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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What are the symptoms of Eosinophilic esophagitis?
Signs and symptoms include: Adults: • Difficulty swallowing, also called dysphagia • Food getting stuck in the esophagus after swallowing, also known as impaction • Chest pain that is often centrally located and does not respond to antacids • Backflow of undigested food, known as regurgitation Children: • Difficulty feeding, in infants • Difficulty eating, in children • Vomiting • Abdominal pain • Difficulty swallowing, also called dysphagia • Food getting stuck in the esophagus after swallowing, also known as impaction • No response toGERDmedication • Failure to thrive, including poor growth, malnutrition and weight loss
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What are the causes of Eosinophilic esophagitis?
Eosinophils are a typical type of white blood cells present in your digestive tract. However, in eosinophilic esophagitis, you have an allergic reaction to an outside substance. The reaction may occur as follows: • Reaction of the esophagus.The lining of your esophagus reacts to allergens, such as food or pollen. • Multiplication of eosinophils.The eosinophils multiply in your esophagus and produce a protein that causes inflammation. • Damage to the esophagus.Inflammation can lead to scarring, narrowing and formation of excessive fibrous tissue in the lining of your esophagus. • Dysphagia and impaction.You may have difficulty swallowing, called dysphagia. Or food may become stuck when you swallow. This is known as impaction. • Additional symptoms.You may have other symptoms, such as chest pain or stomach pain. There has been a significant increase in numbers of people diagnosed with eosinophilic esophagitis in the past decade. At first, researchers thought this was due to an increase in awareness among health care providers and greater availability of tests. However, studies now suggest that the disease is becoming increasingly common, parallel to the increase in asthma and allergies.
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What are the risk factors of Eosinophilic esophagitis?
The following risk factors are associated with eosinophilic esophagitis: • Climate.People who live in a cold or dry climate are more likely than those in other climates to be diagnosed with eosinophilic esophagitis. • Season.You're more likely to be diagnosed between the spring and fall, probably because levels of pollen and other allergens are higher and people are more likely to be outdoors. • Sex.Eosinophilic esophagitis is more common in males than in females. • Family history.Researchers think that eosinophilic esophagitis may have a genetic component because the condition sometimes runs in families. If your family members have eosinophilic esophagitis, you have a greater chance of being diagnosed. • Allergies and asthma.If you have food or environmental allergies, asthma, atopic dermatitis, or a chronic respiratory disease, you're more likely to be diagnosed with eosinophilic esophagitis. • Age.Originally, eosinophilic esophagitis was thought to be a childhood disease, but now it is known to be common in adults as well. The symptoms differ somewhat between children and adults.
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What are the Overview of Ependymoma?
Ependymoma is a growth of cells that forms in the brain or spinal cord. The cells form a mass called a tumor. Ependymoma begins in the ependymal cells. These cells line the passageways that carry cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. There are different types of ependymomas. Some grow slowly and aren't considered cancerous. Noncancerous tumors also are called benign tumors. A benign ependymoma may grow to press on nearby tissue. Sometimes ependymomas grow more quickly and are considered cancerous. Cancerous tumors also are called malignant tumors. A malignant ependymoma may grow to invade and destroy nearby tissue. Cancerous cells can break away and spread within the brain or spinal cord. Ependymoma can occur at any age, but most often happens in young children. Children with ependymoma may experience headaches and seizures. Ependymoma that occurs in adults is more likely to form in the spinal cord. It may cause weakness in the part of the body controlled by the nerves affected by the tumor. Surgery is the primary treatment for ependymoma. For tumors that are growing quickly or for tumors that can't be removed completely with surgery, additional treatments may be recommended. These may include radiation therapy, radiosurgery, chemotherapy or targeted therapy.
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What are the symptoms of Ependymoma?
Ependymoma signs and symptoms may depend on where it happens. This tumor can form in the brain or spinal cord. Symptoms of ependymoma in the brain include: • Blurry vision. • Confusion. • Headaches. • Irritability. • Nausea. • Seizures. • Vomiting. Symptoms of ependymoma in the spinal cord include: • Bowel changes. • Loss of balance. • Pain in the neck or back. • Trouble walking. • Weakness in the legs.
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What are the causes of Ependymoma?
It's not clear what causes ependymoma. This tumor starts as a growth of cells in the brain or spinal cord. Ependymoma happens when cells in the brain or spinal cord develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to grow and multiply quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
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What are the risk factors of Ependymoma?
Factors that increase the risk of ependymoma include: • Young age.Ependymoma can happen at any age. This cancer happens most often in children. • Inherited syndromes.Some ependymomas are linked to genetic conditions passed down in families, such as with neurofibromatosis type 2 and Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
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What are the The Mayo Clinic experience and patient stories of Ependymoma?
Our patients tell us that the quality of their interactions, our attention to detail and the efficiency of their visits mean health care like they've never experienced. See the stories of satisfied Mayo Clinic patients.
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What are the Overview of Epidermolysis bullosa?
Epidermolysis bullosa (ep-ih-dur-MOL-uh-sis buhl-LOE-sah) is a rare condition that causes fragile, blistering skin. The blisters may appear in response to minor injury, even from heat, rubbing or scratching. In severe cases, the blisters may occur inside the body, such as the lining of the mouth or stomach. Epidermolysis bullosa is inherited, and it usually shows up in infants or young children. Some people don't develop symptoms until they're teens or young adults. Epidermolysis bullosa has no cure, but mild forms may improve with age. Treatment focuses on caring for blisters and preventing new ones.
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What are the symptoms of Epidermolysis bullosa?
Epidermolysis bullosa symptoms include: • Fragile skin that blisters easily, especially on the palms and feet • Nails that are thick or unformed • Blisters inside the mouth and throat • Scalp blistering and hair loss (scarring alopecia) • Skin that looks thin • Tiny pimple-like bumps (milia) • Dental problems, such as tooth decay • Difficulty swallowing • Itchy, painful skin Usually epidermolysis bullosa blisters are noticed during infancy. But it's not uncommon for them to appear when a toddler first begins to walk or when an older child begins new activities that cause more friction on the soles of the feet.
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What are the causes of Epidermolysis bullosa?
