princeton-nlp/datasets-for-simcse · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Marschall von Bieberstein was able to secure rejection by the congress of the initial wishes of the Prussian delegation that Nassau should simply be annexed to Prussia.
In the event, Nassau was able to retain its sovereignty for another half century, till .
It was as a mark of gratitude concerning his diplomatic achievements at the Congress of Vienna that in 1815/16 Marschall von Bieberstein was given the moated chateau and surrounding lands at Hahnstätten which today carries the "Bieberstein" name.
By the trauma of war and demonisation of Napoleon had done much to discredit political modernisation among a new generation of political leaders and across Europe more widely.
The mood at the Congress of Vienna was best exemplified by the cautious conservatism of the Prince Metternich and the Viscount Castlereagh.
Among these government heads, Marschall von Bieberstein was exceptional in having already been at the head of a government for almost as long as Frederick William III had been a king and Alexander I had been a tsar.
Yet Marschall von Bieberstein remained in charge of the government of Nassau.
His principal objective was always the preservation of the duchy.
It was evidently in order to facilitate that objective, in 1818/19 he turned away from reform.
Ernst Marschall von Bieberstein became a conservative.
By backing the so-called , Marschall von Bieberstein aligned himself with a powerful Austrian Foreign Minister (who after 1821 combined his ministerial responsibilities with the office of ).
The abrupt change of political focus also reflected a widespread opposition to further reform across Nassau and indeed across the German Confederation more generally.
On 23 March 1819 the well-known writer August von Kotzebue was murdered in Mannheim by a liberal-radical theology student called Karl Ludwig Sand.
On 1 July 1819 a serious (though ultimately unsucessful) attempt was made to assassinate Carl Ibell, who by this time had become a senior member of Marschall von Bieberstein's government in Nassau.
These were not isolated atrocities.
The postwar years were marked by austerity and hunger across Europe.
Popular discontent was on the rise and governments were increasingly nervous.
Towards the end of July 1819 Marschall von Bieberstein contacted Prince Metternich about his concerns over "demagoguic activities in the Rhine region".
He expressed particular concern that Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse (which bordered Nassau) had not been persuaded to take the necessary "serious measures" against fraterntities of malcontents at the universities in Darmstadt and Giessen.
Marschall von Bieberstein had, he assured the prince, already attempted to persuade the Grand Duke of Hesse to take the necessary steps, by exerting pressure through the Prussians, but these attempts had been fruitless.
The risks of revolutionaries gaining influence were compounded in the region by the absence of any hardline position on the part of the city authorities in nearby Frankfurt am Main.
As long as the trouble makers could find a safe haven in Germany's "free enclaves / cities", the "evil" would persist.
The situation in Nassau itself was not, he believed, "quite so dramatic", because political opposition came only from isolated individuals, rather than from the more organised radical fraternities that he identified elsewhere.
Nevertheless, action was necessary: neighbouring governments surrounding Nassau were not reacting appropriately to the risks identified.
Despite the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Austrian Empire remained, in most people's eyes, the most important member of the German Confederation: its continuing leadership role was taken for granted both by Prince Metternich and by Marschall von Bieberstein.
Metternich replied promptly, on 31 July 1819, thanking Marschall von Bieberstein for his letter which had, yet again, confirmed him in his own opinion that the member governments of the German confederation needed to work much more closely together.
Otherwise the states of Germany would face a downfall which would be of their own making.
Metternich was confident that the time for a decision was approaching fast: "A few weeks will be enough to shed light on the future path and to determine whether reason or revolution will prevail".
A was held on 1 August 1819, the day following the date on Metternich's letter to Marschall von Bieberstein, at the health resort of Teplitz in northern Bohemia: the meeting was arranged by Prince Metternich, representing Austria, in order to agree his position with King Frederick William III of Prussia and the Prussian chancellor, von Hardenberg.
On 2 August 1819 the eruption of a two month period of communal and antisemitic rioting intensified the perceived need for action against the dangers of a rerun of the French revolution centred, this time, on German-speaking central Europe.
