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Eucyclogobius newberryi, the Northern tidewater goby, is a species of goby native to lagoons of streams, marshes, and creeks along the coast of California, United States. The Northern tidewater goby is one of six native goby species to California.
Etymology
The genus name translates as "true cycloid goby", referring to the scales, while the species epithet is in honor of J. S. Newberry (1822-1892), an American geologist, physician and explorer, who collected fishes for the species describer, Charles Frédéric Girard, just not this species.
Description
A small fish, only rarely longer than 5 cm (2 in), the northern tidewater goby is elongate with a blunt tail. Color is a mottled gray, brown, or olive; living fish are translucent or mostly transparent. Tidewater gobies, like many fish, exhibit countershading and tend to be mottled slightly darker on the dorsal side. The upper part of the first dorsal fin is clear or cream-colored, while the second dorsal is longer than the first, and close in size to the anal fin.
The large mouth extends back to or past the posterior edge of the eye, and is angled upwards. The eyes are spaced far apart. Unusually among gobies, the scales are cycloid instead of ctenoid; they are always absent from the head, and often from the underside too.
Breeding individuals will demonstrate color changes, with the males becoming more black with white spots as females become tan or reddish-brown with golden or dark-brown sides. Females may also take on a darker color while fighting.
Similar fish include the longjaw mudsucker, which can be distinguished from the northern tidewater goby by its more horizontal mouth and shorter rays in the anal fin compared to the 2nd dorsal fin.
Distribution and habitat
Their range extends from Tillas Slough at the mouth of the Smith River in Del Norte County, California, south to Agua Hedionda Lagoon in San Diego County. While once recorded in at least 87 coastal locations, they are now gone from many, including San Francisco Bay, although they can still be found nearby at Rodeo Lagoon in Marin County and in San Pedro Creek in Pacifica.
Despite the common name, this goby inhabits lagoons formed by streams running into the sea, as well as semi-closed estuaries. The lagoons are blocked from the Pacific Ocean by sand bars, admitting salt water only during particular seasons, and so their water is brackish and cool. The northern tidewater goby prefers salinities of less than 10 ppt. Juveniles have been found as far upstream as 12 km, e.g. in Ten Mile River, Mendocino County, and San Antonio Creek and the Santa Ynez River, Santa Barbara County, sometimes in sections of stream impounded by California Golden beavers (Castor canadensis subauratus) which provide ideal slow-moving water habitat for northern tidewater gobies. These fish also prefer sandy bottoms with depths of 20–100 cm, near emergent vegetation beds.
The northern tidewater goby may be found in small groups of less than a dozen or occasionally in large aggregations of hundreds.
Behavior and reproduction
Male northern tidewater gobies burrow into sand and mud in the spring, cementing together grains of sand with a mucous, and shutting the burrow off from the waters above with a mucous and sand plug. Females will become aggressive during the spring and fight over a potential mate, slapping each other with their tails and biting when posturing is insufficient to drive their rivals away. The female will then attempt to entice the male to open his burrow.
If the female is successful (which may be infrequent - Camm Swift reports that 23 observed courtships resulted in only a single successful entry into the burrow by the female,) she will lay eggs on the burrow's sides and roof. The male protects the eggs for 9–10 days before they hatch. Although their life expectancy is not well known, tidewater gobies may live for only a year.
Diet
The diet of the adult northern tidewater goby consists mostly of benthic invertebrates and local insects, though their diet's exact composition can vary by season. In some lagoon populations, gobies have been found to feed on seasonally available invasive New Zealand mud snails, reflecting the fish's adaptive foraging behavior to non-native species in its environment.
Conservation status
The northern tidewater goby was listed by the state of California for protection in 1987, and federally listed in 1994. However, there has been some controversy over this, since many populations in its range are apparently secure, and the fish is even abundant at times. However, the fish's need for specific kind of habitat means that the populations are isolated from each other, and subject to extirpation due to various human activities, such as draining of wetlands, sand bar breaches for the purpose of tidal flushing, pollutant accumulation in lagoons, and so forth. Even so, studies have shown that it is a resilient species, and populations have been successfully restored to wetlands that have been protected. | Northern tidewater goby |
Philip Koomen (born 1953) is a British furniture designer and maker.
Koomen studied Furniture Design and Technology and Wood Science at High Wycombe College of Art and Technology (now Buckinghamshire New University), a leading centre for furniture design. He makes bespoke furniture using wood that he largely selects himself. His combined workshop and showroom (Philip Koomen Furniture, established in 1975) is in a 19th-century former coaching barn (Wheelers Barn) near Checkendon in south Oxfordshire.
In 1984, Koomen gained a scholarship from the Worshipful Company of Furniture Makers to visit German and Dutch studios and workshops. In 2001, he was awarded another scholarship to undertake doctoral research with Brunel University, developing a practice-based design strategy for sustainable development. He has exhibited at the River and Rowing Museum in Henley-on-Thames and has regular exhibitions at his own workshop. He is advisor to the OneOak project run by the Sylva Foundation, following the full life story of one oak tree.
Koomen received his doctorate in 2007. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts and the Chartered Society of Designers.
Books
Out of the Woods — Philip Koomen: a sustainable approach to furniture design. River & Rowing Museum, Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, 17 September 2004 to 7 January 2005. (Exhibition catalogue.) | Philip Koomen |
The 1985 World Snooker Championship (also known as the 1985 Embassy World Snooker Championship for the purpose of sponsorship) was a ranking professional snooker tournament that took place from 12 to 28 April 1985 at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England. Organised by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA), the event was the ninth consecutive World Snooker Championship to be held at the Crucible, the first tournament having taken place in 1977. A five-round qualifying event for the championship was held at the Preston Guild Hall from 29 March to 5 April for 87 players, 16 of whom reached the main stage, where they met the 16 invited seeded players. The tournament was broadcast in the United Kingdom by the BBC, and was sponsored by the Embassy cigarette company. The total prize fund for the event was £250,000, the highest prize pool for any snooker tournament to that date. The winner received £60,000, which was the highest amount ever received by the winner of a snooker event at that time.
The defending champion was Englishman Steve Davis, who had previously won the World Championship three times. He met Northern Irishman Dennis Taylor in the final which was a best-of-35- match. Davis took an early 9–1 lead, but Taylor battled back into the match and drew level at 17–17, forcing a deciding frame. The 35th frame was contested over the final , with the player able to the ball winning the world title. After both players missed the black twice, Taylor potted the ball to win his sole World Championship. The match, often referred to as the "black ball final", is commonly considered to be the best-known match in the history of snooker and a reason for the surge in the sport's popularity in the 1980s and 1990s.
Canadian Bill Werbeniuk scored the championship's highest , a 143, in his first-round match. There were 14 century breaks compiled during the championship, with ten more in qualifying matches. This was the first professional snooker championship to introduce a ban on performance-enhancing substances, with all players in the main stage having to undertake drug tests. The final between Davis and Taylor holds the record for the most-viewed broadcast in the United Kingdom of a programme shown after midnight, with a peak of 18.5 million viewers for the match's final frame, breaking the existing records for the most-viewed sporting event and BBC2 programme.
Overview
The World Snooker Championship is a professional tournament and the official world championship of the game of snooker. Developed in the late 19th century by British Army soldiers stationed in India, snooker was popular in the United Kingdom before being introduced to Europe and the Commonwealth. The sport is now played worldwide, especially in East and Southeast Asian nations such as China, Hong Kong and Thailand.
The World Championship is organised by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA). It features 32 professional players competing in one-on-one single-elimination matches, played over several . The players are selected to take part using a combination of the world snooker rankings and a pre-tournament qualification round. The first World Championship, in 1927, was won by Joe Davis in a final at Camkin's Hall in Birmingham, England. Since 1977, the tournament has been held at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield. The 1984 championship was won by England's Steve Davis, who defeated fellow countryman Jimmy White 18–16 in the final; this was Davis's third world championship win, following his victories in 1981 and 1983. The winner of the 1985 championship received a prize of £60,000 from a total of £250,000, the highest first prize amount for a snooker event to that date.
The tournament was the first snooker event to feature drug tests for the participants, as mandated by the WPBSA on 9 April 1985; the tests were proposed by WPBSA board member Barry Hearn. The event was broadcast by the BBC in the United Kingdom, with over 90 hours of coverage. The estimated cost for the fortnight's broadcast was reportedly £3 million. The championship was sponsored by the Embassy cigarette company.
Format
The championship was held from 12 to 28 April 1985 at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England, the ninth consecutive World Championship to be held at the venue. It was the last ranking event of the 1984–85 snooker season. There were 103 entrants from the World Snooker Tour, with 32 participants in the competition's main draw. A five-round knockout qualifying competition with 87 players, held at Preston Guild Hall between 29 March and 5 April, produced the 16 qualifying players who progressed into the main draw to play the top 16 seeds. The draw for the tournament was made at the Savoy Hotel in London on 16 January 1985.
The top 16 players in the latest world rankings automatically qualified for the main draw as seeded players. As defending champion, Steve Davis was seeded first for the event; the remaining 15 seeds were allocated based on world rankings for the 1984–85 season. Matches in the first round of the main draw were played as best-of-19-frames. The number of frames needed to win a match increased to 13 in the second round and quarter-finals, and 16 in the semi-finals; the final match was played as best-of-35-frames.
Six former world champions participated in the main tournament at the Crucible: Ray Reardon (1970, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, and 1978), Steve Davis (1981, 1983, and 1984), John Spencer (1969, 1971, and 1977), Alex Higgins (1972 and 1982), Cliff Thorburn (1980) and Terry Griffiths (1979). Four players made their world championship debuts, all via the qualifying event: Dene O'Kane, Eugene Hughes, Tony Jones, and Wayne Jones.
Prize fund
The event had a total prize fund of £250,000, an increase of £50,000 in the total prize pool from the previous year, and the winner received £60,000, an increase of £16,000 from the previous year. The prize amount was a new record high for snooker event. The breakdown of prize money for the tournament was:
Winner: £60,000
Runner-up: £35,000
Semi-finals: £20,000
Quarter-finals: £10,000
Last 16: £5,250
Last 32: £2,500
Qualifying groups runner-up: £1,500
Qualifying groups third place: £750
Highest break: £6,000
Maximum break: £60,000
Tournament summary
Qualifying
The qualifying rounds for the event were played from 29 March to 5 April at the Preston Guildhall. The qualifying competition consisted of five knockout rounds, starting with 87 players. There were seven matches in the first round, bringing the number of remaining players to 80. The other four qualifying rounds each contained 16 matches, the winners of each round meeting the 16 higher-ranked players who had been seeded into the next round. The 16 winners from the fifth and final qualifying round met the top 16 seeds in the first round of the main competition.
All qualifying matches were played as best-of-19-frames. John Dunning was seeded into the third round of qualifying, where he played his first return match since his heart attack at the 1984 Grand Prix; he lost the match to Wayne Jones, 6–10. Danny Fowler made the highest break of the qualifying competition, scoring a 137 in his 10–0 victory over Jim Donnelly in the fourth round, before losing 2–10 to John Parrott in the fifth. Fred Davis, aged 71 and eight-time champion between 1948 and 1956, defeated Robert Chaperon 10–9 in the fourth round of qualifying but lost 6–10 to Rex Williams in the fifth.
First round
The first round of the championship, from 12 to 17 April, featured 32 players competing in 16 best-of-19-frames matches in two sessions; each seeded player competed against a qualifier. The first match to finish was between second seed Tony Knowles and qualifier Tony Jones. Knowles won four straight frames before he was pegged back to 4–4. Jones took four of the next five frames to lead 8–5 but eventually lost 8–10. As part of an initiative to remove performance-enhancing substances, drug tests were performed for the first time during the event; Knowles was the first player tested.
A series of articles in the Daily Star about drug abuse in the championship was based on statements reportedly by Silvino Francisco. Francisco trailed 1–8 after the first session of his first-round match against 11th seed Dennis Taylor, and lost the match 2–10. At a press conference held afterwards, World Snooker chairman Rex Williams said that there was no evidence of drug use in the sport, and Francisco apologised to Kirk Stevens (the player named in the Daily Star articles), claiming that the statements in the article were a "total lie".
Top seed and defending champion, Steve Davis, won his match against Neal Foulds 10–8 to reach the second round. Only two unseeded players won their first-round matches: Patsy Fagan defeated 12th seed Willie Thorne 10–6 and John Parrott defeated 13th seed John Spencer 10–3. Spencer was diagnosed with myasthenia gravis shortly after the tournament; his vision was affected and he won only two matches all season. After being defeated twice during the season by Eugene Hughes, six-time champion and fifth seed Ray Reardon won 10–9 against Hughes on a deciding frame.
In a low-scoring match between ninth seed Alex Higgins and Dean Reynolds, neither player produced a break of over 30 points in the first three frames. Reynolds won just the fifth frame of the opening session, Higgins taking an 8–1 lead and eventually winning 10–4. John Virgo led tenth seed Tony Meo 5–4 after the first session, but won just one frame in the second session to lose 6–10. In a press conference after the match, Virgo said: "I don't think Tony played well enough to beat me. It was the run of the balls that beat me. That's the way it has been for me for six years. I can't explain it. I practise hard. I play well, but sometimes that is not enough. You need a lot of luck in this game and I didn't get any at all."
Although fourth seed Kirk Stevens defeated Ray Edmonds 10–8, snooker pundit Clive Everton said that his standard of play was not that of a top-four player and Edmonds "made [Stevens] work". In a slow first session, Rex Williams and eighth seed Terry Griffiths played seven (instead of the planned nine) frames; Griffiths led 6–1 after three hours and 38 minutes, eventually winning the match 10–3. Bill Werbeniuk (seeded 14th), who had not won a match all season, defeated Joe Johnson 10–8 and scored a 143 break in the tenth frame – the third-highest break at the championship at that time.
Third seed Cliff Thorburn defeated Mike Hallett, 10–8; 15th seed Doug Mountjoy defeated Murdo MacLeod, 10–5; 16th seed David Taylor defeated Dene O'Kane, 10–4; and sixth seed Eddie Charlton defeated John Campbell, 10–3, in an all-Australian tie.
Second round
The second round, from 18 to 22 April, was played as eight best-of-25-frames matches. Steve Davis led David Taylor 3–0 and 6–3 before winning seven of the eight frames in the second session to win 13–4, scoring century breaks in the eighth (100) and eleventh (105) frames. Alex Higgins and Terry Griffiths were tied 5–5 after ten frames. Griffiths pulled ahead during the second session, leading 10–6, and won three of the first four frames of the final session to win 13–7. John Parrott led Kirk Stevens 6–2 after the first session and eventually won, 13–6.
Ray Reardon and Patsy Fagan were tied after the first session, 4–4, before Reardon pulled ahead 7–5. Reardon the final of frame 13 to lead 8–5, and pulled ahead 12–9 before his came off in frame 22 when he was well ahead on points. Reardon would have been allowed 15 minutes to replace his cue tip, but Fagan offered to let Reardon use his cue. Reardon accepted, using Fagan's borrowed cue to complete his victory. In an all-Canadian second-round match, Cliff Thorburn defeated Bill Werbeniuk 13–3 with a . Two former event finalists, Dennis Taylor and Eddie Charlton, met in the second round; Taylor defeated Charlton, 13–6. Seventh seed Jimmy White overcame Tony Meo, after being tied 10–10, to win 13–11. In the final second-round match, Tony Knowles defeated Doug Mountjoy 13–6.
Quarter-finals
The quarter-finals were played as best-of-25-frames matches in three sessions on 23 and 24 April. Terry Griffiths led Steve Davis after winning the first four frames of the match, but finished the first session at 4–4. Davis won six of the eight frames in the second session to lead 10–6. In the first frame of the third session, Griffiths committed a by touching a ball with his waistcoat, following which Davis made a break of 80 to win the frame. Davis also took the next two frames, winning 13–6 to reach his fourth World Championship semi-final. John Parrott also won the first four frames of his match against Ray Reardon, and led 5–3 after the first session. Parrott extended his lead to 9–5 in the second session, but missed two in successive frames to lead by only 9–7 after the session. Reardon won the first five frames of the third session (seven in a row) to lead 12–9, and Parrott won the next three frames to force a deciding frame. With one red left on the table, Parrott led by seven points; Reardon Parrott, and won a to win the match with a break of 31.
Due to slow play, only six of the eight frames of the opening session between Dennis Taylor and Cliff Thorburn were played. Taylor took a lead of 4–0, before ending the session at 4–2. The session was described as interesting by Clive Everton of The Guardian, however, due to the "high quality of the tactical play." The second session was also long-winded, with the match adjourned at 1:21a.m. (after nine hours and 45 minutes of play); Taylor led 10–5, with a frame still to be played. Resuming the match, Taylor won three straight frames to win 13–5 and reach his fifth semi-final. Thorburn said after the match that both players were at fault for the slow play: "I wasn't the only one playing safe. If I had played well, this would have been the longest match ever." There was only one break of over 50 in the entire match, made by Taylor in the final frame.
Second seed Tony Knowles played Jimmy White, and led 5–3 after the first session. Knowles made a break of 137 during the session, but missed the black; it would have been the tournament's highest break. He retained his lead through the second session, despite twice being a pot away from being tied; the session finished 9–7. Returning to the match, Knowles won the next two frames but White won a re-spotted black in frame 19. Knowles handled the pressure better than White, and won 13–10.
Semi-finals
The semi-finals were played on 25 and 26 April as best-of-31-frames matches over four sessions. Reigning champion Steve Davis defeated Ray Reardon, needing only three sessions to secure a 16–5 victory. Reardon, the oldest-ever World Championship semi-finalist, failed to play at the level he had played against Parrott. Although Reardon had won his previous matches with strong play, Davis's created opportunities throughout the match. Janice Hale of Snooker Scene magazine wrote that the match had "an air of inevitability", with Davis in full control. Davis compiled the 100th century break made at the Crucible, a 106 break in frame 13. In winning, he reached his third straight World Championship final.
Tony Knowles played Dennis Taylor in the second semi-final. After winning the first two frames, Knowles won only three more frames in the rest of the match; Taylor led 10–5 after the second session, and then took six frames in a row to win the match in three sessions. Knowles had expected to win, as the higher-seeded player, but he failed to exhibit the form he had shown earlier in the tournament and fell by the same scoreline as Reardon. Afterwards, he could not understand how he had lost to a lower-seeded player. Taylor said that he had seen Knowles get "angry" during the match, however, and that he had "thrown his cue" at a few shots. Knowles also lost the following year's event in the semi-finals to eventual champion Joe Johnson.
Final
The final was played between Steve Davis and Dennis Taylor on 27 and 28 April as a best-of-35-frames match over four sessions. This was Davis's fourth world final, having won the title in 1981, 1983, and 1984; and Taylor's second, having lost 16–24 to Terry Griffiths in the 1979 final. Davis and Taylor had met at the World Championship on two previous occasions, Taylor winning their first-round encounter in 1979 and Davis winning the semi-final in 1984.
Although Taylor scored a break of 50 in the first frame of the match, Davis won all seven frames of the opening session to lead 7–0. At the start of the second session, Davis took the eighth frame and was leading in frame nine but missed a on the . This error was later considered the turning point of the match, as it allowed Taylor to win his first frame, Davis however won the next fame to lead 9–1, but Taylor won six frames in a row to finish the second session 7–9 behind overnight. On the second day, Taylor tied the match at 11–11 and 15–15, but was never ahead at any point. Davis won the next two frames to lead 17–15, needing one more frame to win the championship. Taylor clinched frame 33 and then made a break of over 50 to tie the match at 17–17, forcing a deciding frame.
The final frame lasted more than an hour, finishing after midnight British Summer Time. Davis led 62–44, with just the last four balls to play, Taylor requiring all four to win the match. He difficult shots on the , , and , leaving the black ball to determine the winner of the championship. With the black , both players attempted to the ball. The first real opportunity fell to Taylor, with a long pot to the corner, but he missed the shot; according to commentator Jim Meadowcroft, "That was the biggest shot of his life". Davis was left with a thin cut on the black; he stepped up to the table and again missed the shot, leaving Taylor a mid-range shot. Ted Lowe said, "This is really unbelievable" before Taylor potted the black and won the match. Taylor was not ahead at any point during the match, until the final pot. The final between Davis and Taylor attracted 18.5 million viewers on BBC2, the programme finishing at 12:23 a.m. after Taylor had won the title. The viewership was the highest for any broadcast after midnight in the United Kingdom, and the most-viewed show on BBC2. The match became known as "the black ball final".
After potting the final ball, Taylor raised his ; he "waggled" his finger and kissed the winner's trophy. He said in a 2009 interview that the gesture was aimed at his "good mate" Trevor East, whom he had told he would win. At a press conference afterwards, he said that the match was the "best he had ever been involved in [his] life". Taylor dedicated the world championship to his late mother who had died the previous year. Unwilling to play snooker, he had withdrawn from the 1984 International Open. His family and friends had persuaded him to play again in the Grand Prix event, where he won his first professional title by defeating Cliff Thorburn in the final.
Main draw
The results for each round of the main stage of the championship are shown below. The numbers in parentheses beside some of the players are their seeding ranks (each championship has 16 seeds and 16 qualifiers).
Qualifying
Five rounds of qualifying were played for the event from 29 March to 5 April at the Preston Guildhall.
Round 1
Legacy
On his return to Northern Ireland, Taylor received a victory parade in a Land Rover across his home town of Coalisland in front of 10,000 people. He was loaned mayoral robes on the day of the parade, and was accompanied by his wife and three children. He later signed a five-year contract with promoter Barry Hearn as his manager. Media covering the tournament called Steve Davis a "bad loser" for his silence and one-word responses to questions from David Vine at a press conference after the event. The press conference was later used as the basis for a Spitting Image skit on Davis. Taylor's victory is the most-viewed sporting event in the United Kingdom to date, and remains the most-viewed BBC2 program of all time.
The tournament final was recreated and redistributed by the BBC in various forms. 4 months later in August 1985 BBC Video released a highlights video of the 1985 final which was one of the biggest selling videos of 1985. At the 2010 World Snooker Championship, to celebrate the 25th anniversary, Taylor and Davis replayed the final frame with commentary by John Virgo. The frame was played as an exhibition, with both players attempting to re-create the shots on the final black ball. The 1985 championship was examined in the BBC documentary, When Snooker Ruled the World, with particular emphasis on the final. Another one-hour BBC documentary on the final, Davis v Taylor: The '85 Black Ball Final, which featured interviews with Taylor's friends and family in Northern Ireland, was presented by Colin Murray.
During the 2015 World Snooker Championship, Davis presented Celebrity Black Ball Final on the BBC in which celebrities played the final two shots of the match; guests included Rebecca Adlington, Joey Essex, Russell Watson, Richard Osman and Josh Widdicombe. A 2017 BBC poll found the final to be the Crucible's "most memorable" moment, with the match receiving more than half the votes. Ronnie O'Sullivan's 1997 maximum break finished second. Davis also lost the following year's final, this time to Joe Johnson, but won another three world titles, in 1987, 1988 and 1989. Taylor never reached the final again, falling to the "Crucible curse" at the 1986 championship with a first-round loss to Mike Hallett.
Century breaks
There were 14 century breaks in the championship. Bill Werbeniuk's 143 against Joe Johnson in the first round was the joint third-highest break in the championship's history, tied with Willie Thorne's in 1982. Only Cliff Thorburn's maximum break in 1983 and Doug Mountjoy's 145 in 1981 were higher. Tony Knowles missed the black on a break of 137 that would have scored a 144 in his quarter-final with Jimmy White.
143 Bill Werbeniuk
137, 117 Tony Knowles
128, 117 Dennis Taylor
123 Tony Meo
114, 108 Jimmy White
114 John Parrott
106, 105, 100 Steve Davis
103 Cliff Thorburn
101 Neal Foulds
Qualifying stages
There were ten century breaks in the qualifying stages; the highest was made by Danny Fowler in his 10–0 whitewash of Jim Donnelly in the fourth round of qualifying.
137 Danny Fowler
134 Steve Newbury
132 Bernie Mikkelsen
119 John Virgo
110, 101 Bob Chaperon
109 Neal Foulds
107 Dave Chalmers
104 Tony Jones
100 Steve Longworth
Notes | 1985 World Snooker Championship |
Sir Francis Villeneuve Smith (13 February 1819 – 17 January 1909) was an Australian lawyer, judge and politician, who served as the fourth Premier of Tasmania from 12 May 1857 until 1 November 1860.
Early life: West Indies
Smith was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. His mother, Marie Josephine Villeneuve (? – 4 December 1893), was of African descent but nothing more is known about her parents. Smith would acknowledge his mother's ancestry by adopting her surname in 1884.
While his mother was a resident of Port-au-Prince, his father was recorded as ‘Sir (sic) Francis Smith, foreign merchant in this town’. He ‘declared being the natural father of the child…’
Francis Smith senior (5 November 1787– 8 September 1855) was born in Nevis, the son of the ships’ carpenter Francis Smith (? – January 1790) and his common-law wife Amelia Brodbelt (? – May 1817). Described as a ‘mulatto’, in March 1765 Amelia Brodbelt had been freed from enslavement by Frances Brodbelt of Nevis. Frances was the unmarried sister of the Nevis planter James Brodbelt who was Amelia Brodbelt’s father. Throughout her life, Amelia was known as a ‘free coloured woman’.
Early life: to Tasmania via England
By 1821 Francis Smith senior and his family were living at 26 Brunswick Place, Shoreditch, London. Francis was baptised on 24 September 1821 in the local church, St Leonard's. Before May 1824 the family moved to Lindfield, Sussex, where his father bought a farm which he sold prior to leaving for Australia.
The family arrived in Port Jackson, Sydney on 15 November 1828. After a brief stay in Sydney and then Hobart Francis Smith senior bought two large tracts of partially developed land north of Richmond in the Australian colony of Van Diemen’s Land (later called Tasmania) and became a farmer.
Education and career
Smith grew up on his father’s estate, ‘Campania' in Tasmania but returned to England to further his education. In 1838 he began studying law at the Middle Temple and arts at University College London, graduating with a BA in 1840. He was called to the Bar on 27 May 1842 and in later life was a Bencher of his Inn from 1890 to 1898.
After returning to Tasmania, he was admitted to the Tasmanian Bar in October 1844. He became 'a barrister of some standing 'whose talent and legal knowledge have obtained for him a very large amount of practice'.
In 1851 he became a member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council and soon after became Solicitor-General, a role he served until 1854.
He was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly in 1856 and served as Attorney-General in William Champ's first ministry from 1 November 1856 until 26 February 1857. When William Weston's ministry (1857) collapsed, he proceeded to form his own with himself as Premier and Attorney-General. He held office for three years until 1860, becoming the first Premier of Tasmania to hold office for more than one year. In 1860 he was appointed to the Supreme Court bench, becoming Chief Justice in 1870. During his time as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Tasmania he displayed legal aptitude, producing well-reasoned judgments.
Smith was knighted in 1862.
On ending his distinguished legal and political career, he retired to England where he died on 17 January 1909 in Tunbridge Wells, Kent.
Family
Smith married Sarah Giles on 26 August 1851. She was born about 1832 in Foxford, County Mayo, Ireland and died on 29 July 1909. She was the only child of the Reverend George Giles of Launceston. They had two sons and two daughters; only one of the sons has been identified:
o Francis George Villeneuve Smith (1854–1941), solicitor, left Tasmania for Sydney in 1883, on 2 July 1885 married Caroline (Lena) Anne Shadforth Stephen, only child of Mr M. H. Stephen, barrister-at-law.
o Kate Villeneuve Smith (c 1856 Tasmania - ?)
o Margaret Villeneuve Smith (c 1861 Tasmania - ?) | Francis Smith (Australian politician) |
The Federal Accountability Act (full title: An Act providing for conflict of interest rules, restrictions on election financing and measures respecting administrative transparency, oversight and accountability) (the Act) is a statute introduced as Bill C-2 in the first session of the 39th Canadian Parliament on April 11, 2006, by the President of the Treasury Board, John Baird. The aim was to reduce the opportunity to exert influence with money by banning corporate, union, and large personal political donations; five-year lobbying ban on former ministers, their aides, and senior public servants; providing protection for whistleblowers; and enhancing the power of the Auditor General to follow the money spent by the government.
The bill aimed to increase the transparency of government spending, and establish clearer links between approved expenditures and their outcomes. The bill was passed by the House of Commons on June 22, 2006, by the Senate on November 9, 2006, and was granted royal assent on December 12, 2006.
Provisions
The following are some of the major changes instituted by the Federal Accountability Act:
Auditing and accountability within departments
One of the biggest changes, recommended by the Gomery Commission, was that deputy ministers became "accounting officers", reporting directly to Parliament (thereby bypassing their ministers) on the financial administration of their respective departments.
A mechanism to resolve disputes between ministers and deputy ministers, and to document such resolutions, was also created.
Independent Oversight Offices
A number of new independent oversight offices were created, reporting directly to Parliament on the administration of the government.
The Commissioner of Lobbying replaced the Registrar of Lobbyists as a fully independent office with greater investigative powers.
The Parliamentary Budget Officer provides Parliament with objective analysis about government estimates, the state of the nation's finances, and trends in the national economy.
The Public Sector Integrity Commissioner promotes whistleblowing and protects whistleblowers from negative repercussions in the workplace.
The Office of the Procurement Ombudsman reviews and investigates complaints against government procurement practices.
The Conflict of Interest and Ethics Commissioner administers the Conflict of Interest Code for Members of the House of Commons.
New limits on individual donations to parties and candidates
Prohibition of gifts or other benefits to a candidate for political office that influences or appears to influence the performance of that office if elected.
Individual political contributions limited to $1,100 to different aspects of a single political organization: $1,100 to a registered party; $1,100 to a registered party's candidates, nomination contestants, and constituency associations, collectively; and $1,100 to leadership contestants collectively.
Corporations, unions and organizations were banned from contributing to parties and candidates.
Candidates must report all gifts over $500 to the Chief Electoral Officer.
Lobbying
Senior public officials prohibited from engaging in lobbying for 5 years after their employment has ceased.
Public Appointments Commission
Proposed creation of a Public Appointments Commission to develop guidelines, review and approve the selection processes proposed by Ministers to fill vacancies within their portfolios, and report publicly on the Government's compliance with the guidelines. However, no such commission has yet been created.
Access to information
Increased scope of the Access to Information Act, to cover a number of Crown Corporations, which can now be called upon by the public to disclose their records.
Independent Prosecution
The Public Prosecution Service of Canada was made independent of the rest of the Department of Justice, although the Director of Public Prosecutions still reports to the Minister of Justice.
History
The Federal Accountability Act was the first bill to be tabled by the newly elected Conservative Government. It took about nine months to pass and was significantly amended in the Senate.
The development of the Act was informed by the Conservative Party election platform for the January 2006 election and by Phase 2 of the Gomery Report (Recommendations).
When delivering his sponsor's speech in Parliament, John Baird described it as the "toughest anti-corruption law ever passed in Canada."
Amended legislation
The FedAA is an omnibus legislation - one that amends a number of other statutes. It amended the following:
Access to Information Act
Auditor General Act
Business Development Bank of Canada Act
Canada Council for the Arts Act
Canada Elections Act
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporations Act
Canada Post Corporation Act
Canada Revenue Agency Act
Canadian Commercial Corporation Act
Canadian Dairy Commission Act
Canadian Race Relations Foundation Act
Canadian Tourism Commission Act
Canadian Wheat Board Act
Cape Breton Development Corporation Act
Conflict of Interest Act
Criminal Code
Department of Justice Act
Department of Public Works and Government Services Act
Director of Public Prosecutions Act
Enterprise Cape Breton Corporation Act
Export Development Act
Farm Credit Canada Act
Federal Courts Act
Financial Administration Act
First Nations Fiscal and Statistical Management Act
Freshwater Fish Marketing Act
Garnishment, Attachment and Pension Diversion Act
Government Employees Compensation Act
Income Tax Act
Library and Archives of Canada Act
Lobbying Act (Lobbyists Registration Act)
Museums Act
National Arts Centre Act
National Capital Act
Non-smokers' Health Act
Official Languages Act
Parliament of Canada Act
Parliamentary Employment and Staff Relations Act
Pilotage Act
Privacy Act
Public Sector Pension Investment Board Act
Public Servants Disclosure Protection Act
Public Service Employment Act
Public Service Superannuation Act
Radiocommunication Act
Royal Canadian Mint Act
Salaries Act
Standards Council of Canada Act | Federal Accountability Act |
Cachalot (1980) is a science fiction novel by American writer Alan Dean Foster.
Plot summary
Cachalot is an ocean planet where humans have begun building floating cities. It is also the same planet where all of Earth's cetaceans were transplanted six hundred years ago after the Covenant of Peace was enacted with all intelligence-enhanced ocean dwellers. Four of these cities have been destroyed when a middle-aged scientist and her late-teen daughter are dispatched to the planet to discover the source of the attacks.
The novel title comes from the French word cachalot, meaning sperm whale. This word was applied to the sperm whale when the mammals were actively hunted in Earth's oceans.
The novel features a new musical instrument called "neurophon" producing not only tunes but also nerve sensations on human skin and irritating alien creatures found on the planet. | Cachalot (novel) |
U-41 may refer to one of the following German submarines:
, was a Type U 31 submarine launched in 1914 and that served in the First World War until sunk 24 September 1915
During the First World War, Germany also had these submarines with similar names:
, a Type UB II submarine launched in 1916 and sunk on 5 October 1917
, a Type UC II submarine launched in 1916 and sunk on 21 August 1917
, a Type IX submarine that served in the Second World War until sunk on 5 February 1940
Submarines of Germany | German submarine U-41 |
Richard Alexander Glas (born April 30, 1948) is an American basketball coach who was most recently the head men's basketball coach at Concordia College in Moorhead, Minnesota. In a coaching career that spanned 1970 to 2017, Glas had various assistant and head coaching positions in college basketball and was head coach at Minnesota Morris from 1974 to 1979, Willamette from 1979 to 1984, North Dakota from 1988 to 2006, and Concordia from 2008 to 2017.
Early life and education
Born in Bemidji, Minnesota, Glas attended Bemidji State University, where he played basketball for the Bemidji State Beavers from 1966 to 1970. Glas graduated from Bemidji State with a bachelor's degree in physical education in 1970 and completed a master's degree in education at Western Illinois University in 1971.
Coaching career
Early coaching career (1970–1974)
Glas had his first coaching job during the 1970–71 season as an assistant at Western Illinois. From 1971 to 1974, Glas was an assistant coach at Minnesota Morris under Jack Haddorff.
Minnesota Morris (1974–1979)
Following the retirement of Haddorff, Glas was promoted to head coach at Minnesota Morris in 1974. Glas had 27 wins in his first two seasons before a 21–6 season in 1976–77 with a Northern Intercollegiate Conference (NIC) title. Upon moving from the NAIA to NCAA Division III in 1977–78, Minnesota Morris went 22–6 with another NIC title and an appearance in the NCAA tournament. The NCC honored Glas with Coach of the Year honors in 1977 and 1978.
Willamette (1979–1984)
Glas's next coaching stop was on the West Coast. From 1979 to 1984, Glas was head coach at Willamette University in Salem, Oregon. He was not as successful there, going 66–64 in five seasons with only one winning season in 1982–83 at 19–8.
Hawaii and Arizona assistant (1984–1988)
After Willamette, Glas remained on the West Coast and got his first NCAA Division I job as an assistant coach at Arizona in the 1984–85 season under Lute Olson. Arizona went 21–10 that season.
With a recommendation from Olson, Glas was hired to an open assistant coaching position at Hawaii under new head coach Frank Arnold in 1985. Arnold left Hawaii after two seasons and an 11–45 record. Glas was retained by new head coach Riley Wallace for the 1987–88 season, during which Hawaii went 4–25.
North Dakota (1988–2006)
From 1988 to 2006, Glas was head coach at North Dakota. In his first season, North Dakota finished last in the North Central Conference (NCC), but the next season, the 1989–90 team won the NCC regular season title and advanced to the Elite Eight of the NCAA Division II tournament. That team was the first of six consecutive seasons with NCC regular season or tournament titles and NCAA Tournament appearances. In 1990 and 1991, Glas was the Kodak/National Association of Basketball Coaches Division II Coach of the Year for the North Central Region. North Dakota also appeared in the 2000 and 2003 NCAA Tournaments.
After 18 seasons, Glas ended his career at North Dakota with a 335–194 record, eight NCAA Division II Tournament appearances, and the most wins in school history (335).
Northern Iowa assistant (2006–2008)
On April 26, 2006, Glas resigned from North Dakota to accept a job offer at Northern Iowa to be associate head coach under Ben Jacobson. The 2006–07 Northern Iowa team had an 18–13 record. The following season, Glas was reassigned to director of basketball operations. The 2007–08 Northern Iowa team went 18–14.
Concordia (2008–2017)
Glas concluded his coaching career at Concordia College, a Division III college in Moorhead, Minnesota. In nine seasons from 2008 to 2017, he had a 118–111 record. His best team was in 2012–13 with an 18–8 record and second-place finish in the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference standings. On December 19, 2016, Glas announced his retirement effective at the end of the season.
Personal life
Glas is married with two children. He and his wife have lived in Nevis, Minnesota since 2017.
Head coaching record
Sources: | Rich Glas |
Meager or Meagre may refer to:
Meagre set (also meager set) in mathematics
Mount Meager (British Columbia) in British Columbia, Canada
Mount Meager massif in British Columbia, Canada
Meager Creek, a creek in British Columbia, Canada
Meagre, Argyrosomus regius, a fish | Meager |
James Flanagan is the name of:
James Flanagan (police officer) (1914–1999), Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary
James Flanagan (rower) (1884–1937), American rower who won a medal at the 1904 Summer Olympics
James H. Flanagan (1924–2016), founder of the Society of Our Lady of the Most Holy Trinity (SOLT)
James L. Flanagan (1925–2015), engineer and researcher for Rutgers University
James W. Flanagan (1805–1887), U.S. Senator from Texas
See also
Jim Flanigan (born 1971), American football player
Jim Flanigan Sr. (born 1945), linebacker | James Flanagan |
is a Japanese actor, playwright and theatre director who has written and directed more than 40 plays in Japan, and is working to bring modern Japanese theatre to an international audience.
Biography
Noda was born in Nagasaki, Japan. He briefly attended Tokyo University to study law but eventually dropped out. Noda debuted his first play, An Encounter Between Love and Death during his second year of high school. His second play, The Advent of the Beast, was well received by critics in 1981. This led to his invitation to perform at the Edinburgh International Festival in Scotland, which he already participated in three years earlier. In 2008 he was also appointed artistic director of Tokyo Metropolitan Art Space in Ikebukuro, and became a professor in the Department of Scenography Design, Drama, and Dance at Tama Art University.
When he was four years old, his family moved from Kyushu to Tokyo. When he reached the age of 16, Noda wrote and staged his very first play. With his high-school friends, he decided to title it, Ai to Shi o Mitsumete (Gaze into Love and Death). Later on in 1976, Noda founded his theatre company named Yume no Yuminsha (Dreaming Bohemian), while he was still in Tokyo University as a law student. Yume no Yuminsha became the emblem of the country's vibrant youth theatre firmament and the leader of a nationwide cultural movement in the early 1980s known as Sho-gekijo (Small-scale Theatre Movement).
In 1992, Noda went to London to study theatre. When he returned to Japan, he started the independent company Noda Map, to promote and produce his own plays. He is currently held in high regard within the Japanese theatre community. Japanese theatre director Yukio Ninagawa said of him, "Hideki Noda is the most talented playwright in contemporary Japan."
At the age of 27, Noda won Japan's most prestigious theatre accolade, the Kishida Prize for Drama for Nokemono Kitarite (Descent of the Brutes). Tickets to his plays became the hottest of all to get a hold of. Further pushed by Japan's economy, Yume no Yuminsha broke all kinds of records by drawing as much as 26,000 audience to a one-day event at which Noda staged his version of Wagner's The Ring of the Nibelungs presented as a Stonehenge trilogy at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium in Tokyo.
In 2006, Noda Hideki wrote The Bee which is coauthored by Colin Teevan. This play was adapted to theater from Tsutsui Yasutaka's novel Mushiriai (Plucking at Each Other). In 2006, The Bee was first staged in English by Soho Theatre and NODA MAP, and in 2007 in Japan by NODA MAP.
He is currently in charge of The New National Theatre, where he works as a director. His plays focus on including celebrities to attract a wider audience rather than experimenting with different forms. Even though he primarily focuses on who he casts to play characters, "he brings in new audiences aplenty and also surreptitiously manages to sneak in satirical themes that only someone with his calibre could."
He became artistic director at the Tokyo Metropolitan Theatre in 2009.
Style
The most notable characteristics of Noda's plays are his use of limericks and word play. He frequently uses obsolete and old terminology from famous pieces of classical literature as if they were modern-day terms. This helps to create a separate world in which his plays can exist – apart from the reality of the audience. His plays, while often dealing with cliché or everyday topics, try to present the issues in a new way, and his use of old and odd language helps to emphasize the play's theme.
Noda was initially interested in revitalizing Japanese theater and to break away from the stylised theatre of Noh and Kabuki. His objective was to be as strange and entertaining as possible, touching on modern values, concerns and social issues. This resulted in a unique and highly stylized visual performance of design and movement. He often takes classical Japanese literature and plays and re-vitalizes them in a modern form.
Works
Noda's work falls into two periods: first from 1976 to 1992, with his Dream Wanderers theater company, and second in 1993, mainly with his Noda Map production company.
From 1976 to 1992, Noda became famous for this "theater as a sport" approach to performance, showing off the high-speed, complex spectacles that celebrated "boyhood" to the audience. Some of his major productions are The Prisoner of Zenda Castle (Zenda-jō no toriko, 1981) and Here Comes the Wild Beast (Nokemono kitarite, 1984), which was characterized by zany wordplay, rapid-fire delivery, and frenetic movement.
The turning point in Noda's career was in late 1992 while he was living in London. A year later, he founded Noda Map where he worked at kabukiand opera and produced his own plays. Noda's plays have moved beyond the child's dream world to social issues such as nationalism, colonialism, sexuality and crime. The major full-length works are Kill (Kiru, 1994) and Pandora's Bell (Pandora no kane, 1999).
Plays
His first international work was Red Demon, which he performed in Japan for the first time in 1997 and then in English at the Young Vic Theatre in London in 2003. The cast included Marcello Magni, Tamzin Griffin and Simon MacGregor, with Noda himself playing the Red Demon. The play has also been performed in Thai and Korean. Each version was translated and re-worked in an attempt to be more appealing to each specific culture. For example, the Thai version of the play included music that was neither in the original Japanese version, nor in the English version.
The story is that of a man who is washed up on an isolated island with no means of communicating where he is from. The sheltered islanders mistake him for a demon. The result is a black comedy that revolves around the theme of tolerance vs. discrimination.
The English version was criticized by the Japanese media as no longer resembling Noda Hideki's work – the translation lost the poetry and nuance that the Japanese work emphasized. Noda Hideki, while having studied abroad, is not known for his English-speaking ability and had the script translated and rewritten by English writers Roger Pulvers and Matt Wilkinson.
Noda has been collaborating with the playwright Colin Teevan and the actress Kathryn Hunter, producing English versions of The Bee (2006) and The Diver (2008) in London. He was also a member of the cast for these productions. The Japanese version of The Diver was performed in Tokyo in 2009 with Shinobu Otake.
Yume no Yuminsha garnered enough popular reception to be invited to the Edinburgh international Theatre Festival in 1987 with Nokemono Kitarite, and in 1990 with Hanshin: Half-God. Also in 1990, the company was invited to the first New York International Art Festival to perform Suisei no Siegfried (A Messenger from the Comet).
Noda was getting more involved in working with other dramatists and actors outside of Yume no Yuminsha; which led to acclaimed stagings of his radical takes on Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, Much Ado About Nothing and A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Both were collaborated with Toho, one of the Japan's leading production companies.
Awards and honors
1983 – The 27th Kunio Kishida Drama Award for
1985 – Kinokuniya Drama Award: Individual Awards
1990 – Arts Festival Award of Agency for Cultural Affairs for
1994 – The 19th Teatoru Drama Award
1998 – The 23rd Kazuo Kikuta Drama Award for the direction of
1999 – The 2nd Nanboku Tsuruya Drama Award for Right Eye
2000 – The 34th Kunio Kishida Drama Award (Individual Award) and the 50th Minister of Education Award for the direction of
2001 – The 1st Asahi Performing arts Award Grand Prix for
2007 – The 58th Yomiuri Prize for
2009 - the Asahi Prize
2009 - Honorary Officer of the British Empire (OBE)
2011 - the Medal with Purple Ribbon for his contributions to education and culture
2023 - Distinguished Artist Award by International Society for the Performing Arts
See also
Ai Nagai Japanese playwright, stage director, co-founder and leader of Nitosha
Toshiki Okada Japanese playwright, theater director, novelist, founder of Chelfitsch
Kunio Shimizu Japanese playwright | Hideki Noda (playwright) |
Mystica is the second and final studio album by the British Gothic metal band The Blood Divine.
Track listing
"Mystica" – 4:18
"As Rapture Fades" – 3:24
"Visions in Blue" – 4:32
"The Passion Reigns" – 2:54
"Leaving Me Helpless" – 3:06
"Visions Part II: Event Horizon" – 2:04
"I Believe" – 2:43
"Enhanced by Your Touch" – 1:55
"Sensual Ecstasy" – 4:04
"Fear of a Lonely World" – 6:31
"Prayer" – 4:24
Credits
Darren White - Vocals
Paul Ryan - Guitars
Benjamin Ryan - Keyboards
Steve Maloney - Bass
Was Sarginson - Drums, Percussion
1997 albums
The Blood Divine albums | Mystica (The Blood Divine album) |
Rif Dimashq Governorate (, , literally, the "Governorate of the Countryside of Damascus", Damascus Suburb) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in the southwestern part of the country. It borders the governorates of Quneitra, Daraa and al-Suwayda in the southwest, Homs in the north, Lebanon in the west and Jordan in the south. The capital is the city of Douma.
The Governorate completely surrounds the city and governorate of Damascus and it has an area of 18,032 km² and a population of 2,273,074 (2004 census).
The Governorate was a major site of fighting in the Syrian Civil War in the Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign.
Districts
The governorate is divided into ten districts (manatiq). The districts are further divided into 37 sub-districts (nawahi). There were nine districts until February 2009, when Qudsaya District was created from parts of Markaz Rif Dimashq and Al-Zabadani districts. There is a small village belonging to the Damascus countryside (Ghouta) called Aqraba, which is characterized by its fields and agricultural orchards. (nawahi). The governorate's total population (as of the 2004 census) is 2,273,074.
Markaz Rif Dimashq District (6 sub-districts; population: 837,804)
Al-Kiswah Subdistrict
Babbila Subdistrict
Jaramana Subdistrict
Al-Malihah Subdistrict
Kafr Batna Subdistrict
Arbin Subdistrict
Darayya District (3 sub-districts; population: 260,961)
Darayya Subdistrict
Sahnaya Subdistrict
al-Hajar al-Aswad Subdistrict
Douma District (7 sub-districts; population: 433,719)
Douma Subdistrict
Harasta Subdistrict
Al-Sabe' Biyar Subdistrict
Al-Dumayr Subdistrict
Al-Nashabiyah Subdistrict
Al-Ghizlaniyah Subdistrict
Harran al-Awamid Subdistrict
An-Nabek District (3 sub-districts; population: 80,001)
An-Nabek Subdistrict
Deir Atiyah Subdistrict
Qara Subdistrict
Qatana District (3 sub-districts; population: 207,245)
Qatana Subdistrict
Beit Jen Subdistrict
Sa'sa' Subdistrict
Qudsaya District (3 sub-districts; population: 105,974)*
Qudsaya Subdistrict
Al-Dimas Subdistrict
Ain al-Fijah Subdistrict
Al-Qutayfah District (4 sub-districts; population: 119,283)
Al-Qutayfah Subdistrict
Jayroud Subdistrict
Maaloula Subdistrict
Ar-Ruhaybah Subdistrict
Al-Tall District (3 sub-districts; population: 115,937)
al-Tall Subdistrict
Saidnaya Subdistrict
Rankous Subdistrict
Yabroud District (2 sub-districts; population: 48,370)
Yabroud Subdistrict
Assal al-Ward Subdistrict
Al-Zabadani District (3 sub-districts; population: 63,780)
Al-Zabadani Subdistrict
Madaya Subdistrict
Serghaya Subdistrict
*a newly-created district since 2009, formerly belonging to Markaz Rif Dimashq District and parts of Al-Zabadani District | Rif Dimashq Governorate |
Edward Lewis Pinckney (born March 27, 1963) is an American former professional basketball player.
