princeton-nlp/datasets-for-simcse · Datasets at Hugging Face

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About 800 prisoners died there and additional prisoners were transported to Mauthausen to be gassed.
In April 1945, 800 prisoners were beaten to death in Gusen II and transported to Gusen I for cremation.
Many prisoners who died had their cause of death listed as "heart failure", "blood circulation deficiency", "intestinal ulcer", or other fictitious causes.
For most of its history (except 1940 and 1943), there were more prisoners in Gusen than in the main camp.
Gusen was initially designated as a "reeducation camp" for Polish members of the intelligentsia.
The first transport of Polish prisoners arrived the same day that the camp officially opened.
By the end of 1940, eight thousand Poles had been transported to the subcamp and 1,500 had already died.
The first transport of Republican veterans of the Spanish Civil War arrived on 24 January 1941, and the 3846 Spaniards made up most of the arrivals in the first half of 1941.
Despite being targeted for excessive punishment by the SS guards—sixty percent died by the end of 1941, mostly in the quarries—the Spanish prisoners gained a reputation for solidarity.
Only 444 Spaniards were still alive by 1944.
In mid-1941, when "Aktion T4" personnel arrived at the camp, most of the prisoners were Poles and Spaniards.
Those unable to work were selected for death by T4 staff.
In 1941 many Dutch Jews were deported to Mauthausen.
None survived.
In September 1943, the first Italian prisoners arrived at the camp, where they faced a very high mortality rate.
Later in the war, French prisoners were sent to the camp under the Nacht und Nebel decree; some Allied aircrew shot down nearby were also imprisoned at the camp.
Gusen II, established in 1944, had mostly Soviet and Italian prisoners.
The SS encouraged animosity between prisoners of different nationalities.
There were no significant resistance groups in Gusen.
In 1945, some German and Austrian criminal prisoners were freed by volunteering for the Waffen-SS.
From 1943, the purpose of the camp was switched from quarrying to armaments production in vast underground factories, to protect the industrial output from Allied bombing.
Work on the tunnels was begun by the Kellerbau Kommando at the original Gusen camp, which had a high mortality rate.
The tunnels at Gusen were initially used for the production of Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aircraft.
The work took on new urgency after the bombing of the Messerschmitt plant in Regensburg on 17 August 1943.
Afterwards, 35 per cent of fighter production derived from Gusen and Flossenbürg.
By July 1944, 4,000 Gusen prisoners were working on aircraft production, and 77 trainloads of aircraft parts were exported each month.
Other prisoners produced rifles, machine guns, and airplane motors for Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG in 16 large warehouses northeast of the original Gusen camp.
In the tunnels, prisoners were supervised by Messerschmitt employees (engineers, foremen and skilled workers) who were forbidden to discuss the project with anyone on pain of death.
In January 1944, engineer Karl Fiebinger's plans called for of underground floor space in the tunnels (also known as B8 and "Esche 2"), equivalent to , stretching for ; the entrance was northwest of the camp.
The space was to serve as an underground factory for Messerschmitt 262 jet fighter aircraft, sufficient to produce 1,250 fuselages per month along with the entire slat production necessary.
Work began on the tunnels in March 1945 and was never completed.
Nevertheless, aircraft production began in early 1945 and before 1 May, 987 fuselages were built.
Most of the manufacturing work, including quality control, was done by prisoners, employed by Messerschmitt via the SS company DEST.
During air raids, Austrian civilians were ordered into the tunnels and were separated from the prisoners only by a wooden partition.
Prisoners who worked on arms production needed skills to be effective at their jobs and were therefore less replaceable.
Constructing and expanding the tunnels, and speed of construction was valued much higher than prisoners' lives, which had "disastrous" consequences for the prisoners.
At first, prisoners had to walk to the Bergkristall, but later a purpose-built railway transported 100 prisoners per cattle car.
Prisoners worked for a week in the day shift, and the next week in the night shift.
They had to spend up to 14 hours a day in transit or in the tunnels, where the dust was so thick that they had to use headlamps to use pneumatic drills.
They were quickly worn out by the dust and lack of oxygen such that 100 died in the tunnels each day.
In 1944, two subcamps of Gusen opened and the main camp was redesignated "Gusen I".
Gusen II, which opened on 9 March, was close to the main camp, separated only by a potato field, and also located on the St. Georgen road.
Its prisoners—a planned 10,000—were dedicated to arms construction at the Bergkristall; others worked for Steyr-Daimler-Puch.
At Gusen II, many of the personnel were Luftwaffe guards, numbering 2,000 by the war's end.
One of the main commandos, Bergkristall-Fertigung, worked for the Luftwaffe while the other, Bergkristall-Bau, for the SS.
By the end of 1944, there were 12,000 prisoners at Gusen II.
Gusen III was north, near Lungitz; its 260 prisoners worked in a nearby brick factory and in manufacturing parts for Messerschmitt, in barracks rather than tunnels.
Some also worked on a project to connect Lungitz to St. Georgen by tunnel.
According to testimony, conditions at Gusen III were even worse than the other two subcamps.
Both subcamps were under the command of .
Despite the efforts of a dedicated counter-intelligence unit, reports of aircraft production at Gusen II were received by United States intelligence from the Austrian resistance on 3 December 1944.