Six weeks of negotiations involving leaders of the German confederation member states now took place at the health resort of Karlsbad in Bohemia, which resulted in the presentartion of the so-called Karlsbad decrees, which were accepted and ratified by the Bundesversammlung (the Frankfurt-based "parliament" of the German confederation) on 20 September 1819.
The document closely followed the pre-existing agreement between the Austrian and Prussian leaderships.
Reflecting the leaders' deep suspicion of universities as hotbeds of conspiracy and revolution, student fraternities were effectively outlawed.
Press restrictions amounting to state censorship were to be enacted.
In addition, an "Investigation Commission" was established, mandated to look into the facts relating to the "origin and manifold ramifications of the revolutionary plots and demagogical associations directed against the existing constitution and the internal peace both of the union and of the individual states; of the existence of which plots more or less clear evidence is to be had already, or may be produced in the course of the investigation".
Ernst Marschall von Bieberstein, whose correspondence has been preserved, now emerged as an uncompromising backer of the approach envisaged in the Karlsbad decrees, both diplomatically and in his conservative domestic authoritarianism during the ensuing fifteen years.
During the early 1830s Marschall von Bieberstein survived in office during the so-called "domaine dispute" even though the underlying inequities which triggered it were widely seen as a result of deficiencies in his own fiscal reforms fifteen years earlier.
Those deficiencies indeed went unaddressed till 1848, long after Marschall von Bieberstein had departed from the scene.)
It is, indeed, striking that the revolutionary tide of 1830/31 was far less disruptive of government and of daily life in Nassau than in many of the larger states of the German confederation including, notably, neighboring Hesse where revolutionaries forced the adoption of a newly in 1831.
The savage treatment meted out to the aging opposition leader in 1832 indicate that it was not just the pre-emptive impact of Marschall von Bieberstein's reform agenda fifteen years earlier, but also his willingness in the 1830s to adopt a hands-on which Prince Metternich himself would .
The central mission to preserve the duchy's sovreignty underpinned many of Marschall von Bieberstein's policies after 1819, including his backing of Metternch's determination to suppress .
It was also a reflection of his determination to preserve the duchy's independence to the maximum extent possible that he stubbornly resisted the development of a pan-German customs union, which came into existence in January 1834 but which, following Marschall von Bieberstein's death, Nassau joined only on 10 December 1835.
It was (at leasty in part) in order to undermine the development of a pan-German customs union that he travelled to Paris where on 19 September 1833 he agreed a trade deal with France which favoured the export from France of wines and silk products, and the export from Nassau of mineral water.
Ernst Marschall von Biebertein died in office at the start of 1834, half a year short of what would have been his sixty-fourth birthday.
Commentators nevertheless contend that the authoritarian régime that he established after 1819 comfortably outlived him, coming to an end only in 1848.1848/49.
In traditional scholars have focused on Marschall von Bieberstein's rejection of a customs union and on the reactionary domestic policies that he implemented after 1819.
His reforms during the Napoleonic period and his contribution during that period to the to modernisation of Nassau were often overlooked, probably because the duchy was annexed by Prussia in , so existed only for sixty years in total.
On 25 May 1802 Ernst Marschall von Bieberstein married Karoline von Veltheim (1783–1840).
She was a daughter of a senior diplomatic official (), (1731–1800) of (location of the von Veltheim's family home, at which the marriage ceremony took place).
It is known that the couple had (at least) eleven children (four sons and seven daughter) of whom some are listed here:
Nawaf Al-Aqidi
Nawaf Al-Aqidi (, born 10 May, 2000) in Saudi Arabia is a Saudi professional footballer who currently plays for Al-Nassr as a Goalkeeper.
Nawaf Al-Aqidi began his career at the youth team of Al-Nassr.
on 30 June 2019, He was chosen in the Saudi program to develop football talents established by General Sports Authority in Saudi Arabia .
He signed his first professional contract with Al-Nassr on 8 August 2019 .
.He returned from the program external due to family circumstances and was attached to the first team at Al-Nassr on 31 December 2019 .
On 11 January 2020, He was chosen to participate with the first team in Al-Nassr in the Al-Ittihad match .
.
Frank L. Meline
Frank L. Meline (August 5, 1875 - August 17, 1944) was an American real estate developer and architect.
He developed a subdivision of Bel Air in the 1920s, and he designed the Fifth Church of Christ, Scientist and Garden Court Apartments in Los Angeles, California.
According to "The Los Angeles Times", "Scarcely an undeveloped area in rapidly expanding Los Angeles failed to feel his touch, from city lots to vast acreages in suburban districts."