College career
He attended Villanova University and was a part of the Villanova Wildcats' 1981 heralded recruiting class that included Gary McLain, who was his roommate, and Dwayne McClain. The trio would call themselves "The Expansion Crew" during their time at Villanova.
A forward from The Bronx, New York, Pinckney led regional eight-seed Villanova Wildcats to the NCAA title over the heavily favored Georgetown Hoyas in 1985. He was the recipient of the Tournament's Most Outstanding Player after registering 16 points and 6 rebounds in the 66–64 victory, widely considered one of the greatest NCAA tournament upsets of all time. This game is featured in the book The Perfect Game by Frank Fitzpatrick.
NBA career
Also in 1985 he was selected tenth overall by the Phoenix Suns in the NBA draft and played for them from 1985 to 1987. He also played with the Sacramento Kings (1987–89), Boston Celtics (1989–94), Milwaukee Bucks (1994–95), Toronto Raptors (1995–96), Philadelphia 76ers (1995–96) and Miami Heat (1996–97). He retired in 1997.
As a Celtic, on April 19, 1994, Pinckney grabbed a career-high 22 rebounds and scored 21 points during a win against the Bucks. He participated in the first tip-off in Toronto Raptors franchise history, facing off against Yinka Dare of the New Jersey Nets on November 3, 1995.
Career statistics
Memphis Tigers men's basketball
NBA
Regular season
|-
| align="left" | 1985–86
| align="left" | Phoenix
| 80 || 24 || 20.0 || .558 || .000 || .673 || 3.9 || 1.1 || 0.9 || 0.5 || 8.5
|-
| align="left" | 1986–87
| align="left" | Phoenix
| 80 || 65 || 28.1 || .584 || .000 || .739 || 7.3 || 1.5 || 1.1 || 0.7 || 10.5
|-
| align="left" | 1987–88
| align="left" | Sacramento
| 79 || 7 || 14.9 || .522 || .000 || .747 || 2.9 || 0.8 || 0.5 || 0.4 || 6.2
|-
| align="left" | 1988–89
| align="left" | Sacramento
| 51 || 24 || 26.2 || .502 || .000 || .801 || 5.9 || 1.5 || 1.1 || 0.8 || 12.3
|-
| align="left" | 1988–89
| align="left" | Boston
| 29 || 9 || 23.4 || .540 || .000 || .798 || 5.1 || 1.5 || 1.0 || 0.8 || 10.1
|-
| align="left" | 1989–90
| align="left" | Boston
| 77 || 50 || 14.1 || .542 || .000 || .773 || 2.9 || 0.9 || 0.4 || 0.5 || 4.7
|-
| align="left" | 1990–91
| align="left" | Boston
| 70 || 16 || 16.6 || .539 || .000 || .897 || 4.9 || 0.6 || 0.9 || 0.6 || 5.2
|-
| align="left" | 1991–92
| align="left" | Boston
| 81 || 36 || 23.7 || .537 || .000 || .812 || 7.0 || 0.8 || 0.9 || 0.7 || 7.6
|-
| align="left" | 1992–93
| align="left" | Boston
| 7 || 5 || 21.6 || .417 || .000 || .923 || 6.1 || 0.1 || 0.6 || 1.0 || 4.6
|-
| align="left" | 1993–94
| align="left" | Boston
| 76 || 35 || 20.1 || .522 || .000 || .736 || 6.3 || 0.8 || 0.8 || 0.6 || 5.2
|-
| align="left" | 1994–95
| align="left" | Milwaukee
| 62 || 17 || 13.5 || .495 || .000 || .710 || 3.4 || 0.3 || 0.5 || 0.3 || 2.3
|-
| align="left" | 1995–96
| align="left" | Toronto
| 47 || 24 || 21.9 || .502 || .000 || .758 || 6.0 || 1.1 || 0.7 || 0.4 || 7.0
|-
| align="left" | 1995–96
| align="left" | Philadelphia
| 27 || 23 || 25.1 || .529 || .000 || .764 || 6.5 || 0.8 || 1.2 || 0.4 || 5.6
|-
| align="left" | 1996–97
| align="left" | Miami
| 27 || 0 || 10.1 || .535 || .000 || .800 || 2.4 || 0.2 || 0.3 || 0.3 || 2.4
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 793 || 335 || 19.8 || .535 || .000 || .765 || 5.0 || 0.9 || 0.8 || 0.5 || 6.8
|}
Playoffs
|-
| align="left" | 1988–89
| align="left" | Boston
| 3 || 0 || 15.0 || .250 || .000 || 1.000 || 1.7 || 0.3 || 0.3 || 0.3 || 2.7
|-
| align="left" | 1989–90
| align="left" | Boston
| 4 || 0 || 6.3 || .857 || .000 || .778 || 1.5 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 4.8
|-
| align="left" | 1990–91
| align="left" | Boston
| 11 || 0 || 15.5 || .762 || .000 || .810 || 3.6 || 0.2 || 0.5 || 0.2 || 4.5
|-
| align="left" | 1991–92
| align="left" | Boston
| 10 || 8 || 31.4 || .603 || .000 || .839 || 8.4 || 0.7 || 1.2 || 0.9 || 9.6
|-
| align="left" | 1996–97
| align="left" | Miami
| 2 || 0 || 3.0 || .667 || .000 || .000 || 0.0 || 0.5 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 2.0
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 30 || 8 || 18.7 || .614 || .000 || .825 || 4.5 || 0.4 || 0.6 || 0.4 || 5.9
|}
College
|-
| align="left" | 1981–82
| align="left" | Villanova
| 32 || - || 33.8 || .640 || - || .714 || 7.8 || 1.4 || 1.6 || 2.0 || 14.2
|-
| align="left" | 1982–83
| align="left" | Villanova
| 31 || - || 33.2 || .568 || - || .760 || 9.7 || 1.8 || 1.5 || 2.1 || 12.5
|-
| align="left" | 1983–84
| align="left" | Villanova
| 31 || - || 34.5 || .604 || - || .694 || 7.9 || 1.7 || 1.5 || 1.9 || 15.4
|-
| align="left" | 1984–85
| align="left" | Villanova
| 35 || - || 33.9 || .600 || - || .730 || 8.9 || 2.0 || 1.5 || 1.8 || 15.6
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 129 || - || 33.8 || .604 || - || .723 || 8.6 || 1.8 || 1.5 || 2.0 || 14.5
|}
Broadcasting
Pinckney was a radio and television analyst for the Miami Heat from 1997 through 2003. He was the Heat's Director of Mentoring Programs from 2002 to 2003.
He spent the 2009-10 NBA season as a color analyst for the Philadelphia 76ers.
Coaching
Pinckney served as an assistant coach for the Villanova Wildcats, under head coach Jay Wright from 2003 to 2007.
On September 21, 2007, Pinckney was hired as an assistant coach by the Minnesota Timberwolves. He joined the Chicago Bulls' coaching staff on September 13, 2010.
On July 4, 2015, he was hired to be an assistant coach for the Denver Nuggets.
On October 2, 2016, he returned to the Timberwolves as an assistant coach.
Personal life
Ed and his wife Rose have three sons, Shae, Spencer, and Austin and one daughter, Andrea.
NBA transactions
Selected 10th overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 1985 NBA draft
Traded to the Sacramento Kings for Eddie Johnson on June 21, 1987.
Traded to the Boston Celtics along with Joe Kleine in exchange for Danny Ainge and Brad Lohaus on February 23, 1989.
Traded to the Milwaukee Bucks along with rights to Andrei Fetisov in exchange for Blue Edwards and Derek Strong on June 29, 1994.
Selected from the Bucks by the Toronto Raptors in the 1995 expansion draft on June 24, 1995.
Traded to the Philadelphia 76ers along with Tony Massenburg in exchange for Sharone Wright on February 22, 1996.
Waived by the 76ers on July 15, 1996.
Signed as a free agent with the Miami Heat on September 25, 1996.
Retired on October 1, 1997. | Ed Pinckney |
Glow is the ninth full-length album by the band Raven, released in 1994 (see 1994 in music).
"The Rocker" is a Thin Lizzy cover.
Track listing
All songs by Gallagher, Gallagher, Hasselvander unless noted.
"Watch You Drown" – 4:36
"Spite" – 2:26
"True Believer" – 4:42
"So Close" – 4:14
"Alter" – 4:33
"The Dark Side" – 3:52
"The Rocker" (Phil Lynott, Brian Downey, Eric Bell) – 3:07
"Turn on You" – 3:43
"Far and Wide" – 5:21
"Victim" – 3:51
"Gimme a Reason" – 4:02
"Slip Away" – 4:04
Personnel
John Gallagher - bass, vocals
Mark Gallagher - guitar
Joe Hasselvander - drums | Glow (Raven album) |
Live Jam was a live album released in 1993 by Polydor after The Jam's split in 1982.
Track listing
All tracks composed by Paul Weller; except where indicated
"The Modern World"
"Billy Hunt"
"Thick as Thieves"
"Burning Sky"
"Mr. Clean"
"Smithers-Jones" (Bruce Foxton)
"Little Boy Soldiers"
"The Eton Rifles"
"Away from the Numbers"
"Down in the Tube Station at Midnight"
"Strange Town"
"When You're Young"
"'A' Bomb in Wardour Street"
"Pretty Green"
"Boy About Town"
"Man in the Corner Shop"
"David Watts" (Ray Davies)
"Funeral Pyre" (Paul Weller, Bruce Foxton, Rick Buckler)
"Move on Up" (Curtis Mayfield)
"Carnation"
"The Butterfly Collector"
"Precious"
"Town Called Malice"
"Heat Wave" (Holland-Dozier-Holland)
"The Modern World", "Away from the Numbers" and "Down in the Tube Station at Midnight" featured on the bonus disc of the "Going Underground" single in 1980. "Town Called Malice" featured on the 12" single of the same name in 1982. | Live Jam |
Harrogate Grammar School is a co-educational academy school and sixth form in Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England. It has around 1,900 pupils in the main school. A 2022 Ofsted inspection rated the school as 'Outstanding' in all five areas of the Ofsted framework
History
Harrogate Grammar School was founded in 1903 as the Municipal Secondary Day School of Harrogate. Its original premises were a collection of rented rooms in Haywra Crescent. By the time the school became a Grammar School in 1931 the original roll of 44 pupils had grown to 530, and the school had outgrown its premises. Work began on the new grammar school in Arthurs Avenue and the staff and pupils transferred in 1933.
Expansion
During the Second World War, many evacuees came to Harrogate from the cities, and the school's roll went up to 900 pupils. To keep pace with these numbers, the school undertook various periods of building expansion, most notably the 1970s addition of a sports hall and gymnasium, as well as music, reflexology and technology facilities.
Sixth Form
The school has undergone a period of growth in its Sixth Form and now has around 540 students on roll. The increased provision for Sixth Form began in the 1980s when a dedicated Sixth Form block was added.
The sixth form was further extended in 2013 as The Sherwood Wing, named after Mrs Jan Sherwood, a former Sixth Form Director, for her contribution to the school.
The school was named in July 2019 as a computing hub for the National Centre for Computing Education.
Specialist language status
In 2002 Harrogate Grammar School was given Specialist Language Status. In 2006 the school was recognised as a successful specialist school and was invited to take on a second specialism in technology.
Academy and National Teaching School status
In 2011, following the government's plans to turn high performing comprehensive schools in the UK into academies, the school was granted academy status. The school operated an independent academy trust until the formation of the Red Kite Learning Trust (RKLT) in late 2015. The RKLT formed as a multi-academy trust (MAT) with partner schools, including nearby primary schools and Prince Henry's Grammar School in Otley who had already been linked through the Red Kite Alliance (RKA), a group of schools through which teaching and learning development is shared.
The Learning Trust and Alliance is based at Harrogate Grammar School and they coordinate events, conferences, networking and School Centred Initial Teacher Training (SCITT) through Red Kite Teacher Training thanks to the status of Harrogate Grammar as a National Teaching School.
Staff
The current headteacher is Neil Renton who was appointed to the role in January 2019 to take over the post from former head Richard Sheriff in September 2019. Richard Sheriff had been head of the school since 2007, but is due to stay involved with the school closely in his role as CEO of the Red Kite Learning Trust of which Harrogate Grammar is a founding member.
Motto
The school shares its motto with the town of Harrogate. "Arx Celebris Fontibus" translated from Latin as, "A citadel famous for its springs".
House system
The school operates a House system, introduced in the 1950s. It was later ended but reinstated in 2001. The current houses are: Ventus, Ignis, Terra and Aqua, representing the four classical elements.
Bullying
In 1999, North Yorkshire County Council paid £6000 in an out-of-court settlement, "with no admission of liability" to a former pupil who stated that Harrogate Grammar School persistently failed to protect him from bullying. In 1999, the pupil and his mother founded the charity Bullying Online, now Bullying UK.
Air Training Corps
On 17 February 1939, No 58 (Harrogate) Squadron of the Air Defence Cadet Corps was established at the school by the Air League of the British Empire. The squadron has since moved to separate premises and is no longer associated with the school. Pupils from the school are still active cadets within the squadron.
Notable alumni
Second Lieutenant Donald Bell VC, Army officer and professional footballer, awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions on the Somme in 1916.
Andrew Brons, British National Party (BNP) MEP for Yorkshire and the Humber
Stuart Colman – Record producer who worked with Shakin Stevens
Jenny Duncalf – Professional squash player, having held Number 2 world ranking
Luke Garbutt – Current professional footballer for England national under-21 football team and Everton.
Andrew Scarborough - Professional actor who has appeared in The Bill, Heartbeat and most notably starred in Downton Abbey. He and Hugo Speer also from the grammar school, starred together in the BBC comedy drama Hearts and Bones
Hugo Speer- Professional actor who has appeared in The Bill, Heartbeat and most notably The Full Monty
Phil Swainston – England Youth International and professional Rugby Union player for Premiership team London Wasps and Harlequins
Martyn Wood – England international rugby union footballer. | Harrogate Grammar School |
Welf VI (111515 December 1191) was the margrave of Tuscany (1152–1162) and duke of Spoleto (1152–1162), the third son of Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, and a member of the illustrious family of the Welf.
Biography
Welf inherited the familial possessions in Swabia, including the counties of Altdorf and Ravensburg, while his eldest brother Henry the Proud received the duchies of Bavaria and Saxony and his elder brother Conrad entered the church. Henry married Welf to Uta, the daughter of Godfrey of Calw, count palatine of the Rhine. On Godfrey's death in 1131, a dispute opened up between Godfrey's nephew Adalbert and Welf over the inheritance of Calw.
Welf was an uncle to the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa (Barbarossa's mother, Judith, was Welf's sister). Welf himself was only a decade or less older than his nephew, during whose reign most of Welf's activity occurred.
When Conrad III of Germany, Frederick's uncle, confiscated the duchy of Bavaria in 1142, Welf joined his brother in rebelling. Even though, Conrad III and Welf VI had gone on the Second Crusade together, Welf and his son, Welf VII, were defeated by Henry Berengar, son of Conrad III, at the Battle of Flochberg.
In 1152, the Welfs and the Hohenstaufen made peace and Frederick Barbarossa was elected king. He returned Bavaria to Henry's son Henry the Lion in 1156. In October 1152, at Würzburg, Frederick gave Welf, as the head of his family, the duchy of Spoleto, margraviate of Tuscany, and principality of Sardinia among other Italian properties.
Beginning in the 1150s, a feud broke out between Welf (along with his son Welf VII) against Hugh of Tübingen, count palatine of Swabia. It came to a head between 1164 and 1166 and ended with the resolution of the emperor himself, generally on the side of the Welfs.
When Welf's aforementioned only son died of malaria at Rome in 1167, while campaigning with Barbarossa against Pope Alexander III, Henry demanded the inheritance of all the Welf estates. Welf demanded in return a large sum of money, which Henry did not raise. Welf therefore gave his Italian states to the emperor. Welf remained in charge of his Italian duchies until 1173, while Christian, Archbishop of Mainz, was imperial vicar.
A rift between Henry and Barbarossa over an Italian campaign in 1176 provided the basis for the proceedings against Henry in 1179, which finally deprived him of all his estates, including those he had purchased from Welf. These were given back to Welf, who gave them to Barbarossa's heir, the duke of Swabia, on his death in 1191. Thus, all the Swabian Welf estates passed to the Hohenstaufen, descended from Welf's sister Judith. The male line of Welfs, descended from Henry the Lion, remained with their Billung patrimony in northern Germany.
Welf was a patron of churches. He was buried in the Premonstratensian monastery that he founded, Steingaden Abbey in Bavaria, where his son had also been buried. He was the patron of the Historia Welforum, the first medieval chronicle of his dynasty.
Issue
Welf had at least two children with Uta:
Elisabeth (c. 1135 ); married Rudolf, Count of Pfullendorf
Welf VII (c. 1140–1167 ); Duke of Spoleto and Margrave of Tuscany | Welf VI |
William P. Parker is an American artist, scientist, and entrepreneur, best known for inventing the modern design of the plasma globe. The invention occurred in 1971, when Parker was working as a student in a physics laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and accidentally filled a test chamber to a greater-than-usual pressure with ionized neon and argon. Three years later, Parker was artist-in-residence at the Exploratorium in San Francisco and created two installations using this technology, entitled Quiet Lightning and AM Lightning.
Parker has also exhibited at the MIT Museum, the New York Hall of Science, and the Housatonic Museum at Housatonic Community College in Bridgeport, Connecticut. He was the youngest Fellow at the MIT Center for Advanced Visual Studies. Plasma globes based on his designs were commercially popular in the 1980s and “are found in nearly every science museum in the world".
In the 1980s, Parker founded Diffraction Ltd, a defense electro-optics developer that was purchased by the O'Gara Group in 2005. and in 2006 he spun off another company, Creative MicroSystems, focusing on microfluidics. He maintains a studio in Waitsfield, Vermont, and in 2008 he was elected to the Waitsfield select board.
Patents | Bill Parker (inventor) |
In mathematics, a phase portrait is a geometric representation of the orbits of a dynamical system in the phase plane. Each set of initial conditions is represented by a different point or curve.
Phase portraits are an invaluable tool in studying dynamical systems. They consist of a plot of typical trajectories in the phase space. This reveals information such as whether an attractor, a repellor or limit cycle is present for the chosen parameter value. The concept of topological equivalence is important in classifying the behaviour of systems by specifying when two different phase portraits represent the same qualitative dynamic behavior. An attractor is a stable point which is also called a "sink". The repeller is considered as an unstable point, which is also known as a "source".
A phase portrait graph of a dynamical system depicts the system's trajectories (with arrows) and stable steady states (with dots) and unstable steady states (with circles) in a phase space. The axes are of state variables.
Examples
Simple pendulum, see picture (right).
Simple harmonic oscillator where the phase portrait is made up of ellipses centred at the origin, which is a fixed point.
Damped harmonic motion, see animation (right).
Van der Pol oscillator see picture (bottom right).
Visualizing the behavior of ordinary differential equations
A phase portrait represents the directional behavior of a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The phase portrait can indicate the stability of the system.
The phase portrait behavior of a system of ODEs can be determined by the eigenvalues or the trace and determinant (trace = λ1 + λ2, determinant = λ1 x λ2) of the system.
See also
Phase space
Phase plane | Phase portrait |
Jean Amila (Paris, 24 November 1910 – 6 March 1995) was an anarchist French writer and screenwriter who also wrote under the names John Amila, Jean Mekert, or Jean Meckert.
Works
Science-Fiction
La ville de plomb
Le 9 de pique (1956)
Mysteries
Nous Avons les Mains Rouges (1947)
Y'a pas de Bon Dieu! (1950)
Motus! (1953)
La Bonne Tisane (1955)
Sans Attendre Godot (1956)
Le Drakkar (1959)
Les Loups dans la Bergerie (1959)
Jusqu'à Plus Soif (1962)
La Lune d'Omaha (1964)
Noces de Soufre (1964)
Pitié pour les Rats (1964)
Les Fous de Hong-Kong (1969)
Le Grillon Enragé (1970)
Contest-Flic (1972)
La Nef des Dingues (1972)
Terminus Iéna (1973)
A Qui ai-je l'Honneur?.. (1974)
Le Pigeon des Faubourgs (1981)
Le Chien de Montargis (1983)
Langes Radieux (1984)
Au Balcon d'Hiroshima (1985)
Historical Novels
Le Boucher des Hurlus
Screenplays
Nous sommes tous des assassins
Le Miroir à deux faces (as Jean Meckert) | Jean Amila |
The CSI comics are comic book tie-ins with the CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, CSI: Miami and CSI: NY television shows. They have been published from 2003 to 2009.
The majority have been released by IDW Publishing and have been written by a range of notable authors including Jeff Mariotte, Max Allan Collins, and Steven Grant. The latest was a manga-style story written by Sekou Hamilton and published by Tokyopop.
Stories
Serial
The first of the major CSI: Crime Scene Investigation stories, Serial deals with Gil Grissom and his team tracking a violent serial killer. The killer is copy-catting history's most infamous murderer – Jack the Ripper, killing Las Vegas prostitutes. To complicate matters for the team, the murderer is striking during the Ripper Mania Festival in Las Vegas, a convention for Jack the Ripper case enthusiasts. The producers of the festival attempt to work with the police.
Dying in the Gutters
The story revolves around the (fictional) murder of Rich Johnston who writes a gossip column for Comic Book Resources called "Lying in the Gutters". Due to his notoriety and the fact that this takes place at a comics convention there is a long list of comic book luminaries among the suspects.
Intern At Your Own Risk
15-year-old Kiyomi Hudson is one of five teens—and the lone girl—chosen for internship in Las Vegas' CSI Division under the tutelage of Gil Grissom and Catherine Willows. Little does she know that her first "case" concerns another brutally murdered teenage girl, and that one of her fellow interns may know more than he's letting on.
Publications
IDW Publishing
Usually published as limited series by IDW Publishing they are collected by IDW and Titan as trade paperbacks.
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation:
Thicker Than Blood (by Jeff Mariotte, Gabriel Rodriguez, and Ashley Wood; 2003, IDW Publishing, )
Serial (by Max Allan Collins, Ashley Wood, and Gabriel Rodriguez; 2003, IDW Publishing, , Titan Books, 2004, )
Bad Rap (by Max Allan Collins, Gabriel Rodriguez, and Ashley Wood; 2004, IDW Publishing, , Titan Books, )
Demon House (by Max Allan Collins, Ashley Wood, and Gabriel Rodriguez; 2004, IDW Publishing, , Titan Books, )
Dominos (by Kris Oprisko, Steven Perkins, and Gabriel Rodriguez; 2005, IDW Publishing, , Titan Books, )
Secret Identity (by Steven Grant, Steven Perkins, and Gabriel Rodriguez; 2005, IDW Publishing, )
Dying in the Gutters (by Steven Grant and Stephen Mooney; 2006, IDW Publishing, 2007, )
CSI: Miami:
Thou Shalt Not... (by Kris Oprisko, Renato Guedes, Steven Perkins, and Ashley Wood; collection of one-shots "Smoking Gun", "Thou Shalt Not", and "Blood/Money" from 2004, IDW Publishing, 2005, , Titan Books, 2005, )
CSI: NY:
Bloody Murder (by Max Allan Collins, J. K. Woodward, and Steven Perkins; 2006, IDW Publishing, )
Tokyopop
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation:
Intern At Your Own Risk (by Sekou Hamilton, Steven Cummings, and Megumi Cummings; 2009, Tokyopop, )
See also
List of comics based on television programs
CSI novels | CSI (comics) |
Ballybrophy is a railway station in the village of Ballybrophy, County Laois, Ireland, halfway between Borris-in-Ossory and Rathdowney in the Barony of Clandonagh.
The station is an exchange point for passengers on Dublin to Cork services to connect to via services.
Station name
The station opened on 1 September 1847 as Roscrea & Borris. It was later renamed Roscrea & Parsonstown Junction in 1858, and renamed again in 1871 as Ballybrophy.
Facilities
Lifts were fitted to the footbridge in late 2007. Therefore, disabled passengers who cannot use steps and are boarding or alighting from trains to Cork and Limerick via Limerick Junction are no longer required to cross the tracks at ground level, as was previously the case. This was only possible when trains were clear of the tracks.
Proposed developments
Ballybrophy's railway station is a connection point between the main Dublin-Cork main line and the Limerick–Ballybrophy railway line. The branch line is lightly travelled, as the principal route between Dublin and Limerick is via Limerick Junction. Since the introduction of a two-hourly Dublin-Limerick service in 2008, this journey does not usually require a change of train.
Up until the mid-1980s the line to Limerick via Nenagh diverged from the mainline via a junction that faced Cork. This was replaced by a siding connection when the mainline was resignalled. For trains to enter the Nenagh branch from the Dublin bound mainline requires trains to set back into the bay platform before proceeding to Nenagh and Limerick. A train travelling from Dublin to Limerick via Nenagh would need to set back from the Down mainline onto the Up mainline before pulling forward into the bay platform. Prior to 1967, the only route from Dublin to Limerick that did not entail a reversal was via Athenry and the former Sligo to Limerick line of the Waterford, Limerick and Western Railway.
Some of those who favour retaining the line have theorised that replacing the south facing connection at Ballybrophy with a new line east to the more populated Borris-in-Ossory, and joining the line nearer Portlaoise would be better for Dublin connections. However, in addition to the substantial capital cost of this work, substantial parts of the line would still need to be re-laid nearer Limerick to eliminate severe speed restrictions. The M7 motorway from Dublin to Limerick also dissuades rail usage.
Proposed closure
In November 2016 it was announced the line was very likely to close in 2018 as the demand for the service was low and CIE/IE wished to close it to save money. This was subsequently ruled out by Irish Rail (Iarnród Éireann).
Petitioned upgrades
The North Tipperary Community Rail Partnership have campaigned to improve the Limerick–Ballybrophy railway line service, including issuing an online petition. It is hoped that, as soon as an ongoing continuous welded rail (CWR) relay project is completed between Cloughjordan and Roscrea stations, that further improvements such as the signalling system on the Limerick–Ballybrophy railway line will then be upgraded to help improve the speed limits imposed on trains travelling on the line.
See also
List of railway stations in Ireland | Ballybrophy railway station |
Cadet College Hasan Abdal (Urdu :کیدت کالج/کیڈٹ کالج حسن ابدال), abbreviated as "CCH", is a residential secondary school located in Hasan Abdal, Attock District, Punjab, Pakistan.
The college has over 550 enrolled students aged 13–19 years. The main aim of the academic program is to train students to become 21st century global leaders in their chosen fields of influence. The college offers Matriculation as well as GCE 'O' Levels to the students, including those from overseas.
History
Cadet College, Hasan Abdal was the first Cadet college in Pakistan in 1952. It was established by the Punjab government and initiated by General Muhammad Ayub Khan (then Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army) to serve as a feeder institution to the Services Academies. For this purpose, military wings were started in 1952 at Government College, Sahiwal, and Islamia College, Peshawar. When the present buildings were completed in April 1954, these military wings were transferred to Hasan Abdal and the new college opened as Punjab Cadet College, with Hugh Catchpole as the founding Principal. In 1960, the government created a Board of Governors to exercise administrative control over the college. The members of the board include the Honorable Governor of Punjab — Chairman Board of Governors, Chairman POF’s Board — Vice Chairman, Commissioner, Rawalpindi Division (Member), Secretary, Finance Dept, Govt of Punjab - Member, Secretary School, Education Dept, Govt of Punjab — Member and
Principal, Cadet College Hasanabdal — Member. Since then, it has been known as Cadet College Hasanabdal.
Wings
The college is divided into six wings:
Student life
Students attending Cadet College, Hasan Abdal, are called Cadets.
The college prepares boys for the secondary school and intermediate examinations conducted by the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education Rawalpindi, and also for the General Certificate of Education 'O' Levels and 'A' Levels, which follow a similar format to the GCSEs and 'A' levels used in the UK. Some cadets study for Matriculation or F.Sc. (both pre-medical and pre-engineering). English, Urdu, Islamiyat, Pakistan Studies, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, and Biology are compulsory at each level; some other subjects (e.g. Computer Science) are offered within the different levels.
Fitness activities include gymnastics, jogging, and athletics. Sports time is held in the evenings on weekdays. Cadets take part in sports such as basketball, field hockey, football, horse riding, squash, swimming, tennis, and volleyball. Students are also taught drill.
Classes are conducted in the morning and preps (individual silent study periods) at night. The routine is a structured daily regime to promote maximum performance by the students.
Infrastructure
The college is spread over approximately . Buildings on the property include a mosque, a two-story education block, college hall—known as Naeem Hall in memory of ex-cadet Captain Naeem Akhtar (Shaheed)— the six boarding wings, two cadet messes—known as Khatlani Hall and Hussain Shah Hall in memory respectively of ex-cadet Lt. Ahmed Farooq Khatlani (Shaheed) and ex-cadet Lt. Hussain Shah (Shaheed)— a swimming pool, a 16-bed hospital, the administrative block, a workshop and a hobbies block. Sports facilities include two squash courts and a number of football, hockey and cricket pitches, as well as a horse-back riding ground. The college has residential accommodation for the teaching and administrative staff based within the college. There is an oval ground in the middle of the college around which all the six wings are located. Recently, every wing has been given a slogan and a mascot. A road, "Scholar's Walk" as called by BOGs, surrounds the Oval. It is a cricket ground with flood lights installed around for playing cricket matches even at night.
Principals
Principals and their tenure start dates are:
Notable alumni
The following notable people are graduates of the college:
Aseer Qayyum — Federal Minister of Health and Special assistant to PM on health
Sikandar Sultan Raja — Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan
Babar Sattar — Judge of the Islamabad High Court
Sohaib Abbasi — former Senior Vice President of Oracle Tools and Education divisions, former CEO of Informatica
Admiral Zafar Mahmood Abbasi — Former Chief of Naval Staff, Pakistan Navy
Asad Abidi — first Dean of LUMS School of Science and Engineering, Professor of Electrical Engineering at UCLA and Cornell
Khawaja Muhammad Asif— Minister for Defense and former Minister of Water & Power
Masood Aslam— Commander XI Corps, Pakistan Army and former Inspector General Training & Evaluation (IG T&E)
Asfandyar Bukhari — Tamgha i Jurat recipient
Vice Admiral Tayyab Ali Dogar— former Vice Chief of Naval Staff
Muhammad Hafizullah — Vice Chancellor, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar
Hamid Javaid— former Chief of Staff (COS) to the President of Pakistan and former Chairman HIT
Iftikhar Ali Khan — former Secretary Defence and ex-Chief of the General Staff (CGS), Pakistan Army
Khurram Dastgir Khan — Defense Minister of Pakistan, Previous Minister of Commerce
Abbas Khattak — former Chief of Air Staff, Pakistan Air Force
Raja Nadir Pervez Sitara-e-Jurat and Bar
Javed Ashraf — former Federal Minister of Education, Communication and Railways, Secretary Railways, Commander XXX Corps, Gujranwala and DG ISI
Sikandar Sultan Raja — Federal Secretary to Govt of Pakistan
Khalid Shameem Wynne— former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
Muhammad Zakaullah — former Chief of Naval Staff, Pakistan Navy
Naweed Zaman — Rector, National University of Sciences and Technology (Pakistan), ex-Commandant Army IV Corps
Khawaja Muhammad Asif – Minister of Defence, Pakistan
See also
Army Burn Hall College
Hasanabdal
Military College Jhelum
PAF Public School Sargodha | Cadet College Hasan Abdal |
Economic liberalization, or economic liberalisation, is the lessening of government regulations and restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater participation by private entities. In politics, the doctrine is associated with classical liberalism and neoliberalism. Liberalization in short is "the removal of controls" to encourage economic development.
Many countries have pursued and followed the path of economic liberalization in the 1980s, 1990s and in the 21st century, with the stated goal of maintaining or increasing their competitiveness as business environments. Liberalization policies may or often include the partial or complete privatization of government institutions and state-owned assets, greater labour market flexibility, lower tax rates for businesses, less restrictions on both domestic and foreign capital, open markets, etc. In support of liberalization, former British prime minister Tony Blair wrote: "Success will go to those companies and countries which are swift to adapt, slow to complain, open and willing to change. The task of modern governments is to ensure that our countries can rise to this challenge."
In developing countries, economic liberalization refers more to liberalization or further "opening up" of their respective economies to foreign capital and investments. Three of the fastest growing developing economies today; Brazil, China, and India, have achieved rapid economic growth in the past several years or decades, in part, from having liberalized their economies to foreign capital.
Many countries nowadays, particularly those in the third world, arguably were given no choice but to "liberalize" their economies to remain competitive in attracting and retaining both their domestic and foreign investments. This is referred to as the TINA factor, standing for "there is no alternative". For example, in China after Cultural Revolution, reforms were introduced, and in 1991 India had little choice but to implement economic reforms. Similarly, in the Philippines, the contentious proposals for Charter Change include amending the economically restrictive provisions of their 1987 constitution.
By this measure, an opposite of a liberalized economy are economies such as North Korea's economy with their "self-sufficient" economic system that is closed to foreign trade and investment (see autarky). However, North Korea is not completely separate from the global economy, since it actively trades with China, through Dandong, a large border port and receives aid from other countries in exchange for peace and restrictions in their nuclear programme. Another example would be oil-rich countries such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, which see no need to further open up their economies to foreign capital and investments since their oil reserves already provide them with huge export earnings.
The adoption of economic reforms in the first place and then its reversal or sustenance is a function of certain factors, the presence or absence of which will determine the outcome. Sharma (2011) explains all such factors and puts forward a discursive dominance theory to illustrate the causal mechanism. The theory holds that economic reforms become sustainable when the discursive conditions prevailing in society tip against the existing paradigm under exceptional circumstances. Using the case of India, he demonstrates that economic reforms became sustainable after 1991 because of the discursive dominance of the pro-liberalization discourse after 1991. He shows that the eight factors, which are responsible for creating discursive conditions in the favour of economic reforms, prevailed in India in the post 1991 operating environment. The eight factors are: the dominant view of international intellectuals, illustrative country cases, executive orientation, political will, the degree and the perceived causes of economic crisis, attitudes on the part of donor agencies, and the perceived outcomes of economic reforms. In other words, the Discursive Dominance Theory of Economic Reform Sustainability holds that unless the pro-liberalization constituencies dominate the development discourse, economic reforms, initiated under the exigencies of crisis and conditionalities, or carried out by a convinced executive with or without the stimulus of a crisis, will be reversed. The author's theory is fairly generalizable and is applicable to the developing countries which have implemented economic reforms in the 1990s, e.g. Russia in the Yeltsin era.
Liberalization of services in the developing world
Potential benefits
The service sector is probably the most liberalized of the sectors. Liberalization offers the opportunity for the sector to compete internationally, contributing to GDP growth and generating foreign exchange. As such, service exports are an important part of many developing countries' growth strategies. India's IT services have become globally competitive as many companies have outsourced certain administrative functions to countries where costs (esp. wages) are lower. Furthermore, if service providers in some developing economies are not competitive enough to succeed on world markets, overseas companies will be attracted to invest, bringing with them international "best practices" and better skills and technologies. The entry of foreign service providers can be a positive as well as negative development. For example, it can lead to better services for domestic consumers, improve the performance and competitiveness of domestic service providers, as well as simply attract FDI/foreign capital into the country. In fact, some research suggest a 50% cut in service trade barriers over a five- to ten-year period would create global gains in economic welfare of around $250 billion per annum.
Potential risks of trade liberalization
Trade liberalisation carries substantial risks that necessitate careful economic management through appropriate regulation by governments. Some argue foreign providers crowd out domestic providers and instead of leading to investment and the transfer of skills, it allows foreign providers and shareholders "to capture the profits for themselves, taking the money out of the country". Thus, it is often argued that protection is needed to allow domestic companies the chance to develop before they are exposed to international competition. This is also supported by the anthropologist Trouillot who argues that the current market system is not a free market at all, but instead a privatized market (IE, markets can be 'bought'). Other potential risks resulting from liberalisation, include:
Risks of financial sector instability resulting from global contagion
Risk of brain drain
Risk of environmental degradation
Risk of a debt spiral due to decreased tax revenue among other economic problems (oftentimes linked to IMF restructuring though the state government in Kansas is currently encountering this issue).
Risk of increased inequality across race, ethnicity, or gender lines. For example, according to the anthropologist Lilu Abu-Lughod we see increased gender inequality in new markets as women lose labor opportunities that existed prior to market liberalization.
However, researchers at thinks tanks such as the Overseas Development Institute argue the risks are outweighed by the benefits and that what is needed is careful regulation. For instance, there is a risk that private providers will 'skim off' the most profitable clients and cease to serve certain unprofitable groups of consumers or geographical areas. Yet such concerns could be addressed through regulation and by a universal service obligations in contracts, or in the licensing, to prevent such a situation from occurring. Of course, this bears the risk that this barrier to entry will dissuade international competitors from entering the market (see Deregulation). Examples of such an approach include South Africa's Financial Sector Charter or Indian nurses who promoted the nursing profession within India itself, which has resulted in a rapid growth in demand for nursing education and a related supply response.
Examples
Economic liberalization by region
Economic liberalisation in India
Economic liberalisation in Myanmar
Economic liberalisation in Pakistan
Effects of Economic Liberalisation on Education in Tajikistan
Baltic Tiger (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, c. 2000–present)
Economy of Cuba, starting in 1994 and accelerating under Raúl Castro
Indonesian economic boom, Starting after the Secession of East Timor in 1999 with the beginnings of the 21st Century.
Historical examples
Economic liberalization in the post–World War II era
Chinese economic reform
Perestroika (Soviet Union)
Economic history of Brazil in the 1980s and 1990s
Miracle of Chile
Đổi Mới (Vietnam)
See also
Multilateral development bank
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
World Bank (WB)
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
New Development Bank
Capitalism
Economic liberalism
Free market
Globalization
Liberalization
Neoliberalism
Privatization | Economic liberalization |
Josef Seger (born Josef Ferdinand Norbert Segert, last name also Seeger or Seegr) (21 March 1716 – 22 April 1782) was a Czech organist, composer, and educator. After graduating in philosophy from the Charles University in Prague and studying music under Bohuslav Matěj Černohorský, Jan Zach, and others, Seger became organist of two churches in Prague and remained there until his death.
An extremely prolific composer, Seger became one of the most important representatives of the Czech organ school of the 18th century. He was also an influential teacher: his pupils included Jan Antonín Koželuh and Josef Mysliveček, and his figured bass exercises served many generations of teachers.
Life
Seger was born in Řepín, near Mělník, in Bohemia. He studied at the Jesuit Gymnasium in Prague and later graduated in philosophy at the Charles University. He also studied organ playing with Bohuslav Matěj Černohorský, counterpoint with Jan Zach and František Tůma, and, according to Dlabacž, figured bass with Felix Benda. Around 1741 Seger became organist to the Church of Our Lady in front of Týn and in 1745 he acquired a similar post at the Crusaders' church in Prague. He held both positions until his death. In 1781 Emperor Joseph II was sufficiently impressed with Seger's playing and offered the composer a court appointment, but Seger died in Prague in 1782 before the confirming document arrived.
None of Seger's compositions were published during his lifetime, but he was an important teacher and educator. His pupils included Karel Blažej Kopřiva, Jan Antonín Koželuh, Jan Křtitel Kuchař, Josef Mysliveček, and many other distinguished Bohemian composers and musicians. A few of Seger's pieces appeared in print in the 1790s; a selection of eight organ fugues was published by D. G. Türk in 1793. In 1803, J. Polt published Seger's ten preludes for organ, and a few more works followed in the next few decades. Particularly important was the publication of a portion of his figured bass exercises, which were used by teachers for decades after his death.
Works
Seger was the most prolific Czech organ composer of the 18th century. Hundreds of preludes, fugues, toccatas and other organ pieces survive in manuscript copies, although the attribution to Seger of some of these works is problematic. Generally speaking, his preludes and fugues are short works (their length probably dictated by the limitations imposed by the Catholic liturgy), but they exhibit a fertile harmonic imagination and a perfect grasp of late Baroque counterpoint practice. He also composed masses, motets and psalm settings; all also dominated by archaic counterpoint.
Selected works
Keyboard
8 Toccaten und Fugen, ed. D.G. Türk (Leipzig, 1793)
2 preludes, in Sammlung von Präludien, Fugen, ausgeführten Chorälen … von berühmten ältern Meistern, i (Leipzig, 1795)
[10] Praeludien, ed. J. Polt (Prague, c. 1803)
4 preludes, 2 fugues, Toccata, Fughetta, in Fugen und Praeludien von älteren vaterländischen Compositoren, ed. Verein der Kunstfreunde für Kirchenmusik in Böhmen, i–ii (Prague, 1832)
c. 70 pieces attributed to Seger in Museum für Orgel-Spieler, ed. [C.F. Pitsch] (Prague, 1832–1834)
Numerous works in manuscript copies from the 18th and 19th century, 20th century publications, etc.
Vocal
Masses
Missa quadragesimalis [in F major], for 4vv and organ
Mass in D minor, for 4vv, 2 violins, 2 trombones, and organ
Mass in D minor, for 4vv, 2 violins, and organ
Missa choralis [in E-flat major], for 4vv, organ concertante (doubtful)
Other works
Alma Redemptoris, for 4vv, string instrument ("violetta"), viola, and organ
Audi filia, for 4vv and organ
Ave regina, for 4vv, 2 violins, and organ
Christus nobis natus est, for 4vv, strings, and organ
Compieta (comprising Cum invocarem, In te Domine, Qui habitat, Ecce nunc, and Nunc dimittis), for 4vv, 2 violins, and organ
Litaniae de sanctissimo sacramento, for 4vv, 2 violins, and organ
Other
Around 200 figured bass lessons, known as Fundamenta pro organo, Generalbass-Übungsstücke, Orgel-Übungsstücke, etc.
Editions
Josef Ferdinand Norbert Seger: Composizioni per organo - Josef Ferdinand Norbert Seger, in: Musica antiqua Bohemica; 51, Band: 1 Preludi, toccate e fughe I-XXXVI. 1961, 111 p.
Josef Ferdinand Norbert Seger: Composizioni per organo - Josef Ferdinand Norbert Seger, in: Musica antiqua Bohemica; 56, Band: 2 Preludi e fughe I-XXI. 1962. 126 p.
Notes | Josef Seger |
KMVK (107.5 FM, "La Grande 107.5"), is a commercial radio station licensed to Fort Worth, Texas and serving the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. The station is owned and operated by Audacy, Inc. KMVK broadcasts in Spanish and airs a radio format featuring Regional Mexican music. The station's studios are located along North Central Expressway in Uptown Dallas and the transmitter site is in Cedar Hill.
KMVK has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 17,000 watts. Its signal is limited in that most Dallas-Fort Worth area FM stations run at 100,000 watts, but KMVK broadcasts from a tall tower at 574.2 meters (1,884 feet) in height above average terrain (HAAT), which helps improve coverage in the surrounding suburbs of Dallas and Fort Worth. The station broadcasts in HD; its HD-2 signal carries a Tejano music format known as "Fierro", while Latin pop music is heard on its HD-3 signal, known as "Dale!."
History
KNOK/KDLZ
On February 18, 1965, the station signed on the air as KNOK-FM, an R&B and Soul music station. It simulcasted its AM sister station KNOK (now KHVN), with both stations owned by the Chatham Corporation. The station was later sold to Black Enterprise magazine founder Earl G. Graves Sr. under the company name EGG Dallas Broadcasting Inc. (EGG are Graves' initials). KNOK-FM originally broadcast with 100,000 watts but from a tower only 450 feet in height above average terrain. In 1985, the station became KDLZ while retaining its R&B format. The coverage area was increased and the studios were moved to Cedar Hill after the original studios in Fort Worth were destroyed by fire.
EZ 107.5/The Oasis
In December 1988, Gilmore Broadcasting purchased KDLZ. On December 23 of that year, Gilmore picked up the easy listening format and KMEZ call letters from 100.3 FM (now KJKK) and moved them to 107.5. The station was then sold to Granum Communications in 1991; on July 4 of that year, Granum flipped the station and format to KCDU ("CD 107.5") with a short-lived classic rock format. A Smooth Jazz format began on November 2, 1992, moving over from 106.1 FM (now KHKS). The smooth jazz station took the call letters KOAI as "The Oasis." (The KMEZ call letters are now assigned to a New Orleans station, which airs an Urban Adult Contemporary format.) In 1996, KOAI was one of three radio stations that fell victim to the radio tower collapse in Cedar Hill on October 12 of that year. KOAI, as well as sister stations KRBV (now KJKK) and KYNG (now KRLD-FM), scrambled to get their stations back on the air through an auxiliary tower. "The Oasis"' ratings seemed to escape unscathed in the Fall ratings book that year, but the fate was not as good at the other two stations.
MOViN/Mega era
"107.5 The Oasis" remained on air until October 2, 2006, at 5 p.m., when KOAI flipped to Rhythmic Adult Contemporary as "MOViN' 107.5." "The Oasis" then moved to 107.5 HD-2 (and today, is on an HD sub-channel of KVIL). The station's logo and branding was identical to MOViN' radio station KVMX (now KXJM) in Portland (then owned by CBS Radio, but is now owned by iHeartMedia). The initial format change to "MOViN'" caused a lot of criticism by listeners of "The Oasis", many of them demanded that the smooth jazz format be reinstated on the traditional signal. On October 9, 2006, KOAI changed call letters to KMVK to match the "MOViN'" branding.
On February 17, 2009, at Noon, after playing "Vogue" by Madonna, KMVK flipped to a Spanish Hot adult contemporary format as "Mega 107.5." In 2010, KMVK shifted to a Spanish rhythmic contemporary format (similar to its MOViN' predecessor) with a few English-language hits. It competed head-on with KESS-FM (La Kalle 107.9) for over two years, until that station's owner, Univision Radio, switched it to a simulcast of KDXX, leaving KMVK the only Latin Pop-formatted station in the Metroplex for a short time. In late June 2012, it gained another competitor from Univision Radio with KDXX.
By mid-summer 2012, the Metroplex had three Spanish-language CHR stations and three English-language CHR outlets, with one of those English-language stations targeted towards Latino listeners. The former "La Kalle 107.9" from Univision Radio changed KESS (now KFZO) to "Radio H2O" in late June 2012. KTCY (previously owned by Liberman, now owned by EMF) was one of its short-term competitors until February 8, 2013, when that station's format was changed.
On March 8, 2012, the station's website displayed a message stating "Todo va a cambiar!" (Translation: Everything will change!), hinting at a possible format flip in the near future. However, the next morning, it was nothing more than a Daylight saving time announcement.
On May 21, 2012, CBS hinted at a possible format flip on either KMVK or KRLD-FM to "AMP Radio", much like its Los Angeles CHR/Top 40 sister station KAMP-FM, having registered three web domains. This format change instead happened four years later in 2016, when sister KVIL evolved to Top 40, though they would flip to Alternative the following year.
107.5 today
On July 26, 2013, KMVK did flip formats, though to a Regional Mexican format as "La Grande 107.5", making it the third format flip since 2006. The Latin pop format is now heard on the KMVK's third HD Radio sub-channel.
On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom (now known as Audacy). The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on November 17.
Months after, Entercom struck a new content deal with NBCUniversal-owned-and-operated stations KXAS-TV (NBC) and KXTX-TV (Telemundo). The latter will partner with KMVK to bring enhanced Spanish-language news, weather and entertainment information to its listeners, in addition to the current Regional Mexican music format.
KMVK HD channels
In early 2006, 107.5 HD2 began as a Traditional Jazz format to complement "The Oasis" before the station's smooth jazz format was relocated to the sub-channel.
On November 11, 2015, KMVK-HD2 began airing a Tejano format under the name "Fierro".
In early February 2016, KMVK launched an HD-3 subchannel, originally named "Mega 107.5 HD3" using the slogan "Numero Uno En Exitos" (English translation: "Number One in Hits"), broadcasting a Latin Pop format that previously aired on KMVK's main frequency from 2010 to 2013. As of 2018, the channel was renamed "Dale!" (Spanish for "Go ahead") while keeping the current Latin Pop format. | KMVK |
The Hidden Land is the eighth studio album and twelfth album overall released by Béla Fleck and the Flecktones, released in 2006. It was recorded before the band's year-long hiatus during 2005 and released afterward. The Hidden Land won the 2007 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album.
Reception
In his Allmusic review, music critic Thom Jurek was lukewarm about the album, writing, "It's not that complexity and a multiplicity of ideas is a bad thing; quite the opposite, but knowing when to and make the music sing is another thing. This record sings only in a couple of places. The rest is 'serious Flecktones.' Perhaps this determination is simply not for most of us. It's easy to accept that, especially when those serious Flecktones fans will be debating individual musical passages until the next album is released." Devin Grant of No Depression wrote: "Fleck keeps things centered, wielding his banjo in directions the instrument wasn’t originally envisioned to go."
