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Caño Negro Wildlife Refuge is a Wildlife refuge, part of the Arenal Huetar Norte Conservation Area, in the northern part of Costa Rica twenty kilometers south of Los Chiles near the border with Nicaragua in the Alajuela province. The refuge is a wetlands site that is home to many migratory waterfowl during part of the year, centered on Lake Caño Negro which is fed by the Frío River during the rainy season. Access Main access road is Route 138 which connects Route 4 and Route 35. Facilities There are no public facilities at the refuge, and the area can be explored only by boat, for which there is a dock as well as tourist facilities at the town of Caño Negro. Wildlife The forests, grasslands and marshes of the area provide shelter for various endangered species such as cougars, jaguars, tapirs, ocelots, peccary and several species of monkey (Panamanian white-faced capuchin, mantled howler and Geoffroy's spider monkey), as well as many others. In the dry season the river is reduced to little lagoons, channels and beaches which gives home to thousands of migratory birds of many species such as storks, spoonbills, ibis, anhingas, ducks and cormorants.	Caño Negro Wildlife Refuge
Christ Church, at Zero Garden Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S., is a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts. Built in 1760–61, it was designated a National Historic Landmark as one of the few buildings unambiguously attributable to Peter Harrison, the first formally trained architect to work in the British colonies. History The congregation was founded in 1759 by members of the King's Chapel who lived in Cambridge to have a church closer to their homes and to provide Church of England services to students at Harvard College across Cambridge Common. The church's first rector was East Apthorp, and most of the founding members lived along the nearby Tory Row, now called Brattle Street. The church was designed by noted colonial era architect Peter Harrison, who also designed the King's Chapel in Boston, and is one of a small number of surviving buildings attributable to him. It is built in Georgian style. Its wooden frame rests on a granite foundation built from ballast stones from ships arriving at Boston Harbor. The church was originally finished in a sanded paint treatment to give the appearance of a traditional English stone church. During the American Revolution Christ Church was attacked by dissenting colonials for its Tory leanings, but it was also the site of a prayer service which George and Martha Washington attended while quartered in the nearby mansion now known as Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site. The church was closed, and its organ melted down for bullets during the Revolution. For several years after the American Revolution, the church stood empty. In the later years of the eighteenth century the church was re-opened as an Episcopal Church and has remained so. The original chapel was expanded in 1857 to accommodate a larger congregation and to help raise funds for the church by expanding pew rental income. The church was dramatically redecorated in 1883, but it was restored to its original simplicity in 1920. Generations of Harvard students from Richard Henry Dana Jr., author of Two Years Before the Mast, to Teddy Roosevelt (having taught Sunday School there for more than 3 years, the young Roosevelt, a Presbyterian, eventually departed after being told he could not continue unless he became an Episcopalian) have made Christ Church their parish home during their studies. The church was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. To the east adjacent to the church at the corner of Garden Street and Massachusetts Avenue is a separate historic landmark known as the Old Burying Ground, not affiliated with the chapel or any other church; it pre-dates the present church by over a century. Christ Church has a long history of social activism, supporting the civil rights movement, the peace movement, and ministries of social justice. In April 1967 the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. and Doctor Benjamin Spock were denied access to a building at Harvard University to hold a press conference denouncing the Vietnam War, but the Reverend Murray Kenney welcomed them to Christ Church; a plaque in the parish hall commemorates the event. Another activist to speak at Christ Church was Jesse Jackson, who spoke as part of a Martin Luther King Jr. celebration in 2004. Gallery See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambridge, Massachusetts List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts	Christ Church (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Jean Ferrat (born Jean Tenenbaum; 26 December 1930 – 13 March 2010) was a French singer-songwriter and poet. He specialized in singing poetry, particularly that of Louis Aragon. He had a left-wing sympathy that found its way into a few songs. Biography Ferrat was born in Vaucresson, Hauts-de-Seine, the youngest of four children from a modest family which moved to Versailles in 1935, where Ferrat studied at the Jules Ferry College. His Russian-born father (naturalized in 1928) was forced to wear the yellow star and deported to Auschwitz in 1942, where he died. In the early 1950s, he started in Parisian cabaret. After that he avoided any particular musical style, but remained faithful to himself, his friends and his public. In 1956, he set "Les yeux d'Elsa" ("Elsa's eyes"), a Louis Aragon poem which Ferrat loved, to music. Its rendition by popular artist André Claveau brought Ferrat some initial recognition as a songwriter. His first 45 RPM single was released in 1958, without success. It was not until 1959, with publisher Gérard Meys, who also became his close friend and associate, that his career started to flourish. He signed with Decca and released his second single, "Ma Môme", in 1960 under the musical direction of Meys. In 1961, Ferrat married Christine Sèvres, a singer who performed some of his songs. She died in 1981 at age 50. He met Alain Goraguer, who became an arranger of his songs. His debut album, Deux Enfants du Soleil, was released that year. Ferrat also wrote songs for Zizi Jeanmaire and went on the road, sharing billing with her at the Alhambra for six months. Nuit et Brouillard ("Night and Fog"), which followed in 1963, was awarded the Académie Charles Cros's Grand Prix du Disque and showed any topic could be put in songs. Ferrat toured again in 1965, but stopped performing on stage in 1973. In 1990, he received an award from the Société des auteurs, compositeurs et éditeurs de musique, (SACEM) the French association of songwriters, composers and music publishers. Death Ferrat died in Aubenas, Ardèche, following a long illness at the age of 79. He lived in Antraigues-sur-Volane, a small village of not even 700 people in Ardeche. Acclaim In 2013 Ferrat's song, Nuit et Brouillard, appeared in the BBC's list of 20 songs that changed the world. In 2015, a tribute album was released by Columbia Records where various artists interpreted songs by Jean Ferrat. The 15-track album titled Hommage à Jean Ferrat: Des airs de liberté contained performances by artists Marc Lavoine, Cali, Dionysos, Julien Doré, Patrick Bruel, Catherine Deneuve, Benjamin Biolay, Raphaël, Patrick Fiori, Grégoire, Sanseverino, Hubert-Félix Thiéfaine, Zebda, Natasha St Pier, Patricia Petibon & Marc Lavoine and "Ma France" sung by Jean Ferrat. The album charted in France, Belgium and Switzerland. Discography 1961 : Deux enfants au soleil ("Ma Môme", "Federico Garcia Lorca", etc.) 1963 : Nuit et brouillard ("C'est beau la vie", "Nous dormirons ensemble", etc.) 1964 : La Montagne ("Que serais-je sans toi", "Hourrah !", etc.) 1965 : Potemkine ("C'est toujours la première fois", "On ne voit pas le temps passer", etc.) 1966 : Maria ("Heureux celui qui meurt d'aimer", "Un enfant quitte Paris", etc.) 1967 : À Santiago ("Cuba si", "Les Guérilleros", etc.) 1969 : Ma France ("Au printemps de quoi rêvais-tu ?", "L'Idole à papa", etc.) 1970 : Camarade ("Sacré Félicien", "Les Lilas", etc.) 1971 : La Commune ("Les touristes partis", "Aimer à perdre la raison", etc.) 1971 : Ferrat chante Aragon ("Le Malheur d'aimer", "Robert le Diable", etc.) sold more than 2,000,000 copies 1972 : À moi l'Afrique ("Une femme honnête", "Les Saisons", etc.) 1975 : La femme est l'avenir de l'homme ("Dans le silence de la ville", "Un air de liberté", etc.) sold 500,000 copies 1979 : Les Instants volés ("Le Tiers chant", "Le chef de gare est amoureux", etc.) 1980 : Ferrat 80 ("L'amour est cerise", etc.) certified platinum record including Le Bilan 1985 : Je ne suis qu'un cri ("La Porte à droite", "Le Chataîgnier", etc.) 1991 : Dans la jungle ou dans le zoo ("Les Tournesols", "Nul ne guérit de son enfance", etc.) 1995 : Ferrat chante Aragon Vol. 2 ("Complainte de Pablo Neruda", "Les feux de Paris", "Lorsque s'en vient le soir", etc.) 2002 : Ferrat en scène Compilations 2009: Best Of (3 CDs)	Jean Ferrat
In mathematics, more specifically field theory, the degree of a field extension is a rough measure of the "size" of the field extension. The concept plays an important role in many parts of mathematics, including algebra and number theory — indeed in any area where fields appear prominently. Definition and notation Suppose that E/F is a field extension. Then E may be considered as a vector space over F (the field of scalars). The dimension of this vector space is called the degree of the field extension, and it is denoted by [E:F]. The degree may be finite or infinite, the field being called a finite extension or infinite extension accordingly. An extension E/F is also sometimes said to be simply finite if it is a finite extension; this should not be confused with the fields themselves being finite fields (fields with finitely many elements). The degree should not be confused with the transcendence degree of a field; for example, the field Q(X) of rational functions has infinite degree over Q, but transcendence degree only equal to 1. The multiplicativity formula for degrees Given three fields arranged in a tower, say K a subfield of L which is in turn a subfield of M, there is a simple relation between the degrees of the three extensions L/K, M/L and M/K: In other words, the degree going from the "bottom" to the "top" field is just the product of the degrees going from the "bottom" to the "middle" and then from the "middle" to the "top". It is quite analogous to Lagrange's theorem in group theory, which relates the order of a group to the order and index of a subgroup — indeed Galois theory shows that this analogy is more than just a coincidence. The formula holds for both finite and infinite degree extensions. In the infinite case, the product is interpreted in the sense of products of cardinal numbers. In particular, this means that if M/K is finite, then both M/L and L/K are finite. If M/K is finite, then the formula imposes strong restrictions on the kinds of fields that can occur between M and K, via simple arithmetical considerations. For example, if the degree [M:K] is a prime number p, then for any intermediate field L, one of two things can happen: either [M:L] = p and [L:K] = 1, in which case L is equal to K, or [M:L] = 1 and [L:K] = p, in which case L is equal to M. Therefore, there are no intermediate fields (apart from M and K themselves). Proof of the multiplicativity formula in the finite case Suppose that K, L and M form a tower of fields as in the degree formula above, and that both d = [L:K] and e = [M:L] are finite. This means that we may select a basis {u1, ..., ud} for L over K, and a basis {w1, ..., we} for M over L. We will show that the elements umwn, for m ranging through 1, 2, ..., d and n ranging through 1, 2, ..., e, form a basis for M/K; since there are precisely de of them, this proves that the dimension of M/K is de, which is the desired result. First we check that they span M/K. If x is any element of M, then since the wn form a basis for M over L, we can find elements an in L such that Then, since the um form a basis for L over K, we can find elements bm,n in K such that for each n, Then using the distributive law and associativity of multiplication in M we have which shows that x is a linear combination of the umwn with coefficients from K; in other words they span M over K. Secondly we must check that they are linearly independent over K. So assume that for some coefficients bm,n in K. Using distributivity and associativity again, we can group the terms as and we see that the terms in parentheses must be zero, because they are elements of L, and the wn are linearly independent over L. That is, for each n. Then, since the bm,n coefficients are in K, and the um are linearly independent over K, we must have that bm,n = 0 for all m and all n. This shows that the elements umwn are linearly independent over K. This concludes the proof. Proof of the formula in the infinite case In this case, we start with bases uα and wβ of L/K and M/L respectively, where α is taken from an indexing set A, and β from an indexing set B. Using an entirely similar argument as the one above, we find that the products uαwβ form a basis for M/K. These are indexed by the Cartesian product A × B, which by definition has cardinality equal to the product of the cardinalities of A and B. Examples The complex numbers are a field extension over the real numbers with degree [C:R] = 2, and thus there are no non-trivial fields between them. The field extension Q(, ), obtained by adjoining and to the field Q of rational numbers, has degree 4, that is, [Q(, ):Q] = 4. The intermediate field Q() has degree 2 over Q; we conclude from the multiplicativity formula that [Q(, ):Q()] = 4/2 = 2. The finite field (Galois field) GF(125) = GF(53) has degree 3 over its subfield GF(5). More generally, if p is a prime and n, m are positive integers with n dividing m, then [GF(pm):GF(pn)] = m/n. The field extension C(T)/C, where C(T) is the field of rational functions over C, has infinite degree (indeed it is a purely transcendental extension). This can be seen by observing that the elements 1, T, T2, etc., are linearly independent over C. The field extension C(T2) also has infinite degree over C. However, if we view C(T2) as a subfield of C(T), then in fact [C(T):C(T2)] = 2. More generally, if X and Y are algebraic curves over a field K, and F : X → Y is a surjective morphism between them of degree d, then the function fields K(X) and K(Y) are both of infinite degree over K, but the degree [K(X):K(Y)] turns out to be equal to d. Generalization Given two division rings E and F with F contained in E and the multiplication and addition of F being the restriction of the operations in E, we can consider E as a vector space over F in two ways: having the scalars act on the left, giving a dimension [E:F]l, and having them act on the right, giving a dimension [E:F]r. The two dimensions need not agree. Both dimensions however satisfy a multiplication formula for towers of division rings; the proof above applies to left-acting scalars without change.	Degree of a field extension
A desk is a piece of furniture intended for writing on, hence writing desk is redundant. It is usually found in an office or study. Operation Traditionally, a desk was meant for writing by hand letters but it has adapted to accommodate first typewriters and now computers. Some variations, like the bureau have a top that closes to hide current work, which makes the room containing it look tidy, maintains privacy, and protects the work. The closing top may take the form of a drum that is rolled closed, while others fold closed. The writing surface (or place for lap-top) typically folds down (when also being the lid) or slides out, to preserve the compact size when closed. They usually have bigger drawers below the writing surface and small drawers or "pigeon holes" inside the closing part. Modern writing desks are designed for laptop computers of the 21st century. They are typically too small for most desktop computers or a printer. See also Desk Drawing board Stipo a bambocci Desks	Writing desk
SV Wilhelmshaven is a German association football club from Wilhelmshaven, Lower Saxony. SV Wilhelmshaven play in the Regionalliga Nord. SV Wilhelmshaven was founded in 1905. Since 1999, Wilhelmshaven's stadium is the Jadestadion. History Predecessor side SpVgg Wilhelmshaven was formed as FC Comet in 1905 and was quickly renamed FC Deutschland Wilhelmshaven. In 1912 this club was joined by Heppenser BSV, and later, in 1924, merged with VfB Wilhelmshaven to become Wilhelmshavener SV 1906. In 1939, SV 06 merged with VfL 1905 Rüstringen to create SpVgg Wilhelmshaven. This side immediately won promotion to the first division Gauliga Niedersachsen, one of sixteen top flight divisions created in the re-organization of German football under the Third Reich in 1933. After the division was split in 1942, the club captured two consecutive titles in the newly formed Gauliga Weser-Ems in 1943 and 1944, but was unable to advance past the eighth-final round in the national playoffs. In the aftermath of World War II, SpVgg was disbanded as were most other organizations in Germany, including sports and football associations. It was not until 1952 that the club was resurrected. In 1972, they were joined by TSV Germania to form an association under the current name SV Wilhelmshaven. The combined club spent its first three seasons in the Regionalliga Nord (II)/2.Bundesliga Nord, but then fell to the third tier Amateur Oberliga Nord. SV was relegated to the Verbandsliga Niedersachsen (IV) for the first time in 1980 and since then has played as an elevator side moving between the third and fourth divisions. In 1992, SVW merged with TSR Olympia Wilhelmshaven, but TSRs footballers left to play on their own on the local city circuit. SVW then had a brush with bankruptcy in 2000, and after being refused permission by the German Football Association for a merger that would have seen the return of Olympias footballers, was forcibly sent down in spite of a respectable finish well clear of relegation. SV Wilhelmshaven performed well in the Oberliga Nord (IV) and a division championship in 2005–06 returned the team to the Regionalliga Nord (III), briefly ending a five-year stay in the fourth division. The club finished last there in the following season and returned to Oberliga play. SV enjoyed a successful 2007–08 campaign and, on the strength of a third-place finish, qualified for play in what will become the fourth division Regionalliga after the introduction of the new 3. Liga in 2008–09. It spent six seasons in the Regionalliga until 2014 when it was demoted to the tier six Landesliga Weser-Ems. The clubs suffered another relegation, now to the Bezirksliga, after the 2015–16 season. FIFA lawsuit SV Wilhelmshaven filed a lawsuit against FIFA, the international governing body of football, regarding the signing in 2007 of free transfer Sergio Sagarzazu. Sagarzazu played 38 times for the club over a year and a half. However, Sagarzazu's former clubs River Plate and Excursionistas filed for compensation in the amount of 157,000 Euros, which is allowed under FIFA's regulations. SV Wilhelmshaven refused to pay, claiming that such fees violated German law. FIFA demanded that the German FA deduct six points from Wilhelmshaven in the 2011–12 season. Despite this deduction, SV Wilhelmshaven managed to avoid relegation from the Regionalliga Nord. FIFA imposed another six-point deduction in 2012–13 for lack of payment, but again, the club avoided relegation as two other teams went bankrupt. FIFA demanded that the German FA relegate SV Wilhelmshaven for lack of payment following the 2013–14 season. SV Wilhelmshaven filed suit against FIFA in German court to overturn the relegation order, stating that a German Court decision (from 2004) that the payment of training compensation was a restraint of trade under European law of free choice of employment meant that they did not have to pay such compensation. The club were relegated at the end of 2013–14. Months after, the Federal Court of Justice and Oberlandesgericht cleared SV Wilhelmshaven of any wrongdoing. Honours The clubs honours: Oberliga Nord Champions: 2006 Verbandsliga Niedersachsen' Champions: 1994 Notable players Renato Bernardi Bauer Cyrille Florent Bella – played one game for the Cameroon national football team Jonathan Beaulieu-Bourgault – played for the Canadian national U-20 team at 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup Riley O'Neill – played for the Canadian national U-20 team at 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship Christ Bongo – former member of the Congo national football team Rohan Ricketts - former Premier League, Football League Championship and Major League Soccer player & former member of the England national under-20 football team Heiko Bonan – former member of the East Germany national football team Dirk Schuster – former member of the East Germany and Germany national football team Mike Barten Fabian Lucassen – played five games for the Germany U-19 team George Alhassan – former member of the Ghana national under-20 football team Valdas Ivanauskas – former member of the Lithuania national football team Romanus Stonkus – former member of the Lithuania national football team who presented his country in twenty-one game and scores one goal Vidmantas Vysniauskas – former member of the who played two games for the Lithuania national football team Paweł Kryszałowicz – played in the FIFA World Cup 2002 with the Poland national football team Jozef Kotula Karol Praženica – played five games for the Slovakia national football team Richard Slezak Igor Bendovskyi – former Ukraine youth international Marcus Storey – played formerly in the US Major League Soccer Igor Krulj – former Swedish youth international and Allsvenskan Former coaches Hans-Werner Moors (31.10.1999 – 30.06.2002) Wolfgang Steinbach (01.07.2002 – 04.04.2007) Kay Stisi (05.04.2007 – 07.09.2007) Ivica Josić (07.09.2007 – 14.09.2007) Predrag Uzelac (14.09.2007 – 22.09.2008) Boris Ekmeščić (23.09.2008 – 04.04.2009)	SV Wilhelmshaven
{{Infobox military conflict\| image=Bataille de Coutras.jpg\| caption=\| conflict=Battle of Coutras\| partof=the War of the Three Henrys\| date=20 October 1587\| place=Coutras (Gironde)\| result=Huguenot victory\| combatant1= Huguenots\| combatant2= Royalist Army\| commander1= Henry of Navarre\| commander2= Anne de Joyeuse†\| strength1=5,000 infantry 1,800 cavalry\| strength2=5,000 infantry 1,800 cavalry\| casualties1=40 killed\| casualties2=2,000 men, of which 300 nobility\| campaign box= }} The Battle of Coutras, fought on 20 October 1587, was a major engagement in the French Religious Wars between a Huguenot (Protestant) army under Henry of Navarre (the future Henry IV) and a royalist army led by Anne, Duke of Joyeuse. Henry of Navarre was victorious, and Joyeuse was killed while attempting to surrender. Context The Wars of Religion between the Catholics and Protestants in France had begun in 1562 and continued intermittently thereafter, with temporary periods of nominal peace that were often also marked by violence. King Henry III conducted a conciliatory policy, as reflected in the enactment of the Edict of Beaulieu in 1576 and the Edict of Poitiers the following year. But a new crisis arose in 1584 upon the death of the king's only remaining brother, Francis of Alençon. This made Henry of Navarre, a Protestant, heir presumptive to the throne. The League, led by the Duke of Guise, then set the kingdom against the king, who became isolated. On 18 July 1585, Henry III promulgated an edict canceling all previous edicts, giving precedence "to the Catholics", paying the mercenaries of the League from the Royal Treasury, prohibiting Protestantism in France, and ordering the return of safe Protestant strongholds. Protestants were expelled from power. And while the Guise party won appointments and favours, the king of Navarre was deprived of his functions. This edict was effectively a declaration of war against the Protestants. Henry of Navarre sought support, initially without success. However, the "privatory bull" (bulle privatoire) by Pope Sixtus V brought him a measure of support from French royalists and Gallican circles; these were joined by the Politiques, supporters of religious tolerance (such as the Governor of Languedoc, Montmorency-Damville) and later England and Denmark, in the wake of the assassination of William of Orange and the success of Spain in its fight against the Protestants of the Netherlands. Faced with the intransigence of Guise, war was inevitable. Joyeuse was sent south with an army, while Mercoeur invaded Poitou and blocked Condé at La Rochelle. Battle The clash of the two cavalry forces was to the advantage of the King of Navarre. The Duke of Joyeuse launched a charge at full gallop; by the time they came into contact, his horses were exhausted, and his squadrons of gendarmes had lost cohesion, rendering them ineffective. For his part, Henry of Navarre adopted an innovative tactic in the disposition of his troops: he inserted platoons of musketeers (five men abreast) within his reiter squadrons, to support them with firepower. The charge of the Protestant pistolier cavalry broke the Royalist heavy lancers, and their army was routed. The Duke of Joyeuse was defeated, captured, and killed by a pistol shot. 2,000 Catholics were also captured along with Anne's younger brother, Claude Joyeuse (1569-1587), lord of Saint-Sauveur and Jacques d'Amboise, the eldest of the branch of Amboise-d'Aubijoux. Victory went to the Protestants, led by Henry of Navarre. He recovered the body of Joyeuse and attended a mass in honour of his slain enemies. See also French Wars of Religion	Battle of Coutras
Ulemosaurus is an extinct genus of dinocephalian therapsids that lived 265 to 260 million years ago, at Isheevo in Russian Tatarstan. It was a tapinocephalid, a group of bulky herbivores which flourished in the Middle Permian. Ulemosaurus and other tapinocephalians disappeared at the end of the Middle Permian. Description Only several partial skeletons and skulls have been found. The skull bones are extremely dense: about at its thickest. This thickening is possibly related to head-butting behavior, as some researchers suggest. The species is considered a herbivore, but because the mandible is heavily constructed some palaeontologists consider it a carnivore, with the species being able to use muscle power to cut prey up with its incisors. Classification Ulemosaurus is a large Moschops-like form from Russia; it is probably similar enough to be included as a separate species of Moschops. Despite its advanced characteristics, it lived slightly before the Karoo forms, showing that the Moschopines, and indeed the Tapinocephalidae in general, had already attained their acme by early Capitanian time. See also List of therapsids	Ulemosaurus
Oscar Fredrik Church () is a church in Olivedal in Gothenburg, Sweden. It was drawn by Helgo Zetterwall and erected in the 1890s. Belonging to the Gothenburg Oscar Fredrik Parish of the Church of Sweden (Swedish: Svenska Kyrkan), it was opened on Easter Sunday 1893. The style is Neo Gothic, but the influence is not the Nordic gothic style but rather the style one can find in the large cathedrals in continental Europe. The church and the parish got its name from king Oscar II (Oscar Fredrik being his full name).	Oscar Fredrik Church
No. 29 (City of Hobart) Squadron is a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) reserve squadron located in Hobart, Tasmania. The squadron was formed in September 2001 and has the role of training Tasmanian RAAF reservists for air base protection tasks. History No. 29 Squadron was formed in Hobart on 1 September 2001 as part of the Royal Australian Air Force's Combat Reserve Wing. Prior to this date the only RAAF presence in Tasmania was the Senior Air Force Officer, Tasmania, who was supported by a small staff. It was hoped that establishing the squadron would encourage more Tasmanians to join the RAAF Reserve, and its formation meant that the RAAF had a reserve unit located in each of Australia's state and territory capital cities. As of January 2005, No. 29 Squadron had a strength of 55 reservists and was aiming to reach a strength of 75 personnel. On 1 January 2006 the squadron's parent unit was redesignated Reserve Training Wing RAAF. No. 29 Squadron was granted the Freedom of Entry to Hobart by the Hobart City Council in a ceremony held on 16 September 2006. At that time it was the only RAAF unit located in Tasmania. The current role of the squadron is to prepare reservists for air base defence tasks, and to provide personnel for the reinforcement of other RAAF units when required. As there are no RAAF bases or aircraft in Tasmania, the roster of No. 29 Squadron does not contain any aircrew or aircraft maintenance personnel. The squadron also provides parties for ceremonial events in Tasmania, including commemorations of the Battle of Britain at Hobart Cenotaph and commemorative services for individual personnel. No. 29 Squadron is currently based at Anglesea Barracks near Hobart's central business district.	No. 29 Squadron RAAF
The Lakemba Mosque, also known as the Masjid Ali Bin Abi Talib and officially the Imam Ali bin Abi Taleb Mosque, is Australia's largest mosque. It is located at 71-75 Wangee Road, Lakemba. Owned and managed by the Lebanese Muslim Association (LMA), Lakemba Mosque and the LMA offices are situated contiguously at the same address. History A small house on the current site of Lakemba Mosque was purchased and used by the Lebanese Muslim Association from the 1960s as a place of worship. The house was demolished in the early 1970s and construction of the current building commenced. Construction lasted five years, with the mosque being completed in 1977. The opening of the mosque was attended by the former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. Fundraising for the mosque took place both locally and internationally, with about half the funds coming from the Middle East and the largest single donation coming from the Saudi royal family. Lakemba Mosque was the second purpose-built mosque in Sydney and remains arguably Australia's most well-known and important mosque. While historically Muslims of Lebanese heritage constituted the majority of the congregation, today people of Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Somali and South-East Asian backgrounds also attend in significant numbers, along with a small but growing number of converts. The overwhelming majority of the congregation is either of Hanafi or Shafi'i background. Controversies 1977 'Holy War' document During Ramadan celebrations on September 30, 1977, around 4000 copies of a document calling for a "Holy War" (Jihad) was distributed to worshippers at Lakemba mosque. The document stated that Muslims must wage war against foreign interference and to spread Islam. It also made discriminatory references to Christians, Jews, Hindus and others, referring to them as "infidels" that must be fought. Middle Eastern Christian groups such as the Maronites and Copts believed that the document was created by Muslim Brotherhood members active at the mosque. Taj El-Din Hilaly Taj El-Din Hilaly, the former Imam of Lakemba Mosque from the 1980s till 2007 (and whose wages were paid by Gaddafi's Libyan Islamic Call Society and private individuals") is known to have made numerous controversial statements. 1988 speech regarding Jews In 1988 when Hilaly delivered a lecture to a group of Muslim students at University of Sydney on the topic "The Disposition of Jews in the light of the Qur'an." He was quoted as saying: Hilaly has not since apologised nor retracted his comments, in which he accused Jews of "causing all wars." February 2004 sermon In February 2004 Hilaly gave a sermon at a mosque in Sidon, Lebanon, whilst overseas the text of which was translated by the Australian Embassy in Beirut. It appeared to show him supporting terrorist attacks. In his sermon, Hilaly said: In his speech, he also predicted that Muslims would control the White House and appeared to support Hezbollah. The Australian Federal Police declined to investigate his activities overseas. 2006 Holocaust denial In July 2006 Hilaly was sacked from Prime Minister of Australia John Howard's Muslim Community Reference Group following comments he made in which he denied the Holocaust, calling it a "Zionist lie". He also referred to Israel as a "cancer". This prompted calls for legal action to be pursued against him in a country which has the highest per-capita number of Holocaust survivors in the world outside Israel. October 2006 sermon In October 2006, Hilaly delivered a Ramadan sermon in Arabic in which he made statements concerning female clothing which proved highly controversial. The key part of these was: He also said, "in the state of zina, the responsibility falls 90 per cent of the time on the woman. Why? Because she possesses the weapon of enticement (igraa)." Hilaly later claimed that he had intended to suggest that "if a woman who shows herself off, she is to blame...but a man should be able to control himself." He also contended that his references to the prison sentence of Bilal Skaf, the leader of a group of Lebanese Australians who committed gang rapes in Sydney in 2000, in which he said that women would "sway suggestively" before men "and then you get a judge without mercy (rahma) and gives you 65 years", were aimed at illustrating the need for harsh sanctions for rape. There was a significant backlash to Hilaly's comments. Alleged link to Al-Qaeda In February 2009, a Sydney Morning Herald journalist was ejected from the Lakemba mosque and the newspaper later reported that Anwar al-Awlaki, a key organizer, recruiter and spiritual motivator for the Islamist terrorist group al-Qaeda, spoke via phone link. A director of the mosque said that Shady Alsuleiman was in charge of organising evening youth events at the time of the sermon. Alleged sectarianism In March 2015, adjunct professor Clive Williams at Macquarie University's Centre for Policing, Intelligence & Counter Terrorism wrote that Sunni Muslims did not welcome Shia Muslims at the mosque. Christmas controversy In late 2012 Shaykh Safi told the congregation, during prayers, that they should not take part in anything to do with Christmas. A fatwa warned that, "disbelievers are trying to draw Muslims away from the straight path". The Grand Mufti of Australia, Ibrahim Abu Mohamed, said these views did not represent the majority of Muslims in Australia. Keysar Trad, former director and president of the LMA, said they previously greeted people with Merry Christmas, "I don't know what has changed." Mosque personnel Lakemba Mosque has a number of staff who assist in the running and maintenance of the mosque. Currently the mosque has three official Imams: The Imam of Lakemba Mosque is Shaykh Yahya Safi, who worked as an Imam in Lebanon before his appointment at the Lakemba Mosque in 1996. Shaykh Yahya gives the khutbah every fortnight, unless there is a visiting Shaykh from overseas. The assistant Imam as of 2016 is Shaykh Mohammed Gomaa from Egypt. Shaykh Gomaa is a bilingual Imam who was trained at Egypt's prestigious Al-Azhar University. He specialises in Qur'anic Commentary and alternates in giving the Friday sermon each fortnight. The deputy assistant Imam, as of 2015, is Shaykh Mohamed Harby. Shaykh Mohamed is a qāriʾ from Egypt who specialises in the sciences of Qur'an which he teaches at an advanced level to students at the Lebanese Muslim Association. Due its influence and significance, the mosque regularly hosts and is a first stop for visiting Islamic scholars from overseas. Activities The mosque offers a number of religious classes, such as in prophetic biography, fiqh and aqidah. The mosque gives a platform to a number of local Shaykhs to speak and teach, such as Shaykh Wesam Charkawi. Since 2014, the mosque has served as the centre of the National Mosque Open Day event. Several thousand worshippers normally attend weekly prayers on Fridays. In 2015 around 30,000 worshippers attended Eid prayers at the mosque and in the road outside, making it one of Australia's largest Eid celebrations. In 2016, an estimated 40,000-50,000 attended Eid prayers. See also Islam in Australia Islamic schools and branches List of mosques in Oceania	Lakemba Mosque
Wilho F. Saari (July 7, 1932 – January 19, 2022) was a Finnish American player of the kantele, the Finnish psaltery. Kreeta Haapasalo, a well-known kantele player in Finland in the 19th century, was his great-great grandmother. Wilho's father, Wilho Sr., also performed the kantele in public, only in Washington, having brought a kantele with him to America in 1915. In 2005, Washington's governor, Christine Gregoire, awarded Saari the Governor's Heritage Award for his work popularizing and teaching the kantele. Wilho Saari is a resident of Naselle, Washington. In 2006, Saari was one of ten recipients of the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) award of a National Heritage Fellowship, the country's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts. Saari both taught and performed around the country. In Astoria, Oregon and Naselle, Washington he performed at FinnFest USA '06, an annual national festival, where he participated in the world premiere of a Kantele Mass composed by Jarkko Yli-Annala. Saari was married for over 50 years to his "Roadie" Kaisa, of Kuopio, Finland. Together, they had two children. Saari also had six grandchildren. He died on January 19, 2022, at the age of 89.	Wilho Saari
David Bradley Woodall (born June 25, 1969) is a former professional baseball pitcher. He played parts of five seasons in Major League Baseball between 1994 and 1999 for the Atlanta Braves, Milwaukee Brewers and Chicago Cubs. Career Woodall played college baseball for the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. While at UNC in 1990, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Wareham Gatemen of the Cape Cod Baseball League and was named a league all-star. A left-hander, Atlanta signed Woodall as an amateur free agent in 1991. He made his Major League debut with the Braves on July 22, 1994, and appeared in his final game on May 5, 1999.	Brad Woodall
Ludwig van Beethoven's Opus 1 is a set of three piano trios (written for piano, violin, and cello), first performed in 1795 in the house of Prince Lichnowsky, to whom they are dedicated. The trios were published in 1795. Despite the Op. 1 designation, these trios were not Beethoven's first published compositions; this distinction belongs rather to his Dressler Variations for keyboard (WoO 63). Clearly he recognized the Op. 1 compositions as the earliest ones he had produced that were substantial enough (and marketable enough) to fill out a first major publication to introduce his style of writing to the musical public. Op. 1 No. 1 - Piano Trio No. 1 in E-flat major Allegro (E-flat major), Adagio cantabile (A-flat major), Scherzo. Allegro assai (E-flat major, with trio in A-flat major), Finale. Presto (E-flat major), The first movement opens with an ascending arpeggiated figure (a so-called Mannheim Rocket, like that opening the first movement of the composer's own Piano Sonata no 1, Opus 2 no 1), Op. 1 No. 2 - Piano Trio No. 2 in G major Adagio, - Allegro vivace, (G major) Largo con espressione (E major), Scherzo. Allegro (G major, with a trio in B minor), Finale. Presto (G major), Op. 1 No. 3 - Piano Trio No. 3 in C minor Allegro con brio (C minor), Andante cantabile con Variazioni (E-flat major), Minuetto. Quasi allegro (C minor, with a trio in C major), Finale. Prestissimo (C minor, concluding in C major), Unlike the other piano trios in this opus, the third trio does not have a scherzo as its third movement but a minuet instead. This third piano trio was later reworked by Beethoven into the C minor string quintet, Op. 104.	Piano Trios, Op. 1 (Beethoven)
LMCS may refer to: Lockheed Martin Control Systems, the former name of the Platform Solutions division of BAE Systems Electronics, Intelligence & Support Logical Methods in Computer Science, a scientific journal in theoretical computer science IEEE 802, the LAN/MAN Standards Committee (LMCS) See also LMC (disambiguation)	LMCS
Clement Howell (December 10, 1935 – August 2, 1987) was a politician from the Turks and Caicos Islands. He served on a four-member interim advisory council beginning in July 1986, after two previous chief ministers were forced to resign and the ministerial government in the territory was suspended. The Ministerial government resumed after elections were held in early 1988. Early life Clement Howell was born on 10 December 1935 in Blue Hills, Providenciales, Turks and Caicos Islands to Edgar Cornelius Howell and Christiana Howell née Rigby. He was the last of six children who lived to see their adulthood. Clement attended the Blue Hills All Age school (now the Oseta Jolly Primary) and later went on to the Turks and Caicos High School on Grand Turk (now the HJ Robinson High School). During his young adult years, he served as secretary to the District Board for Providenciales and at one point also served as chairman of the board. These areas of service to his community placed him in good a good position to become a district constable. Also, his success at high school made him a prime candidate for a post as a teacher at the Five Cays All Age School and later at the Blue Hills All Age school, where he was once a student. Marriage & Family Howell met and married the former Ellen Amelia Jolly. She had relocated to Providenciales, when her mother, Oseta Jolly was transferred there to work as the headteacher for the Blue Hills All Age school. Their wedding took place on January 6, 1957. They had nine children. Life's Work Clement Howell played a key role in the adjudication process which took place in 1967. He assisted with surveys and registrations and helped many of the residents of Providenciales acquire proper paperwork for their estates. From 1969 to 1970 he was successful at gaining a scholarship to pursue studies at Moray House College of Education in Edinburgh, Scotland where he read for a diploma in Primary School Administration. After completing his studies, he was appointed as headteacher of the Blue Hills Primary School and continued in this post until he was transferred to the District Administration Department as District Commissioner for Providenciales in 1976. With the advent of Ministerial Government in the Turks and Caicos Islands came the demand for permanent secretaries to each of the ministries that were allowed for in the 1976 constitution. In August 1979 Clement Howell was appointed as a Permanent Secretary to the minister responsible for education, health, and welfare. In May 1980, after the death of the country's first chief minister, Howell was transferred to the post of Permanent Secretary to the country's second Chief Minister, Oswald O. Skippings. In November 1980, the People's Democratic Movement (PDM) lost their bid for reelection to the Progressive National Party (PNP) and Howell was re-appointed as headteacher of the Blue Hills Primary School by the PNP administration. In 1984 Howell resigned his post as headteacher and joined the political arena, where he announced his candidacy to become the representative for Providenciales in the Legislative Council of the Turks and Caicos Islands. After the elections of 1984, he took the oath of office as a member of the Legislative Council for Providenciales and leader of the official opposition. He held both posts until the constitution was suspended in 1986. With the new arrangements for governing the territory, in the absence of ministerial government, Howell was among those selected to serve on an advisory council to the governor. Under pressure from members of his party, Howell later resigned as a member of the advisory council and by mid-1987, he was superseded as leader of the PDM by another of the party's loyalist. Howell's sphere of influence also spanned his work at Bethany Baptist Church, where he worshipped. He served his church as a deacon and on Providenciales, as secretary of the Providenciales Baptist Association. His work also included a stint of service as secretary and then as president of the Turks and Caicos Islands Baptist Union. He represented his church and the Baptist family of churches at several conferences, including at regional and international events. He was an outstanding member of the Kiwanis Club of Providenciales and held several memberships in other clubs and service-oriented organisations. A part of his life's work was to see a high school established on Providenciales to meet the educational/social needs of the young people and to put a stop to these young people having to leave home, travelling to Grand Turk, South & North Caicos or The Bahamas for high school education. During his time as a member of the Legislative Council for Providenciales, he worked tenaciously with members of the community and together, they accomplished their goal. The Providenciales High School opened its doors in September 1987. Disappearance Towards the end of July 1987, Howell travelled to Nassau, Bahamas to witness the wedding of one of his nephews. On Sunday, August 2, 1987, Howell, along with W. Livingston Swann - his brother-in-law, Martin Walkin, Stanley Gardiner, and pilot, Ken Gardiner, boarded a five-seater Piper Aztec with the call letters N622RH, en route for Providenciales. The plane never arrived and was presumed to have crashed into the sea, killing all on board. The US Coast Guard, BASRA and other local search operations were called off a few days later. Nothing was ever found of the aircraft or the people on board. Honours The Providenciales High School was renamed the Clement Howell High School in 1991 in recognition of the stalwart contribution Clement Howell made to the field of education in the Turks and Caicos Islands and in honour of his contribution to agitating for the building of the school. During the PDM Convention of 2006 Mr. C. Howell was honoured for his contribution to the party and to the development of politics in the Turks and Caicos Islands. While celebrating the 20th anniversary of the high school, the organisers unveiled a bust of Clement Howell near the entrance of the school and published a commemorative magazine featuring his life and work. See also List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea	Clement Howell