PNR 8000 class
The PNR 8000 class, otherwise known as the KRD-PNR DMUs, is a class of diesel multiple units (DMUs) operated by the Philippine National Railways since 2019.
The trains were manufactured by the Indonesian firm PT INKA.
The design was based on the existing multiple units of the company.
The INKA DMUs were inaugurated at Dela Rosa station on December 16, 2019 together with PNR and Department of Transportation officials.
It entered revenue service on the same day.
From December 16 to January 14, 2020, PNR offered free rides on these trainsets between Tutuban and FTI and vice-versa, but with 20-passenger limit per station only.
Tom Otis
Tom Otis is an American researcher, academic and author.
He is the Chief Scientific Officer at the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour and holds a Professorship in Neuroscience at University College London.
Otis' research has been focused on cellular and circuit function of the cerebellum and hippocampus, as well as preclinical models of spinocerebellar ataxia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Otis received a B.S.
and an M.S.
in Biological Sciences in 1988 from Stanford University.
He continued his education at Stanford University, where he received a Ph.D. in neuroscience in 1993.
Otis’ doctoral work was completed in the laboratory of Istvan Mody at Stanford University and focused on fundamental aspects of inhibitory synaptic transmission.
Using newly developed methods for patch clamping in brain slice preparations, Otis characterized the function of GABA-gated ion channels (GABAA receptors) and GABA activated G protein coupled receptors (GABAB receptors).
In 1998, Otis joined University of California, Los Angeles as an Assistant Professor, becoming Associate Professor in 2003 and Full Professor in 2007.
He became the Edith Agnes Plumb Endowed Chair in Neurobiology at UCLA in 2013.
He served as the Vice Chair of Department of Neurobiology at UCLA Medical Center from 2008 to 2013, and then as the Chair of the Neurobiology Department from 2013 to 2015.
From 2010 to 2014, he was the Vice Chair of Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Neuroscience at UCLA.
Otis took the position of Vice Director and Section Head of F. Hoffman-La Roche in 2015 while on leave of absence from UCLA.
In 2017, Otis left Roche and moved to the United Kingdom, where he joined University College of London as a Professor of Neuroscience and the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour as Chief Scientific Officer.
In postdoctoral work with Laurence Trussell at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Otis studied excitatory synaptic transmission, measuring glutamate receptor activation at a giant synapse in the chick auditory brainstem and constructing models of neurotransmitter diffusion and receptor gating that explain how glutamate interacts with postsynaptic receptors.
In postdoctoral work with Craig Jahr and Mike Kavanaugh, he used electrophysiological approaches and fast solution exchange to detail the biophysical function of glutamate transporters (the proteins responsible for removing glutamate from excitatory synapses).
In his own laboratory at UCLA, Otis extended this work to describe how glutamate transporters shape excitatory signals to different pools of glutamate receptors.
He hypothesized that a feedback loop between G protein coupled glutamate receptors and glutamate transporters might regulate ‘spill over’ of glutamate from synapses, thereby ensuring that excitatory synapses remain independent.
Otis' laboratory also characterized the pharmacology of certain subtypes of GABAA receptors that are located extrasynaptically.
In collaboration with the laboratory of Richard Olsen, he presented evidence that ethanol enhances these subtypes of GABAA receptors and that this likely contributes to the intoxicating and sedative effects of alcohol.
A main line of Otis' work has been directed at understanding how cerebellar circuits are involved in coordinating complex movements.
Using optogenetics to manipulate cerebellar circuits, Otis showed that robust but artificial associative memories can be imparted such that otherwise innocuous sensory stimuli can then generate aberrant movements.
These findings validate circuit-based models of cerebellar learning and suggest that learning may involve modifications at multiple sites in the cerebellar circuit.
In collaboration with the lab of Stefan Pulst, Otis’ team has characterized and studied mouse genetic models of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2.
Working with scientists at IONIS, the teams developed an antisense oligonucleotide targeting the SCA2 gene and showed that this molecule improves motor function in mice.
Due to the involvement of SCA2 in stress granules in degenerating neurons, the same antisense oligonucleotide against SCA2 has potential to treat other misfolded protein disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia.
Edouard Terwecoren
Edouard Terwecoren (1815–1872) was a Belgian Jesuit author.
Terwecoren was born in Vilvoorde on 17 June 1815.