Track listing
All songs by Béla Fleck unless otherwise noted.
"Fugue from Prelude/Fugue No. 20 in A minor, BWV 889" (J.S. Bach, arr. The Flecktones) – 1:51
"P'Lod In The House" (Future Man/B. Fleck) – 3:46
"Rococo" – 3:46
"Labyrinth" – 6:21
"Kaleidoscope" (The Flecktones) – 5:08
"Who's Got Three?" – 5:22
"Weed Whacker" – 7:44
"Couch Potato" – 3:03
"Chennai" (Jeff Coffin/B. Fleck) – 5:48
"Subterfuge" – 4:04
Interlude (The Flecktones) – 0:39
"Misunderstood" – 7:27
"The Whistle Tune" – 4:54
Personnel
Béla Fleck - 1937 Style 75 Gibson Mastertone banjo (tracks 1, 7, 8, 13), 1936 Style 18 Gibson Top Tension gut string banjo (track 3), 2004 Deering Tenbrooks banjo (track 5), 1932 Vega-Vox Deluxe banjo (track 6), Deering Crossfire electric banjo (tracks 2, 9), 1967 Rickenbacker 5-string electric banjo (track 10, 11), Deering 6-String bantar (tracks 11, 12), Paradis stereo guitar (track 4), synth (track 9)
Jeff Coffin - Soprano saxophone (tracks 2, 5, 7, 8, 11), tenor saxophone (tracks 4, 10, 12), alto saxophone (track 1), flute (tracks 3, 9), clarinet (track 6), D whistle (tracks 4, 13), low-D whistle (track 13), conch shell (track 8), singing bowl (track 9), sleigh bells (tracks 8, 9), synthesizer (tracks 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13), synth (track 10), high throat singing (track 9)
Roy "Future Man" Wooten - Synth-Axe Drumitar, acoustic percussion, Zendrum (track 1), vocals (tracks 4, 12), throat singing (track 9)
Victor Wooten - Fodera 4 string electric bass (tracks 1–5, 7, 8, 10, 13), Compito 5 string fretless electric bass, (tracks 6, 9, 11, 12), synth pedal (tracks 4, 7)
Production notes
Béla Fleck with the Flecktones
Robert Battaglia – engineer, mixing
Richard Dodd – mastering
Frank Ockenfels – photography
Christopher Austopchuk – art direction
Giulio Turturro – design
Chart positions | The Hidden Land |
, or , is a covered speed skating oval in the city of Nagano, Japan. M-Wave, which opened in November, 1996, was constructed for the speed skating events at the 1998 Winter Olympics. It was Japan's first International Skating Union (ISU) standard indoor 400m double-track, and only second indoor track speed skating in Japan. The other, Meiji Hokkaido-Tokachi Oval, is located in Obihiro, Hokkaido.
In addition to the 1998 Winter Olympics and Paralympics, the 2002 World Figure Skating Championships, various ISU world speed skating championships and speed skating world cups, and the 2005 Special Winter Olympics were held.Outside the winter business, other sporting events, large-scale exhibitions and concerts are held.
M-Wave is located in the eastern sections of Nagano City, in the communities of and , near the Chikuma River and the city of . M-Wave is located within short distance of four other venues of the 1998 Winter Olympics. It is 3 kilometers from the Aqua Wing Arena, which hosted ice hockey; 5 kilometers from Big Hat, which also hosted ice hockey; 6 kilometers from White Ring (arena), which hosted the figure skating and short track speed skating events; and 11 kilometers from Nagano Olympic Stadium, which was used for the opening and closing ceremonies.
The skating rink operates from October to March, with the 400-m speed skating oval and a regulation-size ice hockey rink inside the oval.
M-Wave was constructed at a cost of 348 billion yen as a speed skating venue for the 1998 Winter Olympics. The building's name, M-Wave comes from its distinct shape which is designed to resemble the surrounding mountains. The building, which was the recipient of the Special Award by the British Institution of Structural Engineers, is one of the largest hanging wooden roof structures in the world. The arena has a capacity of 18,000. The M-Wave is equipped with movable stands and an automatically winding artificial lawn machine. The two movable stands, each of which have seating for 1,210 spectators, allow the arena to be converted into various configurations including concert hall or a football field.
History
Construction of the M-Wave was completed on November 21, 1996. It was the fourth Nagano Winter Olympic venue to be completed.
In 1998, The M-Wave had projected annual maintenance costs of 524 million yen. Nagano City commissioned a public–private partnership company, M-Wave Corporation, to operate the arena. In a report of venue costs and usage 20 years after the Olympics, M-Wave and Spiral, which was used for bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton were singled out as examples of successful usage. In particular, M-Wave remains profitable. The economic ripple effect from the National Junior High School Skating Championships, which have taken place at M-Wave and Big Hat every year since 2008, alone brings in 250 million yen.
M-Wave Corporation operates M-Wave and Big Hat, which is now a multipurpose sport, theatre, and meeting venue. Since January, 2019, the president of M-Wave Corporation is Shinichi Takizawa, formerly of JTB Corporation and past managing director of the Nagano Convention and Visitors Bureau.
Speed Skating Championship Events
1997 World Allround Speed Skating Championships
The 1997 World Allround Speed Skating Championships were held between February 14 and 16, 1997 at the M-Wave. The Allround Speed Skating Championships are annual speed skating championships. Over two days, skaters race the 500m and 1000m on two days each, each once in the inner lane and once in the outer lane, for both races. The 1997 event was held as a test event for M-Wave in preparation for the 1998 Winter Olympics. The women's medalists were Gunda Niemann - gold, Claudia Pechstein - silver, and Tonny de Jong - bronze. The men's medalists were Ids Postma - gold, Keiji Shirahata - silver, and Frank Dittrich - bronze.
1998 Winter Olympics
During the 1998 Winter Olympics, M-Wave hosted the long—track speed skating events between 8 February and 20 February. In all, ten events were contested, five each in women's and men's speed skating: 500m, 1000m, 1500m, and 5000m for both men and mown, and 3000m for women and 10,000m for men.
A total of 25 nations participated in long-track speed skating at these games, with eight nations winning medals, including the Netherlands with eleven, Germany with six, Canada with five, and host nation Japan with three.
Nine athletes were multiple medal winners. Both Marianne Timmer and Gianni Romme won two gold medals each. Both Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann and Rintje Ritsma won three medals each. Other multiple medal winners were Catriona Le May Doan, Claudia Pechstein, Chris Witty, Ids Postma, and Hiroyasu Shimizu.
Five world records and twelve Olympic records were set at the M-Wave during the 1998 Winter Olympics. The world records were set by Marianne Timmer (1500m), Claudia Pechstein (5000m), Gianni Romme (5000m and 10000m), and Ådne Søndrål (1500m).
1998 Winter Paralympics
During the 1998 Winter Paralympics, M-Wave hosted the opening and closing ceremonies and the ice sledge speed racing events between 5 and 14 March. In all,sixteen events were contested,eight in women's and another eight in men's : 100m,500m, 1000m, and 1500m for both men and woman in two competitions classes.
1999 Asian Speed Skating Championships
The 1999 Asian Speed Skating Championships, an all-round completion, were held between January 9 and 10, 1999, at M-Wave. Japanese female and male skaters won all medals, including Maki Tabata who finished first in the 500, 3000m, 1500m, and second in the 5000m.
World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships
2000
The 2000 World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships were held at M-Wave from 3 March and 5 March. In all, ten events were contested, men's and women's 500 meters, 1000 meters, 1500 meters, 5000 meters, and women's 3000, and men's 10,000. Germany and Netherlands won nine medals, including five gold and three gold respectively. Host Japan won three medals, including one gold by Hiroyasu Shimizu. Gianni Romme, Monique Garbrecht, and Claudia Pechstein each won two gold.
2008
The 2008 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships were held at M-Wave from 6 March and 9 March. In all, 12 events were contested, men's and women's 500 meters, 1000 meters, 1500 meters, 5000 meters, team pursuit, and women's 3000, and men's 10,000. Netherlands won 11 medals, including four gold, Canada won nine medals, including three gold. Joji Kato won a bronze medal for host Japan. Sven Kramer and Anni Friesinger each won two gold. In the men's 1500 won by Denny Morrison, no bronze medal was awarded as Sven Kramer and Shani Davis tied for silver.
World Sprint Speed Skating Championships
2004
The women's medalists were Marianne Timmer - gold, Anni Friesinger - silver, and Jennifer Rodriguez - bronze. The men's medalists were Erben Wennemars - gold, Jeremy Wotherspoon - silver, and Mike Ireland - bronze.
2014
The 2014 World Sprint Speed Skating Championships took place January 18–19, 2014. The women's medalists were Yu Jing - gold, Zhang Hong - silver, and Heather Richardson - bronze. The men's medalists were Michel Mulder - gold, Shani Davis - silver, and Daniel Greig - bronze.
All Japan Speed Skating Distance Championships
The have been held in autumn at the M-Wave. In 2018, the 25th Annual All Japan Speed Skating Distance Championships were held from October 26 to October 28.
ISU Speed Skating World Cup
Since 1998, M-Wave has hosted ten ISU Speed Skating World Cup events, one each in speed skating seasons of 1998–99, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2016–17, and 2019–2020.
Other Championship Events
2002 World Figure Skating Championships
The 2002 World Figure Skating Championships were held at M-Wave from 16 March and 24 March. In all, four events were contested, men's and women's singles, pairs, and ice dance. Six nations won medals, including four by Russia, three by the United States and two by host nation Japan.
2005 Special Olympics World Winter Games
The 2005 Special Olympics World Winter Games were held in Nagano between February 26 and March 5. In addition to the speed skating events, M-Wave hosted the opening and closing ceremonies.
General Usage of the Arena
Public Skating
During the skating season, from October to March, Ice skating is typically available throughout the day, except during tournaments and other special events. Skating is available for 1510 yen for adults or 810 yen for junior high school students and younger, on weekends; and 820 yen for adults (or 410 yen for junior high school students and younger) during weekdays. A very large selection of speed skates, ice hockey skates, and figure skates are available to rent for 610 yen. Skaters may bring their own skates as well. One day per month, usually a Sunday, during skating season, the arena is open to the general public for free. Entrance to arena is via the South Entrance.
Nagano Olympic Commemorative Marathon
The , an IAAF Bronze Label Road Race competition., which has both elite and amateur runners, circles M-Wave at the 17 km mark of the race.
Access
Public Transportation
By local bus, the M-Wave is approximately 5 kilometers east of JR Nagano Station. Nagaden Bus, No. 8, the Suzaka-Yashima Line and the Watauchi-Yashima Line, depart from the south exit of Nagano Station. The nearest bus stops to the M-Wave are or .
Intercity Bus
The M-Wave Mae bus stop is also a stop for the highway bus connecting the Shinjuku Highway Bus Terminal in Tokyo with Nagano.
Car
By car, M-Wave is approximately 5 minutes from the Suzaka/Nagano Higashi IC, which is on the Jōshin-etsu Expressway which runs through Gunma, Nagano, and Niigata, and which connects to the Kan-Etsu Expressway linking this region to Tokyo. M-Wave is also approximately 15 minutes by car from Nagano city center. At the M-Wave, there are 300 car parking spaces outside, or up to 60 coaches, and 500 car underground parking spaces.
Roads
"M-Wave Dori", Nagano Prefectural road Route 58 runs from Nagano Station to the Suzaka/Nagano Higashi IC.
Nagano Prefectural road Route 372 runs from Sansai to Mamejima.
Route 58 and Route 372 meet at M-Wave Intersection.
Surrounding area
Directly across the street from the M-Wave is a four-block 10-12 storey apartment complex named . This complex was the site of the Media Village during the 1998 Winter Olympics. Asahi Danchi includes private sector housing as well as housing for prefectural employees.
Gallery
Track records
See also
List of indoor arenas in Japan
List of indoor speed skating rinks | M-Wave |
The Vietnamese term bụi đời ("life of dust" or "dusty life") refers to vagrants in the city or, trẻ bụi đời to street children or juvenile gangs. From 1989, following a song in the musical Miss Saigon, "Bui-Doi" came to popularity in Western lingo, referring to Amerasian children left behind in Vietnam after the Vietnam War.
Rural poor coming to the towns
The term bụi đời ("dust of life") originally referred to the starving people of the countryside taking refuge in towns, in the 1930s. The term trẻ bụi đời "young vagrants," now refers to street children or juvenile gang members. It is intended to bring to mind an image of a child abandoned and moving about without purpose, like dust. In Vietnamese, it has no racial connotation. Vietnamese refer to Amerasians as Mỹ lai (mixed American and Vietnamese), con lai (mixed-race child), or người lai (mixed-race person).
The connection to mixed-race parentage given in Western media, from connection with Miss Saigon, is not widely known in Vietnam today. The term bụi đời in Vietnam today refers to any people, but usually, young men, who live on the street or live as wanderers. A related verb đi bụi ("go dust") means someone who has left their home, usually due to arguments with their family, to take on the bụi đời wandering or street life.
Miss Saigon and Amerasian orphans
In the West, the term Bui-Doi became widely known from the use in the dialogue, and particularly the song title "Bui-Doi", of 1989 musical Miss Saigon by Claude-Michel Schönberg and Alain Boublil, which opened in 1991 on Broadway, and, until its closing in 2001, was the thirteenth longest-running Broadway musical in musical theater history. The song "Bui-Doi" had lyrics written by Alain Boublil and Richard Maltby, Jr. They took the term bụi đời to mean not Vietnamese street children, but the Amerasian offspring of Vietnamese women and American soldiers abandoned at the end of the Vietnam War.
Mixed race children in Vietnam
The majority of mixed-race people after the Vietnam War were Amerasians or children of Vietnamese mothers and military or civilian men from the United States. Amerasians born during the Vietnam War (1965–73) could be the issue of anything from long-term unions to rape. Due to the large sex industry brought on by the military economy, Amerasians were predominantly seen as off-spring of prostitute mothers and G.I. fathers. Life was frequently difficult for such Amerasians; they existed as pariahs in Vietnamese society. Under the Amerasian Homecoming Act of 1988, a Vietnamese Amerasian could obtain a U.S. visa based on appearance alone. Amerasians gained the attention of con artists who claimed to be their relatives in the hope of obtaining visas. About 23,000 Amerasians immigrated to the U.S. under this act.
In the United States, bui doi, or the term "dust of life", again referred to the criminal class, where the youths included newly transplanted Vietnamese and Amerasians. The misuse of the word bui doi also migrated to the United States and was appropriated by the mainstream.
In popular culture
The 1977 made-for-TV "Green Eyes" is a fictional movie about an American veteran who makes a trip back to Southeast Asia to search for his son from a liaison with a Vietnamese woman. He encounters a boy with green eyes who insists that he must be half American and thus eligible to go to America.
The 1994 documentary film Bui doi: Life Like Dust uses the term to describe Ricky Phan, a Vietnamese refugee who turned to a life of crime after escaping from Vietnam to California.
The 2004 movie The Beautiful Country depicts the life of a fictional bui doi and his efforts to become reunited with his American father. Its prologue opens with a definition: "Bui Doi: 'less than dust' Term used to describe Vietnamese children with American fathers."
The 2014 movie Noble is a biopic of Christina Noble, who overcomes the harsh difficulties of her childhood in Ireland to find her calling by helping the bụi đời on the streets of Ho Chi Minh City.
See also
Lai Đại Hàn
Konketsuji
Luk khrueng | Bụi đời |
Temitope "Topsy" Ojo (born 28 July 1985) is an English rugby union player for London Irish, and has represented England at International level. He is London Irish's all-time leading try scorer, with 73 tries in all competitions.
Career
London Irish
Ojo was born in Tottenham, London. His father, Akin Ojo, a thoracic surgeon, and his mother Bola Ojo (née Ibidapo-Obe) are from south-west Nigeria, where Temitope is a common Yoruba name. Topsy Ojo first played rugby at Burnt Oak Junior School in Sidcup where he was selected on the wing in a 'World Cup' tournament to coincide with the 1995 World Cup. Topsy Ojo started to play 15 a-side rugby union at Dartford Grammar School at the age of eleven, going on to captain the 1st XV. He also represented Kent and London & South-East Schools at both U16 and U18. After he starting playing some under-19 trial matches and being recommended for the London Irish Academy he went on to join the Sunbury based Academy in July 2003.
He made his English club debut in September 2005 in a match against London Wasps. By April 2006 he had joined the full London Irish squad, and now plays wing.
Ojo has been tipped to replace Tom Varndell as "the hottest young finisher" by the BBC. He finished the 2005–06 Guinness Premiership season with 14 games in the starting line-up with 7 tries. That season, Ojo started in the final of the European Challenge Cup, losing to Gloucester Rugby. Despite only being at the club a few years, he has quickly become a firm favourite with the crowd.
Ojo scored a try in London Irish's first premiership game of the 2006–07 season, in which they defeated promoted Harlequins during the London Double Header at Twickenham.
Ojo scored a try against Stade Toulousain in the 2008 Heineken Cup Semi-final.
2013/14 was Topsy Ojo's testimonial season for London Irish.
In 2016/17, Ojo's first season outside the Aviva Premiership, he scored a combined total of five tries in both the RFU Championship and British and Irish Cup as Irish finished top of the league. Ojo also made punditry appearances on Sky Sports during the campaign, commenting on both legs of the RFU Championship semi-final. On 4 April 2017 Topsy agreed a new two-year deal with London Irish. The 2016/17 season also saw Ojo pass 400 points for London Irish, extending his lead as the Exiles' record try-scorer.
International career
Ojo had been a member of the England Intermediate National Academy at Bath, where he was coached by Brian Ashton and his colleagues, and went on to represent England at the under-19 2003 Six Nations, as well as the FIRA World Cup Championships. He also went on to represent England at the 2006 IRB U21 World Championship.
Ojo made his debut for the England Saxons against the USA in the 2007 Churchill Cup, where he scored the Saxons' first try. On 29 May 2007, Ojo was called up to the full England squad for the first time.
Ojo made another appearance for the England Saxons, against Italy A in Ragusa, Sicily on 9 February 2008.
On 13 May 2008, Ojo was named in Martin Johnson's first England squad selection, set to tour New Zealand that summer. He won his first cap on 14 June.
Ojo showed both pace and vision in his first game scoring twice in a game where New Zealand were dominant. His first try was an interception of a Dan Carter pass, before running nearly the length of the pitch (80m) to outpace the New Zealand full back Mils Muliaina who had to come from the other side of the field. His second try involved picking the ball up after a kick and running it under the posts. On the strength of this performance, Ojo was one of the few England backs to be retained in the starting XV for the second Test in Christchurch.
Controversy
During the 2008 summer tour to New Zealand, Ojo and several other England players were allegedly involved in an incident late at night on 14 June 2008 after a drinking session following defeat in their first match, where Topsy was implicated in what can only be interpreted as an allegation of rape, witnessed by Strettle and Brown who did not intervene.
No formal complaint was issued to the New Zealand police. However, on 10 July 2008, Ojo along with teammate Mike Brown were found guilty of misconduct and fined £500 for staying out until after 07:00 the following morning. Danny Care was found not guilty of any misconduct. David Strettle was found not guilty of any misconduct but was warned to not put himself in potentially compromising situations in future. | Topsy Ojo |
Bokhorst was an Amt ("collective municipality") in the district of Plön, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It was situated approximately 25 km south of Kiel. The seat of the Amt was Schillsdorf. In January 2008, it was merged with the Amt Wankendorf to form the Amt Bokhorst-Wankendorf.
The Amt Bokhorst consisted of the following municipalities (population as of 2005):
Bönebüttel (2.042 inhabitants)
Großharrie (567 inhabitants)
Rendswühren (793 inhabitants)
Schillsdorf (896 inhabitants)
Tasdorf (363 inhabitants)
Former Ämter in Schleswig-Holstein | Bokhorst (Amt) |
My Friend Irma Goes West is a 1950 American comedy film directed by Hal Walker and based on the radio show My Friend Irma. It stars the comedy team of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis. The film is a sequel to My Friend Irma (1949) and was released on May 31, 1950 by Paramount Pictures.
Plot
Immediately after the events in My Friend Irma, Al is still trying to promote Steve's career. Eventually, he gets booked to a local television station and is spotted by a movie producer. He is offered a contract and Steve, as well as the rest of the gang, Irma, Jane and Seymour, all head to Hollywood.
The trip ends suddenly when the producer is discovered to be an escaped lunatic. Al tries to set things straight by taking the gang to Las Vegas to work at a casino, but things aren't as they seem. Irma causes havoc by wrecking a rigged roulette wheel, and she gets kidnapped and held for ransom until Al can raise $50,000.
Meanwhile, Seymour, dressed as an Indian brave, locates Irma and rescues her. The publicity received during the entire incident brings a movie offer for Irma and Seymour.
Cast
John Lund as Al
Marie Wilson as Irma Peterson
Diana Lynn as Jane Stacy
Dean Martin as Steve Laird
Jerry Lewis as Seymour
Corinne Calvet as Yvonne Yvonne
Lloyd Corrigan as Sharpie Corrigan
Gregg Palmer as Ambulance attendant
Don Porter as Mr. Brent
Production
My Friend Irma Goes West was filmed from January 31 through March 18, 1950. It was the second Martin and Lewis film to be released, preceding At War with the Army, which had been produced before My Friend Irma Goes West but was not released until December 1950.
Reception
In a contemporary review for The New York Times, critic Thomas M. Pryor wrote: "Jerry Lewis, the slight, abject, elastic young man, and his straight-man-accomplice with the velvety baritone singing voice, Dean Martin, are responsible for about ninety-nine and nine-tenths of the fun ... There is a marked reduction in the quality of the show when Martin and Lewis are off the screen and sometimes even they are victimized by the silly script. However, M. & L. are in there pitching most of the time and most of the time they are in top form. ... Without them, the film would not add up to anything. The story is a nondescript affair ... it's the interpretation that stirs up the fun in 'My Friend Irma Goes West.'"
Home media
My Friend Irma Goes West has been released twice on DVD. It was originally released as part of a two-film collection with My Friend Irma on October 25, 2005. It was also included in an eight-film DVD set, the Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis Collection: Volume One, released on October 31, 2006. | My Friend Irma Goes West |
Schwieberdingen is a municipality of the Ludwigsburg district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The town itself is located about from Stuttgart, the state capital, and from Ludwigsburg, the district capital. Schwieberdingen belongs to the Stuttgart Region and Metropolitan Region. Schwieberdingen is twinned with the French township of Vaux-le-Pénil.
Schwieberdingen was possibly founded in the 3rd century, but was first mentioned in a 1304 document. The town is characterized by its location on the route from Flanders to the Black Sea, which today forms the Bundesstraße 10. After the Second World War, Schwieberdingen transitioned from an agricultural base to an industrial one.
The town's sports club is the TSV Schwieberdingen. Its largest division, the football club, plays in the Verbandsliga Württemberg.
Geography
Schwieberdingen is located in the southwest part of the , in the center of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
The landscape around Schwieberdingen shows a great diversity of soil formations, visible in the suffixes -berg, -grund, and -tal within the municipality. The river Glems flows through Schwieberdingen.
The highest point above sea level in Schwieberdingen is the Katharinenlinde at NN, and the lowest is the Gemarkungsgrenze at NN.
Climate
Schwieberdingen is characterized by a mild climate caused by its location in the southwest region of the Neckar basin. It is shielded by the Black Forest to the west, the Swabian Alb to the south, the Swabian-Franconian Forest to the east, and the Stromberg-Heuchelberg Nature Park to the northwest. Belonging to the Upper Rhine Valley and the Stuttgart Metropolitan Region, Schwieberdingen is in one of the warmest areas of Germany. The warmest month is July, with a mean temperature of , while the coldest is January with an average temperature of . The average annual rainfall in Schwieberdingen is , coming mostly between June and August as is normal in southern Germany. Low rainfall in the region has led to the necessity of external water supply, found in the project from 1954 onward.
Area distribution
According to the , the municipality of Schwieberdingen comprises total, as of 2014. Agriculture takes up most of the municipality area at 61.3%, while the rest of the municipality is urban environment or woodland.
History
The first traces of habitation in Schwieberdingen come from about 5000 BC, in the Neolithic period. The has discovered two Neolithic settlements in Schwieberdingen. The first belonged to what has been called the and is date to 4300 BC to 4200 BC and includes the skeleton of a woman dated to 4000 BC. The second settlement belonged to the Michelsberg culture and is about 700 to 800 years newer than the Schwieberdinger culture.
Roman and Migration periods
The Roman Empire conquered the modern-day municipal area and its Celtic inhabitants in 85 BC. The Romans then built a road through the area to a ford on the Glems. This road, at first just for the Roman military, would shape Schwieberdingen's destiny as one of the few connections between the Rhine and the Danube. Emperor Hadrian in particular made great use of the road. Roman farming estates were established in the area of present-day Schwieberdingen.
In the 3rd century AD, the Alemanni conquered the Imperial province of Germania Superior and possibly established the first settlement in the municipal area. The territory of Schwieberdingen, then called "Suidbert-ingen", was fully established by 500, when the Franks subdued the Alemanni. The border between Francia and the Alemanni became, with the Christianisation of the Germanic peoples, the border of the dioceses of Speyer and of Constance. The Schwieberdingen of this time period must have been a military settlement to protect the important river crossing on the Glems. Other Alemannic settlements existed in the area, most notably , which was established between 750 and 802 but abandoned in the 14th century.
Middle Ages
Schwieberdingen was mentioned for the first time as "Swiebertingen" in an urbarium from 1304, though the had property in the village from 1160. In 1321, the count governing Schwieberdingen sold the territory to Eberhard I, Count of Württemberg. | Schwieberdingen |
Battle of Pszczyna (Polish: Bitwa Pszczyńska) refers to a series of battles between 1 and 2 September 1939 near the town of Pszczyna during the Invasion of Poland. The battle of Pszczyna formed part of the defensive Battle of the Border. The initial, decisive victory of the Polish forces on September 1, 1939 was followed by the crushing defeat on the next day near Ćwiklice, due to a major tactical error on the part of the Polish military command, resulting in premature withdrawal of the entire Armia Kraków from Upper Silesia.
Background
The battle was fought along the defense belt wide and long, from the west extending to the Polish-German border, and from the east to the rivers Przemsza and Soła. The Rybnicki and Kobiorski forests constituted the north-side perimeter of the battlefield, and to the south, the Vistula river along with the right tributary of Odra, the Piotrówka river provided natural protection. The defensive line some 22 kilometers in length was built by Poland already in 192933, as part of the strategic plan for securing the national border around the Central Industrial Region. The fortifications erected at the cost of zl 300,000, included concrete shelters manned by the Silesian 23rd Infantry Division. In 193637 two new bridges were built over the Vistula and the Chochułka rivers near Goczałkowice and Pszczyna for military transport, and the supply roads were paved with asphalt in late 1930s. Overall, the defense line seemed sufficient at the time to stop a successful panzer attack. The tactical mistake of the Polish command was the assumption that the attack of the German 5th Panzer Division would require the support of infantry to secure its rear.
Overview
The battle can be divided into four phases:
1 September: successful Polish defense of the outer positions near the Brzeźce and Wisła Wielka villages.
2 September, morning: Polish defense of the main positions near Pszczyna.
2 September, afternoon: battles near Ćwiklice.
3 September - 4 September: Polish successful separation and withdrawal, however they paid dearly (Polish withdrawal was successful mainly thanks to a diversionary counterattack on Ćwiklice made by two battalions from the 16th infantry regiment which gave time for other units to regroup and withdraw).
During the second day of the battle Polish forces suffered a defeat and were forced to retreat. The main reason of their defeat (apart from huge German material and numerical superiority) was that the Polish commanders incorrectly predicted the direction of the main German attack on 2 September. As the result, the whole Polish plan of defense failed, because then it became impossible to activate a huge trap, which was prepared for German tanks, called the "big bag" trap, which was weak in front, but strong on its sides - with strong artillery assisting in attacking targets which entered the 'bag'. Also, overmuch certainty after great successes of the previous day (especially fierce, few hours-long combat - with use of the "big bag" trap - near Brzeźce village) contributed to Polish defeat.
Because of their certainty, Polish commanders decided to make "the big bag trap" more shallow - which meant that it was less flexible, and Polish positions would be easier to crush if the defense was not successful (as it happened) - but on the other hand - if the defense was successful (which didn't happen since the unexpected direction and strength of the German main attack were deadly), the shallow "bag" would be more effective because the German attack would be stopped faster and with greater casualties for the enemy due to a greater concentration of firepower.
The defeat suffered at Pszczyna (which also caused a loss of a significant percent of divisional artillery) forced the Polish High Command to pull back the entire frontline, and cede the territory of Upper Silesia to the Germans.
German equipment losses and Polish equipment losses and casualties (list may be incomplete)
Casualty list according to monograph about the battle titled Bitwa Pszczyńska 1939 ("Battle of Pszczyna 1939") by Janusz Ryt.
After the long and bloody combat at Ćwiklice on 2 September 1939, German war correspondent K. Frowein wrote after seeing one of the Polish infantrymen heavily wounded:
{{Quote|This was the first Polish soldier I have ever seen. Bloody piece of human suffering. Legs pulled up to his chest because of pain, face – greenish-pale. From his thin lips almost inaudible scream was getting out – "Water! Water!". We unbuttoned his uniform jacket – smeared with blood and entrails. German orderly gave him canteen with water. For the last time a smile appeared on his face, when he whispered: "Danke". A few minutes later he died. Now he rests in peace where he fell, under a straight, wooden cross, decorated with Polish helmet and a plate with inscription: "Six Polish soldiers".This Polish infantryman died like a real soldier. Until the end he was defending his post, completing his orders. When deadly bullets reached him, his munition holds were empty, and in the magazine of his rifle there were only 2 bullets. — War correspondent K. Frowein, 2 IX 1939. }}
See also
List of World War II military equipment of Poland
List of German military equipment of World War II
Notes | Battle of Pszczyna |
The Big Morongo Canyon Preserve is a 31,000-acres (130 km2) native plants habitat and wildlife preserve located in the Little San Bernardino Mountains of the Transverse Ranges, in the transition zone between the higher Mojave Desert and lower elevation Colorado Desert section of the Sonoran Desert. Due to its location within this transition zone, the area is especially high in natural diversity. The natural spring fed desert oasis found here is one of the 10 largest Cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and Willow (Salix lasiolepis) riparian habitats in California. It is also identified by the Audubon Society as one of the most important avian habitat areas in California.
The entrance to the preserve is located within Morongo Valley, California, an unincorporated town within San Bernardino County just off California State Route 62. Admission is free. The preserve is open from 7:30 am to sunset, each day.
History
The last people to inhabit the canyon before the arrival of white settlers were the Morongos, a powerful clan of Serrano Indians. They lived peacefully in this canyon and surrounding valley until the mid-1800s.
The preserve was the site of a large (more than 10 acre) historic "Maringa" (Morongo) Native American Serrano permanent settlement. The site, CA SBR‐561, is a large residential site with a continuous, dependable source of water. The valuable biotic resource assemblage that the water attracted, provided for ample food and manufacturing materials to support the view of it being a permanent Maringa Serrano residence for a long span of time. Present on the site are bedrock mortars, several types of ceramic wares, lithic tool stone debitage and numerous late period projectile points.
Human remains were discovered on the site in 1994 that were not cremated, suggesting a greater age of the site since Serrano traditionally cremated their deceased in historic and ethnographic times. Little is known of the archaeological site, since no known ethnographic or historic accounts exist. The Serrano people who occupied this site had long before either left the area during the mission period, joining and merging with the populations of Cahuilla to the south and west on reservation lands, or had succumbed to European introduced diseases long before. The Warren homestead, established in 1885 by Mark and Sylvia Warren, is located adjacent to the preserve.
The Nature Conservancy, San Bernardino County, and the United States Bureau of Land Management all contributed and managed the lands which were organized to create the preserve in 1982. In 1982, the Bureau of Land Management recognized the ecological features of the area and designated almost 3,700 acres of the ridge and canyon as an "Area of Critical Environmental Concern." More than 570 acres of the preserve was once planned as a possible site for an oil pipeline pumping station but was later donated by ARCO to the Nature Conservancy in 1989.
The preserve has undergone two significant fires since 1990. The most recent fire, the Paradise Fire in 2005, burned over 2,000 acres in the preserve and required extensive repair and replacement of the boardwalks, trails, and interpretive facilities. The BLM rebuilt all the damaged facilities to meet and exceed American for Disability Act and other standards. Because of the extreme fire danger present, smoking is forbidden anywhere within the preserve.
Today, the preserve is managed by the County of San Bernardino with the assistance of the Friends of Big Morongo Canyon Preserve to protect rare and endangered wildlife, to promote the growth and restoration of a wide variety of plants, and to offer educational opportunities for students and nature lovers of all ages.
Wildlife
The preserve aims to educate the public about its purpose in protecting vulnerable wildlife and ecosystems. Volunteers host educational opportunities including bird walks and group hikes. Public outreach programs and field trips are available.
Big Morongo Canyon Preserve is an internationally recognized birding site. Several rare or unusual species are known to nest here, and many other species are abundant during the spring and fall migration seasons. The preserve has been designated as an Important Bird Area by the American Bird Conservancy, the American Birding Association, and the Watchable Wildlife National Program, and is featured in the National Geographic Guide to Bird Watching Sites. Over 247 bird species have been recorded in the preserve, with at least 72 resident breeding species.
While the preserve is most well known amongst bird watchers, many animals also make their home within the preserve including the cougar, bobcat, coyote, gray fox, raccoon, mule deer, bighorn sheep, deer mouse, ground squirrel, cottontail rabbit, along with various amphibians and reptiles, such as, the Mohave rattlesnake and rosy boa.
Geography
The preserve houses some of the oldest exposed rocks in California, dated at almost two billion years. They consist of granite that has been altered by centuries of heat and pressure to form gneiss and schist.
The preserve is characterized by steep canyons, rugged terrain and desert oases. The upstream end of the canyon originates in the Mojave Desert, while its downstream portion opens into the Colorado Desert. The Morongo fault running through the canyon causes water draining from the surrounding mountains to form Big Morongo Creek and the marsh habitat.
Location
While the preserve's eastern boundary runs parallel to Joshua Tree National Park on the east, no public access exists between the two parks. Yucca Valley, California, is 11 miles east of the preserve via State Route 62, while Desert Hot Springs, California, is 11 miles to the southeast via State Route 62 and Pierson Blvd. The nearest commercial airport is Palm Springs International Airport, which is 24 miles south of the preserve.
Climate
Recreation
Camping
Camping is not permitted within the preserve. No fires of any kind are permitted.
Biking
Bicycles, skateboards, skates, or unauthorized vehicles of any kind are not permitted beyond the preserve's parking lot.
Hiking
Hiking is permitted only on designated trails. The preserve has several short trails, such as the Marsh and Mesquite trails which are under a mile long, while the Canyon trail is approximately 10 miles round-trip.
Wheelchair access
Certain trails are built to meet and exceed American for Disability Act standards for wheelchair accessibility.
Pets
Due to the preserve's status as an Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC), pets are not permitted within the preserve.
Hunting
Firearms and hunting are prohibited within the preserve.
Collecting
Collecting, or disturbance of wildlife is not allowed in the preserve.
Birding
Big Morongo Canyon Preserve is an internationally recognized birding site. Several rare or unusual species are known to nest here, and many other species are abundant during the spring and fall migration seasons. Over 247 bird species have been recorded in the preserve, with at least 72 resident breeding species.
Special rules
The discharge of firearms is prohibited within the main body of the Big Morongo Canyon Preserve; however, hunting is allowed further south in the undeveloped region of the ACEC. Off highway vehicles, dogs, fires, and horseback riders are not allowed in the main body of the preserve either; however, these uses are allowed in the undeveloped portion of the ACEC. Within wilderness areas, certain uses, such as motorized equipment and/or mechanized travel, are prohibited per Section 4 (c) of the Wilderness Act (1964). Hunters must comply with California DFG laws and regulations for all areas open to hunting.
Facilities
An information kiosk is located at the trail head just off the parking lot. There are onsite camp hosts. Trail maps, trail guides for self-guided walks, information brochures, picnic facilities, and restroom facilities are available at the preserve. Facilities also include a nature education center, and wheelchair-accessible trails.
Trails
See also | Big Morongo Canyon Preserve |
Whitebury is an unincorporated community in Lowndes County, Mississippi. Whitebury is located southeast of Columbus. Whitebury is located on the BNSF Railway. | Whitebury, Mississippi |
Haven Christopher Moses (born July 27, 1946) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for 14 seasons in the American Football League (AFL) and National Football League (NFL).
Moses initially played college football at Los Angeles Harbor College, then transferred to San Diego State University under head coach
Pro football
Moses was selected ninth overall in the 1968 NFL/AFL Draft by the Buffalo Bills of the AFL. During his fifth season with the Bills in 1972, he was traded in mid-October to the Denver Broncos for wide receiver Moses made the AFL All-Star Game in 1969 and the NFL Pro Bowl in 1973. He was a key member of the 1977 team, scoring two touchdowns in the AFC title game on New Year's Day to advance to
He is on the "Ring of Fame" in Empower Field at Mile High, and was a 1986 inductee to the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame.
's NFL off-season, Haven Moses held at least 2 Broncos franchise records, including:
Yds/Rec: career (18.05)
Receiving TDs: playoff game (2 on 1978-01-01 OAK)
After football
In his last four years as a player, in the offseason he worked for Samsonite, the international luggage company headquartered
After the 1981 season, Moses retired from the NFL in March at age 35 and went to work for Adolph Coors Company in the community affairs He spent 15 years with Coors, seven with the Archdiocese of Denver, and five with the Denver Health Foundation.
See also
List of American Football League players | Haven Moses |
Al-Khansaa was an online women's magazine launched in 2004 by a Saudi branch of al-Qaeda.
The magazine claimed to have been founded by Saudi leader Abd-al-Aziz al-Muqrin shortly before his death. It offered advice on first aid for wounded family members, how to raise children to believe in Jihad and physical training for women to prepare for combat.
The magazine was named after Al-Khansaa, an Arab poet and a contemporary of Muhammad. | Al-Khansaa (magazine) |
In a chemical analysis, the internal standard method involves adding the same amount of a chemical substance to each sample and calibration solution. The internal standard responds proportionally to changes in the analyte and provides a similar, but not identical, measurement signal. It must also be absent from the sample matrix to ensure there is no other source of the internal standard present. Taking the ratio of analyte signal to internal standard signal and plotting it against the analyte concentrations in the calibration solutions will result in a calibration curve. The calibration curve can then be used to calculate the analyte concentration in an unknown sample.
Selecting an appropriate internal standard accounts for random and systematic sources of uncertainty that arise during sample preparation or instrument fluctuation. This is because the ratio of analyte relative to the amount of internal standard is independent of these variations. If the measured value of the analyte is erroneously shifted above or below the actual value, the internal standard measurements should shift in the same direction.
History
The earliest recorded use of the internal standard method dates back to Gouy's flame spectroscopy work in 1877, where he used an internal standard to determine if the excitation in his flame was consistent. His experimental procedure was later reintroduced in the 1940s, when recording flame photometers became readily available. The use of internal standards continued to grow, being applied to a wide range of analytical techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, chromatography, and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy.
Applications
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
In NMR spectroscopy, e.g. of the nuclei 1H, 13C and 29Si, frequencies depend on the magnetic field, which is not the same across all experiments. Therefore, frequencies are reported as relative differences to tetramethylsilane (TMS), an internal standard that George Tiers proposed in 1958 and that the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry has since endorsed. The relative difference to TMS is called chemical shift.
TMS works as an ideal standard because it is relatively inert and its identical methyl protons produce a strong upfield signal, isolated from most other protons. It is soluble in most organic solvents and is removable via distillation due to its low boiling point.
In practice, the difference between the signals of common solvents and TMS are known. Therefore, no TMS needs to be added to commercial deuterated solvents, as modern instruments are capable of detecting the small quantities of protonated solvent present. By specifying the lock solvent to be used, modern spectrometers are able to correctly reference the sample; in effect, the solvent itself serves as the internal standard.
Chromatography
In chromatography, internal standards are used to determine the concentration of other analytes by calculating response factor. The selected internal standard should have a similar retention time and derivatization. It must be stable and not interfere with the sample components. This mitigates the uncertainty that can occur in preparatory steps such as sample injection.
In gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), deuterated compounds with similar structures to the analyte commonly act as effective internal standards. However, there are non-deuterated internal standards such as norleucine, which is popular in the analysis of amino acids because it can be separated from accompanying peaks.
Selecting an internal standard for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) depends on the employed ionization method. The internal standard needs a comparable ionization response and fragmentation pattern to the analyte. LC-MS internal standards are often isotopically analogous to the structure of the analyte, using isotopes such as deuterium (2H), 13C, 15N and 18O.
Inductively coupled plasma
Selecting an internal standard in inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy can be difficult, because signals from the sample matrix can overlap with the those belonging to the analyte. Yttrium is a common internal standard that is naturally absent in most samples. It has both a mid-range mass and emission lines that don't interfere with many analytes. The intensity of the yttrium signal is what the signal from the analyte gets compared to.
In Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), species with a similar mass to the analyte usually serve as good internal standards, though not in every case. Factors that also contribute to the effectiveness of an internal standard in ICP-MS include how close its ionization potential, change in enthalpy, and change in entropy are to the analyte.
Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) internal standards can be selected by observing how the analyte and internal standard signals change with varying experimental conditions. This includes making adjustments to the sample matrix or instrumentation settings and evaluating whether the selected internal standard is reacting in the same way the analyte is.
Example of internal standard method
One way to visualize the internal standard method is to create one calibration curve that doesn't use the method and one calibration curve that does. Suppose there are known concentrations of nickel in a set of calibration solutions: 0 ppm, 1.6 ppm, 3.2 ppm, 4.8 ppm, 6.4 ppm, and 8 ppm. Each solution also has 5 ppm yttrium to act as an internal standard. If these solutions are measured using ICP-OES, the intensity of the yttrium signal should be consistent across all solutions. If not, the intensity of the nickel signal is likely imprecise as well.
The calibration curve that does not use the internal standard method ignores the uncertainty between measurements. The coefficient of determination (R2) for this plot is 0.9985.
In the calibration curve that uses the internal standard, the y-axis is the ratio of the nickel signal to the yttrium signal. This ratio is unaffected by uncertainty in the nickel measurements, as it should affect the yttrium measurements in the same way. This results in a higher R2, 0.9993. | Internal standard |
Louise Lawler (born 1947) is a U.S. artist and photographer living in Brooklyn, New York. From the late 1970s onwards, Lawler’s work has focused on photographing portraits of other artists’ work, giving special attention to the spaces in which they are placed and methods used to make them. Examples of Lawler's photographs include images of paintings hanging on the walls of a museum, paintings on the walls of an art collector's opulent home, artwork in the process of being installed in a gallery, and sculptures in a gallery being viewed by spectators.
Along with artists like Cindy Sherman, Laurie Simmons and Barbara Kruger, Lawler is considered to be part of the Pictures Generation.
Early life and career
Lawler was born in 1947 in Bronxville, New York. She earned a B.F.A. at Cornell University, and moved to Manhattan in 1969, where she soon took a job at the Castelli Gallery. There, she met Janelle Reiring, who would go on to co-found Metro Pictures with Helene Winer in 1980.
Work
Lawler has photographed pictures and objects in collectors’ homes, in galleries, on the walls of auction houses, and off the walls, in museum storage. Along with photography, she has created conceptual and installation art. Some of her works, such as the "Book of Matches", are ephemeral and explore the passing of time, while others, such as Helms Amendment (963) (1989), are expressly political. Lawler's work, in its diverse manifestations (installations, events, publications, souvenirs...) addresses or confronts prevailing systems of establishing art, taste and style. She is, however, less interested in the original process of creating a work of art than in the context lying beyond the artist's sphere of influence and in which the work is subsequently situated. Often framed as “appropriation art” or “institutional critique”, Lawler’s photographic work lays bare the day-to-day operations of the art world and its circulation and presentation of art works. Her work is interested in the intersection of art and commerce.
Early work
Birdcalls (1972/2008) is an audio artwork that transforms the names of famous male artists into a bird song, parroting names such as Artschwager, Beuys, Ruscha and Warhol, a mockery of conditions of privilege and recognition given to male artists at that time. The piece has been nicknamed “Patriarchal Roll Call.”
During her time working at Castelli Gallery, Lawler was making paintings, artist’s books, prints, and photographs of her own. However, when she landed her first official gallery exhibition, in 1978 at Artists Space, she did not exhibit any of that work. Instead, she borrowed a small 1883 portrait of a horse from Aqueduct Racetrack — it had been hanging over a Xerox machine in the offices — and mounted it on an empty wall at the gallery. To highlight her appropriation, she installed two spotlights: one above the picture and another pointed out the window, at the building next door, hinting to sidewalk passersby that there was something of note going on upstairs. This particular building was moreover a citybank. It therefore added an economical meaning to the concept.
In 1979, Lawler presented A Movie Will Be Shown Without the Picture at the Aero Theater in Santa Monica. As the full-length soundtrack of The Misfits played, the silver screen remained unremittingly blank. A black card announcing the event stated the (self-explanatory) title of the work, and the venue and date of its screening. The artist has reprised the piece on a handful of occasions, including in 1983 at the Bleecker Street Cinema in New York City (using the 1961 film The Hustler and the 1957 Bugs Bunny cartoon What’s Opera, Doc?) as part of a show organized by Robert Barry at the downtown alternative space Franklin Furnace called “In Other Words: Artists Use of Language” and, in 1987, in the C.W. Post College in a show organized by Bob Nickas called “Perverted in Language.” The piece was also performed as part of West of Rome’s “Women in the City” series curated by Emi Fontana at the Aero Theater in 2008, and in Amsterdam in 2012 at The Movies theater with Saturday Night Fever (1977). In 1994, Lawler created Foreground, and presented it in Tate Gallery in 2009.
Later work
Lawler developed her individual style during the early 1980s, a time of intense growth in the overall economy and in the art market. In 1981 Lawler had her first West Coast gallery solo exhibition at Jancar Kuhlenschmidt Gallery in Los Angeles. In 1982, for her first solo exhibition at Metro Pictures, Lawler showed a small suite of artworks pulled from the gallery’s stockroom. The pieces were to be sold together, as a single work called Arranged by Louise Lawler, and it was priced at the literal sum of its parts, plus an extra 10 percent commission for Lawler; the piece did not sell.
Lawler's greatest coup came in 1984, when she was granted full access to the New York City and Connecticut residences of twentieth-century collectors Burton and Emily Hall Tremaine. This opportunity occurred on the occasion of the 1984 Tremaine Collection exhibition, and Lawler was again invited to take photos of some artworks in that context. Further, this occurred just a few years before a significant part of their collection was auctioned at Christie's in 1988, and Lawler was permitted to take photos of some of the Tremaine works at auction. In this series of work, Lawler photographed Jackson Pollock's Frieze (1953–55) and the filigree of a Limoges soup bowl in the Tremaines' New York dining room. In Living Room Corner, Arranged by Mr. & Mrs. Burton Tremaine, New York City (1984), Robert Delaunay's Premier disque (1912) hangs above a television and a Roy Lichtenstein bust, Ceramic head with blue shadow (1966), which has been turned into a lamp, and seems to stare up and outward. The location was the Tremaines' New York living room. Another work in this series is Monogram (1984), taken in a bedroom in the Tremaines' New York apartment, the monogram "ETH" being Emily Hall Tremaine, with Jasper Johns White flag (1955–58) photographed over the bed. The pieces place valuable works among household objects, exploring how environments shape our "reading" of art.
Regarding other works, Fragment/Frame/Text (#163) (1984), Lawler photographed a museum wall label next to a landscape painting by Claude Lorrain; only a fragment of the landscape appears in the photo. In Foreground (1994), a gelatin silver print showing an open-plan living area in the Chicago apartment of art collector Stefan Edlis, Jeff Koons' Rabbit (1986) can be seen next to a refrigerator. By manipulating the focus and the view-finder of the camera, Lawler demonstrated how an artwork is determined by the paradigms of the art world: A label on the wall of an auction house would become the focus of an image, with only a small fraction of the work itself visible, and the idea of the artwork as a commercial entity would be brought to mind.