Salicylate testing is a category of drug testing that is focused on detecting salicylates such as acetysalicylic acid for either biochemical or medical purposes. Analytical Salicylates can be identified by GC/MS, proton NMR, and IR. In vitro One of the first in vitro tests for aspirin was through the Trinder reaction. Aqueous ferric chloride was added to a urine sample, and the formation of the iron complex turned the solution purple. This test was not specific to acetylsalicylic acid but would occur in the presence of any phenol or enol. The downfall of this test occurs in the presence of hyperbilirubinemia or elevated bilirubin. When the level of bilirubin exceeds 1 mg/dl, a false positive could occur. Enzyme Specific Assay The current in vitro testing utilizes molecule specific methods of detecting salicylates. Immunoassay Another identification mechanism is through immunoassay. Abbott Labs' AxSYM is an immunoassay device utilizing Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA) technology that can determine the presence and quantify salicylates. The introduction of a salicylate specific antigen labeled with fluorescein into the sample will mark the sample. Upon irradiation with 490nm light, some of that light will be reflected back to a detector at 520nm. Polarization allows the machine to detect the difference between antibody bound, and unbound fluorescein. It is therefore possible to quantify the serum salicylate level through the signal strength—the amount of reflected light received.	Salicylate testing
Child World was an American toy retailer founded in 1962. It grew to 182 sites and revenues of $830 million (~$ in ) before failing in 1992. It was known for the distinctive stylized castle store exterior adopted after its 1975 purchase of the Children's Palace store chain. History Beginnings and early expansion Child World was founded by Sid Schneider and Joseph Arnesano in Quincy, Massachusetts in 1962. It became a publicly-traded corporation in 1968, based in Avon, Massachusetts. After its acquisition of Children's Palace, from Kobacker Stores in 1975, Child World became the second largest toy retailer in the United States after Toys "R" Us. In many areas Child World stores operated near Toys "R" Us locations. Post merger, Child World began incorporating the Children's Palace stylized castle decor into its new stores. The 1981 purchase of Child World by Cole National Corporation was followed by 1984's Kohlberg Kravis Roberts takeover of Cole. Until 1990 under President Peter Hayes, Child World employed a warehouse merchandising style with long aisles and over-stock storage above selling shelves. Sales began to decline by the late 1980s, so in 1989 the chain announced a different store format. It was initially trialed in Framingham, Massachusetts, near the Shoppers World mall with competitor Toys "R" Us a block away. The new store had a strong first-day and performed well in the firm's critical Christmas selling season. Management announced 11 existing sites would be converted from 1990 through 1992 using the new design. That was not to be. Downfall In 1990, Peter Hayes and several fellow executives were terminated. Consumer confidence was generally low and there were no must have toys on the market to drive sales as they had done in the 1980s. Cole National began restricting the amount of money it provided to the subsidiary causing cash shortages. Vendors including LEGO refused to extend credit which left stores with empty shelves. Meanwhile Toys "R" Us continued to grow and Child World had to defend a lawsuit from the Consumer Products Safety Commission. Child World ended 1990 with US$830 million in assets but US$1 billion in liabilities. Cole National sought to sell the ailing chain. A US$157 million deal fell through and there were no other buyers. In 1991, it emerged senior executive James Maybury had been diverting revenue to fund a museum he intended to open in Dracut, MA. Cole National had to perform a debt trade with fellow venture capital firm Avon Investment Limited Partnership later that year in order to shed the business. Avon appointed former Toys "R" Us executives but results remained poor and in early 1992 Child World closed 26 stores. Bankruptcy, failed merger, and liquidation In April 1992, Child World applied for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection causing former Child World managers and Cole National executives to file a class-action lawsuit against Avon, accusing it of sabotaging the company so they could liquidate it and avoid payments to them. A further 54 stores were identified for closure as Child World focussed on 71 previously profitable Northeastern United States stores it sought funds to keep open. Lenders were not forthcoming and the business reported further losses. Avon sought a last ditch merger of Child World with Lionel Corporation's also financially troubled Lionel Kiddie City but were ultimately unable to agree terms. An “inventory clearance" sale became a liquidation; most headquarters staff were sacked, and by mid September 1992 Child World ceased to exist. Lionel Kiddie City went out of business one year later. Store design Child World was known largely for making its stores resemble castles, complete with turrets, battlements, and three arches (two small, one large) in the front door. The corporate logo was written in a "refrigerator magnet"-like typeface. The design started showing up in newer Child World stores after the 1977 acquisition of Children's Palace. After the company went out of business, some of the retailers that took over the Child World spaces retained the design, but most did not. Mascot The mascot for Child World was originally a cartoon rabbit named Happy Rabbit who sported the words "I'm Happy" on his T-shirt. He was later replaced by a cartoon panda bear named Peter Panda, often depicted wearing overalls with his name printed on them. In popular culture A Child World store that stood at 7600 West Roosevelt Road in Forest Park, Illinois (since demolished), was used in Martin Scorsese's 1986 film The Color of Money as the place where Vincent Lauria (Tom Cruise) worked as a toy-store clerk, and where retired pool hustler Eddie 'Fast Eddie' Felson (Paul Newman) came to see him to convince him to be his protégé in pool. Mark Wahlberg mentions it in Ted 2, as the place where Ted the foul-mouthed bear was purchased.	Child World
Oregon's 2006 statewide election included a May 16 primary election and a November 7 general election. Ten statewide ballot measures were on the November ballot. The following offices were up for election: Governor, Supreme Court Position 6 (to succeed Wallace P. Carson, Jr.), and numerous seats in the state legislature (House of Representatives and Senate), the state Circuit Courts, and the District Attorney's offices. Offices that were uncontested, or local to various towns, counties, or regions, were also on Oregon ballots. Such races are not listed on this page. Election process Both partisan and non-partisan offices were at stake in the 2006 election cycle. Oregon conducts partisan and non-partisan elections differently: For partisan offices (such as the state legislature and governor's races), major parties (Democratic and Republican) run candidates in the Primary to select their nominee for the General Election. (The state takes on the administrative and financial burden of primaries for the two major parties, while other parties determine their candidate according to whatever nominating process they choose.) A plurality (that is, more votes than any opponent) is sufficient for a major party candidate to win nomination; candidates need not get more than 50% of the vote to advance to the General Election. Non-partisan offices (such as judges, district attorneys, and superintendent) may be filled in the Primary, if any candidate wins a majority of the vote. If no candidate wins over 50% of the vote, however, the top two vote-winners will face each other in a runoff in the November General Election. County governments conduct the elections. Immediately after an election, their web sites are the best place to find accurate election results. The Secretary of State's office posts official results 30 days after an election. Voter statistics and turnout According to the Annual Oregon Population Report for 2005, the total estimated population of Oregon as of July 1, 2005 was 3,631,440, of which 2,765,827 were of voting age. Of these, 69,146 were ineligible to vote due to legal impediments, leaving an estimated 2,696,681 Oregonians eligible to vote. 1,976,669 voters were in fact registered for the 2006 election, 73.3% of those estimated eligible, and 70.8% of these registered voters or 1,399,650 voters actually did cast their ballots. Key: abbreviations of Oregon political parties (I) Independent Party of Oregon (C) Constitution Party of Oregon (D) Democratic Party of Oregon (G) Pacific Green Party of Oregon (L) Libertarian Party of Oregon (R) Republican Party of Oregon (N) non-affiliated (no party affiliation) Candidates (Legislative) U.S. Congress All five of Oregon's federal congressional districts in the U.S. House of Representatives were up for election in 2006. All incumbents (four Democrats, one Republican) won re-election. Neither of Oregon's US Senate seats was up for election in 2006. Current US Senators for Oregon: Gordon Smith (R) Ron Wyden (D) State Legislature In the bicameral Oregon Legislative Assembly, each of the 30 Senate districts is composed of exactly two House districts. Detailed district boundaries may be found at the Secretary of State's web site. Oregon's state house in its entirety comes up for election in even-numbered years. All 60 biennially elected seats in the House were up for election. Each seat has a 2-year term with no term limits. The Democrats won in 31 of 60 districts, gaining four seats and control of Oregon's state house for the first time since 1990. Oregon State Senators serve four-year terms without term limits. Their terms are staggered so that only half of the Senators are up for re-election every two even-numbered years. The Republicans lost one seat in the state senate, because Senator Westlund, although not up for election, switched first to non-partisan Independent to challenge for the governor's seat, then withdrew from that race and re-registered as a Democrat, gaining the Democrats one seat. The Democrats, however, also lost Senator Gordly, who was not up for election either, but she re-registered as a non-partisan Independent. Outside the party changes by these two individual Senators, no other seats in the Senate shifted party as a result of the election, although three incumbents declined to run for various reasons and another lost his primary. Most races were not strongly contested in the general election. In 60% of the legislative races, the "underdog" candidate raised less than 25% of the funds his or her opponent raised. Also, in 85% of the 75 legislative races, the winner was the candidate who raised more money. Candidates for the Oregon Senate and House are listed in the chart below. House districts are listed next to the Senate district to which they belong (rather than listing the Senate and House in separate charts.) The counties covered by each Senate district are listed in italics, with (parentheses) if the county extends into other districts. Box colors indicate party affiliation for both incumbents and General Election winners (light blue for Democrats, light red for Republicans). Names and statistics of general election winners are also boldfaced. For primary candidates, see Oregon primary election, 2006. Results {\| class="wikitable" \|- style="color:darkgreen" ! width=100 \| Senate District, incumbent, county(s) ! width=100 \| House District, incumbent ! width=100 \| Notes ! width=175 \| Candidates ! width=30 \| Votes Garnered ! width=20 \| Margin \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 1 Jeff Kruse (R) Curry (Coos) (Douglas) \| colspan=3\| This senate seat not up for election in 2006 \| \|- \| \|1 Wayne Krieger (R) \| \| Wayne Krieger (R) Robert Taylor (L) Write-ins \| \| 16,736 5,861 182 \| \| 73.47% 25.73% .80% \|- \| \|2 Susan Morgan (R) \| Morgan ran unopposed \| Susan Morgan (R) Write-ins \| \| 16,962 453 \| \| 97.40% 2.60% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 2 Jason Atkinson (R) Josephine \| colspan=3\| This senate seat not up for election in 2006 \|- \| \|3 Gordon Anderson (R) \| Anderson announced resignation after Primary filing deadline \| Ron Maurer (R) Howard Owens (D) Write-ins \| \| 14,394 8,645 47 \| \| 62.35% 37.45% .20% \|- \| \|4 Dennis Richardson (R) \| * editorial by Richardson \| Dennis Richardson (R) Richard Koopmans (D) Write-ins \| \| 16,604 7,214 71 \| \| 69.50% 30.20% .30% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 3 Alan C. Bates (D) Jackson \| \| \| Alan C. Bates (D) Lynn Aiello(R) Write-ins \| \| 30,552 17,321 92 \| \| 63.7% 36.11% .19% \|- \| \| 5 Peter Buckley (D) \| Buckley ran unopposed \| Peter Buckley (D) Write-ins \| \| 19,310 496 \| \| 97.50% 2.50% \|- \| \|6 Sal Esquivel (R) \| \| Sal Esquivel(R) Mike Moran (D) Write-ins \| \| 11,423 10,541 43 \| \| 51.91% 47.90% .20% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 4 Floyd Prozanski (D) (Douglas) (Lane) \| \| \| Floyd Prozanski (D) Bill Eddie (R) Write-ins \| \| 30,402 17,327 96 \| \| 63.57% 36.23% .20% \|- \| \| 7 Bruce Hanna (R) \| Laura Aviani-Skinner (I) filed but did not qualify, for the third time. \| Bruce Hanna (R) Write-ins \| \| 15,505 664 \| \| 95.89% 4.11% \|- \| \| 8 Paul Holvey (D) \| \| Paul R. Holvey (D) Andrew Hill (R) Write-ins \| \| 18,481 5,460 63 \| \| 76.99% 22.75% .26% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 5 Joanne Verger (D) Lincoln (Lane) (Douglas) (Coos) (Yamhill) (Tillamook) \| colspan=3\| This senate seat not up for election in 2006 \| \|- \| \|9 Arnie Roblan (D) \| \| Arnie Roblan (D) Al Pearn (R) Write-ins \| \| 13,340 9,793 32 \| \| 57.59% 42.27% .14% \|- \| \| 10 Alan Brown (R) \| \| Jean Cowan (D) Alan Brown (R) Write-ins \| \| 12,904 12,112 68 \| \| 51.44% 48.29% 0.14% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 6 Bill Morrisette (D) (Lane) (Linn) \| \| \|Bill Morrisette (D) Renee Lindsey (R) Write-ins \| \|14,753 30,161 99 \| \|32.77% 67.01% 0.22% \|- \| \|11 Phil Barnhart (D) \| \| Phil Barnhart (D) J. Oakley (R) Write-ins \| \| 16,206 10,009 57 \| \| 61.69% 38.10% 0.22% \|- \| \| 12 Elizabeth Terry Beyer (D) \| \| Terry Beyer (D) Bill Lioio (R) Write-ins \| \| 11,015 6,093 36 \| \| 64.25% 35.54% 0.21% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\|7 Vicki Walker (D) (Lane) \| \| \| Vicki Walker (D) Jim Torrey (R) Write-ins \| \| 25,667 23,962 134 \| \| 51.58% 48.15% 0.27% \|- \| \| 13 Robert Ackerman (D) \|Thomas Ray Albright, Republican nominee, withdrew August 1; replaced by Monica Johnson, loser of Republican primary to challenge for Oregon's 4th District U.S. House. That challenge was also lost. \| Nancy Nathanson (D) Monica Johnson (R) Write-ins \| \| 17,505 6,622 73 \| \| 72.33% 27.36% 0.30% \|- \| \|14 Debi Farr (R) \| \| Chris Edwards (D) Debi Farr (R) Write-ins \| \|12,320 11,257 56 \| \|52.13% 47.63% 0.24% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 8 Frank Morse (R) (Benton) (Linn) \| \| \| Frank Morse (R) Mario E. Magana Write-ins \| \|27,127 18,767 134 \| \|58.94% 40.77% 0.29% \|- \| \|15 Andy Olson (R) \| \| Andy Olson (R) Sam H.W Sappington (D) Write-ins \| \| 16,317 7,634 47 \| \| 67.99% 31.81% 0.20% \|- \| \| 16 Sara Gelser (D) \| \| Sara Gelser (D) Robin M. Brown (R) Write-ins \| \| 15,058 7,252 40 \| \| 67.37% 32.45% 0.18% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 9 Roger Beyer (R) (Clackamas) (Linn) \| colspan=3\| This senate seat not up for election in 2006 \| \|- \| \|17 Jeff Kropf (R) \| Kropf dropped out of the race in July. Girod was chosen 8/13 as the new nominee. (another article in Albany Democrat-Herald) \| Fred Girod (R) Dan Thackaberry (D) Write-ins \| \|12,658 8,682 91 \| \|59.06% 40.51% 0.42% \|- \| \|18 Mac Sumner (R) \| Sumner announced his resignation shortly after winning the election. \| Mac Sumner (R) Jim Gilbert (D) Roger Shipman (C) Write-ins \| \| 11,526 9,840 504 34 \| \| 52.62% 44.92% 2.30% 0.16% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 10 Jackie Winters (R) (Marion) \| \| \|Jackie Winters (R) Paul Evans (D) Write-ins \| \|24,641 21,232 99 \| \|53.60% 46.18% 0.22% \|- \| \| 19 Kevin Cameron (R) \| Jerry DeFoe was chosen 6/3 as the Libertarian nominee, filed 6/5, then withdrew 6/23 and instead challenged for Oregon's 5th District U.S. House seat and lost. \|Kevin Cameron (R) Brian Grisham (D) Write-ins \| \| 12,506 9,529 54 \| \| 56.62% 43.14% 0.24% \|- \| \|20 Vicki Berger (R) \| \|Vicki Berger (R) Connie Garcia (D) Write-ins \| \| 13,382 9,040 79 \| \| 59.47% 40.18% 0.35% \|- style="color:darkgreen" ! Senate District, incumbent, county(s) ! House District, incumbent ! Notes ! Candidates ! Votes Garnered ! Margin \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 11 Peter Courtney (D) (Marion) \| \| \| Peter Courtney(D) Jared Thatcher (R) Keith Humphrey (C) Write-ins \| \|15,593 10,814 767 49 \| \|57.28% 39.72% 2.82% 0.18% \|- \| \| 21 Billy Dalto (R) \| August article in Statesman-Journal \| Brian Clem (D) Billy Dalto (R) Write-ins \| \| 9,598 6,025 101 \| \| 61.04% 38.32% 0.64% \|- \| \|22 Betty Komp (D) \| \| Betty Komp (D) Carl Wieneke (R) Michael Marsh (C) Write-ins \| \| 5,830 5,090 381 22 \| \| 51.49% 44.95% 3.36% 0.19% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 12 Gary George (R) (Polk) (Yamhill) \| colspan=3\| This senate seat not up for election in 2006 \| \|- \| \| 23 Brian Boquist (R) \| \| Brian Boquist (R) Jason Brown (D) Paul Delaney (L) Write-ins \| \| 13,422 8,760 942 27 \| \| 57.98% 37.84% 4.07% 0.12% \|- \| \| 24 Donna G. Nelson (R) \| Statesman Journal Endorses Peralta, News Register Endorses Peralta \| Donna G. Nelson (R) Sal Peralta (D) David Terry (L) Write-ins \| \| 11,206 10,847 85 160 \| \| 48.58% 47.03% 3.69% 0.69% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 13 Charles Starr (R) (Washington) (Yamhill) (Polk) \| \| Incumbent Senator Starr lost his party's primary to Larry George. \| Larry George (R) Rick Ross (D) Write-ins \| \|26,504 18,318 117 \| \|58.98% 40.76% 0.26% \|- \| \|25 Kim Thatcher (R) \| \| Kim Thatcher (R) Charles E. Lee (D) Write-ins \| \|11,956 8,977 38 \| \|57.01% 42.81% 0.18% \|- \| \|26 Jerry Krummel (R) \| \| Jerry Krummel (R) Lee Coleman (D) Charles F. Radley (L) Write-ins \| \| 14,424 9,313 617 33 \| \|59.15% 38.19% 2.53% 0.14% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 14 Ryan Deckert (D) (Washington) \| colspan=3\| This senate seat not up for election in 2006 \| \|- \| \|27 Mark Hass (D) \| Incumbent Representative Hass declined to run for a fourth term. \| Tobias Read (D) Dominic Biggi (R) Write-ins \| \| 14,325 9,706 43 \| \| 59.50% 40.32% 0.18% \|- \| \|28 Jeff Barker (D) \| \| Jeff Barker (D) Eldon Derville-Teer (R) Write-ins \| \|10,924 5,912 86 \| \|64.56% 34.94% 0.51% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 15 Bruce Starr (R) (Washington) \| \| Oregonian profile of Napolitano \| Bruce Starr (R) John Napolitano (D) Write-ins \| \|19,973 16,308 71 \| \|54.94% 44.86% 0.20% \|- \| \|29 Chuck Riley (D) \| \| Chuck Riley (D) Terry Rilling (R) Scott Harwood (L) Write-ins \| \| 7,987 6,659 769 34 \| \| 51.70% 43.10% 4.98% 0.22% \|- \| \|30 Derrick Kitts (R) \| Kitts challenged incumbent David Wu for Oregon's 1st US Congress District and lost. \| David Edwards (D) Everett Curry (R) Ken Cunningham (C) Write-ins \| \| 12,253 8,965 442 38 \| \| 56.47% 41.32% 2.04% 0.18% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 16 Betsy Johnson (politician) (D) Clatsop Columbia (Tillamook) (Washington) \| \| \| Betsy Johnson (politician) (D) Don Fell (R) Robert J. Simmering (C) Write-ins \| \| 30,645 16,040 1,429 85 \| \|63.58% 33.28% 2.96% 0.18% \|- \| \|31 Brad Witt (D) \| \| Brad Witt (D) Mike Kocher (R) Bob Ekström (C) Write-ins \| \|13,975 6,955 2,802 62 \| \|58.73% 29.23% 11.78% 0.26% \|- \| \|32 Deborah Boone (D) \| \| Deborah Boone (D) Norm Myers (R) Write-ins \| \| 14,876 9,112 61 \| \|61.86% 37.89% 0.25% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 17 Charlie Ringo (D) (Multnomah) \| \| Incumbent Senator Ringo declined to run January 12, 2006 \| Brad Avakian (D) Piotr Kuklinski (R) Richard Whitehead (L) John R. Pivarnik (C) Write-ins \| \| 31,612 13,497 1,445 371 89 \| \|67.24% 28.71% 3.07% 0.79% 0.19% \|- \| \|33 Mitch Greenlick (D) \| \| Mitch Greenlick (D) Mark Eggleston (R) David E. Long (L) Write-ins \| \|19,481 7,378 1,080 62 \| \|69.57% 26.35% 3.86% 0.22% \|- \| \|34 Brad Avakian (D) \| Incumbent Representative Avakian ran in Oregon's 17th Senate district race and won, after Incumbent Senator Ringo declined to run. \| Suzanne Bonamici (D) Joan Draper (R) Gregory F. Rohde (L) Write-ins \| \|11,780 6,902 439 27 \| \|61.52% 36.05% 2.29% 0.14% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 18 Ginny Burdick (D) (Multnomah) (Washington) \| colspan=3\| This senate seat not up for election in 2006 \| \|- \| \|35 Larry Galizio (D) \| \| Larry Galizio (D) Shirley Parsons (R) Write-ins \| \|12,628 10,000 47 \| \|55.69% 44.10% 0.21% \|- \| \|36 Mary Nolan (D) \| \|Mary Nolan (D) Frank Dane (L) Write-ins \| \|20,344 3,520 137 \| \|84.76% 14.67% 0.57% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 19 Richard Devlin (D) (Clackamas) \| \| Independent candidate Christie M. Schaefer was listed at one point but failed to qualify enough signatures. \| Richard Devlin (D) David Newell (R) Marc Delphine (L) Write-ins \| \|30,963 18,299 1,218 65 \| \|61.26% 36.20% 2.41% 0.13% \|- \| \|37 Scott Bruun (R) \| Oregonian article about two of the candidates \| Scott Bruun (R) Bev Backa (D) David M. Akin (L) Write-ins \| \|12,531 10,461 507 20 \| \|53.28% 44.48% 2.16% 0.09% \|- \| \|38 Greg Macpherson (D) \| \| Greg Macpherson (D) Fred Bremner (R) Write-ins \| \|18,361 8,335 45 \| \|68.66% 31.17% 0.17% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 20 Kurt Schrader (D) (Clackamas) \| \| Schrader ran unopposed. Thomas F. Lemons (R) won his Republican primary for the district, but withdrew July 20. \| Kurt Schrader (D) Write-ins \| \|28,530 1,154 \| \|96.11% 3.89% \|- \| \|39 Wayne Scott (R) \| \| Wayne Scott (R) Mike Caudle (D) Wes Wagner (L) Write-ins \| \|12,247 9,214 819 51 \| \|54.84% 41.26% 3.67% 0.23% \|- \| \|40 Dave Hunt (D) \| Hunt ran unopposed. \| Dave Hunt (D) Write-ins \| \|13,606 418 \| \|97.02% 2.98% \|- style="color:darkgreen" ! Senate District, incumbent, county(s) ! House District, incumbent ! Notes ! Candidates ! Votes Garnered ! Margin \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 21 Kate Brown (D) (Multnomah) \| colspan=3\| This senate seat not up for election in 2006 \| \|- \| \|41 Carolyn Tomei (D) \| Incumbent Representative Tomei ran unopposed. \| Carolyn Tomei (D) Write-ins \| \|15,998 510 \| \|96.91% 3.09% \|- \| \|42 Diane Rosenbaum (D) \| \| Diane Rosenbaum (D) Jeff Cropp (G) Write-ins \| \|20,325 3,870 155 \| \|83.47% 15.89% 0.64% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 22 Margaret Carter (D) (Multnomah) \| colspan=3\| This senate seat not up for election in 2006 \| \|- \| \|43 Chip Shields \| Incumbent Representative Shields ran unopposed. \|Chip Shields (D) Write-ins \| \|18,340 378 \| \|97.98% 2.02% \|- \| \|44 Gary Hansen (D) \| Incumbent Representative Hansen ran for Multnomah County Commissioner in District 2, and won. \| Tina Kotek (D) Jay Kushner (R) Write-ins \| \|13,931 3,645 97 \| \|78.83% 20.62% 0.55% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 23 Avel Gordly (I) (Multnomah) \| colspan=3\| This senate seat not up for election in 2006. Senator Gordly dropped her Democratic Party affiliation to register as a non-partisan Independent in June 2006. \|- \| \|45 Jackie Dingfelder (D) \| \| Jackie Dingfelder (D) Dick Osborne (R) Write-ins \| \|18,460 4,603 73 \| \|79.79% 19.90% 0.32% \|- \| \|46 Steve March (D) \| Incumbent Representative March ran for Multnomah County Auditor, and lost. \| Ben Cannon (D) William Cornett (R) Paul Loney (G) Write-ins \| \|16,348 3,493 1,318 75 \| \|76.99% 16.45% 6.21% 0.35% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 24 Frank Shields (D) (Multnomah) \| \| Incumbent Senator Shields withdrew from the race 3/9/2006. \| Rod Monroe (D) T.J. Reilly (R) Ron McCarty (I) Write-ins \| \|17,304 15,483 2,653 85 \| \|48.71% 43.58% 7.47% 0.24% \|- \| \|47 Jeff Merkley (D) \| \| Jeff Merkley (D) Bruce McCain (R) Write-ins \| \|11,106 6,192 65 \| \|63.96% 35.66% 0.37% \|- \| \|48 Mike Schaufler (D) \| Republican nominee Dave Mowry withdrew on July 21. \| Mike Schaufler (D) N. W. (Bill) Stallings (C) Write-ins \| \|11,262 3,672 232 \| \|74.26% 24.21% 1.53% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 25 Laurie Monnes Anderson (Multnomah) (D) \| colspan=3\| This senate seat not up for election in 2006 \| \|- \| \|49 Karen Minnis (R) \| Brad Fudge (L) filed for the ballot, but was disqualified on Sept. 1. Oregonian coverage of Brading's complaint about campaign tactics \| Karen Minnis (R) Rob Brading (D) Write-ins \| \|8,601 7,911 92 \| \|51.80% 47.65% 0.55% \|- \| \|50 John Lim (R) \| Statesman-Journal story about ethics investigation into Lim's travel \| John Lim (R) Jill Selman-Ringer (D) Brian D. Lowery (L) Write-ins \| \|11,362 6,107 557 48 \| \|62.86% 33.79% 3.08% 0.27% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 26 Rick Metsger (D) (Multnomah) (Clackamas) Hood River \| \| \| Rick Metsger (D) Carol York (R) Write-ins \| \|25,183 18,964 81 \| \|56.94% 42.88% 0.18% \|- \| \|51 Linda Flores (R) \| \| Linda Flores (R) Ryan Olds (D) Write-ins \| \|11,926 8,755 30 \| \|57.58% 42.27% 0.14% \|- \| \|52 Patti Smith (R) \| \| Patti Smith (R) Suzanne VanOrman (D) Write-ins \| \|12,588 9,994 34 \| \|55.66% 44.19% 0.15% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 27 Ben Westlund (D) (Deschutes) \| colspan=3\| This senate seat not up for election in 2006. Westlund dropped (R) party affil to run for governor as an indep. Withdrew from gov. race 8/10/06. \| \|- \| \|53 Gene Whisnant (R) \| \| Gene Whisnant (R) Bill A. Smith (D) Write-ins \| \|16,527 11,406 31 \| \|59.10% 40.79% 0.11% \|- \| \|54 Chuck Burley (R) \| \| Chuck Burley (R) Phil Philiben (D) Write-ins \| \|14,780 11,873 67 \| \|55.31% 44.43% 0.25% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 28 Doug Whitsett (R) Lake Crook Klamath (Deschutes) (Jackson) \| colspan=3\| This senate seat not up for election in 2006 \| \|- \| \|55 George Gilman (R) \| Incumbent Representative Gilman ran unopposed. \| George Gilman (R) Write-ins \| \|16,491 417 \| \|97.53% 2.47% \|- \| \|56 Bill Garrard (R) \| \| Bill Garrard (R) James Calvert (D) Write-ins \| \|13,759 6,855 46 \| \|66.60% 33.18% 0.22% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 29 David Nelson (R) Morrow Umatilla Union Wallowa \| colspan=3\| This senate seat not up for election in 2006 \| \|- \| \|57 Greg Smith (R) \| Nancy Wolfe won the Democratic party primary, but withdrew. St. Germain was nominated to take her place 8/7/06. \| Greg Smith (R) Tonia St. Germain (D) Write-ins \| \|14,119 6,058 45 \| \|69.82% 29.96% 0.22% \|- \| \|58 Bob Jenson (R) \| \| Bob Jenson (R) Ben Talley (D) Write-ins \| \|10,194 4,629 31 \| \|68.63% 31.16% 0.21% \|- valign="top" \| rowspan=3\| 30 Ted Ferrioli (R) Wasco Sherman Gilliam Jefferson Wheeler (Deschutes) Grant Baker Harney Malheur \| colspan=3\| This senate seat not up for election in 2006 \| \|- \| \|59 John H. Dallum (R) \| \| John H. Dallum (R) Jim Gilbertson (D) Write-ins \| \|10,733 10,453 32 \| \|50.58% 49.26% 0.15% \|- \| \|60 R. Tom Butler (R) \| \| R. Tom Butler (R) Peter Hall (D) Write-ins \| \|13,362 4,575 46 \| \|74.30% 25.44% 0.26% \|- style="color:darkgreen" ! Senate District, incumbent, county(s) ! House District, incumbent ! Notes ! Candidates ! Votes Garnered ! Margin \|} Candidates (Executive) Oregon Blue Book list of elected executive officials Governor Incumbent Governor Ted Kulongoski (D) won the election. Democratic Party winner in primary: Ted Kulongoski (incumbent) losers in primary: Jim Hill, Pete Sorenson Republican Party winner in primary: Ron Saxton losers in primary: Jason A. Atkinson, Kevin Mannix, W. Ames Curtright, David W. Beem, William E. Spidal, Gordon Leitch, Bob Leonard Forthan Pacific Green Party Joe Keating Constitution Party Libertarian Party Richard Morley Independent Ben Westlund gathered enough signatures to appear on the ballot, but withdrew from the race August 10. Labor Commissioner Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor and Industrieswinner in primary: Dan Gardner Superintendent of Schools Superintendent of Public Instructionwinner in primary: Susan Castillo loser in primary: Deborah L. Andrews Candidates (Judicial) Many judicial positions are not contested. Incumbents are rarely opposed, and when they resign, it is often timed such that the Governor chooses their replacement. If a judicial position becomes vacant and the governor declines to make an appointment, it must be filled at the next general election. If it is not too late to file for a primary election, candidates will appear on that ballot in the first round of a runoff election. If there is no primary before the next general election, all candidates appear on the general election ballot, and a plurality vote may determine the winner. Oregon Supreme Court Position 2 Incumbent Judge Paul De Muniz sought reelection and was the only candidate to file. He won easily in the primary election against only write-in candidate opposition. Position 3 Incumbent Judge Robert D. (Skip) Durham sought reelection and was the only candidate to file. He won easily in the primary election against only write-in candidate opposition. Position 6 Incumbent Judge Wallace P. Carson, Jr. of Oregon Supreme Court, Position 6, decided to retire after 34 years on the bench. Three candidates entered the race to succeed him: Virginia Linder, who had since 1997 been an Oregon Court of Appeals judge (winner) Jack Roberts, former Oregon Commissioner of Labor and Industries W. Eugene (Gene) Hallman, Pendleton attorney No candidate received a majority in the primary election, and Linder and Roberts advanced to the general election. Linder won by 51.75 percent of the vote. Oregon Court of Appeals Circuit Court Judge of the Circuit Court, 1st District, Position 5 (Jackson County) Raymond B. White - 21,070 Other - 240Judge of the Circuit Court, 1st District, Position 9 (Jackson County) Primary: Ron Grensky - 15,197 Lisa C. Greif - 11,651 Joe Charter - 4,762 Paul L. Henderson III - 1,602 Other - 49 Runoff: Ron Grensky - 39,954 Lisa C. Greif - 29,291 Other - 130Judge of the Circuit Court, 2nd District, Position 1 (Lane County) Karsten H. Rasmussen - 39,897 Other - 307Judge of the Circuit Court, 2nd District, Position 3 (Lane County) Lyle C. Velure - 38,112 Other - 594Judge of the Circuit Court, 2nd District, Position 9 (Lane County) Gregory G. Foote - 40,765 Other - 367Judge of the Circuit Court, 2nd District, Position 14 (Lane County) Debra Vogt - 64,209 Alan Leiman - 49,156 Other - 470Judge of the Circuit Court, 4th District, Position 4 (Multnomah County) Adrienne C. Nelson - 134,269 Other - 3,464Judge of the Circuit Court, 4th District, Position 28 (Multnomah County) Judith Hudson Matarazzo - 39,782 Mary Overgaard - 38,323 James J. McIntyre - 31,408 Mark K. Kramer - 25,046 Ulanda L. Watkins - 18,368 Christopher D. Wright - 11,641 Charles L. Best - 8,961 Theodore E. Sims - 7,652 James E. Leuenberger - 2,506 Other - 1,580Judge of the Circuit Court, 4th District, Position 31 (Multnomah County) Cheryl Albrecht - 93,528 Kathleen Payne - 78,778 Other - 1,836Judge of the Circuit Court, 4th District, Position 37 (Multnomah County) Leslie Roberts - 116,321 Other - 34,227Judge of the Circuit Court, 6th District, Position 5 (Morrow and Umatilla counties) Christopher R. Brauer - 11,003 Annetta L. Spicer - 8,631 Other - 45Judge of the Circuit Court, 14th District, Position 2 (Josephine County) Pat Wolke - 19,204 Other - 367Judge of the Circuit Court, 15th District, Position 3 (Coos and Cutty counties) Jesse Margolis - 7,569 Other - 7,449Judge of the Circuit Court, 16th District, Position 5 (Douglas County) George Ambrosini - 20,741 William (Bill) Marshal - 11,810 Nancy Cook - 5,620 Other - 52Judge of the Circuit Court, 18th District, Position 3 (Clatsop County) Cindee S. Matyahs - 7,392 Don H. Haller, III - 5,829 Other - 23Judge of the Circuit Court, 20th District, Position 6 (Washington County) Charlie Bailey''' - 71,811 Vincent A. Deguc - 41,813 Other - 578 District Attorneys See also Oregon primary election, 2006 Oregon gubernatorial election, 2006 Portland, Oregon area elections, 2006 Seventy-third Oregon Legislative Assembly Seventy-fourth Oregon Legislative Assembly	2006 Oregon elections
"Leningrad" is a 1989 song written and performed by American singer and songwriter Billy Joel. The song was originally released on his album Storm Front on the Columbia Records label, and went on to be released as a single in Europe only. It was also released on his Greatest Hits, Vol. 3 compilation. The song title is derived from the contemporary name of St. Petersburg, Russia. Synopsis The song was written by Joel about a Russian clown named Viktor Razinov, whom he met while touring the Soviet Union in 1987. Throughout the song, major items of Viktor's and Billy's lives are compared to show the cultural differences and similarities of the United States and the Soviet Union. In the song, Billy describes Viktor's life as one of many Soviet children who lost fathers during World War II, specifically during the siege of Leningrad. He enlisted in the Red Army, drank vodka to fight the pain, and then became a circus clown, bringing joy to Russian children. Billy described his childhood life as being "born in '49, a Cold War kid in McCarthy time". He briefly describes his life living in Levittown, and the fear of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Billy also makes a reference to the Korean War, a proxy war to the Cold War, as well as the Vietnam War. In the end, the two meet after Billy's Leningrad concert (Viktor had journeyed across Russia to see all six of the Russian concerts), where Viktor draws a laugh from Billy's daughter Alexa. Billy and Viktor embrace afterwards. In the song's last line, Billy sings: "We never knew what friends we had, until we came to Leningrad." The quote is printed on the single cover, but not on the cover of the 4-track CD, which instead features the titles of the extra songs: "Goodnight Saigon", "Vienna", and "Scandinavian Skies". In 2015, Razinov traveled to New York to see Billy Joel's concert in Madison Square Garden. For this reunion, Joel played "Leningrad", which he rarely plays live. The backup vocals for this song were sung by members of the Hicksville High School Choir. It was a group of students selected by Hicksville High School choir director, Charles "Chuck" Arnold, who wrote the harmonies. Mr. Arnold was retiring in 1989 and had remained in touch with Billy Joel, since Billy had gone to high school in Hicksville before quitting to start his music career. He offered this opportunity to Mr. Arnold's students as a tribute to him and his influence on Billy in his early years. Mr. Arnold was later singled out at a sold out Denver CO show on Thursday, Aug. 8, 2019. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts See also List of anti-war songs	Leningrad (song)
Kvisla may refer to the following locations: Kvisla in Hol municipality, Buskerud Kvisla in Engerdal municipality, Hedmark	Kvisla
Snap music (also known as ringtone rap or snap rap) is a subgenre of hip hop music derived from crunk that originated in southern United States in the 2000s, in Bankhead, West Atlanta, United States. It achieved mainstream popularity throughout the mid-late 2000s, but declined shortly thereafter. Popular snap artists include D4L, Dem Franchize Boys and K-Rab. Tracks commonly consist of an 808 bass drum, hi-hat, bass, snapping, a main groove and a vocal track. Snap songs may also incorporate whistling. Hit snap songs include "Lean wit It, Rock wit It" by Dem Franchize Boys, "Snap Yo Fingers" by Lil Jon, "Laffy Taffy" by D4L, "It's Goin' Down" by Yung Joc and "Crank That (Soulja Boy)" by Soulja Boy Tell 'Em, and voted one of "The 15 Best Snap Music Songs of All-Time" is "Look at Her" by One Chance. Crunk has been called the "predecessor of snap". Hip Hop DX magazine described snap music as a "laid back version of its forbearer, crunk music". History It is suggested that snap music appeared around 2000 in a crime-infested neighborhood of Bankhead, Atlanta, Georgia. Bankhead was a place where the difference between poor and rich was striking, and, as it has been described, "a lighter sound" of snap was born "in the midst of all the aggression." Very soon after its creation, snap music took on another type of music of Atlanta - crunk. In 2003, Dem Franchize Boys, who had already produced some snap hits for local clubs by the time, got signed to Universal Music Group. It has been said that weak promotion and the decision of Universal Music to put out the debut album of Dem Franchize Boys and Nelly's "Sweat and Suit" the same day were reasons why their first album wasn't a success. In 2005, they got the attention of Jermaine Dupri, who remixed their single "I Think They Like Me" and signed them to So So Def. The remix of "I Think They Like Me" topped the Hot Rap/R&B songs chart and reached #15 on the Billboard Hot 100. Jermaine Dupri was later described as the key figure in bringing snap music into the mainstream. Another Atlanta based group, D4L, were performing at Atlanta's Vision Nightclub and Lounge alongside 8Ball, Keyshia Cole and Slim Thug at the time. In 2005, they produced "Laffy Taffy", which occupied the number one position on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Their debut album, Down for Life, was certified gold by RIAA. D4L and Dem Franchize Boys started a rivalry over who started snap. As Fabo of D4L mentioned, Dem Franchize Boys were looked down upon by members of the community, and were referred to as "label prostitutes" there. However, The New York Times stated that lyric-oriented producers like T.I. and Young Jeezy get way more respect in Atlanta, than acts like D4L, where snap music is seen as light club music as opposed to "heavy street" music of ones like T.I. As this rivalry continued, the resident DJ of Atlanta's Pool Palace, DJ T-Roc claimed that K-Rab was making snap long before Dem Franchize Boys and D4L. There are other facts telling that K-Rab could be the original creator of snap - he produced "Laffy Taffy" and his voice can be heard on the early snap hits, like "Do the Pool Palace" and "Bubble Gum". 2005 and 2006 saw snap music's rise to mainstream popularity. On January 12, 2006, The New York Times reviewed "Laffy Taffy". While analyzing the song's structure, the author noted that "On the hip-hop prestige scale, goofy dance songs like 'Laffy Taffy' don't rate very high." The review also touched the broader topic of snap music with a conclusion, that it's hardly possible that major record label catches on this sound, as they, in the opinion of the author, needed something "more serious" than snap. It was also noted that snap does very well with the digital download system, as "cheap" snap and cheap cost of digital tracks (99 cents for "Laffy Taffy") fit well. There was another hit with the popping sound in the place of the snare drum that reached the number 3 position on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2006, Yung Joc's "It's Goin' Down". Billboard magazine claimed that the popping sounds of "It's Going Down", however, weren't fingersnapping. Crunk producer Lil Jon also increased exposure of the snap genre to the mainstream by releasing his single "Snap Yo Fingers", which peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100. Snap continued to maintain a strong presence on the mainstream Billboard charts in 2007. In late 2007, then 17-year-old American rapper Soulja Boy released his hit "Crank That", which enjoyed the number one position on the Billboard Hot 100 for 7 weeks, and was nominated for a Grammy and became one of the biggest hits of the year, advancing the influence of snap music on the Billboard charts, as well as furthering delving into the crunk genre. During the same year, a number of websites specializing in crunk mixtapes opened, increasing exposure to the genre. R&B singer T-Pain's snap song "Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')" ranks #63 on Rolling Stones list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007. It was also a number-one on the Hot 100 and was number 68 in Rolling Stones "Best Songs of 2007" list. In February 2008, Atlanta rapper V.I.C. released his hit snap single "Get Silly" which peaked at #29 on the Billboard Hot 100 and garnered single sales of 500,000 copies sold. This popularity even spilled over into comedy, as The Boondocks portrayed "The Story of Gangstalicious", a rapper whose hit within the show was "Homies Over Hoes", a clear homage to "Laffy Taffy". Snap&B In 2006, Vibe magazine mentioned the subgenre of snap, "snap&B'''" in connection to the Cherish album Unappreciated. Vibe stated a concern whether snap&B could take on crunk&B, which was too popular at the time. Vibe'' also pointed to one characteristic trait of snap&B, saying that, unlike slow jams which may feature snapping, a track should be "pop" as well to be called "snap&B". See also Crunk Trap music Drill music Bounce music Gangsta rap G-funk	Snap music
