plenty of fluids.Staying hydrated helps your body sweat and keep a normal body temperature.
• Be careful with certain medicines.Watch for heat-related problems if you take medicines that can affect your body's ability to stay hydrated and respond to heat.
• Never leave anyone in a parked car.This is a common cause of heat-related deaths in children. When parked in the sun, the temperature in your car can rise 20 degrees Fahrenheit (more than 11 C) in 10 minutes.It's not safe to leave someone in a parked car in warm or hot weather, even if the windows are cracked or the car is in shade. Keep parked cars locked to prevent a child from getting inside.
• Take it easy during the hottest parts of the day.If you can't avoid strenuous activity in hot weather, drink fluids and rest often in a cool spot. Try to schedule exercise or physical labor for cooler parts of the day, such as early morning or evening.
• Get acclimated.Limit time spent working or exercising in heat until you're conditioned to it. People who aren't used to hot weather are especially susceptible to heat-related illness. It can take several weeks for your body to adjust to hot weather.
• Be cautious if you're at increased risk.If you take medicines or have a condition that increases your risk of heat-related problems, such as a history of prior heat illness, be cautious. Avoid the heat and act quickly if you notice symptoms of overheating. If you take part in a strenuous sporting event or activity in hot weather, make sure there are medical services ready in case of a heat emergency.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Heatstroke?
|
Heatstroke is a condition caused by the body overheating. This usually happens because of exposure to high temperatures or physical activity in high temperatures for too long. There are a few stages of heat injury, and heatstroke is the most serious. It can happen if body temperature rises to 104 F (40 C) or higher. Heatstroke is most common in the summer months.
Heatstroke needs emergency care. If it's not treated, heatstroke can quickly damage the brain, heart, kidneys and muscles. This damage gets worse the longer treatment is delayed, which increases the risk of serious complications or death.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Heatstroke?
|
Heatstroke symptoms include:
• High body temperature.A core body temperature of 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40 degrees Celsius) or higher is the main sign of heatstroke.
• Change in mental state or behavior.Confusion, agitation, slurred speech, irritability, delirium, seizures and coma can all result from heatstroke.
• Change in sweating pattern.In heatstroke brought on by hot weather, skin feels hot and dry to the touch. However, in heatstroke brought on by strenuous exercise, sweating may be profuse.
• Nausea and vomiting.Someone with heatstroke may feel sick to their stomach or vomit.
• Flushed skin.Skin may turn red as body temperature increases.
• Rapid breathing.Breathing may become rapid and shallow.
• Racing heart rate.Pulse may significantly increase because heat stress places an extreme burden on the heart to help cool the body.
• Headache.Heatstroke may cause the head to throb.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Heatstroke?
|
Heatstroke can happen as a result of:
• Being in a hot environment.In a type of heatstroke, called nonexertional (classic) heatstroke, being in a hot environment leads to a rise in core body temperature. This type of heatstroke typically happens after exposure to hot, humid weather, especially for a long period of time. It happens most often in older adults and in people with ongoing health conditions.
• Doing strenuous activity.Exertional heatstroke is caused by an increase in core body temperature brought on by intense physical activity in hot weather. Anyone exercising or working in hot weather can get exertional heatstroke, but it's most likely to happen if you're not used to high temperatures.
In either type of heatstroke, your condition can be brought on by:
• Wearing heavy clothingthat prevents sweat from evaporating easily and cooling the body.
• Drinking alcohol,which can affect the body's ability to regulate temperature.
• Becoming dehydratedby not drinking enough water to replenish fluids lost through sweating.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Heatstroke?
|
Anyone can develop heatstroke, but several factors increase your risk:
• Age.The ability to cope with extreme heat depends on the strength of the central nervous system. In the very young, the central nervous system is not fully developed. In adults over 65, the central nervous system becomes less responsive, which makes the body less able to cope with changes in body temperature. Both age groups usually have difficulty remaining hydrated, which also increases risk.
• Exertion in hot weather.Military training and participating in sports, such as football or long-distance running events, in hot weather are among the situations that can lead to heatstroke.
• Sudden exposure to hot weather.People may be more susceptible to heat-related illness when they're exposed to a sudden increase in temperature, such as during an early-summer heat wave or travel to a hotter climate.Limit activity for at least several days to allow time to acclimate to the temperature change. However, there may still be an increased risk of heatstroke until a person experiences several weeks of higher temperatures.
• A lack of air conditioning.Fans may make you feel better, but during sustained hot weather, air conditioning is the most effective way to cool down and lower humidity.