In late January 1944, there were 7,312 prisoners which increased to 20,487 by 4 May 1945.
About 4,000 Warsaw Uprising detainees were sent to Gusen in late 1944 and additional prisoners arrived due to the evacuation of concentration camps in early 1945 as Allied armies approached.
By the end of March, there were about 24,000 prisoners in the three Gusen camps.
In April, additional prisoners were transferred to Gusen from subcamps closer to the front line.
Many prisoners had become (emaciated), many suffered from typhus, dysentery, tuberculosis, or pneumonia, and some lacked clothes.
Overcrowding meant that there were three people to a bunk, and conditions were even worse in Block 31, where those suffering from dysentery were thrown on the floor and denied food.
In April 1945, Ziereis contemplated murdering the 40,000 prisoners at Gusen by trapping them in the tunnels and detonating them with dynamite.
He passed the order on to Seidler and an ammunition depot was set up nearby by 28 April.
Two of the five entrances of the Sandkeller tunnels at Gusen I were walled off and explosives placed at the entrances of the Kellerbau and Bergkristal tunnels.
This "murderous brainstorming", in the words of historian Daniel Blatman, was never carried out due to the collapse of Nazi authority.
Individual SS members began to desert in large numbers on the night of 2–3 May.
More SS left the camp in groups on 3 May 1945, with the pretext of fighting the Soviet army, although most, in fact, hid in the surrounding woods and hills.
Over the next day, the prisoners gradually realized that they were free; able-bodied prisoners left the camp.
Most of the SS had left by the time elements of the United States 11th Armored Division arrived in the early morning of 5 May.
Staff Sergeant Albert J. Kosiek, in charge of a platoon in the 41st Cavalry Squadron, was ordered to investigate a suspected enemy strongpoint near Mauthausen, and to check the bridge near Gusen which was intended to be used by American tanks.
He first reached Gusen III, where the newly recruited guards, formerly firemen from Vienna, were very willing to surrender.
Only two American soldiers were left behind to escort them to the American brigade's headquarters.
North of St. Georgen, Kosiek encountered a Red Cross representative who told him that there was a concentration camp at Mauthausen and 400 SS who wanted to surrender.
Because he did not have enough men to accept the SS surrender, Kosiek tested the bridge and bypassed Gusen II and Gusen I on the way to Mauthausen.
Over the next twenty-four hours, the remaining SS burned all documents relating to the Messerschmitt 262 in the Gusen crematorium.
Kosiek accepted the surrender of the 800 SS at Gusen while returning to headquarters the next day.
More American forces arrived at Gusen later the same day.
They found a situation of complete chaos, as prisoners killed each other with weapons abandoned by the fleeing SS.
Many of the sickest prisoners had been sealed in barracks without food or water; when the American soldiers opened them it was rare to find more than one or two still alive.
A group of kapos responsible for atrocities barricaded themselves in Block 32.
Some committed suicide while others were torn apart by the mob.
Following the liberation, some former kapos were killed by surviving inmates.
Although German-speaking prisoners who had angered the numerically dominant Poles were at most risk of lynching, most prisoners were more interested in obtaining food than revenge, and most kapos escaped unmolested and were never held to account for their crimes.
Russian and Polish prisoners attacked each other and had to be forcibly separated.
In the next several weeks, local Austrians lived in fear of renegade SS, bands of maurading kapos, and former prisoners.
On 8 May, Nazi party members were ordered to bury the dead in the potato field between Gusen I and II while local citizens were forced to watch.
On 27 July 1945, American troops retreated from the area according to the Yalta Agreement, taking with them all the unfinished aircraft from the tunnels.
The remaining prisoners who were too weak to move were put in the charge of the Soviet occupation forces.
At least 16 former guards and kapos were convicted during the Mauthausen Trial at Dachau.
Former kapo Rudolf Fiegl was convicted, sentenced to death, and hanged for gassing prisoners, as was the SS doctor Vetter.
Chmielewski escaped the first trial and lived in Austria under false papers.
In 1956 he was recognized and arrested.
Following a 1961 trial in which he was convicted of 282 murders, he was sentenced to life in prison.
Jentsch, involved in the "death baths", was arrested in West Germany, tried in Hagen in 1967, convicted, and sentenced to life in prison.
More than 70 criminal investigations were opened by West German prosecutors.
The former site of Gusen I and II was redeveloped into a village and most of the concentration camp buildings were demolished.
, the Poschacher quarry adjacent to Gusen I was still in use, the former tunnels are privately owned and not open to the public, as is the entrance to Gusen I.
The memorial at Gusen, privately built, was acquired by the government in 1997 which has since maintained it and also built a small museum nearby in 2004.
In the 2010s, local municipalities around Mauthausen and Gusen set up a ("consciousness region") in order to promote preservation and restoration of the sites.
In 2013, two archaeologists conducted rescue archaeology at the former Gusen crematorium.
In late 2019 and early 2020, the Polish government suggested that the Gusen village should be bought and additional efforts made to commemorate the victims of the camp.
In January 2020, the Austrian government announced that it was setting aside EU€2 million (USD$2.2 million) to that end.
Bad Ragaz railway station
Bad Ragaz railway station () is a railway station in the municipality of Bad Ragaz, in the Swiss canton of St. Gallen.