Apatura metis, the Freyer's purple emperor, is a species of butterfly found in the Palearctic. Appearance Freyer's purple emperor has dark wings with reddish and yellow bands. The wings of the male are bluish purple if seen from the right angle. In appearance, it resembles Apatura ilia. However, it differs significantly from it by a stepped protrusion in the middle of the outer edge of the postdiscal band of the hindwings. The ground colour of the wings above is usually dark brown, with a light orange postdiscal band, an orange marginal band, and a field of the same colour in the median cell of the forewings. A blind ocellus is located in the anal corner of the fore and hind wings. There are four dark spots within the light field of the median cell of the forewings. Below, the wings are light, orange-brown, with a greenish coating. The body is large, dark, covered with reddish hairs above and white hairs below. The femora are white, the tibia and feet are reddish. The palps are pointed to the apex. Antennae are long, dark, with rufous margins below, at the base and at the ends of the clubs. The wings of males with a purple tint of their main background. For the Seitz accoont of metis see Apatura ilia Systematics Freyer's purple emperor belongs to the genus Apatura, subfamily Apaturinae. The species is divided into seven subspecies: Apatura metis metis (Freyer, 1829) (south-eastern Europe) Apatura metis bunea (Herrich-Schäffer, 1845) (south-European Russia, Caucasus) Apatura metis substituta (Butler, 1873) (Japan) Apatura metis irtyshika (Korshunov, 1982) (south-western Siberia, Kazakhstan) Apatura metis separata (Tuzov, 2000) (Transbaikalia) Apatura metis heijona (Matsumura, 1928) (Korea, Amur and Ussuri regions) Apatura metis doii (Matsumura, 1928) (Kurile islands) Habitat and ecology Freyer's purple emperor usually inhabits forests and is often found nearby rivers and streams. The female spends the majority of her life in the foliage. The largest habitat of the animal is the Gemenc forest in southern Hungary. Although it is one of the rarest animals in Europe, it can be seen in large quantities there. In Europe, Freyer's purple emperor usually has one, sometimes two generations, the first in May and June, the second in July and August. The caterpillars feed on willow species. This species is stoutly protected in Europe. The nominal worth of a single specimen is HUF50,000, which equals about US$238. Gallery	Apatura metis
Fire in the Hole is the fifth studio album by American hip hop group Brand Nubian. It was released on August 10, 2004 via Babygrande Records. Recording sessions took place at State Street Studios in Brooklyn. Production was handled by members DJ Alamo, Grand Puba, Sadat X, and Lord Jamar, who also served as executive producer together with Chuck Wilson. It features guest appearances from Starr and Aisha Mike. The album made it to No. 57 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in the United States. Critical reception Fire in the Hole was met with generally favorable reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 68, based on seven reviews. Steve 'Flash' Juon of RapReviews.com praised the album, saying: "may be one of 2004's most important rap records". Spin reviewer called it "a snappier comeback than 1998's Foundation". Writing for Pitchfork, Jamin Warren stated: "unfortunately, Fire in the Hole fails to invoke any effective nostalgia as it phlegmatically wanders through 12 solid but unexciting tracks". In mixed reviews, AllMusic's Andy Kellman wrote: "few will ever refer to this as a classic, though even fewer will ever think of this as a poor showing". Gabe Gloden of Stylus Magazine found: "unfortunately, even when they attempt to paint a serious social commentary, they can’t seem to suppress their sophomoric potty humor". Track listing Personnel Lorenzo "Lord Jamar" DeChalus – vocals, producer (tracks: 1-5, 8-12), additional producer (track 7), recording, executive producer Maxwell "Grand Puba" Dixon – vocals, producer (tracks: 7, 11) Derek "Sadat X" Murphy – vocals, producer (track 3) K. "DJ Alamo" Jones – producer (tracks: 4, 6) Starr – vocals (tracks: 3, 5) Aisha Mike – vocals (track 11) Bernard Grobman – guitar (track 5) Chris Conway – mixing Emily Lazar – mastering Sarah Register – additional mastering Charles "Chuck" Wilson, Jr. – executive producer Jeff Chenault – art direction, design Dennis Edwards – photography Seth Kushner – photography Jesse Stone – marketing Charts	Fire in the Hole (album)
Mitra Hajjar (; born February 4, 1977) is an Iranian actress. She has received various accolades, including a Crystal Simorgh, in addition to nominations for three Hafez Award, an Iran Cinema Celebration Award and an Iran's Film Critics and Writers Association Award. Career Hajjar started acting with "Strangely" directed by Ahmad Amini. She has also starred in TV series, most notably "Young Police". She has acted in the theatrical show "Uncle Vania" in France. In 2005, she left Iran for France, and then went to America to study directorship. She lived abroad for 3 years, and she also played in an episode of the American Show "Smith". She received a nomination for the best actress in a supporting role for the movie "Long Goodbye". Hajjar was named the best actress in her film Wishbone. Selected filmography The Cry, 1999 Born under Libra, 2001 Protest, 2000 Killing Mad Dogs, 2001 Nights of Tehran 2001 Rokhsareh, 2002 The Poisonous Mushroom, 2002 Pink (2003 film), 2003 Alghazali - The Alchemist of happiness, 2004 The Intruder, 2002 Loser, 2002 The Fugitive, 2003 The Crime, 2004 It's Winter, 2006 The Secrets, 2007 This Is Not A Love Song, 2007 The Hunter, 2010 Anahita, 2010 Motherless, 2022	Mitra Hajjar
Majority (absolute majority), a mathematic concept, is the greater part, or more than half, of the total. Majority may also refer to: Plurality, sometimes referred to as "relative majority" Majority (sociology), related to the minority group Age of majority, the threshold of adulthood in law Majority function in Boolean algebra The office held by a member of the armed forces in the rank of major Majority (film), a 2010 Turkish drama film See also Major (disambiguation) Majority opinion, a judicial opinion agreed to by more than half of the members of a court Social science disambiguation pages	Majority (disambiguation)
School District 6 Rocky Mountain is a school district in South Eastern British Columbia. This includes the major centres of Kimberley, Invermere and Golden. History School District 6 Rocky Mountain was formed in 1996 by the amalgamation of School District 3 (Kimberley), School District 4 (Windermere) and School District 18 (Golden). Schools Trustees See also List of school districts in British Columbia	School District 6 Rocky Mountain
Scotty Lake is the name of three lakes in the U.S. state of Alaska: A one-mile-long (1.6 km) lake in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough, located along near the Parks Highway at , six miles (9.7 km) west of Talkeetna. A 0.7-mile-long (1,130 m) lake in Denali National Park and Preserve, Denali Borough, located at , 21 miles (34 km) northwest of Mount Russell, in southwestern Denali Borough. In the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, at .	Scotty Lake
Joy Mukherjee (24 February 1939 – 9 March 2012) was an Indian actor and director. He was titled as the 'heart throb of the 1960s and 1970s'. Family background Joy Mukherjee was the son of Sashadhar Mukherjee and Sati Devi. His father was a successful producer and a co-founder of Filmalaya Studios. His uncles were director Subodh Mukherjee, Ashok Kumar, Anoop Kumar and Kishore Kumar. Joy Mukherjee was educated in Col. Brown Cambridge School in Dehra Dun and St. Xavier College. His wife's name is Neelam and they had two sons and a daughter. Career Joy debuted opposite Sadhana in the film Love in Simla (1960), directed by R. K. Nayyar. He then starred with Asha Parekh for several hits like Phir Wohi Dil Laya Hoon, Love in Tokyo, Ziddi and Hum Hindustani. Some of his films like Aao Pyar Karen and Shagird (opposite Saira Bano), Ek Musafir Ek Haseena with Sadhna, Ishaara with Vyjayantimala and Jee Chahta Hai with Rajashree were superhit movies. Most of his movies had hit music. By the late 1960s, acting roles began drying up, so he began directing and producing. He produced and directed Humsaya although this films did not do well. Despite a late success with home production Ek Baar Muskura Do (1972) with brother Deb Mukherjee and later to be sister-in-law Tanuja, Joy faded from the silver screen. He later directed Rajesh Khanna in Chailla Babu in 1977 which was a major box office success. This film's success solved his insolvency problems which arose due to production of Love In Bombay. Later in 1985, Rajesh Khanna even gave him opportunity as a villain in the film Insaaf Main Karoonga, which became the last successful film of actor Joy Mukherjee. Financial troubles Love in Bombay brought deep financial troubles for Joy Mukherjee but late director-actor's wife Neelam, who is releasing the movie 40 years later, says that despite losing everything, the film remained very close to him. "This film was my husband's Waterloo. He lost everything he had in this film. He sunk in lot of his own money, major properties. There were 37 cases of insolvency against him. But he cleared everything and had a clean slate and started afresh. This film was very dear to him despite it bringing so much problems to him," Mrs Mukherjee said. The 1973 film, was the third part of the "Love in" series which started with Joy debuting with the blockbuster hit Love in Simla in 1960 and the golden jubilee hit Love in Tokyo in 1966. His insolvency issues got resolved when he directed his sole successful directorial venture Chailla Babu in 1977. Death Joy Mukherjee died on 9 March 2012 in Mumbai's Leelavati Hospital, exactly two weeks after his 73rd birthday, where he had been on a ventilator. He had a prolonged illness. Filmography See also Pramod Chakravorty	Joy Mukherjee
Basrur / Basroor is a village in Kundapura taluk in Udupi district of Karnataka. Historically Basrur was also called Barcelor, Barcelore, Barcalor, Basnur, Bares, Abu-Sarur and Barsellor. History Basrur, once called Vasupura, is a historic port town on the banks of the Varahi River on the Kanara coast in Karnataka, India. For much of the sixteenth century and the first half of the seventeenth century, it was the rice port par excellence on that coast. The port was used by traders of several foreign countries mainly to cater for the needs of Keladi Samsthana, which was near Shimoga. The town had several streets, each specifically housing communities like traders, artisans, dancers, weavers etc. It was also famous for communities who were experts in singing and dancing, which art is forgotten and no longer exists. The town has become a small obscure village and the trade no longer exists. In his travel account Moroccan Traveller Ibn Batuta (Abu Abdullah Mohammed (1304–1358)) who visited Canara on his way to Malabar from Honavar says, "The first town in the land of Mulaybar (Malabara) that we entered as the town of Abu-Sarur (Basrur), a small place on a large inlet and abounding in coco palms" British Major of Engineers James Rennel has concluded with due analysis that the Bares of Ptolemy's Map is the Barcelor or Basrur. Towards the end of the 16th century, Basrur came under Portuguese control, who built a church there and a fort called Santa Luzia. The town was called 'Barcelor' by the Portuguese. On 13 February 1665, the Maratha ruler Shivaji conducted a naval raid on the Portuguese at Basrur, and gained a large booty which enabled him to strengthen the base of his new kingdom by building a strong navy and forts. Basrur is famous for its old temples, the main one being the 'Shree Mahatobar Mahalingeshwara Temple'. The annual chariot festival (ratha or teru in Kannada) is held every April on Chitra Pournima - Hanuman Jayanti (in the Hindu calendar) day. Out of 24 Temples of Basrur, The Nakhareshwara Temple is of historical importance. A 12th Century Inscription is the earliest inscription which mentions this temple. The Temple which is today called as Mahalingeshwara Temple was built by the mediaeval South Indian Merchant guild Nakhara. The deity of this temple was called Mahadeva in the mediaeval inscriptions of Basrur. The town is a spiritual centre for the Goud Saraswat Brahmin community with 'Sri Mahalasa Narayani temple' at the center. The centuries-old temple is visited by the Swamijis of all Maths including Kashi Math Samsthana and Gokarna Parthagali Math. The legend is that the spirit for the Mahalasa temple was derived from its Moolasthana, i.e. Sri Mahalasa at Mardoli in Goa. Noted Kannada novelist Dr. K. Shivarama Karanth has written a novel based on the life of Basrur people, mainly detailing song and dance community and the picture of early twentieth century of Basrur village is vividly described in this novel. The name of the novel is Mai Managala Suliyalli (1970) and this novel is one of the better novels of Dr. Karanth and is distributed by Sapna Book House, Bangalore. Demographics According to Census (2001) Census (2011) Languages Kundagannada a dialect of Kannada spoken by majority of people in the region. Konkani used by Roman Catholic Christians and Goud Saraswat Brahmins. Beary, Urdu & Navayati used by Muslim communities. Quite a few Basel Mission a Christian missionary society speaks Tulu. Transportation This place is less than 2 km from Kundapura Railway Station on the Konkan railway route. Public transport is operated by private bus services and autorickshaws. Small time water transport facility is also there with wooden boats managed by local fishermen. This mode of transportation was predominant up to first half of 20th century. Local areas "Basrur" is connected to other sub-villages (koodu-grama) like Hattikudru, Anagalli, Margoli, Merdy, Japthi, Kalanje, Othinane (Panakada-katte), Kolkere, Ulloor, Kandavara Balkur and gulwady with new bridge to form a larger area. Notable people Ravi Basrur an Indian film music composer, sound designer, lyricist and director See also Udupi district Mangalore	Basrur
Sex Packets is the debut studio album by American hip hop group Digital Underground, released on . Album background The album is a concept album about "G.S.R.A." (Genetic Suppression Relief Antidotes), a pharmaceutical substance that is produced in the form of a large glowing pill about the size of a quarter, which comes in a condom-sized package and is allegedly developed by the government to provide its intended users such as astronauts with a satisfying sexual experience in situations where the normal attainment of such experiences would be counter-productive to the mission at hand. Release and reception The album was released in the spring of 1990 following the success of its two lead-off singles: "Doowutchyalike", a moderate club hit, followed by "The Humpty Dance", which reached No. 11 on the pop chart, No. 7 on the R&B chart, and No. 1 on the Billboard Rap Singles chart. Sex Packets was released to positive reviews and eventually achieved platinum sales. The album was re-issued on February 8, 2005 by Rhino Entertainment. The album is broken down track-by-track by Digital Underground in Brian Coleman's book Check the Technique. Legacy In 1998, the album was selected as one of The Sources 100 Best Rap Albums Ever. It is included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Track listing CD LP Cassette The cassette version of the album has 3 extra tracks, plus an extended version of "Gutfest '89" Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications	Sex Packets
The Davos process was the name given to the process of reconciliation, rapprochement between Greece and Turkey, conducted in 1988 between Andreas Papandreou and Turkish prime minister Turgut Özal. Their meeting took place at the annual World Economic Forum meeting in Davos, Switzerland.	Davos process
Ligovsky Prospekt () is a major street in Saint Petersburg. Before the establishment of the city, it was a street leading to Novgorod, used by the people living in the villages around the Neva delta. Between 1718-25, when Saint Petersburg was the capital of Russia, construction began on the Ligovsky Canal. The canal was used to transfer water from the river to fountains of the Summer Garden, hence the name of the street and the canal. After the flood of 1777 all the fountains were demolished, and later the canal was as well. Ligovsky Prospekt today The Ligovsky Prospekt is one of the largest streets in Saint Petersburg. It extends from Oktyabrskiy Big Concert Hall, Vosstaniya Square and Nevsky Prospekt, and runs through southern Saint Petersburg, onto Moskovsky Prospekt and the Moscow Triumphal Gate. Names of the street Moskovskaya Street; during 1739 to the late eighteenth century Ligovsky Canal Embankment; during the nineteenth century Ligovskaya Street; during 1892 to 1952 Stalingradsky Prospekt; during 1952 to 1956 Ligovsky Prospekt; during 1956 to present Streets in Saint Petersburg	Ligovsky Avenue
Raad-2 (Persian:رعد-۲, means Thunder-2) is an Iranian self-propelled howitzer. Development In early September 1997, it was reported that Iran had successfully tested a locally built rapid fire mobile field gun known as Raad-2 (Thunder-2). It uses a turret that has a similar layout to the M109A1 155mm/39-cal self-propelled howitzer. The Iranian Defense Industries Organization claimed that the 155 mm HM44 howitzer manufactured by the Hadid facility of the Iranian Defense Industries Organization had a high firing rate and accuracy. The gun's range was reported as , and it also includes features such as a laser range-finder and a semi-automatic loading system. The gun looks exactly like 155mm/39-cal M185 gun from M109A1 and is fitted with a double baffle muzzle brake, fume extractor, screw breech mechanism, hydro-pneumatic recuperator and a hydraulic recoil brake. DIO says that the barrel life is around 5,000 rounds. The vehicle uses a chassis based on the T-72, distinctive due to the cover of the cooling fan on the chassis. The hull is apparently based on the BMP-1. The Raad-2 is crewed by 5 persons, with the driver stationed at the left with the power pack at the right. Operators The Raad-2 is operated by both the Islamic Republic of Iran Army and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. Variants Raad-2 - basic SPG version with a Russian V12-type V-84MS diesel engine Raad-2M - Raad-2 upgraded with a Ukrainian-made 5TDF engine instead of a V-8 Diesel engine.	Raad-2
Cabrières-d'Aigues (; Provençal: Cabrièras d'Egues) is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. See also Côtes du Luberon AOC Communes of the Vaucluse department Étang de la Bonde Luberon	Cabrières-d'Aigues
Cold Brook is a former railroad station in the Boiceville section of the town of Olive, Ulster County, New York, United States. Located on Cold Brook Road, just north of New York State Route 28A next to Esopus Creek, Cold Brook station served the New York Central Railroad's Catskill Mountain Branch, formerly the Ulster and Delaware Railroad. The station was located northwest of Kingston Point station in the city of Kingston. The station replaced a flag stop at Cold Brook Bridge and became the primary station for Boiceville on June 8, 1913, when the railroad abandoned the alignment and station through Boiceville for construction of the Ashokan Reservoir. The Ulster and Delaware commenced construction on a new station depot in June 1915. Construction was completed . The New York Central Railroad ended passenger service on the Catskill Mountain Branch on March 31, 1954, and despite being given permission to demolish the station in April 1955, the station continues to stand. The station is also an access point for the Ashokan Rail Trail, a rail trail runs from Cold Brook to West Hurley.	Cold Brook station
The was originally a French gazette and literary magazine first published in the 17th century, but after several incarnations has evolved as a publisher, and is now part of the Éditions Gallimard publishing group. The gazette was published from 1672 to 1724 (with an interruption in 1674–1677) under the title (sometimes spelled ; 1672–1674) and (1677–1724). The title was changed to in 1724. The gazette was briefly suppressed (under Napoleon) from 1811 to 1815 and ceased publication in 1825. The name was revived in 1890 for both a literary review and (in 1894) a publishing house initially linked with the symbolist movement. Since 1995 has been part of the Éditions Gallimard publishing group. The original Mercure galant and Mercure de France The Mercure galant was founded by the writer Jean Donneau de Visé in 1672. He directed the publication until his death in 1710. The name refers to the god Mercury, the messenger of the gods; the title also echos the Mercure françoys which was France's first literary gazette, founded in 1611 by the Paris bookseller J. Richer. The magazine's goal was to inform elegant society about life in the court and intellectual/artistic debates; the gazette (which appeared irregularly) featured poems, anecdotes, news (marriages, gossip), theatre and art reviews, songs, and fashion reviews, and it became fashionable (and sometimes scandalous) to be mentioned in its pages. Publication stopped in 1674, but began again as a monthly with the name Nouveau Mercure galant in 1677. The Mercure galant was a significant development in the history of journalism (it was the first gazette to report on the fashion world and played a pivotal role in the dissemination of news about fashion, luxury goods, etiquette and court life under Louis XIV to the provinces and abroad. The newspaper published propaganda intended to bolster Louis XIV and promote his domestic and foreign policies. In the 1670s, articles on the new season's fashions were also accompanied with engravings. The August 1697 edition contains a detailed description of a popular new puzzle, now known as peg solitaire. This article is the earliest known reference to peg solitaire. The gazette was frequently denigrated by authors of the period. The name Mercure galant was used by the playwright Edmé Boursault for one of his plays critical of social pretensions; when Donneau de Visé complained, Boursault retitled his play Comédie sans titre (Play without a title). The gazette played an important role in the "Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns", a debate on whether the arts and literature of the 17th century had achieved more than the illustrious writers and artists of antiquity, which would last until the beginning of the eighteenth century. Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle and the Mercure galant joined the "Moderns". Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux was pushed into the role of champion of the "Anciens", and Jean Racine, Jean de La Fontaine and Jean de La Bruyère (who is famous for a jibe against the gazette: "le Mercure... est immédiatement au dessous de rien" ["the Mercure... is immediately below nothing"]) took his defense. The periodical eventually became a financial success and it brought Donneau de Visé comfortable revenues. The became the uncontested arbiter of French arts and humanities, and it has been called the most important literary journal in prerevolutionary France. Thomas Corneille was a frequent contributor to the gazette. The Mercure continued to be published after Donneau de Visé's death in 1710. In 1724 its title was changed to and it developed a semi-official character with a governmentally appointed editor (profits were invested into pensions for writers). Jean-François de la Harpe was the editor in chief for 20 years; he also collaborated with Jacques Mallet du Pan. Other significant editors and contributors include: Marmontel, Raynal, Chamfort and Voltaire. It is on the pages of the May 1734 issue of the that the term "Baroque" makes its first attested appearance – used (in pejorative way) in an anonymous, satirical review of Jean-Philippe Rameau’s Hippolyte et Aricie. Right before the revolution, management was handed over to Charles-Joseph Panckoucke. During the revolutionary era, the title was changed briefly to Le Mercure français. Napoleon stopped its publication in 1811, but the review was resurrected in 1815. The review was last published in 1825. The modern Mercure de France History At the end of the 19th century, the name Mercure de France was revived by Alfred Vallette. Vallette was closely linked to a group of writers associated with Symbolism who regularly met at the café la Mère Clarisse in Paris (rue Jacob), and which included: Jean Moréas, Ernest Raynaud, Paul Arène, Remy de Gourmont, Alfred Jarry, Albert Samain and Charles Cros. The first edition of the review appeared on January 1, 1890. Over the next decade, the review achieved critical success, and poets such as Stéphane Mallarmé and José-Maria de Heredia published original works in it. The review became bimonthly in 1905. In 1889, Alfred Vallette married the novelist Rachilde whose novel Monsieur Vénus was condemned on moral grounds. Rachilde was a member of the editorial committee of the review until 1924 and her personality and works did much to publicize the review. Rachilde held a salon on Tuesdays, and these "mardis du Mercure" would become famous for the authors who attended. Like other reviews of the period, the Mercure also began to publish books (beginning in 1894). Along with works by symbolists, the Mercure brought out the first French translations of Friedrich Nietzsche, the first works of André Gide, Paul Claudel, Colette and Guillaume Apollinaire and the poems of Tristan Klingsor. Later publications include works by: Henri Michaux, Pierre Reverdy, Pierre-Jean Jouve, Louis-René des Forêts, Pierre Klossowski, André du Bouchet, Georges Séféris, Eugène Ionesco and Yves Bonnefoy. With the death of Vallette in 1935, the management was taken over by Georges Duhamel (who had been editing the review since 1912). In 1938, because of Duhamel's anti-war stance, he was replaced by Jacques Antoine Bernard (in 1945, Bernard would be arrested and condemned for collaboration with the Germans). After the war, Duhamel (who was majority stockholder of the publishing house) appointed Paul Hartmann, who had participated in the resistance and clandestine publishing during the war, to run the review. In 1958, the Éditions Gallimard publishing group bought the Mercure de France and Simone Gallimard was chosen as its director. In 1995, Isabelle Gallimard took over direction of the publishing house. Literary Prizes Mercure de France has won awards with the following authors: Salvat Etchart (Prix Renaudot 1967) Claude Faraggi (Prix Fémina 1975) Michel Butel (Prix Médicis 1977) Jocelyne François (Prix Fémina 1980) François-Olivier Rousseau (Prix Médicis and Prix Marcel Proust 1981) Nicolas Bréhal (Prix Valery Larbaud 1992) Paula Jacques (Prix Fémina 1991) Dominique Bona (Prix Interallié 1992) Andreï Makine (Prix Goncourt and Prix Médicis 1995) Gilles Leroy (Prix Goncourt 2007) Romain Gary published his novels under the penname Émile Ajar (with the complicity of Simone Gallimard) which allowed him to win an unprecedented two Prix Goncourt. Book series Les romantiques allemands (1942) Collection ivoire (1964) Domaine anglais (1964) Collection bleue (1989) Collection poésie (1990) Bibliothèque américaine (1993) Le Petit Mercure (1995) : series in pocket format of short texts which welcomes different literary genres Bibliothèque étrangère (1999) Le Temps retrouvé poche (1999) & Le Temps retrouvé (2003) : newspapers, memoirs, travel books, letters, eye witness accounts Le goût de… (2002): literary anthologies devoted to towns, regions, countries and to numerous themes Traits et portraits (2002): autobiographical stories	Mercure de France
Tejaswini Sawant (born 12 September 1980) is an Indian shooter from the Maharashtrian city of Kolhapur. Her father Ravindra Sawant was an officer in the Indian Navy. Biography Tejaswini born to father Ravindra and mother Sunita in Kolhapur. She has two younger sisters Anuradha Pitre and Vijaymala Gavali. Her father died in February 2010. She started her practice under the coaching of Jaisingh Kusale in Kolhapur. She is training under her personal coach Kuheli Gangulee. Tejaswini was also appointed as officer on special duty (OSD) in the sports department. Tejaswini received the Arjuna award on 29 August 2011. Tejasvini Savant got married on 11 Feb 2016 with Well known Social Figure and Builder by profession Sameer Darekar of Pune. Career She earned her Tokyo berth after finishing fifth in the qualifications with a score of 1171 in the final of Asian Championship. In 2010 in Munich, Sawant became the world champion in the 50m rifle prone event. Sawant represented India at the 9th South Asian Sports Federation Games in 2004 in Islamabad where she helped India win gold medal. 2006 Commonwealth Games She was selected to represent India at the 2006 Commonwealth Games ahead of Asian Games gold medallist Anjali Ved Pathak Bhagwat and world record holder Suma Shirur. In 2006, she won gold medals in Women's 10 m Air Rifle singles and Women's 10 m Air Rifle Pairs (with Avneet Kaur Sidhu) events at the Commonwealth Games at Melbourne. ISSF World Cup and ISSF World Championships Sawant won a bronze medal in 50 metre rifle three positions at the 2009 ISSF World Cup in Munich. On 8 August 2010 she became the World Champion in the 50m Rifle Prone event in Munich, Germany. She was the first Indian woman shooter to win a gold medal at the World Championships with a world-record equalling score in the 50 m Rifle Prone event. 2010 Commonwealth Games In the 2010 Commonwealth Games held in Delhi, Sawant won silver in Women's 50 rifle prone singles and bronze in Women's 50 m rifle prone pairs (along with Meena Kumari). She also won silver in Women's 50 m rifle 3 positions event (along with Lajjakumari Goswami) in this competition. 2018 Commonwealth Games On 12 April 2018, Tejaswini won Silver at Women's 50m Rifle Prone Finals with a cumulative score of 618.9. On 13 April 2018, Tejaswini won gold at the Women's 50m Rifle 3 Position Finals. She set a Games Record (GR) with total points of 457.9.	Tejaswini Sawant
Leopardstown Racecourse is an Irish horse-racing venue, located in Leopardstown, Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, south of the Dublin city centre. Like the majority of Irish courses, it hosts both National Hunt and Flat racing. The course, built by Captain George Quin and modelled on Sandown Park Racecourse in England, was completed in 1888 and acquired by the Horse Racing Board of Ireland in 1967. Many important races are held here and racing takes place all year round, with about 22 meetings per year. In 1941, noted Royal Air Force pilot Hugh Verity, who flew many secret agents at night into and out of farm fields in France, force landed on the Race Course. He was interned briefly before escaping back to England. The Leopardstown Hall of Fame honours famous Irish horse racing trainers, jockeys and horses like, Vincent O'Brien, Tom Dreaper, Pat Taaffe and Pat Eddery, Arkle, Dawn Run, Levmoss and Nijinsky. Facilities Leopardstown golf course and club house is situated in the middle of the racetrack. The course also has designer shops, a fitness centre, the Leopardstown Pavilion, Fillies Café Bar, the Silken Glider Restaurant, the Paddock Food Hall, Club 92 nightclub, Madigans pub, and numerous bars and snack areas. A farmers market is also on-site every Friday. The 'Bulmers Live at Leopardstown' music festival takes place every summer between June and August. Acts such as Horslips, the Human League, Johnny Marr, and the Boomtown Rats have all performed here. Notable races The Irish Champion stakes is the most important race at the course and one of the World Series of Racing. It is held every September and attracts the cream of racing thoroughbreds. Transport Leopardstown Racecourse was originally served by Foxrock railway station on the Harcourt Street line until it closed in 1958. A Luas Green Line stop is located in the top of Carrickmines at the southern end of the racecourse. However, as of January 2016 it remains unopened and devoid of all signage, with trams passing through non-stop. The nearest active Luas stop is Central Park. See also Fairyhouse racecourse List of Irish flat horse races Phoenix Stakes Trial races for the Epsom Derby	Leopardstown Racecourse
Ursula Buchfellner (born 8 June 1961) is a German model and actress. She was Playboy magazine's Playmate of the Month for its October 1979 issue. Her centerfold was photographed by Peter Weissbrich. Buchfellner also was the Playmate for the December 1977 issue of Playboy's German edition, being only 16 at the time when the photos were taken (she was 17 in relation to the edition in which her photos were published). In November 1985 she became the first Playmate to go on to appear in Penthouse magazine. International acting and modeling careers followed Buchfellner's Playboy appearance. She was sometimes credited as Uschi Buchfellner, Ursula Fellner, Ulla Maris and Ursula Maris. She starred mainly in European B-movies such as Devil Hunter (1980) and Sadomania (1981). Later on she also featured in renowned German television serials, like Derrick. Early life and education Buchfellner was born 3rd of 10 children in Munich. Her father was an alcoholic. For the first 3 years the family lived in a post-war shelter for the poor, until the "Hasenbergl" housing projects were built. Their apartment had running water and a toilet, but shared a bath on the floor. When her mother had twins, she and another sibling were sent to a children's home during the week and saw their family only on weekends. She has described how hunger was a constant experience especially towards the end of the month when money got tight. After finishing 9th grade (Hauptschulabschluss) her mother found her a training spot in a bakery, and she was allowed to bring home remnants in a paper bag. Career In 1977, a photographer of Playboy asked her if she was interested to become a playmate. After researching what this entailed, she agreed. When media wrote about her, the baker's wife asked her to leave the bakery. The wages she earned allowed her to invite her older sister for a fried chicken dinner every day. She stated that, unlike many playmates, she saved most of her money so she was able to buy an apartment in Munich. After 7 years of modelling, Penthouse invited her to work for them for $80,000. When she saw the photos for Penthouse, she declined. Selected filmography Popcorn and Ice Cream (1978) Cola, Candy, Chocolate (1979) See also List of people in Playboy 1970–1979	Ursula Buchfellner
Paul Speckmann (born September 28, 1963) is an American bassist and singer from Chicago, Illinois. He currently lives in Uherské Hradiště, Czechia. Biography Speckmann formed his first band, Warcry, in 1982. He recorded the demo Trilogy of Terror with them in 1983, before starting the death metal band Master. This project was quickly put on hold, however, and Speckmann launched Death Strike, with whom he recorded the Fuckin' Death demo in 1985. This was later re-released on Nuclear Blast as a full album with additional tracks, in 1991. In 1985, Master got back together and released 85 Demo. In 1990, they issued a split EP with Abomination, a band with which Speckmann recorded a self-titled album the same year and Tragedy Strikes two years later. Between 1990 and 1999, Speckmann released four studio albums and several demos with Master, another album and an EP with Abomination, one-off recordings each with the groups Walpurgisnacht, Solutions, and Martyr, and finally, a self-titled album with his own Speckmann Project. In 1999, he was invited to join the Czech death metal band Krabathor, with whom Master had previously toured. He recorded the albums Unfortunately Dead (2000) and Dissuade Truth (2003) with them, while also publishing new material with Master, whose latest release, the EP Widower, came out in 2019. Discography with Master Studio albums Master (1990) On the Seventh Day God Created... Master (1992) Collection of Souls (1993) Faith Is in Season (1998) Let's Start a War (2002) Unreleased 1985 Album (2003) The Spirit of the West (2004) Four More Years of Terror (2005) Slaves to Society (2007) The Human Machine (2010) The New Elite (2012) The Witch Hunt (2013) An Epiphany of Hate (2016) Vindictive Miscreant (2018) EPs Master/Abomination split EP (1990) Master/Excision split EP (1996) Follow Your Savior (2001) Imperial Anthems Master/Pentagram Chile split EP (2013) Decay Into Inferior Conditions Master/Dehuman split EP (2017) Widower (2019) Live albums Live in Mexico City (2000) Live Assault (DVD – 2013) Mangled Dehumanization (2016) Live (2018) God of Thunder (2019) Alive in Athens (2020) Compilations Masterpieces (2005) Command Your Fate (The Demo Collection) (2017) Best of (2018) Demos 85 Demo (1985) Demo '91 (1991) Final Word (1995) Everything Is Rotten (2005) with Abomination Abomination (1990) Tragedy Strikes (1992) The Final War EP (1999) Curses of the Deadly Sin (1999) with Krabathor Unfortunately Dead (2000) Dissuade Truth (2003) Other projects Warcry – Trilogy of Terror (demo, 1983) Death Strike – Fuckin' Death (demo, 1985) Death Strike – Fuckin' Death (1991) Speckmann Project – Speckmann Project (1991) Walpurgisnacht – Live Demo (demo, 1997) Solutions – Solutions (1999) Martyr – Murder X: The End of the Game (2000) Speckmann – ...God Created Master (The Early Years) (2001) The Architects of Hate – Pure Hate EP (2008) Johansson–Speckmann – Sulphur Skies (2013) Johansson–Speckmann – Mask of the Treacherous (2014) Cadaveric Poison – Cadaveric Poison (2016) Speckmann Project – Fiends of Emptiness'' (2022)	Paul Speckmann
Skyfire is an annual March fireworks show held over Lake Burley Griffin in Canberra, Australia since 1989. The event is funded by local radio station hit 104.7, and the display is synchronised to a soundtrack of music broadcast on the station. History of the event The first Skyfire was held on 18 March 1989, as FM 104.7's contribution to the Canberra Festival that year. Around 60,000 people attended the second Skyfire on 11 March 1990, which was put on at a cost of around A$100,000. On 10 March 1991, Skyfire III saw more than 2.5 tonnes of fireworks launched into the sky for Canberra's viewing pleasure. In 1992, Skyfire was held on 8 March. It featured 3 tonnes of pyrotechnics and lasted for 35 minutes. Skyfire V, on 7 March 1993, featured 436 separate shots, coordinated to music by artists including Madonna, Midnight Oil and Prince. The show used more than five tonnes of fireworks, launched from 10 pontoons floating in the middle of the lake. In 1994, Skyfire was held on 13 March and featured 6 tonnes of aerial and water fireworks worth almost A$250,000. Skyfire X, on 8 March 1998, attracted an estimated 120,000 visitors. Skyfire XI, held on 7 March 1999, had grown to attract an estimated 180,000 visitors. The 2006 Skyfire was held on 4 March, and called "Skyfire 18" because it was the eighteenth year of the fireworks. The day has become a large event with other activities including a display by the Roulettes aerobatic squadron and a performance by Lee Harding. There were around 35,000 individual fireworks used, with approximately 6,000 shooting comets and almost 3,000 shells. More than 170,000 visitors turned out to see Skyfire 19 in 2007. Skyfire 21 was held on 21 March 2009, with fireworks commencing at 8.33pm and lasting for 21 minutes. The firing zone was down the center basin of Lake Burley Griffin up to Anzac Parade and Parliament House down to Regatta Point. Fortunato Foti and a band of pyrotechnicians from Foti International Fireworks provided the show which was "at least 30 per cent bigger than the previous years," with "over 3,000 aerial fireworks, 15 to 20,000 shooting comets". One barge shot off a few more fireworks for 5–10 minutes after the show completed. On 19 March 2011 around 80,000 people attended Skyfire. That year over 30 youths were taken into custody by police for underage drinking at the event. The following year, 130 police were employed to patrol Skyfire, and youth reception stations were set up at the event. The 2012 event featured more than 2,500 aerial fireworks. Skyfire 25 in 2013 featured displays by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), the Federation Guard and the Snowy Hydro Rescue Helicopter. Skyfire in 2014 utilised around 3,000 individual cues and approximately eight kilometres of cabling. Skyfire 2018 featured 40,000 pyrotechnic effects, 2,500 shells and 25,000 shooting comets. The firework display will start at 8:30pm with events at Regatta Point starting at 6:00pm including music, Federation Guard displays and a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) fast jet handling display. Skyfire was cancelled in 2020, for the first time, due to the coronavirus pandemic in Australia. In November 2020, the 2021 show was also cancelled due to the pandemic. On 26 October 2023 at 8am local time, as part of a huge announcement, it was announced that Skyfire will return on 16 March 2024, after a 5-year hiatus. Hit104.7 and Mix 106.3 Canberra will both co-host the event. Attendance and pyrotechnics by year Sponsors Skyfire is a hit104.7 Canberra event, with sponsorship over the years also offered by Casino Canberra, ActewAGL, and Canberra Airport.	Skyfire (Canberra)