• Certain medicines.Some medicines affect your body's ability to stay hydrated and respond to heat. Be especially careful in hot weather if you take medicines that narrow your blood vessels (vasoconstrictors), regulate your blood pressure by blocking adrenaline (beta blockers), rid your body of sodium and water (diuretics), or reduce psychiatric symptoms (antidepressants or antipsychotics).Stimulants for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and illegal stimulants such as amphetamines and cocaine also make you more vulnerable to heatstroke.
• Certain health conditions.Certain chronic illnesses, such as heart or lung disease, might increase your risk of heatstroke. So can being overweight, being inactive and having a history of previous heatstroke.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Heatstroke?
|
Heatstroke can result in a number of complications, depending on how long the body temperature is high. Serious complications include:
• Vital organ damage.Without a quick response to lower the body temperature, heatstroke can cause the brain or other vital organs to swell, possibly resulting in permanent damage.
• Death.Without prompt and adequate treatment, heatstroke can be fatal.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Heatstroke?
|
Heatstroke is predictable and preventable. Take these steps to prevent heatstroke during hot weather:
• Wear loose-fitting, lightweight clothing.Excess clothing or clothing that fits tightly doesn't allow your body to cool properly. Clothes made of linen, silk, cotton or hemp are cooling.
• Protect against sunburn.Sunburn affects your body's ability to cool itself, so protect yourself outdoors with a wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses. And use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15. Apply sunscreen generously, and reapply every two hours — or more often if you're swimming or sweating.
• Drink plenty of fluids.Stay hydrated to help your body sweat and maintain a normal body temperature.
• Take extra precautions with certain medicines.Be on the lookout for heat-related problems if you take medicines that can affect your body's ability to stay hydrated and dissipate heat.
• Never leave anyone in a parked car.This is a common cause of heat-related deaths in children. When a car is parked in the sun, the temperature in the car can rise 20 degrees Fahrenheit (more than 11 degrees Celsius) in 10 minutes.It's not safe to leave a person in a parked car in warm or hot weather, even if the windows are cracked or the car is in shade. When your car is parked, keep it locked to prevent a child from getting inside.
• Take it easy during the hottest parts of the day.If you can't avoid strenuous activity in hot weather, drink fluids and rest frequently in a cool spot. Try to schedule exercise or physical labor for cooler parts of the day, such as early morning or evening.
• Get acclimated.Limit time spent working or exercising in heat until you're conditioned to it. People who are not used to hot weather are especially susceptible to heat-related illness. It can take several weeks for your body to adjust to hot weather.
Be cautious if you're at increased risk.If you take medicines or have a condition that increases your risk of heat-related problems, avoid the heat and act quickly if you notice symptoms of overheating. If you participate in a strenuous sporting event or activity in hot weather, make sure there are medical services available in case of a heat emergency.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Hemangioma?
|
A hemangioma (he-man-jee-O-muh), also known as an infantile hemangioma or hemangioma of infancy, is a bright red birthmark. It looks like a rubbery bump or flat red patch and is made up of extra blood vessels in the skin. The mark shows up at birth or in the first month of life.
A hemangioma typically appears on the face, scalp, chest or back, though it can be anywhere on the skin. Treatment generally isn't needed for a baby's hemangioma, as the mark fades over time. Typically, there is little trace of it by age 10. You may want to think about treatment for the child if a hemangioma leads to problems with vision, breathing or other bodily functions. You also may think about treatment if the hemangioma is in a cosmetically sensitive area.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Hemangioma?
|
A hemangioma may be visible at birth, but it appears more often during the first month of life. It starts as a flat red mark on the body, most often on the face, scalp, chest or back. A child generally only has one mark, but some children may have more than one mark.
During your child's first year, the red mark may grow rapidly into a spongy, rubbery-looking bump that sticks out from the skin. The hemangioma then enters a rest phase. Then it will begin to slowly go away.
Many hemangiomas go away by age 5, and most go away by age 10. The skin may be slightly discolored or raised after the hemangioma goes away.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Hemangioma?
|
A hemangioma is made up of extra blood vessels that group together into a dense clump. What causes the vessels to clump isn't known.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Hemangioma?
|
Hemangiomas occur more often in babies who are female, white or born prematurely. Babies with a low birth weight also are more likely to have a hemangioma.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Hemangioma?
|
At times, a hemangioma can break down and develop a sore. This can lead to pain, bleeding, scarring or infection. Depending on the hemangioma's location, it may cause problems with your child's vision, breathing, hearing or ability to go to the bathroom. But this is rare.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Hemifacial spasm?
|
Hemifacial spasm is a nervous system condition in which the muscles on one side of the face twitch. The cause of hemifacial spasm is most often a blood vessel touching or pulsing against a facial nerve. A facial nerve injury or a tumor also can cause it. Sometimes there is no known cause.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Hemifacial spasm?
|
Common symptoms of hemifacial spasm include jerking of muscles in the face that are most often:
• On one side of the face.