About 800 prisoners died there and additional prisoners were transported to Mauthausen to be gassed.

In April 1945, 800 prisoners were beaten to death in Gusen II and transported to Gusen I for cremation.

Many prisoners who died had their cause of death listed as "heart failure", "blood circulation deficiency", "intestinal ulcer", or other fictitious causes.

For most of its history (except 1940 and 1943), there were more prisoners in Gusen than in the main camp.

Gusen was initially designated as a "reeducation camp" for Polish members of the intelligentsia.

The first transport of Polish prisoners arrived the same day that the camp officially opened.

By the end of 1940, eight thousand Poles had been transported to the subcamp and 1,500 had already died.

The first transport of Republican veterans of the Spanish Civil War arrived on 24 January 1941, and the 3846 Spaniards made up most of the arrivals in the first half of 1941.

Despite being targeted for excessive punishment by the SS guards—sixty percent died by the end of 1941, mostly in the quarries—the Spanish prisoners gained a reputation for solidarity.

Only 444 Spaniards were still alive by 1944.

In mid-1941, when "Aktion T4" personnel arrived at the camp, most of the prisoners were Poles and Spaniards.

Those unable to work were selected for death by T4 staff.

In 1941 many Dutch Jews were deported to Mauthausen.

None survived.

In September 1943, the first Italian prisoners arrived at the camp, where they faced a very high mortality rate.

Later in the war, French prisoners were sent to the camp under the Nacht und Nebel decree; some Allied aircrew shot down nearby were also imprisoned at the camp.

Gusen II, established in 1944, had mostly Soviet and Italian prisoners.

The SS encouraged animosity between prisoners of different nationalities.

There were no significant resistance groups in Gusen.

In 1945, some German and Austrian criminal prisoners were freed by volunteering for the Waffen-SS.

From 1943, the purpose of the camp was switched from quarrying to armaments production in vast underground factories, to protect the industrial output from Allied bombing.

Work on the tunnels was begun by the Kellerbau Kommando at the original Gusen camp, which had a high mortality rate.

The tunnels at Gusen were initially used for the production of Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aircraft.