The All Pakistan Muttahida Students Organization (APMSO; ) is a Pakistani student organization notable for creating a political party: the Mohajir Quami Movement, now called the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM). APMSO was founded by Altaf Hussain along with other students including Azeem Ahmed Tariq, Dr. Imran Farooq on Sunday, 11 June 1978 at Karachi University. Hussain also served as a 1st Chairman of organization while Azeem Ahmed Tariq served as 1st General Secretary of the organization. Creation of APMSO & Philosophy On 11 June 1978 All Pakistan Mohair Students Organization (APMSO) was created by Altaf Hussain and others to provide the university students a way to fight injustice. It became popular among students of Karachi University. APMSO won student union election in 1980's. Many leaders rose from APMSO Azeem Ahmed Tariq, Imran Farooq, Farooq Sattar, Ishrat ul Ebad, Haider Abbas Rizvi and many others. According to APMSO website the philosophy of APMSO & Muttahida Qaumi Movement is Realism and Practicalism. Mohajir identity Mohajirs had never liked the idea of identifying themselves with Sindhi population on the basis of ethnicity or nationality and were always hostile of "Sindhi nationalism" instead of "ethnic nationalism." But Ethno-nationalist politicians convinced them that circumstances needed them to seek their identity on ethnic lines. The Muhajir sense of isolation came into being through a series of events. The three most important being the 1964 presidential elections, the 1972 language riots, and the post-1985 ethnic clashes between Muhajirs and non-Muhajirs in Karachi. "During the December 1964 presidential elections, the Muhajir population of Karachi experienced a wrath of a Pathan backlash when Gohar Ayub Khan, son of President Ayub Khan, launched a series of attacks on Muhajir communities because of their support for Fatimah Jinnah, the sister of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, against Ayub Khan." Though Gohar Ayub's intentions were to target those who opposed his father, ethno-nationalists portrayed the move as specifically targeting Muhajirs At this time Ayub Khan moved the federal capital from Karachi to Islamabad, causing further anger amongst the elite of the Muhajir community, especially the bureaucracy. The 1972 language riots were caused by the passage of a language bill by the Sindhi Assembly declaring Sindhi to be the provincial language along with Urdu. The making of Sindhi as an equal language to Urdu for official purposes frustrated the elite of the Muhajir community as it disfavored their hegemony over the region. In June 1978 the All Pakistan Muhajir Student Organization was formed and it took on the task of creating a sense of distinction amongst Muhajir youth, on linguistic line, from the rest of Pakistanis. From the APMSO, in March 1984, was created the Muhajir Qaumi Movement. Now called the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), its leader declares its ideology to be based on Realism and Practicalism. "Acceptance of reality with an open heart is Realism, a concept based upon the philosophy of its Founder and Leader Mr. Altaf Hussain. Based on Realism positive achievement made through ideologically supported pragmatic programs is called Practicalism." APMSO to MQM From the early days APMSO faced many attacks by the Thunder Squad of Islami Jamiat Talaba (IJT). Jamiat has feared to loss its strong hold in university by APMSO. Therefore, the Leadership of Islami Jamiat Talaba gives task to its notorious "Thunder Squared" which is led by Munawar Hasan to remove APMSO and its leadership from university. In 1981 Thunder Squad attack by knives and revolver on stalls of APMSO at university gates and badly wounded 16 members of APMSO including founder of APMSO Altaf Hussain and then the squad entry of APMSO in university. Subsequently, Hussain decided to establish a National Political Party for Mohajir and then he found Mohajir Qaumi Movement (MQM) on 18 March 1984. MQM also achieve success as APMSO and in very short time, the philosophy of Altaf Hussain and MQM spread all over Sindh especially in Karachi, Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas, Nawabshah and Sukker. Re-Engineering Pakistan Exhibition 2011 Announcement in a Press Conference On June, 6th 2011, Chairman of All Pakistan Muttahida Students Organization Engr. Farhan Shams announce to organize three days science exhibition "Re-engineering Pakistan" by the Academic & Social Circle with the collaboration of APMSO. With aimed to bringing out the talents of Pakistani students and to give them an environment conducive for a better future. The APMSO had organized this exhibition in keeping with its past traditions and it would continue to hold such constructive programs for the betterment of the student community. He said this while addressing a press conference at the Karachi Press Club. He was accompanied by vice chairman Abdul Wahab, Secretary General Shabbir Babar Ali, Ahsan Ghouri and Isra Tufail. Projects made by students and professionals regarding social sciences, engineering and medical sciences will be displayed in the exhibition. The projects relating to solar energy drone, and submarine technology would also be on the display in the exhibition. He said that it was because in the light of the guidelines given by Mr. Altaf Hussain that the APMSO was organizing "Re-engineering Pakistan" exhibition at Karachi Expo Centre from 7 June to 9 June. The importance of the exhibition can be gauged from the fact that more than 500 institutions of higher education and learning were taking part in this exhibition and more than 300 projects would be displayed. 1st Day of Exhibition & Opening Ceremony 7 June 2011, the three days "Re-engineering Pakistan" exhibition started today in Karachi Expo Centre under Academic and Social Circle, a subsidiary social wing of All Pakistan Muttahida Students Organization. The exhibition was opened by member of the Co-ordination Committee Ms. Nasrin Jalil and Provincial Minister for Industries Mr. Rauf Siddiqui. Member Co-ordination Committee Wasay Jalil, Kunwar Khalid Yunus, Qasim Ali Raza, Salim Tajik, Dr. Sagheer Ahmed, vice-chancellor Karachi University Dr. Pirzada Qasim Siddiqui office-bearers of AMPSO and a large number of other dignitaries from industry were also present on the occasion. More than 250 stalls from various educational institutions including NED University, Karachi University, Federal Urdu University, Hamdard University, Sindh Medical College, Karachi Medical and Dental College, Sir Syed University, Jinnah University for Women, Muhammad Ali Jinnah University and S M Law College were put up in the exhibition. Visitors exhibited keen interest in projects relating to solar energy, electric-powered card, primitive form of drone, aero-plane, robots, traffic signals and other interesting projects made by the students of various universities. 2nd Day of Exhibition 8 June 2011, The Founder and Leader of Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM) Mr. Altaf Hussain have appreciated the efforts of the central committee of All Pakistan Muttahida Students Organization (APMSO) and Academic and Social Circle for successfully holding the "Re-engineering Pakistan" exhibition at the Karachi Expo Centre. He also commended the students who took active part in the exhibition. Mr. Hussain appealed to the teaching community and the scientists to visit the exhibition guide the students in making their work fruitful for the country. He announced three cash prizes of one lack, fifty thousand and twenty five thousand for the students that would be judged first, second and third respectively. The prizes will be given on the last day of the exhibition. Meanwhile, Deputy Convener of Co-ordination Committee and Federal Minister for Overseas Pakistanis Dr Farooq Sattar visited the expo centre today and gave a press briefing about the exhibition. Dr Sattar said that our youths had the ability to take the country ahead in the 21st century. Mr. Altaf Hussain, the APMSO and the Academic and Social Circle had proved that nothing was impossible if the intentions were pure. 3rd Day of Exhibition 9 June 2011, The Founder and Leader of Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM) Mr. Altaf Hussain was addressing a large gathering of students, young professionals, educationists, scientists, economists, representatives of corporate sector and others belonging to different walks of life at the closing ceremony of the "Re-engineering Pakistan" exhibition held by Academic and Social Circle, a social wing of All Pakistan Muttahida Students Organizations. Members of the Co-ordination Committee of the MQM were also present on the occasion. Mr. Hussain praised the central committee of the APMSO on organizing the "Re-engineering Pakistan" exhibition and said that if the students were supported by the government Pakistan would not need to ask the US for the drone technology. Karachi University and Youth Politics Karachi University has been the hub of student political activity for many decades. "Student politics were born with the formation of Islami Jamiat Talba (IJT) and the Democratic Students' Federation (DSF) in 1948." Since then, numerous student political groups have emerged throughout the country representing different races, ethnicities, cultures, and ideologies. "In the first few decades of Pakistan's existence, student politics was a symbol of the students' socio-political awareness." But change was quick and drastic, especially in the 1980s and 1990s. "Karachi University, like its host city, has always been a melting pot for students from all over the country. Its grounds have seen the spirited expression of various socio-political schools of thought, the gradual desensitisation of students after the military takeover of 1979 as well as the violent military crackdown on the APMSO-PSF conflict in 1993 that was followed by the indefinite deployment of Rangers on campus." In April 1984 General Zia Ul-Haq imposed a ban on all student organizations throughout the country, which prohibited the "formation and continuance" of student unions and stipulated a punishment of violators of the regulation by rigorous imprisonment up to five years, by a fine, or by both. Although political parties still exist on campus, authorities deny their presence. Because of the constant rise in violence, the number of student political activists has dropped tremendously. Today parents "fearfully raise their children to mind their own business, study to build careers, not ideologies and lead safe, peaceful lives in sheltered cocoons. While student attendance may be full at academic, entertainment, or sports events organized by these parties, for any other events, students hesitate." Despite constant condemnation by university administration, media and even the general student body, these parties maintain that they still have a role to play in society. Some students attribute this intolerance to the intolerance of university authorities for students' expressions against injustice. In charge of APMSO's KU wing, adds to the case for political restoration of students, "We propose the restoration of a student union that has equal participation from all students. What we want is a students' parliament accommodating all the students in a peaceful, free environment." According to the APMSO's KU Organizer, the alleged party workers had in fact nothing to do with APMSO, and that there have been numerous cases of students belonging to certain ethnic groups using the APMSO name to get out of attending classes. He insisted that his party strongly condemns students' missing classes for any reason. However, he does agree that security threats are indeed an issue and that the party has in the past requested the administration to provide security to some workers threatened by rival parties persisting to destroy the peace of the university. NAQEEB This is a quarterly Urdu magazine featuring articles, reports, poetries and other materials which is in interest of students. Naqeeb is publishing by Gehwara-e-Adab with the collaboration of APMSO from the head-office of Gehwara-e-Adab. NAQEEB is quite popular among students. The meaning of NAQEEB is "Harbinger".	All Pakistan Muttahidda Students Organization
John Clayton Smith (15 September 1910 – 1986) was a footballer who played 347 league matches for Sheffield United between 1931 and 1949 as a goalkeeper. He began by playing outfield for Bolsterstone FC, and first played in goal when replacing an injured team-mate. After an excellent performance, he remained as goalkeeper for the rest of the season, attracting the interest of both Sheffield clubs. He signed amateur forms with Sheffield Wednesday who loaned him to Worksop Town, but it was United who signed him as a professional after a couple of trial games in the Central League. Jack became one of the Blades most popular players, always remembered for his cheerful grin. Not for nothing he was nicknamed Smiler. Between December 1935 and October 1947, he made 203 consecutive league appearances for United. Smith played for Sheffield United for 19 years, and in the final match of the 1948–49 season – a County Cup match against Barnsley – he was chaired from the field. This was to have been his last appearance for the Blades, but he was forced out of retirement the following season for two matches due to an injury crisis. His final game was away at Grimsby Town in the Second Division on 24 September 1949, aged 39. Career statistics Baseball Smith also played baseball for Sheffield Dons in their inaugural season in the semi-professional Yorkshire Baseball League, 1936. He competed successfully with several American and Canadian players. Smith played a number of positions but was most accomplished as keeper of first base. Smith also represented Yorkshire at baseball.	Jack Smith (footballer, born 1910)
Sir Edmond Bell Of Castle Acre and Beaupre Hall, Norfolk. (bap 7 April 1562 – bur 22 December 1607). He was an MP of Aldeburgh, Justice of the Peace for Norfolk c. 1599, Knighted 1603. Early life He was baptised 7 April 1562, the first son and heir of Sir Robert Bell and Dorothie daughter of Edmonde Beaupre, Of Outwell/Upwell, Norfolk, and Catherine Bedingfield. He was probably educated at Pembroke College, Cambridge. The first mention of Edmonde Bell, dates from 1567, where he is found recorded in his Grandfather's will, who bequeaths certain property to him, "books of law and Greek." It is likely that by age fifteen, Edmonde had been partially prepared and fashioned for a career in his family's profession, when he suffered the loss of his father from the terminal effects of what was then called "Jail Fever". Two years later, his mother married Sir John Peyton, a man whose military career was highly esteemed. Peyton, appears to have developed a closer relationship with Edmond's younger brother Robert,... who was groomed as a soldier and later become a captain of a company in the low countries. Around this time, Edmonde may have been busily engaged abroad in pursuit of his academic career at the university level. Career By 1583, it is known that he received his patrimony, which included extensive properties throughout Norfolk, and the manor of Castle Acre, where Edmonde dwelled and duly made his family seat. Perhaps this event is timed with his first marriage to Anne Osborne. By 1586, he became MP for Aldeburgh, where he was active in mercantile affairs, "investing heavily in privatering", specifically, the building of ships (gunboats) that incorporated advances in Naval Architecture. These investments did not prove lucrative, however, and perhaps were forfeited, in part as a consequence of the Spanish invasion of 1588, where Bells' Naval assets may have been sacrificed in service to the Crown. Following this period he is found tenaciously engaged as one of the commissioners entrusted with draining the fens, which eventually proved a success. He was knighted by King James I, on Friday 13 May 1603 together with ten others including, William Dethick, Garter King of Arms. Marriages Edmonde Bell married: 1. Anne daughter of Peter Osborne, (1521–1592), keeper of the privy purse to King Edward VI and Anne (d. 1615), daughter of Dr John Blythe, regis professor of physics at Cambridge, and niece of Sir John Cheke. 2. Muriel daughter of Sir Thomas Knyvett, of Ashwellthorpe, 4th Baron Berners and Muriel Parry (daughter of Sir Thomas Parry and Anne Reade). Muriel's sister was Lady Katherine Paston. Descendants Through the marriage of Anne daughter of Peter Osborne: 1. Sir Robert Bell b. 25 February 1587 m. Mary Chester 2. Phillip Bell b. 19 June 1590 3. Henry Bell b. 9 June 1591 d. 1615 4. Peter Bell b. Abt. 1594 5. Lady Francis Bell b. Abt 1594 d. 11 April 1627 m. Sir Heneage Finch, Speaker of the House of Commons; (Ancestors of the House of Windsor) 6. Synolphus Bell b. 29 August 1596 d. 1636 m. Martha 7. Humphrey Bell b. 5 October 1597 d. Abt. 1654 8. Susan Bell b. 15 October 1598 m. Henry Coldwell 9. Jane Bell b. 1 October 1599 m. John Ramsay 10. Katherine Bell b. 9 October 1601 (2nd wife of) m. 1. Charles Trippe d. 12 JAN. 1623 2. James Hobart b. 23 June 1603 d. 16 July 1643, VIII son of Sir Henry Hobart Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas Through the marriage to Elizabeth Inkpen 11 Richard Bell born 1605 Through the marriage of Muriel daughter of Thomas Knyvett: 12. Edmund Bell (b. 1606/7) Sources Hasler, P. W., HoP: House of Commons 1558-1603, Edmond Bell entry, HMSO 1981, p. 421 O'Donoghue, M.P.D., Report, Arms and ‘pe de gree's' of Bell [Sir Robert Bell], 15 August 2005 Coll Arm Ms, The Visitations of Norfolk, 1563, 1589, 1613, Bell. Beaupre., Harl 1552 Bell, R. R.L., Tudor Bell's Sound Out, Rolls- pb, 7 September 2006, 2nd revision 2008 1562 births 1607 deaths People from King's Lynn and West Norfolk (district) English MPs 1586–1587 17th-century English people People from Outwell	Edmond Bell
Sirkeci () is a neighborhood in the Eminönü quarter of the Fatih district in Istanbul, Turkey. In the Byzantine period, the area was known as Prosphorion (). The neighborhood borders to the north the mouth of the Golden Horn, to the west the neighborhood of Bahçekapı, to the east the Topkapı Palace area, and to the south the Cağaloğlu neighborhood. It hosts the Sirkeci railway station, the easternmost terminus of the Orient Express, a historic long-distance passenger train service in Europe that operated between Paris and Istanbul in the period between 1883 and 2009. The neighborhood consists mostly of commercial and tourist-oriented buildings. A combination of small shops, hans (larger workshops) and offices intermingle with boutique hotels, traditional Turkish restaurants, Turkish and foreign-language bookstores, and tourist offices. Accommodation In recent years, Sirkeci has become one of the major hotel neighborhoods in the historical peninsula of Istanbul. With its unique location between the Beyoğlu district and Sultanahmet quarter, Sirkeci hosts many hotels with reasonable pricing options and availability. Transportation Famous for its railway station which was the eastern terminus of the Orient Express, Sirkeci remains one of the main travel hubs for Istanbul, connecting suburban train, tram and ferry systems. The Sirkeci Station of the Turkish State Railways is the terminating node of the European railway network leading into Istanbul from Bucharest, Romania. Sirkeci is a station on the Marmaray railway line running between Gebze and Halkalı, and connecting the European and Asian sides of Istanbul via a tunnel under the Bosphorus. See also Eminönü Sirkeci Terminal Marmaray Istanbul Metro Grand Post Office Istanbul Postal Museum Sources	Sirkeci
Courgenay () is a municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. History Courgenay is first mentioned in 1139 as Corgennart. Geography Courgenay has an area of . Of this area, or 48.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 42.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 9.3% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.1% is either rivers or lakes and or 0.1% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1.1% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 4.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.9%. Out of the forested land, 40.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 25.0% is used for growing crops and 16.4% is pastures, while 1.8% is used for orchards or vine crops and 5.1% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. The municipality is located in the Porrentruy district. It consists of the village of Courgenay and the hamlet of Courtemautruy. The former villages of Courtemblin and Courtari were both abandoned shortly before or during the Thirty Years War. Coat of arms The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent, a Goose Gules beaked and membered Or statant on Coupeaux Vert and in chief three Mullets of Five of the second. Demographics Courgenay has a population () of . , 9.4% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 2%. Migration accounted for 4%, while births and deaths accounted for -1.6%. Most of the population () speaks French (1,912 or 92.7%) as their first language, German is the second most common (77 or 3.7%) and Italian is the third (27 or 1.3%). There are 2 people who speak Romansh. , the population was 49.8% male and 50.2% female. The population was made up of 958 Swiss men (44.8% of the population) and 107 (5.0%) non-Swiss men. There were 973 Swiss women (45.5%) and 102 (4.8%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 764 or about 37.1% were born in Courgenay and lived there in 2000. There were 713 or 34.6% who were born in the same canton, while 224 or 10.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 290 or 14.1% were born outside of Switzerland. , children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 24.2% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 57.1% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.6%. , there were 763 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,045 married individuals, 155 widows or widowers and 99 individuals who are divorced. , there were 836 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. There were 244 households that consist of only one person and 62 households with five or more people. , a total of 809 apartments (85.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 58 apartments (6.1%) were seasonally occupied and 79 apartments (8.4%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 2.3 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 3.06%. The historical population is given in the following chart: Heritage sites of national significance The neolithic dolmen at Pierre-Percée is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Politics In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 30.26% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (26.42%), the FDP (23.69%) and the SVP (14.98%). In the federal election, a total of 695 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 44.1%. Economy , Courgenay had an unemployment rate of 6.6%. , there were 83 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 31 businesses involved in this sector. 465 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 37 businesses in this sector. 285 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 61 businesses in this sector. There were 981 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 40.5% of the workforce. the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 733. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 58, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 439 of which 360 or (82.0%) were in manufacturing and 79 (18.0%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 236. In the tertiary sector; 55 or 23.3% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 52 or 22.0% were in the movement and storage of goods, 22 or 9.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was in the information industry, 11 or 4.7% were the insurance or financial industry, 18 or 7.6% were technical professionals or scientists, 19 or 8.1% were in education and 45 or 19.1% were in health care. , there were 530 workers who commuted into the municipality and 620 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.2 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 25.7% of the workforce coming into Courgenay are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 10.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 65% used a private car. Religion From the , 1,487 or 72.1% were Roman Catholic, while 319 or 15.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 4 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.19% of the population), and there were 62 individuals (or about 3.01% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 38 (or about 1.84% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 7 individuals who were Buddhist. 96 (or about 4.66% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 80 individuals (or about 3.88% of the population) did not answer the question. Transport Courgenay sits on the Delémont–Delle line and is served by trains at Courgenay railway station. Education In Courgenay about 669 or (32.4%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 162 or (7.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 162 who completed tertiary schooling, 60.5% were Swiss men, 24.1% were Swiss women, 11.7% were non-Swiss men and 3.7% were non-Swiss women. The Canton of Jura school system provides two year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school followed by some form of Tertiary school or they may enter an apprenticeship. During the 2009-10 school year, there were a total of 198 students attending 11 classes in Courgenay. There were 2.5 kindergarten classes with a total of 49 students in the municipality. The municipality had 8 primary classes and 149 students. There are only nine Secondary schools in the canton, so all the students from Courgenay attend their secondary school in another municipality. , there were 8 students in Courgenay who came from another municipality, while 156 residents attended schools outside the municipality.	Courgenay
The 31st Directors Guild of America Awards, honoring the outstanding directorial achievements in film and television in 1978, were presented on March 10, 1979 at the Beverly Hilton. The feature film nominees were announced in February 1979. Winners and nominees Film Television	31st Directors Guild of America Awards
New Alipore is an upscale and standard locality in South Kolkata. Description Geography New Alipore is bordered on the north by the Budge Budge section of the Kolkata Suburban Railway between Majerhat and Tollygunge stations. It is bounded by B.L. Saha Road (Chetla) to the east, Diamond Harbour Road to the west and by Behala to the south. History New Alipore was created as a planned residential suburb of Kolkata by the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority in the 1950s to house the burgeoning population of the city. New Alipore was already the location of the India Government Mint, built in the 1930s. Next to the mint lies the Centenary Port Trust Hospital, built in 1971.. Transport New Alipore has two railway stations, New Alipore railway station and Majerhat railway station on the Budge Budge section of the Kolkata Suburban Railway and Kolkata Circular Railway. New Alipore is connected to all parts of the city by extensive bus services. The Diamond Harbour Road is part of NH 117. The erstwhile Kalighat Falta Railway (KFR) has been dismantled and the space reclaimed. The stretch where once the tracks lay is now the James Long Sarani. This road runs parallel to the Diamond Harbour Road and through Behala and Thakurpukur. Police district New Alipore is served by New Alipore police station: it is part of the South division of Kolkata Police. Tollygunge Women's police station has jurisdiction over all the police districts in the South Division. Institutions There are many renowned educational institutions in New Alipore : New Alipore College, NAAC accredited "A" grade college, PRADCOMM EDUCATION CENTRE , St. Joseph & Mary's School, St. Thomas Institution, Moople - Institute of Animation and Design, Dream Institute of Technology, CMC Computer education Centre, National Institute of Information Technology, IMEI Kolkata, CADD Centre, P C Chandra College, Ruprit Educare, Digital WebGurukul, Professional Institute Of Wellness Studies & Research, SIP ABACUS New Alipore, TALLY ACADEMY-NEW ALIPORE, MiraTech Solutions, Gallery See also :Category:People from New Alipore	New Alipore
The 1990 Paisley South by-election was a parliamentary by-election held on 29 November 1990 for the House of Commons constituency of Paisley South, in the town of Paisley, Scotland. It was caused by the death of the previous Labour Member of Parliament, Norman Buchan. As in the by-election in the neighbouring seat of Paisley North held on the same day, the SNP saw a healthy increase in their share of the vote, but not enough to win, and the Labour Party retained the seat, with Gordon McMaster emerging as the victor. The by-election was the first parliamentary election to take place under the premiership of John Major, who had succeeded Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister just two days earlier. Although the change of party leader sparked an almost instant upswing in Conservative support (which had been declining for the previous 18 months largely due to the poll tax) and ultimately saw them win the 1992 general election with their highest number of votes on record, the Tories failed to take advantage of this by-election; polling at a mere 13.4% and failing to alter the political climate in a traditional Labour stronghold. Results See also Paisley South (UK Parliament constituency) 1997 Paisley South by-election 1990 Paisley North by-election Elections in Scotland Lists of United Kingdom by-elections	1990 Paisley South by-election
Kottarakkara (IAST: Koṭṭārakkara), also transliterated as Kottarakara, is a town and municipality in the Kollam district of the Kerala, India. The town is close to Kollam Port, which has a rich history linked to the early medieval period as well as the reputation as an important commercial, industrial and trading center. Kottarakkara lies to the east of Kollam city centre. History Kottarakkara, also known in the ancient days of the kings as the Elayadathu Swarupam, was a principality ruled by a branch of the Travancore Royal Family. It is the home of Kathakali, a well known dance drama which originated initially as Ramanattam created in the 17th century by Prince Kottarakkara Thampuran and later patronized by the Raja of Kottarakkara in the early 19th century absorbing other dance forms of Krishnattam with further innovations. Etymology Kottarakkara, a compound word made up of the words Kottaram, meaning "palace", and kara meaning "land", literally means "land of palaces". The area which had several palaces was thus named "Kottarakkara." Geography Kottarakkara is a small principality close to Kollam. As a taluk headquarters, it has six panchayats and other small towns. It is surrounded by several other towns. Towns and villages in Kottarakara Taluk Ampalakkara Andoor Chadayamangalam Chengamanadu Chakkuvarakkal Cherupoika Chithara Elamad Ezhukone Irukunnam Ittiva Kadakkal Kalayapuram Kareepra- Edakkidom Karickom Kottarakkara Kottathala Kottukkal Kulakkada Kummil Malavila Mankode Melila Mylom Neduvathur Nilamel Odanavattom Panaveli Pavithreswaram Pooyappally Puthoor Sadhanathapuram Thrikkannamangal Ummannur Valakom Velinallur Veliyam Vettikkavala Climate Politics Kottarakara Assembly Constituency is one among the 11 assembly constituencies in Kollam district. K.N.Balagopal is the present MLA from Kottarakkara constituency. Kottarakkara comes under Mavelikkara (Lok Sabha constituency)(previously it was in Adoor Loksabha constituency) that represents a large area including Kottarakkara, Mavelikkara, Changanasseri, spread in Kollam, Alappuzha and Kottayam districts. E Chandrasekaran Nair (CPI), D.Damodaran Potti (PSP), R.Balakrishna Pillai (Kerala Congress), E.Chandrasekaran Nair (CPI), C.Achutha Menon (CPI), Kottara Gopalakrishnan (INC) and R.Balakrishna Pillai (Kerala Congress - B) are the former elected members represented Kottarakara Assembly Constituency in the past. Mandalam president: G.Peter (Kerala Congress) Transportation Road Network NH 744 earlier known as NH 208 (Kollam to Thirumangalam) meets the MC road (Thiruvananthapuram to Angamaly) at Kottarakkara. Kottarakkara is linked with Kollam (the district headquarters), both by road and rail, at a distance of 27 km. It is 66 km to the north of Thiruvananthapuram (the capital of Kerala) and 80 km to the south of Kottayam. Road Kottarakara has one of the Kerala's well connected KSRTC Hub, consist of various services across almost all the parts of kerala and interstate services. Local routes are connected by private bus services as well as State Transport. It is well connected to the capital city of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram by KSRTC Fast Passenger, super fast, super deluxe, a/c low floor buses. Buses are also ply to the district headquarters of Kollam and Pathanamthitta and to towns in Tamil Nadu like Coimbatore, Tenkasi and Sengottai and Daily trips to Mookambika, Sullia Munnar, Chennai, Hosur Bangalore, Velankanni, Madurai, Kumily, Mysore, Kanyakumari, Coimbatore, Nagercoil, Thirunelveli, Tuticorin, Palani, Trichy, Ernakulam, Kannur, Palakkad, Thrissur, Mangalore, Sultan Bathery, Kasaragod. Kottarakara depot of ksrtc is one of the top revenue earning depots of the state. Rail Kottarakara railway station is located on the Kollam-Sengottai railway line. Kottarakara railway station, which currently connects to Kollam, Trivandrum, Ernakulam, Thrissur, Palakkad, Madurai, Chennai, Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli, Guruvayur, Varkala and Punalur through the direct passenger, fast passenger and express train services. There are eight pairs of services right now and heard that many more services would be inducted in this route since the Punalur-Schengotta ghat section has been closed for Broad Gauge conversion. Further, a new line from Chengannur to Thiruvananthapuram via Adoor and Pandalam is awaiting survey. Kottarakkara will become a junction once the new line materializes. Air The nearest airport is Trivandrum International Airport, . Notable people Veliyam Bharghavan, Former General Secretary, Communist Party of India Bobby Kottarakkara, Malayalam actor K. B. Ganesh Kumar, actor and politician Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair (1922–1986), actor R. Balakrishna Pillai, former Minister, MLA, MP and Panchayat President, Chairman of the Kerala Congress Sai Kumar, Malayalam actor Salim Yusuf - Physician, cardiologist and epidemiologist Schools and Colleges	Kottarakkara
George W. Drum (October 3, 1925–December 16, 1997) was an early leader in automobile club circles, and the first director of the Crosley Car Owners Club in 1952. With Edward Herzog, he worked to preserve the stock of spare parts for Crosley automobiles and trucks when the parent company Crosley Motors, Incorporated was sold to General Tire in July 1952 and production halted on July 3 of that year. George W. Drum resided at 2101 Greenway Avenue in Charlotte, North Carolina. People in the automobile industry 1925 births 1997 deaths	George W. Drum
Terramar may refer to: Places Terramar, Carlsbad, California, United States, a neighborhood Terramar Visitor Center, a visitor center and museum at Hugh Taylor Birch State Park in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States Autódromo de Sitges-Terramar, a former racing circuit in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Other The TerraMar Project, a former American environmental nonprofit organization Cupra Terramar, a 2024– Spanish compact performance SUV See also Terramare culture, an archaeological culture in Northern Italy	Terramar
Walter Haskell Pincus (born December 24, 1932) is an American national security journalist. He reported for The Washington Post until the end of 2015. He has won several prizes including a Polk Award in 1977, a television Emmy in 1981, and shared a 2002 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting with five other Washington Post reporters, and the 2010 Arthur Ross Media Award from the American Academy for Diplomacy. Since 2003, he has taught at Stanford University's Stanford in Washington program. Biography Pincus was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Jewish parents Jonas Pincus and Clare Glassman. He attended South Side High School, Rockville Centre, New York and graduated from Yale University with a B.A. in 1954. Before being drafted into the U.S. Army in 1955, where he served in the Counterintelligence Corps in Washington, D.C. from 1955–1957, he worked as a copy-boy for The New York Times. Pincus also attended Georgetown University Law Center, graduating in 2001 with a Juris Doctor degree. In September 1954 he married Betty Meskin, with whom he has a son. In May 1965, he married his second wife Ann Witsell Terry, who is from Little Rock, Arkansas, with whom he has one daughter and two sons. Career After his discharge from the Army, Pincus worked at the copy desk of the Wall Street Journal's Washington edition, leaving in 1959 to become Washington correspondent for three North Carolina newspapers. In an 18-month sabbatical he took in 1962, he directed his first of two investigations for the Senate Foreign Relations Committee under J. William Fulbright. The investigations into foreign government lobbying led to a revision of the Foreign Agents Registration Act. In 1963, he joined the Washington Star, and in 1966 he moved to The Washington Post, where he worked till 1969. In 1969 till 1970 he directed another investigation for the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, looking into U.S. military and security commitments abroad and their effect on U.S. foreign policy, which eventually led to the McGovern-Hatfield amendment to end the Vietnam War. In 1973 Pincus tried to establish a newspaper, aiming at university towns with bad local newspapers, but without success. Believing that he would later buy the magazine, he had become executive editor of The New Republic in 1972, where he covered the Watergate Senate hearings, the House impeachment hearings of Richard Nixon and the Watergate trial. In 1975, after he was fired from the New Republic, he went to work as consultant to NBC News and later CBS News, developing, writing or producing television segments for network evening news, magazine shows and hour documentaries, and joined The Washington Post the same year. At The Washington Post, Pincus reports on intelligence, defense and foreign policy. He has written about a variety of news subjects ranging from nuclear weapons and arms control to political campaigns to the American hostages in Iran to investigations of Congress and the Executive Branch. For six years he covered the Iran-contra affair. He covered the intelligence community and its problems arising out of the case of confessed spy Aldrich Ames, allegations of Chinese espionage at the nuclear weapons laboratories. Pincus attended Georgetown Law School part-time beginning in 1995 and graduated in 2001, at the age of sixty-eight. He has been a visiting lecturer at Yale University and since 2002 has taught a seminar at Stanford University's Stanford-in-Washington program. Involvement in the Plame affair In October 2003, Pincus cowrote a story for The Washington Post which described a July 12, 2003 conversation between an unnamed administration official and an unnamed Washington Post reporter. The official told the reporter that Iraq war critic Joe Wilson's wife Valerie Plame worked for the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) nonproliferation division, and suggested that Plame had recommended her husband to investigate reports that Iraq's government had tried to buy uranium in Niger. It later became clear that Pincus himself was the Post reporter in question. Special Counsel Patrick Fitzgerald issued a grand jury subpoena to Pincus on August 9, 2004, in an attempt to discover the identity of Pincus' secret informant. On August 20, 2004, the Post filed a motion to quash the subpoena, but after Pincus' source came forward to speak with investigators, Pincus gave a deposition to Fitzgerald on September 15, 2004; he recounted the 2003 conversation to Fitzgerald but still did not name the administration official. In a public statement afterward, Pincus said that the special prosecutor had dropped his demand that Pincus reveal his source. On February 12, 2007, Pincus testified in court that it was then White House Press Secretary Ari Fleischer, swerving off topic during an interview, who had told him of Plame's identity. Pincus was interviewed about his involvement in the Plame affair, and his refusal to identify his source, in the first episode of Frontline's "News War". Later work In 2021, Pincus published Blown to Hell: America's Deadly Betrayal of the Marshall Islanders, a book about the effects of United States nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands. Criticism In July 2013 Pincus wrote an article about National Security Agency (NSA) whistleblower Edward Snowden prompting Guardian journalist Glenn Greenwald (himself a subject of the article) to write an open letter to Pincus regarding what he described as "blatant, easily demonstrated falsehoods" including: 1) Pincus stated that I wrote an article about Poitras "for the WikiLeaks Press's blog" (I never wrote anything for that blog in my life; the article he referenced was written for Salon); 2) Pincus claimed Assange "previewed" my first NSA scoop in a Democracy Now interview a week earlier by referencing the bulk collection of telephone calls (Assange was expressly talking about a widely reported Bush program from 8 years earlier, not the FISA court order under Obama I reported); 3) Pincus strongly implied that Snowden had worked for the NSA for less than 3 months by the time he showed up in Hong Kong with thousands of documents when, in fact, he had worked at the NSA continuously for 4 years." Greenwald and others stated that Pincus also failed to follow standard journalistic best practice in not approaching him for comment or to fact-check his allegations which led his own colleague at the Washington Post to speculate that "Pincus was sticking up for his killer sources in the national security community" - something Pincus denied despite his widely known ties to and background in the military and intelligence communities. When unionized Washington Post reporters in The Newspaper Guild withheld bylines to protest a company contract offer, Pincus refused to join his fellow reporters and allowed his byline to be published. Honors and awards Pincus has won several newspaper prizes including the 1961 Page One award for magazine reporting in The Reporter, the George Polk Award in 1977 for stories in The Washington Post exposing the neutron warhead, a television Emmy for writing on the 1981 CBS News documentary series, "Defense of the United States", and in 1999 he was awarded the first Stewart Alsop Award given by the Association of Foreign Intelligence Officers for his coverage of national security affairs. In 2002 he was one of six Washington Post reporters who won a Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting, and in 2010 the Arthur Ross Media Award from the American Academy for Diplomacy. See also CIA influence on public opinion	Walter Pincus
Horst Schulze (26 April 1921 – 24 October 2018) was a German actor and opera singer. He was born in Dresden and died in Berlin at the age of 97. Filmography	Horst Schulze
Canadian Music Creators Coalition is a group of Canadian music artists opposed to introducing legislation similar to the United States' DMCA into Canadian intellectual property law. The group was officially formed April 26, 2006. An editorial from founding member Steven Page (formerly of the band Barenaked Ladies) announcing the formation of the coalition detailed three core principles, which included opposition to litigation against fans who download music, opposition to digital copy protection, and encouragement of a cultural policy that supported Canadian artists. According to Page, "This effort is not about giving our music away, it's about encouraging innovative approaches that will compensate musicians and protect music fans from litigation." The group received support from Charlie Angus, the NDP Heritage Critic. The Canadian Music Creators Coalition has provided a public voice on issues that affect its members, describing the Songwriters Association of Canada's proposal to monetize file sharing as a "forward thinking approach" and denouncing Bill C-61 for not focusing on the real needs of creators. Notable Members alexisonfire Randy Bachman Barenaked Ladies (founders) Billy Talent Broken Social Scene Bob Ezrin Leslie Feist Matthew Good Bill Henderson Greg Keelor Chantal Kreviazuk Avril Lavigne Lighthouse Tara MacLean Raine Maida Sarah McLachlan Metric The New Pornographers One Bad Son Blair Packham Sam Roberts Sloan Stars Steven Page Sum 41 Arlen Thompson Three Days Grace	Canadian Music Creators Coalition