• Not controllable.
• Painless.
These muscle movements, also called contractions, often start in the eyelid. Then they might move on to the cheek and mouth on the same side of the face. At first, hemifacial spasms come and go. But over months to years, they occur almost all the time.
Sometimes, hemifacial spasms occur on both sides of the face. However, the twitching doesn't occur on both sides of the face at the same time.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Hemifacial spasm?
|
A blood vessel touching a facial nerve is the most common cause of hemifacial spasm. A facial nerve injury or a tumor also can cause it. Sometimes the cause isn't known.
Hemifacial spasm sometimes starts as a result of:
• Moving the muscles in the face.
• Anxiety.
• Stress.
• Being tired.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Hemochromatosis?
|
Hemochromatosis (he-moe-kroe-muh-TOE-sis) is a condition that causes the body to absorb too much iron from food. Excess iron is stored in the organs, especially the liver, heart and pancreas. Too much iron can lead to life-threatening conditions, such as liver disease, heart problems and diabetes.
There are a few types of hemochromatosis, but the most common type is caused by a gene change passed down through families. Only a few people who have the genes ever develop serious problems. Symptoms usually appear in midlife.
Treatment includes regularly removing blood from the body. Because much of the body's iron is contained in red blood cells, this treatment lowers iron levels.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Hemochromatosis?
|
Some people with hemochromatosis never have symptoms. Early symptoms often overlap with those of other common conditions.
Symptoms may include:
• Joint pain.
• Belly pain.
• Fatigue.
• Weakness.
• Diabetes.
• Loss of sex drive.
• Impotence.
• Heart failure.
• Liver failure.
• Bronze or gray skin color.
• Memory fog.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Hemochromatosis?
|
Hemochromatosis is most often caused by a change in a gene. This gene controls the amount of iron the body absorbs from food. The altered gene is passed from parents to children. This type of hemochromatosis is by far the most common type. It's called hereditary hemochromatosis.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Hemochromatosis?
|
Factors that increase the risk of hemochromatosis include:
• Having two copies of an altered HFE gene.This is the greatest risk factor for hereditary hemochromatosis.
• Family history.Having a parent or sibling with hemochromatosis increases the likelihood of developing the disease.
• Ethnicity.People of Northern European descent are more prone to hereditary hemochromatosis than are people of other ethnic backgrounds. Hemochromatosis is less common in people of Black, Hispanic and Asian ancestry.
• Sex.Men are more likely than women to develop symptoms of hemochromatosis at an earlier age. Because women lose iron through menstruation and pregnancy, they tend to store less of the mineral than men do. After menopause or a hysterectomy, the risk increases for women.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Hemochromatosis?
|
Untreated, hemochromatosis can lead to several complications. These complications especially affect the joints and organs where excess iron tends to be stored, such as the liver, pancreas and heart. Complications can include:
• Liver issues.Cirrhosis — permanent scarring of the liver — is just one of the complications that may happen. Cirrhosis increases the risk of liver cancer and other life-threatening complications.
• Diabetes.Damage to the pancreas can lead to diabetes.
• Heart problems.Excess iron in the heart affects the heart's ability to circulate enough blood for the body's needs. This is called congestive heart failure. Hemochromatosis also can cause irregular heart rhythms, called arrhythmias.
• Reproductive problems.Excess iron can lead to erectile dysfunction and loss of sex drive in men. It can cause an absence of the menstrual cycle in women.
• Skin color changes.Deposits of iron in skin cells can make the skin appear bronze or gray in color.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)?
|
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a condition that can occur when small blood vessels become damaged and inflamed. This damage can cause clots to form in the vessels all through the body. The clots can damage the kidneys and other organs. Hemolytic uremic syndrome can lead to kidney failure, which can be life-threatening.
Anyone can get hemolytic uremic syndrome. But it's most common in young children. Most often, infection with certain strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria is the cause.
Other infections, certain medicines or conditions such as pregnancy, cancer or autoimmune diseases can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome. It also can be the result of certain gene changes.
Hemolytic uremic syndrome is serious. But treating it in time leads to a full recovery for most people, especially young children.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)?
|
The symptoms of hemolytic uremic syndrome vary, depending on the cause. The first symptoms of hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by E. coli bacteria might include:
• Diarrhea, which is often bloody.
