princeton-nlp/datasets-for-simcse · Datasets at Hugging Face

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They have five children.
Wisniewski and his family live in Post Falls, Idaho.
Xiang Jinwu
Xiang Jinwu (; born February 1964) is a Chinese engineer and professor at Beihang University.
Xiang was born in Pingjiang County, Hunan, in February 1964.
He secondary studied at Xiangyin No.1 High School.
After graduating from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1984, he became a designer at China Helicopter Design and Research Institute.
He received his master's degree in mechanics from Northwestern Polytechnical University in 1990 and doctor's degree from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1993, respectively.
he was a postdoctoral fellow at Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics between 1993 and 1995.
He joined the faculty of Beihang University in 1995.
He was the chief designer of "Long Eagle" nmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).
Gusen concentration camp
Gusen was a subcamp of Mauthausen concentration camp operated by the SS () between the villages of Sankt Georgen an der Gusen and Langestein in the Reichsgau Ostmark (currently Perg District, Upper Austria).
Primarily populated by Polish prisoners, there were also large numbers of Spanish Republicans, Soviet citizens, and Italians.
Initially, prisoners worked in nearby quarries, producing granite which was sold by the SS company DEST.
Conditions were worse than at the Mauthausen main camp due to the camp's purpose of extermination through labor of real and perceived enemies of Nazi Germany.
The life expectancy of prisoners was as short as six months, and at least 35,000 people died there from forced labor, starvation, and mass executions.
From 1943, the camp was an important center of armaments production for Messerschmitt and Steyr-Daimler-Puch.
In order to expand armaments production, the camp was redesignated Gusen I, and additional camps, Gusen II and Gusen III, were built.
Prisoners were forced to construct vast underground factories, the main one being the , intended for the production of Messerschmitt 262 jet fighter aircraft.
Nearly a thousand fuselages were produced there by the war's end.
The camp was liberated by the United States 11th Armored Division early in the morning of 5 May, 1945.
During the chaos of liberation, a number of former kapos were killed.
After the war, some SS personnel and kapos were tried for their crimes, although most went unpunished.
The site was redeveloped into a privately owned village, although there is a small museum run by the Austrian government.
Following World War I, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was broken up.
Most Austrians wanted a union with Germany, but the Allied victors forbade a plebiscite from being held and forced the new country to change its name from "Republic of German-Austria" to "Republic of Austria".
On 13 March 1938, Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in the ; German forces were greeted by enthusiastic crowds.
Immediately afterwards, a reign of terror began against anti-Nazis, Jews, and Austrians mistaken for Jews.
The Gestapo established an office in Vienna two days later.
Hundreds were arrested and deported to Dachau concentration camp.
The site of Mauthausen concentration camp was chosen in May 1938 by an SS delegation including Theodor Eicke and Oswald Pohl.
Along with Flossenbürg concentration camp, its purpose was to quarry granite for Nazi architectural projects.
The concentration camp, located on a plateau near Mauthausen, from Linz, was officially established in August.
By the end of next month, prisoners from Dachau had finished the barracks for prisoners and the SS.
The quarries, one of which was located near the village of Sankt Georgen an der Gusen on land partly purchased and partly leased from firm, were controlled by the SS enterprise DEST.
The first and largest subcamp of Mauthausen, Gusen began in December 1939 with a work detail of 10 or 12 German and Austrian prisoners who were assigned to build barracks adjacent to the Gusen quarry, about from Mauthausen.
The camp was built to increase the productivity of workers at the quarry just north of the site, who otherwise had to walk from the Mauthausen main camp and back again, reducing their productive hours.
Of all the quarries near Mauthausen, Gusen produced most of the architectural quality granite; it also produced freestone, paving stone, and gravel which was sold by DEST.
By January, the number of prisoners on the detail had increased to 400.
The prisoners were not given coats or gloves, and were not allowed to access the fires lit by kapos and SS guards.
About 1,800 Mauthausen prisoners died between December and April, many of them while working on the construction details at Gusen.
The camp was officially opened on 25 May 1940, when the first prisoners and guards moved in.
The camp was directly adjacent to the road between Sankt Georgen an der Gusen and nearby Langenstein; former prisoners recalled Austrian children passing by on the way to school.
Until the camp wall was completed, passerby had a full view of what was happening in the camp.
Conditions in Gusen were worse than at Mauthausen main camp.
In 1940 and 1941, the average life expectancy was six months, and the average weight of prisoners in 1940–1942 was .
The main purpose of the camp was extermination through labor of real and perceived political enemies of the Reich, rather than exploitation of their economic potential through slave labor, so mortality rates were higher than at most concentration camps.