In linguistics, reappropriation, reclamation, or resignification is the cultural process by which a group reclaims words or artifacts that were previously used in a way disparaging of that group. It is a specific form of a semantic change (i.e. change in a word's meaning). Linguistic reclamation can have wider implications in the fields of discourse and has been described in terms of personal or sociopolitical empowerment. Characteristics A reclaimed or reappropriated word is a word that was at one time pejorative but has been brought back into acceptable usage, usually starting within its original target, i.e. the communities that were pejoratively described by that word, and later spreading to the general populace as well. Some of the terms being reclaimed have originated as non-pejorative terms that over time became pejorative. Reclaiming them can be seen as restoring their original intent. This, however, does not apply to all such words as some were used in a derogatory fashion from the very beginning. In terms of linguistic theory, reappropriation can be seen as a specific case of a type of a semantic change, namely, of amelioration - a process through which a word's meaning becomes more positive over time. Robin Brontsema suggested that there are at least three identifiable goals of reclamation: Value reversal Neutralization Stigma exploitation Value reversal refers to changing the meaning from pejorative to positive, while neutralization refers to changing the meaning from pejorative to neutral. Stigma exploitation, finally, refers to retaining the derogatory nature of such terms as a reminder that a given group has been subject to unfair treatment. Those goals are mutually exclusive. Reclamation can be seen as both a psychological, individual process and as a sociological, society-wide process. In terms of a personal process, it has been discussed in the context of empowerment that comes from "disarming the power of a dominant group to control one’s own and others’ views of oneself", and gaining control over the way one is described, and hence, one's self-image, self-control and self-understanding. Brontsema wrote that "At the heart of linguistic reclamation is the right of self-definition, of forging and naming one’s own existence." Other scholars have connected this concept to that of self-labelling. The empowerment process, and the denial of language as a tool of oppression as abuse of power, has also been stressed by scholars such as Judith Butler and Michel Foucault, the latter who also referred to it as a "reverse discourse". In terms of the wider sociopolitical empowerment process, reclamation process has also been credited with promoting social justice, and building group solidarity; activists groups that engage in this process have been argued to be more likely to be seen as representative of their groups and see those groups as raising in power and status in their society. Scholars have argued that those who use such terms to describe themselves in the act of reappropriation "will feel powerful and therefore see his or her group label as less stigmatizing. Observers will infer that the group has power and will therefore see the label as less saturated in negativity". Although those terms are most often used in the context of language, this concept has also been used in relation to other cultural concepts, for example in the discussion of reappropriation of stereotypes, reappropriation of popular culture (e.g., the reappropriation of science fiction literature into elite, high literature), or reappropriation of traditions. Controversy and objections Reclaimed words often remain controversial for a time, due to their original pejorative nature. For some terms, even "reclaimed" usage by members of the community concerned is a subject of controversy. Often, not all members of a given community support the idea that a particular slur should be reclaimed at all. In other cases, a word can be seen as acceptable when used by the members of the community that has reclaimed it (in-group usage), but its use by outside parties (out-group usage) can still be seen as derogatory and thus controversial. For example, Brontsema noted in 2003 in his discussion of the reclaimed terms that while "[the term nigger] may be acceptable for African Americans to use it freely, it is off-limits to whites, whose usage of nigger cannot be the same, given its history and the general history of racial oppression and racial relations in the United States." A similar argument has been made in 2009 for words associated with the LGBT movement like queer or dyke. A related discourse occurred with regards to the Washington Redskins name controversy, with the American Indians community was divided on whether the term has been reclaimed or not. Those opposed to the reclamation of terms have argued that such terms are irredeemable and are forever connected to their derogatory meaning, and their usage will continue to hurt those who remember its original intent and even reinforce the existing stigma. The supporters of reclamation argue, in turn, that many such words had non-derogatory meanings that are simply being restored and that in either case, reclaiming such a word denies it to those who would want to use it to oppress others and represents a form of moral victory for the group that reclaimed it. In 2017, the US Supreme Court, heard arguments for Matal v. Tam. In that case, the US Patent and Trademark Office refused a trademark registration for an Asian American band, The Slants, because it deemed the term disparaging. However, the court ruled unanimously in its favor. Washington University in St. Louis conducted an extensive study on reappropriation based on the band name and found that reclaimed words could be an effective tool for neutralizing disparaging words: "Reappropriation does seem to work in the sense of defusing insults, rendering them less disparaging and harmful." Examples Sex and sexuality There are many recent examples of linguistic reappropriation in the areas of human sexuality, gender roles, sexual orientation, etc. Among these are: dyke faggot hermaphrodite queer tongzhi Politics In England, Cavalier was a derogatory nickname reappropriated as self-identification, in contrast to the term Roundhead which, despite being used by the Royalists for the supporters of the Parliamentary cause, remained a derisory word up to the point of it being a punishable offense if used to refer to a soldier of the New Model Army. Tory (originally from the Middle Irish word for 'pursuer' ), Whig (from whiggamore; see the Whiggamore Raid) and Suffragette are other British examples. In the American colonies, British officers used Yankee, a term originated in reference to Dutch settlers, as a derogatory term against the colonists. British officers created the early versions of the song Yankee Doodle, as a criticism of the uncultured colonists, but during the Revolution, as the colonists began to reappropriate the label yankee as a point of pride, they likewise reappropriated the song, altering verses, and turning it into a patriotic anthem. The term is now widely used as an affectionate nickname for Americans in general. In the 1850s in the United States, a secretive political party was derisively dubbed the Know Nothing party, based on their penchant for saying "I know nothing" when asked for details by outsiders; this became the common name for the party. It eventually became a popular name, sufficiently so that consumer products like tea, candy, and even a freighter were branded with the name. Anarchism was mostly a derogatory term used by opponents of collectivist forms of socialism, until it was adopted by the anarchist movement in the late 1800s. During the 2016 United States presidential election, Hillary Clinton referred to some Trump supporters as a "Basket of deplorables". Many Trump supporters endorsed the phrase. Donald Trump also played the song "Do You Hear the People Sing?" from the musical Les Misérables as an introduction to one of his rallies, using a graphic captioned "Les Deplorables". Subsequently, Trump called Clinton a "nasty woman" during the final presidential debate, resulting in that expression being described as a "rallying cry" for women. It was soon featured on merchandise and used by Clinton's campaign surrogates. Religion One of the older examples of successful reclaiming is the term Jesuit to refer to members of the Society of Jesus. This was originally a derogatory term referring to people who too readily invoked the name of Jesus in their politics, but which members of the Society adopted over time for themselves, so that the word came to refer exclusively to them, and generally in a positive or neutral sense, even though the term "Jesuitical" is derived from the Society of Jesus and is used to mean things like: manipulative, conspiring, treacherous, capable of intellectually justifying anything by convoluted reasoning. Other examples can be found in the origins of Methodism; early members were originally mocked for their "methodical" and rule-driven religious devotion, founder John Wesley embraced the term for his movement. Members of the Religious Society of Friends were termed Quakers as an epithet, but took up the term themselves. Similarly, the term Protestant was originally a derogatory term, and more recently the term pagan has been subject to a similar change in meaning. Race, ethnicity, and nationality To a lesser extent, and more controversially among the groups referred to, many racial, ethnic, and class terms have been reappropriated: Baster, the name is derived from bastaard, the Dutch word for "bastard". They are a Southern African ethnic group descended from White European men and Black African women. The Basters reappropriated it as a "proud name", claiming their ancestry and history. Black, negro, nigga, or nigger by African Americans Curry, used a derogatory term for South Asians (often in conjunction with muncher or slurper), reappropriated by some members of the South Asian expatriate or American-Born Confused Desi community. Jew by the Jewish people (the word used to be seen as pejorative in English). That process is still not complete in some Slavic languages, where the word Zhyd can still be seen as pejorative. Kugel, playful South African English slang for a materialistic young woman, originally was a derogatory term used by the elder generation of South African Jews for a young Jewish woman who forsook traditional Jewish dress values for those of the ostentatiously wealthy and became overly materialistic and overgroomed. The term was then reclaimed by those women. Peckerwood, originally black slang in the Southern United States for poor whites, reclaimed by white prison gangs Smoggie, originally a derogatory term for people from the North East England town of Middlesbrough, in reference to the town's notorious industrial pollution, now commonly used in self-identification. White trash, a classist slur referring to poor white people, reappropriated by some in the Southern states of the United States of America as a cultural symbol and badge of pride - however this reappropriation has not been as evident in mainstream British English syntax where it is used in a more condescending or sarcastic manner. Wog by Australians of Greek, Italian, Arab or Turkish descent. Disability cripple, crip, gimp by people with disabilities. mad by people with mental disorders Art movements Impressionists In 1874 during their first independent art show, critic Louis Leroy penned a hostile review of the show in Le Charivari newspaper under the title "The Exhibition of the Impression-ists". In particular he used the painting Impression, soleil levant by Claude Monet to ridicule the painters for their lack of seriousness preferring to paint "fleeting impressions of the moment" rather than allegorical or ultra-realist themes. Stuckism is an international art movement founded in 1999; its members produce figurative art. Tracey Emin, one of the Young British Artists known for their conceptual art, accused her then-boyfriend of lack of imagination or reach, of being "stuck". He took on the term. Feminism Words some feminist activists have argued should be reclaimed include: bitch cunt slut lady See also Détournement, a similar strategy used for images Dysphemism treadmill, the process by which offensive terms can become acceptable without deliberate intervention Gaysper, reappropriated LGBT symbol Geographical renaming, which can include reclaiming an earlier pre-colonial name	Reappropriation
Anna Roemers Visscher (c. 2 February 1583 – 6 December 1651) was a Dutch artist, poet, and translator. Biography Anna Roemers Visscher was the eldest daughter of Amsterdam merchant and poet Roemer Visscher and the sister of Maria Tesselschade Visscher. Her family's economic and social status in Amsterdam enabled Visscher to be schooled in languages, calligraphy, embroidery, drawing, painting, glass engraving and other arts. Visscher married Dominicus Booth van Wesel in 1624. In 1646, they moved with their two sons Roemer and Johan to Leiden. Visscher lived during the Renaissance when women poets were often praised for who they were more than for their literary work. She was amongst the group of artists, writers and musicians who formed the Muiderkring or Muiden Circle. She was highly admired by the artistic elite such as P. C. Hooft, Jacob Cats, Joost van den Vondel, Constantijn Huygens and others. They called her a muse, the second Sappho, a fourth grace and more, and often dedicated works to her. Jacob Cats, for example, dedicated Maagdeplicht (The Duties of a Maiden) to Visscher. The Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens dedicated an engraving of his Susanna and the Elders, executed by Michel Lasne (ca. 1617–18) under Rubens's supervision, to Anna Visscher; the inscription praises her virtue. A second engraving, executed by Lucas Vorsterman (1620) after another of Rubens's Susanna and the Elders, carries the same dedication from Rubens to Visscher. Visscher is particularly regarded for her diamond-point glass engraving. Additionally, she had an apparent interest in emblem books, as she translated into Dutch thirteen epigrams from Georgette de Montenay's Emblèmes, ou devises chrestiennes of 1584 Manuscripts Catalogue. She also contributed poetry to the 1618 emblem book, Silenus Alcibiadis, Sive Proteus K. ter Laan, Letterkundig woordenboek voor Noord en Zuid · dbnl by Jacob Cats. She was a contemporary and friend of Anna Maria van Schurman. Visscher died in Alkmaar, at the home of her sister Maria.	Anna Visscher
A precinct captain, also known as a precinct chairman, precinct delegate, precinct committee officer or precinct committeeman, is an elected official in the American political party system. The office establishes a direct link between a political party and the voters in a local electoral precinct. Their role is to build a relationship between those who hold public office and those who vote at the polls. Election to the office is by ballot or by the county party executive committee. Voters file their declaration of candidacy with their party in their voting district. If elected during the primary, the Precinct Captain shall serve as long as one remains eligible, or until seeking reelection in the subsequent district primary. Requirements vary among states and counties. Responsibilities of the post include facilitating voter registration and absentee ballot access; leading get out the vote outreach efforts; distributing campaign and party literature; promoting the party; and addressing voter concerns. In many states Precinct Captains are also eligible to establish party unit committees for fundraising. The concept of precinct leadership is to provide a grassroots position with officials generally serving as volunteers, though in some states they receive a stipend. Positions of county captain have also been created, but are usually used for election campaigns rather than party organizing. In Illinois, Michelle Obama got her initial introduction to Democratic party politics when her father served as a Precinct Captain and the then-Michelle Robinson accompanied the elder Robinson on his rounds through his precinct. In the State of Washington, this office is known as the "Precinct Committee Officer". In Washington, in case of a vacancy in the state legislature, the precinct committee officers will nominate candidates to fill the vacancy, which then need to be approved by the county council. In the State of Oregon, this office is defined in state law under Oregon Revised Statue 248.015 as "Precinct Committee Person". Office title designation by state Titles may vary by political party. Alabama - Unknown Alaska - Unknown Arizona - Precinct Committeeman Arkansas - Unknown California - Precinct Committeemen Colorado - Precinct Organizer Connecticut - Town Committeeman Delaware - Precinct Committee Member Florida - Precinct Captain Georgia - Precinct Captain Hawaii - Precinct Committee Idaho - Precinct Committeeman Illinois - Precinct Committeeman Indiana - Precinct Committeeman Iowa - Precinct Captain Kansas - Precinct Captain Kentucky - Precinct Captain (with allowances for a Co-Captain and a Youth Captain for at least the Republican party) Louisiana - unknown Maine - unknown Maryland - Precinct Captain Massachusetts - Town Committeeman Michigan - Precinct Delegate (officially, but less commonly, referred to as Delegate To County Convention) Minnesota - Block Captain Mississippi - unknown Missouri - unknown Montana - Precinct Officer Nebraska - unknown Nevada - Precinct Captain New Hampshire - unknown New Jersey - unknown New Mexico - Ward Chair New York - District Leader North Carolina - Precinct Chairman North Dakota - Precinct Committee Person Ohio - Precinct Captain Oklahoma - Precinct Chair Oregon - Precinct Committee Person Pennsylvania - Precinct Committee Member (Republican) ~ Precinct Committee Person (Democrat) Rhode Island - unknown South Carolina - Precinct President South Dakota - Precinct Committeeman or Committeewoman Tennessee - Precinct Committeeman or Committeewoman Texas - Precinct Chair Utah - Precinct Chair Vermont - unknown Virginia - Precinct Committeeman Washington - Precinct Committee Officer West Virginia - unknown Wisconsin - Community Captain Wyoming - precinct committeeman and committeewoman	Precinct captain
James Twining (born 13 December 1972) is a British thriller writer. Life Although born in London, Twining spent most of his childhood in France after his family moved to Paris when he was four. On his return to the United Kingdom when aged eleven, he went to Merchant Taylors' School, eventually winning a place to Christ Church, Oxford where he read French Literature and Linguistics and graduated with a First Class degree in 1995. Twining's early career was spent in the business world. His first job was in the Corporate Finance Department of SBC Warburg (now known as UBS), where he worked mainly on hostile bids and defences and leveraged buyouts. Then in 1999 he set up an e-procurement business (GroupTrade) with a friend. The business was eventually sold to another entrepreneur in August 2002. Twining and his co-founder were both named as one of the eight "Best of Young British" entrepreneurs in The New Statesman. Twining began writing thrillers in 2003. He now lives in North London with his wife, two daughters and a son and is a lifelong Arsenal fan. Work Twining wrote his first book The Double Eagle in 2003 and was signed up by agency Curtis Brown. It was published by Harper Collins in the United Kingdom and United States in 2005. Three sequels, The Black Sun, The Gilded Seal and The Geneva Deception were published in 2006, 2008 and 2009 respectively. All four books feature art thief Tom Kirk and are set in the art world and underworld. In each case, Twining builds a modern-day thriller involving art theft around a series of historical events and/or artifacts. In 2009 Twining announced on his website that he was working on the fifth Tom Kirk novel. As of yet there have been no further updates on this, and his website has not been updated since 2010	James Twining
Motu One, also known as Bellinghausen, is an atoll in the Leeward group of the Society Islands. Motu One is located 550 km northwest from Tahiti and 72 km northeast of Manuae, its closest neighbor. Motu One's reef encloses totally a lagoon without a pass. All of its sides are covered with low, wooded sandy islands except for its southern side. means Sand Island in Tahitian, that is a low-lying, sandy islet that cannot sustain permanent human habitation. History The name Atoll Bellinghausen or more rarely Bellingshausen was given to this small atoll by Otto von Kotzebue, an officer and navigator of Baltic German descent in the Imperial Russian Navy, in honour of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen. It should not be confused with Bellingshausen Island, part of the South Sandwich Islands, in the southwest Atlantic. The atoll was visited by the US Exploring Expedition in Sept. 1839. Administration Motu One Atoll is administratively part of the commune (municipality) of Maupiti, itself in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands. See also French Polynesia	Motu One (Society Islands)
Lagmannsholmen was an island at the entrance to the western part of the harbor of Kristiansand in Agder county, Norway. Starting in 1686, the island was the site of the fleet station for the Danish-Norwegian galley fleet (). Between the years 1750–1758, construction was completed for a new headquarters and main station for the navy at Fredriksvern naval station and shipyard at Stavern in Vestfold. During the 1960s and 1970s, the island was expanded and ultimately connected to the mainland in order to expand the western harbor in the port of Kristiansand. Lagmannsholmen is now part of the mainland. It forms a part of Kristiansand's container port and is connected to the current Kristiansand Fish Wharf (Fiskebrygga). Most of the former islet consists today of large warehouses and a concrete grain silo. There are few buildings dating from the former fortifications. In May 2017 a new dock for cruise ships was put into operation at Lagmannsholmen.	Lagmannsholmen
Armin Kogler (born 4 September 1959) is an Austrian former ski jumper. Career After his surprise win at the FIS Ski-Flying World Championships 1979, Kogler set a new record in Planica (1981) with a leap of 180 meters. He won two World Cup overall titles (1981 and 1982) along with a complete set of medals at the 1982 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with gold in the individual normal hill, a silver in the team large hill, and a bronze in the individual large hill. He would then follow it up with a silver in the team large hill event at the 1985 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Seefeld. Additionally, Kogler won the ski jumping event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1980. Kogler's best Olympic finish was fifth in the individual large hill at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid. For his ski jumping successes, he was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1984 (shared with Lars-Erik Eriksen and Jacob Vaage). Kogler is the uncle of Martin Koch. On 27 March 1980 he tied the world record distance at 176 metres (577 ft) Toni Innauer and Klaus Ostwald at Čerťák hill in Harrachov, Czechoslovakia. On 26 February 1981 he set another ski jumping world record distance at 180 metres (591 ft) on Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze in Oberstdorf, West Germany. World Cup Standings Wins Ski jumping world records	Armin Kogler
Continuing churches are Christian denominations that form when a church union between different denominations occurs, and members or congregations do not wish to join the new denomination, but instead choose to continue the heritage and identity of their old denomination. The phrase is sometimes used by denominations that separate from a parent body and wish to express their faithfulness to the denomination's heritage. Examples Continuing churches are particularly common in Presbyterianism and are present in Australia, Canada, Scotland, and the United States. Examples include the Free Church of Scotland (1900), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (1906), the Presbyterian Church in Canada (1925), the United Free Church of Scotland (1929), the Congregational Federation (1972), the Presbyterian Church in America (1973), and the Presbyterian Church of Australia (1977). In the US, the ordination of women beginning in the 1970s played a major part in the formation of a number of Continuing Churches, as did Fundamentalist and Evangelical convictions. The Southern Methodist Church (1940) and the Evangelical Church (1968), for example, were both bodies which refused to join with the Methodist Church the United Methodist Church, respectively, on grounds of theology and polity. And there are many remnants of the former Congregationalist denominations which now comprise the United Church of Christ merger, such as the Conservative Congregational Christian Conference (1948). The North American Baptist landscape is replete with organizations that originate from a refusal to join a larger body. In Australia, both Fellowship of Congregational Churches and the Presbyterian Church of Australia continued after the Uniting Church in Australia formed in 1977. Examples of denominations that separated from a parent body rather than staying out of a union include the Continuing Anglican movement and the Free Church of Scotland (Continuing). In the case of the Presbyterian Church in America, it separated from the Presbyterian Church in the United States in 1973, ten years before that body merged with the United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America to form the Presbyterian Church (USA). Legal issues Some continuing churches have been embroiled in legal disputes with parent bodies over property and/or the right to use the original denominational name. In Canada, the United Church of Canada Act expressly stipulated that the "Presbyterian Church in Canada" had ceased to exist, but the continuing Presbyterians continued to use the name and the Act was amended in 1939 to recognize their right to do so. Conversely, the Presbyterian Church of Australia was recognized as a continuing church in the Presbyterian Church of Australia Act of 1971, before the church union occurred. The continuing Free Church of Scotland entered into a protracted legal dispute with the United Free Church of Scotland after the majority of the Free Church entered into church union with the United Presbyterian Church in 1900. This was finally resolved by the Bannatyne v. Overtoun decision in 1904. The court ruled that the continuing church was the "true heir of the previous denomination's properties." Character Many continuing churches have found their identity in a commitment to their denominational tradition's historic doctrinal standards. For example, the Presbyterian Church in America resolved to maintain the "historic doctrinal position of the Reformed faith as expressed in the Westminster Standards." M. H. Ogilvie notes that the continuing Presbyterians in Canada "clung to the inherited marks of Presbyterianism: the subordinate standard of the Westminster Confession of Faith, the Presbyterian polity of government by church courts and perhaps a dash of the Covenanting spirit. The continuing Presbyterian Church of Australia also "remained committed to Presbyterian polity and affirmed a more conservative Reformed theological stance." One the other hand, motivations on the part of individuals and congregations for staying out of church unions was often mixed. Some continuing Presbyterians in Australia and Canada (described as the "haggis and bagpipe" group) were "Scots nationalists who regarded the kirk and their ethnic inheritance as Scots as being coterminous."	Continuing church
Philip Huang Chao-ming (; born 23 August 1954) is the fourth and current Roman Catholic bishop of Hualien. He was ordained a priest in 1983. He became bishop of Hualien in 2001.	Philip Huang Chao-ming
The Villa Poppaea is an ancient luxurious Roman seaside villa (villa maritima) located in Torre Annunziata between Naples and Sorrento, in Southern Italy. It is also called the Villa Oplontis or Oplontis Villa A. as it was situated in the ancient Roman town of Oplontis. It was buried and preserved in the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD, like the nearby cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii, about below modern ground level. The quality of the decorations and construction suggests that it was owned by the Emperor Nero, and a pottery shard bearing the name of a freedman of Poppaea Sabina, the second wife of the emperor Nero was found at the site, which suggests the villa may have been her residence when she was away from Rome and which gives it its popular name. It was sumptuously decorated with fine works of art. Its marble columns and capitals mark it out as being especially luxurious compared with others in this region which usually had stuccoed brick columns. Many artifacts from Oplontis are preserved in the Naples National Archaeological Museum. Parts of the villa lying under modern structures remain unexcavated. Site It was one of the luxury villas built along the entire coast of the Gulf of Naples in the Roman period, such that Strabo wrote: "The whole gulf is quilted by cities, buildings, plantations, so united to each other, that they seem to be a single metropolis." The villa was originally built on a shelf 14m above sea level and above the sea shore giving it a beautiful view over the Bay of Naples. It is known that other buildings lay near the shore line below, possibly baths, and at Lido Azzurro nearby the ancient coastline has been found along with traces of Roman baths that may have been public. Construction The villa was first built in the 50s BC and then enlarged in stages. The oldest part of the house centres around the atrium. During the remodelling, the house was extended to the east, with the addition of various reception and service rooms, gardens and a large swimming pool. This grandiose maritime villa is characterized by “rituals of reception and leisure” through both its physical space and its decoration. Its original core comprised an atrium, public dining and other reception rooms, and smaller rooms. A kitchen, baths (later rebuilt for entertainment), a lararium, and a peristyle comprised the service area. Workrooms and dormitories on the upper floor for slaves, and a latrine and baths on the ground floor surrounded this peristyle. It was extended in the age of Claudius (AD 41–54) when peristyles with colonnaded porticoes extended out from the building's core, framing formal gardens. The east garden had an immense swimming pool in the centre bordered on the south and east by trees. Some 40 marble sculptures of extraordinary beauty were found, forming one of the most extensive collections of statues, busts and other marble ornaments known in the entire region. Among these was a group of centaurs and centauresses found in the west portico facing the north garden. Many of them also served as fountains and were intended to surround the pool but were found away from their proper position. The Villa's earliest frescoes are some of the best examples of the illusionistic Second Style, while later renovations and additions are marked by comparably high-quality paintings of the Third and Fourth Styles. Mosaic floor pavements of varying types occur throughout the Villa. Like everywhere else in the region the villa was damaged in the earthquake of AD 62 and renovation and repairs were still being made until its last moments as, for example, some of the columns were found dissembled and garden sculptures away from their proper location indicates. Frescoes Like many of the frescoes that were preserved due to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, those decorating the walls of the Villa Poppaea are striking both in form and in colour. Many of the frescoes are in the “Second Style” (also called the Architectural Style) of ancient Roman painting, dating to ca. 90-25 BC as classified in 1899 by August Mau. Details include feigned architectural features such as trompe-l'œil windows, doors, and painted columns. Frescoes in the caldarium depicting Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides are painted in the "Third Style" (also called the Ornate Style) dating to ca. 25 BC-40 AD according to Mau. Attention to realistic perspective is abandoned in favor of flatness and elongated architectural forms which “form a kind of shrine" around a central scene, which is often mythological. Immediately to the west of the triclinium is a large oecus, which was the main living room of a Roman house. Like the caldarium frescoes, the room is also painted in the Second Style. The east wall includes some wonderful details such as a theatre mask and peacock. Much attention has been paid to the allusions to stage painting (scenae frons) in the Villa Poppaea frescoes, particularly those in Room 23. Gardens By 1993, 13 gardens had been discovered, among which was a peristyle garden in the original portion of the villa. A large shade tree next to a fountain was found, and also a sundial, a rake, a hoe, and a hook. Another garden in the grounds, this one enclosed, featured wall paintings of plants and birds, and evidence of fruit trees growing in the garden's corners. Two courtyard gardens also featured wall paintings. A large park-like garden extends from the back of the villa. Cavities that had once housed the roots of large trees were discovered and shown to be plane trees. Also found were the remains of tree stumps which were shown to be olives. Other trees at the Villa Poppaea were also identified, including lemon and oleander; a carbonized apple found on the site indicates the former presence of apple trees. Modern-day replanting of the Villa's gardens was undertaken only after the gardens' original plant types and location were known. Rediscovery and excavation history The Villa of Poppaea was first discovered in the eighteenth century during the construction of the Sarno aqueduct which cut through the centre of the villa, but no recognition of the site was made. In 1839 a brief exploration of the site was undertaken by Bourbon excavators using the tunnelling technique employed at Herculaneum, uncovering part of the peristyle and garden area and removing several paintings. Official excavations were done from 1964 until the mid-1980s, at which point the site was excavated to its current level. It was during this final round of excavations that the massive swimming pool, measuring 60 by 17 metres, was unearthed. The villa's southernmost portions have been left unexcavated because of the physical limitations of the complex, which has been compromised by its position beneath the modern city of Torre Annunziata and the Sarno aqueduct. Nearby villa Nearby is the so-called Villa of L. Crassius Tertius, partially excavated between 1974 and 1991. In contrast to the sumptuously decorated Villa Poppaea, the neighbouring villa is a rustic, two-story structure with many rooms left unplastered and with tamped earth floors. This villa was not deserted at the time of the eruption: the remains of 54 people were recovered in one of the rooms of the villa, perishing in the surge that hit Oplontis. With the victims were found many of their belongings, including fine jewelry, silverware, and coins in the amount of 10,000 sesterces, the second largest by value found in the Vesuvian region after that of Boscoreale. Some of the rooms seem to have been used for manufacturing, and others were storerooms, while the upper floor contained the living quarters of the house. These circumstances, along with more than 400 amphorae recovered in the excavations, indicate the property was devoted to the production of wine, oil, and agricultural goods. The discovery of a series of weights seems to confirm this theory; a bronze seal found at the site preserved the name of Lucius Crassius Tertius, apparently its last owner.	Villa Poppaea
Ed Crombie (born October 13, 1945, in Williams Lake, British Columbia) is a former Canadian-born United States Auto Club Championship Car race car driver. He made four starts with a best finish of 7th at Mosport in 1977. He failed to qualify for the 1976 Indianapolis 500. See also List of Canadians in Champ Car	Ed Crombie
The 2003 Winter Universiade, the XXI Winter Universiade, took place in Tarvisio, Italy. Total 1,266 athletes from 41 countries performed. Venues Tarvisio Alpine skiing Cross-country skiing Nordic combined Ski jumping Other venues Forni Avoltri - Biathlon Claut - Curling Piancavallo - Figure skating, short track, snowboard Pontebba - Ice hockey Zoncolan - Carving Villach - Ice hockey Bischofshofen - Ski jumping Medal table Sports Curling Figure skating 2003 Winter Universiade U Winter Universiade Multi-sport events in Italy Sport in Friuli-Venezia Giulia Winter Universiade Winter sports competitions in Italy	2003 Winter Universiade
The year 1791 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Events The elevations of Charlotte Square in Edinburgh, Scotland, are designed by Robert Adam. Polish architect Jakub Kubicki is ennobled. Buildings and structures Buildings opened January 6 – Théâtre Feydeau, Paris, designed by Jacques Legrand and Jacques Molinos. November 7 – The Custom House, Dublin, Ireland, designed by James Gandon. Buildings completed Bara Imambara, Lucknow, India Brandenburg Gate, Berlin, Germany Clyne Castle, Swansea, Wales, built by Richard Phillips Gammel Køgegård, Køge, Denmark (main house) Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral, Argentina (rebuilt) Plaza Mayor, Madrid, remodelling by Juan de Villanueva Rock Castle (Hendersonville, Tennessee), United States, home of Daniel Smith. Tower of Hercules (lighthouse) in Spain (remodelling) Dar Hassan Pacha (palace) in the Casbah of Algiers. Births January 14 – Thomas Oliver, English neoclassical architect (died 1857) March 15 – Lewis Vulliamy, English architect (died 1871) April 17 (bapt.) – William Cubitt, English building and civil engineering contractor and politician (died 1863) June 7 – Giacomo Moraglia, Milanese neoclassical architect (died 1860) Deaths December 19 – Jean-François de Neufforge, Flemish architect and engraver (born 1714)	1791 in architecture
Iron Mike is a name used for memorial statues of American servicemen. Iron Mike may also refer to: People Michael D. Healy (1926–2018), U.S. Army general and Special Forces legend Michael DiBiase (1923–1969), professional wrestler Mike Ditka (born 1939), National Football League player and coach Mike Donahue (1876–1960), college football coach Mike Gapes (born 1952), former member of the United Kingdom's Labour Party Mike Keenan (born 1949), National Hockey League head coach and general manager Michael Malloy (1873–1933), Irish murder victim Mike Marshall (pitcher) (born 1943), Major League Baseball pitcher Ernest L. Massad (1908–1993), US Army general John H. Michaelis (1912–1985), US Army general Mick Murphy (cyclist) (1934–2015), Irish cyclist Iron Mike Norton (born 1973), American blues musician John W. O'Daniel (1894–1975), U.S. Army general Mike Prendergast (baseball) (1888–1967), American Major League Baseball pitcher Michael Russell (tennis) (born 1978), American tennis player Mike Sharpe (1952–2016), professional wrestler Mike Tenay (born 1954), professional wrestling commentator Mike Tyson (born 1966), American boxer Mike Webster (1952–2002), National Football League player Mike Webster (Canadian football) (born 1944), Canadian Football League player and professional wrestler Mike Williamson (footballer) (born 1983), Newcastle United footballer Mike Zambidis (born 1980), Greek kickboxer Other uses Iron Mike (fountain), a cast iron fountain in Oregon, Illinois Iron Mike Productions, a boxing promotion company based in Deerfield Beach, Florida Nautical slang for an autopilot system Baseball slang for a pitching machine "Iron Mike", a poem by Charles Bukowski from the book Love is a Dog From Hell Nicknames	Iron Mike (disambiguation)
Leon Dean Johnson (born 10 May 1981) is a professional footballer who played as a defender, most notably for Wycombe Wanderers. Born in England, he made five appearances for the Grenada national team at international level. Club career Born in London, Johnson came through the youth ranks at his first professional club, Southend United. He made his professional debut when he started the Football League Trophy match for Southend at home to Cheltenham Town in 1999. Southend lost 1–0 to go out of the cup, and Johnson played no more part in the 1999–2000 season. At the end of September in the 2000–01 season, Johnson came on as a substitute in the 1–0 win at Rochdale. By the end of January, Johnson had established himself as a decent defender and he played in a total of 26 games and scored his first goal in a 1–1 draw with Chesterfield at the Recreation Ground. In the 2001–02 season, Johnson made 34 appearances for Southend in all competitions. However, as Southend only finished 12th in League One, cost-cutting meant that Johnson was released from the Roots Hall club on a free transfer. He spent time on trial at nearby club Gillingham during the close-season summer of 2002. Johnson impressed in several friendlies for the Gills who soon signed him up on a full-time contract. Johnson was not seen as first choice for the Gills at the beginning of his career. His first competitive appearance in a Gills shirt came in the middle of September as a late substitute for David Perpetuini. Despite making 20 appearances that season (18 in the league) as Gillingham finished a record high of 11th in the league. He never established himself as a first team regular, however and he only made 21 appearances the next season and only eight the season after that. It was, however, the 2005–06 season that saw Johnson stake a claim for a regular first team spot. Johnson made around 30 appearances in total, and perhaps would have made more were it not for three suspensions (two following red cards, one following his fifth booking of the season). Johnson scored his first goal for Gillingham against Milton Keynes Dons on New Year's Eve 2005 in a 3–0 win at Priestfield when he headed home Andrew Crofts' flick on following Michael Flynn's long ball. Wycombe Wanderers He was released by Gillingham in May 2007 and signed for Wycombe the following month. Johnson was a regular in the Wycombe team throughout the season and was awarded at the end of the year with the Fans' Player of the Year Award. He went on to sign a one-year extension, which kept him at the club until the summer of 2010. He then once again extended his contract for a further two years. He has been involved in two promotions at the club, having three managers in his spell at the club. In May 2014 Johnson was released after a series of injuries following Wycombe's final day league survival. When he left he had the second highest league appearance and fourth highest appearance total of any player at the club. International career Born in England, Johnson qualifies to play for Grenada through his father. On 20 May 2011, he was included in the Grenada squad for the 2011 Gold Cup. Johnson played in all three of Grenada's games in the group stage, but the team was eliminated from the tournament after three heavy defeats.	Leon Johnson (footballer)
Middlewich Town Football Club is a football club based in the Cheshire town of Middlewich. They currently play in the . History Middlewich has had a town football club since at least 1912, with Middlewich Athletic playing at Seddon Street since 1912. Middlewich Athletic were mid-Cheshire league champions five times between 1952 and 1975. In 1998 Middlewich Town was formed by combining Middlewich Athletic with the Middlewich Town Youth teams, so that the club now has junior squads ranging from under 8s to under 16s, a reserve team and a first XI. Since the name change Middlewich have been runners up in the mid-Cheshire league three times, and won the league once. Honours Mid-Cheshire League/Cheshire League Division One Champions 1961–62, 1964–65, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07 Runners-up 1955–56, 1965–66, 1973–74, 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2007–08, 2008–09 Mid-Cheshire League Division Two Runners-up 1992–93 Records FA Amateur Cup Second Round 1973–74 FA Trophy First Qualifying Round 1976–77, 1977–78, 1978–79 FA Vase Fifth Round 1974–75, 1980–81 Former players 1. Players that have played/managed in the Football League or any foreign equivalent to this level (i.e. fully professional league). 2. Players with full international caps. 3. Players that hold a club record or have captained the club. Hughie Reed	Middlewich Town F.C.