Marschall von Bieberstein was able to secure rejection by the congress of the initial wishes of the Prussian delegation that Nassau should simply be annexed to Prussia.

In the event, Nassau was able to retain its sovereignty for another half century, till .

It was as a mark of gratitude concerning his diplomatic achievements at the Congress of Vienna that in 1815/16 Marschall von Bieberstein was given the moated chateau and surrounding lands at Hahnstätten which today carries the "Bieberstein" name.

By the trauma of war and demonisation of Napoleon had done much to discredit political modernisation among a new generation of political leaders and across Europe more widely.

The mood at the Congress of Vienna was best exemplified by the cautious conservatism of the Prince Metternich and the Viscount Castlereagh.

Among these government heads, Marschall von Bieberstein was exceptional in having already been at the head of a government for almost as long as Frederick William III had been a king and Alexander I had been a tsar.

Yet Marschall von Bieberstein remained in charge of the government of Nassau.

His principal objective was always the preservation of the duchy.

It was evidently in order to facilitate that objective, in 1818/19 he turned away from reform.

Ernst Marschall von Bieberstein became a conservative.

By backing the so-called , Marschall von Bieberstein aligned himself with a powerful Austrian Foreign Minister (who after 1821 combined his ministerial responsibilities with the office of ).

The abrupt change of political focus also reflected a widespread opposition to further reform across Nassau and indeed across the German Confederation more generally.

On 23 March 1819 the well-known writer August von Kotzebue was murdered in Mannheim by a liberal-radical theology student called Karl Ludwig Sand.

On 1 July 1819 a serious (though ultimately unsucessful) attempt was made to assassinate Carl Ibell, who by this time had become a senior member of Marschall von Bieberstein's government in Nassau.

These were not isolated atrocities.

The postwar years were marked by austerity and hunger across Europe.

Popular discontent was on the rise and governments were increasingly nervous.

Towards the end of July 1819 Marschall von Bieberstein contacted Prince Metternich about his concerns over "demagoguic activities in the Rhine region".

He expressed particular concern that Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse (which bordered Nassau) had not been persuaded to take the necessary "serious measures" against fraterntities of malcontents at the universities in Darmstadt and Giessen.

Marschall von Bieberstein had, he assured the prince, already attempted to persuade the Grand Duke of Hesse to take the necessary steps, by exerting pressure through the Prussians, but these attempts had been fruitless.

The risks of revolutionaries gaining influence were compounded in the region by the absence of any hardline position on the part of the city authorities in nearby Frankfurt am Main.

As long as the trouble makers could find a safe haven in Germany's "free enclaves / cities", the "evil" would persist.

The situation in Nassau itself was not, he believed, "quite so dramatic", because political opposition came only from isolated individuals, rather than from the more organised radical fraternities that he identified elsewhere.

Nevertheless, action was necessary: neighbouring governments surrounding Nassau were not reacting appropriately to the risks identified.

Despite the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Austrian Empire remained, in most people's eyes, the most important member of the German Confederation: its continuing leadership role was taken for granted both by Prince Metternich and by Marschall von Bieberstein.

Metternich replied promptly, on 31 July 1819, thanking Marschall von Bieberstein for his letter which had, yet again, confirmed him in his own opinion that the member governments of the German confederation needed to work much more closely together.

Otherwise the states of Germany would face a downfall which would be of their own making.

Metternich was confident that the time for a decision was approaching fast: "A few weeks will be enough to shed light on the future path and to determine whether reason or revolution will prevail".

A was held on 1 August 1819, the day following the date on Metternich's letter to Marschall von Bieberstein, at the health resort of Teplitz in northern Bohemia: the meeting was arranged by Prince Metternich, representing Austria, in order to agree his position with King Frederick William III of Prussia and the Prussian chancellor, von Hardenberg.

On 2 August 1819 the eruption of a two month period of communal and antisemitic rioting intensified the perceived need for action against the dangers of a rerun of the French revolution centred, this time, on German-speaking central Europe.

Six weeks of negotiations involving leaders of the German confederation member states now took place at the health resort of Karlsbad in Bohemia, which resulted in the presentartion of the so-called Karlsbad decrees, which were accepted and ratified by the Bundesversammlung (the Frankfurt-based "parliament" of the German confederation) on 20 September 1819.