Epidermolysis bullosa is caused by an inherited gene. You may inherit the disease gene from one parent who has the disease (autosomal dominant inheritance) or from both parents (autosomal recessive inheritance). The skin is made up of an outer layer (epidermis) and an underlying layer (dermis). The area where the layers meet is called the basement membrane. The types of epidermolysis bullosa are mainly defined by which layers separate and form blisters. The skin injury might be brought on by a minor injury, bump or nothing at all. The main types of epidermolysis bullosa are: • Epidermolysis bullosa simplex.This is the most common type. It's brought on by heat and friction and develops in the outer layer of skin. It mainly affects the palms and feet. The blisters heal without scarring. • Junctional epidermolysis bullosa.This type may be severe, with blisters beginning in infancy. A baby with this condition may develop a hoarse-sounding cry from continual blistering and scarring of the vocal cords. • Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.This type is related to a flaw in the gene that helps produce a protein that glues the skin layers together. If this protein is missing or doesn't function, the layers of the skin won't join properly. It can cause skin that looks thin. Diseased mucous membranes can cause constipation and make it hard to eat. • Kindler syndrome.This type tends to cause blisters in multiple layers and so can look very different from person to person. The blisters tend to show up in infancy or early childhood. It increases sun sensitivity and causes skin to look thin, mottled and wrinkly. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita is distinct from these conditions, as it isn't inherited and it's rare in children.
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What are the risk factors of Epidermolysis bullosa?
The major risk factor for developing epidermolysis bullosa is having a family history of the disorder.
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What are the complications of Epidermolysis bullosa?
Epidermolysis bullosa can worsen even with treatment, so it's important to spot signs of complications early. Complications may include: • Infection.Blistering skin can become infected by bacteria. • Bloodstream infection.Sepsis occurs when bacteria from an infection enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body. Sepsis can spread rapidly and lead to shock and organ failure. • Fusion of fingers and changes in the joints.Severe forms of epidermolysis bullosa can bind together fingers or toes and cause unusual bending of the joints (contractures). This can affect the function of the fingers, knees and elbows. • Problems with nutrition.Blisters in the mouth can make eating difficult and lead to malnutrition and anemia, such as low iron levels in the blood. Problems with nutrition can also cause delayed wound healing and slowed growth in children. • Constipation.Difficulty passing stool may be due to painful blisters in the anal area. It can also be caused by not ingesting enough liquids or high-fiber foods, such as fruits and vegetables. • Dental problems.Tooth decay and problems with tissues inside the mouth are common with some types of epidermolysis bullosa. • Skin cancer.Teenagers and adults with certain types of epidermolysis bullosa are at increased risk of a type of skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma. • Death.Infants with severe junctional epidermolysis bullosa are at high risk of infections and loss of body fluids from widespread blistering. Blisters in the mouth and throat also make it harder to eat and breathe. Many of these infants don't survive.
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What is the prevention of Epidermolysis bullosa?
It's not possible to prevent epidermolysis bullosa. But these steps may help prevent blisters and infection. • Handle your child gently.Your infant or child needs cuddling, but be very gentle. To pick up a child with epidermolysis bullosa, place the child on soft material and give support under the buttocks and behind the neck. Don't lift the child from under the arms. • Take special care with the diaper area.If your child wears diapers, remove the elastic bands and avoid cleansing wipes. Line the diaper with a nonstick dressing or spread it with a thick layer of zinc oxide paste. • Keep the home environment cool.Try to keep your home cool and the temperature steady. • Keep the skin moist.Gently apply moisturizer as needed throughout the day. • Dress your child in soft clothes.Use soft clothing that's simple to get on and off. It may help to remove labels and put on clothing seam-side out to reduce scratching. Try sewing foam pads into the lining of clothing by elbows, knees and other pressure points. Use soft special shoes, if possible. • Prevent scratching.Trim your child's fingernails regularly. • Encourage your child to be active.As your child grows, encourage activities that reduce the risk of skin injury. Swimming is a good option. For children with mild forms of epidermolysis bullosa, they can protect the skin by wearing long pants and sleeves for outdoor activities. • Cover hard surfaces.Consider padding a car seat or bathing tub with sheepskin, foam or a thick towel. Soft cotton or silk can be used as a top layer over the padding.
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What are the Overview of Epididymitis?
Epididymitis (ep-ih-did-uh-MY-tis) is an inflammation of the coiled tube, called the epididymis, at the back of the testicle. The epididymis stores and carries sperm. Males of any age can get epididymitis. Epididymitis is most often caused by a bacterial infection, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as gonorrhea or chlamydia. Sometimes, a testicle also becomes inflamed — a condition called epididymo-orchitis. Epididymitis is usually treated with antibiotics and measures to relieve discomfort.
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What are the symptoms of Epididymitis?
Symptoms of epididymitis might include: • A swollen, discolored or warm scrotum • Testicle pain and tenderness, usually on one side, that often comes on slowly • Pain when you pass urine • An urgent or frequent need to urinate • Discharge from the penis • Pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen or pelvic area • Blood in the semen • Less commonly, fever
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What are the causes of Epididymitis?
Causes of epididymitis include: • STIs.Gonorrhea and chlamydia are the most common causes of epididymitis in young, sexually active males. • Other infections.Bacteria from a urinary tract or prostate infection might spread from the infected site to the epididymis. Also, viral infections, such as the mumps virus, can result in epididymitis. • Urine in the epididymis.This condition occurs when urine flows backward into the epididymis, causing chemical irritation. It may be the result of heavy lifting or straining. • Trauma.A groin injury can cause epididymitis. • Tuberculosis.Rarely, epididymitis can be caused by tuberculosis infection.
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What are the risk factors of Epididymitis?
Certain sexual behaviors that can lead toSTIsput you at risk of sexually transmitted epididymitis, including having: • Sex with a partner who has anSTI • Sex without a condom • Anal sex • A history ofSTIs Risk factors for epididymitis that's not sexually transmitted include: • Having a prostate or urinary tract infection • Having a medical procedure done that affects the urinary tract, such as insertion of a urinary catheter or scope into the penis • An uncircumcised penis • A difference in the typical anatomy of the urinary tract • Prostate enlargement, which increases the risk of bladder infections and epididymitis • Other health conditions that cause a weakened immune system, such asHIV
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What are the complications of Epididymitis?
Complications of epididymitis include: • Pus-filled infection, called an abscess, in the scrotum • Collection of fluid around the testicle, called a hydrocele • Epididymo-orchitis, if the condition spreads from the epididymis to a testicle • Rarely, reduced fertility
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What is the prevention of Epididymitis?
To help protect againstSTIsthat can cause epididymitis, practice safer sex. If you have recurrent urinary tract infections or other risk factors for epididymitis, your health care provider might talk with you about other ways you can help prevent the condition.
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What are the Overview of Epiglottitis?
Epiglottitis happens when the epiglottis — a small cartilage "lid" that covers the windpipe — swells. The swelling blocks the flow of air into the lungs. Epiglottitis can be deadly. Many factors can cause the epiglottis to swell. These factors include infections, burns from hot liquids and injuries to the throat. Epiglottitis can happen at any age. Once, mainly children got it. The most common cause of epiglottitis in children was infection with Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) bacteria. The bacterium also causes pneumonia, meningitis and blood infections. RoutineHibvaccination for infants has made epiglottitis rare in children. It's now more common in adults. The condition needs quick care to prevent deadly complications.