The work took on new urgency after the bombing of the Messerschmitt plant in Regensburg on 17 August 1943.

Afterwards, 35 per cent of fighter production derived from Gusen and Flossenbürg.

By July 1944, 4,000 Gusen prisoners were working on aircraft production, and 77 trainloads of aircraft parts were exported each month.

Other prisoners produced rifles, machine guns, and airplane motors for Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG in 16 large warehouses northeast of the original Gusen camp.

In the tunnels, prisoners were supervised by Messerschmitt employees (engineers, foremen and skilled workers) who were forbidden to discuss the project with anyone on pain of death.

In January 1944, engineer Karl Fiebinger's plans called for of underground floor space in the tunnels (also known as B8 and "Esche 2"), equivalent to , stretching for ; the entrance was northwest of the camp.

The space was to serve as an underground factory for Messerschmitt 262 jet fighter aircraft, sufficient to produce 1,250 fuselages per month along with the entire slat production necessary.

Work began on the tunnels in March 1945 and was never completed.

Nevertheless, aircraft production began in early 1945 and before 1 May, 987 fuselages were built.

Most of the manufacturing work, including quality control, was done by prisoners, employed by Messerschmitt via the SS company DEST.

During air raids, Austrian civilians were ordered into the tunnels and were separated from the prisoners only by a wooden partition.

Prisoners who worked on arms production needed skills to be effective at their jobs and were therefore less replaceable.

Constructing and expanding the tunnels, and speed of construction was valued much higher than prisoners' lives, which had "disastrous" consequences for the prisoners.

At first, prisoners had to walk to the Bergkristall, but later a purpose-built railway transported 100 prisoners per cattle car.

Prisoners worked for a week in the day shift, and the next week in the night shift.

They had to spend up to 14 hours a day in transit or in the tunnels, where the dust was so thick that they had to use headlamps to use pneumatic drills.

They were quickly worn out by the dust and lack of oxygen such that 100 died in the tunnels each day.

In 1944, two subcamps of Gusen opened and the main camp was redesignated "Gusen I".

Gusen II, which opened on 9 March, was close to the main camp, separated only by a potato field, and also located on the St. Georgen road.

Its prisoners—a planned 10,000—were dedicated to arms construction at the Bergkristall; others worked for Steyr-Daimler-Puch.

At Gusen II, many of the personnel were Luftwaffe guards, numbering 2,000 by the war's end.

One of the main commandos, Bergkristall-Fertigung, worked for the Luftwaffe while the other, Bergkristall-Bau, for the SS.

By the end of 1944, there were 12,000 prisoners at Gusen II.

Gusen III was north, near Lungitz; its 260 prisoners worked in a nearby brick factory and in manufacturing parts for Messerschmitt, in barracks rather than tunnels.

Some also worked on a project to connect Lungitz to St. Georgen by tunnel.

According to testimony, conditions at Gusen III were even worse than the other two subcamps.

Both subcamps were under the command of .

Despite the efforts of a dedicated counter-intelligence unit, reports of aircraft production at Gusen II were received by United States intelligence from the Austrian resistance on 3 December 1944.

In late January 1944, there were 7,312 prisoners which increased to 20,487 by 4 May 1945.

About 4,000 Warsaw Uprising detainees were sent to Gusen in late 1944 and additional prisoners arrived due to the evacuation of concentration camps in early 1945 as Allied armies approached.

By the end of March, there were about 24,000 prisoners in the three Gusen camps.

In April, additional prisoners were transferred to Gusen from subcamps closer to the front line.

Many prisoners had become (emaciated), many suffered from typhus, dysentery, tuberculosis, or pneumonia, and some lacked clothes.

Overcrowding meant that there were three people to a bunk, and conditions were even worse in Block 31, where those suffering from dysentery were thrown on the floor and denied food.

In April 1945, Ziereis contemplated murdering the 40,000 prisoners at Gusen by trapping them in the tunnels and detonating them with dynamite.

He passed the order on to Seidler and an ammunition depot was set up nearby by 28 April.

Two of the five entrances of the Sandkeller tunnels at Gusen I were walled off and explosives placed at the entrances of the Kellerbau and Bergkristal tunnels.