The document closely followed the pre-existing agreement between the Austrian and Prussian leaderships.

Reflecting the leaders' deep suspicion of universities as hotbeds of conspiracy and revolution, student fraternities were effectively outlawed.

Press restrictions amounting to state censorship were to be enacted.

In addition, an "Investigation Commission" was established, mandated to look into the facts relating to the "origin and manifold ramifications of the revolutionary plots and demagogical associations directed against the existing constitution and the internal peace both of the union and of the individual states; of the existence of which plots more or less clear evidence is to be had already, or may be produced in the course of the investigation".

Ernst Marschall von Bieberstein, whose correspondence has been preserved, now emerged as an uncompromising backer of the approach envisaged in the Karlsbad decrees, both diplomatically and in his conservative domestic authoritarianism during the ensuing fifteen years.

During the early 1830s Marschall von Bieberstein survived in office during the so-called "domaine dispute" even though the underlying inequities which triggered it were widely seen as a result of deficiencies in his own fiscal reforms fifteen years earlier.

Those deficiencies indeed went unaddressed till 1848, long after Marschall von Bieberstein had departed from the scene.)

It is, indeed, striking that the revolutionary tide of 1830/31 was far less disruptive of government and of daily life in Nassau than in many of the larger states of the German confederation including, notably, neighboring Hesse where revolutionaries forced the adoption of a newly in 1831.

The savage treatment meted out to the aging opposition leader in 1832 indicate that it was not just the pre-emptive impact of Marschall von Bieberstein's reform agenda fifteen years earlier, but also his willingness in the 1830s to adopt a hands-on which Prince Metternich himself would .

The central mission to preserve the duchy's sovreignty underpinned many of Marschall von Bieberstein's policies after 1819, including his backing of Metternch's determination to suppress .

It was also a reflection of his determination to preserve the duchy's independence to the maximum extent possible that he stubbornly resisted the development of a pan-German customs union, which came into existence in January 1834 but which, following Marschall von Bieberstein's death, Nassau joined only on 10 December 1835.

It was (at leasty in part) in order to undermine the development of a pan-German customs union that he travelled to Paris where on 19 September 1833 he agreed a trade deal with France which favoured the export from France of wines and silk products, and the export from Nassau of mineral water.

Ernst Marschall von Biebertein died in office at the start of 1834, half a year short of what would have been his sixty-fourth birthday.

Commentators nevertheless contend that the authoritarian régime that he established after 1819 comfortably outlived him, coming to an end only in 1848.1848/49.

In traditional scholars have focused on Marschall von Bieberstein's rejection of a customs union and on the reactionary domestic policies that he implemented after 1819.

His reforms during the Napoleonic period and his contribution during that period to the to modernisation of Nassau were often overlooked, probably because the duchy was annexed by Prussia in , so existed only for sixty years in total.

On 25 May 1802 Ernst Marschall von Bieberstein married Karoline von Veltheim (1783–1840).

She was a daughter of a senior diplomatic official (), (1731–1800) of (location of the von Veltheim's family home, at which the marriage ceremony took place).

It is known that the couple had (at least) eleven children (four sons and seven daughter) of whom some are listed here:

Nawaf Al-Aqidi

Nawaf Al-Aqidi (, born 10 May, 2000) in Saudi Arabia is a Saudi professional footballer who currently plays for Al-Nassr as a Goalkeeper.

Nawaf Al-Aqidi began his career at the youth team of Al-Nassr.

on 30 June 2019, He was chosen in the Saudi program to develop football talents established by General Sports Authority in Saudi Arabia .

He signed his first professional contract with Al-Nassr on 8 August 2019 .

.He returned from the program external due to family circumstances and was attached to the first team at Al-Nassr on 31 December 2019 .

On 11 January 2020, He was chosen to participate with the first team in Al-Nassr in the Al-Ittihad match .

.

Frank L. Meline

Frank L. Meline (August 5, 1875 - August 17, 1944) was an American real estate developer and architect.

He developed a subdivision of Bel Air in the 1920s, and he designed the Fifth Church of Christ, Scientist and Garden Court Apartments in Los Angeles, California.

According to "The Los Angeles Times", "Scarcely an undeveloped area in rapidly expanding Los Angeles failed to feel his touch, from city lots to vast acreages in suburban districts."