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What are the causes of Epiglottitis?
An infection or injury causes epiglottitis.
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What are the risk factors of Epiglottitis?
Some factors increase the risk of getting epiglottitis, including: • Having a weakened immune system.An immune system weakened by illness or medicines can be more likely to get bacterial infections that may cause epiglottitis. • Not being fully vaccinated.Skipping vaccinations or not getting them on time can leave a child open to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and increase the risk of epiglottitis.
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What are the complications of Epiglottitis?
Epiglottitis can cause many complications, including: • Breathing failure.The epiglottis is a small, movable "lid" just above the larynx that prevents food and drink from entering the windpipe. Swelling of the epiglottis can completely block the airway.This can lead to breathing or respiratory failure. In this life-threatening condition, the level of oxygen in the blood drops very low. • Spreading infection.Sometimes the bacteria that cause epiglottitis cause infections in other parts of the body. Infections can include pneumonia, meningitis or a bloodstream infection.
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What are the Overview of Epilepsy?
Epilepsy — also known as a seizure disorder — is a brain condition that causes recurring seizures. There are many types of epilepsy. In some people, the cause can be identified. In others, the cause is not known. Epilepsy is common. It's estimated that 1.2% of people in the United States have active epilepsy, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epilepsy affects people of all genders, races, ethnic backgrounds and ages. Seizure symptoms can vary widely. Some people may lose awareness during a seizure while others don't. Some people stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure. Others may repeatedly twitch their arms or legs, movements known as convulsions. Having a single seizure doesn't mean you have epilepsy. Epilepsy is diagnosed if you've had at least two unprovoked seizures at least 24 hours apart. Unprovoked seizures don't have a clear cause. Treatment with medicines or sometimes surgery can control seizures for most people with epilepsy. Some people require lifelong treatment. For others, seizures go away. Some children with epilepsy may outgrow the condition with age.
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What are the symptoms of Epilepsy?
Seizure symptoms vary depending on the type of seizure. Because epilepsy is caused by certain activity in the brain, seizures can affect any brain process. Seizure symptoms may include: • Temporary confusion. • A staring spell. • Stiff muscles. • Uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs. • Loss of consciousness. • Psychological symptoms such as fear, anxiety or deja vu. Sometimes people with epilepsy may have changes in their behavior. They also may have symptoms of psychosis. Most people with epilepsy tend to have the same type of seizure each time. Symptoms are usually similar from episode to episode.
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What are the causes of Epilepsy?
Epilepsy has no identifiable cause in about half the people with the condition. In the other half, the condition may be traced to various factors, including: • Genetic influence.Some types of epilepsy run in families. In these instances, it's likely that there's a genetic influence. Researchers have linked some types of epilepsy to specific genes. But some people have genetic epilepsy that isn't hereditary. Genetic changes can occur in a child without being passed down from a parent.For most people, genes are only part of the cause of epilepsy. Certain genes may make a person more sensitive to environmental conditions that trigger seizures. • Head trauma.Head trauma as a result of a car accident or other traumatic injury can cause epilepsy. • Factors in the brain.Brain tumors can cause epilepsy. Epilepsy also may be caused by the way blood vessels form in the brain. People with blood vessel conditions such as arteriovenous malformations and cavernous malformations can have seizures. And in adults older than age 35, stroke is a leading cause of epilepsy. • Infections.Meningitis,HIV, viral encephalitis and some parasitic infections can cause epilepsy. • Injury before birth.Before they're born, babies are sensitive to brain damage that could be caused by several factors. They might include an infection in the mother, poor nutrition or not enough oxygen. This brain damage can result in epilepsy or cerebral palsy. • Developmental conditions.Epilepsy can sometimes occur with developmental conditions. People with autism are more likely to have epilepsy than are people without autism. Research also has found that people with epilepsy are more likely to have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other developmental conditions. Having both conditions may be related to genes.
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What are the risk factors of Epilepsy?
Certain factors may increase your risk of epilepsy: • Age.The onset of epilepsy is most common in children and older adults, but the condition can occur at any age. • Family history.If you have a family history of epilepsy, you may be at an increased risk of seizures. • Head injuries.Head injuries are responsible for some cases of epilepsy. You can reduce your risk by wearing a seat belt while riding in a car. Also wear a helmet while bicycling, skiing, riding a motorcycle or doing any activities with a high risk of head injury. • Stroke and other vascular diseases.Stroke and other blood vessel diseases can cause brain damage. Brain damage may trigger seizures and epilepsy. You can take steps to reduce your risk of these diseases. Limit alcohol, don't smoke, eat a healthy diet and exercise regularly. • Dementia.Dementia can increase the risk of epilepsy in older adults. • Brain infections.Infections such as meningitis, which causes inflammation in the brain or spinal cord, can increase your risk. • Seizures in childhood.High fevers in childhood can sometimes be associated with seizures. Children who have seizures due to high fevers generally won't develop epilepsy. The risk of epilepsy increases if a child has a long fever-associated seizure, another nervous system condition or a family history of epilepsy.
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What are the complications of Epilepsy?
Having a seizure at certain times can be dangerous to yourself or others. • Falling.If you fall during a seizure, you can injure your head or break a bone. • Drowning.People with epilepsy are 13 to 19 times more likely to drown while swimming or bathing than people without epilepsy. The risk is higher because you might have a seizure while in the water. • Car accidents.A seizure that causes either loss of awareness or control can be dangerous if you're driving a car or operating other equipment.Many states have driver's license restrictions related to a driver's ability to control seizures. In these states, there is a minimum amount of time that a driver must be seizure-free before being cleared to drive. The amount of time may range from months to years. • Trouble with sleep.People who have epilepsy may have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep, known as insomnia. • Pregnancy complications.Seizures during pregnancy pose dangers to both mother and baby. Also, certain anti-seizure medicines increase the risk of birth defects. If you have epilepsy and you're considering becoming pregnant, get medical help as you plan your pregnancy.Most women with epilepsy can become pregnant and have healthy babies. You need to be carefully monitored throughout pregnancy. Your medicines may need to be adjusted. It's very important that you work with your healthcare team to plan your pregnancy. • Memory loss.People with some types of epilepsy have trouble with memory.
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What are the symptoms of Epithelioid sarcoma?
Epithelioid sarcoma symptoms include a small, firm growth under the skin called a nodule. The nodule usually isn't painful or tender. Sometimes there is more than one nodule. Sometimes the nodule forms a sore on the skin that won't heal. The nodules caused by epithelioid sarcoma most often grow on the fingers, hands or forearms. They also may grow on the knee or lower leg.
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What are the causes of Epithelioid sarcoma?