One group of prisoners would die, but the number was maintained due to transports of incoming prisoners.
Work in the quarries, which was specifically intended to cause the death of prisoners, continued until the end of the war despite the opening of war production.
Prisoners faced starvation rations, forced labor, and beatings by guards and kapos, while being denied basic sanitary facilities.
The camp for prisoner accommodations was a rectangle, which covered and had 32 prisoner barracks, was surrounded by a barbed-wire fence.
Its intended capacity of 4,000 to 5,000 prisoners was soon exceeded.
Twice a day, prisoners were counted at the roll-call plaza at the eastern end of the camp.
Growth of the camp was fueled by the Gusen, Kastenhof, and Pierbauer quarries, whose stone was in demand throughout Austria.
Commandants of Gusen reported directly to Mauthausen commandant Franz Ziereis.
The first commandant was Anton Streitwieser, who was dismissed in May 1940 for running an unauthorized pig farm and feeding the pigs with rations siphoned from the supply intended for prisoners.
From 25 May 1940 to October 1942 or January 1943, the SS commandant was Karl Chmielewski, who had been a member of the SS since 1932 and the camp SS since 1935.
Often drunk, he personally beat, kicked, whipped, and killed prisoners.
During Chmielewski's rule, one half of prisoners died.
From October 1942 until the end of the war, Friedrich August Seidler was the commandant.
Seidler preferred "Prussian-style" brutality instead of his predecessor's indiscriminate style.
Until 1943, Gusen was run more of a branch of the main camp than as a subcamp, although it had separate administrative departments, such as Political Department.
Initially, the watchtowers, equipped with machine guns and searchlights, were made of wood; later they were replaced by granite.
In addition to the barbed-wire fence, an additional stone wall high was built around it in 1941; patrols of guards went between the barriers.
A third fence, of barbed wire, was added to encircle the entire camp complex, including external factories and quarries.
The SS had a separate complex for its own barracks, located outside of the prisoner camp.
In February 1940, there were about 600 SS guards (one for each ten prisoners).
This later increased to 2,000, and 3,000 by 1944.
They belonged to four Camp SS companies, part of .
In early 1945, many were drafted into the and were replaced by Viennese firemen, former Wehrmacht personnel, and militiamen.
Nazi human experimentation took place at Gusen, including surgical and tuberculosis experiments.
SS physician Helmut Vetter, who arrived in 1944, conducted the tuberculosis experiments by injecting the lungs of healthy prisoners with phlegmonic pus.
The victims were then forced to run until they collapsed, at which point they were killed by benzene injection to the lungs, which prolonged death.
Most of the prisoner functionaries, especially block leaders, were German criminal prisoners.
Some kapos were notorious for their brutality, including Wolf, a German who executed prisoners by hanging and stamped on the bodies, and the Spaniards Asturias, Félix Domingo, Indalecio González González, Losa, Tomás, and a man called "el Negro".
The Austrian kapo Rudolf Fiegl participated in gassing inmates.
On Sundays, football teams played on the for SS amusement.
Participants were rewarded with extra rations.
In 1942, a Nazi camp brothel opened at the camp in order to reduce the number of prisoner functionaries who were tempted to coerce young male inmates into sex.
At the brothel ten women, all considered "Aryan", were coerced into offering sex in exchange for a false promise of their freedom.
Most of them were drafted into a women's Waffen-SS unit in March 1945.
Some prisoners, no longer capable of hard labor, were sent from Mauthausen to Gusen in order to be killed.
At Gusen, the SS forced arriving prisoners to run in order to test their fitness.
Those unable to perform the task to SS satisfaction were immediately killed, a fate that befell 3,000 of the first 10,000 prisoners sent to Gusen.
Because they were never registered, these prisoners were not included in the official death statistics.
After two Polish prisoners, Victor Lukawski and Franc Kapacki, escaped on 13 August 1940, the eight hundred prisoners in their work detail had to run carrying rocks and were beaten by SS guards.
Later, they had to stand at attention all night without food.
Fourteen Polish prisoners died and so did Lukawski and Kapacki, who were beaten to death a few days later after being caught.
The Gusen crematorium, built by Topf and Sons and in use since late 1941, was under the command of Karl Wassner.
Either Chmielewski or invented a new execution method called (death baths).
Prisoners unable to work and others the SS wanted to kill were forced to stand under cold showers until they died, which could take twenty minutes to two hours.
The drains were blocked and those who tried to avoid the water were drowned.
Afterwards, falsified causes of death were entered into the official record.
This execution method was only used at Gusen, and was considered inefficient by SS actuaries.
During winter, prisoners were stripped naked and forced to stand outside of Block 32 at night in groups of 150.
Typically, half would die before morning and the rest would die the next day.
According to the official records, 27,842 people died at Gusen.
The actual number is believed to be at least 35,000 or more than 37,000.
During the final months of the war, an improvised gas chamber was devised at Gusen in a crudely converted barracks.