Photographing at Art Basel and Art Basel Miami Beach fairs, the Museum of Modern Art, Christie's and various galleries, Lawler later presented a behind-the-scenes view of art: the hoisting of a Richard Serra sculpture attended by uniformed handlers; white-gloved hands carefully transporting a Gerhard Richter painting; Maurizio Cattelan's giant Picasso head swathed in plastic sitting on the floor behind its disconnected body; another Richter painting lying on its side propped against the wall, its public exposure at MoMA at an end; a Damien Hirst spin-painting glimpsed through a closet door. Lawler titled her 2004 survey show at Museum für Gegenwartskunst in Basel "Louise Lawler and Others" in acknowledgement of the artists whose artworks she photographs. Lawler created Not the way you remembered (Venice) for the exhibition "Sequence One: Painting and Sculpture from the François Pinault Collection (2006–07)"; rather than contributing discrete artworks, these photographs were taken of the exhibition’s early installation process in Venice, depicting works of art in their shipping crates, besides pieces of foam or bubble wrap.
Recent projects
For a site-specific collaboration with fellow artist Liam Gillick at Casey Kaplan Gallery in 2013, Lawler contributed a long vinyl wall sticker that linked the three rooms of the gallery. The image printed on it was a stretched-out version of some of her earlier photographs of artworks in bland white-box settings; here, pieces by Edgar Degas, Richard Serra and Gerhard Richter, among others, were distorted beyond recognition into unrecognisable streaks of colour.
For the 15th installation in a series of artist-designed 25-by-75-foot billboards at the High Line, Lawler created Triangle (adjusted to fit) (2008/2009/2011), an image photographed in a room at Sotheby's auction house in New York, and itself featuring works by artists Donald Judd, Frank Stella and Sol LeWitt.
Exhibitions
Lawler has had one-person exhibitions at the Museum of Modern Art, New York (2017); Museum Ludwig, Cologne (2013); Wexner Center for the Arts, Columbus, Ohio (2006); Dia:Beacon, Beacon, New York (2005); the Museum für Gegenwartskunst, Basel (2004); Portikus, Frankfurt (2003); the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C. (1997); and The Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York (1987). Her work has recently been featured in exhibitions at the Art Institute of Chicago, the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam, the Museum of Fine Arts in Ghent, Belgium, and the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, which included her in its 1991, 2000, and 2008 biennials. Lawler's work was included in documenta 12, Kassel, Germany. Lawler has regularly presented her work in non-art contexts that employ "ordinary" means of presentation, distribution and interpretation.
Lawler has been represented by Metro Pictures, New York, since 1982. She is also represented by Yvon Lambert Gallery, Paris, and by Sprüth Magers, Berlin.
Collections
Pieces by the artist are in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Guggenheim Museum, LACMA; Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles; Art Institute of Chicago; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; Tate Britain, London; Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris; Israel Museum, Tel Aviv; Kunsthalle Hamburg; Moderna Museet, Stockholm; Museet for Samtidskunst, Oslo; Museum Boymans-van Beuningen, Rotterdam; and Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut.
Art market
Estimated at $40,000 to $60,000, Lawler's photograph Monogram Arranged by Mr. and Mrs. Burton Tremaine, New York City 1984, a photograph of a perfectly made bed with Jasper Johns's famous White Flag (1955–1958) hanging above it, sold for $125,600, a record for the artist, in 2004.
Books
Artists' books
1981 Passage to the North, a structure by Lawrence Weiner and photographs by Louise Lawler, New York: Tongue Press
1978 Untitled, Black/White, (text by Janelle Reiring), New York
1978 Untitled, Red/Blue, New York
1972 Untitled, (with Joanne Caring), New York: The Roseprint Detective Club
Books
Louise Lawler and Others, Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2004,
Louise Lawler: An Arranagement of Pictures, (essay by Johannes Meinhardt, interview with Louise Lawler by Douglas Crimp), Assouline, Paris/ New York, 2000
Louise Lawler, Monochrome, (essay by Phyllis Rosenzweig), Washington: Hirschorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1997
Louise Lawler – For Sale, (essays by Dietmar Elger, Thomas Weski), Leipzig: Reihe Cantz, 1994
See also
Appropriation art
Conceptual art
Neo-conceptual art | Louise Lawler |
The following is a list of Filipino (Pinoy) superheroes, who have either appeared in Filipino comic books (komiks), television shows (fantaserye), or movies.
A
A-Gel from Batang X
Abdullah from "Kuwtmak"
Adarna from Sandugo
Afnan from "Kuwtmak"
Aguiluz from Mulawin
Agimat from Agimat, Ang Anting-anting ni Lolo and Si Agimat at si Enteng Kabisote and Si Agimat, si Enteg Kabisote at si Ako
Alakdan from Bayan Knights
Alamid from Sandugo
Alamid from the 1998 movie Alamid: Ang Alamat
Alena from Encantadia and Etheria
Alexandra Trese from Trese by Budjette Tan (writer) and Kajo Baldisimo (artist)
Almiro, Prince from The Last Prince
Alvera, Diwani from Enchanted Garden
Alwina from Mulawin
Alyas Aswang
Alyas Hunyango
Alyas Robin Hood
Alyssa from "Kuwtmak"
Aman Sinaya of the Diwatas (Philippine goddess of the sea; Marvel Comics' Thor & Hercules: Encyclopædia Mythologica)
Amanikable, god of sea and hunt in Philippine mythology (Aquaman)
Amazing Jay
Amaya from Atlantika
Amazing Ving
Amazona, ally of Batang Z
Amihan of the Diwatas (Philippine god of wind; Marvel Comics' Thor & Hercules: Encyclopædia Mythologica)
Amihan from Encantadia and Etheria
Amulette from Flashpoint
Angel from Biotrog
Angel Ace
Angstrom from Flashpoint
Anino from Sandugo
Anitun from Triumph Division and the Diwatas (Philippine goddess of wind, lightning, and rain; Marvel Comics' Thor & Hercules: Encyclopædia Mythologica)
Anti-Bobo Man
Apache
Apo Laki of the Diwatas (Philippine god of day and war; Marvel Comics' Thor & Hercules: Encyclopædia Mythologica)
Arya
Aster
Aquano from Atlantika
Aquil from Encantadia
Astig from Batch 72
Ato
Atom Man
Atong son of Ato
Ava Abanico from Super Inggo
Amy from Zaido
Andre Lupin
Asero (Grecko Abesamis) from Codename: Asero
Asero a.k.a. Hector Zuniga
Aya / Diwani Olivia from Enchanted Garden
B
Babaeng Isputnik
Babaing Kidlat
Mr. Badassman
Bagwis
Bagwis from Bayan Knights
Bakal Boy
Balzaur
Batang X
Batang Z
Batch 72
Bathala of the Diwatas (Philippine god of the sky; Marvel Comics' Thor & Hercules: Encyclopædia Mythologica)
Bato from Bayan Knights and Sandugo
Bayan Knights
Berdugo
Bernardo Karpio from Sandugo
Bianong Bulag
Billy The Dragon
Binibining Tsuper-man
BioKid (comic)
BioKids (movie)
Biotrog
Blade
Blue Turbo Max
Boga
Bolt
Bokutox / Bok
Botak
Booster B from Bayan Knights
Boy Bawang
Boy Ipis from Bayan Knights
Boy Pinoy
Bronco
Brown-out from Batch 72
Bughaw (Tabak ni Bulalakaw)
Buhawi Jack
Bulalakaw
C
Calyptus (engkanto) from Panday
Camia – leader of the vukad (group of female warriors) from Panday
Captain Barangay Captain
Captain Barbell by Mars Ravelo
Captain Juliet Chavez from Flashpoint
Captain Flamingo
Captain Karate
Captain Philippines
Captain Suicide
Carlo from Fly Me to the Moon movie
Cassandra (Warrior Angel)
Cassandra from RPG Metanoia
Codename: Bathala from Bayan Knights
Captain Steel (Earth-2) (Hank Heywood Jr.) from DC Comics
Computer Man
Cardo Dalisay from Ang Probinsyano
Carmela from Zaido
Chan Lee
Charlie from Panday Kids
Claw
Combatron from Pilipino FUNNY Komiks is a space warrior and protector of Earth.
Crisval Sarmiento from Resiklo
Cruzado
Combat
Control from Batang X
Copycat
Cuatro y medya
Cyfer from Kalayaan
D
Dahlia from Panday
Dalmatio Armas from Carlo Caparas Newspaper Serial
Danaya from Encantadia and Etheria
Darna by Mars Ravelo
Darna Kuno
Dark Knight
Darmo Adarna
Datu, leader of Pintados
Datu Pag-Asa from Sandugo
Deathstorm
Dennis from My Super D
Davanta from Bayan Knights
Dinky and the Wonder Dragon
Diwata from Pintados
Diwata from Sandugo
Doc Kuwago from Batang X
Dodong a.k.a. Super D from My Super D
Don El Oro
Dragonna by Mars Ravelo
Dwarfina
Dyesebel by Mars Ravelo
Dyosa
E
El Indio
Elias Paniki by Carlo J. Caparas
Elektro from Puwersa ng Kalikasan
Enteng-Anting
Enteng Kabisote from Okay Ka, Fairy Ko! and Enteng Kabisote movies
Exodus, a mercenary from Exodus: Tales from the Enchanted Kingdom
Extranghero
Eman from "Kuwtmak"
F
Fantasia from Krystala
Fantastic Man
Fantastica (old Filipino movie heroine)
Fantastikids
Fighter One from Triumph Division
Filipino Heroes League
Flash Bomba by Mars Ravelo
Flashlight
Flashpoint
Flavio, the original Panday
Flavio, descendant and namesake of the original Flavio
G
G:Boy from Batang X
Gabriel Black from Bayan Knights
Gabriel Labrador from Agimat ng Agila
Gabriella from Flashpoint
Gagamba
Gagambino (or Bino)
Gagamboy
Galema, anak ni Zuma
Gandarra from Gandarrapiddo: The Revenger Squad
Gante from Bayan Knights
General Star
Grail (WildStorm) of Wetworks. Symbiote and "chi" energy / EM control.
Great Mongoose from Triumph Division
Guiller, replaced the original Panday in Hiwaga ng Panday
Gwapoman from Bayan Knights
H
Hadji from Panday Kids
Hagibis – similar to Tarzan. Created by Francisco V. Coching and one of the first Filipino superheroes
Haribon
Hammerman from Victor Magtanggol
Handog from Bayan Knights
Hee-Man
Hiro
Hugo
Hunyago, protagonist of a 1992 Filipino film
Hamza from "Kuwtmak"
I
Ida from Bayan Knights
IncrediBelle
Invisiboy (Filipino Heroes League)
Ipo-ipo – presumably the first costumed superhero in the Philippines created by Lib Abrena, graphics by Os del Rosario.
Ispikikay
J
Japanese Bat
Jasmina, Reyna from Enchanted Garden
Jessa (of Blusang Itim) from Super Inggo
Joaquin Bordado
Jolas Zuares
Juan dela Cruz from the television series of the same name.
Juan Tanga
Julio Valiente
Junior from Bayan Knights
Juro from Ang Panday (2016 TV series) Flavio's descendant from the modern time, and the third to take up the mantle of Panday
Jawhaina from "Kuwtmak"
K
Kabalyero from Bayan Knights
Kabayo Kids
Kadasig from Bayan Knights
Kadi from Batch 72
Kahddim
Kahimu from Panday
Kalasag from Bayan Knights
Kalayaan from GMP Comics
Kamandag by Carlo J. Caparas
Kamagong
Kamagong from Enchanted Garden
Kampeon (Jimmy Rey, appeared in Kidlat Super Heroes Komiks)
Kampeon (Super Adventure Komix)
Kampyon
Kapitan Aksiyon
Kapitan Awesome
Kapitan Bandila from Bayan Knights
Kaptain Barbell
Kapitan Boom
Kapitan Kidlat
Kapitan Kidlat (Leonardo Abutin's character)
Kapitan Inggo
Kapitan Pagong
Kapitan Sino
Karatecha
Kaupay from Panday
Kawal from Bayan Knights
KidLat from Batang X
Kidlat from TV5's Kidlat 2013 TV series.
Kidlat (Obet Santos) from Kung Tawagin Siya'y Kidlat
Kidlat from Pintados
Kidlat Kid (Filipino Heroes League)
Kick Fighters
Kickero
Kilabot from Bayan Knights
Kisig Pinoy
K'Mao from RPG Metanoia
Knight Hawk (Bolt Gadin)
Knighthawk
Kumander Bawang
Kupcake from Batch 72
Kuryente Kid
Krystala
Kulafu by Francisco Reyes and Pedrito Reyes, presumably the first Filipino superhero
Kulog from Kung Tawagin Siya'y Kidlat
Kung Fu Chinito
Kung Fu Kids
L
Lady Mantisa, aka Lucy, from Gagambino
Lady Untouchable (old Filipino movie heroine)
Lagim
Lam-Ang from Sandugo
Lapu-Lapu
Laser Man by D.G. Salonga (writer) and Abel Laxamana (artist)
Lastikman by Mars Ravelo
LastikDog
Lawin from Ang Alamat ng Lawin
Leah or Super Bee from Gagambino
Leather from Bayan Knights
Leon Artemis from Bayan Knights
Leon Guerrero
Liberty Girl from Bayan Knights
Lieutenant J
Lilit Bulilit (Funny Komiks 1984)
Lira, daughter of Amihan and Ybarro from Encantadia
Lito from Bayan Knights
Lualhati from Krystala
Lucia from Dyesebel
Luna from Darna
Luzviminda from Bayan Knights
Lyn Tek from Bayan Knights
M
Machete
Magnum from Bayan Knights
Mananabas from Bayan Knights
Mang Kepweng (Comics)
Manila Man from Bayan Knights
Marella (Earth-2) from DC Comics
Maria Constantino (Filipino Heroes League)
Maskarado from Bayan Knights
Maso from Bayan Knights
Master Cleu from Encantadia
Matanglawin from Bayan Knights
Merza, lady mercenary from Ninja Komiks by Bobby V. Villagracia and Boy Baarde
Midknight
Mine-a (the Ynang Reyna), mother of the four Sang'gres from Encantadia and Etheria
Miguel (Ang Panday 2016 TV Series) Flavio's descendant. The second to take up the mantle of Panday
Miguel, the protagonist from Sugo
Mokong from Krystala
Molave from Enchanted Garden
Mr. Atlas
Mysterio from Krystala
Mira, daughter of Pirena from Encantadia
Marina
Mayari of the Diwatas (Philippine goddess of the moon and night; Marvel Comics' Thor & Hercules: Encyclopædia Mythologica)
Mayumi from Pintados
Mighty M from Krystala
Mighty Mother from Triumph Division
Mighty Ken from Super Inggo
Mighty T
Mithi from Bayan Knights
Mr. Pol (Leopoldo Guerrero) from Tatak ng Katarungan
Morion from Bayan Knights
Majeed from "Kuwtmak"
N
Narra from Sandugo and Bayan Knights
Nieves, an engkanto slayer from Shake, Rattle & Roll X
Niño from Bayan Knights
Ngid also Darno in other Darna reincarnation (Super Action Vol. 2 #12 1999)
Niño Valiente
Noah from Bayan Knights
O
Olen
Onslaught from Flashpoint
Oro from Flashpoint
Osyana
Overdrive from Bayan Knights
P
P.I. Joey
Pag-Asa from Bayan Knights
Palos by Nestor Redondo and Virgilio Redondo
Pasa Hero
Pastor Banal from Bayan Knights
Patintina from Laban ng Lahi
Payaso from Flashpoint
Pammy from Batch 72
Panday Kids
Pandoy, the Panday's apprentice
Pao from Ang Agimat: Anting Anting ni Lolo
Passion from Flashpoint
Pedro Penduko by Francisco V. Coching
Pepeng Agimat
Perseus the Starlord
Petrang Kabayo
Phantom Cat from Bayan Knights
Phantom Lady
Pinoy Rangers (Batang X Komiks 1995)
Pintados
Pintura from Bayan Knights and Pintura: Panimulang Yugto
Pirena from Encantadia and Etheria
Promiteyo
Pusang Itim
Puwersa ng Kalikasan
Q
Quassia, Diwani from Enchanted Garden
Quattro from Bayan Knights
R
Raja Team One from Bathala
Randie from Batch 72
Rapiddo from Gandarrapiddo: The Revenger Squad
Raquim from Encantadia and Etheria, is a prince of Sapiro and the father of Amihan.
Red Feather from Triumph Division
Red Ninja from Kick Fighter
Reserve Agent King Agila a.k.a. Agent X44 from Agent X44
Rocco, ang batang bato
Royal Blue
Rubberman
Ryan from "Kuwtmak"
Rayan from "Kuwtmak"
S
Sabina from Majika
Salakay of Bayan Knights
Sandata from Sandugo
Sandugo, a superhero team
Santelma from Bayan Knights
Sarhento Sagrado of Bayan Knights
Scorpio from Sapot ni Gagamba - Kasama si Scorpio
Sentensyador
Servant from Bayan Knights
She-Man
Sidapa from Sandugo
Silaw from Bayan Knights
Sinag from Bayan Knights
Siopawman by Larry Alcala, may be the first, albeit fumbling, Pinoy komiks superhero
Sipatos from Laban ng Lahi
Slick (Filipino Heroes League)
Snake Force (Cobra, Python, Rattlesnake and Dahong Palay)
St. George from Triumph Division
Starfighters
Starra
Sumpak from RPG Metanoia
Super-B (Bilma)
Super Bing
Super Delta from My Super D
Super Idol
Super Inday
Super Inggo
Super Islaw
Super Gee
Super Kikay (a.k.a. Super K)
Super Lolo
Super Ma'am
Super Noypi
Super Ranger Kids (1997 Film)
Super Talipa, character of a Santo Tomas, Batangas Cable Show
Super Twins
Super Wan*Tu*Tri
Super Vhing
Supercat
Superdog
Supergirl
Superkat
Supremo from Sandugo
Sarah from "Kuwtmak"
T
Tala of the Diwatas (Philippine goddess of the stars; Marvel Comics' Thor & Hercules: Encyclopædia Mythologica)
Talahib, a Kulafu-like character by Francisco Reyes
Talim from Bayan Knights
Tara Tarantula: The Spider Lady
Tatto from Pintados
Taurus
Tayho, a tikbalang and earth elemental/engkanto from Exodus: Tales from the Enchanted Kingdom
Teg from Super Inggo
The Evil Buster
The Maker (Filipino Heroes League)
Three-Na (3-Na) from Batang X
Tinay Pinay
Tiny Tony by Mars Ravelo
Tinyente Tagalog
Tiagong Akyat
Tobor
Tol from Batch 72
Tonyong Bayawak
Totoy Bato
Tough Hero a.k.a. Brix
Transformer Man
Triumph Division from Marvel Comics by Matt Fraction and Salvador Larroca
Tsuperhero (Noynoy), a jeepney driver and berserker in GMA Network's Tsuperhero
Tsuperman
Turbo Girl
U
Urban Rangers – framed cops turned vigilante superheroes with advance equipment
Unstoppable from Bayan Knights
V
Valeriana, Diwani (Good Valeriana) from Enchanted Garden
Varga by Mars Ravelo
Volta (see also Volta (TV series))
W
Wang from Batch 72
Wapakman
Wave (Pearl Pangan) from Marvel Comics' The New Agents of Atlas by Greg Pak (writer) and Leinil Francis Yu (artist)
Widad the Loving (Hope Mendoza) of the 99
Wishing Man from Triumph Division
Wonder Dabiana
Wonder Vi
X
X-Gen (Dr. Javier, Cyclon, Steel, Alamid, Raja, Psi-Lock, Hamok, Seraph)
X-Man
Y
Ybarro/Ybrahim from Encantadia and Etheria is the king of Sapiro and heir to the Kalasag.
Yasmin from "Kuwtmak"
Yousra from "Kuwtmak"
Z
Zsazsa Zaturnnah
Zaido: the Space Sherriffs from Metal Hero Series
Zaido Blue
Zaido Green
Zaido Red
Zaido Kids
Zarda (old TV series heroine)
Zero from RPG Metanoia
Zheamay from Bayan Knights
Zigomar
Zoids
Zuma, while he is the antagonist in earlier comic book, he is the protagonist in the later serial
See also
Philippine comics
List of Filipino komik artists
List of Filipino comics creators
List of Filipino komiks | List of Filipino superheroes |
KS3 or KS-3 may refer to:
Kansas's 3rd congressional district, United States House of Representatives
K-3 (Kansas highway), an American road
Key Stage 3, of British secondary education
KS-3 Cropmaster, an Australian agricultural aircraft | KS-3 (disambiguation) |
Tropeognathus (meaning "keel jaw") is a genus of large pterosaurs from the late Early Cretaceous of South America. This genus is considered to be a member of the family Anhangueridae, however, several studies have also recovered it within another family called Ornithocheiridae. Both of these families are diverse groups of pterosaurs known for their keel-tipped snouts and large size. Tropeognathus is regarded as the largest pterosaur found in the Southern Hemisphere, only rivaled by the huge azhdarchids. The type and only species is Tropeognathus mesembrinus. Fossil remains of Tropeognathus have been recovered from the Romualdo Formation, which is a Lagerstätte located in the Santana Group of the Araripe Basin in northeastern Brazil.
Discovery and naming
In the 1980s the German paleontology museum Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie in Munich acquired a pterosaur skull from Brazilian fossil dealers that had probably been found in Ceará, in the geological group called the Santana Group, which is located in the Araripe Basin (Chapada do Araripe) of Brazil. In 1987, it was named and described as the type species Tropeognathus mesembrinus by Peter Wellnhofer. The generic name is derived from Greek τρόπις, tropis, "keel", and γνάθος, gnathos, "jaw". The specific name is derived from Koine mesembrinos, "of the noontide", simplied as "southern", in reference to the provenance from the Southern hemisphere.
The holotype, BSP 1987 I 46, was discovered in a layer of the Romualdo Formation within the Santana Group, dating to the latest Aptian and earliest Albian stages. Along with the holotype, several other pterosaur specimens were found in the fossil site, these specimens however, were referred to genera such as Anhanguera and Cearadactylus. The uncovered holotype consists of a skull with lower jaws. A second specimen was referred by André Jacques Veldmeijer in 2002: SMNS 56994, which consists of a partial mandible. In 2013, Brazilian paleontologist Alexander Kellner referred a third, larger, specimen: MN 6594-1, a skeleton with skull, with extensive elements of all body parts, except the tail and the lower hindlimbs.
After Tropeognathus mesembrinus was named by Peter Wellnhofer in 1987, other researchers tended to consider it part of several other genera, leading to an enormous taxonomic confusion. It was considered an Anhanguera mesembrinus by Alexander Kellner in 1989, a Criorhynchus mesembrinus by Veldmeijer in 1998 and a Coloborhynchus mesembrinus by Michael Fastnacht in 2001. Later the same year, David Unwin referred the Tropeognathus material to Ornithocheirus simus, making Tropeognathus mesembrinus a junior synonym, though he had reinstated a Ornithocheirus mesembrinus in 2003. In 2006, Veldmeijer accepted that Tropeognathus and Ornithocheirus were cogeneric, but rejected O. simus as the type species of Ornithocheirus in favor of O. compressirostris, which was named as Lonchodectes by Unwin due to an analysis by English paleontologist Reginald Walter Hooley in 1914. This made Veldmeijer use the names Criorhynchus simus and Criorhynchus mesembrinus instead. In 2013 however, Taissa Rodrigues and Alexander Kellner concluded Tropeognathus to be valid, and containing only T. mesembrinus, the type species.
Back in 1987, Wellnhofer had named a second species called Tropeognathus robustus, based on specimen BSP 1987 I 47, which is a more robust lower jaw. In 2013 however, T. robustus was considered as a species of Anhanguera, resulting in an Anhanguera robustus.
Description
Size
Tropeognathus is known to have reached wingspans of about , as can be inferred from the impressive size of the specimen MN 6594-1. The maximum wingspan estimate for Tropeognathus reaches , making it slightly larger than the average estimate for the genus, though much larger than other close relatives such as Ornithocheirus and Coloborhynchus, which are typically estimated to be between . A skull unearthed belonging to the related Coloborhynchus likely measured , which led to a wingspan estimate of respectively: larger than the average estimates for this genus, but still shorter than that of Tropeognathus. This specimen however, was concluded to belong to another genera, though in several studies, some paleontologists consider it under the species Coloborhynchus capito, which was originally called Ornithocheirus capito by the British paleontologist Harry Govier Seeley back in 1870.
Skull and crests
The skull of Tropeognathus bore a distinctively convex, "keeled" crests on the lower end of its snout, with an opposing, smaller mass on the underside of the lower jaws. This structure was prominent, well-developed, and relatively large in Tropeognathus (especially in males); however, by comparison, these crests were somewhat weakly-formed as opposed to the thicker skull crests of other pterosaurs, such as Ornithocheirus. The upper crests arose from the snout tip and extended back to the fenestra nasoantorbitalis, the large opening in the skull side. An additional, smaller crest projected down from the lower jaws at their symphysis ("chin" area). The similar anhanguerid Anhanguera possessed jaws that were tapered in width, but expanded into a broad, spoon-shaped rosette at the tip, which differed from Tropeognathus for having a narrower appearance. The jaws can be distinguished from its relatives by a few differences in the crest: unlike its close relatives Coloborhynchus and Ornithocheirus, the crest on the upper jaw of Tropeognathus was more prominent and much larger, and therefore resulting in a broader skull.
Vertebrae
The first five dorsal vertebrae of Tropeognathus are fused into a notarium, with five sacral vertebrae fused into a synsacrum, and the third and fourth sacral vertebrae are keeled within. The front blade of the ilium is strongly directed upwards, resulting in a narrow structure.
Classification
In 1987, Wellnhofer assigned Tropeognathus to a Tropeognathidae. This concept was not adopted by other workers; several researchers place Tropeognathus mesembrinus in the Anhangueridae, along with Anhanguera, while other cladistic analyses place Tropeognathus within the Ornithocheiridae as a basal member, meaning that it was more closely related to Ornithocheirus than Anhanguera. This concept is mostly used by the European colleagues, who prefer to use the Ornithocheiridae as the most inclusive group rather than the Anhangueridae. A topology made by Andres and Myers in 2013 placed Tropeognathus within the family Ornithocheiridae in a more basal position than Ornithocheirus, and the family itself is placed within the more inclusive clade Ornithocheirae. However, many subsequent analyses made in 2019 and 2020 have recovered Tropeognathus within the family Anhangueridae, with a specific one by Borja Holgado and Rodrigo Pêgas in 2020, placing Tropeognathus more specifically within the subfamily Tropeognathinae, sister taxon to Siroccopteryx.
Topology 1: Andres & Myers (2013).
Topology 2: Holgado & Pêgas (2020).
In popular culture
Tropeognathus mesembrinus was the subject of an entire episode of the award-winning BBC television program Walking with Dinosaurs (which used the first name of its cousin Ornithocheirus but was incorrectly named as a species of it, as Ornithocheirus mesembrinus). In Walking with Dinosaurs: A Natural History, a companion book to the series, it was claimed that several large bone fragments from the Santana Group (known as Santana Formation in the book) of Brazil had indicated that O. mesembrinus may have had a wingspan reaching and a weight of , making it one of the largest known pterosaurs. However, the largest definite Ornithocheirus mesembrinus specimens described at the time measured , in terms of wingspan. The specimens which the producers of the program used to justify such a large size estimate were described in 2012, and were under study by Dave Martill and David Unwin at the time of Walking With Dinosaurs' production. The final description of the remains found a maximum estimated wingspan of for this large specimen. Unwin stated that he did not believe the higher estimate used by the BBC was likely, and that the producers likely chose the highest possible estimate because it was more "spectacular." Nevertheless, specimen MN 6594-V in 2013 was, at its degree of completeness, the largest known pterosaur individual.
See also
List of pterosaur genera
Timeline of pterosaur research | Tropeognathus |
Daniel Donovan is an English keyboardist, composer, photographer and remixer. He was a founding member of Big Audio Dynamite and of Dreadzone.
Career
Following a brief touring stint with the Sisters of Mercy in 1990, he became a founding member of Dreadzone. Although he officially left Dreadzone during the development of Zion Youth, he returned in 1996.
He took the album cover photograph for Big Audio Dynamite's debut studio album, This Is Big Audio Dynamite (1985), which also meant that he wasn't featured in it. It was the same with their debut single "The Bottom Line".
Family
Donovan was named after his grandfather, Daniel Donovan through his father, also called Terence Daniel Donovan, the photographer. Through his father he is related to half sister Daisy Donovan and Rockstar Games co-founder Terry Donovan. He was married to the actress, model and singer Patsy Kensit, from 1988 to 1991.
Discography
With Big Audio Dynamite
This Is Big Audio Dynamite (1985)
No. 10, Upping St. (1986)
Tighten Up Vol. 88 (1988)
Megatop Phoenix (1989)
With Screaming Target
Hometown Hi-Fi (1991, Island Records)
With Dreadzone
360°
Second Light (1995, Virgin Records)
Zion Youth (1995, Virgin Records)
Moving On (1997, Virgin Records)
Biological Radio (1997, Virgin Records)
The Radio 1 Sessions (2001, Strange Fruit)
Sound (2002)
Once Upon a Time (2005)
Eye on the Horizon (2010) | Dan Donovan (keyboardist) |
In physics, theories of gravitation postulate mechanisms of interaction governing the movements of bodies with mass. There have been numerous theories of gravitation since ancient times. The first extant sources discussing such theories are found in ancient Greek philosophy. This work was furthered through the Middle Ages by Indian, Islamic, and European scientists, before gaining great strides during the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution—culminating in the formulation of Newton's law of gravity. This was superseded by Albert Einstein's theory of relativity in the early 20th century.
Greek philosopher Aristotle () found that objects immersed in a medium tend to fall at speeds proportional to their weight. Vitruvius () understood that objects fall based on their specific gravity. In the 6th century CE, Byzantine Alexandrian scholar John Philoponus modified the Aristotelian concept of gravity with the theory of impetus. In the 7th century, Indian astronomer Brahmagupta spoke of gravity as an attractive force. In the 14th century, European philosophers Jean Buridan and Albert of Saxony—who were influenced by certain Islamic scholars—developed the theory of impetus and linked it to the acceleration and mass of objects. Albert also developed a law of proportion regarding the relationship between the speed of an object in free fall and the time elapsed.
Italians of the 16th century found that objects in free fall tend to accelerate equally. In 1632, Galileo Galilei put forth the basic principle of relativity. The existence of the gravitational constant was explored by various researchers from the mid-17th century, helping Isaac Newton formulate his law of universal gravitation. Newton's classical mechanics were superseded in the early 20th century, when Einstein developed the special and general theories of relativity. The hypothetical force carrier of gravity remains an outlier in the search for a theory of everything, for which various models of quantum gravity are candidates.
Antiquity
The Ionian Greek philosopher Heraclitus () used the word logos ('word') to describe a kind of law which keeps the cosmos in harmony, moving all objects, including the stars, winds, and waves.
In the 4th century BCE, Greek philosopher Aristotle taught that there is no effect or motion without a cause. The cause of the downward natural motion of heavy bodies, such as the element earth and water, was related to their nature (gravity), which caused them to move downward toward the center of the (geocentric) universe. For this reason Aristotle supported a spherical Earth, since "every portion of earth has weight until it reaches the centre, and the jostling of parts greater and smaller would bring about not a waved surface, but rather compression and convergence of part and part until the centre is reached". On the other hand, light bodies such as the element fire and air, were moved by their nature (levity) upward toward the celestial sphere of the Moon. In his Physics, Aristotle correctly asserted that objects immersed in a medium tend to fall at speeds proportional to their weight and inversely proportional to the density of the medium.
Greek philosopher Strato of Lampsacus (c. 335 – c. 269 BCE) rejected the Aristotelian belief of "natural places" in exchange for a mechanical view in which objects do not gain weight as they fall, instead arguing that the greater impact was due to an increase in speed. Epicurus (c. 341 – 270 BCE) viewed weight as an inherent property of atoms which influences their movement.
Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos (c. 310 – c. 230 BCE) theorized Earth's rotation around its own axis and the orbit of Earth around the Sun in a heliocentric cosmology. Seleucus of Seleucia (c. 190 – c. 150 BCE) supported his cosmology and also described gravitational effects of the Moon on the tidal range.
The 3rd-century-BCE Greek physicist Archimedes (c. 287 – c. 212 BCE) discovered the centre of mass of a triangle. He also postulated that if the centres of gravity of two equal weights was not the same, it would be located in the middle of the line that joins them. In On Floating Bodies, Archimedes claimed that for any object submerged in a fluid there is an equivalent upward buoyant force to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object's volume. The fluids described by Archimedes are not self-gravitating, since he assumes that "any fluid at rest is the surface of a sphere whose centre is the same as that of the Earth".
Greek astronomer Hipparchus of Nicaea (c.190 – c. 120 BCE) also rejected Aristotelian physics and followed Strato in adopting some form of theory of impetus to explain motion. The poem De rerum natura by Lucretius (c. 99 – c. 55 BCE) asserts that more massive bodies fall faster in a medium because the latter resists less, but in a vacuum fall with equal speed. Roman engineer and architect Vitruvius (c. 85 – c. 15 BCE) contends in his De architectura that gravity is not dependent on a substance's weight but rather on its 'nature' (cf. specific gravity):
If the quicksilver is poured into a vessel, and a stone weighing one hundred pounds is laid upon it, the stone swims on the surface, and cannot depress the liquid, nor break through, nor separate it. If we remove the hundred pound weight, and put on a scruple of gold, it will not swim, but will sink to the bottom of its own accord. Hence, it is undeniable that the gravity of a substance depends not on the amount of its weight, but on its nature.
Greek philosopher Plutarch () attested the existence of roman astronomers who rejected aristotelian physics, "even contemplating theories of inertia and universal gravitation", and suggested that gravitational attraction was not unique to the Earth. The gravitational effects of the Moon on the tides were noticed by Pliny the Elder (23 – 79 CE) in his Naturalis Historia and Claudius Ptolemy (100 – c. 170 CE) in his Tetrabiblos.
In the 6th century CE, the Byzantine Alexandrian scholar John Philoponus proposed the theory of impetus, which modifies Aristotle's theory that "continuation of motion depends on continued action of a force" by incorporating a causative force which diminishes over time. In his commentary on Aristotle's Physics that "if one lets fall simultaneously from the same height two bodies differing greatly in weight, one will find that the ratio of the times of their motion does not correspond to the ratios of their weights, but the difference in time is a very small one".
Indian subcontinent
The Indian mathematician/astronomer Brahmagupta (c. 598c. 668 CE) first described gravity as an attractive force, using the term "gurutvākarṣaṇam (गुरुत्वाकर्षणम्)" to describe it:
The earth on all its sides is the same; all people on the earth stand upright, and all heavy things fall down to the earth by a law of nature, for it is the nature of the earth to attract and to keep things, as it is the nature of water to flow ... If a thing wants to go deeper down than the earth, let it try. The earth is the only low thing, and seeds always return to it, in whatever direction you may throw them away, and never rise upwards from the earth.
Another famous Indian mathematician and astronomer Bhaskaracharya II (c. 1114c. 1185) describes gravity as an inherent attractive property of Earth in the section Golādhyāyah (On Spherics) of his treatise Siddhānta Shiromani:
The property of attraction is inherent in the Earth. By this property the Earth attracts any unsupported heavy thing towards it: The thing appears to be falling but it is in a state of being drawn to Earth. ... It is manifest from this that ... people situated at distances of a fourth part of the circumference [of earth] from us or in the opposite hemisphere, cannot by any means fall downwards [in space].
Islamic world
In the 11th century CE, Persian polymath Ibn Sina (Avicenna) agreed with Philoponus' theory that "the moved object acquires an inclination from the mover" as an explanation for projectile motion. Ibn Sina then published his own theory of impetus in The Book of Healing (c. 1020). Unlike Philoponus, who believed that it was a temporary virtue that would decline even in a vacuum, Ibn Sina viewed it as a persistent, requiring external forces such as air resistance to dissipate it. Ibn Sina made distinction between 'force' and 'inclination' (mayl), and argued that an object gained mayl when the object is in opposition to its natural motion. He concluded that continuation of motion is attributed to the inclination that is transferred to the object, and that object will be in motion until the mayl is spent. The Iraqi polymath Ibn al-Haytham describes gravity as a force in which heavier body moves towards the centre of the earth.He also describes the force of gravity will only move towards the direction of the centre of the earth not in different directions.
Another 11th-century Persian polymath, Al-Biruni, proposed that heavenly bodies have mass, weight, and gravity, just like the Earth. He criticized both Aristotle and Ibn Sina for holding the view that only the Earth has these properties. The 12th-century scholar Al-Khazini suggested that the gravity an object contains varies depending on its distance from the centre of the universe (referring to the centre of the Earth). Al-Biruni and Al-Khazini studied the theory of the centre of gravity, and generalized and applied it to three-dimensional bodies. They also founded the theory of ponderable lever, and created the science of gravity. Fine experimental methods were also developed for determining the specific gravity or specific weight of objects, based the theory of balances and weighing.
In the 12th century, Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī adopted and modified Ibn Sina's theory on projectile motion. In his Kitab al-Mu'tabar, Abu'l-Barakat stated that the mover imparts a violent inclination (mayl qasri) on the moved and that this diminishes as the moving object distances itself from the mover. According to Shlomo Pines, al-Baghdādī's theory of motion was "the oldest negation of Aristotle's fundamental dynamic law [namely, that a constant force produces a uniform motion], [and is thus an] anticipation in a vague fashion of the fundamental law of classical mechanics [namely, that a force applied continuously produces acceleration]."
European Renaissance
14th century
Jean Buridan, the Oxford Calculators, Albert of Saxony
In the 14th century, both the French philosopher Jean Buridan and the Oxford Calculators (the Merton School) of the Merton College of Oxford rejected the Aristotelian concept of gravity. They attributed the motion of objects to an impetus (akin to momentum), which varies according to velocity and mass; Buridan was influenced in this by Ibn Sina's Book of Healing. Buridan and the philosopher Albert of Saxony (c. 1320–1390) adopted Abu'l-Barakat's theory that the acceleration of a falling body is a result of its increasing impetus. Influenced by Buridan, Albert developed a law of proportion regarding the relationship between the speed of an object in free fall and the time elapsed. He also theorized that mountains and valleys are caused by erosion—displacing the Earth's centre of gravity.
Uniform and difform motion
The roots of Domingo de Soto's expression uniform difform motion [uniformly accelerated motion] lies in the Oxford Calculators terms "uniform" motion and "difform" motion. "Uniform" motion was used differently then than it would be now. "Uniform" motion might have referred both to constant speed and to motion in which all parts of a body are moving at equal speed. Apparently, the Calculators did not illustrate the different types of motion with real-world examples. John of Holland at the University of Prague, illustrated uniform motion with what would later be called uniform velocity, but also with a falling stone (all parts moving at the same speed), and with a sphere in uniform rotation. He did, however, make distinctions between different kinds of "uniform" motion. Difform motion was exemplified by walking at increasing speed.
Mean speed theorem
Also in the 14th century, the Merton School developed the mean speed theorem; a uniformly accelerated body starting from rest travels the same distance as a body with uniform speed whose speed is half the final velocity of the accelerated body. Written as a modern equation:
However, since small time intervals could not be measured, the relationship between time and distance was not so evident as the equation suggests. More generally; equations, which were not widely used until after Galileo's time, imply a clarity that was not there.
The mean speed theorem was proved by Nicole Oresme (c. 1323–1382) and would be influential in later gravitational equations.
15th–17th century
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) made drawings recording the acceleration of falling objects. He wrote that the "mother and origin of gravity" is energy. He describes two pairs of physical powers which stem from a metaphysical origin and have an effect on everything: abundance of force and motion, and gravity and resistance. He associates gravity with the 'cold' classical elements, water and earth, and calls its energy infinite. In Codex Arundel, Leonardo recorded that if a water-pouring vase moves transversally (sideways), simulating the trajectory of a vertically falling object, it produces a right triangle with equal leg length, composed of falling material that forms the hypotenuse and the vase trajectory forming one of the legs. On the hypotenuse, Leonardo noted the equivalence of the two orthogonal motions, one effected by gravity and the other proposed by the experimenter.
Nicolaus Copernicus
By 1514, Nicolaus Copernicus had written an outline of his heliocentric model, in which he stated that Earth's centre is the centre of both its rotation and the orbit of the Moon.
Petrus Apianus
In 1533, German humanist Petrus Apianus described the exertion of gravity:
Since it is apparent that in the descent [along the arc] there is more impediment acquired, it is clear that gravity is diminished on this account. But because this comes about by reason of the position of heavy bodies, let it be called a positional gravity [i.e. gravitas secundum situm]
Italian investigators
By 1544, according to Benedetto Varchi, the experiments of at least two Italians, Francesco Beato, a Dominican philosopher at Pisa, and Luca Ghini, a physician and botanist from Bologna, had dispelled the Aristotelian claim that objects fall at speeds proportional to their weight.
Domingo de Soto
In 1551, Domingo de Soto theorized that objects in free fall accelerate uniformly in his book Physicorum Aristotelis quaestiones. This idea was subsequently explored in more detail by Galileo Galilei, who derived his kinematics from the 14th-century Merton College and Jean Buridan, and possibly De Soto as well.
Simon Stevin
In 1585, Flemish polymath Simon Stevin performed a demonstration for Jan Cornets de Groot, a local politician in the Dutch city of Delft. Stevin dropped two lead balls from the Nieuwe Kerk in that city. From the sound of the impacts, Stevin deduced that the balls had fallen at the same speed. The result was published in 1586.
Galileo Galilei
Galileo successfully applied mathematics to the acceleration of falling objects, correctly hypothesizing in a 1604 letter to Paolo Sarpi that the distance of a falling object is proportional to the square of the time elapsed.
Written with modern symbols:
The result was published in Two New Sciences in 1638. In the same book, Galileo suggested that the slight variance of speed of falling objects of different mass was due to air resistance, and that objects would fall completely uniformly in a vacuum. The relation of the distance of objects in free fall to the square of the time taken was confirmed by Italian Jesuits Grimaldi and Riccioli between 1640 and 1650. They also made a calculation of the gravity of Earth by recording the oscillations of a pendulum.
Johannes Kepler
In his Astronomia nova (1609), Johannes Kepler proposed an attractive force of limited radius between any "kindred" bodies:
Gravity is a mutual corporeal disposition among kindred bodies to unite or join together; thus the earth attracts a stone much more than the stone seeks the earth. (The magnetic faculty is another example of this sort).... If two stones were set near one another in some place in the world outside the sphere of influence of a third kindred body, these stones, like two magnetic bodies, would come together in an intermediate place, each approaching the other by a space proportional to the bulk [moles] of the other....
Evangelista Torricelli
A disciple of Galileo, Evangelista Torricelli reiterated Aristotle's model involving a gravitational centre, adding his view that a system can only be in equilibrium when the common centre itself is unable to fall.
European Enlightenment
The relation of the distance of objects in free fall to the square of the time taken was confirmed by Francesco Maria Grimaldi and Giovanni Battista Riccioli between 1640 and 1650. They also made a calculation of the gravity of Earth constant by recording the oscillations of a pendulum.
Mechanical explanations
In 1644, René Descartes proposed that no empty space can exist and that a continuum of matter causes every motion to be curvilinear. Thus, centrifugal force thrusts relatively light matter away from the central vortices of celestial bodies, lowering density locally and thereby creating centripetal pressure. Utilizing aspects of this theory, between 1669 and 1690, Christiaan Huygens designed a mathematical vortex model. In one of his proofs, he shows that the distance elapsed by an object dropped from a spinning wheel will increase proportionally to the square of the wheel's rotation time. In 1671, Robert Hooke speculated that gravitation is the result of bodies emitting waves in the aether. Nicolas Fatio de Duillier (1690) and Georges-Louis Le Sage (1748) proposed a corpuscular model using some sort of screening or shadowing mechanism. In 1784, Le Sage posited that gravity could be a result of the collision of atoms, and in the early 19th century, he expanded Daniel Bernoulli's theory of corpuscular pressure to the universe as a whole. A similar model was later created by Hendrik Lorentz (1853–1928), who used electromagnetic radiation instead of corpuscles.
English mathematician Isaac Newton utilized Descartes' argument that curvilinear motion constrains inertia, and in 1675, argued that aether streams attract all bodies to one another. Newton (1717) and Leonhard Euler (1760) proposed a model in which the aether loses density near mass, leading to a net force acting on bodies. Further mechanical explanations of gravitation (including Le Sage's theory) were created between 1650 and 1900 to explain Newton's theory, but mechanistic models eventually fell out of favor because most of them lead to an unacceptable amount of drag (air resistance), which was not observed. Others violate the energy conservation law and are incompatible with modern thermodynamics.
'Weight' before Newton
Before Newton, 'weight' had the double meaning 'amount' and 'heaviness'.
Mass as distinct from weight
In 1686, Newton gave the concept of mass its name. In the first paragraph of Principia, Newton defined quantity of matter as “density and bulk conjunctly”, and mass as quantity of matter.
Newton's law of universal gravitation
In 1679, Robert Hooke wrote to Isaac Newton of his hypothesis concerning orbital motion, which partly depends on an inverse-square force. In 1684, both Hooke and Newton told Edmond Halley that they had proven the inverse-square law of planetary motion, in January and August, respectively. While Hooke refused to produce his proofs, Newton was prompted to compose De motu corporum in gyrum ('On the motion of bodies in an orbit'), in which he mathematically derives Kepler's laws of planetary motion. In 1687, with Halley's support (and to Hooke's dismay), Newton published Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), which hypothesizes the inverse-square law of universal gravitation. In his own words:I deduced that the forces which keep the planets in their orbs must be reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centres about which they revolve; and thereby compared the force requisite to keep the moon in her orb with the force of gravity at the surface of the earth; and found them to answer pretty nearly.
Newton's original formula was:
where the symbol means "is proportional to". To make this into an equal-sided formula or equation, there needed to be a multiplying factor or constant that would give the correct force of gravity no matter the value of the masses or distance between them – the gravitational constant. Newton would need an accurate measure of this constant to prove his inverse-square law. Reasonably accurate measurements were not available in until the Cavendish experiment by Henry Cavendish in 1797.
In Newton's theory (rewritten using more modern mathematics) the density of mass generates a scalar field, the gravitational potential in joules per kilogram, by
Using the Nabla operator for the gradient and divergence (partial derivatives), this can be conveniently written as:
This scalar field governs the motion of a free-falling particle by:
At distance r from an isolated mass M, the scalar field is
The Principia sold out quickly, inspiring Newton to publish a second edition in 1713.
However the theory of gravity itself was not accepted quickly.
The theory of gravity faced two barriers. First scientists like Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz complained that it relied on action at a distance, that the mechanism of gravity was "invisible, intangible, and not mechanical". The French philosopher Voltaire countered these concerns, ultimately writing his own book to explain aspects of it to French readers in 1738, which helped to popularize Newton's theory.
Second, detailed comparisons with astronomical data were not initially favorable. Among the most conspicuous issue was the so-called great inequality of Jupiter and Saturn. Comparisons of ancient astronomical observations to those of the early 1700's implied that the orbit of Saturn was increasing in diameter while that of Jupiter was decreasing. Ultimately this meant Saturn would exit the Solar System and Jupiter would collide with other planets or the Sun. The problem was tackled first by Leonhard Euler in 1748, then Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1763, by Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1773. Each effort improved the mathematical treatment until the issue was resolved by Laplace in 1784 approximately 100 years after Newton's first publication on gravity. Laplace showed that the changes were periodic but with immensely long periods beyond any existing measurements.
Successes such the solution to the great inequality of Jupiter and Saturn mystery accumulated.
In 1755, Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant published a cosmological manuscript based on Newtonian principles, in which he develops an early version of the nebular hypothesis.
Edmond Halley proposed that similar looking objects appearing every 76 years was in fact a single comet. The appearance of the comet in 1759, now named after him, within a month of predictions based on Newton's gravity greatly improved scientific opinion of the theory.
Newton's theory enjoyed its greatest success when it was used to predict the existence of Neptune based on motions of Uranus that could not be accounted by the actions of the other planets. Calculations by John Couch Adams and Urbain Le Verrier both predicted the general position of the planet. In 1846, Le Verrier sent his position to Johann Gottfried Galle, asking him to verify it. The same night, Galle spotted Neptune near the position Le Verrier had predicted.
Not every comparison was successful. By the end of the 19th century, Le Verrier showed that the orbit of Mercury could not be accounted for entirely under Newtonian gravity, and all searches for another perturbing body (such as a planet orbiting the Sun even closer than Mercury) were fruitless. Even so, Newton's theory is thought to be exceptionally accurate in the limit of weak gravitational fields and low speeds.