• Pain, cramping or bloating in the stomach area.
• Fever.
• Vomiting.
All forms of hemolytic uremic syndrome damage blood vessels. This damage causes red blood cells to break down, called anemia. The condition also causes blood clots to form in the blood vessels and, in turn, damage the kidneys.
Symptoms of these changes include:
• Loss of color in the skin.
• Extreme tiredness.
• Easy bruising.
• Unusual bleeding, such as bleeding from the nose and mouth.
• Decreased urinating or blood in the urine.
• Swelling, called edema, of the legs, feet or ankles. Swelling occurs less often in the face, hands, feet or entire body.
• Confusion, seizures or stroke.
• High blood pressure.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the causes of Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)?
|
The most common cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome is infection with certain strains of E. coli bacteria. This is especially true for children under age 5. Some of the E. coli strains make a toxin called Shiga toxin. These strains are called Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC).
Most of the hundreds of types of E. coli are typical and harmless. But some strains of E. coli can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome.
Other causes of hemolytic uremic syndrome can include:
• Other infections.This can include infection with pneumococcal bacteria, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or a flu virus.
• Certain medicines.These can include some of the medicines used to treat cancer and some medicines used to keep people who receive donor organs from rejecting the organs.
• Complications of other conditions.Rarely, these conditions can include pregnancy or conditions such as autoimmune disease or cancer.
An uncommon type of hemolytic uremic syndrome, called atypical, can be passed down through families. People who inherit the gene that causes this form of hemolytic uremic syndrome don't always get the condition. But an infection, the use of certain medicines or ongoing health conditions can start hemolytic uremic syndrome in people with the gene.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the risk factors of Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)?
|
Hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by E.coli can occur if you:
• Eat meat, fruit or vegetables with the bacteria.
• Swim in pools or lakes that have feces with the bacteria.
• Have close contact with an infected person.
The risk of getting hemolytic uremic syndrome is highest for:
• Children 5 or younger.
• People who have weakened immune systems.
• People with certain gene changes.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the complications of Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)?
|
Hemolytic uremic syndrome can cause life-threatening complications, including:
• Kidney failure, which can be sudden, called acute, or happen over time, called chronic.
• High blood pressure.
• Stroke or seizures.
• Coma.
• Clotting problems, which can lead to bleeding.
• Heart problems.
• Digestive tract problems, such as problems with the intestines, gallbladder or pancreas.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What is the prevention of Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)?
|
Meat or produce that has E. coli won't always look, feel or smell bad. To protect against E. coli infection and other illnesses from foods:
• Don't drink milk, juice or cider that isn't processed to make it safe to drink, called pasteurized.
• Wash hands well before eating and after using the restroom and changing diapers.
• Clean utensils and food surfaces often.
• Cook meat to an inside temperature of at least 160 degrees Fahrenheit (71 degrees Celsius).
• Defrost meat in the microwave or refrigerator, not on the counter.
• Keep raw foods separate from other foods. Don't put cooked meat on plates that had raw meat on them.
• Store meat below produce in the refrigerator to cut the risk of liquids such as blood dripping on produce.
• Avoid unclean swimming areas. Don't swim if you have diarrhea.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the Overview of Hemophilia?
|
Hemophilia is a rare disorder in which the blood doesn't clot in the typical way because it doesn't have enough blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors). If you have hemophilia, you might bleed for a longer time after an injury than you would if your blood clotted properly.
Small cuts usually aren't much of a problem. If you have a severe form of the condition, the main concern is bleeding inside your body, especially in your knees, ankles and elbows. Internal bleeding can damage your organs and tissues and be life-threatening.
Hemophilia is almost always a genetic disorder. Treatment includes regular replacement of the specific clotting factor that is reduced. Newer therapies that don't contain clotting factors also are being used.
|
local_scraped
|
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
|
What are the symptoms of Hemophilia?
|
Signs and symptoms of hemophilia vary, depending on your level of clotting factors. If your clotting-factor level is mildly reduced, you might bleed only after surgery or trauma. If your deficiency is severe, you can bleed easily for seemingly no reason.
Signs and symptoms of spontaneous bleeding include:
• Unexplained and excessive bleeding from cuts or injuries, or after surgery or dental work
• Many large or deep bruises
• Unusual bleeding after vaccinations
• Pain, swelling or tightness in your joints
• Blood in your urine or stool
• Nosebleeds without a known cause
• In infants, unexplained irritability
|
local_scraped
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.