This "murderous brainstorming", in the words of historian Daniel Blatman, was never carried out due to the collapse of Nazi authority.

Individual SS members began to desert in large numbers on the night of 2–3 May.

More SS left the camp in groups on 3 May 1945, with the pretext of fighting the Soviet army, although most, in fact, hid in the surrounding woods and hills.

Over the next day, the prisoners gradually realized that they were free; able-bodied prisoners left the camp.

Most of the SS had left by the time elements of the United States 11th Armored Division arrived in the early morning of 5 May.

Staff Sergeant Albert J. Kosiek, in charge of a platoon in the 41st Cavalry Squadron, was ordered to investigate a suspected enemy strongpoint near Mauthausen, and to check the bridge near Gusen which was intended to be used by American tanks.

He first reached Gusen III, where the newly recruited guards, formerly firemen from Vienna, were very willing to surrender.

Only two American soldiers were left behind to escort them to the American brigade's headquarters.

North of St. Georgen, Kosiek encountered a Red Cross representative who told him that there was a concentration camp at Mauthausen and 400 SS who wanted to surrender.

Because he did not have enough men to accept the SS surrender, Kosiek tested the bridge and bypassed Gusen II and Gusen I on the way to Mauthausen.

Over the next twenty-four hours, the remaining SS burned all documents relating to the Messerschmitt 262 in the Gusen crematorium.

Kosiek accepted the surrender of the 800 SS at Gusen while returning to headquarters the next day.

More American forces arrived at Gusen later the same day.

They found a situation of complete chaos, as prisoners killed each other with weapons abandoned by the fleeing SS.

Many of the sickest prisoners had been sealed in barracks without food or water; when the American soldiers opened them it was rare to find more than one or two still alive.

A group of kapos responsible for atrocities barricaded themselves in Block 32.

Some committed suicide while others were torn apart by the mob.

Following the liberation, some former kapos were killed by surviving inmates.

Although German-speaking prisoners who had angered the numerically dominant Poles were at most risk of lynching, most prisoners were more interested in obtaining food than revenge, and most kapos escaped unmolested and were never held to account for their crimes.

Russian and Polish prisoners attacked each other and had to be forcibly separated.

In the next several weeks, local Austrians lived in fear of renegade SS, bands of maurading kapos, and former prisoners.

On 8 May, Nazi party members were ordered to bury the dead in the potato field between Gusen I and II while local citizens were forced to watch.

On 27 July 1945, American troops retreated from the area according to the Yalta Agreement, taking with them all the unfinished aircraft from the tunnels.

The remaining prisoners who were too weak to move were put in the charge of the Soviet occupation forces.

At least 16 former guards and kapos were convicted during the Mauthausen Trial at Dachau.

Former kapo Rudolf Fiegl was convicted, sentenced to death, and hanged for gassing prisoners, as was the SS doctor Vetter.

Chmielewski escaped the first trial and lived in Austria under false papers.

In 1956 he was recognized and arrested.

Following a 1961 trial in which he was convicted of 282 murders, he was sentenced to life in prison.

Jentsch, involved in the "death baths", was arrested in West Germany, tried in Hagen in 1967, convicted, and sentenced to life in prison.

More than 70 criminal investigations were opened by West German prosecutors.

The former site of Gusen I and II was redeveloped into a village and most of the concentration camp buildings were demolished.

, the Poschacher quarry adjacent to Gusen I was still in use, the former tunnels are privately owned and not open to the public, as is the entrance to Gusen I.

The memorial at Gusen, privately built, was acquired by the government in 1997 which has since maintained it and also built a small museum nearby in 2004.

In the 2010s, local municipalities around Mauthausen and Gusen set up a ("consciousness region") in order to promote preservation and restoration of the sites.

In 2013, two archaeologists conducted rescue archaeology at the former Gusen crematorium.

In late 2019 and early 2020, the Polish government suggested that the Gusen village should be bought and additional efforts made to commemorate the victims of the camp.

In January 2020, the Austrian government announced that it was setting aside EU€2 million (USD$2.2 million) to that end.

Bad Ragaz railway station

Bad Ragaz railway station () is a railway station in the municipality of Bad Ragaz, in the Swiss canton of St. Gallen.