In human perception, contingent aftereffects are illusory percepts that are apparent on a test stimulus after exposure to an induction stimulus for an extended period. Contingent aftereffects can be contrasted with simple aftereffects, the latter requiring no test stimulus for the illusion/mis-perception to be apparent. Contingent aftereffects have been studied in different perceptual domains. For instance, visual contingent aftereffects, auditory contingent aftereffects and haptic contingent aftereffects have all been discovered. An example of a visual contingent aftereffect is the McCollough effect. The McCollough effect is one of a family of contingent aftereffects related to the processing of color and orientation. One can induce the aftereffect by exposure to a magenta and black vertical grating alternating with a green and black horizontal grating. After a few minutes of induction (5 or more is best), followed by a break of a few minutes, black-and-white vertical and horizontal gratings will appear colored. The verticals will look green and horizontals pink in the example given. Therefore, the illusory color apparent on the test fields is contingent on the orientation of the lines in that test field. Furthermore, the orientation-color contingencies present in the illusion are the reverse of those present in the adapting stimulus (i.e., the magenta-vertical and green-horizontal adaptation gratings produced illusory magenta on the horizontal test gratings and illusory green on the vertical test grating). The illusion will reverse if one rotates one's head 90°. This is because the effect is retino-topic, that is, the effect is dependent on the orientation of the test lines on the retina. There are also color-contingent motion aftereffects, and other varieties of these phenomena. See also Optical illusion Visual perception	Contingent aftereffect
Gerald Joseph Peyton (born 20 May 1956) is a football coach and former footballer who is currently the interim coach of Indian Super League club Odisha FC. A goalkeeper, Peyton had lengthy spells with Fulham and AFC Bournemouth. Following his retirement, he went into coaching and acted as goalkeeping coach for several teams, including Arsenal from 2003 to 2018. Club career Born in Birmingham, Peyton's footballing debut came with him featuring for Burnley in July 1976. He thereafter left Turf Moor in October of that year to link up with Fulham. While at the club Peyton was named to the PFA Team of the Year for 1982. He then headed out on loan to Southend United in March where he stayed for another three months. He returned to Craven Cottage in July, ultimately leaving Fulham in the summer of 1986. Peyton made the move to AFC Bournemouth soon afterwards. With the Cherries Peyton won the Third Division title of 1987. He was also named to the PFA Team of the Year for 1987 while at the club. Peyton as well won Bournemouth's Player of the Year award for 1987. He eventually moved on to Everton in 1991, from where he was loaned to Bolton Wanderers, Norwich City, Brentford and Chelsea. Peyton returned to Goodison Park in March 1993, eventually being sold to West Ham United in the summer of 1993, where he stayed for a solitary season. He retired from playing soon afterwards. In all, Peyton made over six hundred league appearances. Peyton then took up the role of goalkeeping coach with Japanese clubs Vissel Kobe and Jubilo Iwata, AIK Solna of Sweden, and, until May 2018, English club Arsenal. International career Peyton featured for the Republic of Ireland national football team at the 1988 UEFA European Football Championships and the 1990 FIFA World Cup as an unused substitute. At the World Cup Peyton formed part of the famous Irish squad that got to the quarterfinals of the tournament. Altogether, he won 33 international caps for the Republic of Ireland. Honours Club AFC Bournemouth Third Division: 1987 Individual PFA Team of the Year-Third Division: 1982 PFA Team of the Year-Third Division: 1987 AFC Bournemouth Player of the Year: 1987 See also List of Republic of Ireland international footballers born outside the Republic of Ireland	Gerry Peyton
BioScience is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that is published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences. It was established in 1964 and was preceded by the AIBS Bulletin (1951–1963). The journal publishes literature reviews of current research in biology, as well as essays and discussion sections on education, public policy, history of biology, and theoretical issues. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in MEDLINE/PubMed (1973–1979), the Science Citation Index, Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences, The Zoological Record, and BIOSIS Previews. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 8.589.	BioScience
The New Zealand raven (Corvus antipodum) was native to the North Island and South Island of New Zealand but has been extinct since the 16th century. There were two subspecies: the North Island raven (Corvus antipodum antipodum) and the South Island raven (Corvus antipodum pycrofti). Another closely related species, the Chatham raven (Corvus moriorum), occurred on the Chatham Islands. The holotype of the South Island raven (Corvus antipodum pycrofti) is in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. New Zealand ravens were large corvids with long, broad bills that were not as arched as those of some of the Hawaiian crows (Corvus hawaiiensis). They were significantly smaller than the Chatham Island raven, and the South Island subspecies was rather larger than the North Island subspecies. Remains of New Zealand ravens are most common in Pleistocene and Holocene coastal sites. On the coast, it may have frequented seal and penguin colonies or fed in the intertidal zone, as does the Tasmanian forest raven Corvus tasmanicus. It may also have depended on fruit, like the New Caledonian crow Corvus moneduloides, but it is difficult to understand why a fruit eater would have been most common in coastal forest and shrubland when fruit was distributed throughout the forest. DNA evidence suggests that its closest relatives aside from the Chatham raven is the clade containing the Forest raven, Little raven and Australian raven, from which it split around 2 million years ago. The morphology and ossification of the palate is unusual among corvids, suggesting a unique dietary adaption, perhaps for scavenging large hard food items. Gallery See also List of Late Quaternary prehistoric bird species List of New Zealand animals extinct in the Holocene	New Zealand raven
Heather Halley (born September 28, 1969) is an American film, television, stage and voice actress. She is perhaps best known as the English voice of Para-Medic in the Metal Gear series and was an announcer for several awards ceremonies, including the 59th Grammy Awards, the 4th and 5th Spike Video Game Awards, and the 10th Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards. Halley has also worked on voice work, including the web series Terminator Salvation: The Machinima Series. Voice acting career Anime Honey and Clover - Kaoru Morita, Hagumi Hanamoto Honey and Clover II - Hagumi Hanamoto Web series Terminator Salvation: The Machinima Series – Various voices Video games Betty Boop Dance Card - Betty Boop Dead Rising 3 - Kyla, additional voices EverQuest II - Additional voices Final Fantasy XIV - Various Fire Emblem Heroes - Mirabilis Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater, Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence, Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops - Para-Medic Rogue Galaxy - Angela Seas, Miyoko Shadow of Rome - Iris, additional voices Soulcalibur IV, Soulcalibur: Broken Destiny, Soulcalibur VI - Cassandra Alexandra Tales of Legendia - Chloe Valens (uncredited) The 3rd Birthday - Additional voices	Heather Halley
Østerport station is a metro, S-train and main line railway station in Copenhagen, Denmark. It is located between the districts of Indre By and Østerbro, and is named for the historic Østerport city gate, near the original location of which it is located. The station is served by some InterCity services across Denmark, regular and frequent regional train services to and from Zealand and southern Sweden, as well as commuter rail services on the S-train network. As of 29 September 2019, Østerport is also served by the Copenhagen Metro City Circle Line and M4. The station is used by approximately 30,000 passengers each day. History The station opened in 1897 as the southern terminus of the Coast Line from Copenhagen to Helsingør. It was originally named the East Station (). It was originally the terminus for the Coast Line, but when the station was connected with Nørreport Station and Copenhagen Central Station via the Boulevard Line in 1917, the terminus moved to the Central Station. In 1934, the station started serving S-trains. Architecture The station was designed by Danish architect Heinrich Wenck, who was head architect of the Danish State Railways from 1894 to 1921. The station is designed in National Romantic style, a Nordic architectural style that was part of the National Romantic movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and which is often considered to be a form of Art Nouveau. Although originally intended as a temporary solution, the original station building has survived to the present day. It was restored in the 1980s and again in the 2010s. Services The station is served by some InterCity services across Denmark, regular and frequent regional train services to and from Zealand and southern Sweden, as well as commuter rail services on the S-train network. By 2019, the service was included the Copenhagen Metro as well (future line M4). Metro station The Copenhagen Metro line M3 (opened 2019) on the City Circle Line serves another station called Østerport. The metro station is located under the street Østbanegade with the staircase towards Østerport station. Another line M4 later supplement line M3, going to Nordhavn and Ny Ellebjerg. A subway between the metro platforms to Østerport station is in operating. Service Ridership According to the Østtællingen in 2008: In popular culture Østerport station is seen at 1:24:15 (track 13) and again at 1:24:48 /track 5/) in the 1975 Olsen Gang film The Olsen Gang on the Track. See also Transportation in Denmark Transportation in Copenhagen Rail transport in Denmark History of rail transport in Denmark List of railway stations in Denmark Danish State Railways Banedanmark	Østerport station
Ehsanullah Ehsan may refer to: Ehsanullah Ehsan (banker) (died 1997), chairman of the Taliban's Central Bank Ehsanullah Ehsan (Taliban spokesman), a current spokesman of the Taliban Ehsanullah Ehsan (educator), a school principal and director the Afghan-Canadian Community Centre in Kandahar	Ehsanullah Ehsan
The São Miguel do Araguaia Microregion is a geographical region in northwest Goiás state, Brazil. The total population is 77,067 inhabitants (2012) in an area of 24,471.80 km2. Municipalities The microregion consists of the following municipalities: São Miguel do Araguaia Crixás Mozarlândia Mundo Novo Nova Crixás Novo Planalto Uirapuru See also List of municipalities in Goiás Microregions of Goiás	Microregion of São Miguel do Araguaia
Sanofi Pasteur is the vaccines division of the French multinational pharmaceutical company Sanofi. Sanofi Pasteur is the largest company in the world devoted entirely to vaccines. It is one of four global producers of the yellow fever vaccine. History Since 1992, Sanofi Pasteur has sponsored Sanofi Biogenius Canada (SBC), a national, biotechnology-focused science competition for Canadian high school and CEGEP students. Those selected for the SBC work with local mentors, giving students hands-on research experience in a professional lab setting. Participants compile their results and present their findings at regional competitions. Cash prizes are awarded and regional winners advance to the National stage, where they vie for the top spot and the chance to compete in the International BioGENEius Challenge, held at the prestigious BIO International Convention – the largest biotechnology event in the world. In 2004, Aventis merged with and into Sanofi. The new Sanofi-Aventis Group became the world's 3rd largest pharmaceutical company. Aventis Pasteur, the vaccine division of Sanofi-Aventis Group, changed its name to Sanofi Pasteur. In 2014, Sanofi Pasteur stopped producing its effective Fav-Afrique antivenom because competition from cheaper though less powerful competitors made it unprofitable. Doctors Without Borders said that it would take two years to develop a similar antivenom, and that existing stocks would run out in June 2016. In the fall of 2011 the Sanofi Pasteur plant flooded, causing problems with mold. The facility, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, produced BCG vaccine products made with the Glaxo 1077 strain, such as a tuberculosis vaccine and ImmuCYST, a BCG immunotherapeutic and bladder cancer drug. By April 2012 the FDA had found dozens of documented problems with sterility at the plant including mold, nesting birds and rusted electrical conduits, as well as numerous procedural safety issues and violations. The resulting closure of the plant for over two years resulted in shortages of bladder cancer and tuberculosis vaccines. On October 29, 2014 Health Canada gave the permission for Sanofi to resume production of BCG. The Philippine Department of Health began in 2016 a programme in three regions to vaccinate schoolchildren against dengue fever, using Dengvaxia supplied by Sanofi Pasteur. On 29 November 2017, Sanofi issued a caution stating that new analysis had shown that those vaccinated who had not previously been infected with dengue ran a greater risk of infection causing severe symptoms. On 1 December 2017, the Philippine DOH placed the programme on hold, pending review. Over 700,000 people had received at least one vaccination at that point. Since the announcement by Sanofi, at least 62 children have died, allegedly after receiving a vaccination. The victims' parents blamed the dengue vaccine for the deaths of their children. In July 2020, Sanofi Pasteur announced that it would begin phase three testing of a COVID-19 vaccine in several countries, including Mexico, and that the cost would be US $7 to $10 per dose. If data are positive, a global phase 3 study could start in Q2 2021. If the vaccine meets clinical requirements on safety and effectiveness, approved by regulatory authorities, a vaccine can expected in the fourth quarter of 2021. One of the vaccines ordered by the Netherlands for the mass anti-coronavirus vaccination programme in 2021 seems not to work well in elderly people and the development of the vaccine will face delays. In 2021, Sanofi Toronto announced it was seeking to start a new Biosafety level 3 laboratory. Key dates 1897: Marcel Mérieux creates the Mérieux Biological Institute in Lyon. Richard Slee creates the Pocono Biological Laboratories, in Swiftwater, Pennsylvania in the U.S. 1914: John G. FitzGerald creates Connaught Laboratories, part of the University of Toronto. 1968: Rhône-Poulenc acquires 51% of the capital of the Institut Mérieux. 1974: Pasteur Institute creates Pasteur Production, a subsidiary specializing in manufacturing vaccines. 1978: Connaught Laboratories in Canada acquires the vaccine manufacturing facility (Merrell-National Laboratories) at Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, U.S. 1985: Pasteur Production is acquired by the Mérieux Institute, and Pasteur Vaccins is created. 1989: The Mérieux Institute acquires the Connaught Laboratories in Canada and its subsidiaries and becomes a world leader in human biology. 1990: Creation of Pasteur Mérieux Serums & Vaccins. 1994: Pasteur Mérieux Sérums & Vaccins becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of Rhône-Poulenc. 1996: Pasteur Mérieux Connaught is the new name of Pasteur Mérieux Serums et Vaccins. 1999: Rhône-Poulenc and Hoechst unite their Life Sciences activities in a single company, which takes on the name Aventis. Within this group, Pasteur Mérieux Connaught changes its name to Aventis Pasteur. 2004: merger of Aventis with and into Sanofi. The new Sanofi-Aventis Group becomes the world's 3rd largest pharmaceutical company, behind Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline. Aventis Pasteur, the vaccine division of the Sanofi-Aventis Group, changes its name to Sanofi Pasteur. 2008: Sanofi Pasteur acquires Acambis plc, a biotech company. 2009: Sanofi Pasteur acquires major stake in Hyderabad-based Shantha Biotechnics. 2020: Sanofi Pasteur and GlaxoSmithKline have said they are starting clinical trials of their coronavirus vaccine. They hope to have the first results of the trial by December and if it is successful they will move on to further trials by the end of the year. Key facts & figures in 2012 Sanofi Pasteur 2012 net sales: €3,897 million (+5.7% over 2011) Staff: nearly 13,000 employees worldwide More than 1 billion doses of vaccines produced yearly to immunize more than 500 million people in the world Largest product range available, against 20 infectious diseases More than €1 million invested every day in R&D Nearly €2 billion invested in the last 5 years in production infrastructures. Headquarters: Lyon, France 14 production and/or R&D sites located in: Marcy-l'Étoile and Val-de-Reuil, France Swiftwater, Pennsylvania (Sanofi Pasteur's United States headquarters), Cambridge, Massachusetts and Canton, Massachusetts, Orlando, Florida and Rockville, Maryland, United States Toronto, Ontario, Canada Pilar, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina Shenzhen, China Hyderabad, India Ocoyoacac, Mexico Chachoengsao, Thailand Neuville-sur-Saône, France Vaccines This list is for vaccines with trade names; Sanofi Pasteur also produces many generic vaccines which do not have trade names Cancer vaccines bladder cancer: TheraCys Coronavirus vaccines A COVID-19 vaccine is under development by the French pharmaceutical and the British pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline. Advanced clinical trials of the vaccine were delayed in December 2020 after it failed to produce a strong immune response in people over the age of 50, most likely due to an insufficient antigen concentration in the vaccine, delaying the launch of the vaccine to late 2021. Dengue vaccines Dengvaxia, approved in 18 countries DPT vaccines Adacel Daptacel Tripedia (Trepedia), discontinued, last shipped in 2012 Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines ActHIB Hepatitis A vaccines Avaxim 160 U (or just Avaxim) Hepatitis B vaccines Genhevac B Pasteur Hbvaxpro (5, 10 and 40 μg) Influenza vaccines Addigrip Flublok Quadrivalent Fluzone High-Dose Fluzone (standard-dose; without preservatives; pediatric dose without preservatives) Sandovac Vaxigrip Japanese encephalitis virus vaccines JE-VAX (inactivated) IMOJEV (live, attenuated) Measles vaccines Rouvax Meningococcal vaccines Menactra, the first meningococcal vaccine approved for use in infants Menomune-A/C/Y/W-135 Vaccin Meningococcique A+C MMR vaccines M-M-RVaxPro Pneumonia vaccines Pneumo 23 Polio vaccines Imovax Polio Ipol Polio Salk Rabies vaccines Imovax Rabies (Imovax) Imogam Rabies-HT, rabies immune globulin Vaccin Rabique Pasteur Rubella vaccines Rudivax Smallpox vaccines ACAM 2000 Tetanus vaccines Vaccin Tetanique Pasteur Tuberculosis vaccines Mycobax Tubersol Vaccin Bcg Ssi Typhoid fever vaccines Typhim Vi Yellow fever vaccines Stamaril YF-VAX Diphtheria and tetanus combined vaccines DECAVAC dT reduct D. T. Vax Diphtheria, tetanus and polio combined vaccines Revaxis DPT, haemophilus combined vaccines TriHIBit, a booster vaccine, with DPT and haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines DPT, polio combined vaccines Repevax DPT, haemophilus, polio combined vaccines Pentacel Pentavac DPT, haemophilus, polio, hepatitis B combined vaccines Hexavac Hepatitis A, typhoid fever combined vaccines Tyavax	Sanofi Pasteur
The Catholic Church in Tajikistan is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in Tajikistan (West Turkistan, Central Asia), under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome. In 2009, the size of the community was estimated at 300 people. By 2020, the number was believed to be 100 people, with 4 priests and 8 nuns across two parishes. This Mission sui iuris (pre-diocesan jurisdiction, also known as Independent Mission) for the Catholics is exempt, i.e. directly subject to the Holy See (not part of any ecclesiastical province), and comprises three churches (in the Tajik capital Dushanbe, and Vakhsh near Bokhtar), but no see. History In modern times the Catholic Church obtained a presence in Tajikistan through Soviet deportations, and in 1974, churches were opened in Dushanbe (St Joseph Church, Dushanbe) and Qurghonteppa. Most of the early Catholics were Germans of Russian, Ukrainian and Lithuanian origin. Many Catholics fled the 1990s civil war following the Soviet Union collapse. In 1997, Pope John Paul II created a mission sui iuris for the country to be administered by the Institute of the Incarnate Word of Argentina. On 29 September 1997, the Holy See established the Mission sui iuris on territory split off from the then Apostolic Administration of Kazakhstan (shortly after promoted to Diocese of Karaganda, after missiones sui iuris were also split off for Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, all in 1997). The Institute sent priests from South America to Tajikistan. In 2003, the Church opened a center and soup kitchen in Dushanbe for homeless children. By 2004, the mission had three parishes, one mission center, five priests, four nuns of the Missionaries of Charity, and its own website. In 2005, three sisters of the Servants of the Lord and Our Lady of Matara came to live in Tajikistan. The Missionaries of Charity started sewing classes for young women in 2006 so they might develop skills and further their education. In July 2007, Father Avila joined with the 22 non-Islamic religious groups in the country to object to a bill that would greatly restrict the activities of religious minorities. In March 2008, many poor and elderly citizens queued at the nuns house in Dushanbe to receive aid from Caritas Tajikistan, Care International and United States Catholic Relief Service to survive the harsh winter. In 2012, there were three Tajiks studying for the priesthood and three who wished to be nuns. Ecclesiastical superiors ''So far, all its superiors were Argentina-born missionary members of the Institute of the Incarnate Word (I.V.E.) Father Carlos Antonio Ávila, I.V.E. (1997.09.29 – 2013.09.19) Father Pedro Ramiro López, I.V.E. (2013.09.19 – ...) See also Christianity in Tajikistan Religion in Tajikistan Protestantism in Tajikistan	Catholic Church in Tajikistan
Pemberton Hall is a women's residence hall at Eastern Illinois University, in Charleston, Illinois. Located at the north end of the university campus, at the corner of 4th street and Lincoln Avenue, Pemberton Hall is registered as a historic landmark, due to its status as the oldest women's college residence hall in the state. History Construction of Pemberton Hall was completed in 1909, when Eastern Illinois University (EIU) was still Eastern Illinois State Normal School. The building was named for Illinois state senator Stanton C. Pemberton, who was instrumental in getting funding for the building approved. The four-story building was designed for residency by approximately 100 female students, and included parlors, fireplaces, fourth floor maid's quarters, a matron's apartment, and a dining room. A small gymnasium for use by all students also was part of the original building. Although only female students lived in Pemberton Hall, and no students were required to live there, the building served as a center of many social functions for the college in its early years, since the first-floor parlor provided space for parties and meetings. Today, Pemberton Hall has an old section (the portion of the building that dates from 1909) and a new section, built in the early 1960s. With the addition of the new section, Pemberton Hall now can house over 200 students, in single, double, and triple rooms. The former gym is now home to the university's honors college. The matron's quarters are now the ARD's apartment, the fireplaces are not used because of the risk of setting the nearly 100-year-old woodwork on fire, and the fourth floor is used as a storage attic. Folklore Pemberton students like to pass on ghost stories concerning the third or fourth floor, and a plaque in the foyer dedicated to the building's first matron, Mary Hawkins. According to campus legend, a student was raped and murdered by a janitor sometime in the early 1900s, and it was Hawkins who discovered the body. The incident deeply affected her, and she sunk into depression and later committed suicide. Reports of paranormal incidents are said to have begun soon afterwards, and are usually attributed to the ghost of Mary Hawkins, still watching over her students, along with the ghost of the murdered girl. They say she talks during early morning hours.	Pemberton Hall (Eastern Illinois University)
Denis Leonidovich Matsuev (/ma'tsujef/; ; born June 11, 1975) is a Russian pianist. Primarily a classical pianist, he also performs jazz occasionally. Biography Born in Irkutsk, Soviet Union, Matsuev is the only child of two musicians, as his mother is a piano teacher and his father is a pianist and composer. He demonstrated a musical ear at age 3, when he reproduced on the piano at home a melody that he heard on television. His father subsequently became his first piano teacher. Until age 15, Matsuev studied music in Irkutsk. In 1990, he won a prize at the "New Names Charitable Foundation" competition in Irkutsk and received a stipend, $1,000 a month, from the foundation to study music in Moscow. With other young gifted musicians from Russia discovered by the foundation, Matsuev went on tour in Europe and the United States. In 1991, Matsuev moved with his parents to Moscow to continue his musical education. He studied at the Central Music School at the Moscow Conservatory. In 1994, he took part at his first international piano competition in Johannesburg, South Africa, where he was awarded the Grand Prix. In the same year, he entered the Moscow Conservatory as a student of Aleksey Nasedkin. After 1997, he studied under Sergei Dorensky. Matsuev won the 11th International Tchaikovsky Competition in 1998 at age 23. Matsuev is artistic co-director of the international "Annecy Classic Festival" in Annecy, France, with Pascal Escande. He is also the organizer and artistic director of two international festivals in Russia: "Stars on Baikal" in his native city of Irkutsk and the annual music festival "Crescendo". In 2012 Matsuev became artistic director of the 1st International "Astana Piano Passion" Festival and Competition, and in 2013 he was artistic director of the International Festival and Competition "Sberbank DEBUT" in Kyiv. Matsuev and 80 other Russian artists signed a collective letter "to support the position of President Vladimir Putin on Ukraine and Crimea." In February 2014, at the XXII Olympic Winter Games in Sochi, Matsuev was a torchbearer, and performed in the closing ceremony. In 2018 Matsuev was awarded the Russian Order of Honour. In 2022, due to his public support of Vladimir Putin, Matsuev's appearance with the Vienna Philharmonic in New York on February 25, 2022, was cancelled and he was replaced by pianist Seong-Jin Cho. Awards, titles and honors UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador Order of Honour, 2018 Russian National Music Award - Best Instrumentalist in Classical Music, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019; Special Prize for Exceptional Performing Skills, 2015 Discography Haydn, Liszt, Tchaikovsky, Prokofiev. © & (P) 1997 New Names. Haydn, Chopin, Liszt, Rachmaninov, Prokofiev. © & (P) Vivendi, 1999. Beethoven, Tchaikowsky, Liszt, Prokofiev. Collection Etoiles. Live recording – Eglise Notre-Dame d'Auvers-sur-Oise, 27 May 2000. Liszt: Mephisto Waltz S.514, Schumann: Symphonic Etudes Op. 13, Schubert: Piano Sonata No. 14 in A minor D.784. Sacrambow (Japan), © & (P) 2000 JAPAN ARTS. Classic Masterpieces. Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra. Conductor Rico Saccani. Tchaikovsky – Piano concertos Nos. 1 & 2. Soloist: Denis Matsouev. © & (P) 2003 Independent Music & Media Alliance LTD. Tribute to Horowitz. Liszt, Bizet-Horowitz, Rossini-Ginzburg. (P) & © 2004 BMG Russia. Stravinsky – Firebird Suite, Shchedrin – Piano Concerto No. 5. Mariss JAansons – Symphonieorchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks – © 2005 Sony BMG Music Entertainment Stravinsky & Tchaikovsky. I. Stravinsky – Three Movements From Petrouchka; P. I. Tchaikovsky – The Seasons. RCA Red Seal. (P) & © 2005 Sony BMG Music Entertainment. Tchaikovsky: Piano Concerto No. 1 & Shostakovich: Concerto for Piano, Trumpet and Strings. St Petersburg PO/Temirkanov. RCA Red Seal (P) & © 2007 Sony BMG Music Entertainment. Unknown Rachmaninoff, 18 March 2008, RCA Red Seal. The Carnegie Hall Concert – Denis Matsuev (20 October 2009) RCA Red Seal. Rachmaninov Piano Concerto No. 3, Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini – Denis Matsuev, Gergiev, and Mariinsky Orchestra (9 February 2010 Franz Liszt. Russian National Orchestra and Michail Pletnev. Sony Music Entertainment (Russia), 2011. Franz Liszt – Piano concertos nos. 1 & 2 Totentanz; Orpheus ; Héroïde funèbre. [New York]: Sony, 2011. Sjostakovitj, Dmitrij, Valerij Gergiev, and Rodion Stjedrin. Piano concertos nos. 1 & 2. State Academic Mariinsky Theatre, 2011. Rachmaninov Piano Concerto No. 2; Gershwin: Rhapsody In Blue. Sony Bmg Music, 2013. Szymanowski: Symphonies Nos. 3 & 4, Stabat Mater. London Symphony Orchestra, Valery Gergiev (Conductor), Denis Matsuev (Artist), London Symphony Chorus (Orchestra) Format: Audio CD, 2013LSO Live Production Tchaikovsky: Piano Concertos Nos. 1 & 2 Denis Matsuev (Artist, Performer), Mariinsky Orchestra, Valery Gergiev (Conductor), Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (Composer), Format: Audio CD, 2014 Mariinsky Label Prokofiev: Piano Concerto No. 3, Symphony No. 5 Denis Matsuev (Performer), Mariinsky Orchestra, Valery Gergiev (Conductor), Sergei Prokofiev (Composer), Format: Audio CD, 2014 Mariinsky Label Rachmaninov Piano Concerto No. 1(1917 Edition), Stravinsky Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra (1929), Shchedrin Piano Concerto No. 2 (1936) Denis Matsuev, Piano The Mariinsky Orchestra conducted by Valery Gergiev. Mariinsky Label 2015. Rachmaninov Piano Concerto No. 2, Prokofiev Piano Concerto No. 2. CD, Mariinky Label January 2018	Denis Matsuev
The 2006 United States Senate election in Utah was held November 7, 2006. Incumbent Republican Orrin Hatch won re-election to a sixth term. Hatch won all but one county with 60% to 70% of the vote. Ashdown won only Summit County by 342 votes. Major candidates The filing deadline for major party candidates was March 17, 2006. Democratic Pete Ashdown, the founder and CEO of Utah's oldest Internet service provider, XMission. Republican Orrin Hatch, incumbent U.S. Senator first elected in 1976 General election Polling Predictions Results Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic Summit (largest municipality: Park City) See also 2006 United States Senate elections	2006 United States Senate election in Utah
City Museum is a museum whose exhibits consist largely of repurposed architectural and industrial objects, housed in the former International Shoe building in the Washington Avenue Loft District of St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Opened in October 1997, the museum attracted more than 700,000 visitors in 2010. The City Museum has been named one of the "great public spaces" by the Project for Public Spaces, and has won other local and international awards as a must-see destination. It has been described as "a wild, singular vision of an oddball artistic mind." History City Museum was founded by artist Bob Cassilly and his then-wife Gail Cassilly. The museum's building was once an International Shoe Company factory and warehouse but was mostly vacant when the Cassillys bought it in 1993. Construction began almost immediately after the purchase of the building, and was shrouded in secrecy until visitors were first allowed into the museum to see the work in progress on New Year's Eve 1996. With the construction of the iconic giant whale in the lobby completed in 1997, the museum opened to the public on October 25 of the same year. Within two years, it was drawing 300,000 visitors a year. Cassilly remained the museum's artistic director until his death in 2011. The museum has regularly expanded, adding new exhibits such as MonstroCity in 2002, Enchanted Caves and Shoe Shaft in 2003, and World Aquarium in 2004. A circus ring on the third floor offers daily live acts, and the museum has also hosted concerts. It houses The Shoelace Factory, whose antique braiding machines make colorful shoelaces for sale. The building's fifth floor consists of apartments, dubbed the Lofts at City Museum, which range in size from 1,300 to more than . Main building 1st floor The original part of the museum, the first floor is home to a life-size Bowhead Whale that guests can walk through to view a large fish tank from the mezzanine. Also on the first floor are a number of tunnels that run across the ceiling, hiding above a sea of fiberglass insulation cut to give the impression of icicles. To get into these, one can climb up a giant Slinky, which is an old refrigerating coil (donated by Anheuser-Busch), or through a tree house, that now spans all the way to the third floor, which leads into a giant hollowed-out tree and a cabin on the other side of the floor. The floor itself is covered with the largest continuous mosaic in the US, which morphs its way up columns. In one area is a tunnel known as the "Underground Whaleway" which runs beneath the floor and into the "Original Caves." One of the museum's most popular attractions, the Enchanted Caves and Shoe Shafts run through the center of the museum all the way to the 10th floor. Opened in 2003, the Caves are an elaborate system of tunnels hand-sculpted by Bob Cassilly and his crew. Since 2007, the Caves have also contained a 1924 Wurlitzer Pipe Organ from the Rivoli Theater in New York City. The Shoe Shafts were developed from structures built for the International Shoe distribution operation. To get the shoes from various floors to the loading dock, staff would place the shoes on spiral shafts. The Shafts opened in 2003 with one three-story spiral slide. Five years later, the museum added a ten-story slide that starts at the roof and leads down to the Caves' entrance. There is also a five-story slide and additional ten-story slide. The Mezzanine The Mezzanine contains the museum's food court. 2nd floor The Vault Room, an 1870s vault withdrawn from the First National Bank of St. Louis, contains two 3,000-pound vault doors and a hall of mirrors. The room also has a marble bar and about 1,000 safety deposit boxes. In the middle of the room is the "hamster wheel", a piece of machinery donated by McDonnell Douglas, which used it to make fuselages for small airplanes. Off to the side of the Vault Room and leading to the Enchanted Caves is St. George's Chamber, which holds vintage opera posters and a statue of St. George from the former Saint George's Catholic Church in Chicago. Also on this floor is The Shoelace Factory, featuring shoelace machines from the 1890s, where visitors can order custom-made laces. The World Aquarium was an animal exhibition and rehabilitation center on the second floor. It housed a variety of animals such as sharks, rays, sea turtles, parrots, tortoises, terrapins, otters, snakes, alligators and sloths as well as freshwater and saltwater fish. The World Aquarium portion of the City Museum closed on September 7, 2015, and is now located in Laclede's Landing, St. Louis. 3rd floor The 3rd Floor is home to a number of attractions. In one area is Skateless Park, which is a collection of skateboard ramps. There is also the Everyday Circus, a circus school for all ages. which performs daily at the museum and does private parties. Just around the corner from the Circus is Art City, where guests can try their hand at a number of different art techniques, as well as Toddler Town, a section dedicated to children six years of age and under. Beatnik Bob's is directly across from the Circus, which features the "World's Largest Underwear" (a pair of men's briefs that are about seven feet high and seven feet wide), a collection of vintage video and pinball games, and a concessions stand, bar and coffee shop. Outside Beatnik Bob's is a working 1/8-scale model of an Alco Train that children under 48 inches tall can ride. Past Architectural Hall, the museum's largest rental space, is the Architectural Museum. Off Architectural Hall, the museum is adding a Natural History Section. On display are a number of insects and taxidermy items. An entrance to a three-story slide leads back to the first floor. The third floor is also home to the world's largest pencil, more than 76 feet in length. Weighing 21,500 pounds, the equivalent of 1.9 million regular No. 2 pencils, it includes 4,000 pounds of graphite and a 250-pound rubber eraser. It was created in 2007 for the 76th birthday of Sri Chinmoy by Ashrita Furman, who donated it to the museum, which installed it in 2009. 4th Floor The 4th floor of the museum contains another food court, an entrance into the caves, Art City, and an art gallery. Art City is a place for people of all ages to partake in crafts Thursday-Sunday 10 a.m.-4 p.m. The art gallery on the 4th floor has featured artists such as Kaws. The roof The roof has a small old-fashioned Ferris wheel and a wide ramp slide. The pond fountain, which once had stepping stones that connected one side to the other, has now been covered with astroturf with future plans unknown. The roof also has a school bus extending past the edge of the building. Visitors can walk into the school bus and open the door from the driver's seat. A 24-foot metal praying mantis stands atop a dome salvaged from the St. Louis Science Center during its remodeling. Cassily and his crew added the fiberglass cover and metal ladders that lead to an exit at the top. Outside MonstroCity Located in front of the building, MonstroCity features two Sabreliner 40 aircraft fuselages suspended high in the air, a fire engine, a castle turret, a cupola, four-foot-wide Slinkies that can be crawled through, one very high that leads to a slide, and two ball pits, one for young children and one for older ones, each pit being filled with large, rubber dodge balls. The Cabin Inn is an early-19th-century log cabin located beneath MonstroCity. Originally the home of the son of Daniel Boone, it was owned by the Hezel family for more than a century and is now a bar and entertainment venue.	City Museum