The cause of epithelioid sarcoma isn't known. This cancer causes a growth of cells in the soft tissue. Epithelioid sarcoma starts when soft tissue cells get changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. The cancer cells might form a growth that can be felt through the skin. The cells can break away and spread to lymph nodes and to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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What are the risk factors of Epithelioid sarcoma?
The risk of epithelioid sarcoma is higher in younger people. This cancer can happen at any age. But it happens most often in adolescents and young to middle-aged adults. It is less common in children and older adults. There is no way to prevent epithelioid sarcoma.
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What are the Overview of Erectile dysfunction?
Erectile dysfunction means not being able to get and keep an erection firm enough for sexual activity. It also is called impotence. Having erection trouble from time to time isn't always a cause for concern. But if erectile dysfunction is ongoing, it can cause stress, affect self-confidence and add to challenges with a partner. Problems getting or keeping an erection can be a sign of a health condition that needs treatment and a risk factor for heart disease. If you're worried about erectile dysfunction, talk to your healthcare professional, even if it's awkward. Sometimes, treating an underlying condition can fix erectile dysfunction. Or you might need medicines or other direct treatments.
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What are the symptoms of Erectile dysfunction?
Having trouble getting an erection once in a while is common. Erectile dysfunction symptoms are ongoing and often get worse over time. They might include: • Trouble getting an erection. • Trouble keeping an erection. • Wanting sex less.
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What are the causes of Erectile dysfunction?
Male sexual arousal is complex. It involves the brain, hormones, emotions, nerves, muscles and blood vessels. Erectile dysfunction can result from a problem with any of these. Also, stress and mental health concerns can cause erectile dysfunction or make it worse. Sometimes the cause of erectile dysfunction is both physical and mental. For instance, a minor physical condition that slows your sexual response might cause worry about keeping an erection. The anxiety can add to erectile dysfunction.
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What are the risk factors of Erectile dysfunction?
As you get older, erections might take longer to start and might not be as firm. You might need more direct touch to your penis to get and keep an erection. But erectile dysfunction is not a typical part of aging. Risk factors that can add to erectile dysfunction include: • Medical conditions.Diabetes or heart conditions are big risk factors. • Tobacco use.This lowers blood flow to veins and arteries. Over time, tobacco use can cause ongoing health conditions that lead to erectile dysfunction. • Being overweight.Being obese, especially, can lead to erectile dysfunction. • Certain medical treatments.These include prostate surgery or radiation treatment for cancer. • Injuries.This is especially true if injuries damage the nerves or arteries that control erections. • Medicines.These include antidepressants, antihistamines, and medicines to treat high blood pressure, pain or prostate conditions. • Mental health conditions.These include stress, anxiety and depression. • Illicit drug and alcohol use.This is especially true for long-term drug use or heavy drinking.
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What are the complications of Erectile dysfunction?
Complications from erectile dysfunction can include: • A poor sex life. • Depression, stress or anxiety. • Embarrassment or low self-esteem. • Relationship issues. • Not being able to get your partner pregnant.
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What is the prevention of Erectile dysfunction?
The best way to prevent erectile dysfunction is to make healthy lifestyle choices and to manage any health conditions. For instance: • Work with your healthcare professional to manage diabetes, heart disease or other ongoing health conditions. • Get regular checkups and medical screening tests. • Stop smoking, limit or don't drink alcohol, and don't use illicit drugs. • Exercise regularly. • Find ways to ease stress. • Get help for anxiety, depression or other mental health issues.
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What are the symptoms of Esophageal spasms?
Symptoms of esophageal spasms include: • Squeezing pain in the chest. The pain is often intense and might be mistaken for heart pain or heartburn. • Difficulty swallowing solids and liquids, sometimes related to swallowing specific substances. Red wine or extremely hot or cold liquids are more common culprits. • The feeling that an object is stuck in the throat. • The return of food and liquids back up the esophagus, also called regurgitation.
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What are the causes of Esophageal spasms?
It's not clear what causes esophageal spasms. However, they appear to be related to abnormal functioning of nerves that control the muscles used when swallowing. A healthy esophagus moves food into the stomach through a series of coordinated muscle contractions. Esophageal spasms make it difficult for the muscles in the walls of the lower esophagus to coordinate. This makes it harder for the muscles to move food to the stomach. There are two types of esophageal spasms — distal esophageal spasm and hypercontractile esophagus, also known as nutcracker esophagus.
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What are the risk factors of Esophageal spasms?
Risk factors for esophageal spasms include: • Sex.Women are more likely to have esophageal spasms than men. • Age.Esophageal spasms tend to happen around age 60.
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What are the symptoms of Esophageal varices?
Esophageal varices usually don't cause symptoms unless they bleed. Symptoms of bleeding esophageal varices include: • Vomiting large amounts of blood. • Black, tarry or bloody stools. • Lightheadedness due to blood loss. • Loss of consciousness in severe cases. A healthcare professional might suspect esophageal varices if someone has signs of liver disease or has been diagnosed with liver cirrhosis, including: • Yellow coloration of your skin and eyes, known as jaundice. • Easy bleeding or bruising. • Fluid buildup in your belly, called ascites (uh-SAHY-teez).
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What are the causes of Esophageal varices?
Esophageal varices sometimes form when blood flow to the liver is blocked. This is most often caused by scar tissue in the liver due to liver disease, also known as cirrhosis of the liver. The blood flow begins to back up. This increases pressure within the large vein, known as the portal vein, that carries blood to the liver. This is known as portal hypertension. Portal hypertension forces the blood to seek other pathways through smaller veins, such as those in the lowest part of the esophagus. These thin-walled veins balloon with the added blood. Sometimes they rupture and bleed. Causes of esophageal varices include: • Severe liver scarring, called cirrhosis.Several liver diseases — including hepatitis infection, alcoholic liver disease, fatty liver disease and a bile duct disorder called primary biliary cholangitis — can result in cirrhosis. • A blood clot, also called thrombosis.A blood clot in the portal vein or in a vein that feeds into the portal vein, known as the splenic vein, can cause esophageal varices. • Parasitic infection.Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection found in parts of Africa, South America, the Caribbean, the Middle East and East Asia. The parasite can damage the liver, as well as the lungs, intestine, bladder and other organs.
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What are the risk factors of Esophageal varices?
Although many people with advanced liver disease develop esophageal varices, most won't have bleeding. Esophageal varices are more likely to bleed if you have: • High portal vein pressure.The risk of bleeding increases as the pressure in the portal vein increases. • Large varices.The larger the esophageal varices, the more likely they are to bleed. • Red marks on the varices.Some esophageal varices show long red streaks or red spots. A medical professional can see them through a thin, flexible tube, called an endoscope, passed down the throat. These marks suggest a high risk of bleeding. • Severe cirrhosis or liver failure.Most often, the more serious the liver disease, the more likely esophageal varices are to bleed. • Continued alcohol use.The risk of variceal bleeding is far greater for people who continue to drink, especially if the disease is alcohol related. If someone had bleeding from esophageal varices before, they're more likely to have varices that bleed again.