PNR 8000 class

The PNR 8000 class, otherwise known as the KRD-PNR DMUs, is a class of diesel multiple units (DMUs) operated by the Philippine National Railways since 2019.

The trains were manufactured by the Indonesian firm PT INKA.

The design was based on the existing multiple units of the company.

The INKA DMUs were inaugurated at Dela Rosa station on December 16, 2019 together with PNR and Department of Transportation officials.

It entered revenue service on the same day.

From December 16 to January 14, 2020, PNR offered free rides on these trainsets between Tutuban and FTI and vice-versa, but with 20-passenger limit per station only.

Tom Otis

Tom Otis is an American researcher, academic and author.

He is the Chief Scientific Officer at the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour and holds a Professorship in Neuroscience at University College London.

Otis' research has been focused on cellular and circuit function of the cerebellum and hippocampus, as well as preclinical models of spinocerebellar ataxia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Otis received a B.S.

and an M.S.

in Biological Sciences in 1988 from Stanford University.

He continued his education at Stanford University, where he received a Ph.D. in neuroscience in 1993.

Otis’ doctoral work was completed in the laboratory of Istvan Mody at Stanford University and focused on fundamental aspects of inhibitory synaptic transmission.

Using newly developed methods for patch clamping in brain slice preparations, Otis characterized the function of GABA-gated ion channels (GABAA receptors) and GABA activated G protein coupled receptors (GABAB receptors).

In 1998, Otis joined University of California, Los Angeles as an Assistant Professor, becoming Associate Professor in 2003 and Full Professor in 2007.

He became the Edith Agnes Plumb Endowed Chair in Neurobiology at UCLA in 2013.

He served as the Vice Chair of Department of Neurobiology at UCLA Medical Center from 2008 to 2013, and then as the Chair of the Neurobiology Department from 2013 to 2015.

From 2010 to 2014, he was the Vice Chair of Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Neuroscience at UCLA.

Otis took the position of Vice Director and Section Head of F. Hoffman-La Roche in 2015 while on leave of absence from UCLA.

In 2017, Otis left Roche and moved to the United Kingdom, where he joined University College of London as a Professor of Neuroscience and the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour as Chief Scientific Officer.

In postdoctoral work with Laurence Trussell at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Otis studied excitatory synaptic transmission, measuring glutamate receptor activation at a giant synapse in the chick auditory brainstem and constructing models of neurotransmitter diffusion and receptor gating that explain how glutamate interacts with postsynaptic receptors.

In postdoctoral work with Craig Jahr and Mike Kavanaugh, he used electrophysiological approaches and fast solution exchange to detail the biophysical function of glutamate transporters (the proteins responsible for removing glutamate from excitatory synapses).

In his own laboratory at UCLA, Otis extended this work to describe how glutamate transporters shape excitatory signals to different pools of glutamate receptors.

He hypothesized that a feedback loop between G protein coupled glutamate receptors and glutamate transporters might regulate ‘spill over’ of glutamate from synapses, thereby ensuring that excitatory synapses remain independent.

Otis' laboratory also characterized the pharmacology of certain subtypes of GABAA receptors that are located extrasynaptically.

In collaboration with the laboratory of Richard Olsen, he presented evidence that ethanol enhances these subtypes of GABAA receptors and that this likely contributes to the intoxicating and sedative effects of alcohol.

A main line of Otis' work has been directed at understanding how cerebellar circuits are involved in coordinating complex movements.

Using optogenetics to manipulate cerebellar circuits, Otis showed that robust but artificial associative memories can be imparted such that otherwise innocuous sensory stimuli can then generate aberrant movements.

These findings validate circuit-based models of cerebellar learning and suggest that learning may involve modifications at multiple sites in the cerebellar circuit.

In collaboration with the lab of Stefan Pulst, Otis’ team has characterized and studied mouse genetic models of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2.

Working with scientists at IONIS, the teams developed an antisense oligonucleotide targeting the SCA2 gene and showed that this molecule improves motor function in mice.

Due to the involvement of SCA2 in stress granules in degenerating neurons, the same antisense oligonucleotide against SCA2 has potential to treat other misfolded protein disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia.

Edouard Terwecoren

Edouard Terwecoren (1815–1872) was a Belgian Jesuit author.

Terwecoren was born in Vilvoorde on 17 June 1815.