Eliot Teltscher (born March 15, 1959) is a retired professional American tennis player. He won the 1983 French Open Mixed Doubles. His highest ranking in singles was #6 in the world and in doubles was #38 in the world. Tennis career Early years Teltscher was born in Palos Verdes, California and lives in Irvine, California. His mother was born in Mandatory Palestine, and his father Eric, of Austrian descent, was a Holocaust survivor who immigrated to Mandatory Palestine and joined the British military, ultimately becoming an industrial engineer. He began playing tennis when he was nine, and by the time he was 17, he was ranked in the top ten in the United States junior rankings. He attended UCLA in 1978 on a tennis scholarship, but dropped out to begin his professional tennis career. Pro career In 1979, Teltscher turned pro. A worldwide top 10 player from 1980 to 1982. He reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on May 7, 1982 when he became ranked No. 6 in the world. He and his partner Terry Moor made it to the finals of the French Open in 1981, and he and Barbara Jordan won the mixed doubles title in 1983. He made it to the quarterfinals at the US Open in 1980, 1981, and 1983, where each time he was defeated by Jimmy Connors. He won 10 singles titles during his professional career, which ended in 1988. Davis Cup Teltscher was on the U.S. Davis Cup team in 1982, 1983, and 1985. His team defeated France in the 1982 tournament. Coaching He served as a coach for Justin Gimelstob, Richey Reneberg (1997), Jeff Tarango (1995), Pete Sampras, Jim Grabb (1992), Phillip King and others. Teltscher served as a head men's tennis coach at Pepperdine University for the 1991–92 school season, and as a tennis coach at the Manhattan Beach Country Club from 1992 to 1997. He was a coach of the US national team from 1998 to 2001, then he became the coach to Taylor Dent. He was named USTA Director of Tennis Operations in December 2002. Teltscher was named the 2003 Pan American Games Men's Coach. Jewish Sports Hall of Fame Teltscher, who is Jewish, was inducted into the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1991, into the Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1998, and into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 2009. Grand Slam finals Doubles Mixed doubles ATP Tour finals Singles 24 (10–14) Doubles 13 (4–9) See also List of select Jewish tennis players	Eliot Teltscher
George Allan (1736–1800) was an English antiquary and attorney at Darlington. Life Allan spent much of his youth in Wakefield, West Yorkshire, where he was educated at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield. He became an assiduous collector of manuscripts. Works He was the author of several works relating to the history and antiquities of County Durham; he greatly aided William Hutchinson in his History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham. He presented to the Society of Antiquaries of London 26 quarto volumes of a manuscript relating principally to the University of Oxford, which he extracted from the public libraries there. He possessed a printing press, with which he produced several works; among them was a reprint of Robert Hegg's 1626 work, Legend of St Cuthbert. Family Allan married Anne Nicholson, and they had six children. The eldest son George Allan served as Member of Parliament for . Notes	George Allan (antiquary)
Sabin Rai () is a Nepali singer and lyricist who is called as the Bryan Adams of Nepal because of the voice. His first successful single was "Komal Tyo Timro" from the album Sataha. Although his song "Ekai Aakash Muni" was released before Sataha. He has performed concerts in Australia, Hong Kong, United Kingdom, United States, South Korea, Bahrain, Singapore, Thailand, Japan, Denmark, Finland, India,Bhutan and New Zealand N Rai known for his stage performances and the interest he brings in his old songs by singing in different style. Now he has his own band called "Sabin Rai & The Pharaoh". Achievements 2003 AD – Best Album of the Year- Sataha- Hits FM 2003 AD – Best New Artist of the Year- Sataha- Image Channel 2004 AD – Best New Artist of the Year- Channel Nepal 2007 AD – Best Pop Composition- (Samjhana Harulai) 2007 AD – Best Vocal Performance- Ma Sansar Jitne 2009 AD – Chinnalata Award. 2015 AD – Best Song of the Year- Timi Nai Hau-(Sabin Rai & The Pharaoh) Hits FM 2022 AD - Best Artist of the Year -Raftaar -(Sabin Rai & The Pharaoh) Hits FM Discography Albums 2001 – Nine 2003 – Sataha 2004 – Sabin Rai Remixes 2006 – Sataha 2 2010 – Ranga Manch Ko Rang 2019 – Dhanyabaad Songs Komal Tyo Timro Afno Katha Maya Gurans Ko Fed Muni Samjhana Haru Lai Jau Ki Basu Timi Nai Hau Namuna Dui Thunga Ma Sansar Jitne Malai Angali Deu Timro Saath Timro Lagi Ma Timi Nai Mero Din Ra Raat Kalo Kalo Raat Ko Maya Jalaima Kina Ki Ma Maya Garchu Jaba Timi Ayeu Ekai Aakash Muni Samjhanchu Paisa Dhanyebad Baimaani	Sabin Rai
Paradise and the Peri, in German Das Paradies und die Peri, is a secular oratorio for soloists, choir, and orchestra by Robert Schumann. Completed in 1843, the work was published as Schumann's Op. 50. The work is based on a German translation (by Schumann and his friend Emil Flechsig) of a tale from Lalla-Rookh by Irish poet and lyricist Thomas Moore. The peri, a creature from Persian mythology, is the focus of the story, having been expelled from Paradise and trying to regain entrance by giving the gift that is most dear to heaven. Eventually the peri is admitted after bringing a tear from the cheek of a repentant old sinner who has seen a child praying. Peter Ostwald in his biography Schumann: The Inner Voices of a Musical Genius records that Schumann "confided to a friend that 'while writing Paradise and the Peri a voice occasionally whispered to me "what you are doing is not done completely in vain,"'" and that even Richard Wagner praised this work. The cantata is generally held to be a significant achievement by Schumann, and it perhaps appeals less than it might otherwise to modern audiences due to the flowery, Eastern-inspired verbiage of the libretto, which represents a vogue for orientalism that was in full swing in the 19th century but has receded considerably today. This oratorio premiered under the composer's baton on 4 December 1843 in Leipzig. It was well received, and performances in Dresden and Berlin followed. The first English performance took place under difficult conditions at the Hanover Square Rooms in London at the invitation of the Philharmonic Society conducted by William Sterndale Bennett with Jenny Lind taking the leading soprano part. Paradise and the Peri was the vehicle for Gabrielle Krauss's first important appearance, in Vienna in 1858, when she was not yet 16 years old. Sources Robert Schumann’s Das Paradies und die Peri and its early Performances Thomas Moore in Europe, 31 May 2017 Das Paradies und die Peri, Op. 50 (Part One, Part Two), Robert Schumann Los Angeles Philharmonic Peter Ostwald, Schumann: The Inner Voices of a Musical Genius (Boston: Northeast University Press, 1985). . pp. 182–3. John Daverio, "Expressing The Highest Through Chorus and Orchestra"—Liner notes to the recording Das Paradies und die Peri as performed by the Monteverdi Choir and Orchestre Revolutionnaire et Romantiques under the direction of John Eliot Gardiner (Archiv Production 289 457 660-2, released in 1999). Compositions by Robert Schumann 1843 oratorios Oratorios German-language oratorios	Paradise and the Peri
Steffen Wesemann (born 11 March 1971) is a Swiss-German former professional road racing cyclist. He competed in the individual road race at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Wesemann most recently rode for the professional continental team Cycle Collstrop after riding a year with the Team Wiesenhof–Felt squad. He had previously spent the other years of his career at Telekom who later became Team T-Mobile. He rode and completed the Vuelta a España on three occasions in 1995, 1996 and 2003 and finished the Tour de France twice in 1999 and 2002. In September 2005, Wesemann and his family, longtime residents of Küttigen, Switzerland, obtained Swiss citizenship. He was a specialist in the one-day Spring Classics—winner of the 2004 Tour of Flanders and 5-time champion of the Peace Race. Major results 1989 3rd Junior Road race, UCI Road World Championships 1990 2nd Overall Paris–Bourges 1991 1st Overall Tour de Berlin 1992 1st Overall Niedersachsen-Rundfahrt 1st Prologue & Stage 9b 1st Overall Peace Race 1st Stages 1 & 4 1st GP Buchholz 3rd Overall Rheinland-Pfalz Rundfahrt 1993 1st Stage 5 Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme 1st Sprints classification, Vuelta a Andalucía 1st Stage 11 Tour de l'Avenir 1994 1st Stage Coca-Cola-Trophy 1995 2nd E3 Prijs Vlaanderen 3rd Grand Prix Gippingen 1996 1st Overall Peace Race 1st Sprints classification 1st Stages 1, 2, 4a (ITT), 5, 8, 9 & 10 1st Stage 4 Rheinland-Pfalz Rundfahrt 4th Veenendaal–Veenendaal 1997 1st Overall Peace Race 1st Prologue & Stages 2, 3 & 7 1998 1st Rund um den Flughafen Köln-Bonn 1st Stage 4a Vuelta a Castilla y León 2nd Overall Peace Race 2nd Overall Sachsen Tour 1st Prologue 1999 1st Overall Peace Race 1st Stages 2, 7 (ITT) & 10 7th Tour de Berne 9th Gent–Wevelgem 2000 1st Rund um Köln 1st Grand Prix Gippingen 1st Stage 1 (TTT) Tour de Suisse 2nd Omloop Het Volk 2nd Road race, German National Road Championships 3rd Overall Tour Down Under 1st Stage 4 3rd Overall Peace Race 1st Stages 1 & 4 (ITT) 3rd GP Buchholz 9th Paris–Roubaix 9th Gent–Wevelgem 2001 2nd E3 Prijs Vlaanderen 3rd Gent–Wevelgem 7th Paris–Roubaix 2002 2nd Paris–Roubaix 8th E3 Prijs Vlaanderen 10th Overall Tour Down Under 2003 1st Overall Peace Race 1st Stage 3 1st Rund um den Flughafen Koln/Bonn 1st Stage 5 Sachsen Tour 2nd Amstel Gold Race 2nd E3 Prijs Vlaanderen 5th GP du canton d'Argovie 9th Overall Tour Down Under 2004 1st Tour of Flanders 2005 6th Züri-Metzgete 6th E3 Prijs Vlaanderen 2006 2nd Amstel Gold Race 6th Paris–Roubaix 10th Overall Eneco Tour 2007 3rd Paris–Roubaix 3rd GP Bucholtz 2008 7th Rund um den Henninger-Turm	Steffen Wesemann
Menas C. Kafatos (; born 25 March 1945) is a Greek-born American physicist and a writer on spirituality and science. His publications include: The Nonlocal Universe and The Conscious Universe. Kafatos has written and lectured extensively promoting discourse between science, spirituality, and religion. He has held numerous positions at institutions including Chapman University, George Mason University, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Career Kafatos received his B.A. in physics from Cornell University in 1967 and a Ph.D. in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1972. After postdoctoral work at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, he joined George Mason University and was University Professor of Interdisciplinary Sciences from 1984-2008, where he also served as dean of the School of Computational Sciences and director of the Center for Earth Observing and Space Research. He and a team of computational scientists joined Chapman University in the fall of 2008, where he was the Founding Dean of the Schmid College of Science and Technology serving as dean from 2009 – 2012. He currently is the director of the Center of Excellence in Earth Systems Modeling and Observations (CEESMO). Kafatos has authored books including The Conscious Universe, The Non-local Universe (with Robert Nadeau, Springer-Verlag and Oxford University Press), Principles of Integrative Science (with Mihai Draganescu, Romanian Academy of Sciences Press), and more than 300 peer reviewed publications, cited by over 750 other articles. Menas was one of the speakers in Bhagavad Gita Summit (from 10–1 December 2021) during Gita Jayanti at Dallas, Texas, US along with other notable personalities such as Swami Mukundananda Ji, Mr. Shiv Khera, Kiran Bedi, Brahmacharini Gloria Arieira, Dantu Muralikrishna and others. Research Kafatos' peer-reviewed research has focused on cosmology, astrophysics, natural hazards, climate change, Earth system science, and remote sensing. Although he has written books around meta-physical interpretations of quantum phenomena he does not have substantial peer-reviewed work in quantum physics. Notable scientific contributions include enhancements to synthetic tropical cyclone (hurricane) circulations used in forecast models, new perspectives on the self organization of the universe through the lens of complexity, a detailed look at the relationship between vegetation in the United States and El Niño/Southern Oscillation, and a better understanding of dust and aerosols over India. Personal life Kafatos lives in Marina Del Rey, California, with his wife Susan Yang, a scientist in the fields of computational biology, experimental biology, and neuroscience. They met while working together at George Mason University. His brother, Fotis Kafatos, was a biologist and founder and honorary president of the European Research Council (ERC). Kafatos has 3 children: Lefteris, Stefanos, and Alexios. He is the chairman of the board for the American Hellenic Council. Awards and honors Awards 1986 George Mason University Distinguished Faculty Award 2011 Chopra Foundation Spirit of Rustum Roy Award 2011 IEEE Orange County Chapter Outstanding Leadership and Professional Service Award Honors 2000 Romanian Academy of Sciences Honorary Member 2013 National Observatory of Athens Affiliated Researcher 2013 Kyung Hee University International Scholar See also List of physicists	Menas Kafatos
In economics, the wage share or labor share is the part of national income, or the income of a particular economic sector, allocated to wages (labor). It is related to the capital or profit share, the part of income going to capital, which is also known as the K–Y ratio. The labor share is a key indicator for the distribution of income. The wage share is countercyclical; that is, it tends to fall when output increases and rise when output decreases. Despite fluctuating over the business cycle, the wage share was once thought to be stable, which Keynes described as "one of the most surprising, yet best-established facts in the whole range of economic statistics". The wage share has declined in most developed countries since the 1980s. Definition The wage share can be defined in various ways, but empirically it is usually defined as total labor compensation or labor costs over nominal GDP or gross value added. Often the capital share and labor share are assumed to sum to 100%, so that each can be deduced from the other. For example, the Bureau of Labor Statistics defines the labor share in a given sector (LS) as the ratio of labor compensation paid in that sector (C) to current dollar output (CU), ie. LS = C / CU. The non-labor or capital share (NLS) is defined as 1 − LS. In Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Piketty described the accounting identity α = r × β as the 'first fundamental law of capitalism', where α represents the capital share, r is the rate of return on capital, and β is the capital to income ratio. Piketty defined the wage share as 1 − α. Because the self-employed perform labor which is not rewarded with wages, the labor share may be underestimated in sectors with a high rate of self-employment. One approach is to assume the labor share of proprietors' income to be fixed. The OECD and the Bureau of Labor Statistics adjust labor compensation by assuming that the self-employed have the same average wage as employees in the same sector. History The importance of the distribution of income between the factors of production – capital, land and labor – has long been recognized. Ricardo (1817) said that to determine the laws which regulate this distribution is the "principal problem in political economy". Cobb and Douglas's Theory of Production (1928) introduced empirically-determined constants α and β which corresponded to the capital and labor share respectively. Cobb and Douglas found that the wage share was about 75%. For most of the 20th century, constant labor share was a stylized fact known as Bowley's law. Historical measurements of the wage share can be charted using the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis's FRED tool, which includes time series published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and Bureau of Economic Analysis. See also Factors of production Factor shares Compensation of employees Measures of national income and output Value added Income distribution Labor economics Rate of exploitation	Labor share
Ricochet was one of the first wireless Internet access services in the United States, before Wi-Fi, 3G, and other technologies were available to the general public. It was developed and first offered by Metricom Incorporated, which shut down in 2001. The service was originally known as the Micro Cellular Data Network, or MCDN, gaining the Ricochet name when the service was launched to the public. History Metricom was founded in 1985, initially selling radios to electric, gas, oil, and water industrial customers. The company was founded by Dr. David M. Elliott and Paul Baran. Paul Allen took a controlling stake in Metricom in 1997. Service began in 1994 in Cupertino, California, and was deployed throughout Silicon Valley (the northern part of Santa Clara Valley) by 1995, the rest of the San Francisco Bay Area by 1996, and to other cities throughout the end of the 1990s. By this time, the service was operating at roughly the speed of a 56 kbit/s dialup modem. Ricochet introduced a higher-speed 128 kbit/s, service in 1999, however, monthly fees for this service were more than double those for the original service. At its height in early 2001, Ricochet service was available in many areas, including Atlanta, Baltimore, and Dallas. Over 51,000 subscribers paid for the service. In July 2001, however, Ricochet's owner, Metricom, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and shut down its service. Like many companies during the dot-com boom, Metricom had spent more money than it took in and concentrated on a nationwide rollout and marketing instead of developing select markets. Ricochet was reportedly officially utilized in the immediate disaster recovery situation of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, partially operated by former employees as volunteers, when even cell phone networks were overloaded. Aftermath After bankruptcy, in November 2001, Aerie Networks, a Denver-based broadband firm, purchased the assets of the company at a liquidation sale. Service was restored to Denver in August 2002, and to San Diego in November 2002. Aerie sold Ricochet to EDL Holdings in 2003, who then sold it to YDI Wireless in 2004. YDI Wireless changed its name to Terabeam Inc., and Ricochet then operated as a subsidiary of Terabeam. Terabeam announced no plans for expansion. During the bankruptcy, ownership of the Ricochet radio transmitters had reverted to the municipalities where the radios were installed, so any expansion would have required Ricochet to renegotiate agreements with the cities or counties in question. In the meantime, wireless data services carried over the cellular telephone network had become more popular, making the value of Ricochet technology unclear. In March 2006, there were about 8,000 subscribers between the two markets. In August 2007 the Ricochet service was acquired by Civitas Wireless Solutions LLC. Ricochet notified its Denver customers on March 28, 2008, that service would cease the next day. Civitas liquidated itself in February 2009 after bankruptcy. Technology The technology, deployed by Metricom Inc., worked as a wireless mesh network: packets were forwarded by small repeaters (typically mounted on streetlights, for the use of which Metricom negotiated agreements with municipal governments) and might "bounce" among several such units along the path between an end-user's modem and a wired internet access point; hence the name of the service. The wireless ISP service was an outgrowth of technology Metricom had developed to facilitate remote meter reading for utility companies. It was originally inspired by amateur packet radio, but differed from this technology in many respects: for instance, Ricochet used spread spectrum (FHSS) technology in the low-power "license-free" 900 MHz ISM band of the RF spectrum. In addition to the resistance to eavesdropping offered by FHSS, modems offered built-in encryption, but this was not turned on by default. Throughput was originally advertised as equivalent to, and in practice was often somewhat better than, that of a then-standard 28.8 kbit/s telephone modem. In addition, Ricochet could be treated as an "always-on" connection (in the sense that, once connected to the network, it could stay connected even when not in use without tying up scarce resources, unlike a dialup connection), much the way broadband is today. It was also marketed for a flat monthly fee (the original Ricochet service was $29.95 a month, less than the cost of dialup plus a second phone line). As a result, a significant number of users in the Ricochet service area adopted it as their primary home Internet connection. Ricochet's main draw, however, was that it was wireless; at the time, there were almost no other options for a wireless Internet connection. Cellular phones were not as prevalent as today, and wireless data services such as GPRS had not yet been deployed on US cellular networks. It was possible to use specially adapted dialup modems over cellular connections, but this was slow (typically topping out at 9.6 kbit/s), expensive (per-minute charges applied), and often unreliable. In contrast, Ricochet was fast, flat-rate, and very reliable. Equipment The consumer equipment uses license-free 1 W 900 MHz FHSS encrypted radio modems which respond to standard Hayes "AT" commands. They include a packet-based mode of operation called "star mode", and it is possible to create a point-to-point connection or even a small independent network with data speeds greater than 256 kbit/s. Some of the infrastructure equipment used 900 MHz for the link to the consumer and used 2.4 GHz for the backhaul link. (A third option, the licensed 2.3 GHz WCS band, was used only in heavily loaded parts of the network and is seldom mentioned in literature).	Ricochet (Internet service)
Site-specific recombinase technologies are genome engineering tools that depend on recombinase enzymes to replace targeted sections of DNA. History In the late 1980s gene targeting in murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) enabled the transmission of mutations into the mouse germ line, and emerged as a novel option to study the genetic basis of regulatory networks as they exist in the genome. Still, classical gene targeting proved to be limited in several ways as gene functions became irreversibly destroyed by the marker gene that had to be introduced for selecting recombinant ESCs. These early steps led to animals in which the mutation was present in all cells of the body from the beginning leading to complex phenotypes and/or early lethality. There was a clear need for methods to restrict these mutations to specific points in development and specific cell types. This dream became reality when groups in the USA were able to introduce bacteriophage and yeast-derived site-specific recombination (SSR-) systems into mammalian cells as well as into the mouse. Classification, properties and dedicated applications Common genetic engineering strategies require a permanent modification of the target genome. To this end great sophistication has to be invested in the design of routes applied for the delivery of transgenes. Although for biotechnological purposes random integration is still common, it may result in unpredictable gene expression due to variable transgene copy numbers, lack of control about integration sites and associated mutations. The molecular requirements in the stem cell field are much more stringent. Here, homologous recombination (HR) can, in principle, provide specificity to the integration process, but for eukaryotes it is compromised by an extremely low efficiency. Although meganucleases, zinc-finger- and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (ZFNs and TALENs) are actual tools supporting HR, it was the availability of site-specific recombinases (SSRs) which triggered the rational construction of cell lines with predictable properties. Nowadays both technologies, HR and SSR can be combined in highly efficient "tag-and-exchange technologies". Many site-specific recombination systems have been identified to perform these DNA rearrangements for a variety of purposes, but nearly all of these belong to either of two families, tyrosine recombinases (YR) and serine recombinases (SR), depending on their mechanism. These two families can mediate up to three types of DNA rearrangements (integration, excision/resolution, and inversion) along different reaction routes based on their origin and architecture. The founding member of the YR family is the lambda integrase, encoded by bacteriophage λ, enabling the integration of phage DNA into the bacterial genome. A common feature of this class is a conserved tyrosine nucleophile attacking the scissile DNA-phosphate to form a 3'-phosphotyrosine linkage. Early members of the SR family are closely related resolvase / DNA invertases from the bacterial transposons Tn3 and γδ, which rely on a catalytic serine responsible for attacking the scissile phosphate to form a 5'-phosphoserine linkage. These undisputed facts, however, were compromised by a good deal of confusion at the time other members entered the scene, for instance the YR recombinases Cre and Flp (capable of integration, excision/resolution as well as inversion), which were nevertheless welcomed as new members of the "integrase family". The converse examples are PhiC31 and related SRs, which were originally introduced as resolvase/invertases although, in the absence of auxiliary factors, integration is their only function. Nowadays the standard activity of each enzyme determines its classification reserving the general term "recombinase" for family members which, per se, comprise all three routes, INT, RES and INV: Our table extends the selection of the conventional SSR systems and groups these according to their performance. All of these enzymes recombine two target sites, which are either identical (subfamily A1) or distinct (phage-derived enzymes in A2, B1 and B2). Whereas for A1 these sites have individual designations ("FRT" in case of Flp-recombinase, loxP for Cre-recombinase), the terms "attP" and "attB" (attachment sites on the phage and bacterial part, respectively) are valid in the other cases. In case of subfamily A1 we have to deal with short (usually 34 bp-) sites consisting of two (near-)identical 13 bp arms (arrows) flanking an 8 bp spacer (the crossover region, indicated by red line doublets). Note that for Flp there is an alternative, 48 bp site available with three arms, each accommodating a Flp unit (a so-called "protomer"). attP- and attB-sites follow similar architectural rules, but here the arms show only partial identity (indicated by the broken lines) and differ in both cases. These features account for relevant differences: recombination of two identical educt sites leads to product sites with the same composition, although they contain arms from both substrates; these conversions are reversible; in case of attP x attB recombination crossovers can only occur between these complementary partners in processes that lead to two different products (attP x attB → attR + attL) in an irreversible fashion. In order to streamline this chapter the following implementations will be focused on two recombinases (Flp and Cre) and just one integrase (PhiC31) since their spectrum covers the tools which, at present, are mostly used for directed genome modifications. This will be done in the framework of the following overview. Reaction routes The mode integration/resolution and inversion (INT/RES and INV) depend on the orientation of recombinase target sites (RTS), among these pairs of attP and attB. Section C indicates, in a streamlined fashion, the way recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) can be reached by synchronous double-reciprocal crossovers (rather than integration, followed by resolution). Tyr-Recombinases are reversible, while the Ser-Integrase is unidirectional. Of note is the way reversible Flp (a Tyr recombinase) integration/resolution is modulated by 48 bp (in place of 34 bp minimal) FRT versions: the extra 13 bp arm serves as a Flp "landing path" contributing to the formation of the synaptic complex, both in the context of Flp-INT and Flp-RMCE functions (see the respective equilibrium situations). While it is barely possible to prevent the (entropy-driven) reversion of integration in section A for Cre and hard to achieve for Flp, RMCE can be completed if the donor plasmid is provided at an excess due to the bimolecular character of both the forward- and the reverse reaction. Posing both FRT sites in an inverse manner will lead to an equilibrium of both orientations for the insert (green arrow). In contrast to Flp, the Ser integrase PhiC31 (bottom representations) leads to unidirectional integration, at least in the absence of an recombinase-directionality (RDF-)factor. Relative to Flp-RMCE, which requires two different ("heterospecific") FRT-spacer mutants, the reaction partner (attB) of the first reacting attP site is hit arbitrarily, such that there is no control over the direction the donor cassette enters the target (cf. the alternative products). Also different from Flp-RMCE, several distinct RMCE targets cannot be mounted in parallel, owing to the lack of heterospecific (non-crossinteracting) attP/attB combinations. Cre recombinase Cre recombinase (Cre) is able to recombine specific sequences of DNA without the need for cofactors. The enzyme recognizes 34 base pair DNA sequences called loxP ("locus of crossover in phage P1"). Depending on the orientation of target sites with respect to one another, Cre will integrate/excise or invert DNA sequences. Upon the excision (called "resolution" in case of a circular substrate) of a particular DNA region, normal gene expression is considerably compromised or terminated. Due to the pronounced resolution activity of Cre, one of its initial applications was the excision of loxP-flanked ("floxed") genes leading to cell-specific gene knockout of such a floxed gene after Cre becomes expressed in the tissue of interest. Current technologies incorporate methods, which allow for both the spatial and temporal control of Cre activity. A common method facilitating the spatial control of genetic alteration involves the selection of a tissue-specific promoter to drive Cre expression. Placement of Cre under control of such a promoter results in localized, tissue-specific expression. As an example, Leone et al. have placed the transcription unit under the control of the regulatory sequences of the myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) gene, leading to induced removal of targeted gene sequences in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. The specific DNA fragment recognized by Cre remains intact in cells, which do not express the PLP gene; this in turn facilitates empirical observation of the localized effects of genome alterations in the myelin sheath that surround nerve fibers in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Selective Cre expression has been achieved in many other cell types and tissues as well. In order to control temporal activity of the excision reaction, forms of Cre which take advantage of various ligand binding domains have been developed. One successful strategy for inducing specific temporal Cre activity involves fusing the enzyme with a mutated ligand-binding domain for the human estrogen receptor (ERt). Upon the introduction of tamoxifen (an estrogen receptor antagonist), the Cre-ERt construct is able to penetrate the nucleus and induce targeted mutation. ERt binds tamoxifen with greater affinity than endogenous estrogens, which allows Cre-ERt to remain cytoplasmic in animals untreated with tamoxifen. The temporal control of SSR activity by tamoxifen permits genetic changes to be induced later in embryogenesis and/or in adult tissues. This allows researchers to bypass embryonic lethality while still investigating the function of targeted genes. Recent extensions of these general concepts led to generating the "Cre-zoo", i.e. collections of hundreds of mouse strains for which defined genes can be deleted by targeted Cre expression. Flp recombinase In its natural host (S. cerevisiae) the Flp/FRT system enables replication of a "2μ plasmid" by the inversion of a segment that is flanked by two identical, but oppositely oriented FRT sites ("flippase" activity). This inversion changes the relative orientation of replication forks within the plasmid enabling "rolling circle"—amplification of the circular 2μ entity before the multimeric intermediates are resolved to release multiple monomeric products. Whereas 34 bp minimal FRT sites favor excision/resolution to a similar extent as the analogue loxP sites for Cre, the natural, more extended 48 bp FRT variants enable a higher degree of integration, while overcoming certain promiscuous interactions as described for phage enzymes like Cre- and PhiC31. An additional advantage is the fact, that simple rules can be applied to generate heterospecific FRT sites which undergo crossovers with equal partners but nor with wild type FRTs. These facts have enabled, since 1994, the development and continuous refinements of recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE-)strategies permitting the clean exchange of a target cassette for an incoming donor cassette. Based on the RMCE technology, a particular resource of pre-characterized ES-strains that lends itself to further elaboration has evolved in the framework of the EUCOMM (European Conditional Mouse Mutagenesis) program, based on the now established Cre- and/or Flp-based "FlExing" (Flp-mediated excision/inversion) setups, involving the excision and inversion activities. Initiated in 2005, this project focused first on saturation mutagenesis to enable complete functional annotation of the mouse genome (coordinated by the International Knockout-Mouse Consortium, IKMC) with the ultimate goal to have all protein genes mutated via gene trapping and -targeting in murine ES cells. These efforts mark the top of various "tag-and-exchange" strategies, which are dedicated to tagging a distinct genomic site such that the "tag" can serve as an address to introduce novel (or alter existing) genetic information. The tagging step per se may address certain classes of integration sites by exploiting integration preferences of retroviruses or even site specific integrases like PhiC31, both of which act in an essentially unidirectional fashion. The traditional, laborious "tag-and-exchange" procedures relied on two successive homologous recombination (HR-)steps, the first one ("HR1") to introduce a tag consisting of a selection marker gene. "HR2" was then used to replace the marker by the "GOI. In the first ("knock-out"-) reaction the gene was tagged with a selectable marker, typically by insertion of a hygtk ([+/-]) cassette providing G418 resistance. In the following "knock-in" step, the tagged genomic sequence was replaced by homologous genomic sequences with certain mutations. Cell clones could then be isolated by their resistance to ganciclovir due to loss of the HSV-tk gene, i.e. ("negative selection"). This conventional two-step tag-and-exchange procedure could be streamlined after the advent of RMCE, which could take over and add efficiency to the knock-in step. PhiC31 integrase Without much doubt, Ser integrases are the current tools of choice for integrating transgenes into a restricted number of well-understood genomic acceptor sites that mostly (but not always) mimic the phage attP site in that they attract an attB-containing donor vector. At this time the most prominent member is PhiC31-INT with proven potential in the context of human and mouse genomes. Contrary to the above Tyr recombinases, PhiC31-INT as such acts in a unidirectional manner, firmly locking in the donor vector at a genomically anchored target. An obvious advantage of this system is that it can rely on unmodified, native attP (acceptor) and attB donor sites. Additional benefits (together with certain complications) may arise from the fact that mouse and human genomes per se contain a limited number of endogenous targets (so called "attP-pseudosites"). Available information suggests that considerable DNA sequence requirements let the integrase recognize fewer sites than retroviral or even transposase-based integration systems opening its career as a superior carrier vehicle for the transport and insertion at a number of well established genomic sites, some of which with so called "safe-harbor" properties. Exploiting the fact of specific (attP x attB) recombination routes, RMCE becomes possible without requirements for synthetic, heterospecific att-sites. This obvious advantage, however comes at the expense of certain shortcomings, such as lack of control about the kind or directionality of the entering (donor-) cassette. Further restrictions are imposed by the fact that irreversibility does not permit standard multiplexing-RMCE setups including "serial RMCE" reactions, i.e., repeated cassette exchanges at a given genomic locus. Outlook and perspectives Annotation of the human and mouse genomes has led to the identification of >20 000 protein-coding genes and >3 000 noncoding RNA genes, which guide the development of the organism from fertilization through embryogenesis to adult life. Although dramatic progress is noted, the relevance of rare gene variants has remained a central topic of research. As one of the most important platforms for dealing with vertebrate gene functions on a large scale, genome-wide genetic resources of mutant murine ES cells have been established. To this end four international programs aimed at saturation mutagenesis of the mouse genome have been founded in Europe and North America (EUCOMM, KOMP, NorCOMM, and TIGM). Coordinated by the International Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKSC) these ES-cell repositories are available for exchange between international research units. Present resources comprise mutations in 11 539 unique genes, 4 414 of these conditional. The relevant technologies have now reached a level permitting their extension to other mammalian species and to human stem cells, most prominently those with an iPS (induced pluripotent) status. See also Site-specific recombination Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange Cre recombinase Cre-Lox recombination FLP-FRT recombination Genetic recombination Homologous recombination	Site-specific recombinase technology
Abdul Hameed Muhammed Fazil (born 4 February 1953), known mononymously as Fazil, is an Indian film director, producer, screenwriter and actor who works in Malayalam cinema, in addition to directing a handful of Tamil films. He made his directional debut with the 1980 film Manjil Virinja Pookkal. His popular films include Ente Mamattikkuttiyammakku (1983), Nokkethadhoorathu Kannum Nattu (1984), Poovinu Puthiya Poonthennal (1986), Manivathoorile Aayiram Sivarathrikal (1987), Ente Sooryaputhrikku (1991), Pappayude Swantham Appoos (1992), Manichitrathazhu (1993), Harikrishnans (1998). His 1993 film Manichitrathazhu won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment. He won the Best Director award at the 13th Kerala State Film Awards for his 1984 film Ente Mamattukkuttiyammakku. Early life His father wanted him to be a doctor, but in school and college, extra curricular activities dominated his time. He wrote plays and staged them with his friends; Nedumudi Venu was his college mate while he was in S.D. College, Alleppey, and this group was perhaps the first mimicry team that entertained crowds. "I used to mimic stars like Sathyan, Prem Nazir, Sivaji Ganesan and Govindankutty." He completed his graduate and post-graduation degrees in economics from department of economics, S.D. College Alappuzha . Film career Since the early 1980s, Fazil has directed 31 movies. His freshman film was in the Malayalam filmdom with Manjil Virinja Pookkal, produced by Navodaya Appachan, which was also Mohanlal's first movie. Fazil has a knack for spotting talent. He introduced some of the biggest names in films in south India: Mohanlal in Manjil Virinja Pookkal Nadia Moidu in Nokkethadhoorathu Kannum Nattu Baby Shalini in Ente Mamattikkuttiyammakku and Kunchacko Boban in Aniyathipravu Nagma was introduced to the south in Fazil's Killer (Telugu) while Khushboo started her southbound journey with his Varusham Padhinaaru. Fahadh Faasil in Kaiyethum Doorath With numerous Malayalam films, as well as several Tamil films and one Telugu film, Fazil has won the most number of State awards for the best film with popular appeal and aesthetic value. With numerous Malayalam films, as well as several Tamil films and one Telugu film, Fazil has won the most State awards. Personal life Fazil has two sons, Fahadh Faasil and Farhaan Faasil, and two daughters. Fahadh and Farhaan are both actors working primarily in the Malayalam film industry. Filmography Directed films Produced films As writer As actor Awards National Film Awards 1993 – National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment for Manichitrathazhu Kerala State Film Awards 1993: Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value – Manichithrathazhu 1986: Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value – Ennennum Kannettante 1984: Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value – Nokketha Dhoorathu Kannum Nattu 1983: Best Film – Ente Mamattikkuttiyammakku 1983: Best Director – Ente Mamattikkuttiyammakku 1980: Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value – Manjil Virinja Pookkal Filmfare Awards South 1985: Best Director in Tamil for Poove Poochooda Vaa See also List of Malayalam films from 1976 to 1980 List of Malayalam films from 1981 to 1985 List of Malayalam films from 1986 to 1990 List of Malayalam films from 1991 to 1995 List of Malayalam films from 1996 to 2000	Fazil (director)