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What are the complications of Esophageal varices?
The most serious complication of esophageal varices is bleeding. If a person has a bleeding episode, the risk of another bleeding episode greatly increases. If a person loses enough blood, they can go into shock, which can lead to death.
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What is the prevention of Esophageal varices?
Currently, no treatment can prevent the development of esophageal varices in people with cirrhosis. While beta blocker drugs are effective in preventing bleeding in many people who have esophageal varices, they don't stop esophageal varices from forming. If you've been diagnosed with liver disease, ask a healthcare professional about strategies to avoid liver disease complications. To keep your liver healthy: • Don't drink alcohol.People with liver disease are often advised to stop drinking alcohol, since the liver processes alcohol. Drinking alcohol may stress an already vulnerable liver. • Eat a healthy diet.Choose a diet that's full of fruits and vegetables. Select whole grains and lean sources of protein. Reduce the amount of fatty and fried foods you eat. • Maintain a healthy weight.An excess amount of body fat can damage your liver. Obesity is associated with a greater risk of complications of cirrhosis. Lose weight if you are obese or overweight. • Use chemicals sparingly and carefully.Follow the directions on household chemicals, such as cleaning supplies and insect sprays. If you work around chemicals, follow all safety precautions. Your liver removes toxins from your body, so give it a break by limiting the amount of toxins it must process. • Reduce your risk of hepatitis.Sharing needles and having unprotected sex can increase your risk of hepatitis B and C. Protect yourself by abstaining from sex or using a condom if you choose to have sex. Get tested for exposure to hepatitis A, B and C, since infection can make your liver disease worse. Also ask your healthcare professional whether you should be vaccinated for hepatitis A and hepatitis B.
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What are the Overview of Esophagitis?
Esophagitis is swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the tissues that line the esophagus. The esophagus is the muscular tube that carries food and drink from the mouth to the stomach. Esophagitis (uh-sof-uh-JIE-tis) can cause painful, difficult swallowing. It also can lead to chest pain. Various things can cause esophagitis. Some common causes include stomach acids backing up into the esophagus, infection, medicines taken by mouth and allergies. Treatment for esophagitis depends on its exact cause and how badly the tissue that lines the esophagus is damaged. Without treatment, esophagitis can damage this lining. The esophagus may start to have trouble moving food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach. Esophagitis also can lead to other serious health issues. These include scarring or narrowing of the esophagus, unhealthy weight loss, and dehydration.
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What are the symptoms of Esophagitis?
Common symptoms of esophagitis include: • Trouble swallowing. • Painful swallowing. • Swallowed food becoming stuck in the esophagus, also known as food impaction. • Burning pain in the chest called heartburn. It's common to feel this pain behind the breastbone while eating. • Stomach acid that backs up into the esophagus, also called acid reflux. Babies and some children with esophagitis are too young to explain their discomfort or pain. Their symptoms can include: • Feeding troubles, such as getting easily upset, arching of the back and not wanting to eat. • Failure to thrive. • Chest or belly pain in older children.
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What are the causes of Esophagitis?
Healthcare professionals tend to label esophagitis by the condition that causes it. Sometimes, esophagitis may have more than one cause. Some of the most common types include the following:
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What are the risk factors of Esophagitis?
Risk factors for esophagitis vary depending on the cause of the condition.
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What are the complications of Esophagitis?
Without treatment, esophagitis can lead to changes in the structure of the esophagus. Complications can include: • Scarring or narrowing of the esophagus, known as a stricture. • Tearing of the lining of the esophagus. This can be due to retching or to healthcare professionals passing medical tools through an inflamed esophagus during endoscopy. Endoscopy is a way for healthcare professionals to check the digestive system. • A condition called Barrett esophagus in which the cells lining the esophagus are damaged from acid reflux. This raises the risk of cancer that starts in the esophagus, also called esophageal cancer.
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What are the Overview of Essential tremor?
Essential tremor is a nervous system condition, also known as a neurological condition. It causes rhythmic shaking that you can't control. Essential tremor can affect almost any part of the body, but the trembling happens most often in the hands. The trembling occurs especially when doing simple tasks, such as drinking from a glass or tying shoelaces. Essential tremor usually is not a dangerous condition. However, it typically worsens over time and can be severe for some people. Other conditions don't cause essential tremor, but essential tremor sometimes is confused with Parkinson's disease. Essential tremor can happen at any age but is most common in people age 40 and older.
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What are the symptoms of Essential tremor?
Essential tremor symptoms: • Begin gradually. They usually are more noticeable on one side of the body. • Worsen with movement. • Usually happen in the hands first, affecting one hand or both hands. • Can include a "yes-yes" or "no-no" double nodding or shaking motion of the head. • May worsen with emotional stress, fatigue, caffeine or extreme temperatures.
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What are the causes of Essential tremor?
About half the people with essential tremor appear to have an altered gene. This form of the condition is referred to as familial tremor. It isn't clear what causes essential tremor in people who don't have familial tremor.
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What are the risk factors of Essential tremor?
Known risk factors for essential tremor include: • Altered gene.The inherited variety of essential tremor, known as familial tremor, is an autosomal dominant disorder. That means an altered gene from just one parent is needed to pass on the condition.Anyone who has a parent with an altered gene for essential tremor has a 50% chance of developing the condition. • Age.Essential tremor is more common in people age 40 and older.
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What are the complications of Essential tremor?
Essential tremor isn't life-threatening, but symptoms often worsen over time. If the tremors become severe, it might be difficult to: • Hold a cup or glass without spilling. • Eat without shaking. • Put on makeup or shave. • Talk, if the voice box or tongue is affected. • Write legibly.
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What is the prevention of Essential tremor?
There is no known way to prevent essential tremor.
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What are the Overview of Esthesioneuroblastoma?
Esthesioneuroblastoma (es-thee-zee-o-noo-row-blas-TOE-muh) is a rare type of cancer that starts in the upper part of the inside of the nose, known as the nasal cavity. Esthesioneuroblastoma also is called olfactory neuroblastoma. This cancer usually affects adults. But it can occur at any age. Esthesioneuroblastoma usually begins as a growth of cells, called a tumor, inside the nose. It might grow and go into the sinuses, eyes and brain. It also can spread to other parts of the body. People with esthesioneuroblastoma can lose their sense of smell. They might get nosebleeds. And they might have trouble breathing through their nose as the tumor grows. Esthesioneuroblastoma treatment usually includes surgery. Often, radiation and chemotherapy are part of the treatment as well.
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What are the symptoms of Esthesioneuroblastoma?