At the end of the 19th century, many tried to combine Newton's force law with the established laws of electrodynamics (like those of Wilhelm Eduard Weber, Carl Friedrich Gauss, and Bernhard Riemann) in order to explain the anomalous perihelion precession of Mercury. In 1890, Maurice Lévy succeeded in doing so by combining the laws of Weber and Riemann, whereby the speed of gravity is equal to the speed of light. In another attempt, Paul Gerber (1898) succeeded in deriving the correct formula for the perihelion shift (which was identical to the formula later used by Albert Einstein). These hypotheses were rejected because of the outdated laws they were based on, being superseded by those of James Clerk Maxwell.
Modern era
In 1900, Hendrik Lorentz tried to explain gravity on the basis of his ether theory and Maxwell's equations. He assumed, like Ottaviano Fabrizio Mossotti and Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner, that the attraction of opposite charged particles is stronger than the repulsion of equal charged particles. The resulting net force is exactly what is known as universal gravitation, in which the speed of gravity is that of light. Lorentz calculated that the value for the perihelion advance of Mercury was much too low.
In the late 19th century, Lord Kelvin pondered the possibility of a theory of everything. He proposed that every body pulsates, which might be an explanation of gravitation and electric charges. His ideas were largely mechanistic and required the existence of the aether, which the Michelson–Morley experiment failed to detect in 1887. This, combined with Mach's principle, led to gravitational models which feature action at a distance.
Albert Einstein developed his revolutionary theory of relativity in papers published in 1905 and 1915; these account for the perihelion precession of Mercury. In 1914, Gunnar Nordström attempted to unify gravity and electromagnetism in his theory of five-dimensional gravitation. General relativity was proven in 1919, when Arthur Eddington observed gravitational lensing around a solar eclipse, matching Einstein's equations. This resulted in Einstein's theory superseding Newtonian physics. Thereafter, German mathematician Theodor Kaluza promoted the idea of general relativity with a fifth dimension, which in 1921 Swedish physicist Oskar Klein gave a physical interpretation of in a prototypical string theory, a possible model of quantum gravity and potential theory of everything.
Einstein's field equations include a cosmological constant to account for the alleged staticity of the universe. However, Edwin Hubble observed in 1929 that the universe appears to be expanding. By the 1930s, Paul Dirac developed the hypothesis that gravitation should slowly and steadily decrease over the course of the history of the universe. Alan Guth and Alexei Starobinsky proposed in 1980 that cosmic inflation in the very early universe could have been driven by a negative pressure field, a concept later coined 'dark energy'—found in 2013 to have composed around 68.3% of the early universe.
In 1922, Jacobus Kapteyn proposed the existence of dark matter, an unseen force that moves stars in galaxies at higher velocities than gravity alone accounts for. It was found in 2013 to have comprised 26.8% of the early universe. Along with dark energy, dark matter is an outlier in Einstein's relativity, and an explanation for its apparent effects is a requirement for a successful theory of everything.
In 1957, Hermann Bondi proposed that negative gravitational mass (combined with negative inertial mass) would comply with the strong equivalence principle of general relativity and Newton's laws of motion. Bondi's proof yielded singularity-free solutions for the relativity equations.
Early theories of gravity attempted to explain planetary orbits (Newton) and more complicated orbits (e.g. Lagrange). Then came unsuccessful attempts to combine gravity and either wave or corpuscular theories of gravity. The whole landscape of physics was changed with the discovery of Lorentz transformations, and this led to attempts to reconcile it with gravity. At the same time, experimental physicists started testing the foundations of gravity and relativity—Lorentz invariance, the gravitational deflection of light, the Eötvös experiment. These considerations led to and past the development of general relativity.
Einstein (1905, 1908, 1912)
In 1905, Albert Einstein published a series of papers in which he established the special theory of relativity and the fact that mass and energy are equivalent. In 1907, in what he described as "the happiest thought of my life", Einstein realized that someone who is in free fall experiences no gravitational field. In other words, gravitation is exactly equivalent to acceleration.
Einstein's two-part publication in 1912 (and before in 1908) is really only important for historical reasons. By then he knew of the gravitational redshift and the deflection of light. He had realized that Lorentz transformations are not generally applicable, but retained them. The theory states that the speed of light is constant in free space but varies in the presence of matter. The theory was only expected to hold when the source of the gravitational field is stationary. It includes the principle of least action:
where is the Minkowski metric, and there is a summation from 1 to 4 over indices and .
Einstein and Grossmann includes Riemannian geometry and tensor calculus.
The equations of electrodynamics exactly match those of general relativity. The equation
is not in general relativity. It expresses the stress–energy tensor as a function of the matter density.
Lorentz-invariant models (1905–1910)
Based on the principle of relativity, Henri Poincaré (1905, 1906), Hermann Minkowski (1908), and Arnold Sommerfeld (1910) tried to modify Newton's theory and to establish a Lorentz invariant gravitational law, in which the speed of gravity is that of light. As in Lorentz's model, the value for the perihelion advance of Mercury was much too low.
Abraham (1912)
Meanwhile, Max Abraham developed an alternative model of gravity in which the speed of light depends on the gravitational field strength and so is variable almost everywhere. Abraham's 1914 review of gravitation models is said to be excellent, but his own model was poor.
Nordström (1912)
The first approach of Nordström (1912) was to retain the Minkowski metric and a constant value of but to let mass depend on the gravitational field strength . Allowing this field strength to satisfy
where is rest mass energy and is the d'Alembertian,
where is the mass when gravitational potential vanishes and,
where is the four-velocity and the dot is a differential with respect to time.
The second approach of Nordström (1913) is remembered as the first logically consistent relativistic field theory of gravitation ever formulated. (notation from Pais not Nordström):
where is a scalar field,
This theory is Lorentz invariant, satisfies the conservation laws, correctly reduces to the Newtonian limit and satisfies the weak equivalence principle.
Einstein and Fokker (1914)
This theory is Einstein's first treatment of gravitation in which general covariance is strictly obeyed. Writing:
they relate Einstein–Grossmann to Nordström. They also state:
That is, the trace of the stress energy tensor is proportional to the curvature of space.
Between 1911 and 1915, Einstein developed the idea that gravitation is equivalent to acceleration, initially stated as the equivalence principle, into his general theory of relativity, which fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into the four-dimensional fabric of spacetime. However, it does not unify gravity with quanta—individual particles of energy, which Einstein himself had postulated the existence of in 1905.
General relativity
In general relativity, the effects of gravitation are ascribed to spacetime curvature instead of to a force. The starting point for general relativity is the equivalence principle, which equates free fall with inertial motion. The issue that this creates is that free-falling objects can accelerate with respect to each other. To deal with this difficulty, Einstein proposed that spacetime is curved by matter, and that free-falling objects are moving along locally straight paths in curved spacetime. More specifically, Einstein and David Hilbert discovered the field equations of general relativity, which relate the presence of matter and the curvature of spacetime. These field equations are a set of 10 simultaneous, non-linear, differential equations. The solutions of the field equations are the components of the metric tensor of spacetime, which describes its geometry. The geodesic paths of spacetime are calculated from the metric tensor.
Notable solutions of the Einstein field equations include:
The Schwarzschild solution, which describes spacetime surrounding a spherically symmetrical non-rotating uncharged massive object. For objects with radii smaller than the Schwarzschild radius, this solution generates a black hole with a central singularity.
The Reissner–Nordström solution, in which the central object has an electrical charge. For charges with a geometrized length less than the geometrized length of the mass of the object, this solution produces black holes with an event horizon surrounding a Cauchy horizon.
The Kerr solution for rotating massive objects. This solution also produces black holes with multiple horizons.
The cosmological Robertson–Walker solution, which predicts the expansion of the universe.
General relativity has enjoyed much success because its predictions (not called for by older theories of gravity) have been regularly confirmed. For example:
General relativity accounts for the anomalous perihelion precession of Mercury.
Gravitational lensing was first confirmed in 1919, and has more recently been strongly confirmed through the use of a quasar which passes behind the Sun as seen from the Earth.
The expansion of the universe (predicted by the Robertson–Walker metric) was confirmed by Edwin Hubble in 1929.
The prediction that time runs slower at lower potentials has been confirmed by the Pound–Rebka experiment, the Hafele–Keating experiment, and the GPS.
The time delay of light passing close to a massive object was first identified by Irwin Shapiro in 1964 in interplanetary spacecraft signals.
Gravitational radiation has been indirectly confirmed through studies of binary pulsars such as PSR 1913+16.
In 2015, the LIGO experiments directly detected gravitational radiation from two colliding black holes, making this the first direct observation of both gravitational waves and black holes.
It is believed that neutron star mergers (since detected in 2017) and black hole formation may also create detectable amounts of gravitational radiation.
Quantum gravity
Several decades after the discovery of general relativity, it was realized that it cannot be the complete theory of gravity because it is incompatible with quantum mechanics. Later it was understood that it is possible to describe gravity in the framework of quantum field theory like the other fundamental forces. In this framework, the attractive force of gravity arises due to exchange of virtual gravitons, in the same way as the electromagnetic force arises from exchange of virtual photons. This reproduces general relativity in the classical limit, but only at the linearized level and postulating that the conditions for the applicability of Ehrenfest theorem holds, which is not always the case. Moreover, this approach fails at short distances of the order of the Planck length.
See also
Anti-gravity
History of physics | History of gravitational theory |
Maryland Route 99 (MD 99) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Old Frederick Road, the state highway runs from MD 32 near West Friendship east to U.S. Route 29 (US 29) in Ellicott City. MD 99 parallels the north side of Interstate 70 (I-70) through a rural and suburban area in northeastern Howard County. MD 99, which follows the original 18th-century road west from Baltimore, was constructed as part of three state highways: MD 99, the original MD 100, and MD 105. All three highways were constructed between the early 1920s and early 1930s. MD 99 originally turned south along St. Johns Lane to US 40 and MD 144; in 1956, the state highway was rerouted along part of MD 100 and all of MD 105 to downtown Ellicott City. MD 99's eastern terminus was rolled back to US 29 in two steps in the late 1970s and late 1980s.
Route description
MD 99 begins at an intersection with MD 32 (Sykesville Road) at Slacks Corner a short distance north of MD 32's interchange with I-70 in West Friendship. Old Frederick Road continues west as a county highway that parallels the north side of I-70 west to Twin Arch Road near Mount Airy. MD 99 heads east as a two-lane undivided road and immediately intersects the old alignment of MD 32, which is unsigned MD 851J and named Butterfly Court. The state highway mostly follows the height of land between the watersheds of the Patapsco River to the north and the Patuxent River to the south. MD 99 passes through the communities of Alpha, which is home to Marriotts Ridge High School to the north of the road, and Henryton Heights, which contains Alpha Ridge Community Park. Continuing east, the state highway intersects a pair of county highways, Marriottsville Road and Woodstock Road. Marriottsville Road heads north toward the village of Marriottsville on the Patapsco River and south to junctions with I-70 and US 40. Woodstock Road heads north to the village of Woodstock, also on the Patapsco River, where the highway becomes MD 125.
East of Woodstock Road, MD 99 crosses Davis Branch and enters a suburban area on the north side of Ellicott City. The state highway begins to parallel I-70 as it intersects Bethany Lane. MD 99 meets St. John's Lane, its original alignment, at the entrance to Mt. Hebron High School to the north of the road. MD 99 intersects Mt. Hebron Drive, which heads north toward the historic home Elmonte, before reaching its eastern terminus at the national northern terminus of US 29 (Columbia Pike). US 29 heads south as a freeway through an interchange with I-70 toward Columbia and Washington, D.C. The roadway continues east as county-maintained Rogers Avenue, which curves south toward the historic downtown of Ellicott City. Before Rogers Avenue crosses I-70, another section of Old Frederick Road splits to the east toward Baltimore County, the historic home Linnwood, and the historic Daniels Mill on the Patapsco River.
History
Old Frederick Road was the original 18th-century highway between Baltimore and the Mount Airy area. The highway, which was mostly built along the height of land between the Patapsco and Patuxent watersheds, was replaced by the more southern Baltimore and Fredericktown Turnpike, which is now MD 144, around 1812. In the 20th century, the portion of Old Frederick Road east of West Friendship became part of two state highways. MD 99 was assigned to St. Johns Lane north of Frederick Road (formerly US 40 and MD 144) and Old Frederick Road from St. Johns Lane to Slacks Corner. The original MD 100, as opposed to the modern freeway that connects Ellicott City and Glen Burnie, was assigned to Old Frederick Road east of St. Johns Lane. In addition, MD 105 was assigned to Rogers Avenue, which would later become part of MD 99. The first section of what was to become MD 99 was constructed as a wide macadam road along St. Johns Lane from Frederick Road north to Old Frederick Road by 1915.
By 1923, Old Frederick Road from St. Johns Lane west to Marriottsville Road was paved in concrete and Old Frederick Road from a place called Wheelwrights Gate near the modern US 29 intersection to the Baltimore County line at the Patapsco River was reconstructed as a macadam road. Rogers Avenue was paved as a concrete road from Frederick Road near downtown Ellicott City north to near its present intersection with US 40 in 1923. Rogers Avenue was completed north to Old Frederick Road in 1924 and 1925. The next section of MD 99 to be built was a concrete road from MD 32 to Henryton Road between 1924 and 1926. This road was part of a highway to connect Slacks Corner with Henryton on the Patapsco River; Henryton Road later became part of MD 101. The gap between Henryton Road and Marriottsville Road was closed when a concrete road was constructed in 1929. Construction began shortly after 1930 on the gap between St. Johns Lane and Wheelwrights Gate; MD 100 was completed when that section of Old Frederick Road was paved in concrete by 1933.
In 1956, St. Johns Lane and Old Frederick Road east of Rogers Avenue were removed from the state highway system, resulting in the elimination of MD 100 and MD 105. MD 99 was extended east along Old Frederick Road and south along Rogers Avenue to Frederick Road. Rogers Avenue had been reconstructed and widened to starting in 1953, shortly before it became part of MD 99. I-70 north of Ellicott City and US 29 from US 40 to MD 99 were constructed between 1964 and 1967. MD 99 was relocated between US 29 and south of I-70 around 1966 when the state highway's bridge over I-70 was built; two sections of old alignment became segments of MD 985. MD 99's eastern terminus was rolled back from Frederick Road to US 40 in 1978 and from US 40 to its present terminus at US 29 in 1989.
Junction list
See also | Maryland Route 99 |
Travel + Leisure Golf was a bimonthly American magazine published by American Express. Unlike other golf magazines, Travel + Leisure Golf focused less on the sport than on the affluent golf lifestyle, with regular features on cars, resorts, wines, and spirits.
History and profile
The magazine was launched in March 1998 as a spin-off of Travel + Leisure, and was closed after the March–April 2009 issue. The final editor-in-chief was John Atwood. John Rodenburg joined as publisher in 2005. Columnists included Nick Faldo, Greg Norman and Mike Lupica.
Ian Shepherd ranked Travel + Leisure Golf as the "2nd Most Influential Golf Publication" in his 2006 and 2007 rankings.
See also
Golf Digest
Golf Magazine
Golf Week
Golf World
Kingdom
Links Magazine
golfscape | Travel + Leisure Golf |
Herbie is a short 16mm black and white movie by George Lucas and Paul Golding made in 1966 as part of their USC film school course. It is an abstract film with no story and no actors that depicts the reflections of moving light streaks and light flashes from traffic at night. It is set to a piece of jazz music by Herbie Hancock, whose first name was used for the title.
See also
List of American films of 1966 | Herbie (film) |
The Tour de Pakistan is a bicycle race held in Pakistan roughly every two years over more than . It is modelled after the Tour de France. The race begins in Karachi and ends in
Peshawar. It is the longest cycling race in Asia. The event used to be 22 stages long and 2200 kilometres in length, but in 2007 it was reduced to 1648 kilometres and 11 stages.
History
The Pakistan Cycling Federation wanted to promote road cycle racing, as most of its focus had been on track cycling. Thus the formation of the Tour de Pakistan, based on the Tour de France, it would give the opportunity to test Pakistani cyclists. The gruelling event became one of the longest and toughest in Asia which has seen international teams compete alongside a Pakistani teams. The current prize money is $10,000 which is shared out between the top six. The race is almost always scheduled during the spring season, which lasts from late February to early May in the country.
2007
In 2007, the 13th Tour de Pakistan was won by New Zealand cyclist Robin Reid for Discovery Channel Marco Polo Team, with fellow Kiwi Justin Kerr for New Zealand National Team was overall second and Canadian Mathew Usborne riding for Team Integrale in third. WAPDA won the team event of the race ahead of Army and SSCG team.
2008
In 2007, the 14th Tour de Pakistan was won by Naimat Ali from Sui Southern Gas Company (SSGC). Runner-up was Haroon-ur-Rashid for WAPDA while Sri Lanka’s Meemanaga Perera for Team Sri Lanka third position in the competition.
2010
The 15th Tour de Pakistan started on March 1, 2010 participated by cyclists from different teams of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Zahid Gulfam of WAPDA won the race by covering distance of 1,655 km in 46 hours 13 minutes and 9 seconds and received US$2,500. Nisar Ahmed got second position and got US$1,500 while third position holder Hashmatullah of Afghanistan received US$1,000. Fourth to sixth finishers received US$750 each.
Winners | Tour de Pakistan |
Riegels is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Elna Riegels, birth name of the Danish painter Elna Fonnesbech-Sandberg (1892–1994)
Michael Riegels (b. 1938), inaugural chairman of the Financial Services Commission of the British Virgin Islands
Niels Ditlev Riegels (1755 - 1802), a Danish historian, journalist and author of critical pamphlets
Roy Riegels (1908–1993), American football player
See also
Riegel (surname) | Riegels |
Fana Mokoena (born 13 May 1971) is a South African actor and political activist, he served as a Member of Parliament, first as a delegate to the National Council of Provinces representing his home province Free State from May 2014 until August 2016; then later as a full member of the National Assembly of South Africa between August 2016 and October 2020. Mokoena is a founding member of the Economic Freedom Fighters party and served on the party's central command team.
Early life and education
Fana Mokoena was born on 13 May 1971 in Kroonstad, Free State, South Africa. He was raised in Kroonstad and later schooled in Johannesburg by his mother and stepfather, along with his three siblings. His last three years of high school were spent at Woodmead School, which was the first fully multi-racial school in the country, where his love of the arts began. He studied Theatre and Performance at the University of Cape Town and later qualified in Media Studies.
Acting career
He started his acting career as a full member of the Playhouse Theatre company in 1993, and in 1994 he made his television debut in the South African TV film The Line. Mokoena played a small role in the thriller Dangerous Ground in 1997. In 1999 played Thula in the popular South African television drama series Yizo Yizo. In 2004, he portrayed the Rwandan general Augustin Bizimungu in the film Hotel Rwanda. In 2006, he played the role of Jaws Bengu in the South African series The LAB, a role which he played until 2009. In 2008, he appeared in a small role in the series Silent Witness. He played the role of Capt. James Sikobi in the South African drama A Small Town Called Descent in 2010. In 2011, he appeared in the action biography film adaptation of Machine Gun Preacher in the role of John Garang alongside Gerard Butler.
In 2012, he played a small role in the thriller Safe House with Denzel Washington. Mokoena appeared alongside Brad Pitt in the role of Thierry Umutoni in the zombie blockbuster World War Z in 2013. He also portrayed the anti-apartheid fighter Govan Mbeki in the film Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom with Idris Elba.
Accolades and awards
Mokoena has received several accolades in the entertainment industry, both in his home country and internationally, including Best Actor Award at the South African Film and Television Awards SAFTA for his role in The LAB; and Best Actor in Supporting Role at the African Movie Academy Awards AMAA in Lagos, Nigeria for his role in Man On Ground
Personal life
In 1976 Fana Mokoena's mother, Arcillia Mekodi Mokoena was detained and held in solitary confinement by the Apartheid regime for political activism She was incarcerated for inciting a student protest at a school in Kroonstad where she was a teacher, a protest action effected in solidarity with the 1976 Soweto Student uprising which saw scores of students being massacred by the Apartheid regime. This as violent protests broke out around the country against the oppressive use of Afrikaans as a medium of instruction, plus a host of other concerns. Mokoena*s mother was also physically and emotionally tortured, which.has left her scarred, but she is well and living in QwaQwa. Mokoena's mother is a political veteran in her own right and her son, Fana Mokoena took after her in political activism.
Mokoena is the eldest brother to the late Karabelo Israel Mokoena, Tlotlisang Dipallo Charity Pigou (née Mokoena) and Mamello Blessings Relebohile Mokoena.
Mokoena's stepfather Elias Bhuti Mokoena is late and so is his mother's eldest sister, Khasiane Alrina Ntloko whom he regarded as his mother too because she raised him while his real mother was incarcerated, and later had to study and work elsewhere. Mokoena fondly referred to Khasiane as "Mada".
Politics
Mokoena was initially a member of the African National Congress. He later left the party, because he believed it was corrupt. He then became a Founding Member of the Economic Freedom Fighters, where he now serves a member of the party's Central Command Team. Between 2014 and 2016, he was a member of the National Council of Provinces, the upper house of the Parliament of South Africa. In 2016, he was appointed as a member of the lower house of parliament, the National Assembly, as a member from Free State. Mokoena won a second term in the 2019 general election, with the Economic Freedom Fighters almost doubling their number of seats.
Mokoena resigned from the National Assembly with effect from 16 October 2020 but remained in the EFF's Central Command Team as a member of the War Council, the party's operational authority. He has returned to the Film and Television industry as a writer and producer. His company Praise Poet Pictures is working on several international productions. After 8 years hiatus from the entertainment industry due to his engagements in politics, Mokoena has returned to the small screen in a popular South African soapie Scandal! in a lead role as Vukile Kubheka which has thrust him back into the entertainment centre-stage.
Filmography
52 Regent East (1993) as Lead
The Line (1994) as Tebogo
Inside (1996) as Prisoner (voice)
Dangerous Ground (1997) as Youth
Generations (1999) as Dr. Mandla Sithole
Jump the Gun (1999) as Man in shacks
In My Country (2004) as Mandla (uncredited)
Hotel Rwanda (2004) as General Bizimungu
Cuppen (2006) as Madoda
The LAB (2006–2009, South African TV series) as Jaws Bengu
Silent Witness (2008) as Katembula
Wild at Heart (2008-2010, TV Series) as Mr Ekotto
A Small Town Called Descent (2010) as Captain James Sikobi
State of Violence (2010) as Bobedi
Hopeville (2010) as Mogapi Khobane
Machine Gun Preacher (2011) as John Garang
Man on Ground (2011) as Timothi
Inside Story (2011) as Goodwill
Safe House (2012) as Officer in charge
World War Z (2013) as Thierry Umutoni
Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom (2013) as Govan Mbeki
Cold Harbour (2013) as Specialist
The Call (2015) as Sibongiseni
The Book of Negroes (2015) as Allasane
Scandal! (2021) as Vukile Kubheka | Fana Mokoena |
The Société Française d'Astronomie et d'Astrophysique (SF2A) is a French society of professional astronomers. It was officially created on November 15, 1978, with Raymond Michard as the first president.
The main goal of the society is the promotion of astronomy in France, associating to it the specialists of the field. The society also represent France in the International Astronomical Union. Its current membership is about 400, under the presidency of Nadège Lagarde.
Each year the SF2A awards a scientific prize to a junior researcher, who must be younger than 36 and who must hold a permanent research position; and a prize for the best doctoral thesis in astronomy (defended in France, during the previous year). The SF2A also edits a directory listing all the French astronomers.
An annual meeting is organized that supports the communication of recent research results by young astronomers, the debate of more political issues related to astronomy, and the gathering of the various members of the French astronomical community. | Société Française d'Astronomie et d'Astrophysique |
The Niagara Parks Commission People Mover was a tourist-oriented, public transport bus service in the city of Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. It was operated by the Niagara Parks Commission from 1985 to 2012. It linked various tourist sights and attractions along the Canadian side of the Niagara Falls and the gorge downstream of it.
The People Mover buses replaced the Victoria Park Viewmobile, which had begun service in 1971 in an effort to ease traffic congestion in Queen Victoria Park. The Viewmobiles were two red towing trailers attached to a tractor truck, and served the boundaries of the park, as well as the adjacent Dufferin Islands. The Viewmobiles were retired from service when the new People Mover system launched in time for the 1985 tourist season.
The buses were unusual in that they operated as two-unit buses, comprising a motor unit towing a separate trailer. It should not be confused with the city transit bus service, operated by Niagara Falls Transit, although that also had provided shuttle bus service to the falls area from various parts of the city.
The People Mover service was discontinued in 2012, when the Niagara Parks Commission partnered with Niagara Falls Transit and the City of Niagara Falls to bring new, fully accessible vehicles into service, together with a new identity as the WEGO Niagara Falls Visitor Transportation system.
Service
The service operated along a single route along the Niagara Parkway from Table Rock Point by the Horseshoe Falls, downstream to the Floral Clock in the north. The stops along the route served attractions including:
The Journey Behind the Falls
The Maid of the Mist boat cruise
The foot of the Clifton Hill tourist promenade
The Whirlpool Aero Car
At Table Rock Point, the People Mover connected with a free shuttle bus to and from the Rapidsview parking lot, with its hotels and casinos.
The service operated every 20 minutes from April to October each year. A single all-day ticket, issued as a sticker, allowed passengers to hop on and off the buses along the route. Fares for 2011 ended as follows:
Adult $8.85* Children 6-12 $5.35* Children under 5 FREE
The WEGO Green Line now follows much of the same route as the former People Mover, and continues to be operated by the Parks Commission (as opposed to the Red and Blue Lines, which are operated by Niagara Falls Transit). Since 2013, a separate shuttle service operated during the peak season essentially extends the line as a shuttle to Fort George in Niagara-on-the-Lake.
Fleet
The service was operated by a fleet manufactured by Orion Bus Industries between 1985 and 1989 exclusively for the Parks Commission. It consisted of a combination of powered motor units equipped with engines and drivetrains, and unpowered trailer units which were coupled to and towed behind motor units to increase capacity during peak periods. Both motor units and trailers had a single set of double-leafed plug doors for entry and exit, and despite the buses having a low-floor design, they were not wheelchair-accessible. The motor units were powered by liquified petroleum gas, then considered an unusual fuel type. The fleet contained:
13x Orion IV 04.501 - motor units
12x Orion IV 04.502 - trailers
With the replacement of the People Mover by the WEGO system, the Orion IV fleet was retired and scrapped in favour of modern, wheelchair-accessible Nova Bus LFX 40-foot and 60-foot articulated vehicles. Entire Orion IV fleet sold to private buyer in late 2012.
See also
Incline railways at Niagara Falls | Niagara Parks Commission People Mover |
The Peco Energy Jazz Festival is a music festival devoted to jazz held every February in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
History
The first edition, held in 1989, was called the Philadelphia Jazz Weekend, and the name was changed the following year to the Presidential Jazz Weekend.
It changed its name to the current one in 1995 having previously been called the Presidential Jazz Festival. | Peco Energy Jazz Festival |
Giordano (sometimes anglicized as Jordan) Pierleoni (in contemporary Latin, Jordanus filius Petrus Leonis) was the son of the Consul Pier Leoni and therefore brother of Antipope Anacletus II and leader of the Commune of Rome which the people set up in 1143. According to Gregorovius, he was a “maverick” in the great Pierleoni family, for he continued to oppose the papacy after Anacletus' death, when the rest of his clan had returned to support of Rome.
In late autumn 1143, the democratic element in Rome set up a Senate in opposition to the higher nobility and the papacy. Drawing on the Rome's history as the once capital of the ancient Roman Republic, the citizens declared a senate, based on four elected representatives from each of the newly created fourteen districts of medieval Rome. These would be the first real senators since the seventh century. The fifty-six senators then elected as patrician Pierleoni, because the title of consul had taken on noble connotations. Pierleoni led the defence of the city against Pope Lucius II's assault in 1145, where Lucius himself was killed. However, Pierleoni was unable to maintain order in the city despite his overtures of negotiations with Lucius—demanding the pope renounce secular authority and live as a common priest before being allowed reentry into the city, —he was deposed by the people who invited Pope Eugene III, Lucius' successor, back. The power vacuum left by Pierleoni's deposition caused even more chaos, and eventually resulted in the pope leaving the city. After this, Giacomo da Vico, was elected patrician—though a man his equal, Arnold of Brescia, had arrived in the commune in 1145. Arnold would renew the commune, giving it the intellectual leadership it lacked after Pierleoni's downfall.
Sources
Gregorovius, Ferdinand. History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages Vol. IV, part 2. trans. Annie Hamilton.
Roman rebels
12th-century Italian Jews
12th-century Italian people
People from medieval Rome | Giordano Pierleoni |
Arturo Mercado Chacón (born December 7, 1940) is a Mexican voice actor who has dubbed many movie and television characters to Spanish for the Latin American movie and television market since 1963. He is the husband of Magdalena Leonel de Cervantes and the father of Arturo Mercado Jr., Carmen Mercado and Angeles Mercado.
Work
Films
Animated movies
Television
Walter in Automan
Walter "Radar" O'Reilly in M*A*S*H*
Walter O'Reilly from W*A*L*T*E*R
Mickey Horton in Días de Nuestras Vidas
Peter Parker from Spiderman (70's TV series)
Phineas Bogg from Voyagers!
Animated characters
Bob from Bob the Builder
Toad from Gummy Bears
James the Red Engine from Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends
Drake Mallard/Darkwing from El Pato Darkwing
Scrooge McDuck (Rico McPato) in Pato Aventuras
Shaggy in Scooby-Doo
Doburoku in Eyeshield 21
Zabon from Dragon Ball Z
Simba in Timon y Pumbaa
Simba, McDuck, Beast and Winnie the Pooh in El Show del Ratón
Wally Gator/Pixe & Dixie/Mildew Wolf/Shaggy from Laff-A-Lympics
Wooldoor Sockbat from La Casa de los Dibujos
Lawrence Fletcher from Phineas and Ferb
Sergei/"D" from Key the Metal Idol
Shaggy in Harvey Birdman, Abogado
Clumsy, Brainy, Jokey, Grandpa Smurf from The Smurfs
Robin from Super Friends
Yoda in Star Wars: Clone Wars and Star Wars: The Clone Wars
Guy-Am-I in Green Eggs and Ham
Crimson in Helluva Boss
See also
List of Mexican voice actors | Arturo Mercado |
The Roaring River is a tributary of the Yadkin River in northwestern North Carolina in the United States. Via the Yadkin it is part of the watershed of the Pee Dee River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean. According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as "Roaring Creek." The river's name comes from its headwaters in the Blue Ridge Mountains, where it flows through a series of small waterfalls.
The Roaring River and its headwater tributaries (its East, Middle and West Prongs) all flow for their entire lengths in Wilkes County, rising in the Blue Ridge Mountains near and around Stone Mountain State Park. Below the confluence of its principal tributaries, the Roaring River flows southeastwardly to its confluence with the Yadkin River, about 4 mi (6 km) south-southwest of Ronda. The river gives its name to the community of Roaring River, a village located at the mouth of the river.
Variant names
According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as:
Roaring Creek
See also
List of North Carolina rivers | Roaring River (North Carolina) |
Mayo East or East Mayo may refer to one of two parliamentary constituencies in County Mayo, Ireland:
Mayo East (Dáil constituency) (1969–1997)
East Mayo (UK Parliament constituency) (1885–1922)
See also
County Mayo | Mayo East |
Howard Mitchell (11 March 1911 in Lyons, Nebraska – 22 June 1988 in Ormond Beach, Florida) was an American cellist and conductor. He was principal conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra from 1949 to 1969.
According to music critic Ted Libbey, Mitchell "personified the optimism that permeated Washington and America after World War II; he socialized, schmoozed and charmed the ladies of high Washington society, fitting right in, playing the role of music director as he played the cello. He saw the symphony as a necessary component of the city's social and cultural life, an institution to be supported by the enlightened few and used to educate and enrich the many."
Born in Nebraska, Mitchell attended the Peabody Conservatory and graduated with honors from the Curtis Institute of Music in 1935. Mitchell joined the National Symphony Orchestra as principal cellist in 1933. In addition to playing with the NSO, Mitchell made his conducting debut with the ensemble in 1941, and was named associate conductor in 1946. He was one of two candidates being considered to replace Hans Kindler, and in 1949 Mitchell began the longest tenure of any NSO music director to date, and one especially marked by his campaign to bring great visiting conductors to Washington. Praised for his enthusiasm, deeply involved in the community, a skilled fund-raiser and respected by musicians as one who had risen from the ranks, Mitchell embodied the optimism and “can-do” spirit of the time.
Few conductors anywhere have equaled Mitchell’s extraordinary commitment to community outreach and education. Under his leadership, the NSO presented “Young People’s” and “Tiny Tots” concerts, and a ground-breaking series called “Music for Young America”. The last initiative offered programs free to school groups visiting the Washington area. Mitchell also expanded the orchestra’s touring exponentially, including its first to Europe and an astounding three months of touring Latin America. A hallmark was the inclusion of at least one American work on every concert program. Making use of the burgeoning recording industry, he devised two educational recording anthologies with the NSO. The anthologies were accompanied by study guides, allowing teachers who were not themselves musicians to incorporate music in classroom settings.
On the Westminster label Mitchell made recordings with his orchestra of music by Brahms (Violin Concerto with violinist Julian Olefsky), Copland (Appalachian Spring; Billy the Kid; Fanfare for the Common Man; El Salón México), Creston (Symphonies Nos. 2 & 3) and Shostakovich (Symphony No. 1; The Golden Age ballet suite).
Notes | Howard Mitchell |
The flag of Bolívar State was designed by cinetic artist Jesús Soto. It is composed by three colors: the yellow field, representing the riches of the state. Over the yellow field, a green circle, representing the abundant vegetation and three blue fesses separated from each other to represent the rivers that cross the Bolívar State.
In the central blue fess, eight white five-pointed stars, located horizontally. Seven of them represent the seven provinces that together declared the Venezuelan independence and the eight that constitutes the emblem of the Guayana Province.
In the first canton (up and left) the coat of arms of the Bolivar State will be located.
Flag adoption at 12/10/2000 and edited in 2006.
Flags of Venezuela
Bolívar (state) | Flag of Bolívar State |
"Amazing Grace" is a Christian hymn published in 1779 with words written in 1772 by English Anglican clergyman and poet John Newton (1725–1807). It is an immensely popular hymn, particularly in the United States, where it is used for both religious and secular purposes.
Newton wrote the words from personal experience; he grew up without any particular religious conviction, but his life's path was formed by a variety of twists and coincidences that were often put into motion by others' reactions to what they took as his recalcitrant insubordination. He was pressed into service with the Royal Navy, and after leaving the service, he became involved in the Atlantic slave trade. In 1748, a violent storm battered his vessel off the coast of County Donegal, Ireland, so severely that he called out to God for mercy. While this moment marked his spiritual conversion, he continued slave trading until 1754 or 1755, when he ended his seafaring altogether. Newton began studying Christian theology and later became an abolitionist.
Ordained in the Church of England in 1764, Newton became the curate of Olney, Buckinghamshire, where he began to write hymns with poet William Cowper. "Amazing Grace" was written to illustrate a sermon on New Year's Day of 1773. It is unknown if there was any music accompanying the verses; it may have been chanted by the congregation. It debuted in print in 1779 in Newton's and Cowper's Olney Hymns, but settled into relative obscurity in England. In the United States, "Amazing Grace" became a popular song used by Baptist and Methodist preachers as part of their evangelizing, especially in the American South, during the Second Great Awakening of the early 19th century. It has been associated with more than 20 melodies. In 1835, American composer William Walker set it to the tune known as "New Britain" in a shape note format; this is the version most frequently sung today.
With the message that forgiveness and redemption are possible regardless of sins committed and that the soul can be delivered from despair through the mercy of God, "Amazing Grace" is one of the most recognisable songs in the English-speaking world. American historian Gilbert Chase writes that it is "without a doubt the most famous of all the folk hymns" and Jonathan Aitken, a Newton biographer, estimates that the song is performed about 10 million times annually.
It has had particular influence in folk music, and has become an emblematic black spiritual. Its universal message has been a significant factor in its crossover into secular music. "Amazing Grace" became newly popular during the 1960s revival of American folk music, and it has been recorded thousands of times during and since the 20th century.
John Newton's conversion
According to the Dictionary of American Hymnology, "Amazing Grace" is John Newton's spiritual autobiography in verse.
In 1725, Newton was born in Wapping, a district in London near the Thames. His father was a shipping merchant who was brought up as a Catholic but had Protestant sympathies, and his mother was a devout Independent, unaffiliated with the Anglican Church. She had intended Newton to become a clergyman, but she died of tuberculosis when he was six years old. For the next few years, while his father was at sea Newton was raised by his emotionally distant stepmother. He was also sent to boarding school, where he was mistreated. At the age of eleven, he joined his father on a ship as an apprentice; his seagoing career would be marked by headstrong disobedience.
As a youth, Newton began a pattern of coming very close to death, examining his relationship with God, then relapsing into bad habits. As a sailor, he denounced his faith after being influenced by a shipmate who discussed with him Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, a book by the Third Earl of Shaftesbury. In a series of letters Newton later wrote, "Like an unwary sailor who quits his port just before a rising storm, I renounced the hopes and comforts of the Gospel at the very time when every other comfort was about to fail me." His disobedience caused him to be pressed into the Royal Navy, and he took advantage of opportunities to overstay his leave.
He deserted the navy to visit Mary "Polly" Catlett, a family friend with whom he had fallen in love. After enduring humiliation for deserting, he was traded as crew to a slave ship.
He began a career in slave trading.
Newton often openly mocked the captain by creating obscene poems and songs about him, which became so popular that the crew began to join in. His disagreements with several colleagues resulted in his being starved almost to death, imprisoned while at sea, and chained like the slaves they carried. He was himself enslaved by the Sherbro and forced to work on a plantation in Sierra Leone near the Sherbro River. After several months he came to think of Sierra Leone as his home, but his father intervened after Newton sent him a letter describing his circumstances, and crew from another ship happened to find him. Newton claimed the only reason he left Sierra Leone was because of Polly.
While aboard the ship Greyhound, Newton gained notoriety as being one of the most profane men the captain had ever met. In a culture where sailors habitually swore, Newton was admonished several times for not only using the worst words the captain had ever heard, but creating new ones to exceed the limits of verbal debauchery. In March 1748, while the Greyhound was in the North Atlantic, a violent storm came upon the ship that was so rough it swept overboard a crew member who was standing where Newton had been moments before. After hours of the crew emptying water from the ship and expecting to be capsized, Newton and another mate tied themselves to the ship's pump to keep from being washed overboard, working for several hours. After proposing the measure to the captain, Newton had turned and said, "If this will not do, then Lord have mercy upon us!" Newton rested briefly before returning to the deck to steer for the next eleven hours. During his time at the wheel, he pondered his divine challenge.
About two weeks later, the battered ship and starving crew landed in Lough Swilly, Ireland. For several weeks before the storm, Newton had been reading The Christian's Pattern, a summary of the 15th-century The Imitation of Christ by Thomas à Kempis. The memory of his own "Lord have mercy upon us!" uttered during a moment of desperation in the storm did not leave him; he began to ask if he was worthy of God's mercy or in any way redeemable. Not only had he neglected his faith but directly opposed it, mocking others who showed theirs, deriding and denouncing God as a myth. He came to believe that God had sent him a profound message and had begun to work through him.
Newton's conversion was not immediate, but he contacted Polly's family and announced his intention to marry her. Her parents were hesitant as he was known to be unreliable and impetuous. They knew he was profane too but allowed him to write to Polly, and he set to begin to submit to authority for her sake. He sought a place on a slave ship bound for Africa, and Newton and his crewmates participated in most of the same activities he had written about before; the only immorality from which he was able to free himself was profanity. After a severe illness his resolve was renewed, yet he retained the same attitude towards slavery as was held by his contemporaries. Newton continued in the slave trade through several voyages where he sailed the coasts of Africa, now as a captain, and procured slaves being offered for sale in larger ports, transporting them to North America.
In between voyages, he married Polly in 1750, and he found it more difficult to leave her at the beginning of each trip. After three shipping voyages in the slave trade, Newton was promised a position as ship's captain with cargo unrelated to slavery. But at the age of thirty, he collapsed and never sailed again.
Olney curate
Working as a customs agent in Liverpool starting in 1756, Newton began to teach himself Latin, Greek, and theology. He and Polly immersed themselves in the church community, and Newton's passion was so impressive that his friends suggested he become a priest in the Church of England. He was turned down by John Gilbert, Archbishop of York, in 1758, ostensibly for having no university degree, although the more likely reasons were his leanings toward evangelism and tendency to socialise with Methodists. Newton continued his devotions, and after being encouraged by a friend, he wrote about his experiences in the slave trade and his conversion. William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth, impressed with his story, sponsored Newton for ordination by John Green, Bishop of Lincoln, and offered him the curacy of Olney, Buckinghamshire, in 1764.
Olney Hymns
Olney was a village of about 2,500 residents whose main industry was making lace by hand. The people were mostly illiterate and many of them were poor. Newton's preaching was unique in that he shared many of his own experiences from the pulpit; many clergy preached from a distance, not admitting any intimacy with temptation or sin. He was involved in his parishioners' lives and was much loved, although his writing and delivery were sometimes unpolished. But his devotion and conviction were apparent and forceful, and he often said his mission was to "break a hard heart and to heal a broken heart". He struck a friendship with William Cowper, a gifted writer who had failed at a career in law and suffered bouts of insanity, attempting suicide several times. Cowper enjoyed Olney and Newton's company; he was also new to Olney and had gone through a spiritual conversion similar to Newton's. Together, their effect on the local congregation was impressive. In 1768, they found it necessary to start a weekly prayer meeting to meet the needs of an increasing number of parishioners. They also began writing lessons for children.
Partly from Cowper's literary influence, and partly because learned vicars were expected to write verses, Newton began to try his hand at hymns, which had become popular through the language, made plain for common people to understand. Several prolific hymn writers were at their most productive in the 18th century, including Isaac Watts whose hymns Newton had grown up hearing and Charles Wesley, with whom Newton was familiar. Wesley's brother John, the eventual founder of the Methodist Church, had encouraged Newton to go into the clergy. Watts was a pioneer in English hymn writing, basing his work after the Psalms. The most prevalent hymns by Watts and others were written in the common meter in 8.6.8.6: the first line is eight syllables and the second is six.
Newton and Cowper attempted to present a poem or hymn for each prayer meeting. The lyrics to "Amazing Grace" were written in late 1772 and probably used in a prayer meeting for the first time on 1 January 1773. A collection of the poems Newton and Cowper had written for use in services at Olney was bound and published anonymously in 1779 under the title Olney Hymns. Newton contributed 280 of the 348 texts in Olney Hymns; "1 Chronicles 17:16–17, Faith's Review and Expectation" was the title of the poem with the first line "Amazing grace! (how sweet the sound)".
Critical analysis
The general impact of Olney Hymns was immediate and it became a widely popular tool for evangelicals in Britain for many years. Scholars appreciated Cowper's poetry somewhat more than Newton's plaintive and plain language, expressing his forceful personality. The most prevalent themes in the verses written by Newton in Olney Hymns are faith in salvation, wonder at God's grace, his love for Jesus, and his cheerful exclamations of the joy he found in his faith. As a reflection of Newton's connection to his parishioners, he wrote many of the hymns in first person, admitting his own experience with sin. Bruce Hindmarsh in Sing Them Over Again To Me: Hymns and Hymnbooks in America considers "Amazing Grace" an excellent example of Newton's testimonial style afforded by the use of this perspective. Several of Newton's hymns were recognised as great work ("Amazing Grace" was not among them), while others seem to have been included to fill in when Cowper was unable to write. Jonathan Aitken calls Newton, specifically referring to "Amazing Grace", an "unashamedly middlebrow lyricist writing for a lowbrow congregation", noting that only twenty-one of the nearly 150 words used in all six verses have more than one syllable.
William Phipps in the Anglican Theological Review and author James Basker have interpreted the first stanza of "Amazing Grace" as evidence of Newton's realisation that his participation in the slave trade was his wretchedness, perhaps representing a wider common understanding of Newton's motivations. Newton joined forces with William Wilberforce, the British Member of Parliament who led the Parliamentarian campaign to abolish the slave trade in the British Empire, culminating in the Slave Trade Act 1807. But Newton did not become an ardent and outspoken abolitionist until after he left Olney in the 1780s; he is not known to have connected writing the hymn known as "Amazing Grace" to anti-slavery sentiments.
The lyrics in Olney Hymns were arranged by their association to the Biblical verses that would be used by Newton and Cowper in their prayer meetings, and did not address any political objective. For Newton, the beginning of the year was a time to reflect on one's spiritual progress. At the same time he completed a diary which has since been lost that he had begun 17 years before, two years after he quit sailing. The last entry of 1772 was a recounting of how much he had changed since then.
The title ascribed to the hymn, "1 Chronicles 17:16–17", refers to David's reaction to the prophet Nathan telling him that God intends to maintain his family line forever. Some Christians interpret this as a prediction that Jesus Christ, as a descendant of David, was promised by God as the salvation for all people. Newton's sermon on that January day in 1773 focused on the necessity to express one's gratitude for God's guidance, that God is involved in the daily lives of Christians though they may not be aware of it, and that patience for deliverance from the daily trials of life is warranted when the glories of eternity await. Newton saw himself a sinner like David who had been chosen, perhaps undeservedly, and was humbled by it. According to Newton, unconverted sinners were "blinded by the god of this world" until "mercy came to us not only undeserved but undesired ... our hearts endeavored to shut him out till he overcame us by the power of his grace."
The New Testament served as the basis for many of the lyrics of "Amazing Grace". The first verse, for example, can be traced to the story of the Prodigal Son. In the Gospel of Luke the father says, "For this son of mine was dead and is alive again; he was lost, and is found". The story of Jesus healing a blind man who tells the Pharisees that he can now see is told in the Gospel of John. Newton used the words "I was blind but now I see" and declared "Oh to grace how great a debtor!" in his letters and diary entries as early as 1752. The effect of the lyrical arrangement, according to Bruce Hindmarsh, allows an instant release of energy in the exclamation "Amazing grace!", to be followed by a qualifying reply in "how sweet the sound". In An Annotated Anthology of Hymns, Newton's use of an exclamation at the beginning of his verse is called "crude but effective" in an overall composition that "suggest(s) a forceful, if simple, statement of faith". Grace is recalled three times in the following verse, culminating in Newton's most personal story of his conversion, underscoring the use of his personal testimony with his parishioners.
The sermon preached by Newton was his last of those that William Cowper heard in Olney, since Cowper's mental instability returned shortly thereafter. One author suggests Newton may have had his friend in mind, employing the themes of assurance and deliverance from despair for Cowper's benefit.
Dissemination
More than 60 of Newton and Cowper's hymns were republished in other British hymnals and magazines, but "Amazing Grace" was not, appearing only once in a 1780 hymnal sponsored by the Countess of Huntingdon. Scholar John Julian commented in his 1892 A Dictionary of Hymnology that outside of the United States, the song was unknown and it was "far from being a good example of Newton's finest work". Between 1789 and 1799, four variations of Newton's hymn were published in the US in Baptist, Dutch Reformed, and Congregationalist hymnodies; by 1830 Presbyterians and Methodists also included Newton's verses in their hymnals.
Although it had its roots in England, "Amazing Grace" became an integral part of the Christian tapestry in the United States. The greatest influences in the 19th century that propelled "Amazing Grace" to spread across the US and become a staple of religious services in many denominations and regions were the Second Great Awakening and the development of shape note singing communities. A tremendous religious movement swept the US in the early 19th century, marked by the growth and popularity of churches and religious revivals that got their start on the frontier in Kentucky and Tennessee. Unprecedented gatherings of thousands of people attended camp meetings where they came to experience salvation; preaching was fiery and focused on saving the sinner from temptation and backsliding. Religion was stripped of ornament and ceremony, and made as plain and simple as possible; sermons and songs often used repetition to get across to a rural population of poor and mostly uneducated people the necessity of turning away from sin. Witnessing and testifying became an integral component to these meetings, where a congregation member or stranger would rise and recount his turn from a sinful life to one of piety and peace. "Amazing Grace" was one of many hymns that punctuated fervent sermons, although the contemporary style used a refrain, borrowed from other hymns, that employed simplicity and repetition such as:
Simultaneously, an unrelated movement of communal singing was established throughout the South and Western states. A format of teaching music to illiterate people appeared in 1800. It used four sounds to symbolise the basic scale: fa-sol-la-fa-sol-la-mi-fa. Each sound was accompanied by a specifically shaped note and thus became known as shape note singing. The method was simple to learn and teach, so schools were established throughout the South and West. Communities would come together for an entire day of singing in a large building where they sat in four distinct areas surrounding an open space, one member directing the group as a whole. Other groups would sing outside, on benches set up in a square. Preachers used shape note hymns to teach people on the frontier and to raise the emotion of camp meetings. Most of the music was Christian, but the purpose of communal singing was not primarily spiritual. Communities either could not afford music accompaniment or rejected it out of a Calvinistic sense of simplicity, so the songs were sung a cappella.