Comahue is a sub-region of Argentina slightly to the south of the country's centre that covers the northern part of Argentine Patagonia and includes the provinces of Neuquén and Río Negro. Some also include La Pampa Province and the Patagones Partido at the southern tip of Buenos Aires Province. The region's social and economical centre is located at the point where the Limay and Neuquén rivers join into the Río Negro. This fertile, orchard-lined area is known as the Alto Valle del Río Negro and the main cities in the zone are Neuquén, seat of the National University of Comahue and General Roca. Etymology Comahue is a word of Mapuche origin meaning 'place of abundance', or perhaps 'where the water hurt', referring to the valley. Climate The climate in Comahue is rather changeable with its hydrological year starting in early autumn in Argentina and its peak is in June as well as in October with the snows breaks.	Comahue
The 1986 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 54th Grand Prix of Endurance as well as the third round of the 1986 World Sports-Prototype Championship. It took place at the Circuit de la Sarthe, France, on 31 May and 1 June 1986. This year saw the return of a full Jaguar works team, to take on the strong Porsche works and customer teams. However, with the fuel regulations relaxed, the turbo-charged cars would be able to use more of their potential power to outrun the normally-aspirated 6-litre Jaguars. Although the works Porsche team locked out the front row of the grid, the Joest car (victor in 1984 and 1985) took the challenge to them from the start of the race and holding the lead till nightfall. The Jaguar team was competitive but gradually fell behind, leading the rest of the field until forced out with transmission and suspension problems. Early on Sunday morning, third-placed Jochen Mass crashed out when he hit the C2 class-leading Ecosse of Mike Wilds who had spun on oil dropped in the Porsche Curves. Soon after however, there was a far worse incident when Jo Gartner was involved in a violent accident at very high speed as he accelerated onto the back straight. A transmission failure speared the Kremer Porsche into the barriers, and then got airborne hitting a telephone pole before ending upside down on fire, killing the driver instantly. The race was put behind pace cars for two hours to repair the damage. While behind the pace-car the Joest car's engine failed, ending their chance for a third victory. From there, the works Porsche of Derek Bell and Hans-Joachim Stuck was untroubled and took a comfortable victory by a margin of 8 laps over the Brun Porsche of Oscar Larrauri, Jesús Pareja and Joël Gouhier. Bell joined an elite group of drivers with four Le Mans victories. Despite being the last classified finisher after a number of delays, the new Spice-Fiero won the Index of Thermal Efficiency prize. Regulations The FIA (Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile) changed the championship format this year, introducing several shorter-length races among the longer, endurance events. The name was changed to the World Sports-Prototype Championship, to take the emphasis off endurance racing. They also relaxed the fuel-restrictions. The C1 and GTP classes now had 2550 litres, up from 2210 litres, while the Class C2 went up from 1430 to 1650 litres. The fuel-rigs had the fuel-flow adjusted from 50 to 60 litres per minute, trimming the time for a full refuel by about 20 seconds. FISA was risking alienating the manufacturers, with little consultation, with rules changes notified with relatively short notice. The Sports-Prototype Commission had only a single manufacturer's representative with the majority being from the race-tracks. The public roads section of the circuit got a small modification this year. The département installed a roundabout at the Mulsanne corner as it was an accident black-spot. This in turn necessitated a section be built bypassing the roundabout, shortening the racetrack by 98 metres (320 feet). After the serious accidents in the previous year's race, the ACO (Automobile Club de l'Ouest) started putting triple-tier Armco along the length of the Hunaudières straight. The ACO also re-initiated the pre-race test-day (last run in 1974), however only 17 cars availed themselves of the opportunity. Finally, the hors course rule was reinstated, again given the number of cars running with mechanical unreliability posed a safety issue to the other cars running at full pace. This time it was modified to apply within the final four hours to disqualify any car that had run less than 60% of the distance of the leader. Entries The biggest news was the full return of the works Jaguar team to the World Championship, and they had immediate success in the first two races in the series. This brought English fans to Le Mans in record numbers. Lancia had also run those first two races, but being outshone by Porsche and now Jaguar, chose to withdraw and focus on rallying. The increasing interest in Group C now saw Nissan join Toyota and Mazda from Japan in the top classes, to challenge the European manufacturers. For the first time since 1956 there were no American teams entered. Note: The first number is the number accepted, the second the number who started. Group C1 and GTP Once again, Porsche dominated the C1 entry-list with the mix of 962 and 956 models. The Rothmans Porsche works team arrived with the same four chassis that it had used in 1985, including the T-car. With the retirement of Jacky Ickx, the lead #1 car was now run by Derek Bell and Hans-Joachim Stuck, with 1983 winner Al Holbert brought in with them for this race. Bob Wollek had left Lancia at the end of last season. He was promptly picked up by the works team to run the #2 car with Jochen Mass. The third car, just running at Le Mans, and driven by Vern Schuppan and Drake Olson, was fitted with Porsche's experimental, new, dual-clutch PDK transmission that offered automatic electronic gearshifts (and an in-car camera). The Porsche customer teams were again proving very competitive. Joest Racing had upheld Porsche honour, winning in 1983, and then beating the works team in 1984. This year, they brought that same lucky 956B chassis back with the same winning trio - Klaus Ludwig, Paolo Barilla and Louis Krages. In the absence of any American teams, Joest ran an all-American crew in their second car. Decked out in stars-and-stripes livery, Kenper Miller drove with former Can-Am champion George Follmer (20 years after his other Le Mans appearance) and John Morton. Getting racetime, the latter two had run with Barilla, the only Joest entry at the prior round at Silverstone where they finished sixth. Brun Motorsport had three cars in the championship this year, made up of a pair of 962Cs (built at their own workshop) and their 956 workhorse. Owner Walter Brun stepped up to the lead car for Le Mans with Massimo Sigala and Frank Jelinski, bought in as a replacement for Stefan Bellof, killed in 1985. The other regular drivers Oscar Larrauri and Jésus Pareja, joined by Joël Gouhier, had the second 962C; while the 956 was driven by Thierry Boutsen/Didier Theys/Alain Ferté. Kremer Racing were also regrouping after the death of their lead driver, Manfred Winkelhock. Austrian Jo Gartner came into the team, having won the Sebring 12 Hours earlier in the year with Stuck and Bob Akin. After a 3rd-place at Silverstone with Tiff Needell, he would race with Sarel van der Merwe and Kunimitsu Takahashi in the 962C. The team also brought out their 956 for Moroccan Max Cohen-Olivar and Frenchmen Pierre Yver and Hubert Striebig. The John Fitzpatrick Racing team, likewise entered their 962C and reliable 956B (in conjunction with the Spanish Danone Porsche team). In the 1985 race, Richard Lloyd's modified 956B had been the only car able to keep up with the Joest car. Now renamed the RLR Liqui Moly team, they had drivers Mauro Baldi, Rob Dyson and Price Cobb. Hans Obermeier's team again returned with their 956. An outlier entry was the ex-Joest Porsche 936CJ car. Last seen in 1983, it had been purchased by German Ernst Schuster and entered again. In total, Porsche would field an impressive armada of 15 cars in the top class. There was also an interesting internal Porsche tyre-battle brewing: Of the major teams, the works team had a long-standing relationship with Dunlop, Kremer had a new contract with Yokohama while Joest, JFR and Richard Lloyd ran with Goodyear. With Lancia's withdrawal, Michelin switched to support the Brun team. Jaguar Cars had been impressed with the strong effort in the past seasons by the American Group 44 Racing team of [[Bob Tullius]. The company thought a full works effort was viable, but instead chose to ally with Tom Walkinshaw Racing - who had latterly been running the Jaguar XJ-S in the ETCC (European Touring Car Championship). Designer Tony Southgate (who had worked with Shadow, Lotus and Theodore in F1) had produced the new XJR-6 model and it had run in the latter-half of last season. In the close-season, much work was done to simplify and lighten the key components. The twin-valve 6.0-litre V12 engine had a single-overhead camshaft, with a 60 degree cylinder angle. TWR's engine-specialist, Allan Scott, could tune the engine to 630 bhp, with a top speed of 370 kp/h (230 mph). It was fitted to a March-Hewland gearbox with the suspension running large 19" wheels, and the longtail body-styling gave it 70% more downforce than the Porsches. The season drivers were current F1 drivers Eddie Cheever/Derek Warwick, and Jean-Louis Schlesser/Gianfranco Brancatelli (current ETCC champion). For Le Mans, Schlesser joined the first car, and TWR driver Win Percy joined Brancatelli in the second. A third car had former Group 44 teammates Brian Redman and Hurley Haywood, with Hans Heyer. The team had an excellent lead-up, with Warwick and Cheever winning the Silverstone round, and then Cheever throwing down the gauntlet to Porsche with the fastest times at the test-day. Sauber had a difficult return to Le Mans in 1985. The C8 of John Nielsen had got airborne and flipped on the Mulsanne straight during practice, but subsequent analysis showed that it was due to mechanical failure not the fault of aerodynamic design. Development continued on the car, and engine, but downforce remained an issue and the top speed was limited to 330 kp/h (205 mph). Mercedes-Benz, however, stayed committed to the project, and was able to secure considerable sponsorship from Kouros cosmetics. This money could draw in experienced drivers and for Le Mans they had 4-time winner Henri Pescarolo, with F1 driver Christian Danner and Dieter Quester in one car and Nielsen co-driving Mike Thackwell in the other. There were concerns, though, regarding the fuel economy as the Silverstone entry had encountered issues toward the end of that race. Both the Dome and TOM'S Racing teams returned to Le Mans, with the latest Dome-Toyota model. The 86C was built on a strengthened aluminium monocoque chassis. Adjustments were made to the Toyota 2.1-litre turbo engine to improve fuel economy, however its unsatisfactory power output meant it could not keep pace with the Porsches. For Le Mans, the two cars were fitted with longtail bodyshells. All the drivers returned, although the teams were rearranged – Geoff Lees/Satoru Nakajima/Masanori Sekiya ran the TOM'S car, while new man Beppe Gabbiani (ex-Lancia) joined Eje Elgh and Toshio Suzuki were in the Dome entry. Nissan followed Mazda and Toyota into the broader Group C series. They had previously run cars in the home races at Fuji Speedway, and in September 1984 they set up NISMO, as a dedicated motorsport division in the company. Its initial thrust was into the IMSA competition with Nissan engines in March chassis. The VG30ET was a new development of the Nissan VG engine. A 3.0-litre V6 unit, with twin Garrett turbos, it could produce 700 bhp. In a torrential downpour, Kazuyoshi Hoshino had won the Fuji 1000 the previous October with a March-Nissan 85G, beating the international teams. In December, NISMO ordered three further March chassis and got Gordon Coppuck to design the new car – the Nissan R86V, with the VG30 engine. One R86V came to Le Mans, for Hoshino, with single-seater drivers Aguri Suzuki and Keiji Matsumoto. They also sent an older R85V, for veteran drivers Masahiro Hasemi and Takao Wada. NISMO President Yasuharu Nanba came with orders for the cars to finish at all costs. March brought in Keith Greene as team manager and James Weaver for the Le Mans expertise. With March now working with Nissan, it fell to privateers to represent the brand. English-based, Greek driver Costas Los had bought the March 84G from the Kreepy Krauly team, running it again in the C1 class. Meanwhile, Richard Cleare had bought an IMSA March 85G, fitted an older single-turbo Porsche engine, and entered it in the GTP class. Mazdaspeed stepped up its racing program this year, moving from C2 into the IMSA GTP class. The new Mazda 757 was designed by Nigel Stroud on a honeycomb monocoque chassis and covered with a carbon-fibre/Kevlar bodyshell. It was planned to have a turbo-charged rotary engine, but until that was built, it was fitted with the new 13G, the first triple-rotor Wankel rotary. The three 654cc chambers were given the FIA equivalent of 3924cc and put out 450 bhp. This could get the cars up to 310 kp/h (195 mph). They were much lighter than all the C1 cars, even 40 kg lighter than the little WMs. Two cars came to Le Mans, along with a T-car. The Japanese works drivers returned (Terada, Yorino and Katayama). David Kennedy led the second car, this time joined by Pierre Dieudonné and Mark Galvin. Local engineer/driver Yves Courage continued development of the Cougar C12. Further wind-tunnel work tweaked the aerodynamics, while new 19" rear wheels needed a complete suspension redesign. Overall, the car was now 45 kg lighter. Courage once again had fellow garagista Alain de Cadenet as a co-driver along with F3000 talent Pierre-Henri Raphanel. With the new fuel regulations, the WM Secateva team split its entries with a W85 in each class. The C1 version kept the 2850cc twin-turbo Peugeot engine and could now get up to 370 kp/h (230 mph). Team regulars Pignard and Raulet were joined this year by F1, and Le Mans, veteran François Migault. The C2 car had a modified two-valve 2650cc engine and ZF gearbox, in place of the usual Hewland unit. Team principal Roger Dorchy raced this one, with Claude Haldi and Pascal Pessiot. Despite the recent death of the Rondeau founder, Jean Rondeau, there were two of the cars entered in C1. Graff Racing had heavily modified the bodyshell of their M482, and was fitted with the in-car camera for "La Cinq" TV Channel. The second car was an older M382 that Patrick Oudet had purchased off Christian Bussi. Tim Lee-Davey embarked on a program to modify one of his Tiga GC84 cars to C1 standard. The plan was to fit a turbocharged Cosworth DFL engine, linked to a Hewland transmission and with the Bosch Motronic engine-management system. Lee-Davey had co-owner Australian Neil Crang as co-driver along with John Gimbel. Group C2 Spice Engineering had won the inaugural C2 championship last year and was now building its own cars for the C2 class. They were also commissioned by Pontiac to build cars to compete in the IMSA series, fitted with its engine (as the Spice-Fiero). The benefit to Spice was that the team had access to the wind-tunnel at General Motors in Detroit to refine their aerodynamics. Three chassis were sent to IMSA, one sold to Hugh Chamberlain for a Hart engine, while one stayed with the team to race. Fitted with a 3.3-litre Cosworth DFL, tuned by John Nicholson, they had won the second round at Silverstone. Team principals Gordon Spice and Ray Bellm sequestered Jean-Michel Martin as their third driver for the race. With Spice now building their own cars, Tiga Race Cars targeted their new GC286 model for the IMSA Lights series. Two chassis were also sold to Roy Baker, fitted with the turbocharged Cosworth BDT rally engine, reduced from 1.8 to 1.7-litres. The Écurie Écosse team brought two cars to Le Mans. The new C286 was built on a spare chassis, and now sported a 3-litre Rover V6 engine, as used in the MG Metro rally-car. It could put out 380 bhp. Once again, team-drivers Ray Mallock, David Leslie and Mike Wilds had the car. The team also entered their last season's car, the C285 with its 3.3-litre Cosworth DFL, for three American pay-drivers. Gebhardt Motorsport had had a positive 1985 season and the new JC853 model stepped up fitting the Cosworth DFL, race-tuned by Heini Mader. The team had started the season with a class-win at the Monza "sprint-race", by Frank Jelinski and Stanley Dickens. Two cars were entered for Le Mans but when Jelinski was seconded to the Brun Motorsport team, only the one car arrived – to be driven by Dickens with Pierre de Thoisy and Jean-François Yvon. ADA Engineering returned with their 2-year old JC843, shedding 20 kg and improved suspension. It again had its Cosworth DFL prepared by John Nicholson. This year owner-driver, Ian Harrower, teamed up with Tom Dodd-Noble and Evan Clements. As the Alba works team, Carlo Facetti's Carma FF team had migrated to compete in the IMSA Lights season with the new Alba-Ferrari AR6. So, the only entrant this year was Luigi Taverna's Cosworth-powered AR3. This was the car run the previous year by Grifo Autoracing team, who were embarking on building their own car. After several successful seasons in Group B racing a BMW M1, Jens Winther had moved up to the C2 class with the German URD, fitted with the same BMW M88 engine. Last year's race had ended in retirement, but results through the season had been promising. Winther brought the car back again, with his regular drivers David Mercer and Lars-Viggo Jensen. In 1983, the Earl of Arundel had commissioned a C2 car from Anson Cars. After a brief few races, the project was shelved. This year, John Bartlett and Robin Donovan bought the car, modified it and rebadged it as the Bardon DB1. With the Cosworth DFL it was limited to 250 kp/h (160 mph). Donovan got Richard Jones (racing driver)\|Richard Jones]] and Nick Adams as co-drivers. The British Argo Racing Cars had made the transition from single-seater cars to sports-cars, with considerable success in the IMSA series. Their first customer, Jim Downing won the inaugural Camel Lights championships in 1985 with the Mazda-powered Argo JM16. The successor JM19 model had several engine options. Norwegian Martin Schanche (a four-time European Rallycross champion) entered his JM19 with a Zakspeed 1720cc engine with a Garrett-turbocharger. With 550 bhp, the cars were often the fastest on the tracks. Gentleman-drivers Louis Descartes and Jacques Heuclin carried on working on their ALD. With the 02 version, they moved the cockpit forward to accommodate a 100-litre fuel cell. The improvements made it faster, now getting up to 290 kp/h (180 mph) and was able lap 20 seconds faster this year. Lucien Roussiaud returned with his 5-year old Rondeau M379C, again prepared by Heini Mader. Group B and GTX Porsche had been working on a four-wheel drive Group B car since 1983. This became the Porsche 959 "supercar", and the company wanted to produce the requisite 200 cars for homologation and customer sale. However, by 1986, the FIA had tweaked the regulations for rallying and the customer-car project was cancelled. A works racing-car version was continued with, as the Porsche 961. It would be the first 4-wheel drive car to race at Le Mans since the war. As an interesting technical exercise and without the necessary production numbers, it was put in the GTX class as its sole entry. The car was equipped with a 2847cc twin-turbo engine, making about 640 bhp and getting up to 330 kp/h (205 mph). Like the 956 and 962, it had mixed-cooling with air-cooled block and water-cooled heads. The four-wheel drive was set up to put more power on the back wheels, and composite bodyshell kept the overall weight down near the 1150 kg minimum for Group B. The drivers would be rally-driver René Metge and veteran Claude Ballot-Léna (in his 22nd consecutive Le Mans start). The Porsche 959 had a 1-2 result in this year's Paris - Dakar Rally, with Metge winning from Jacky Ickx. There was but a single entry in Group B GT, which would turn out to be the final appearance of the BMW M1. Michael Krankenberg's MK Motorsport engaged Helmut Gall (who had taken the class victory in the past two Le Mans) to prepare and race the car, alongside Jean-Paul Libert and Pascal Witmeur. Practice and Qualifying Once again, the top Porsches were fitted with special 3-litre turbo engines for qualifying – not an option for the normally-aspirated Jaguar team. The variable weather made the circuit very crowded when conditions improved, which in turn made it difficult for the top cars to get clear laps to set their best time. It was Jochen Mass who got the best opportunity, at dusk on the first day, setting a pole time of 3:15.99, over a second slower than the previous year. Stuck put the team car beside him on the front row. The Joest and Brun Porsches (Ludwig and Boutsen respectively) were next with the best Jaguar (Warwick) in fifth (3:21.6). Ludwig had set the top speed on the Hunaudières Straight, clocking 375 kp/h (232 mph). This year, the Saubers were suffering from too much downforce, and they could go no faster than clocking 330 kp/h (205 mph). The best of their cars was Christian Danner qualifying 9th (3:26.7), with de Cadenet putting the Cougar alongside it. The new aerodynamics dropped its top speed by 330 kp/h but improved its lap-time by 11 seconds from last year. This was a good recovery after Raphanel had crashed in the Porsche Curves on the first day. Many of the privateer Porsches had instability problems at high speed. After doing only two laps, Juan Fernandez in the second Fitzpatrick car, found the circuit too daunting and ceded his place to South African George Fouché. Another demoted driver was Philippe Dermagne, in the Cosmik March. Having gone off at Indianapolis on his first lap of the circuit, ripping off the oil-cooler, he then proceeded to return to the pits driving on the racing line, dropping oil all along the circuit. He was dismissed, and his seat taken by Neil Crang. Crang had only managed a handful of laps in the C1 Tiga, when the engine abruptly failed. Only replaced by Friday, there was no time to left for qualifying and the car was excluded by the ACO. The Japanese cars were not even remotely on the pace of the other C1 cars. The GTP Mazdas were 25th and 29th. The two Dome-Toyotas were down in 30th (3:45.3) and 40th. Qualifying for the Nissan team was particularly shambolic, with team manager Greene at loggerheads with his lead drivers. Trying to get them to restrict the turbo-boost, he even resorted to removing the dashboard knobs, only for Hoshino and Hasemi to get the mechanics to wind up the turbos manually. That blew the engines on both cars, losing valuable qualifying time. Greene gave the management an ultimatum that he would walk out if his plan was not listened to. A grumpy James Weaver, sidelined by the team, qualified the older car a lowly 33rd, while the new R86V was 24th (3:41.5) – with a top speed fully 70 kp/h (45 mph) slower than the Porsches and Jaguars. In the C2 class, despite three clutch failures, the new Spice-Fiero set the fastest time by quite a margin: 3:40.4 to be 23rd on the grid. The private Rondeau did well to qualify second, over four seconds behind (3:43.7), just ahead of the works Gebhardt (28th). The GTX Porsche 961 was 26th while the Group B BMW was the final car on the grid, 50th with a 4:08.7. Race Start The race start reverted to 4pm and this year the honorary starter was Sir John Egan, chairman of Jaguar Cars. At the start, both Ludwig and Boutsen tried to overtake the Rothmans Porsches and they raced four-wide down the main straight towards the Dunlop Curve. By the time they were at the Mulsanne corner, Ludwig and Warwick (in the Jaguar) were at the front. However, within three laps, the two works Porsches were up to speed and moved up to challenge the Joest car for the lead. An early casualty was Raphanel in the Cougar, losing a door on the first lap. It cost 20 minutes in the pits to replace, only for it to happen again after only 3 laps back on the track. With no more doors left, the crew spent four hours fashioning a substitute out of a sheet of aluminium. Another was Pescarolo in his Sauber, who stopped on the back straight. Debris had fallen off the sister-car he was following and holed the oil cooler. It took over an hour before he could limp back to the pits for repairs. Worse, just a few laps later, the other Sauber pitted with handling problems. This continued into the second hour, after the first pit-stops with the co-drivers taking up the pursuit. After that first hour, there were nine cars on the lead lap; after two, it was down to five: the Joest car was still less than 30 seconds ahead of two of the works Porsches, with the two Jaguars of Warwick/Cheever/Schlesser and Brancatelli/Percy/Hahne not far behind, looking solid. A lap down were the third works cars, the Larrauri and Boutsen Brun cars, and the Gartner/van der Merwe Kremer car in 10th. After initially leading in C2, the Spice-Fiero had slipped back when its clutch problems resurfaced. The class was now being led by Dickens' Gebhardt. They held the lead until 8pm when a collision with a C1 car forced a half-hour in the pits to repair the suspension, only to crash at the Ford Chicane soon after returning to the race. The ADA Gebhardt had a tyre blowout at Indianapolis that ripped up the rear bodywork, and required a new wing to be improvised and riveted into place. The leaders kept up their pace going into dusk, while the field behind had their issues. The first leader change was after six hours, as the Joest car slipped to third behind the Rothmans cars. Both works teams lost a car in the early hours. The experimental Porsche broke its gearbox after Olson had a big moment at Indianapolis while running 7th. The Jaguar of Hans Heyer stopped at Indianapolis, apparently out of fuel. He contrived to get back to the pits, swerving back and forth to pick up any remaining fuel, where it was found the fuel pump had failed. Schuppan, now at a loose end, was transferred to Mass' Porsche, and likewise Haywood moved to the Brancatelli car (that had inherited the sister car's fifth place) to help with the driving. Miller stopped the American Joest car at Mulsanne, also apparently out of fuel. Pushed behind the walls, it re-appeared five minutes later when he was able to switch it over to the reserve tank and get back to the pits. The time lost dropped them from tenth to 21st.The 7th hour was tough on the Brun team, with the team-owner at the wheel when his car lost a valve, while running 11th; and then Alain Ferté lost control of his at the Ford Chicane, slamming into the wall. Night The initial phase of the race had been an intriguing tactical match between the two Porsche teams, with the advantage narrowly in the Joest favour with its slightly better fuel economy. A fairly dismal Le Mans ended for Sauber at 11pm. The 'Pesca'/Danner/Quester was steadily working back up the field after their early delay, but a broken gearbox put them out. The other car was already out with engine issues. Around midnight, the remaining Brun car was delayed with suspension repairs. At 1.20am, Win Percy came in early in his stint to refuel. The pit crewman refuelling fell asleep at his job, and there was a sudden crack as the over-pressurised fuel cell buckled the bodyshell. Walkinshaw yelled at his driver to start up and drive out. Half an hour later, Percy had a big moment after Arnage when a driveshaft failed on the Jaguar at speed. Getting the car under control, he parked out on the circuit. It was only later that Percy was told the 100-litre fuel-cell had been overfilled to about 128 litres, making the car a dangerous bomb in a crowded pit-lane. Meanwhile, Bell and Ludwig had been trading fastest lap-times back and forth through the night, usually barely seconds apart, and the Rothmans Porsche finally got to the lead at 2am. Then soon after 3am, Jochen Mass, running third, wrote off his car when he came through the Porsche Curves and spun on spilt oil, to find the class-leading Ecosse of Mike Wilds in the middle of the road having just done the same thing. With suspension damage and three punctures, Mass could go no further. The nose of the Ecosse was sliced off but Wilds (having whipped his legs up out the way just in time) was able to get back to the pits. By excellent pitwork, the car was repaired within 50 minutes. Such was their lead, the Ecosse rejoined the race still two laps ahead of their nearest challenger and only dropping one place overall, down to 14th. Just a short while later, a terrible accident happened on the Hunaudières Straight. The Kremer 962 had been as high as 7th before losing half an hour with suspension repairs just before midnight. Jo Gartner was pushing back up through the field and up to eighth when it suffered a transmission failure. The rear wheels immediately locked and the car hit the Armco at 260 kp/h. Breaking through, it hit a telephone pole and went up into the trees. Rebounding through the air across the track, it spread its debris over 200 metres before ending up on the guardrail opposite, upside-down and on fire. Gartner was killed instantly, and the devastated Kremer team withdrew their other car. The field was put behind the pace cars for two and a half hours while the safety barriers were repaired. However, along with a light drizzle cooling the night, the extended change of pace overheated the engine of Ludwig's leading Porsche. The motor ran its bearings and its race was run. This handed the lead to the Bell/Stuck/Holbert Porsche, with an unassailable nine-lap lead on the rest of the field and fuel consumption no longer an issue. In a mammoth quadruple-stint, Larrauri had driven through the night bringing the Brun Porsche back up to fourth, which became second with the demise of the cars ahead of him. After its fuel delay earlier in the race, the Joest 956 had run very reliably and was now in fifth. Morning An overcast day dawned reflecting the sombre mood of the paddock. Half the field had now retired. The stuffing had been knocked out of the race, and there was little notable activity on the racetrack. At 6am, the works car had done 210 laps, with the Brun car and the remaining Jaguar both nine laps back. The JFR Porsche of Velez/de Villota/Fouché was fourth (198) with the American Joest car a lap back. The Schuster privateer 936J had kept out of trouble, doing very well in 6th (192) ahead of the Obermeier and second JFR Porsches. The Elgh/Gabbiani/Suzuki Dome had been progressively moving up the field and was now 9th, with the Porsche 961 charging along in 10th. The Ecosse was 12th and still leading in C2, but at 6.30am, Leslie had a tyre explode coming out of the Mulsanne kink, doing a lot of chassis damage. He stopped at Mulsanne and found the radiator had been knocked off its frame. Tying it back with some string and refilling it with a number of trips with a drinks-bottle to a watertank he eventually made it back to the pits. But the team was then disqualified for filling liquids outside the pit area. Cheever took over second place at 7am in his Jaguar. Then at 8.30, in a repeat of the earlier event, Schlesser had the right-rear tyre go as he, in turn, went through the Mulsanne kink. While he brought the car under control and got back to the pits, the suspension was ruined and the car retired. By following Greene's tight regimen, the Nissan of Wada/Hasemi/Weaver had got up to the top-10 soon after 9am. However, at the next pit-stop, Wada could not re-fire the engine and an hour was lost fixing the electrics. Either side of noon, another 90 minutes was spent repairing the ignition system. In a similar story, the remaining Dome had got up to 7th by 9am but then lost an hour, and four places, fixing a holed radiator. Finish and post-race The race drifted towards its conclusion through the afternoon. The only battle for position was between the Obermeier Porsche and the Schuster 936 for fifth place, swapping positions several times. Bell, Stuck and Holbert brought the works Porsche home to win by a comfortable margin. The Brun 962 took second place, eight laps back with the Joest Porsche third, a further five laps behind. Fourth was the John Fitzpatrick's "old workhorse". The 956B had finished 3rd in 1984 and 4th in 1985. Spaniards Emilio de Villota and Fermín Velez, along with substitute George Fouché, had a trouble-free run. Their team-mates in the 962 copped all the bad luck, with delays from faulty lights, water leaks, a loose door and run-ins with backmarkers. They were thankful to make it to tenth. It was a similar story for the Richard Lloyd car, that ground its way up to an eventual 9th place after running last within the first half-hour of the race. It was a better story for the small Obermeier team and privateer Ernst Schuster, their cars running like clockwork to keep their 5th and 6th places, albeit over 20 laps behind the winner. Among all the C1 Porsches in the top-10 was the 4WD Porsche 961, which finished 7th after a fairly untroubled run. The privateer Gebhardt of ADA Engineering finished 8th, winning the C2 class. A surprise second-in-class was the URD of Jens Winther. The Spice-Fiero had spent two and a half hours getting its clutch replaced early in the night. Despite that, they carried on and were the last classified finisher, and good enough to beat the lead Porsche to take the Index of Thermal Efficiency. Sole survivor in the GTP class was the Richard Cleare Racing March. It had been running 21st at midnight when 90 minutes was spent repairing the suspension. However, after that, it ran reliably and finished 14th. They were under no class pressure after the Mazdas were out before half-time, both stopping on track with broken transmission. Nissan came home 16th after its morning trials and, despite the lead car failing before nightfall, the management team were delighted confirming their commitment to sports-car racing. Not so were their compatriots at Dome – Gabbiani was still running 11th when the turbo caught fire on the last lap. He stopped at a marshals' station and got the fire put out, but by the time he limped around to the finish line time had lapsed and they car was not classified. The single entry in Group B was the BMW M1 of MK Motorsport. It would be the last M1 to race at Le Mans, and set a lap record for the class. The car ran smoothly through the race, getting into the top-20 by half-time. However, with 90minutes to go Witmeur brought it into the pits with the gearbox almost locked solid. With 20 minutes left, Libert took the ailing BMW out, crawling around in second gear, trying to get to the finish. With a final lap too slow though, the car was not classified. For Bell, it was his fourth victory and Holbert's second. Together, Bell & Holbert had won both the premier 24-hour sports-car races (Daytona and Le Mans) in the same year, the first to do so. It was mixed emotions for Stuck, who had driven with Gartner to win the Sebring 12 Hours earlier in the year. Porsche took their sixth consecutive victory. Eight of the Porsches in the C1 class finished, and all of them in the top-10. The season proved to be an interesting one with seven different winners in the nine races. Lancia officially withdrew from motor-racing just before the next event, after the death of their driver, Giacomo Maggi, while testing. This followed the recent deaths of Henri Toivonen and co-driver Sergio Cresto in a Group B Lancia at the Tour de Corse rally a month earlier. Brun Motorsport achieved their great ambition, when their consistency won them the inaugural Teams' Championship. With the Joest team coming second, the works teams of Porsche and Jaguar were beaten back to third equal. Kremer Racing was devastated by the loss of Gartner and had considered shutting up. Instead, however, they set about redesigning the 962 tub to what they considered a safer form. Bell and Stuck did win a consecutive Drivers' Championship though. In C2, the Écurie Écosse won the Teams' Championship, while Spice and Bellm took out the C2 Drivers' title. However, the FIA's fixation with Formula 1 and the lack of rules stability was concerning the manufacturers and cracks in the series were starting to appear. Official results Finishers Results taken from Quentin Spurring's book, officially licensed by the ACOClass Winners are in Bold text. Did not finish Did not start Class winners Note: all classes set new distance records for the new circuit configuration. Index of Energy Efficiency Note: Only the top ten positions are included in this set of standings. Statistics Taken from Quentin Spurring's book, officially licensed by the ACO Pole Position – J. Mass, #2 Porsche 962C– 3:16.0secs; Fastest Lap – K. Ludwig, #7 Porsche 956B – 3:23.3secs; Winning Distance – Winner's Average Speed – Attendance – 150,000 Notes	1986 24 Hours of Le Mans
Seize or seise may refer to: Seisin, legal possession of property Seizing, a class of knots used to semi-permanently bind together two ropes Seize (band), a British electronic band The jamming of machine parts against each other, usually due to insufficient lubrication Seize, a fictional town the anime TV series Sound of the Sky See also Confiscation Detain Impoundment (disambiguation) Raptus Seizure (disambiguation) Sequester (disambiguation) Usurper	Seize
Chievo (4,500 inhabitants) is a frazione of Verona located to the west of the city, around from the historic city centre, on the shores of the river Adige. It is best known for its football team, A.C. ChievoVerona, which ceased to exist in 2021. History The name came from the Latin "clivium mantici" which means "the hill of the magic wood". Pastoral and farming activities date back to pre-Roman Celtic settlers. Placed on the shores of the river Adige the early inhabitants established a port, some mills and a water-powered saw on the river. Pipin, son of Charles, gifted the entire zone to the monastery of St. Procolo, near S. Zeno in Verona. In the 12th century Chievo had a church, a hospital and a stronghold in which Federico Barbarossa spent some nights. The Corte Bionde is the best preserved medieval building. Around 1450 the entire village was moved about nearer to the city where the climate was healthier and vegetation more gorgeous. The actual parish church with a reliquary was built at that time. In 1892 the ten church bells were cast, and are still rung today in the style of the Veronese bellringing art. Points of interest Forte Chievo: polygonal fort built between 1850 and 1852 by the Austrians as part of Verona's defensive system. Villa Pellegrini Marioni Pullè: 17th–18th century villa; the walls of its estate fence the western side of Chievo's main square. Nowadays it is owned by INPS (Italian national social security institute) and in a state of disrepair. Ponte diga del Chievo: dam and footbridge over the river Adige, built in the 1920s.	Chievo

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