Esthesioneuroblastoma symptoms include: • Loss of the sense of smell. • Frequent nosebleeds. • Difficulty breathing through the nose. As the cancer grows, it might cause eye pain, loss of vision, ear pain and headaches.
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What are the causes of Esthesioneuroblastoma?
Experts haven't found the exact cause of esthesioneuroblastoma. In general, cancer happens when cells get changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to make many more cells quickly. The changes give the cells the ability to keep living when healthy cells would naturally die. This causes too many cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body.
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What are the risk factors of Esthesioneuroblastoma?
Healthcare professionals haven't found many risk factors for esthesioneuroblastoma. This cancer can happen at any age. But it's more common in adults.
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What are the complications of Esthesioneuroblastoma?
Complications of esthesioneuroblastoma may include: • Cancer that grows into nearby organs and tissues.Esthesioneuroblastoma can grow and get into the sinuses, eyes and brain. • Spread of the cancer, known as metastasis.Esthesioneuroblastoma can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, bone marrow, lungs, liver, skin and bones.
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What are the Overview of Ewing sarcoma?
Ewing sarcoma is a type of cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the bones and the soft tissue around the bones. Ewing (Yoo-ing) sarcoma mostly happens in children and young adults, although it can happen at any age. Ewing sarcoma most often begins in the leg bones and in the pelvis, but it can happen in any bone. Less often, it starts in the soft tissues of the chest, abdomen, arms or other locations. Major advances in the treatment of Ewing sarcoma have improved the outlook for this cancer. Young people diagnosed with Ewing sarcoma are living longer. They sometimes face late effects from the strong treatments. Healthcare professionals often suggest long-term monitoring for side effects after treatment.
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What are the symptoms of Ewing sarcoma?
Ewing sarcoma signs and symptoms typically start in and around a bone. This cancer most often affects bones in the legs and the pelvis. When symptoms happen in and around a bone, they might include: • A lump in the arm, leg, chest or pelvis. • Bone pain. • Break in a bone, also called a fracture. • Pain, swelling or tenderness near the affected area. Sometimes Ewing sarcoma causes symptoms that affect the whole body. These can include: • Fever. • Losing weight without trying. • Tiredness.
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What are the causes of Ewing sarcoma?
It is not clear what causes Ewing sarcoma. Ewing sarcoma happens when cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it is called metastatic cancer. In Ewing sarcoma, the DNA changes most often affect a gene calledEWSR1. If your healthcare professional suspects that you or your child has Ewing sarcoma, the cancer cells may be tested to look for changes in this gene.
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What are the risk factors of Ewing sarcoma?
Risk factors for Ewing sarcoma include: • Young age.Ewing sarcoma can happen at any age. But it is more likely to happen in children and young adults. • European ancestry.Ewing sarcoma is more common in people of European ancestry. It's much less common in people of African and East Asian ancestry. There's no way to prevent Ewing sarcoma.
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What are the complications of Ewing sarcoma?
Complications of Ewing sarcoma and its treatment include the following.
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What are the Overview of Eye floaters?
Eye floaters are spots in your vision. They may look to you like black or gray specks, strings, or cobwebs. They may drift about when you move your eyes. Floaters appear to dart away when you try to look at them directly. Most eye floaters are caused by age-related changes that occur as the jelly-like substance (vitreous) inside your eyes liquifies and contracts. Scattered clumps of collagen fibers form within the vitreous and can cast tiny shadows on your retina. The shadows you see are called floaters. If you notice a sudden increase in eye floaters, contact an eye specialist immediately — especially if you also see light flashes or lose your vision. These can be symptoms of an emergency that requires prompt attention.
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What are the symptoms of Eye floaters?
Symptoms of eye floaters may include: • Small shapes in your vision that appear as dark specks or knobby, transparent strings of floating material • Spots that move when you move your eyes, so when you try to look at them, they move quickly out of your line of vision • Spots that are most noticeable when you look at a plain bright background, such as a blue sky or a white wall • Small shapes or strings that eventually settle down and drift out of the line of vision
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What are the causes of Eye floaters?
Eye floaters may be caused by vitreous changes related to aging or from other diseases or conditions: • Age-related eye changes.The vitreous is a jelly-like substance made primarily of water, collagen (a type of protein) and hyaluronan (a type of carbohydrate). The vitreous fills the space in your eye between the lens and retina and helps the eye maintain its round shape.As you age, the vitreous changes. Over time, it liquifies and contracts — a process that causes it to pull away from the eyeball's inside surface.As the vitreous changes, collagen fibers within the vitreous form clumps and strings. These scattered pieces block some of the light passing through the eye. This casts tiny shadows on your retina that are seen as floaters. • Inflammation in the back of the eye.Uveitis is inflammation in the middle layer of tissue in the eye wall (uvea). Posterior uveitis affects the back of the eye, which includes the retina and an eye layer called the choroid. The inflammation causes floaters in the vitreous. Causes of posterior uveitis include infection, autoimmune disorders and inflammatory diseases. • Bleeding in the eye.Bleeding into the vitreous can have many causes, including retinal tears and detachments, diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension), blocked blood vessels, and injury. Blood cells are seen as floaters. • Torn retina.Retinal tears can happen when a contracting vitreous tugs on the retina with enough force to tear it. Without treatment, a retinal tear may lead to retinal detachment. If fluid leaks behind the tear, it can cause the retina to separate from the back of your eye. Untreated retinal detachment can cause permanent vision loss. • Eye surgeries and eye medications.Certain medications that are injected into the vitreous can cause air bubbles to form. These bubbles are seen as shadows until your eye absorbs them. Silicone oil bubbles added during certain surgeries on the vitreous and retina also can be seen as floaters.
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What are the risk factors of Eye floaters?
Factors that can increase your risk of eye floaters include: • Age over 50 years • Nearsightedness • Eye injury • Complications from cataract surgery • Diabetes complication that causes damage to the blood vessels of the retina (diabetic retinopathy) • Eye inflammation
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What are the Overview of Eyestrain?
Eyestrain is a common condition that occurs when your eyes get tired from intense use, such as while driving long distances or staring at computer screens and other digital devices. Eyestrain can be annoying. But it usually isn't serious, and it goes away once you rest your eyes or take other steps to reduce your eye discomfort. In some cases, symptoms of eyestrain can indicate an underlying eye condition that needs treatment.
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What are the symptoms of Eyestrain?
Eyestrain symptoms include: • Sore, tired, burning or itching eyes • Watery or dry eyes • Blurred or double vision • Headache • Sore neck, shoulders or back • Increased sensitivity to light, called photophobia • Difficulty concentrating • Feeling that you cannot keep your eyes open
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What are the causes of Eyestrain?