"New Britain" tune
When originally used in Olney, it is unknown what music, if any, accompanied the verses written by John Newton. Contemporary hymnbooks did not contain music and were simply small books of religious poetry. The first known instance of Newton's lines joined to music was in A Companion to the Countess of Huntingdon's Hymns (London, 1808), where it is set to the tune "Hephzibah" by English composer John Jenkins Husband. Common meter hymns were interchangeable with a variety of tunes; more than twenty musical settings of "Amazing Grace" circulated with varying popularity until 1835, when American composer William Walker assigned Newton's words to a traditional song named "New Britain". This was an amalgamation of two melodies ("Gallaher" and "St. Mary"), first published in the Columbian Harmony by Charles H. Spilman and Benjamin Shaw (Cincinnati, 1829). Spilman and Shaw, both students at Kentucky's Centre College, compiled their tunebook both for public worship and revivals, to satisfy "the wants of the Church in her triumphal march". Most of the tunes had been previously published, but "Gallaher" and "St. Mary" had not. As neither tune is attributed and both show elements of oral transmission, scholars can only speculate that they are possibly of British origin. A manuscript from 1828 by Lucius Chapin, a famous hymn writer of that time, contains a tune very close to "St. Mary", but that does not mean that he wrote it.
"Amazing Grace", with the words written by Newton and joined with "New Britain", the melody most currently associated with it, appeared for the first time in Walker's shape note tunebook Southern Harmony in 1847. It was, according to author Steve Turner, a "marriage made in heaven ... The music behind 'amazing' had a sense of awe to it. The music behind 'grace' sounded graceful. There was a rise at the point of confession, as though the author was stepping out into the open and making a bold declaration, but a corresponding fall when admitting his blindness." Walker's collection was enormously popular, selling about 600,000 copies all over the US when the total population was just over 20 million. Another shape note tunebook named The Sacred Harp (1844) by Georgia residents Benjamin Franklin White and Elisha J. King became widely influential and continues to be used.
Another verse was first recorded in Harriet Beecher Stowe's immensely influential 1852 anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. Three verses were emblematically sung by Tom in his hour of deepest crisis. He sings the sixth and fifth verses in that order, and Stowe included another verse, not written by Newton, that had been passed down orally in African-American communities for at least 50 years. It was one of between 50 and 70 verses of a song titled "Jerusalem, My Happy Home", which was first published in a 1790 book called A Collection of Sacred Ballads:
"Amazing Grace" came to be an emblem of a Christian movement and a symbol of the US itself as the country was involved in a great political experiment, attempting to employ democracy as a means of government. Shape-note singing communities, with all the members sitting around an open center, each song employing a different song leader, illustrated this in practice. Simultaneously, the US began to expand westward into previously unexplored territory that was often wilderness. The "dangers, toils, and snares" of Newton's lyrics had both literal and figurative meanings for Americans. This became poignantly true during the most serious test of American cohesion in the U.S. Civil War (1861–1865). "Amazing Grace", set to "New Britain", was included in two hymnals distributed to soldiers. With death so real and imminent, religious services in the military became commonplace. The hymn was translated into other languages as well: while on the Trail of Tears, the Cherokee sang Christian hymns as a way of coping with the ongoing tragedy, and a version of the song by Samuel Worcester that had been translated into the Cherokee language became very popular.
Urban revival
Although "Amazing Grace" set to "New Britain" was popular, other versions existed regionally. Primitive Baptists in the Appalachian region often used "New Britain" with other hymns, and sometimes sing the words of "Amazing Grace" to other folk songs, including titles such as "In the Pines", "Pisgah", "Primrose", and "Evan", as all are able to be sung in common meter, of which the majority of their repertoire consists. In the late 19th century, Newton's verses were sung to a tune named "Arlington" as frequently as to "New Britain" for a time.
Two musical arrangers named Dwight Moody and Ira Sankey heralded another religious revival in the cities of the US and Europe, giving the song international exposure. Moody's preaching and Sankey's musical gifts were significant; their arrangements were the forerunners of gospel music, and churches all over the US were eager to acquire them. Moody and Sankey began publishing their compositions in 1875, and "Amazing Grace" appeared three times with three different melodies, but they were the first to give it its title; hymns were typically published using the incipits (first line of the lyrics), or the name of the tune such as "New Britain". Publisher Edwin Othello Excell gave the version of "Amazing Grace" set to "New Britain" immense popularity by publishing it in a series of hymnals that were used in urban churches. Excell altered some of Walker's music, making it more contemporary and European, giving "New Britain" some distance from its rural folk-music origins. Excell's version was more palatable for a growing urban middle class and arranged for larger church choirs. Several editions featuring Newton's first three stanzas and the verse previously included by Harriet Beecher Stowe in Uncle Tom's Cabin were published by Excell between 1900 and 1910. His version of "Amazing Grace" became the standard form of the song in American churches.
Recorded versions
With the advent of recorded music and radio, "Amazing Grace" began to cross over from primarily a gospel standard to secular audiences. The ability to record combined with the marketing of records to specific audiences allowed "Amazing Grace" to take on thousands of different forms in the 20th century. Where Edwin Othello Excell sought to make the singing of "Amazing Grace" uniform throughout thousands of churches, records allowed artists to improvise with the words and music specific to each audience. AllMusic lists over 1,000 recordings – including re-releases and compilations – as of 2019. Its first recording is an a cappella version from 1922 by the Sacred Harp Choir.
It was included from 1926 to 1930 in Okeh Records' catalogue, which typically concentrated strongly on blues and jazz. Demand was high for black gospel recordings of the song by H. R. Tomlin and J. M. Gates. A poignant sense of nostalgia accompanied the recordings of several gospel and blues singers in the 1940s and 1950s who used the song to remember their grandparents, traditions, and family roots. It was recorded with musical accompaniment for the first time in 1930 by Fiddlin' John Carson, although to another folk hymn named "At the Cross", not to "New Britain". "Amazing Grace" is emblematic of several kinds of folk music styles, often used as the standard example to illustrate such musical techniques as lining out and call and response, that have been practised in both black and white folk music.
Mahalia Jackson's 1947 version received significant radio airplay, and as her popularity grew throughout the 1950s and 1960s, she often sang it at public events such as concerts at Carnegie Hall. Author James Basker states that the song has been employed by African Americans as the "paradigmatic Negro spiritual" because it expresses the joy felt at being delivered from slavery and worldly miseries. Anthony Heilbut, author of The Gospel Sound, states that the "dangers, toils, and snares" of Newton's words are a "universal testimony" of the African American experience. During the civil rights movement and opposition to the Vietnam War, the song took on a political tone. Mahalia Jackson employed "Amazing Grace" for Civil Rights marchers, writing that she used it "to give magical protection a charm to ward off danger, an incantation to the angels of heaven to descend ... I was not sure the magic worked outside the church walls ... in the open air of Mississippi. But I wasn't taking any chances." Folk singer Judy Collins, who knew the song before she could remember learning it, witnessed Fannie Lou Hamer leading marchers in Mississippi in 1964, singing "Amazing Grace". Collins also considered it a talisman of sorts, and saw its equal emotional impact on the marchers, witnesses, and law enforcement who opposed the civil rights demonstrators. According to fellow folk singer Joan Baez, it was one of the most requested songs from her audiences, but she never realised its origin as a hymn; by the time she was singing it in the 1960s she said it had "developed a life of its own". It even made an appearance at the Woodstock Music Festival in 1969 during Arlo Guthrie's performance.
Collins decided to record it in the late 1960s amid an atmosphere of counterculture introspection; she was part of an encounter group that ended a contentious meeting by singing "Amazing Grace" as it was the only song to which all the members knew the words. Her producer was present and suggested she include a version of it on her 1970 album Whales & Nightingales. Collins, who had a history of alcohol abuse, claimed that the song was able to "pull her through" to recovery. It was recorded in St. Paul's, the chapel at Columbia University, chosen for the acoustics. She chose an a cappella arrangement that was close to Edwin Othello Excell's, accompanied by a chorus of amateur singers who were friends of hers. Collins connected it to the Vietnam War, to which she objected: "I didn't know what else to do about the war in Vietnam. I had marched, I had voted, I had gone to jail on political actions and worked for the candidates I believed in. The war was still raging. There was nothing left to do, I thought ... but sing 'Amazing Grace'." Gradually and unexpectedly, the song began to be played on the radio, and then be requested. It rose to number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100, remaining on the charts for 15 weeks, as if, she wrote, her fans had been "waiting to embrace it". In the UK, it charted 8 times between 1970 and 1972, peaking at number 5 and spending a total of 75 weeks on popular music charts. Her rendition also reached number 5 in New Zealand and number 12 in Ireland in 1971.
In 1972, the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards, the senior Scottish regiment of the British Army, recorded an instrumental version featuring a bagpipe soloist accompanied by a pipe band. The tempo of their arrangement was slowed to allow for the bagpipes, but it was based on Collins's: it began with a bagpipe solo introduction similar to her lone voice, then it was accompanied by the band of bagpipes and horns, whereas in her version she is backed up by a chorus. It became an international hit, spending five weeks at number-one in the UK Singles Chart, topping the RPM national singles chart in Canada for three weeks, and also peaking at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US. It is also a controversial instrumental, as it combined pipes with a military band. The Pipe Major of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards was summoned to Edinburgh Castle and chastised for demeaning the bagpipes.
Aretha Franklin and Rod Stewart also recorded "Amazing Grace" around the same time, and both of their renditions were popular. All four versions were marketed to distinct types of audiences, thereby assuring its place as a pop song. Johnny Cash recorded it on his 1975 album Sings Precious Memories, dedicating it to his older brother Jack, who had been killed in a mill accident when they were boys in Dyess, Arkansas. Cash and his family sang it to themselves while they worked in the cotton fields following Jack's death. Cash often included the song when he toured prisons, saying "For the three minutes that song is going on, everybody is free. It just frees the spirit and frees the person."
The U.S. Library of Congress has a collection of 3,000 versions of and songs inspired by "Amazing Grace", some of which were first-time recordings by folklorists Alan and John Lomax, a father and son team who in 1932 travelled thousands of miles across the southern states of the US to capture the different regional styles of the song. More contemporary renditions include samples from such popular artists as Sam Cooke and the Soul Stirrers (1963), the Byrds (1970), Elvis Presley (1971), Skeeter Davis (1972), Mighty Clouds of Joy (1972), Amazing Rhythm Aces (1975), Willie Nelson (1976) and the Lemonheads (1992).
In American popular culture
"Amazing Grace" is an icon in American culture that has been used for a variety of secular purposes and marketing campaigns. It is referenced in the 2006 film Amazing Grace, which highlights Newton's influence on the leading British abolitionist William Wilberforce, in the film biography of Newton, Newton's Grace, and the 2014 film Freedom which tells the story of Newton's composition of the hymn.
Since 1954, when an organ instrumental of "New Britain" became a best-seller, "Amazing Grace" has been associated with funerals and memorial services. The hymn has become a song that inspires hope in the wake of tragedy, becoming a sort of "spiritual national anthem" according to authors Mary Rourke and Emily Gwathmey. For example, President Barack Obama recited and later sang the hymn at the memorial service for Clementa Pinckney, who was one of the nine victims of the Charleston church shooting in 2015.
Modern interpretations
In recent years, the words of the hymn have been changed in some religious publications to downplay a sense of imposed self-loathing by its singers. The second line, "That saved a wretch like me!" has been rewritten as "That saved and strengthened me", "save a soul like me", or "that saved and set me free". Kathleen Norris in her book Amazing Grace: A Vocabulary of Faith characterises this transformation of the original words as "wretched English" making the line that replaces the original "laughably bland". Part of the reason for this change has been the altered interpretations of what wretchedness and grace means. Newton's Calvinistic view of redemption and divine grace formed his perspective that he considered himself a sinner so vile that he was unable to change his life or be redeemed without God's help. Yet his lyrical subtlety, in Steve Turner's opinion, leaves the hymn's meaning open to a variety of Christian and non-Christian interpretations. "Wretch" also represents a period in Newton's life when he saw himself outcast and miserable, as he was when he was enslaved in Sierra Leone; his own arrogance was matched by how far he had fallen in his life.
Due to its immense popularity and iconic nature, the meaning behind the words of "Amazing Grace" has become as individual as the singer or listener. Bruce Hindmarsh suggests that the secular popularity of "Amazing Grace" is due to the absence of any mention of God in the lyrics until the fourth verse (by Excell's version, the fourth verse begins "When we've been there ten thousand years"), and that the song represents the ability of humanity to transform itself instead of a transformation taking place at the hands of God. "Grace", however, had a clearer meaning to John Newton, as he used the word to represent God or the power of God.
The transformative power of the song was investigated by journalist Bill Moyers in a documentary released in 1990. Moyers was inspired to focus on the song's power after watching a performance at Lincoln Center, where the audience consisted of Christians and non-Christians, and he noticed that it had an equal impact on everybody in attendance, unifying them. James Basker also acknowledged this force when he explained why he chose "Amazing Grace" to represent a collection of anti-slavery poetry: "there is a transformative power that is applicable ... : the transformation of sin and sorrow into grace, of suffering into beauty, of alienation into empathy and connection, of the unspeakable into imaginative literature."
Moyers interviewed Collins, Cash, opera singer Jessye Norman, Appalachian folk musician Jean Ritchie and her family, white Sacred Harp singers in Georgia, black Sacred Harp singers in Alabama, and a prison choir at the Texas State Penitentiary at Huntsville. Collins, Cash, and Norman were unable to discern if the power of the song came from the music or the lyrics. Norman, who once notably sang it at the end of a large outdoor rock concert for Nelson Mandela's 70th birthday, stated, "I don't know whether it's the text I don't know whether we're talking about the lyrics when we say that it touches so many people or whether it's that tune that everybody knows." A prisoner interviewed by Moyers explained his literal interpretation of the second verse: "'Twas grace that taught my heart to fear, and grace my fears relieved" by saying that the fear became immediately real to him when he realised he may never get his life in order, compounded by the loneliness and restriction in prison. Gospel singer Marion Williams summed up its effect: "That's a song that gets to everybody".
The Dictionary of American Hymnology claims it is included in more than a thousand published hymnals, and recommends its use for "occasions of worship when we need to confess with joy that we are saved by God's grace alone; as a hymn of response to forgiveness of sin or as an assurance of pardon; as a confession of faith or after the sermon".
Notes | Amazing Grace |
Theurrer-Wrigley House, also known as the Wrigley Mansion, is a historic building located in the Lincoln Park area of Chicago, United States. The Italian Renaissance-style mansion was commissioned by Joseph Theurer, then-owner of the Schoenhofen Brewing Company, and purchased in 1911 by Chicago's Wrigley family. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, the house was built in 1896 by Richard Schmidt and, possibly, Hugh M.G. Garden, two architects later prominent in the prairie school movement. A four-story home with three-story coach house, both built on a grand scale and in a late-Italian Renaissance style, the Theuer-Wrigley House is one of Chicago's most stunning homes.
The house itself covers over 15,000 square feet, including eight bedrooms, a conservatory and a ballroom. A three-story coach house has additional bedrooms. In 1984 the house had sat empty for several decades and a plan was made to make it the official residence of the mayor of Chicago, though the plan was never realized.
Architecture
The main house comprises 11 bedrooms and more than 6 baths. It includes among other features: a marble entrance before magnificent mosaic work; grand cherry staircase; elevated ballroom with bandstand and walk-in cedar coatroom; wine-bar with cellars; a walk-in safe used during prohibition to store various alcohols; atrium; Baroque ornamentation on the ceilings and walls; rich hardwood floors; and a full driveway circling the main building providing access to the coach house. The house also stored several exceptional stained glass windows by Louis Tiffany. One of the windows is prominently on display in the Chicago History Museum. The house has been ornamented with various exotic woods ranging from mahogany and cherry to gorgeous bird's eye maple.
The exterior is of ornate baroque terra cotta almost unparalleled in Chicago; it is suspected of having been the early work of the Northwestern Terra Cotta Co., and may have helped launch the company to some acclaim as it grew to its national presence. The company was later responsible in 1920 for the terra cotta exterior of the Wrigley Building of Chicago, the ornamenture for which that building is justly famous. Having purchased the Wrigley-Theurer Mansion in 1911 and commissioned the Wrigley Building in 1920, the influence of the beauty of the former on William Wrigley Jr.'s commission of the latter stands as an interesting footnote to history.
In recent years
The Wrigley Family left the residence vacant in the years during and after the Great Depression, a period during which such mansions became targets for kidnapping and robbery, as in the cases of the Lindbergh child, George Weyerhauser, William Hamm, and numerous others.
Originally furnished with nearly all Tiffany light fixtures, many of these were sold off at estate sales throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, or moved by the owners to other residences. The house was bought at some time in the late 1980s or early 1990s by Nick Jannes who started its renovation. He renamed it The Jannes Mansion. The downstairs was totally renovated and he rented it out for lavish events.
The house remained vacant or under relatively poor custodianship for many years and, though still in excellent condition, requires both care and repair. The house sold for $11,000,000 in 2004 and received attention from Forbes's and Christie's online sites. In early 2017, the home came onto the market via a foreclosure. The home sold in January 2018 for 4.65 million dollars.
Notes | Theurer-Wrigley House |
Anne de La Tour d'Auvergne (1496–1524) was sovereign Countess of Auvergne from 1501 until 1524, and Duchess of Albany by marriage to John Stewart, Duke of Albany. In her marriage contract, she was called 'Anne de Boulogne fille de Jehan Comte de Boulogne et Auvergne.'
Family
She was the elder of two daughters born to Jean III of la Tour d'Auvergne and Jeanne of Bourbon. Her younger sister was Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne, who would marry Lorenzo II de' Medici and become the mother of Catherine de' Medici. As the elder daughter, Anne was her father's heiress.
Marriage
On 13 July 1505, she married her first cousin John Stewart, Duke of Albany, the intermittent heir presumptive to the Kingdom of Scotland and its sometime-regent, who lived in France as a sort of exile.
Death and inheritance
Anne died in 1524 at her castle of Saint-Saturnin, leaving her inheritance (the feudal county of Auvergne) to her niece, Catherine de' Medici (born 1519), daughter of her late younger sister Madeleine and Lorenzo II, Duke of Urbino.
A manuscript detailing Anne's inheritance, with pictures of her castles in Auvergne, and her descent from the legendary Belle Moree, daughter of a Pharaoh, survives in the Royal Library of the Hague. The Bibliothèque nationale de France has another manuscript version of this fabulous genealogy, and a similar inventory of Auvergne castles made for Catherine de' Medici. Anne and the Duke of Albany were painted in a stained-glass window at Vic-le-Comte.
Ancestry | Anne de La Tour d'Auvergne |
William Oliver Archibald (3 June 1850 – 28 June 1926) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1893 to 1910, representing Port Adelaide, and a member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1910 to 1919, representing Hindmarsh. Archibald was a Labor member until resigning in the 1916 Labor split; he subsequently served as a Nationalist until his defeat at the 1919 federal election.
Early life
Born in St Pancras, London, Archibald was orphaned at 10 and educated to primary school level in England, then worked as an apprentice piano builder before emigrating first to New Zealand in 1879 and thence to New South Wales and Victoria in 1881 before arriving in South Australia in 1882.
Archibald was initially employed on the Port Adelaide wharves before working for the South Australian Government Railway workshop, where he was elected to the executive council of the Railway Services Mutual Association.
Political career
A foundation member of the United Labor Party (the predecessor of the Australian Labor Party), Archibald gained pre-selection for the South Australian House of Assembly Electoral district of Port Adelaide and was comfortably elected at the 1893 election.
Archibald rose to prominence in parliament and gained a reputation as a "hard-working member who always thoroughly mastered his subject". He also successfully introduced a number of important bills into parliament, including legislation on social issues like the establishment of public libraries, worker's compensation and rent relief. Archibald also served as President of the South Australian branch of the Labor Party from 1901 to 1902 and Caucus chairman from 1905 to 1908.
Archibald retired from state parliament in 1910 in order to stand as the Labor candidate for the safe federal seat of Hindmarsh at the 1910 federal election. He was elected unopposed.
After travelling to England as an official Australian parliament representative to the coronation of King George V in 1911, Archibald was re-elected in 1913 and 1914 and appointed Minister for Home Affairs by Prime Minister Andrew Fisher.
In 1916, an internal party row over conscription led to a split in the ALP and Archibald, along with Prime Minister and Labor leader Billy Hughes, left the ALP to form the National Labor Party. For his support, Hughes appointed Archibald Minister for Trade and Customs in the short lived Second Hughes Ministry. Archibald followed Hughes into the Nationalist Party of Australia later in 1917. He narrowly won reelection as a Nationalist in the election held later that year. However, Hindmarsh was naturally a Labor seat, and he was defeated by Labor's Norman Makin in the 1919 general election.
Late life
The three-times-married Archibald worked as a book-seller in Semaphore until his retirement and died in Adelaide in 1926. He was survived by his third wife and a son and daughter from his first marriage. | William Archibald (politician) |
Southborough, London may refer to:
Southborough, Bromley, England
Southborough, Kingston-upon-Thames, England | Southborough, London |
The Sky Is Crying may refer to:
"The Sky Is Crying" (song), a blues song by Elmore James recorded by many artists
The Sky Is Crying (album), a 1991 album by Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble
The Sky Is Crying (Erja Lyytinen album), a 2014 album by Erja Lyytinen | The Sky Is Crying |
Shchigry () is a town in Kursk Oblast, Russia, located between the Shchigra and Lesnaya Plata Rivers, northeast of Kursk. Population: 18,000 (1974).
History
It has been known to exist since the 17th century as a village called Troitskoye na Shchigrakh. In 1779, it was renamed Shchigry. During World War II, Shchigry was occupied by German troops from 21 November 1941 to 5 February 1943.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Shchigry serves as the administrative center of Shchigrovsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the town of oblast significance of Shchigry—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of oblast significance of Shchigry is incorporated as Shchigry Urban Okrug. | Shchigry, Kursk Oblast |
In statistics, Levene's test is an inferential statistic used to assess the equality of variances for a variable calculated for two or more groups. Some common statistical procedures assume that variances of the populations from which different samples are drawn are equal. Levene's test assesses this assumption. It tests the null hypothesis that the population variances are equal (called homogeneity of variance or homoscedasticity). If the resulting p-value of Levene's test is less than some significance level (typically 0.05), the obtained differences in sample variances are unlikely to have occurred based on random sampling from a population with equal variances. Thus, the null hypothesis of equal variances is rejected and it is concluded that there is a difference between the variances in the population.
Some of the procedures typically assuming homoscedasticity, for which one can use Levene's tests, include analysis of variance and t-tests.
Levene's test is sometimes used before a comparison of means, informing the decision on whether to use a pooled t-test or the Welch's t-test. However, it was shown that such a two-step procedure may markedly inflate the type 1 error obtained with the t-tests and thus should not be done in the first place. Instead, the choice of pooled or Welch's test should be made a priori based on the study design.
Levene's test may also be used as a main test for answering a stand-alone question of whether two sub-samples in a given population have equal or different variances.
Levene's test was developed by and named after American statistician and geneticist Howard Levene.
Definition
Levene's test is equivalent to a 1-way between-groups analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the dependent variable being the absolute value of the difference between a score and the mean of the group to which the score belongs (shown below as ). The test statistic, , is equivalent to the statistic that would be produced by such an ANOVA, and is defined as follows:
where
is the number of different groups to which the sampled cases belong,
is the number of cases in the th group,
is the total number of cases in all groups,
is the value of the measured variable for theth case from the th group,
(Both definitions are in use though the second one is, strictly speaking, the Brown–Forsythe test – see below for comparison.)
is the mean of the for group ,
is the mean of all .
The test statistic is approximately F-distributed with and degrees of freedom, and hence is the significance of the outcome of tested against where is a quantile of the F-distribution, with and degrees of freedom, and is the chosen level of significance (usually 0.05 or 0.01).
Comparison with the Brown–Forsythe test
The Brown–Forsythe test uses the median instead of the mean in computing the spread within each group ( vs. , above). Although the optimal choice depends on the underlying distribution, the definition based on the median is recommended as the choice that provides good robustness against many types of non-normal data while retaining good statistical power. If one has knowledge of the underlying distribution of the data, this may indicate using one of the other choices. Brown and Forsythe performed Monte Carlo studies that indicated that using the trimmed mean performed best when the underlying data followed a Cauchy distribution (a heavy-tailed distribution) and the median performed best when the underlying data followed a chi-squared distribution with four degrees of freedom (a heavily skewed distribution). Using the mean provided the best power for symmetric, moderate-tailed, distributions.
See also
Bartlett's test
F-test of equality of variances
Box's M test | Levene's test |
Lional Deshaun "Jellyroll" Dalton (born February 21, 1975) is a former American football defensive tackle.
College career
After attending Cooley High School, Dalton was a three-year letterman and two-year starter at Eastern Michigan University, where he twice earned All-Mid-American Conference honors and was selected co-Defensive MVP as a senior in 1997. He was also selected to play in the Hula Bowl All-Star Game. He posted 116 tackles, four sacks, and two forced fumbles in his college career.
While Eastern Michigan, Dalton became a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity (Zeta Epsilon chapter).
Professional career
Not selected in the 1998 NFL Draft, Dalton was signed as a free agent by the Baltimore Ravens and played with them through the 2001 season. He won Super Bowl XXXV with the Baltimore Ravens. He then played for the Denver Broncos in 2002, the Washington Redskins in 2003, the Kansas City Chiefs from 2004 to 2006, and the Houston Texans in 2006.
Health issues
Dalton announced in 2021 that he had been diagnosed with end-stage kidney disease and needs a transplant. Due to his health issues, he's lost 120 pounds since he was first diagnosed with kidney disease. In late August 2021 he announced the successful transplant in a video on Twitter. | Lional Dalton |
The Best of Lita Ford is a compilation album from Lita Ford. Released on July 28, 1992, it includes the hit singles "Kiss Me Deadly" and the duet with Ozzy Osbourne, "Close My Eyes Forever", as well as several other minor hits from Ford's solo career.
Track listing
"What Do Ya Know About Love?" (Randy Cantor, Michael Caruso, Cal Curtis) – 3:54
"Kiss Me Deadly" (Mick Smiley) – 3:59
"Shot of Poison" (Lita Ford, Myron Grombacher, Jim Vallance) – 3:32
"Hungry" (Michael Dan Ehmig, Ford) – 4:53
"Gotta Let Go" (Ford, Geoffrey Leib) – 3:55
"Close My Eyes Forever" (Ford, Ozzy Osbourne) – 4:42
"Larger Than Life" (Ehmig, Ford, Grombacher) – 3:56
"Only Women Bleed" (Alice Cooper, Dick Wagner) – 5:54
"Playin' with Fire" (Ehmig, Ford, Vallance) – 4:06
"Back to the Cave" (Mike Chapman, David Ezrin, Ford) – 4:01
"Lisa" (Ehmig, Ford) – 4:44 | The Best of Lita Ford |
A Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction is a sudden and typically transient reaction that may occur within 24 hours of being administered antibiotics for an infection by a spirochete, including syphilis, leptospirosis, Lyme disease, and relapsing fever. Signs and symptoms include fever, chills, shivers, feeling sick, headache, fast heart beat, low blood pressure, breathing fast, flushing of skin, muscle aches, and worsening of skin lesions. It may sometimes be mistaken as an allergy to the antibiotic.
Jarisch–Herxheimer reactions can be life-threatening because they can cause a significant drop in blood pressure and cause acute end-organ injury, eventually leading to multi-organ failure.
Signs and symptoms
It comprises part of what is known as sepsis and occurs after initiation of antibacterials when treating Gram-negative infections such as Escherichia coli and louse- and tick-borne infections. It usually manifests in 1–3 hours after the first dose of antibiotics as fever, chills, rigor, hypotension, headache, tachycardia, hyperventilation, vasodilation with flushing, myalgia (muscle pain), exacerbation of skin lesions and anxiety. The intensity of the reaction indicates the severity of inflammation. Reaction commonly occurs within two hours of drug administration, but is usually self-limiting.
Causes
The Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction is traditionally associated with antimicrobial treatment of syphilis. The reaction is also seen in the other diseases caused by spirochetes: Lyme disease, relapsing fever, and leptospirosis. There have been case reports of the Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction accompanying treatment of other infections, including Q fever, bartonellosis, brucellosis, trichinellosis, and African trypanosomiasis.
Pathophysiology
Lipoproteins released from treatment of Treponema pallidum infections are believed to induce the Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction. The Herxheimer reaction has shown an increase in inflammatory cytokines during the period of exacerbation, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8.
Treatments
Prophylaxis and treatment with an anti-inflammatory agent may stop progression of the reaction. Oral aspirin or ibuprofen every four hours for a day or 60 mg of prednisone orally or intravenously has been used as an adjunctive treatment . However, steroids are generally of no benefit. Patients must be closely monitored for the potential complications (collapse and shock) and may require IV fluids to maintain adequate blood pressure. If available, meptazinol, an opioid analgesic of the mixed agonist/antagonist type, should be administered to reduce the severity of the reaction. Anti TNF-α may also be effective.
History
Both Adolf Jarisch, an Austrian dermatologist, and Karl Herxheimer, a German dermatologist, are credited with the discovery of the Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction. Both Jarisch and Herxheimer observed reactions in patients with syphilis treated with mercury. The reaction was first seen following treatment in early and later stages of syphilis treated with Salvarsan, mercury, or antibiotics. Jarisch thought that the reaction was caused by a toxin released from the dying spirochetes.
See also
Jarisch-Bezold reflex
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, another systemic inflammatory syndrome that arises after antimicrobial treatment | Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction |
The San Marino Federal Trophy () was a Supercup of association football in San Marino. The tournament began in 1986. The tournament had four teams: the finalists of the Premier League play-offs and Cup.
The final competition was held in 2011. It was replaced with the Super Coppa Sammarinese.
Winners
By year
1986 - La Fiorita
1987 - La Fiorita
1988 - Virtus
1989 - Libertas
1990 - Domagnano
1991 - Tre Fiori
1992 - Libertas
1993 - Tre Fiori
1994 - Faetano
1995 - Cosmos
1996 - Libertas
1997 - Folgore
1998 - Cosmos
1999 - Cosmos
2000 - Folgore
2001 - Domagnano
2002 - Cailungo
2003 - Pennarossa
2004 - Domagnano
2005 - Tre Penne
2006 - Murata
2007 - La Fiorita
2008 - Murata
2009 - Murata
2010 - Tre Fiori
2011 - Tre Fiori
Performance by club | Trofeo Federale |
The Leveller was a British political magazine, collectively produced in London from 1976 to 1983 by a shifting coalition of radicals, socialists, Marxists, feminists, and others of the British left and progressive movements. It was published during the years of the Labour government of James Callaghan and the beginning of the era of the Conservative administration of Margaret Thatcher. This period was also noted for punk rock, Rock Against Racism and the Anti-Nazi League.
The Leveller was involved in a well-recorded contempt of court case in 1979, which concerned identifying Colonel B, an unnamed witness who had previously testified in a case involving British intelligence agencies and whose name the magazine published in its January and March 1978 issues. Convictions under the Official Secrets Act 1911 were quashed on appeal to the House of Lords.
A statement frequently appearing in the magazine, which for most of its life appeared monthly, described it as "An independent monthly socialist magazine produced by the Leveller Collective. Owned by its Supporting Subscribers through the Leveller Magazine Ltd, a society whose AGM controls the magazine."
Members, who met for collective meetings initially in the Euston and Kings Cross areas of north London, and later in Brixton, included: Roger Andersen, Nick Anning, Julia Bard, Imogen Bloor, Dave Clark, Andy Curry, Brian Deer, Tim Gopsill, Cheryl Hicks, Terry Ilott, Phil Kelly, H. O. Nazareth, Mike Prest, Jane Root, Rose Shapiro, Russell Southwood, Dave Taylor, Adam Thompson, John Verner, Ian Walker. Steve Bell, the cartoonist, was a contributor. The logo was designed by Bill Kocher, who lived in the same house as Dave Clark, and was asked to help with the first issue.
A report on an annual general meeting of 21 July 1979, published in the September issue of that year, stated: "Differences within the collective – for which we had hoped to look to the meeting for answers – remained unresolved. The basic difference is over the impact that writing personally about politics should have on the news, political analysis, and so on, that we print. The collective is still discussing it." That year a company, Leveller Magazine (1979) Limited, had been incorporated on 25 May 1979 to operate the magazine.
Initially, the magazine was typeset by Bread 'n Roses Typesetters, who allowed Leveller workers to use their IBM Composers and trained them in typesetting. When The Leveller bought a photosetting machine, Bread 'n Roses arranged to use it, bringing their floppy discs to the premises in Acre Lane, and later in Coldharbour Lane. After the magazine ceased publication, a few of the collective members formed Leveller Graphics, a community printshop offering typesetting and design. During its operational life, Leveller Graphics put some of its income towards paying off the debts of the magazine, including payments to printers and to Bread 'n Roses.
Editions
The Leveller was noted on the British left for an eclectic design and visual style, particularly in its cover stories, representing the values and decisions of an open collective, rather than those of traditionally-designated editors, copy editors and writers and reporters. Cover stories during the magazine's life included:
Pilot issue (February 1976) "Insurgency and the British State"
No 1 (November 1976) "The rise of the ultra-right" (price 35p)
No 2 (December 1976) "Cuts, Capital and the crisis"
No 3 (January 1977) "Fingering a spook – the CIA in Britain"
No 4 (March 1977) "The Dirty Books business"
No 5 (April/May 1977) "NUSS The classroom revolt"
No 6 (June 1978) "Ex-SAS torturer speaks out"
No 7 (July/August 1978) "Music for socialism"
No 8 (October 1977) "The politics of contraception"
No 12 (February 1978) "Killer watts" (on nuclear power)
No 19 (October 1978) "The Music Biz – Rock and Sexuality"
No 20 (November 1978) "Had a Lovely Time in China"
No 22 (January 1979) "Gays Coming Out"
No 21 (December 1978) "First World War latest"
No 23 (February 1979) "The Family – A Pack of Lives"
No 24 (March 1979) "Crifif, Crifif, Whar fuckin' Crifif" (economy) (price rise to 40p)
No 25 (April 1979) "Rape"
No 26 (May 1979) "The People's Choice" (on the general election)
No 27 (June 1979) "Under New Management" (workers' control)
No 29 (August 1979) "Spoil Sports... Women in Rock"
No 30 (September 1979) "Men in Women's Clothes?"
No 35 (February 1980) "Bringing it all back home" (on Northern Ireland)
No 38 (May 1980) "At home with nuclear power" (price rise to 45p)
No 42 (October1980) "Start-rong – Learnin' kids to conform" | The Leveller |
Nancy Malone (born Ann Josefa Maloney; March 19, 1935 – May 8, 2014) was an American television actress from the 1950s to 1970s, who later moved into producing and directing in the 1980s and 1990s.
Early life and career
Born in Queens Village, New York City, Malone was one of at least two children born to longshoreman James Maloney and Winnifred Shields, an Irish immigrant from Crossmaglen, County Armagh. Her mother gave her the middle name, Josefa, because her birthday happened to fall on March 19, St. Joseph's Day.
Malone first achieved fame as a child model working with the John Robert Powers Agency, most notably on November 25, 1946, when, at age 11, she appeared on the cover of Life magazine's 10th anniversary issue.
Television
Malone appeared in a number of programs in the early days of television, including I Remember Mama, Robert Montgomery Presents, and Suspense. She played Libby on the television series Naked City from 1960 to 1963. During the same period, she played Robin Lang Bowden Fletcher on the daytime soap opera Guiding Light. She guest-starred as Kathy in a 1963 episode of 77 Sunset Strip, "Deposit with Caution". She subsequently played Clara Varner on the television series The Long Hot Summer, which ran for one season on ABC, and appeared in The Outer Limits episode "Fun and Games" and The Twilight Zone episode "Stopover in a Quiet Town". She guest-starred alongside Robert Redford in an episode of Route 66 entitled "First Class Mouliak". In 1967, she appeared in an episode of the western Bonanza as Katherine Rowen ("The Unseen Wound"). She also guest-starred in one 1968 episode of The Big Valley, "The Secret". That same year she portrayed Dr. Edith Gibson, the love interest of Goober Pyle (George Lindsey), on the next-to-the-last original episode of the television series The Andy Griffith Show, "A Girl for Goober". In 1968 she also appeared as Steve McGarrett's sister in the Hawaii Five O episode "Once Upon a Time". Later, in 1971, she performed the role of Cathleen, Rueben Kincaid's love interest, in episode 20 of The Partridge Family, "They Shoot Managers Don't They?".
Stage
Malone debuted on Broadway in Time Out For Ginger.
Entertainment business
In 1976, she became the first female vice-president of television at 20th Century Fox.
Awards
Malone in 1977 was awarded one of the first Crystal Awards by Women in Film for outstanding women who, through their endurance and the excellence of their work, have helped to expand the role of women within the entertainment industry. Later, in 1991 and 1992, she was nominated for Emmy Awards for directing episodes of the television series Sisters and The Trials of Rosie O'Neill. She finally won the award in 1993 for producing the televised retrospective Bob Hope: The First 90 Years. She was also a lifetime member of The Actors Studio, as well as a board member for The Alliance Of Women Directors, composed of female directors who are alumnae of the American Film Institute's Directing Workshop for Women.
Hobbies
Malone was a painter and a poet, and she enjoyed playing football and baseball.
Death
She died of pneumonia while battling leukemia on May 8, 2014, aged 79.
Filmography as director
The Guardian (TV series)
Resurrection Blvd (TV series)
Judging Amy (TV series)
The Fugitive (TV series)
Star Trek: Voyager (TV series)
Fame L.A. (TV series)
Central Park West (TV Series)
Touched by an Angel (1994; TV series)
Diagnosis: Murder (1993; TV series)
Melrose Place (1992; TV series)
The Trials of Rosie O'Neill (TV series)
Sisters (1991; TV series)
Beverly Hills, 90210 (TV series)
Hotel (1983; TV series)
Dynasty (1981; TV series)
Merlene of the Movies (1981; movie)
Knots Landing (1979; TV series)
The Bionic Woman (1977; producer for two episodes) | Nancy Malone |
Shimpoli Road is a locality in north Mumbai, located in the western suburb of Borivali. It is a 15-minute walk from Borivali railway station.
Shimpoli road has a MTNL telephone exchange which mostly controls telecom in Borivali (West). The "Shyamaprasad Mookherjee Flyover" is situated very near to Shimpoli road thus Borivali (East) is at a walkable distance. The Shimpoli road stretches from the S.V. Road to the Chickoowadi, which is a highly affluent residential locality. A number of restaurants and fast food corners have come up in Shimpoli road as well.
Shimpoli started out as a small village community which has now receded to a corner of the locality to accommodate the highrise apartment blocks. | Shimpoli |
The Baháʼí Faith is a religion founded in the 19th century that teaches the essential worth of all religions and the unity of all people. Established by Baháʼu'lláh ("Bahaa Allah", Arabic: "Glory to God"), it initially developed in Iran and parts of the Middle East, where it has faced ongoing persecution since its inception. The religion is estimated to have five to eight million adherents, known as Baháʼís, spread throughout most of the world's countries and territories.
The Baháʼí Faith has three central figures: the Báb (1819–1850), executed for heresy, who taught that a prophet similar to Jesus and Muhammad would soon appear; Baháʼu'lláh (1817–1892), who claimed to be that prophet in 1863 and had to endure both exile and imprisonment; and his son, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (1844–1921), who made teaching trips to Europe and the United States after his release from confinement in 1908. After ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's death in 1921, the leadership of the religion fell to his grandson Shoghi Effendi (1897–1957). Baháʼís annually elect local, regional, and national Spiritual Assemblies that govern the religion's affairs, and every five years an election is held for the Universal House of Justice, the nine-member governing institution of the worldwide Baháʼí community that is located in Haifa, Israel, near the Shrine of the Báb.
According to Baháʼí teachings, religion is revealed in an orderly and progressive way by a single God through Manifestations of God, who are the founders of major world religions throughout human history; Buddha, Jesus, and Muhammad are noted as the most recent of these before the Báb and Baháʼu'lláh. Baháʼís regard the world's major religions as fundamentally unified in purpose, but diverging in terms of social practices and interpretations. The Baháʼí Faith stresses the unity of all people as its core teaching and explicitly rejects notions of racism, sexism, and nationalism. At the heart of Baháʼí teachings is the goal of a unified world order that ensures the prosperity of all nations, races, creeds, and classes.
Letters and epistles by Baháʼu'lláh, along with writings and talks by his son ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, have been collected and assembled into a canon of Baháʼí scriptures. This collection includes works by the Báb, who is regarded as Baháʼu'lláh's forerunner. Prominent among the works of Baháʼí literature are the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, the Kitáb-i-Íqán, Some Answered Questions, and The Dawn-Breakers.
Etymology
The word Baháʼí () is used either as an adjective to refer to the Baháʼí Faith or as a term for a follower of Baháʼu'lláh. The proper name of the religion is the Baháʼí Faith, not Baháʼí or Baha'ism (the latter, once common among academics, is regarded as derogatory by the Baháʼís). It is derived from the Arabic Baháʼ (), a name Baháʼu'lláh chose for himself, referring to the 'glory' or 'splendor' of God. In English, the word is commonly pronounced (), but the more accurate rendering of the Arabic is ().
The accent marks above the letters, representing long vowels, derive from a system of transliterating Arabic and Persian script that was adopted by Baháʼís in 1923, and which has been used in almost all Baháʼí publications since. Baháʼís prefer the orthographies Baháʼí, the Báb, Baháʼu'lláh, and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. When accent marks are unavailable, Bahai, Bahaʼi, or Bahaullah are often used.
Beliefs
The teachings of Baháʼu'lláh form the foundation of Baháʼí beliefs. Three principles are central to these teachings: the unity of God, the unity of religion, and the unity of humanity. Baha'is believe that God periodically reveals his will through divine messengers, whose purpose is to transform the character of humankind and to develop, within those who respond, moral and spiritual qualities. Religion is thus seen as orderly, unified, and progressive from age to age.
God
Baháʼí writings describe a single, personal, inaccessible, omniscient, omnipresent, imperishable, and almighty God who is the creator of all things in the universe. The existence of God and the universe are thought to be eternal, with no beginning or end. Even though God is not directly accessible, he is seen as being conscious of creation, with a will and a purpose which is expressed through messengers who are called Manifestations of God.
Baháʼí teachings state that God is too great for humans to fully comprehend, and based on them, humans cannot create a complete and accurate image of God by themselves. Therefore, human understanding of God is achieved through the recognition of the person of the Manifestation and through the understanding of his revelations via his Manifestations. In the Baháʼí Faith, God is often referred to by titles and attributes (for example, the All-Powerful, or the All-Loving), and there is a substantial emphasis on monotheism. Baháʼí teachings state that these attributes do not apply to God directly but are used to translate Godliness into human terms and to help people concentrate on their own attributes in worshipping God to develop their potentialities on their spiritual path. According to the Baháʼí teachings the human purpose is to learn to know and love God through such methods as prayer, reflection, and being of service to others.
Religion
Baháʼí notions of progressive religious revelation result in their accepting the validity of the well known religions of the world, whose founders and central figures are seen as Manifestations of God. Religious history is interpreted as a series of dispensations, where each manifestation brings a somewhat broader and more advanced revelation that is rendered as a text of scripture and passed on through history with greater or lesser reliability but at least true in substance, suited for the time and place in which it was expressed. Specific religious social teachings (for example, the direction of prayer, or dietary restrictions) may be revoked by a subsequent manifestation so that a more appropriate requirement for the time and place may be established. Conversely, certain general principles (for example, neighbourliness, or charity) are seen to be universal and consistent. In Baháʼí belief, this process of progressive revelation will not end; it is, however, believed to be cyclical. Baháʼís do not expect a new manifestation of God to appear within 1000 years of Baháʼu'lláh's revelation.
Baháʼís assert that their religion is a distinct tradition with its own scriptures and laws, and not a sect of another religion. The religion was initially seen as a sect of Islam because of its origins. Most religious specialists now see it as an independent religion, with its religious background in Shiʻa Islam being seen as analogous to the Jewish context in which Christianity was established. Baháʼís describe their faith as an independent world religion, differing from the other traditions in its relative age and modern context.
Human beings
The Baháʼí writings state that human beings have a "rational soul", and that this provides the species with a unique capacity to recognize God's status and humanity's relationship with its creator. Every human is seen to have a duty to recognize God through his Messengers, and to conform to their teachings. Through recognition and obedience, service to humanity and regular prayer and spiritual practice, the Baháʼí writings state that the soul becomes closer to God, the spiritual ideal in Baháʼí belief. According to Baháʼí belief when a human dies the soul is permanently separated from the body and carries on in the next world where it is judged based on the person's actions in the physical world. Heaven and Hell are taught to be spiritual states of nearness or distance from God that describe relationships in this world and the next, and not physical places of reward and punishment achieved after death.
The Baháʼí writings emphasize the essential equality of human beings, and the abolition of prejudice. Humanity is seen as essentially one, though highly varied; its diversity of race and culture are seen as worthy of appreciation and acceptance. Doctrines of racism, nationalism, caste, social class, and gender-based hierarchy are seen as artificial impediments to unity. The Baháʼí teachings state that the unification of humanity is the paramount issue in the religious and political conditions of the present world.
Social principles
When ʻAbdu'l-Bahá first traveled to Europe and America in 1911–1912, he gave public talks that articulated the basic principles of the Baháʼí Faith. These included preaching on the equality of men and women, race unity, the need for world peace, and other progressive ideas for the early 20th century. Published summaries of the Baháʼí teachings often include a list of these principles, and lists vary in wording and what is included.
The concept of the unity of humankind, seen by Baháʼís as an ancient truth, is the starting point for many of the ideas. The equality of races and the elimination of extremes of wealth and poverty, for example, are implications of that unity. Another outgrowth of the concept is the need for a united world federation, and some practical recommendations to encourage its realization involve the establishment of a universal language, a standard economy and system of measurement, universal compulsory education, and an international court of arbitration to settle disputes between nations. Nationalism, according to this viewpoint, should be abandoned in favor of allegiance to the whole of humankind. With regard to the pursuit of world peace, Baháʼu'lláh prescribed a world-embracing collective security arrangement.
Other Baháʼí social principles revolve around spiritual unity. Religion is viewed as progressive from age to age, but to recognize a newer revelation one has to abandon tradition and independently investigate. Baháʼís are taught to view religion as a source of unity, and religious prejudice as destructive. Science is also viewed in harmony with true religion. Though Baháʼu'lláh and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá called for a united world that is free of war, they also anticipate that over the long term, the establishment of a lasting peace (The Most Great Peace) and the purging of the "overwhelming Corruptions" requires that the people of the world unite under a universal faith with spiritual virtues and ethics to complement material civilization.
Shoghi Effendi, the head of the religion from 1921 to 1957, wrote the following summary of what he considered to be the distinguishing principles of Baháʼu'lláh's teachings, which, he said, together with the laws and ordinances of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas constitute the bedrock of the Baháʼí Faith:
Covenant
Baháʼís highly value unity, and Baháʼu'lláh clearly established rules for holding the community together and resolving disagreements. Within this framework no individual follower may propose 'inspired' or 'authoritative' interpretations of scripture, and individuals agree to support the line of authority established in Baháʼí scriptures. This practice has left the Baháʼí community unified and avoided any serious fracturing. The Universal House of Justice is the final authority to resolve any disagreements among Baháʼís, and the dozen or so attempts at schism have all either become extinct or remained extremely small, numbering a few hundred adherents collectively. The followers of such divisions are regarded as Covenant-breakers and shunned.
Sacred texts
The canonical texts of the Baháʼí Faith are the writings of the Báb, Baháʼu'lláh, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Shoghi Effendi and the Universal House of Justice, and the authenticated talks of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. The writings of the Báb and Baháʼu'lláh are considered as divine revelation, the writings and talks of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and the writings of Shoghi Effendi as authoritative interpretation, and those of the Universal House of Justice as authoritative legislation and elucidation. Some measure of divine guidance is assumed for all of these texts.