They have five children.

Wisniewski and his family live in Post Falls, Idaho.

Xiang Jinwu

Xiang Jinwu (; born February 1964) is a Chinese engineer and professor at Beihang University.

Xiang was born in Pingjiang County, Hunan, in February 1964.

He secondary studied at Xiangyin No.1 High School.

After graduating from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1984, he became a designer at China Helicopter Design and Research Institute.

He received his master's degree in mechanics from Northwestern Polytechnical University in 1990 and doctor's degree from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1993, respectively.

he was a postdoctoral fellow at Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics between 1993 and 1995.

He joined the faculty of Beihang University in 1995.

He was the chief designer of "Long Eagle" nmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).

Gusen concentration camp

Gusen was a subcamp of Mauthausen concentration camp operated by the SS () between the villages of Sankt Georgen an der Gusen and Langestein in the Reichsgau Ostmark (currently Perg District, Upper Austria).

Primarily populated by Polish prisoners, there were also large numbers of Spanish Republicans, Soviet citizens, and Italians.

Initially, prisoners worked in nearby quarries, producing granite which was sold by the SS company DEST.

Conditions were worse than at the Mauthausen main camp due to the camp's purpose of extermination through labor of real and perceived enemies of Nazi Germany.

The life expectancy of prisoners was as short as six months, and at least 35,000 people died there from forced labor, starvation, and mass executions.

From 1943, the camp was an important center of armaments production for Messerschmitt and Steyr-Daimler-Puch.

In order to expand armaments production, the camp was redesignated Gusen I, and additional camps, Gusen II and Gusen III, were built.

Prisoners were forced to construct vast underground factories, the main one being the , intended for the production of Messerschmitt 262 jet fighter aircraft.

Nearly a thousand fuselages were produced there by the war's end.

The camp was liberated by the United States 11th Armored Division early in the morning of 5 May, 1945.

During the chaos of liberation, a number of former kapos were killed.

After the war, some SS personnel and kapos were tried for their crimes, although most went unpunished.

The site was redeveloped into a privately owned village, although there is a small museum run by the Austrian government.

Following World War I, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was broken up.

Most Austrians wanted a union with Germany, but the Allied victors forbade a plebiscite from being held and forced the new country to change its name from "Republic of German-Austria" to "Republic of Austria".

On 13 March 1938, Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in the ; German forces were greeted by enthusiastic crowds.

Immediately afterwards, a reign of terror began against anti-Nazis, Jews, and Austrians mistaken for Jews.

The Gestapo established an office in Vienna two days later.

Hundreds were arrested and deported to Dachau concentration camp.

The site of Mauthausen concentration camp was chosen in May 1938 by an SS delegation including Theodor Eicke and Oswald Pohl.

Along with Flossenbürg concentration camp, its purpose was to quarry granite for Nazi architectural projects.

The concentration camp, located on a plateau near Mauthausen, from Linz, was officially established in August.

By the end of next month, prisoners from Dachau had finished the barracks for prisoners and the SS.

The quarries, one of which was located near the village of Sankt Georgen an der Gusen on land partly purchased and partly leased from firm, were controlled by the SS enterprise DEST.

The first and largest subcamp of Mauthausen, Gusen began in December 1939 with a work detail of 10 or 12 German and Austrian prisoners who were assigned to build barracks adjacent to the Gusen quarry, about from Mauthausen.

The camp was built to increase the productivity of workers at the quarry just north of the site, who otherwise had to walk from the Mauthausen main camp and back again, reducing their productive hours.

Of all the quarries near Mauthausen, Gusen produced most of the architectural quality granite; it also produced freestone, paving stone, and gravel which was sold by DEST.

By January, the number of prisoners on the detail had increased to 400.

The prisoners were not given coats or gloves, and were not allowed to access the fires lit by kapos and SS guards.

About 1,800 Mauthausen prisoners died between December and April, many of them while working on the construction details at Gusen.

The camp was officially opened on 25 May 1940, when the first prisoners and guards moved in.

The camp was directly adjacent to the road between Sankt Georgen an der Gusen and nearby Langenstein; former prisoners recalled Austrian children passing by on the way to school.

Until the camp wall was completed, passerby had a full view of what was happening in the camp.

Conditions in Gusen were worse than at Mauthausen main camp.

In 1940 and 1941, the average life expectancy was six months, and the average weight of prisoners in 1940–1942 was .

The main purpose of the camp was extermination through labor of real and perceived political enemies of the Reich, rather than exploitation of their economic potential through slave labor, so mortality rates were higher than at most concentration camps.

One group of prisoners would die, but the number was maintained due to transports of incoming prisoners.

Work in the quarries, which was specifically intended to cause the death of prisoners, continued until the end of the war despite the opening of war production.