Common causes of eyestrain include: • Looking at digital device screens • Reading without pausing to rest your eyes • Driving long distances and doing other activities involving focusing for a long time • Being exposed to bright light or glare • Straining to see in very dim light • Having an underlying eye problem, such as dry eyes or uncorrected vision, called refractive error • Being stressed or fatigued • Being exposed to dry moving air from a fan, a heating system or an air-conditioning system
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What are the complications of Eyestrain?
Eyestrain doesn't have serious or long-term consequences, but it can be aggravating and unpleasant. It can make you tired and reduce your ability to concentrate.
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What are the Overview of Frontal lobe seizures?
Frontal lobe seizures are a common form of epilepsy. Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of brain cells send a burst of electrical signals. This causes movements that can't be controlled, known as seizures. Frontal lobe seizures begin in the front of the brain, the area known as the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe is large and has important functions. For this reason, frontal lobe seizures can produce symptoms that are unusual and may appear to be related to a mental illness. The seizures also can be mistaken for a sleep disorder because they often occur during sleep. Frontal lobe seizures also are known as frontal lobe epilepsy. Changes in brain tissue, infection, injury, stroke, tumors or other conditions can cause frontal lobe seizures. Medicines can help control the seizures. Surgery or electrical stimulation might be options if medicines don't reduce or stop the seizures.
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What are the symptoms of Frontal lobe seizures?
Frontal lobe seizures often last less than 30 seconds. Sometimes recovery is immediate. Symptoms of frontal lobe seizures might include: • Head and eye movement to one side. • Not responding to others or having trouble speaking. • Explosive screams, including profanities or laughter. • Body posturing. A common posture is extending one arm while the other flexes, as if the person is posing like a fencer. • Repetitive movements. These may include rocking, bicycle pedaling or pelvic thrusting.
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What are the causes of Frontal lobe seizures?
Frontal lobe seizures can be caused by tumors, stroke, infection or traumatic injuries in the brain's frontal lobes. Frontal lobe seizures also are associated with a rare inherited disorder called autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. This form of epilepsy causes brief seizures during sleep. If one of your parents has this form of epilepsy, you have a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder. For about half of people who have frontal lobe epilepsy, the cause is not known.
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What are the risk factors of Frontal lobe seizures?
Risk factors of frontal lobe seizures include: • Family history of seizures or brain disorders. • Head trauma. • Brain infection. • Brain tumors. • Blood vessels or brain tissues that form in an irregular way. • Stroke.
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What are the complications of Frontal lobe seizures?
Frontal lobe seizures can cause complications that may include: • Seizures that last dangerously long.Frontal lobe seizures tend to occur in clusters. For this reason, they might provoke a condition in which seizure activity lasts much longer than usual, known as status epilepticus. If these seizures continue, they can cause permanent brain damage or death.Seizures that last longer than five minutes are medical emergencies. Call 911 or get medical help right away if you witness someone having a seizure for longer than five minutes. • Injury.The motions that occur during frontal lobe seizures sometimes result in injury to the person having the seizure. Seizures also can result in accidents and drowning if they occur in certain situations, such as while driving or swimming. • Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP).People who have seizures have a greater risk than the average person of dying suddenly. The reasons for this are not known. Possible factors include heart or breathing problems, perhaps related to genetic changes. Controlling seizures as well as possible with medicines appears to be the best way to preventSUDEP. • Depression and anxiety.Both are common in people with epilepsy. Children also have a higher risk of developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
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What are the Overview of Heavy menstrual bleeding?
Some women have menstrual bleeding that is heavy or lasts for more than a few days. This condition used to be called menorrhagia. Heavy menstrual bleeding is a common concern. But most women don't have enough blood loss for it to be called heavy menstrual bleeding. Some women have menstrual bleeding between periods, or earlier or later in their cycles than expected. This type of bleeding is called abnormal uterine bleeding or irregular menstrual bleeding. With heavy menstrual bleeding, blood flow and cramping make it harder to do your usual activities. If you dread your period because you have heavy menstrual bleeding, talk with your doctor. There are many treatments that can help.
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What are the symptoms of Heavy menstrual bleeding?
Symptoms of heavy menstrual bleeding may include: • Soaking through one or more sanitary pads or tampons every hour for several hours in a row. • Needing double sanitary protection to control your menstrual flow. • Getting up at night to change sanitary pads or tampons. • Bleeding for more than a week. • Passing blood clots larger than a quarter. • Limiting daily activities due to heavy menstrual flow. • Feeling tired, fatigued or short of breath as the result of blood loss.
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What are the causes of Heavy menstrual bleeding?
In some cases, the reason for heavy menstrual bleeding is unknown. But a number of conditions may cause heavy menstrual bleeding. They include: • Hormones being out of balance.In a typical menstrual cycle, there's a balance between the hormones estrogen and progesterone. This controls the buildup of the lining of the uterus. The lining of the uterus also is known as the endometrium. This lining is shed during a menstrual period. When hormones are out of balance, the lining becomes too thick and sheds by way of heavy menstrual bleeding or unexpected bleeding between periods.A number of conditions can cause hormone imbalances. These include obesity, insulin resistance, thyroid problems and polycystic ovary syndrome, which also is called PCOS. • Problems with the ovaries.Sometimes ovaries don't release an egg during a menstrual cycle. This also is known as anovulation. When this happens, the body doesn't make the hormone progesterone the way it usually does during a menstrual cycle. This leads to hormone imbalance and may result in heavy menstrual bleeding or unexpected bleeding between periods. • Uterine fibroids.These tumors develop during childbearing years. They are benign, which means they are not cancerous. Uterine fibroids may cause heavier than normal menstrual bleeding or bleeding that goes on for a long time. • Polyps.These small growths on the lining of the uterus may cause menstrual bleeding that is heavy or lasts for a long time. They may cause bleeding between periods. Polyps also can cause spotting or bleeding after menopause. The growths are not cancerous. • Adenomyosis.In this condition, glands from the lining of the uterus grow into the wall of the uterus itself. This can cause heavy bleeding and painful periods. • Intrauterine device, also called an IUD.Heavy menstrual bleeding is a well-known side effect of using a hormone-freeIUDfor birth control. Talk to your doctor about other birth control options.IUDs with progestin may ease heavy menstrual bleeding. • Pregnancy complications.A single, heavy, late period may be due to a miscarriage. Another cause of heavy bleeding during pregnancy includes the unusual location of the placenta, which supplies nutrition to the baby and removes waste. The placenta may be too low or covering the opening of the uterus, which is called the cervix. This condition also is known as placenta previa. • Cancer.Cancer of the uterus or cervix can cause abnormal uterine bleeding, unexpected or heavy menstrual bleeding. These cancers can happen before or after menopause. Women who have had an abnormal Pap test in the past are at higher risk of cervical cancer. • Genetic bleeding disorders.Some bleeding disorders that run in families cause heavy menstrual bleeding. These include von Willebrand's disease, a condition in which the blood does not clot properly. • Medicines.Some medicines can result in heavy or lengthy menstrual bleeding. These include hormonal medicines such as birth control pills that have estrogen and progestin. These medicines typically help lessen menstrual bleeding but sometimes cause unexpected bleeding between periods. Medicines that prevent blood clots also may cause heavy menstrual bleeding. They include warfarin (Jantoven), enoxaparin (Lovenox), apixaban (Eliquis) and rivaroxaban (Xarelto). • Other medical conditions.A number of other medical conditions may cause heavy menstrual bleeding. They include liver, kidney and thyroid disease.