Some of Baháʼu'lláh's most important writings include the Kitáb-i-Aqdas ("Most Holy Book"), which defines many laws and practices for individuals and society, the Kitáb-i-Íqán ("Book of Certitude"), which became the foundation of much of Baháʼí belief, and Gems of Divine Mysteries, which includes further doctrinal foundations. Although the Baháʼí teachings have a strong emphasis on social and ethical issues, a number of foundational texts have been described as mystical. These include the Seven Valleys and the Four Valleys. The Seven Valleys was written to a follower of Sufism, in the style of ʻAttar, the Persian Muslim poet, and sets forth the stages of the soul's journey towards God. It was first translated into English in 1906, becoming one of the earliest available books of Baháʼu'lláh to the West. The Hidden Words is another book written by Baháʼu'lláh during the same period, containing 153 short passages in which Baháʼu'lláh claims to have taken the basic essence of certain spiritual truths and written them in brief form.
History
The Baháʼí Faith traces its beginnings to the religion of the Báb and the Shaykhi movement that immediately preceded it. The Báb was a merchant who began preaching in 1844 that he was the bearer of a new revelation from God, but was rejected by the generality of Islamic clergy in Iran, ending in his public execution for the crime of heresy. The Báb taught that God would soon send a new messenger, and Baháʼís consider Baháʼu'lláh to be that person. Although they are distinct movements, the Báb is so interwoven into Baháʼí theology and history that Baháʼís celebrate his birth, death, and declaration as holy days, consider him one of their three central figures (along with Baháʼu'lláh and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá), and a historical account of the Bábí movement (The Dawn-Breakers) is considered one of three books that every Baháʼí should "master" and read "over and over again".
The Baháʼí community was mostly confined to the Iranian and Ottoman empires until after the death of Baháʼu'lláh in 1892, at which time he had followers in 13 countries of Asia and Africa. Under the leadership of his son, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, the religion gained a footing in Europe and America, and was consolidated in Iran, where it still suffers intense persecution. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's death in 1921 marks the end of what Baháʼís call the "heroic age" of the religion.
Báb
On the evening of 22 May 1844, Siyyid ʻAlí-Muhammad of Shiraz gained his first convert and took on the title of "the Báb" ( "Gate"), referring to his later claim to the status of Mahdi of Shiʻa Islam. His followers were therefore known as Bábís. As the Báb's teachings spread, which the Islamic clergy saw as blasphemous, his followers came under increased persecution and torture. The conflicts escalated in several places to military sieges by the Shah's army. The Báb himself was imprisoned and eventually executed in 1850.
Baháʼís see the Báb as the forerunner of the Baháʼí Faith, because the Báb's writings introduced the concept of "He whom God shall make manifest", a messianic figure whose coming, according to Baháʼís, was announced in the scriptures of all of the world's great religions, and whom Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, claimed to be. The Báb's tomb, located in Haifa, Israel, is an important place of pilgrimage for Baháʼís. The remains of the Báb were brought secretly from Iran to the Holy Land and eventually interred in the tomb built for them in a spot specifically designated by Baháʼu'lláh. The writings of the Báb are considered inspired scripture by Baháʼís, though having been superseded by the laws and teachings of Baháʼu'lláh. The main written works translated into English of the Báb are compiled in Selections from the Writings of the Báb (1976) out of the estimated 135 works.
Baháʼu'lláh
Mírzá Husayn ʻAlí Núrí was one of the early followers of the Báb, and later took the title of Baháʼu'lláh. In August 1852, a few Bábís made a failed attempt to assassinate the Shah. The Persian government responded by killing and in some cases torturing about 50 Bábís in Tehran initially, further bloodshed was spread around the country: hundreds were reported in period newspapers by October, and tens of thousands by the end of December. Baháʼu'lláh was not involved in the assassination attempt but was imprisoned in Tehran until his release was arranged four months later by the Russian ambassador, after which he joined other Bábís in exile in Baghdad.
Shortly thereafter he was expelled from Iran and traveled to Baghdad, in the Ottoman Empire. In Baghdad, his leadership revived the persecuted followers of the Báb in Iran, so Iranian authorities requested his removal, which instigated a summons to Constantinople (now Istanbul) from the Ottoman Sultan. In 1863, at the time of his removal from Baghdad, Baháʼu'lláh first announced his claim of prophethood to his family and followers, which he said came to him years earlier while in a dungeon of Tehran. From the time of the initial exile from Iran, tensions grew between him and Subh-i-Azal, the appointed leader of the Bábís, who did not recognize Baháʼu'lláh's claim. Throughout the rest of his life Baháʼu'lláh gained the allegiance of almost all of the Bábís, who came to be known as Baháʼís, while a remnant of Bábís became known as Azalis.
He spent less than four months in Constantinople. After receiving chastising letters from Baháʼu'lláh, Ottoman authorities turned against him and put him under house arrest in Adrianople (now Edirne), where he remained for four years, until a royal decree of 1868 banished all Bábís to either Cyprus or ʻAkká.
It was in or near the Ottoman penal colony of ʻAkká, in present-day Israel, that Baháʼu'lláh spent the remainder of his life. After initially strict and harsh confinement, he was allowed to live in a home near ʻAkká, while still officially a prisoner of that city. He died there in 1892. Baháʼís regard his resting place at Bahjí as the Qiblih to which they turn in prayer each day.
He produced over 18,000 works in his lifetime, in both Arabic and Persian, of which only 8% have been translated into English. During the period in Adrianople, he began declaring his mission as a Messenger of God in letters to the world's religious and secular rulers, including Pope Pius IX, Napoleon III, and Queen Victoria.
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
ʻAbbás Effendi was Baháʼu'lláh's eldest son, known by the title of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ("Servant of Bahá"). His father left a will that appointed ʻAbdu'l-Bahá as the leader of the Baháʼí community. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá had shared his father's long exile and imprisonment, which continued until ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's own release as a result of the Young Turk Revolution in 1908. Following his release he led a life of travelling, speaking, teaching, and maintaining correspondence with communities of believers and individuals, expounding the principles of the Baháʼí Faith.
As of 2020, there are over 38,000 extant documents containing the words of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, which are of widely varying lengths. Only a fraction of these documents have been translated into English. Among the more well known are The Secret of Divine Civilization, Some Answered Questions, the Tablet to Auguste-Henri Forel, the Tablets of the Divine Plan, and the Tablet to The Hague. Additionally notes taken of a number of his talks were published in various volumes like Paris Talks during his journeys to the West.
Shoghi Effendi
Baháʼu'lláh's Kitáb-i-Aqdas and The Will and Testament of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá are foundational documents of the Baháʼí administrative order. Baháʼu'lláh established the elected Universal House of Justice, and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá established the appointed hereditary Guardianship and clarified the relationship between the two institutions. In his Will, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá appointed Shoghi Effendi, his eldest grandson, as the first Guardian of the Baháʼí Faith. Shoghi Effendi served for 36 years as the head of the religion until his death.
Throughout his lifetime, Shoghi Effendi translated Baháʼí texts; developed global plans for the expansion of the Baháʼí community; developed the Baháʼí World Centre; carried on a voluminous correspondence with communities and individuals around the world; and built the administrative structure of the religion, preparing the community for the election of the Universal House of Justice. He unexpectedly died after a brief illness on 4 November 1957, in London, England, under conditions that did not allow for a successor to be appointed.
In 1937, Shoghi Effendi launched a seven-year plan for the Baháʼís of North America, followed by another in 1946. In 1953, he launched the first international plan, the Ten Year World Crusade. This plan included extremely ambitious goals for the expansion of Baháʼí communities and institutions, the translation of Baháʼí texts into several new languages, and the sending of Baháʼí pioneers into previously unreached nations. He announced in letters during the Ten Year Crusade that it would be followed by other plans under the direction of the Universal House of Justice, which was elected in 1963 at the culmination of the Crusade.
Universal House of Justice
Since 1963, the Universal House of Justice has been the elected head of the Baháʼí Faith. The general functions of this body are defined through the writings of Baháʼu'lláh and clarified in the writings of Abdu'l-Bahá and Shoghi Effendi. These functions include teaching and education, implementing Baháʼí laws, addressing social issues, and caring for the weak and the poor.
Starting with the Nine Year Plan that began in 1964, the Universal House of Justice has directed the work of the Baháʼí community through a series of multi-year international plans. Starting with the Nine-Year Plan that began in 1964, the Baháʼí leadership sought to continue the expansion of the religion but also to "consolidate" new members, meaning increase their knowledge of the Baháʼí teachings. In this vein, in the 1970s, the Ruhi Institute was founded by Baháʼís in Colombia to offer short courses on Baháʼí beliefs, ranging in length from a weekend to nine days. The associated Ruhi Foundation, whose purpose was to systematically "consolidate" new Baháʼís, was registered in 1992, and since the late 1990s the courses of the Ruhi Institute have been the dominant way of teaching the Baháʼí Faith around the world. By 2013 there were over 300 Baháʼí training institutes around the world and 100,000 people participating in courses. The courses of the Ruhi Institute train communities to self-organize classes for the spiritual education of children and youth, among other activities. Additional lines of action the Universal House of Justice has encouraged for the contemporary Baháʼí community include social action and participation in the prevalent discourses of society.
Annually, on 21 April, the Universal House of Justice sends a 'Ridván' message to the worldwide Baháʼí community, that updates Baháʼís on current developments and provides further guidance for the year to come.
At local, regional, and national levels, Baháʼís elect members to nine-person Spiritual Assemblies, which run the affairs of the religion. There are also appointed individuals working at various levels, including locally and internationally, which perform the function of propagating the teachings and protecting the community. The latter do not serve as clergy, which the Baháʼí Faith does not have. The Universal House of Justice remains the supreme governing body of the Baháʼí Faith, and its 9 members are elected every five years by the members of all National Spiritual Assemblies. Any male Baháʼí, 21 years or older, is eligible to be elected to the Universal House of Justice; all other positions are open to male and female Baháʼís.
Malietoa Tanumafili II of Samoa, who became Baháʼí in 1968 and died in 2007, was the first serving head of state to embrace the Baháʼí Faith.
Demographics
As of around 2020, there were about 8 million Bahá'ís in the world. In 2013, two scholars of demography wrote that, "The Baha'i Faith is the only religion to have grown faster in every United Nations region over the past 100 years than the general population; Bahaʼi [sic] was thus the fastest-growing religion between 1910 and 2010, growing at least twice as fast as the population of almost every UN region." (See Growth of religion.)
The largest proportions of the total worldwide Bahá'í population were found in sub-Saharan Africa (29.9%) and South Asia (26.8%), followed by Southeast Asia (12.7%) and Latin America (12.2%). Lesser populations are found in North America (7.6%) and the Middle East/North Africa (6.2%), while the smallest populations in Europe (2.0%), Australasia (1.6%), and Northeast Asia (0.9%). In 2015, the internationally recognized religion was the second-largest international religion in Iran, Panama, Belize, Bolivia, Zambia, and Papua New Guinea; and the third-largest in Chad, and Kenya.
From the Bahá'í Faith's origins in the 19th century until the 1950s, the vast majority of Baháʼís were found in Iran; converts from outside Iran were mostly found in India and the Western world. From having roughly 200,000 Baháʼís in 1950, the religion grew to have over 4 million by the late 1980s, with a wide international distribution. As of 2008, there were about 110,000 followers in Iran. Most of the growth in the late 20th century was seeded out of North America by means of the planned migration of individuals. Yet, rather than being a cultural spread from either Iran or North America, in 2001, sociologist David B. Barrett wrote that the Baháʼí Faith is, "A world religion with no racial or national focus". However, the growth has not been even. From the late 1920s to the late 1980s, the religion was banned and adherents of it were harassed in the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc, and then again from the 1970s into the 1990s across some countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The most intense opposition has been in Iran and neighboring Shia-majority countries, considered an attempted genocide by some scholars, watchdog agencies and human rights organizations. Meanwhile, in other times and places, the religion has experienced surges in growth. Before it was banned in certain countries, the religion "hugely increased" in sub-Saharan Africa. In 1989 the Universal House of Justice named Bolivia, Bangladesh, Haiti, India, Liberia, Peru, the Philippines, and Taiwan as countries where the growth of the religion had been notable in the previous decades. Bahá'í sources claimed "more than five million" Bahá'ís in 1991-2. However, since around 2001 the Universal House of Justice has prioritized statistics of the community by their levels of activity rather than simply their population of avowed adherents or numbers of local assemblies.
Because Bahá'ís do not represent the majority of the population in any country, and most often represent only a tiny fraction of countries' total populations, there are problems of under-reporting. In addition, there are examples where the adherents have their highest density among minorities in societies who face their own challenges.
Social practices
Exhortations
The following are a few examples from Baháʼu'lláh's teachings on personal conduct that are required or encouraged of his followers:
Baháʼís over the age of 15 should individually recite an obligatory prayer each day, using fixed words and form.
In addition to the daily obligatory prayer, Baháʼís should offer daily devotional prayer and should meditate and study sacred scripture.
Adult Baháʼís should observe a Nineteen-Day Fast each year during daylight hours in March, with certain exemptions.
There are specific requirements for Baháʼí burial that include a specified prayer to be read at the interment. Embalming or cremating the body is strongly discouraged.
Baháʼís should make a 19% voluntary payment on any wealth in excess of what is necessary to live comfortably, after the remittance of any outstanding debt. The payments go to the Universal House of Justice.
Prohibitions
The following are a few acts of personal conduct that are prohibited or discouraged by Baháʼu'lláh's teachings:
Backbiting and gossipping are prohibited and denounced.
Drinking and selling alcohol are forbidden.
Sexual intercourse is only permitted between a husband and a wife, and as a result, premarital, extramarital, and homosexual intercourse are all forbidden. (See also Homosexuality and the Baháʼí Faith)
Participation in partisan politics is forbidden.
Begging is forbidden as a profession.
The observance of personal laws, such as prayer or fasting, is the sole responsibility of the individual. There are, however, occasions when a Baháʼí might be administratively expelled from the community for a public disregard of the laws, or gross immorality. Such expulsions are administered by the National Spiritual Assembly and do not involve shunning.
While some of the laws in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas are applicable at the present time, other laws are dependent upon the existence of a predominantly Baháʼí society, such as the punishments for arson and murder. The laws, when not in direct conflict with the civil laws of the country of residence, are binding on every Baháʼí.
Marriage
The purpose of marriage in the Baháʼí Faith is mainly to foster spiritual harmony, fellowship and unity between a man and a woman and to provide a stable and loving environment for the rearing of children. The Baháʼí teachings on marriage call it a fortress for well-being and salvation and place marriage and the family as the foundation of the structure of human society. Baháʼu'lláh highly praised marriage, discouraged divorce, and required chastity outside of marriage; Baháʼu'lláh taught that a husband and wife should strive to improve the spiritual life of each other. Interracial marriage is also highly praised throughout Baháʼí scripture.
Baháʼís intending to marry are asked to obtain a thorough understanding of the other's character before deciding to marry. Although parents should not choose partners for their children, once two individuals decide to marry, they must receive the consent of all living biological parents, whether they are Baháʼí or not. The Baháʼí marriage ceremony is simple; the only compulsory part of the wedding is the reading of the wedding vows prescribed by Baháʼu'lláh which both the groom and the bride read, in the presence of two witnesses. The vows are "We will all, verily, abide by the Will of God."
Transgender people can gain recognition of their gender in the Baháʼí Faith if they have medically transitioned and undergone sex reassignment surgery (SRS). After SRS, they are considered transitioned and may have a Baháʼí marriage.
Work
Baháʼu'lláh prohibited a mendicant and ascetic lifestyle. Monasticism is forbidden, and Baháʼís are taught to practice spirituality while engaging in useful work. The importance of self-exertion and service to humanity in one's spiritual life is emphasised further in Baháʼu'lláh's writings, where he states that work done in the spirit of service to humanity enjoys a rank equal to that of prayer and worship in the sight of God.
Places of worship
Bahá'í devotional meetings in most communities currently take place in people's homes or Bahá'í centres, but in some communities Bahá'í Houses of Worship (also known as Bahá'í temples) have been built. Bahá'í Houses of Worship are places where both Baháʼís and non-Baháʼís can express devotion to God. They are also known by the name Mashriqu'l-Adhkár (Arabic for "Dawning-place of the remembrance of God"). Only the holy scriptures of the Bahá'í Faith and other religions can be read or chanted inside, and while readings and prayers that have been set to music may be sung by choirs, no musical instruments may be played inside. Furthermore, no sermons may be delivered, and no ritualistic ceremonies practiced. All Bahá'í Houses of Worship have a nine-sided shape (nonagon) as well as nine pathways leading outward and nine gardens surrounding them. There are currently eight "continental" Bahá'í Houses of Worship and some local Bahá'í Houses of Worship completed or under construction. The Bahá'í writings also envision Bahá'í Houses of Worship being surrounded by institutions for humanitarian, scientific, and educational pursuits, though none has yet been built up to such an extent.
Calendar
The Baháʼí calendar is based upon the calendar established by the Báb. The year consists of 19 months, each having 19 days, with four or five intercalary days, to make a full solar year. The Baháʼí New Year corresponds to the traditional Iranian New Year, called Naw Rúz, and occurs on the vernal equinox, near 21 March, at the end of the month of fasting. Once every Baháʼí month there is a gathering of the Baháʼí community called a Nineteen Day Feast with three parts: first, a devotional part for prayer and reading from Baháʼí scripture; second, an administrative part for consultation and community matters; and third, a social part for the community to interact freely.
Each of the 19 months is given a name which is an attribute of God; some examples include Baháʼ (Splendour), ʻIlm (Knowledge), and Jamál (Beauty). The Baháʼí week is familiar in that it consists of seven days, with each day of the week also named after an attribute of God. Baháʼís observe 11 Holy Days throughout the year, with work suspended on 9 of these. These days commemorate important anniversaries in the history of the religion.
Symbols
The symbols of the religion are derived from the Arabic word Baháʼ ( "splendor" or "glory"), with a numerical value of nine. This numerical connection to the name of Baháʼu'lláh, as well as nine being the highest single-digit, symbolizing completeness, are why the most common symbol of the religion is a nine-pointed star, and Baháʼí temples are nine-sided. The nine-pointed star is commonly set on Baháʼí gravestones.
The ringstone symbol and calligraphy of the Greatest Name are also often encountered. The ringstone symbol consists of two five-pointed stars interspersed with a stylized Baháʼ whose shape is meant to recall God, the Manifestation of God, and the world of man; the Greatest Name is a calligraphic rendering of the phrase Yá Baháʼu'l-Abhá ( "O Glory of the Most Glorious!") and is commonly found in Baháʼí temples and homes.
Socio-economic development
Since its inception the Baháʼí Faith has had involvement in socio-economic development beginning by giving greater freedom to women, promulgating the promotion of female education as a priority concern, and that involvement was given practical expression by creating schools, agricultural co-ops, and clinics.
The religion entered a new phase of activity when a message from the Universal House of Justice dated 20 October 1983 was released. Baháʼís were urged to seek out ways, compatible with the Baháʼí teachings, in which they could become involved in the social and economic development of the communities in which they lived. Worldwide in 1979 there were 129 officially recognized Baháʼí socio-economic development projects. By 1987, the number of officially recognized development projects had increased to 1482.
Current initiatives of social action include activities in areas like health, sanitation, education, gender equality, arts and media, agriculture, and the environment. Educational projects include schools, which range from village tutorial schools to large secondary schools, and some universities. By 2017, the Baháʼí Office of Social and Economic Development estimated that there were 40,000 small-scale projects, 1,400 sustained projects, and 135 Baháʼí-inspired organizations.
United Nations
Baháʼu'lláh wrote of the need for world government in this age of humanity's collective life. Because of this emphasis the international Baháʼí community has chosen to support efforts of improving international relations through organizations such as the League of Nations and the United Nations, with some reservations about the present structure and constitution of the UN. The Baháʼí International Community is an agency under the direction of the Universal House of Justice in Haifa, and has consultative status with the following organizations:
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)
United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
World Health Organization (WHO)
The Baháʼí International Community has offices at the United Nations in New York and Geneva and representations to United Nations regional commissions and other offices in Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Nairobi, Rome, Santiago, and Vienna. In recent years, an Office of the Environment and an Office for the Advancement of Women were established as part of its United Nations Office. The Baháʼí Faith has also undertaken joint development programs with various other United Nations agencies. In the 2000 Millennium Forum of the United Nations a Baháʼí was invited as one of the only non-governmental speakers during the summit.
Persecution
Baháʼís continue to be persecuted in some majority-Islamic countries, whose leaders do not recognize the Baháʼí Faith as an independent religion, but rather as apostasy from Islam. The most severe persecutions have occurred in Iran, where more than 200 Baháʼís were executed between 1978 and 1998. The rights of Baháʼís have been restricted to greater or lesser extents in numerous other countries, including Egypt, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Iraq, Morocco, Yemen, and several countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
Iran
The most enduring persecution of Baháʼís has been in Iran, the birthplace of the religion. When the Báb started attracting a large following, the clergy hoped to stop the movement from spreading by stating that its followers were enemies of God. These clerical directives led to mob attacks and public executions. Starting in the twentieth century, in addition to repression aimed at individual Baháʼís, centrally directed campaigns that targeted the entire Baháʼí community and its institutions were initiated. In one case in Yazd in 1903 more than 100 Baháʼís were killed. Baháʼí schools, such as the Tarbiyat boys' and girls' schools in Tehran, were closed in the 1930s and 1940s, Baháʼí marriages were not recognized and Baháʼí texts were censored.
During the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, to divert attention from economic difficulties in Iran and from a growing nationalist movement, a campaign of persecution against the Baháʼís was instituted. An approved and coordinated anti-Baháʼí campaign (to incite public passion against the Baháʼís) started in 1955 and it included the spreading of anti-Baháʼí propaganda on national radio stations and in official newspapers. During that campaign, initiated by Mulla Muhammad Taghi Falsafi, the Bahá'í center in Tehran was demolished at the orders of Tehran military governor, General Teymur Bakhtiar. In the late 1970s the Shah's regime consistently lost legitimacy due to criticism that it was pro-Western. As the anti-Shah movement gained ground and support, revolutionary propaganda was spread which alleged that some of the Shah's advisors were Baháʼís. Baháʼís were portrayed as economic threats, and as supporters of Israel and the West, and societal hostility against the Baháʼís increased.
Since the Islamic Revolution of 1979, Iranian Baháʼís have regularly had their homes ransacked or have been banned from attending university or from holding government jobs, and several hundred have received prison sentences for their religious beliefs, most recently for participating in study circles. Baháʼí cemeteries have been desecrated and property has been seized and occasionally demolished, including the House of Mírzá Buzurg, Baháʼu'lláh's father. The House of the Báb in Shiraz, one of three sites to which Baháʼís perform pilgrimage, has been destroyed twice. In May 2018, the Iranian authorities expelled a young woman student from university of Isfahan because she was Baháʼí. In March 2018, two more Baháʼí students were expelled from universities in the cities of Zanjan and Gilan because of their religion.
According to a US panel, attacks on Baháʼís in Iran increased under Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's presidency. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights revealed an October 2005 confidential letter from Command Headquarters of the Armed Forces of Iran ordering its members to identify Baháʼís and to monitor their activities. Due to these actions, the Special Rapporteur of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights stated on 20 March 2006, that she "also expresses concern that the information gained as a result of such monitoring will be used as a basis for the increased persecution of, and discrimination against, members of the Baháʼí faith, in violation of international standards. The Special Rapporteur is concerned that this latest development indicates that the situation with regard to religious minorities in Iran is, in fact, deteriorating."
On 14 May 2008, members of an informal body known as the "Friends" that oversaw the needs of the Baháʼí community in Iran were arrested and taken to Evin prison. The Friends court case has been postponed several times, but was finally underway on 12 January 2010. Other observers were not allowed in the court. Even the defense lawyers, who for two years have had minimal access to the defendants, had difficulty entering the courtroom. The chairman of the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom said that it seems that the government has already predetermined the outcome of the case and is violating international human rights law. Further sessions were held on 7 February 2010, 12 April 2010 and 12 June 2010. On 11 August 2010 it became known that the court sentence was 20 years imprisonment for each of the seven prisoners which was later reduced to ten years. After the sentence, they were transferred to Gohardasht prison. In March 2011 the sentences were reinstated to the original 20 years. On 3 January 2010, Iranian authorities detained ten more members of the Baha'i minority, reportedly including Leva Khanjani, granddaughter of Jamaloddin Khanjani, one of seven Baha'i leaders jailed since 2008 and in February, they arrested his son, Niki Khanjani.
The Iranian government claims that the Baháʼí Faith is not a religion, but is instead a political organization, and hence refuses to recognize it as a minority religion. However, the government has never produced convincing evidence supporting its characterization of the Baháʼí community. The Iranian government also accuses the Baháʼí Faith of being associated with Zionism. These accusations against the Baháʼís appear to lack basis in historical fact, with some arguing they were invented by the Iranian government in order to use the Baháʼís as "scapegoats".
In 2019, the Iranian government made it impossible for the Baháʼís to legally register with the Iranian state. National identity card applications in Iran no longer include the “other religions” option effectively making the Baháʼí Faith unrecognized by the state.
Egypt
During the 1920s, Egypt's religious Tribunal recognized the Baha'i Faith as a new, independent religion, totally separate from Islam, due to the nature of the 'laws, principles and beliefs' of the Baha'is.
Baháʼí institutions and community activities have been illegal under Egyptian law since 1960. All Baháʼí community properties, including Baháʼí centers, libraries, and cemeteries, have been confiscated by the government and fatwas have been issued charging Baháʼís with apostasy.
The Egyptian identification card controversy began in the 1990s when the government modernized the electronic processing of identity documents, which introduced a de facto requirement that documents must list the person's religion as Muslim, Christian, or Jewish (the only three religions officially recognized by the government). Consequently, Baháʼís were unable to obtain government identification documents (such as national identification cards, birth certificates, death certificates, marriage or divorce certificates, or passports) necessary to exercise their rights in their country unless they lied about their religion, which conflicts with Baháʼí religious principle. Without documents, they could not be employed, educated, treated in hospitals, travel outside of the country, or vote, among other hardships. Following a protracted legal process culminating in a court ruling favorable to the Baháʼís, the interior minister of Egypt released a decree on 14 April 2009, amending the law to allow Egyptians who are not Muslim, Christian, or Jewish to obtain identification documents that list a dash in place of one of the three recognized religions. The first identification cards were issued to two Baháʼís under the new decree on 8 August 2009.
See also
Baháʼí administration
Baháʼí–Azali split
Baháʼí cosmology
Baháʼí Faith and gender equality
Baháʼí Faith in fiction
Baháʼí studies
Baháʼí timeline
Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)
Baháʼí views on science
Baháʼí World Centre buildings
Criticism of the Baháʼí Faith
Huqúqu'lláh
List of Baháʼís
List of writings of Baháʼu'lláh
Outline of the Baháʼí Faith
Terraces (Baháʼí)
World Religion Day
Notes
Citations | Baháʼí Faith |
Harbrinkhoek (Tweants: ) is a village in the Dutch province of Overijssel. It is a part of the municipality of Tubbergen, and lies about 5 km northeast of Almelo.
It was first mentioned in 1844 as Harbrink, and means "settlement of the people of Harbert (person)". In the 1950s, the hamlet turned into a little village. The village is twinned with Mariaparochie, but both still have separate place name signs, statistical entries and postal codes. | Harbrinkhoek |
The 1981 NCAA Division I basketball tournament involved 48 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division I college basketball. It began on March 12, 1981, and ended with the championship game on March 30 in Philadelphia. A total of 48 games were played, including a national third-place game (the last in the NCAA tournament). It was also the last tournament to be televised on NBC, before CBS took over the following year. Additionally, it was the last season in which the NCAA sponsored championships only in men's sports; the first Division I women's tournament would be played the following year.
Indiana, coached by Bob Knight, won the national title with a 63–50 victory over North Carolina, coached by Dean Smith. Isiah Thomas of Indiana was named the Tournament's Most Outstanding Player.
The March 14 upsets
The date of Saturday, March 14, 1981, resulted in three major second round tournament upsets which were decided by last-second baskets.
St. Joseph's trailed No. 1 seed DePaul by seven at about the midway point of the second half, in an early afternoon Mideast Region game from Dayton, Ohio. However, with under a minute left, the Hawks had rallied to within one point, 48–47. Blue Demons guard Skip Dillard was fouled with 13 seconds left. Dillard was known as 'Money' for his superb free throw shooting, but he missed the front end of a one-and-one opportunity, and St. Joseph's got the rebound, then quickly passed the ball to the front court without calling a timeout. Guard Bryan Warrick got the ball to freshman Lonnie McFarlan who was wide open in the right corner. McFarlan began to shoot until forward John Smith yelled "Please!" to him. McFarlan passed to Smith, who was open underneath the basket. Smith's layup with two seconds left enabled the Hawks of coach Jim Lynam to stun the Blue Demons of Ray Meyer, 49–48.
Later in the afternoon in Austin, Texas, Arkansas coach Eddie Sutton called timeout with 5 seconds left after falling behind Louisville in the Midwest Region, 73–72 on a jumper by guard Derek Smith. Sutton told his team to get the ball to U.S. Reed. The Razorbacks' guard dribbled to near half court, then launched a 49-foot shot that beat the buzzer and swished through the net, as Arkansas dethroned the defending national champion Cardinals of Denny Crum, 74–73. Sutton told the media, "Champions die hard."
Only moments after the Razorbacks' upset, the season ended for another #1 seed in the West Region in Los Angeles. Oregon State led Kansas State by as much as 11 points in the second half. Coach Ralph Miller and center Steve Johnson had led the Beavers to a two-year record of 52–4. Then Rolando Blackman led the Wildcats back with a 16–6 run to tie the game, 48–48 with 3:23 left. Johnson then fouled out, and both teams stalled with the ball until Oregon State missed the front end of a one-and-one from the foul line. K-State then held for the last shot. With two seconds left, Blackman, double-teamed, drilled a fall-away 17 footer from the right baseline for a 50–48 upset by the Wildcats of Jack Hartman.
In another second round Mideast Region upset, UAB defeated Kentucky 69–62. A semifinal in the East Region saw Danny Ainge dribble the length of the court and drive all the way in for a layup and another buzzer-beating winner, lifting BYU over Notre Dame 51–50.
Greg Johnson of NCAA.com, in a March 9, 2011 article, indicated that March 14, 1981 was a date which defined March Madness.
Schedule and venues
The following are the sites that were selected to host each round of the 1981 tournament:
First and Second rounds
March 12 and 14
East Region
Providence Civic Center, Providence, Rhode Island (Host: Providence College)
Mideast Region
University of Dayton Arena, Dayton, Ohio (Host: University of Dayton)
Midwest Region
Frank Erwin Center, Austin, Texas (Host: University of Texas at Austin)
West Region
Pauley Pavilion, Los Angeles, California (Host: UCLA)
March 13 and 15
East Region
Charlotte Coliseum, Charlotte, North Carolina (Host: University of North Carolina at Charlotte)
Mideast Region
Memorial Coliseum, Tuscaloosa, Alabama (Host: University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa)
Midwest Region
Levitt Arena, Wichita, Kansas (Host: Wichita State University)
West Region
Special Events Center, El Paso, Texas (Host: University of Texas at El Paso)
Regional semifinals and finals (Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight)
March 19 and 21
East Regional, Omni Coliseum, Atlanta, Georgia (Host: Georgia Tech)
West Regional, Special Events Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (Host: University of Utah)
March 20 and 22
Mideast Regional, Assembly Hall, Bloomington, Indiana (Host: Indiana University Bloomington)
Midwest Regional, Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans, Louisiana (Host: Tulane University)
National semifinals and championship (Final Four and championship)
March 28 and 30
The Spectrum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Hosts: The Philadelphia Big 5 - Villanova University, Temple University, La Salle University, Saint Joseph's University, University of Pennsylvania)
Teams
Bracket
* – Denotes overtime period
East region
West region
Mideast region
Midwest region
Final Four
Notes
This was the last tournament that a third-place game was staged prior to the national championship; every prior championship since 1946 had featured the game.
The 1981 tournament holds the record for the most first-time participants. Twelve teams – UAB, Ball State, Chattanooga, Fresno State, Howard, Idaho, James Madison, LIU, Mercer, Mississippi, Northeastern, and Southern – appeared in their first tournament. UAB, coached by Gene Bartow, made it the furthest, reaching the Sweet Sixteen before falling to eventual champion Indiana. The twelve teams beat the previous record of eleven set in 1955. Half of the first time teams would return in 1982, with the longest drought before their second appearance being sixteen years for the Ole Miss Rebels.
As of 2023, this is the only time all three Division I schools from Kansas—Kansas, Kansas State and Wichita State—have advanced to the Sweet 16.
As of 2023, all forty-eight teams in the 1981 tournament have returned to the tournament at least once. This would happen five more times in the 1980s, but has not happened again since 1989.
Announcers (NBC and NCAA Productions)
Dick Enberg, Billy Packer and Al McGuire – Second round at Providence, Rhode Island (UCLA–Brigham Young, Notre Dame–James Madison); Second round at Charlotte, North Carolina (Virginia–Villanova, Tennessee–VCU); East Regional Final at Atlanta, Georgia; Midwest Regional Final at New Orleans, Louisiana; Final Four at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Marv Albert and Steve Grote – Mideast Regional Final at Bloomington, Indiana
Don Criqui and Gary Thompson – Second round at Dayton, Ohio (DePaul–St. Joseph's, Indiana–Maryland); West Regional Final at Salt Lake City, Utah (Kansas State-North Carolina)
Bill O'Donnell and Jeff Mullins – East Regional semifinals at Atlanta, Georgia
Jim Thacker and Steve Grote – Mideast Regional semifinals at Bloomington, Indiana
Fred White and Larry Conley – Midwest Regional semifinals at New Orleans, Louisiana
Bob Costas and Gary Thompson – Second round at Tuscaloosa, Alabama (Kentucky–UAB, Wake Forest–Boston College)
Marv Albert and Bucky Waters – Second round at Austin, Texas (LSU–Lamar, Louisville–Arkansas)
Charlie Jones and Lynn Shackelford – Second round at Wichita, Kansas (Iowa–Wichita State, Arizona State–Kansas)
Jay Randolph and Steve Grote – Second round at Los Angeles, California (Oregon State–Kansas State, Illinois–Wyoming)
Merle Harmon and Matt Guokas – Second round at El Paso, Texas (Utah–Northeastern, North Carolina–Pittsburgh)
Tom Hammond and Larry Conley – First round at Tuscaloosa, Alabama (Boston College–Ball State, UAB–Western Kentucky)
Tom Hammond and Gary Thompson-West Regional Semifinals at Salt Lake City, Utah
See also
1981 NCAA Division II basketball tournament
1981 NCAA Division III basketball tournament
1981 National Invitation Tournament
1981 NAIA Division I men's basketball tournament
1981 NAIA Division I women's basketball tournament
1981 National Women's Invitation Tournament | 1981 NCAA Division I basketball tournament |
Hydrocarbon Oil Duty (also fuel duty and fuel tax) is a fuel tax levied on some fuels used by most road motor vehicles in the United Kingdom; with exceptions for local bus services, some farm and construction vehicles and aviation, which pay reduced or no fuel duty.
The government revenue from fuel duty was £27.1 billion for the financial year 2014–2015. This is an increase in cash terms in comparison to 2013-2014 but now only represents 1.5% of GDP. This is in contrast to the start of the 2000s when it was 2.3% of GDP. A further £3.9 billion is raised from the VAT on the duty, contributing some 3.5 per cent of total UK tax revenues. The Fuel Price Escalator, which was introduced in 1993 was abandoned after the disruptive fuel tax protests of 2000.
History
The Finance Act 1910 (the so-called People's Budget) introduced a petrol duty in the UK for the first time. From April 1909 the rate was set at 3d (£0.013) per UK gallon, bringing the price of a typical UK gallon to 1s 1½d ().
It was then abolished by the Finance Act 1919 after several years of steady petrol price rises and replaced by vehicle taxation, and the tax disc based on horsepower, after which the cost of petrol was about 4s () per UK gallon.
In 1928, following market reductions in the cost of a UK gallon of fuel to about 1s 2½d (), the Government introduced a tax of 4d (£0.017) per UK gallon bringing the cost of a UK gallon of petrol to 1s 6¾d ().
In the 1993 Budget during the Major ministry, Norman Lamont introduced a 10p rise and also a Fuel Price Escalator whereby the cost of fuel would be increased annually by 3 per cent above inflation in future years; the Petroleum Revenue Tax was reduced in the same budget and later abolished. Kenneth Clarke, the new chancellor, increased the escalator to 5p in November of that year. These increases were introduced at a time of considerable change in government transport policy, and followed major UK road protests, including the M11 link road protest and the protest at Twyford Down. The escalator was increased in 6p per year in 1997 by Gordon Brown, chancellor for the new Blair ministry.
The escalator was effectively cancelled by the Brown ministry follow severe disruption caused by the fuel tax protests in 2000. Since that time more cautious increases have been applied. A planned 3.02p/litre rise which was confirmed by the 2012 United Kingdom budget to come into effect on 1 August 2012 was later deferred until 1 January 2013 at short notice. The last increase in Fuel duty occurred in 2010. A decrease then occurred in 2022.
Rates and receipts
The rates since 23 March 2022 have been as follows:
VAT at the current rate is then added to the total price. The taxation percentage of forecourt prices varies according to the price of oil, rising from 55.9% at 65p per litre untaxed to 61.4% at 50p per litre (2012 figures).
European comparisons
The UK average petrol price as of 11 January 2016 is £1.01 per litre. This is slightly above the European average but is 30p lower than the peak in 2014. With declining oil prices, it has been suggested petrol could fall to 86.9p per litre if oil prices fall to $10 a barrel. Average diesel prices are currently £1.03 per litre. The minimum petrol price available is 99.7p and £1.03 for diesel. The minimum across Europe is 87.9.
Aviation
No duty or VAT tax is levied on jet fuel, in accordance with the Convention on International Civil Aviation, although commercial operators do pay Air Passenger Duty.
Avgas, used some smaller planes, was taxed at half the rate of road petrol for all users until October 2008, when the reduced rate was limited to commercial flying. A minority of light planes use standard road petrol and pay tax at the normal rate.
Buses
The Bus Service Operators Grant provides a fuel duty rebate to local bus service operators (but not for express coach which receives no rebate). As of April 2010 the rebate was £0.43 for diesel, £0.2360 for road fuel gas other than natural gas and 100% for biodiesel and bioethanol. Additional rebates are available for increasing fuel efficiency, low carbon emission vehicles and equipping vehicles with Smartcards and GPS tracking equipment.
In 2001 it was proposed that long-distance scheduled coach services should receive the rebate in return for offering half-price fares to older and disabled passengers.
Construction and farm vehicles
Registered construction and farm vehicles 'red diesel' which includes a fuel dye has a significantly reduced tax levy compared to normal road fuel. This can only be used in registered agricultural and construction vehicles including tractors, excavators, cranes and there are heavy fines for misuse.
Trains
UK train operators are required pay full duty rates with the exception of biofuels, for which the duty was reduced from 53p to 8p in 2006 and for electrified services.
See also
Road pricing in the United Kingdom
Motoring taxation in the United Kingdom
Fuel tax (for international comparisons) | Hydrocarbon Oil Duty |
William Roxborough "Red" Stuart (February 1, 1900 – March 7, 1978) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman who played seven seasons in the National Hockey League for the Toronto St. Pats and Boston Bruins between 1920 and 1927. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1920 to 1933, was spent in different minor leagues. He won the Stanley Cup in 1922 with the St. Pats.
Playing career
Stuart played hockey in Amherst, Nova Scotia, before becoming a professional with the Toronto St. Pats for the 1920–21 season. Stuart played four seasons with the St. Pats, and started a fifth before being traded to the Boston Bruins in December 1924. Stuart played three seasons for the Bruins before being traded to Minneapolis of the AHA in 1927. Stuart would play three seasons with Minneapolis. Stuart was then traded to Seattle of the PCHL, where he played a year and then played for various clubs before finishing his career with Halifax in 1933–34.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs | Billy Stuart |
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 8 in A minor, K. 310 / 300d, was written in 1778. The sonata is the first of only two Mozart piano sonatas in a minor key (the other being No. 14 in C minor, K. 457). It was composed in the summer of 1778 around the time of his mother's death, one of the most tragic times of his life.
The autograph manuscript of the sonata is preserved in the Morgan Library & Museum.
Background
Little is known about the precise circumstances surrounding the composition of the sonata; unlike the earlier Sonata in C major, K. 309/284b, it was little mentioned in his correspondence. The surviving manuscript was written using the same type of paper used for the Symphony No. 31 in D major, K. 297/300a, which Mozart purchased while in Paris.
The sonata is a rare minor key composition in Mozart's catalogue. Composed alongside the Violin Sonata No. 21 in E minor, K. 304/300c, it has been suggested that the sudden death of Mozart's mother may have led to the more sombre mood found in these pieces.
Structure
The composition, which typically takes around 22 minutes to perform, is in three movements: | Piano Sonata No. 8 (Mozart) |
A victory parade is a parade held to celebrate a victory. Numerous military and sport victory parades have been held.
Military victory parades
Among the most famous parades are the victory parades celebrating the end of the First World War and the Second World War. However, victory parades date back to ancient Rome, where Roman triumphs celebrated a leader who was militarily victorious. In the modern age, victory parades typically take the form of celebrating a national victory, rather than a personal one. In the 21st century, politicians in nations such as Ukraine and Azerbaijan have stated their intentions to hold victory parades after the resolving of regional conflicts, in this case the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and the War in Donbass respectively.
Joint-parades
Berlin Victory Parade of 1945 - USSR, US, Great Britain and France
Berlin Victory Parade of 1946 - USSR, US, Great Britain and France
German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk - Germany and USSR
Afghanistan
1979 First Anniversary of the Saur Coup Parade
1986 Battle of Khost Parade
1989 Battle of Jalalabad Victory Parade
Azerbaijan
1918 Baku Victory Parade, celebrating the victory in the Battle of Baku by Ottoman forces and forces of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic from the Bolsheviks.
2020 Baku Victory Parade
China
2015 China Victory Day Parade, September 3, 2015, a military parade to celebrate the 70th anniversary of Victory over Japan Day of the Second World War.
Estonia
Võidupüha (June 23), celebrates the victory in the Battle of Võnnu (1919)
Finland
Valkoisten Voitonparaati
1941 Viipuri Victory Parade
France
1871 Prussian parade in Paris, celebrating the Franco-Prussian War.
1919 Paris Victory Parade, celebrating the victory in the First World War.
1940 German Victory Parade in Paris. After the Fall of France, the German army marched down the Champs-Élysées in triumph on 14 June 1940.
1944 Paris Victory Parade, held on 26 August 1944.
1944 Dieppe Victory Parade, victory parade of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division in Dieppe celebrated on 3 September 1944.
1945 Paris Victory Parade
Germany
1806 French Berlin Victory Parade
1945 British Berlin Victory Parade
Mongolia
80th anniversary Battle of Khalkhin Gol Victory Parade (2020)
Iraq
Baghdad Victory Parade of 2017, celebrating the end of the War in Iraq, held in the fortified Green Zone.
Poland
Wehrmacht victory parade in Warsaw in honor of the Invasion of Poland, 5 October 1939.
Russia and the former Soviet Union
Parades such as the following are traditionally held on 9 May to celebrate the victory in World War II over Nazi Germany:
Moscow Victory Parade of 1945
1945 Harbin Victory Day Parade
Parade of Guards in Leningrad
Partisans Parade
Red Army Parade at the Brandenburg Gate on 4 May 1945
Moscow Victory Day Parade
In some countries of the former USSR, primarily the Russian Federation, victory parades are held annually in every major city celebrating the victory of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945). Other victory parades honor the following:
Abkhazian Independence Day Parade
1945 May 1 Parade, held on International Workers Day and dubbed by the local media as a "Victory Parade" due to the victory over Nazi Germany that was anticipated (it would come 9 days later).
Serbia and the former Yugoslavia
March of the Victor in Belgrade
Liberation Parade in Skopje, Macedonia
Operation Storm Victory Parade
Spain
1939 Madrid Victory Parade, held on 19 May 1939 to celebrate the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939).
Turkey
Victory Parade in honor of the Battle of Dumlupınar
Ukraine
Kiev Victory Parade (1920)
Kyiv Independence Day Parade (24 August)
United Kingdom
1815 London Victory Parade, celebrating the victory in the Napoleonic Wars.
1919 London Victory Parade, celebrating the victory in the First World War.
1946 London Victory Parade, celebrating the victory in the Second World War.
1982 London Victory Parade, celebrating the victory in the Falklands War.
1945 British Hong Kong Parade, it was held on 9 October 1945 near the local Cenotaph and celebrated the reclamation of Hong Kong from Japanese rule.
United States
Grand Review of the Armies
New York City Victory Parade of 1946, January 12, designated by the United States Department of War to head the G.I. Victory Parade up Fifth Avenue. The 8,800 men of the 82nd Airborne after docking in N.Y.C. harbour, aboard the Queen Mary the division was greeted by Mayor William O'Dwyer. This event was filmed by Pathe News.
National Victory Celebration
Vietnam
Hanoi Victory Parade - It was held on 1 January 1955 during the Vietnam War. Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh announced a government policy to restore the economy of North Vietnam. A Soviet film called Vietnam was released featuring the parade.
Sports victory parades
United Kingdom sports victories
Our Greatest Team Parade - celebrating Britain's successful 2012 Olympic and Paralympic teams
There is an annual victory parade to celebrate the winner of football's Premier League, held in the winner's home city, although 2016-17 champions Chelsea , 2019-20 champions Liverpool, and 2020-21 champions Manchester City did not hold it. The most recent was held in Manchester for the 2022-23 champions Manchester City on 12 June 2023. Similar events may also apply to teams who achieved promotion or won other trophies. The most recent was held in London for West Ham United F.C., winners of the 2022-23 UEFA Europa Conference League, on 8 June 2023.
United States and Canada sports victories
Cities hosting the winning team in one of the four major professional sports leagues, plus Major League Soccer, will host a victory parade in the city that the team represents.
MLB - World Series champions
The most recent was the 2022 Houston Astros Victory Parade in Houston, Texas on November 7, 2022.
NFL - Super Bowl champions
The most recent was the 2023 Kansas City Chiefs Victory Parade in Kansas City, Missouri, on February 15, 2023.
NHL - Stanley Cup champions
The most recent was the 2023 Vegas Golden Knights Victory Parade in Las Vegas, Nevada, on June 17, 2023.
NBA - NBA champions
The most recent was the 2023 Denver Nuggets Victory Parade in Denver, Colorado, on June 15, 2023.
MLS - MLS Cup champions
The most recent was the 2022 Los Angeles FC Victory Parade and Celebrations in Los Angeles on November 6, 2022.
In addition victory parades are held on campuses of major colleges and universities to celebrate NCAA championships in football, baseball and basketball. With the creation of the Celebration Bowl in the fall of 2016, the top Football Championship Subdivision historically black college or university that has, thru this bowl game, won the Black college football national championship, is thus eligible to host such a parade on that college or university's home town or city following the Celebration Bowl championship victory.
Black college football champions - NCAA FCS Division 1
The most recent was the 2022 North Carolina Central Eagles football team parade and celebrations in Durham, North Carolina, on January 21, 2023. This parade is considered the very first one of its kind ever held in the Celebration Bowl era of NCAA FCS D1 HBCU football history.
See also
Roman triumph
Victory Day | Victory parade |
Kamen feat. Tatsuya Ishii (仮面 / Mask) (stylized as KAMEN feat. 石井竜也) is the tenth single of Koda Kumi's 12 Single Collection and featured Kome Kome Club's frontman Tatsuya Ishii. Like many of the other singles released in the collection, KAMEN was also limited to 50,000 copies. The song debuted at No. 3 on Oricon and charted for six weeks.
Information
Kamen is Japanese singer-songwriter Koda Kumi's tenth single in her 12 Singles Collection. It featured Tatsuya Ishii (also known as Tatuya Ishii) from the famed group Kome Kome Club, who had written the lyrics to the song alongside composer Kazuhito Kikuchi. At the time, Kazuhito Kikuichi had just separated from the rock duo Breath. As with most of the other singles in the collection, the single was limited to 50,000 copies.
Each single in the 12 Singles Collection had unique cover art based on certain cultures in various countries. The back cover of each single was a piece to a puzzle, which could only be completed by purchasing all twelve singles. The same was done for the obi strips, which contained a full image when arranged together in order. However, the obi strip image was omitted on the Hong Kong versions.