Prisoners faced starvation rations, forced labor, and beatings by guards and kapos, while being denied basic sanitary facilities.

The camp for prisoner accommodations was a rectangle, which covered and had 32 prisoner barracks, was surrounded by a barbed-wire fence.

Its intended capacity of 4,000 to 5,000 prisoners was soon exceeded.

Twice a day, prisoners were counted at the roll-call plaza at the eastern end of the camp.

Growth of the camp was fueled by the Gusen, Kastenhof, and Pierbauer quarries, whose stone was in demand throughout Austria.

Commandants of Gusen reported directly to Mauthausen commandant Franz Ziereis.

The first commandant was Anton Streitwieser, who was dismissed in May 1940 for running an unauthorized pig farm and feeding the pigs with rations siphoned from the supply intended for prisoners.

From 25 May 1940 to October 1942 or January 1943, the SS commandant was Karl Chmielewski, who had been a member of the SS since 1932 and the camp SS since 1935.

Often drunk, he personally beat, kicked, whipped, and killed prisoners.

During Chmielewski's rule, one half of prisoners died.

From October 1942 until the end of the war, Friedrich August Seidler was the commandant.

Seidler preferred "Prussian-style" brutality instead of his predecessor's indiscriminate style.

Until 1943, Gusen was run more of a branch of the main camp than as a subcamp, although it had separate administrative departments, such as Political Department.

Initially, the watchtowers, equipped with machine guns and searchlights, were made of wood; later they were replaced by granite.

In addition to the barbed-wire fence, an additional stone wall high was built around it in 1941; patrols of guards went between the barriers.

A third fence, of barbed wire, was added to encircle the entire camp complex, including external factories and quarries.

The SS had a separate complex for its own barracks, located outside of the prisoner camp.

In February 1940, there were about 600 SS guards (one for each ten prisoners).

This later increased to 2,000, and 3,000 by 1944.

They belonged to four Camp SS companies, part of .

In early 1945, many were drafted into the and were replaced by Viennese firemen, former Wehrmacht personnel, and militiamen.

Nazi human experimentation took place at Gusen, including surgical and tuberculosis experiments.

SS physician Helmut Vetter, who arrived in 1944, conducted the tuberculosis experiments by injecting the lungs of healthy prisoners with phlegmonic pus.

The victims were then forced to run until they collapsed, at which point they were killed by benzene injection to the lungs, which prolonged death.

Most of the prisoner functionaries, especially block leaders, were German criminal prisoners.

Some kapos were notorious for their brutality, including Wolf, a German who executed prisoners by hanging and stamped on the bodies, and the Spaniards Asturias, Félix Domingo, Indalecio González González, Losa, Tomás, and a man called "el Negro".

The Austrian kapo Rudolf Fiegl participated in gassing inmates.

On Sundays, football teams played on the for SS amusement.

Participants were rewarded with extra rations.

In 1942, a Nazi camp brothel opened at the camp in order to reduce the number of prisoner functionaries who were tempted to coerce young male inmates into sex.

At the brothel ten women, all considered "Aryan", were coerced into offering sex in exchange for a false promise of their freedom.

Most of them were drafted into a women's Waffen-SS unit in March 1945.

Some prisoners, no longer capable of hard labor, were sent from Mauthausen to Gusen in order to be killed.

At Gusen, the SS forced arriving prisoners to run in order to test their fitness.

Those unable to perform the task to SS satisfaction were immediately killed, a fate that befell 3,000 of the first 10,000 prisoners sent to Gusen.

Because they were never registered, these prisoners were not included in the official death statistics.

After two Polish prisoners, Victor Lukawski and Franc Kapacki, escaped on 13 August 1940, the eight hundred prisoners in their work detail had to run carrying rocks and were beaten by SS guards.

Later, they had to stand at attention all night without food.

Fourteen Polish prisoners died and so did Lukawski and Kapacki, who were beaten to death a few days later after being caught.

The Gusen crematorium, built by Topf and Sons and in use since late 1941, was under the command of Karl Wassner.

Either Chmielewski or invented a new execution method called (death baths).

Prisoners unable to work and others the SS wanted to kill were forced to stand under cold showers until they died, which could take twenty minutes to two hours.

The drains were blocked and those who tried to avoid the water were drowned.

Afterwards, falsified causes of death were entered into the official record.

This execution method was only used at Gusen, and was considered inefficient by SS actuaries.

During winter, prisoners were stripped naked and forced to stand outside of Block 32 at night in groups of 150.

Typically, half would die before morning and the rest would die the next day.

According to the official records, 27,842 people died at Gusen.

The actual number is believed to be at least 35,000 or more than 37,000.

During the final months of the war, an improvised gas chamber was devised at Gusen in a crudely converted barracks.