Unlike usual singles, Kamen carried three different karaoke versions of the title track: one for men, one for women and a full instrumental. The "with your darling version" omitted Kumi's voice, but kept Tatsuya's. The "with your honey version" omitted Tatsuya's voice, but kept Kumi's. The final track was the full instrumental, omitting both artists' voices.
Though limited to 50,000 copies, Kamen still managed to sell 46,971 copies as of 2006.
Music video
"Kamen" feat. Tatsuya Ishii was not part of the story-themed music videos.
The music video carried a Phantom of the Opera theme, but with the female lead, played by Kumi, falling in love with the masked man, reciprocating the Phantom's love and affection. The video carried many visual themes that Kumi would later use in her videos for Unmei and Aishou.
Cover
As with the other singles in this collection, the cover of the single represents a stylized version of a traditional dress from a culture; this time it draws its inspiration from Hawaii and the costumes of hula dancers. This is the third single that draws from the United States of America, the others being you and Birthday Eve.
Track listing
(Source) | Kamen (song) |
Ilgın is a municipality and district of Konya Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,636 km2, and its population is 53,489 (2022). Its elevation is .
Etymology
The name ılgın comes from the former Byzantine name of the city, Lageina.
Composition
There are 56 neighbourhoods in Ilgın District:
Ağalar
Argıthanı
Avdan
Ayvatdede
Balkı
Barakmuslu
Behlülbey
Belekler
Beykonak
Boğazkent
Bulcuk
Büyükoba
Camiatik
Çatak
Çavuşçugöl
Çiğil
Çobankaya
Çömlekçi
Dereköy
Dığrak
Düğer
Eldeş
Esentepe
Fahrettin Altay
Fatih
Geçitköy
Gedikören
Gökbudak
Gökçeyurt
Gölyaka
Göstere
Güneypınar
Harmanyazı
İhsaniye
Ilıca
İstasyon
Kaleköy
Kapaklı
Karaköy
Mahmuthisar
Mecidiye
Milli Egemenlik
Misafirli
Olukpınar
Orhaniye
Ormanözü
Sadıkköy
Sahip Ata
Sebiller
Şıhbedrettin
Şıhcarullah
Tekeler
Ucarı
Yorazlar
Yukarıçiğil
Zaferiye
Notable natives
Famous Turkish folk musician and novelist Zülfü Livaneli was born in Ilgın. | Ilgın |
Davari () may refer to:
Davari-ye Bala
Davari-ye Pain
People
Reza Davari Ardakani, Iranian philosopher
Daniel Davari, German-Iranian footballer
Javad Davari, Iranian professional basketball player
Mohammad Davari, Iranian journalist
Other
Davari Shahnameh, a 19th-century manuscript of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh | Davari |
Bosnian root music (izvorna bosanska muzika/изворна босанска музика) is polyphonic type of singing. It is the most popular form of rural music in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The singers are usually followed by violin, dvojnice and šargija. It is connected to ganga and ravne pjesme, which are also characteristic for Bosnia and Herzegovina. The origin of the music is unknown, but some characteristics, like different temperament from the standard music, suggest it is an old type of music.
Songs
The songs are about all kinds of things from being a "lola" and "baraba", about love of a woman, having a good life, but also about sad things like mostly the war in Bosnia, or the nostalgia that expatriates experience about their home country. More recently Bosnian root music has - in a humorous way - concentrated on some facets of the modern way of life, like the widespread use of Facebook and smartphones.
Bosnian Root Music groups and singers
Some well-known Bosnian root groups currently would be Sateliti, Raspjevani Meraklije, Marko and Ilija Begić, DiciMai and CrissMate, and many others. The music has proven to be a way for former enemies to become friends again. Root music is popular among Serbs from the areas in and surrounding Ozren, Croats from Usora, Žepče and Posavina and even Bosniaks from Podrinje.
Style
Bosnian root music is a polyphonic, or more commonly heterophonic music, which is usually sung by two singers. The first singer starts the song, and after some number of syllables the other joins in. Intervals used in this type of singing are minor and major second, which is characteristic for most of the Bosnian and Herzegovinian music, and some parts of Croatia. Range of the songs is usually very narrow, consisting of only few tones. The two singers differ in the use of ornaments, so usually the first one who started the song uses vibrato and trill while he is singing alone, and when the other joins in he uses no ornaments, while the other uses a lot of trill, which are produced from throat giving the overall performance its characteristic detuned nature.
Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina music | Bosnian root music |
Buchloe (; Swabian: Buechla) is a community raised to town status in 1954, lying in Ostallgäu district in Bavaria. Together with the neighbouring communities of Jengen, Lamerdingen and Waal, Buchloe belongs to the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft ("administrative community") of Buchloe.
Geography and transport
Buchloe lies right on Bundesautobahn 96 (Munich–Buchloe–Memmingen–Lindau) with interchanges with Bundesstraße ("Federal Highway") 12 (Lindau by way of Munich and Passau to Philippsreut) and describes itself as the "Gateway to the Allgäu". Buchloe station is an important railway hub for traffic on the Munich–Kempten–Lindau route on the Munich–Buchloe and the Buchloe–Lindau lines (KBS 970) and on the Augsburg–Buchloe and the Buchloe–Memmingen lines with their IC services and direct services into Switzerland by EuroCity-Express.
Coat of arms
Buchloe has quite a simple coat of arms, being a shield, party per pale, gules and argent. It was bestowed on the town officially in 1834, although it is based on a much earlier design that was already in use about 1500. The colours are those of the State of Augsburg, to which Buchloe belonged from 1311 to 1803, when it was absorbed into Bavaria. In the late nineteenth century, Buchloe assumed a different coat of arms, still a party per pale (i.e. a shield split straight down the middle) and silver on the right half, but gold on the left half with two leafy twigs – likely meant to be beech as the town's name comes from Buche, the German word for beech – twined about each other to form an emblem shaped rather like a section sign ("§"). In 1950, however, the original arms were officially restored.
Town development
In 1971 and 1972, the communities of Lindenberg and Honsolgen including Hausen were amalgamated into Buchloe.
Culture and sightseeing
Heimatmuseum Buchloe
South of Buchloe is the Buchloe people's observatory, at which there are regular observations of the sky.
Notable people
Klaus Hofmann (born 1967), football manager, entrepreneur and president of the FC Augsburg
Thomas Holzmann (born 1987), ice hockey player for the Augsburger Panthers
Bertram Meier (born 1960), Roman Catholic bishop
Günter Schaule (born 1939 in Buchloe), lives in Sydney, Australia, author
Manuel Strodel (born 1992), ice hockey player
People who have worked in Buchloe
Emil Vogel (born 1930 in ), sculptor, designer of the Marienbrunnen in Buchloe
Erwin Neher (born 1944 in Landsberg am Lech, grown up in Buchloe), physicist, Nobel laureate for medicine and physiology (1991)
Honorary citizens
Alexander Moksel (1918-2010), German entrepreneur, founder of Moksel Meat company
Antonie Moksel
Erwin Neher (born 1944), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1991, grew up in Buchloe
Economy
A well known business in the town is the car manufacturing company Alpina Burkard Bovensiepen GmbH und Co. Another is the Huber Karwendel Works, which makes the well known Exquisa cream cheese. Furthermore, the Moksel Group has its headquarters in Buchloe.
Security
Buchloe has a police station and a volunteer fire brigade with various fire engines. Within the town are also found a Bavarian Red Cross office, a chapter of the Wasserwacht ("Water Watch", or lifeguard service) and the hospital St. Joseph. | Buchloe |
The American Car Company was a streetcar manufacturing company based in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. It was one of the country's leading streetcar builders during the heyday of streetcar operation. The company was founded in 1891 by William Sutton and Emil Alexander, who had previously founded the Laclede Car Company in 1883 also in St. Louis, and had both got their start working in the streetcar business at St. Louis' horsecar manufacturer, the Brownell Car Company.
The American Car Company was a builder of electric powered streetcars. ACC was bought out by the J. G. Brill Company of Philadelphia in 1902. However, Brill continued to operate the American Car Co. under its own name until 1931, when it was reorganized as J. G. Brill of Missouri.
In 1915, American Car built the very first Birney-type trolley, the prototype of a new design then known as the "Safety Car", and went on to build more Birney cars than any other manufacturer. The Fort Collins Municipal Railway, in Colorado, and the Fort Smith Trolley Museum, in Arkansas, are examples of operations where preserved Birney cars built by the American Car Company can still be seen running today.
In 1931, only four months after parent company J. G. Brill discontinued use of the American Car Company name, the ex-ACC factory in St. Louis closed permanently.
See also
Birney Safety Streetcar No. 224
American Car and Foundry Company
List of tram builders | American Car Company |
The Lookout Mountain Incline Railway is a inclined plane funicular railway leading to the top of Lookout Mountain from the historic St. Elmo neighborhood of Chattanooga, Tennessee. Passengers are transported from St. Elmo's Station at the base, to Point Park at the mountain summit, which overlooks the city and the Tennessee River. It is just a short drive to three of Chattanooga's main tourist attractions, Ruby Falls, Cavern Castle, and Rock City. The railway is approximately in length (single-track except for a short two-track passing loop at the midway point, allowing operation of two cars at one time). It has a maximum grade of 72.7%, making it one of the world's steepest passenger railways. It obtained Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark status in 1991. The cable system for the cars was made by the Otis Elevator Company.
History
The Lookout Mountain Incline Railway (Incline No. 2) was opened on November 16, 1895, by the Chattanooga Incline and Lula Lake Railway and functions as a major mode of transportation to the top of the mountain. It was the second of two inclines constructed on Lookout Mountain; the first was the Chattanooga and Lookout Mountain Railway (Incline No. 1), which operated from 1886 to 1895 and dismantled in 1900. Service was disrupted twice by fires that destroyed the powerhouse, upper station and cars stored there overnight (the first fire occurring on December 13, 1896, and the second on March 24, 1919). Both fires put the railway temporarily out of service, substitute service being provided by the Chattanooga Railway and Light Company's Lookout Mountain route. The railway was sold in the 1940s to Southern Coach Lines and is now operated by the Chattanooga Area Regional Transportation Authority, the area's public transit agency.
The Incline Railway is a well-known and beloved Chattanooga landmark; the railway has been depicted in numerous regional and national publications, including being on TV, most prominently on Larry the Cable Guy's Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy in February 2011. The railway is one of the main tourist attractions in the Chattanooga area, totaling over 100,000 visits annually. The top station features an observation deck and a gift shop.
See also
List of funicular railways
Otis Elevating Railway | Lookout Mountain Incline Railway |
The lacrimal punctum (: puncta) or lacrimal point, is a minute opening on the summits of the lacrimal papillae, seen on the margins of the eyelids at the lateral extremity of the lacrimal lake. There are two lacrimal puncta in the medial (inside) portion of each eyelid. Normally, the puncta dip into the lacrimal lake.
Together, they function to collect tears produced by the lacrimal glands. The fluid is conveyed through the lacrimal canaliculi to the lacrimal sac, and thence via the nasolacrimal duct to the inferior nasal meatus of the nasal passage.
Additional images
See also
Imperforate lacrimal punctum
Lacrimal apparatus
Punctal plug | Lacrimal punctum |
UTS Building 1, also known as the UTS Tower, is prominent landmark on Broadway at the southern gateway to Sydney's central business district. Many of the administrative units of the University of Technology, Sydney are located across the building's 27 occupied floors. Completed in 1979 in the brutalist architectural style from a 1968 plan by Michael Dysart of the NSW Government Architect's Office, the Tower was officially opened by NSW Premier Neville Wran.
Location
The UTS Tower is located at 15 Broadway, Sydney, south of the city's central business district, near to Central Railway station and opposite One Central Park.
It sits between the UTS Bon Marche Building and Terraces (home to radio station 2SER) and the newly constructed UTS Central (Building 2).
History
The original 1964 plan envisaged three towers of varying heights plus a podium. By the mid-1970s, with cutbacks in commonwealth funding, the original plan was reduced to the main Tower and smaller 11-level Building 2 next door.
Construction of the building commenced in 1969 and lower floors were occupied from 1975. At its official opening in 1979 the Tower was declared the tallest educational facility in Australia. The adjoining Building 2 opened in 1980.
Originally occupied by the NSW Institute of Technology, the Tower became part of the newly created University of Technology Sydney in January 1988.
Criticism of architectural style
The Tower has been described very colourfully and identified numerous times as Sydney's ugliest building, notably in The Sydney Morning Herald, and by architect Frank Gehry. Journalist and author Mike Carlton described it as "a menacing concrete monolith in an architectural genre that the old East German Stasi brought to perfection".
The Tower's visibility in the central business district skyline has also been described positively, as marking Sydney as a University town.
Proposed redesign
One scheme for renovation suggested by Chris Bosse from Laboratory for Visionary Architecture involved covering the building with a lightweight composite mesh textile, which would be able to store rainwater, generate electricity and cool down the building. However, such plans were not taken up by the university beyond a simple refurbishment, with one observer noting: "It may be that, for better or for worse, the Tower is finally valued as an essential part of the University’s identity."
Redevelopment of Building 2
As part of the UTS Campus Master Plan, Building 2 next to the Tower was demolished in 2016/2017 to make way for a vibrant new student hub and faculty space for the university. UTS Central (Building 2) opened in August 2019 and features direct pedestrian connections with the UTS Tower across four levels. | UTS Tower |
Hubert Burda (born 9 February 1940) is a German billionaire publisher. He is the owner, publisher and general partner of Hubert Burda Media, a global media company of more than 600 media products, including websites, print magazines and other brands. It operates in 20 countries, predominantly in Germany and the UK. Its brands include Focus, Bunte and Radio Times.
Burda is chairman of the conference Digital Life Design (DLD), which takes place annually in January in Munich.
Forbes Magazine estimates his net worth at $4 billion.
Early life
Burda is the youngest son of the publishing couple Franz and Aenne Burda, alongside his older brothers Franz and Frieder.
As a sixth-form pupil he took painting lessons daily and hoped to become a painter, against his father's wishes. His father permitted him to study art history only on condition that he wait until after the age of 25 to begin.
Burda attended the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich, where he studied art history with Hans Sedlmayr, as well as archaeology and sociology. He earned his doctorate in art history before the age of 26; his dissertation was titled Die Ruine in Hubert Robert's Pictures.
After several traineeships in US advertising agencies and publishers, Burda worked until 1974 as publishing director of the Burda magazine . As an independent project, in 1969 he founded the magazine m - The Magazine For Men.
Burda Holding
Burda assumed the role of sole shareholder and CEO of Burda Holding in 1987. In 1988, he recruited the editorial director of Bild-Zeitung, Günter Prinz, from Springer-Verlag. In addition to the program magazine Super TV, Burda also established SUPERillu, the magazine with the largest circulation in what was then East Germany, launching six weeks before German reunification.
In 1993, Burda collaborated with Helmut Markwort to develop the news magazine Focus, a rival to Der Spiegel.
In 1999, Burda renamed the holding company to Hubert Burda Media. Under his father the firm's revenues were split broadly equally between printing and publishing, but under Hubert the firm significantly expanded its digital and international operations, including joint ventures with Hachette, Microsoft and Rizzoli and international expansion into countries such as Singapore, Thailand, India, Russia.
Current operations
In 2018, Hubert Burda Media employed 12,369 staff and achieved revenues of €2.66 billion in its four divisions (Digital Brands National, Media Brands National, Media Brands International and Print).
Burda's German publishing arm generated over €650million, reaching approximately three-quarters the German population. The firm's international division recorded turnover of €413 million.
Career and memberships
As of April 2019, Forbes estimated Burda's net worth at US$4 billion. He is the third richest publisher in Germany, after Friede Springer and Elisabeth Mohn.
Burda stepped down as CEO in 2010. He has given Burda Media shares to his two children; Elisabeth and Jacob each now hold 37.4% of the company, leaving him with 25.1%.
Memberships
Member of the Advisory Council of the Association Against Forgetting - For Democracy
Founder of the Academy of the Third Millennium
Founder of the Iconic Turn lecture series, discussing the impact of images, photographs, mass media and technologies on culture, society and science
President of the VDZ Academy of the Association of German Magazine Publishers
Co-founder of European Publishers Council (EPC)
Panel member of the World Economic Forum, Davos
Former chairman of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Founder of the Hubert Burda Center for Innovative Communication at Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
Initiator of the project "Godfather for Tolerance" in support of the Jewish Center Munich, on Jakobsplatz
Chairman of the Board of Trustees Germany Foundation Integration
Philanthropy
In 1975, Burda initiated the Petrarca-Preis. It was awarded to contemporary poets and translators from 1975 to 1999 and from 2010 to 2014. It was succeeded from 1999 to 2009 by the Hermann Lenz Prize, before reverting to the Petrarca Prize from 2010 to 2014.
From 1987 to 1995, Burda supported the Petrarca Translator Prize for Literary Translations. Between 1988 and 1995, he supported the Nicolas Born prize for lyrics.
In 1997, he founded the Corporate Art Prize for the cultural engagement of companies and initiatives.
In 1999, he founded the Hubert Burda Foundation, dedicated to literature, international understanding, art, culture and science. In the same year he also created the Hubert Burda Prize for Young Poetry from Eastern Europe.
In 2001, Burda established the Felix Burda Foundation, dedicated to the early detection and prevention of colon cancer. The foundation was named in memory of his son Felix, who died of the disease.
In 2005, together with the city of Offenburg, Burda donated the 2005 .
Since 2006 Burda has supported the . The award aims to encourage the work of young women in the media. It is given at Burda's Digital, Life, Design conference.
German-Jewish reconciliation
Burda has been decorated by German-Jewish interest groups for his promotion of German industrial reparations. He has been active in building connections between Jews and non-Jews in Germany, promoting close ties with Israel and supporting the revival of Jewish life in his home city of Munich. He is an Honorary Senator of the College of Jewish Studies in Heidelberg.
In October 1999, he received the Interfaith Gold Medallion from the International Council of Christians and Jews for his services to German–Jewish reconciliation.
In 2005, together with German publishing houses, he initiated the project Paten für Toleranz to support the Jewish Centre Jakobsplatz in Munich. Burda donated €1m to the project.
Burda co-financed the production of an English-language CD-ROM of the Shoah Foundation (Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation) by Steven Spielberg.
Burda's father, Franz Burda, was a publisher of maps prior to the rise of the Nazi regime and after it took power. Burda senior later became a supplier to the regime and, from 1938, a party member. The Burda publishing company's history during the Third Reich was described by Salomon Korn, a former Vice President of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, as a "case study for coming generations as to the question of guilt and conscience, of entanglement and dealing with the burden of this legacy".
Member of the Federal Assembly
At the suggestion of the CDU, Hubert Burda was a member of the 14th Federal Assembly and participated in the election of the German Federal President on 30 June 2010.
Publications
The Ruin in the pictures Hubert Robert s Fink, Munich 1967 (Dissertation, Faculty of Arts of the University of Munich, 1967).
(Ed.) Weltmarkt der Medien. Contributions by Wolfgang R. Langenbucher and Holger Rust. Burda, Munich 1993.
The Digital Revolution. In: Media + Education. Jg. 38 (1994), No. 5, ; pp. 268–271.
(Edited with Christa Maar) Iconic Turn. The new power of images. DuMont, Cologne 2004, .
Medial Chambers of Wonder. Hrsg. Wolfgang Ullrich. Fink, Munich 2009, .
What the Traditional Economy Can Learn From an Internet Entrepreneur. In: Ders., Mathias Döpfner, Bodo Hombach, Jürgen Rüttgers (ed.): 2020 - Thoughts on the Future of the Internet. Klartext, Essen, 2010. .
In medias res. Ten chapters on the Iconic Turn. Petrarca / Fink, Munich / Paderborn 2010, .
"The Bunte story - a people magazine in times of upheaval." Pantheon Verlag, Munich 2012, (Paperback), ISBN 978- 3-641-10040-7 (e-book).
Hubert Burda: The Colorful Story. A people magazine in times of upheaval. Pantheon, Munich 2012
Hans-Jürgen Jakobs: That's new, Pussycat . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , 8 November 2012 (briefing) Excerpt
Notes on the Digital Revolution 1990-2015: How the Media Change , Petrarca Verlag, Munich 2014, . world / new-book-burdas-notes-to-digital-revolution / 11095832.html Burda's notes to the digital revolution, wiwo.de, news release 9 December 2014.
"Digital Horizons: Strategies for New Media", Petrarca Verlag, Munich 2016, .
Landwege - Seewege, Petrarca Verlag, Munich 2017
Walk with Hubert Burda: Origin. Black Forest., By Elmar Langenbacher, 2017, .
Literature
Judith Betzler (ed.): Hubert Burda. Art and media; Festschrift, 9 February 2000. Petrarca, Munich 2000.
Gero von Boehm: Hubert Burda. 11 June 2002 . Interview in: Encounters. People pictures from three decades . Collection Rolf Heyne, Munich 2012, , pp. 289–297.
Gisela Freisinger: Hubert Burda. The Medienfürst. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2005, .
"Very female oriented". Burda publishing house: the Munich media house is inspired by the aggressiveness. In: Manager Magazin. 35, 2, 2005, p. 20
[http://www.bo.de/lokales/offenburg/aber-so-war-er-nicht ... but he was not like that. '] In:' 'Offenburger Tageblatt' ', 23 January 2007 (Interview with Burda by Jürgen Rohn).
Stefan Niggemeier: -1408790.html "Digital Life Design": Not only is everything possible - it's getting better and better . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 24 January 2007.
Films
Hubert Burda. Between rebellion and duty. Documentary, Germany, 2006, 45 min., Written and directed by Kathrin Pitterling, Produced by Norddeutscher Rundfunk, Series: The Heirs, Part 3, First broadcast: 22 January 2007.
Gero von Boehm meets… Hubert Burda.'' Interview. Germany, 2002, 45 min., Director: Gero von Boehm, Producer: Interscience, First broadcast 24 April 2002 in 3sat.
Awards
1997: Federal Cross of Merit, First Class
1999: Interfaith Gold Medal of the International Panel of Christians and Jews
2000: Honorary Professorship of the Prime Minister of the State of Baden-Württemberg
2000: Honorary citizenship of the city of Offenburg
2000: Honorary Membership of the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts
2000: Medal " Munich shines - the friends of Munich" in gold
2000: Bavarian Print Media Award
2002: Great Federal Cross of Merit
2002: Honorary professor, by the Minister-President of Baden-Württemberg.
2004: Future Prize of the Christian-Democratic Workforce
2005: Grand Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
2006: Leo Baeck Prize
2007: Jakob Fugger Medal of the Association of Magazine Publishers in Bavaria
2008: Medal of Merit of the State of Baden-Württemberg
2008: Grand Cross of Merit with star, from President Köhler at Bellevue Palace.
2009: Honorary Doctor of the Medical Faculty of the LMU Munich
2009: Ohel-Jakob Medal
2011: Honorary senator of the College of Jewish Studies
2012: Officer of the Legion of Honor
2014: Tolerance Ring of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
2014: Award for understanding and tolerance of the Jewish Museum Berlin
2015: Moses Mendelssohn Medal
2019: Award of Honorary Citizenship of Munich
Burda holds the European Print Media Prize and the Gold Medal Freedom of Speech of the European Association of Communications Agencies (EACA).
He is a Member of the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts. He also holds a Hermann Lenz Award for German lyrics.
Personal life
Burda married the art historian Christa Maar in 1967. The couple divorced in 1972. Their son Felix (born 1967) died of colorectal cancer in January 2001 (see Felix Burda Foundation).
In 1991, Burda married the doctor and actress Maria Furtwängler. They have two children, Jakob (born 1990) and Elisabeth (born 1992). | Hubert Burda |
Princess Catherine Olympia Caradja (born Ecaterina Olimpia Creţulescu; 28 January 1893 – 26 May 1993) was a Romanian aristocrat and philanthropist. Born in Bucharest, she grew up in England and France, and lived in Romania from 1908 to 1952, when she escaped from the communist regime on a Danube boat. An expatriate in the United States for 35 years, and a longtime resident of the Hill Country of Texas, she returned after the Romanian Revolution of 1989 to Bucharest, where she died a centenarian.
Humanitarian - Honours
Princess Caradja is known for her humanitarian work in the interbellum, and especially for her efforts to ease the burden of captivity for over a thousand American and British airmen, taken prisoner during the bombing of Romania in World War II. She cared for them on her property and in the hospitals she ran; those activities earned her the nickname "Angel of Ploieşti" among the crews. In 1977, she was awarded the George Washington Honor Medal by the Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge.
Early years
She was born in Bucharest, the daughter of Romanian nobleman Radu Creţulescu and Princess Irina Cantacuzino. Caught in a financial struggle between her parents' families, she was abducted at the age of three by her father, who took her to England, and placed her in an orphanage under an assumed name. Her mother (who divorced her father, and remarried to Prince Nicolae Ghica) kept looking for her, but died in 1906. The princess was accidentally found in 1908 in a French convent by an aunt, who helped her escape, and brought her back to Romania, where the courts put her in custody of the Cantacuzino family. She was raised by her maternal grandmother and her maternal grandfather, Prince Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino, the Prime Minister of Romania at the turn of the 20th century.
The princess was educated in England, France, Romania, and Belgium, and spoke five languages. In 1914, just before the start of World War I, she married Prince Constantin Caradja (1892-1962), a member of the Caradja family. After German troops entered Romania in 1916 (see Romanian Campaign (World War I)), she fled from Bucharest with her two daughters, Irène Mathilde Catherine (born the year before) and Marie Constance Lucie (born ten days before). After taking refuge in Moldavia, she started working as a volunteer in a 30-bed hospital for typhus patients (she contracted the disease herself).
After the Armistice, Princess Caradja went back to Bucharest, and devoted herself to social work, most notably, at Saint Catherine's Crib, a complex of orphanages started by her mother, which housed more than 3,000 children.
In 1920, she gave birth to a third daughter, Alexandra (1920-1997). The second daughter died in Vienna in 1933, while her eldest daughter and her husband (Constantin Emandi) were killed in the deadly earthquake of 10 November 1940.
World War II and aftermath
The princess first became known internationally as a result of her opposition to Romania's alliance with Nazi Germany during the Second World War (see Romania during World War II). When the oilfields at Ploieşti were bombed by the Allies in August 1943 in Operation Tidal Wave, she personally took custody of surviving Allied crews, saw that they were cared for in her hospitals, and facilitated their escape to Italy. During the Allied bombings of spring and summer 1944, several American airmen landed on her estate at Nedelea, after either emergency landing or parachuting. Throughout the war, she eased the burden of captivity for more than one thousand flyers who had been shot down. Those deeds earned her the nickname "Angel of Ploieşti" among the airmen. One of the pilots who survived crash landing, and escaped thanks to her efforts, was Richard W. Britt, who recounted the story in a book, many years later.
After the Communist regime was established in Romania, her orphanages and foundation were nationalized in 1949. Her daughter, who had left for Paris in 1948, helped the princess escape in early 1952, with assistance from the French secret services; she left the country on a Danube tanker, arriving after 8 weeks in Vienna. During the winter of 1954–55, the princess directed relief efforts for children in Algiers, in the wake of the September 9, 1954 earthquake. She traveled widely, giving talks in France on "Life Behind the Iron Curtain", and speaking at the BBC.
In America
In December 1955, Caradja received a visa to come to the United States; soon after landing, she appeared on the Dave Garroway show. She resided in the U.S. for more than 35 years, mainly in the town of Comfort (in the Hill Country of Texas), but also in Baltimore, Maryland and in Kansas City. While traveling across America, speaking at various venues, she found more than five hundred of the former prisoners of war she knew from Romania. She organized a reunion in Dallas, Texas on 28 August 1972, an event that continued to be held each year for many years, with the Princess as the guest of honor and main speaker.
On 27 August 1976, during the U.S. bicentennial year, she helped present a Peace Monument for the Freedoms Foundation at the Valley Forge National Historical Park; in January 1977 she was awarded the George Washington Honor Medal by the Foundation.
In 1978 she befriended Ottomar Berbig, an antiques dealer in West Berlin. The princess was keen to adopt Berbig, as her family had no male heirs to carry the family name. Berbig took the name of Ottomar Rodolphe Vlad Dracula Prince Kretzulesco, and the adoption was formalized in 1990.
Back to Romania
After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the new Romanian government refused to give back any of her goods, included her Home Estate or Orphanage.
In mid-1991, she went back to her native country, taking up residence in the attic of her old orphanage, which is nowadays occupied by the City Hall of Bucharest.
She died at age 100 on 26 May 1993. She was buried in the family tomb, in Bucharest. A memorial service was held at the historic Kretzulescu Church.
Her daughter, Alexandra Caradja (aka. "Tanda" Bragadiru Moevs ), died in 1997; she is survived by her granddaughter, Princess Brianna “Hélène” Caradja (b. 1960, ex-wife of Mr. Bruce Johnson), and two great-grandsons, Constantin Caradja Johnson (1989) and Maximilien Caradja Johnson (1990) She was also survived by her son, through adoption, Ottomar Rodolphe Vlad Dracula Prince Kretzulesco (10 October 1940 – 17 November 2007) | Catherine Caradja |
Nieuwe Tuinen is a hamlet in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Westland, and lies about 5 km north of Maassluis.
The statistical area "Nieuwe Tuinen", which also can include the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 140. | Nieuwe Tuinen |
Fritz Stiedry (11 October 18838 August 1968) was an Austrian conductor and composer.
Biography
Fritz Stiedry was born in Vienna in 1883. While still a law student at the University of Vienna, Stiedry's talent for music was noticed by Gustav Mahler, who appointed him his assistant at the Vienna Court Opera in 1907. This was followed by other assistant posts, leading to chief conductorships at the operas of Kassel and Berlin. In 1932 he conducted the world premiere of Kurt Weill's opera Die Bürgschaft.
Stiedry left Germany when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and from 1934 to 1937 was principal conductor of the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra. He was involved in rehearsals for the premiere of Shostakovich's Fourth Symphony until the premiere was canceled for reasons, in all probability political, that remain controversial. Some claim that Shostakovich felt Stiedry was unable to deal with the symphony's complexities, but others maintain that the real reason was that Communist Party officials pressured the composer to withdraw the work.
In 1937, Stiedry left Leningrad for the United States and the New Friends of Music Orchestra in New York, conducting long-neglected works by Bach, Haydn and Mozart and premiering Schoenberg's Second Chamber Symphony. From 1945 onwards he returned to opera, conducting the Lyric Opera of Chicago and the Metropolitan Opera of New York and co-founding the Hunter College Opera Workshop.
He died in Zürich, Switzerland in 1968, aged 84.
He recorded Haydn's symphonies nos. 67, 80, 99 and 102. His live recording from the Metropolitan Opera of Giuseppe Verdi's La forza del destino (omitting the Act I inn scene, as customary there in the 1950s under Rudolf Bing) has been transferred to CD.
Works
Der gerettete Alkibiades, opera
chamber music
Literature
Holmes, John L. Conductors on record, Victor Gollancz, 1982.
Handbuch österreichischer Autorinnen und Autoren jüdischer Herkunft 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert. Vol. 3, S-Z. Ed. Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Wien. K. G. Saur, 2002, , p. 1328.
Sadie, Stanley. The new Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Macmillan, 1980.
Lyman, Darryl. Great Jews in Music, J. D. Publishers, 1986.
Sadie, Stanley; Hitchcock, H. Wiley (Ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of American Music. Grove's Dictionaries of Music, 1986.
Myers, Kurtz. Index to record reviews 1984–1987, G.K. Hall, 1989.
Pâris, Alain. Dictionnaire des interpretes et de l'interpretation musicale au XX siecle, Robert Laffont, 1989. | Fritz Stiedry |
is a Buddhist temple in Katsushika, Tokyo, near the Yamamoto House and Mizumoto City Park. This temple is famous for the "Bound Jizo" discussed in the Case of the Bound Jizo of Ōoka Tadasuke, a famous judge in Edo (Tokyo) during the Edo period.
Case of the Bound Jizo
In The Case of the Bound Jizo or Suspect Statue, Ōoka Tadasuke was called upon to discover the thief of a cartload of cloth from a local kimono maker. Ōoka ordered a statue of Jizo of the Narihira-san Tōsen-ji, a temple in Tokyo, to be bound and brought forth to be called to answer for dereliction of its custodial duty. When the bound statue arrived in the courtroom, the spectators burst into laughter. Ōoka sternly ordered each spectator to be punished with a token fine for their outburst. Each was ordered to provide a small swatch of cloth as a fine. When the spectators paid their fines, the robbed kimono maker identified the piece of cloth from one spectators as identical to the cloth stolen in the crime. The spectator, who was the actual thief, was arrested, and Ōoka ordered the Jizo statue released as having discharged his duty. In 1925, the statue was removed from downtown Tokyo to a little temple called Nanjo–in on its outskirts. The statue still stands, and is wrapped in rope tied by hopeful victims of thieves. However, the statue is worn almost smooth because of over 200 years of binding. | Tōsen-ji |
Volkmar Kurt Wentzel (February 8, 1915 – May 10, 2006) was a German American photographer and cinematographer. He worked for nearly 50 years for the National Geographic Society as a darkroom technician and photographer, and his professional and personal work was highly acclaimed. He was one of the first people to take photographs of then-little known country of Nepal, and was noted for documenting the final years of many of the traditional tribal kingdoms of Africa.
Early life
Wentzel was born February 8, 1915, in the city of Dresden in what was then the Kingdom of Saxony (now Freestate of Saxony) in Germany. He was one of four boys born to Dr. Fritz Gustav Wentzel (a chemist) and his wife, Verna Jatho Wentzel.
His father was an amateur photographer who sold photographic chemicals. His father was also a friend of the photochemical pioneer Hinricus Lüppo-Cramer, and preserved much of Lüppo-Cramer's work after his death. Volkmar Wentzel later said his father would sometimes punish his sons by making them take a "time-out" in his photographic darkroom, but that Volkmar soon learned to love the space. "This was a terrifying, almost traumatic experience, until by accident, with the flick of the darkroom's amber-red inspection light switch, the magic world of photography, my lifetime love, was revealed," he later said. When Wentzel was nine years old, he and his father built a wooden pinhole camera and his first photographs were of statues in the Grosser Garten near their home.
Post-World War I Germany was ravaged by economic and political dislocation. Dr. Wentzel was offered a job as director at an Ansco photographic paper manufacturing plant in Binghamton, New York, so the family moved to the United States in 1926.
Wentzel's mother died in 1931, and his father (burdened with a demanding job, and writing books on photographic materials) became unable to adequately care for his four teenage sons. Wentzel and a friend, Bill Buckley, sold some personal items, pooled the money they had earned from their newspaper home delivery jobs, and decided to settle in South America. They dropped out of high school and departed Binghamton in February 1934, arriving in D.C. after three days of walking and hitchhiking. Naïvely intending to spend the night with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, they walked through the deserted grounds and to the north entrance of the White House only to find that the president was not in residence. They slept that night in a YMCA at Farragut Square. But when they awoke in the morning to find their bedroom full of cockroaches, the boys divided their money (each received $70) and parted. Although Buckley said he was returning to Binghamton, Wentzel rented a room in the Lafayette Square townhouse of Roosevelt aide Thomas Gardiner Corcoran.
Wentzel soon moved to West Virginia. While staying at Corcoran's home, he met German-born architect Eric Menke (who had come to D.C. to work on a proposed Municipal Center), who told Wentzel about a burgeoning artists' colony in Aurora, West Virginia. The colony offered to pay Wentzel $2.50 a week to care for the cabins and studios on the property; he accepted, and moved to Aurora in the summer of 1935.
Early photographic career
Beginnings in Aurora
The artists' colony in Aurora consisted of a log cabin tavern on U.S. Route 50, and a lodge and studios (of various sizes, and constructed of various kinds of materials) in the nearby woods. Among the artists, diplomats, philosophers, and writers staying at the colony were the painter Robert Gates and his wife, the physician David Lindsay Watson, the psychiatrist Sigurd Graven and his wife, and the former Latvian diplomat Arved Kundzin. Menke suggested that, to make ends meet, Wentzel use the Voigtländer camera his father had given him to photograph the local area and make postcards for sale. Wentzel converted an old pump house across Route 50 from the tavern into a darkroom, although light leaking through cracks in the walls, around the door, and from the ceiling forced Wentzel to primarily use it at night.
During his stay in Aurora, Wentzel finished high school. Local artist Tom Hood argued that Wentzel should abandon high school in order to help with a national puppetry tour being organized by some Aurora theater people. But an architect friend in Aurora encouraged Wentzel to stay in school, and he did.
At first, Wentzel bartered his photographs for food. But it was not until First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt stopped at the tavern and bought three of Wentzel's postcards that Wentzel felt he had a career in photography. (Roosevelt was on her way to Arthurdale, West Virginia. This was a newly built experimental community she had sponsored which taught destitute coal miners subsistence farming. It also taught them local art, craft, and musical traditions so that these traditions might be preserved, the miners might sell crafts for sale, and to create a reason for tourists to come to the town.)
Washington, D.C.
Encouraged by Roosevelt's purchase, Wentzel moved back to Washington, D.C., in 1935. Once more, he rented a room in a townhouse on Lafayette Square. He received a job as a darkroom technician (at $12.50 a week) with the Underwood & Underwood portraiture and news agency studio. (He later described the job as a "sweat shop".) He was mentored by news photographer Clarence Jackson, and one of his first assignments (to take portraits of the wife of the French ambassador) was published in the Washington Star newspaper. His superiors were so impressed that they gave him a Speed Graphic camera for his own use.
His daytime job left Wentzel little opportunity to take photographs. However, he took courses in photography at the Corcoran School of Art and had several mentors at Underwood & Underwood. His friend Eric Menke bought Wentzel a copy of Paris de Nuit (Paris By Night), a book of nighttime photographs of Paris by the renowned Hungarian photographer Brassaï. Inspired by Brassaï's work, Wentzel began taking photographs of Washington, D.C., by night, sometimes staying up until dawn to learn night photography techniques and find new ways to photograph well-known buildings and landmarks. Wentzel submitted some of these prints to the Royal Photographic Society in early 1936, and over the next six months they were displayed in galleries throughout Europe—winning several prizes.
In late 1936, while passing the National Geographic Society, Wentzel decided on the spur of the moment to ask for a tour of their photographic facilities. The request was granted, and Wentzel toured the lab with his photographs of the city under his arm. The employee giving the tour told Wentzel he was quitting, and Wentzel applied for the position after the tour ended. The personnel director was initially dismissive of Wentzel's interest in the job, but was impressed with the awards his photographs had won. He was granted a job interview, and offered a position in the photography lab in late December 1936.
Career at National Geographic
Wentzel's first day at National Geographic was January 2, 1937. Two months after he started at National Geographic and in celebration of Wentzel's high school diploma, Wentzel's father gave him $135 to buy of land near Aurora. Wentzel built a home on the property in 1973, and lived there and in Washington, D.C., for the rest of his life.
Only a darkroom technician, Wentzel did not have to wait long before he had the opportunity to become a photographer for the Society's magazine. In late 1937, a photographer working on an article on West Virginia was pulled from that assignment and sent to Europe. Due to his familiarity with the state, Wentzel was ordered to complete the photographic assignment. Several of his images appeared in the August 1940 issue of National Geographic. Over the next 48 years, Wentzel was the photographer for 35 stories in National Geographic, and photograph and author for another 10. Wentzel left the magazine at the outbreak of World War II and enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps, where he was assigned photo interpretation duties. He served a portion of his service on the island of Okinawa.
Returning to his job after the war, Wentzel received a number of important assignments. One of his first assignments was to conduct a photographic survey of India. He transformed a U.S. Army ambulance into a mobile darkroom, and traveled more than throughout the subcontinent. He crossed into Tibet on foot and by animal. His photographs were some of the first of then-little known Nepal, and some of the last of feudal India. While in Nepal, he also shot a motion picture, "Exploration in Nepal," which was the first film to be taken in that region. He later traveled widely around the globe, photographing people and landscapes in Angola, Cameroon, Cape Horn, Mali, Mozambique, Newfoundland, Norway, South Africa, and Swaziland. He was one of the last photographers to document the fast-vanishing African kingdoms and their still largely intact tribal life. By the time he retired, he was one of the magazine's most widely traveled photographers. Not all of his travels took him far from home, however. After the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, Wentzel was one of a small number of photographers and reporters who realized that the president's body would arrive at the White House early in the morning of November 23. Wentzel photographed the arrival of Jacqueline Kennedy and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy at about 4:20 AM as they and a Marine honor guard escorted the president's coffin from the ambulance into the White House.
In the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, Wentzel became an advocate for saving, preserving, and archiving National Geographic's photographic negatives, plates, and prints, many of which were being lost due to damage (such as improper storage or pests) or because untrained staff didn't realize their value and destroyed them to obtain filing space. Wentzel was named Director of the National Geographic Society Photographic Archives, and put in charge of the preservation and archive effort—which helped save more than 10 million images and artworks.
Wentzel retired from National Geographic in 1985. In 1981, he and his wife purchased farm and farmhouse (built in 1868) near his original property in Aurora. He and his wife lived in their farm house as well as at a home at 3137 N Street NW in Washington. In 2001, he helped co-found the Aurora Project, an artist-in-residence program in West Virginia, where painters, writers and musicians are given time and space to work. The donation included his long-time darkroom on his original 13.5 acre property.
Family, death, and legacy
Wentzel produced photographs for himself as well as for the National Geographic. During his lifetime, he created more than 12,000 of his own images. Wentzel's photography was exhibited by the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Royal Photographic Society, the Smithsonian Institution, the Washington Center for Photography, and the West Virginia Cultural Center, among others. His prints have also been displayed in numerous private galleries around the world, and have sold for thousands of dollars each.
His photographic works also won awards. In 1950, the White House News Photographers Association (WHNPA) awarded one of his photos third place in the "Personalities" category. His 1958 photograph of a quadrille on New Year's Eve at the Spanish Embassy in Washington, D.C., won first place from WHNPA. On August 16, 1960, an automatic camera of Wentzel's captured Captain Joseph Kittinger making a 102,800 foot (31,333 m) skydive which set the record for the highest parachute jump of all time. WHNPA also gave this image a first prize. In 2003, the state of West Virginia named him one of 55 "History Heroes" for helping to document, preserve, and promote the state's history.
Wentzel's work is highly acclaimed. Fellow National Geographic photographer Thomas Y. Canby called him an innovative, brilliant, "great man". Jane Livingston, chief curator at the Corcoran Gallery of Art, said his career was a "prolonged, quiet unfolding of genius." Among his more notable photographic articles were:
"Washington, D.C.: The Nation's Capital by Night" (National Geographic, April 1940).
"Atlantic Odyssey: Iceland to Antarctica" (National Geographic, December 1955)
"History Awakens at Harpers Ferry" (National Geographic, March 1957).
"The White Horses of Vienna" (National Geographic, September 1958)
"Life in Walled-Off Berlin" (National Geographic, June 1961)
"Mozambique: Land of the Good People" (National Geographic, August 1964)
His photographs were also featured in three books:
Washington By Night, (1992) edited by James Goode.
Odysseys and Photographs: Four National Geographic Field Men: Maynard Owen Williams, Luis Marden, Volkmar Wentzel, Thomas Abercrombie, (2008) by Leah Bendavid-Val.
In Focus: National Geographic Greatest Portraits, (2010) by the editors of National Geographic.
Wentzel was often asked how he managed to put his subjects at such ease while photographing them. He observed that he read as many ethnographic studies of a region as possible, to avoid making culturally insensitive errors. He also tried to pick up a few words of the local language, and be as courteous as possible. He said that he often made friends with the people he was photographing. "After we got to be friends, I would just back up and take the picture. That was a good part of my technique," he said. He also brought a small musical box along with him, which helped to ease suspicion and win friends (especially among children). His choice of equipment also influenced his style. Wentzel told an interviewer in 1999 that, while in Africa, he used only lightweight 35 mm film cameras such as a Nikon or an Olympus OM-2. For more formal portraits, however, he used an 85mm portrait lens and Kodachrome film. When printing his photographs, he preferred the Ilfochrome process (which turned photographic slides into prints) and the gelatin silver print process.
Wentzel married Viola Kiesinger, daughter of German Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger. The couple had three children: Cecilia, Christina, and Peter. Wentzel died of a heart attack on May 10, 2006, at Sibley Memorial Hospital in Washington, D.C. | Volkmar Wentzel |
Visanthe O. Shiancoe (; born June 18, 1980) is a British former American football tight end. After playing college football for Morgan State, he was drafted by the New York Giants in the third round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played for the Giants for four seasons from 2003 to 2006 and the Minnesota Vikings for five seasons from 2007 to 2011. He played for the New England Patriots in 2012 and the Tennessee Titans in 2013.
Early life
Shiancoe was born in Birmingham, England to a Liberian mother and a Ghanaian father. As an infant, he emigrated to the United States with his mother, settling in Silver Spring, Maryland.
Shiancoe played high school football for Montgomery Blair High School in Silver Spring. He attended Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland where he transformed himself from a 190-pound freshman to a 250-pound senior tight end.
Professional career
2003 NFL Combine
New York Giants (2003–2006)
Shiancoe was drafted in the third round (91st overall) in the 2003 NFL Draft by the New York Giants. He played for the Giants for four seasons, mostly serving as a backup to Jeremy Shockey.
Minnesota Vikings (2007–2011)
Shiancoe signed a five-year, $18.2 million contract with the Minnesota Vikings as a free agent in 2007. He compiled 208 receptions for 2,424 yards and 24 touchdowns in his five seasons as a Viking, in regular season games. Shiancoe played in all 80 games over those five seasons, of which he started 66. He led NFC tight ends with seven touchdowns in 2008 and ranked third by a tight end in the NFL.
New England Patriots (2012)
Shiancoe agreed to a one-year deal with the New England Patriots on July 24, 2012, reportedly worth $1.2 million. He was activated on November 11, 2012 after an injury to Aaron Hernandez and a suspension of Brandon Bolden. On December 11, 2012, he was released.
Baltimore Ravens (2013)
On July 28, 2013, Shiancoe signed a one-year deal to play for the Baltimore Ravens. The contract was considered a "qualifying contract" under which Shiancoe stood to make the veteran minimum for a player with 10 or more years of service ($940,000) while counting as only $555,000 against the Ravens' salary cap. The signing was prompted by a season-ending hip injury suffered during training camp by Dennis Pitta. After less than a month on the team, Shiancoe was released after the third week of preseason on August 25, 2013.
Tennessee Titans
On December 3, 2013, Shiancoe signed with the Tennessee Titans. On December 10, the Titans released Shiancoe.
Television appearances
Shiancoe was a contestant on NBC's Minute to Win It on September 8, 2010, playing to win money for the National Kidney Foundation. When he could not perform the card trick, where he had to blow off a deck of 53 playing cards with one joker at the bottom remaining on the bottle in a minute, he successfully performed the same trick on NFL Network again in less than 30 seconds, only to realize that the final Joker card was glued on.
Towel incident
Fox aired a post game segment following a victory over the Detroit Lions in 2008. Vikings owner Zygi Wilf was presenting the game ball to coach Brad Childress' son, Andrew, who had enlisted in the United States Marine Corps the day before. In the background, Shiancoe was shown unclothed for a moment before covering himself with a towel. According to the NFL and Fox Sports, the image lasted a fifth of a second. Fox Sports apologized for airing the image. Through his agent, Shiancoe said he was embarrassed by the unintentional incident.
Personal life
Shiancoe currently resides in Prince George's County, Maryland. Although his first name has been commonly mispronounced as vi-SAWN-tee () or vi-SAWN-tae () he has clarified that the correct pronunciation is vi-SAWNTH ().
He plans to become involved in causes in his mother's home country of Liberia. | Visanthe Shiancoe |
Prästost ("priest cheese") is a Swedish cheese with historical roots in Sweden's one-time custom of paying tithes with agricultural goods including milk. Milk spoils easily so most farms instead produced a small eyed cheese that had its curing process started by mixing in a small batch of fermented curds. This was common practice from the 16th though 19th centuries. Today, this style of cheese once produced in churches across Sweden is factory-made from pasteurized cow's milk.
Prästost is sometimes soaked or cured in whisky or other spirits; Saaland Pfarr is one such whisky-soaked variant. A version of prästost aged for 12 months and cured in Absolut vodka has been marketed as VODCheese.
A 1969 USDA booklet describes the manufacturing technique for one whisky-cured style of prästost:
Fresh, whole milk is set with rennet at a temperature of 90°F. When the curd is very firm, it is cut coarsely, then put in a sieve to allow the whey to drain off. The curd is collected in a cloth and kneaded to expel more whey. Whisky is mixed with the curd, then the curd is packed in a basket and salt is sprinkled on the surface. Curing is done in a cool, moist cellar. The cloth covering is changed daily for 3 days, and the cheese is washed with whisky after the third day. | Prästost |
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