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What are the risk factors of Heavy menstrual bleeding?
Risk factors vary with age and the medical conditions you have. Usually, the release of an egg from the ovaries signals the body to make progesterone. Progesterone is the hormone most responsible for keeping periods regular. If no egg is released, the body does not make enough progesterone. This can result in heavy menstrual bleeding or unexpected bleeding between periods. In teenagers, an irregular period or heavy menstrual bleeding often happens when an egg is not released during a monthly cycle. Teenagers are most likely to have cycles without an egg release during the first year after they have their first period. In older women of reproductive age, heavy menstrual bleeding is often caused by problems with the uterus. These include fibroids, polyps and adenomyosis. But other problems also could cause heavy menstrual bleeding. Examples include cancer of the uterus, bleeding disorders, side effects of medicines, and liver or kidney disease.
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What are the complications of Heavy menstrual bleeding?
Menstrual bleeding that is too heavy or lasts too long can lead to other medical conditions. These include: • Anemia.Heavy menstrual bleeding can cause anemia related to blood loss. Anemia is a condition in which the body lacks enough red blood cells to carry oxygen to tissues. The number of red blood cells is measured by hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues throughout the body.Iron deficiency anemia occurs as the body tries to make up for lost red blood cells. The body uses iron stores to make more hemoglobin so that enough oxygen can be carried to tissues. Heavy menstrual bleeding may make iron levels too low. This may result in iron deficiency anemia.Symptoms include headaches and feeling tired. Although diet plays a role in iron deficiency anemia, the problem is made worse by heavy menstrual periods. • Severe pain.Along with heavy menstrual bleeding, you might have painful menstrual cramps. This also is known as dysmenorrhea. Talk to your doctor if your cramps make it hard to do your daily activities.
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What are the Overview of Precocious puberty?
Precocious puberty is when children's bodies begin to change into adult bodies too soon. This change is known as puberty. Most of the time, puberty occurs after age 8 in girls and after age 9 in boys. However, Black, Hispanic, and Native American children might naturally reach puberty earlier. Precocious puberty is when puberty begins too early for the child who's going through it. In puberty, muscles and bones grow quickly. Bodies change shape and size. And the body becomes able to have children. The cause of precocious puberty often can't be found. Rarely, certain conditions, such as infections, hormone issues, tumors, brain issues or injuries, may cause precocious puberty. Treatment for precocious puberty usually includes medicines to delay puberty.
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What are the symptoms of Precocious puberty?
Precocious puberty symptoms include: • Breast growth and first period in girls. • Testicle and penis growth, facial hair and deeper voice in boys. • Pubic or underarm hair. • Rapid growth. • Acne. • Adult body odor.
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What are the causes of Precocious puberty?
To understand the causes of precocious puberty in some children, it's helpful to know what happens at puberty. The brain starts the process by making a hormone called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). When this hormone reaches the small, bean-shaped gland at the base of the brain, called the pituitary gland, it leads to more estrogen in the ovaries and more testosterone in the testicles. Estrogen makes female sex traits. Testosterone makes male sex traits. There are two types of precocious puberty: central precocious puberty and peripheral precocious puberty.
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What are the risk factors of Precocious puberty?
Factors that increase the risk of precocious puberty include: • Being a girl.Girls are more likely than boys are to have precocious puberty. • Being obese.Carrying extra weight increases the risk of precocious puberty.
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What are the complications of Precocious puberty?
Possible complications of precocious puberty include: • Short height.Children with precocious puberty might grow quickly at first and be taller than others their ages. But their bones mature too soon. So these children often stop growing earlier than usual. This can cause them to be shorter than average as adults. • Social and emotional problems.Children who begin puberty long before others of their age might be upset about the changes in their bodies. For example, dealing with early periods can cause distress. This might affect self-esteem and raise the risk of depression or using illegal drugs or alcohol.
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What is the prevention of Precocious puberty?
No one can avoid some of the risk factors for precocious puberty, such as sex and race. But there are things that can lower children's chances of precocious puberty, including: • Keep anything that contains estrogen or testosterone away from children. These might include prescription medicines for adults or diet supplements. • Encourage children to stay at a healthy weight.
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What are the Overview of Pulmonary embolism?
A pulmonary embolism is a blood clot that blocks and stops blood flow to an artery in the lung. In most cases, the blood clot starts in a deep vein in the leg and travels to the lung. Rarely, the clot forms in a vein in another part of the body. When a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the body, it's called a deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Because one or more clots block blood flow to the lungs, pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening. However, prompt treatment greatly reduces the risk of death. Taking measures to prevent blood clots in your legs will help protect you against pulmonary embolism.
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What are the symptoms of Pulmonary embolism?
Pulmonary embolism symptoms can vary greatly, depending on how much of your lung is involved, the size of the clots, and whether you have underlying lung or heart disease. Common symptoms include: • Shortness of breath.This symptom usually appears suddenly. Trouble catching your breath happens even when resting and gets worse with physical activity. • Chest pain.You may feel like you're having a heart attack. The pain is often sharp and felt when you breathe in deeply. The pain can stop you from being able to take a deep breath. You also may feel it when you cough, bend or lean over. • Fainting.You may pass out if your heart rate or blood pressure drops suddenly. This is called syncope. Other symptoms that can occur with pulmonary embolism include: • A cough that may include bloody or blood-streaked mucus • Rapid or irregular heartbeat • Lightheadedness or dizziness • Excessive sweating • Fever • Leg pain or swelling, or both, usually in the back of the lower leg • Clammy or discolored skin, called cyanosis
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What are the causes of Pulmonary embolism?
A pulmonary embolism occurs when a clump of material, most often a blood clot, gets stuck in an artery in the lungs, blocking the flow of blood. Blood clots most commonly come from the deep veins of your legs, a condition known as deep vein thrombosis. In many cases, multiple clots are involved. The portions of lung served by each blocked artery can't get blood and may die. This is known as a pulmonary infarction. This makes it more difficult for your lungs to provide oxygen to the rest of your body. Occasionally, blockages in the blood vessels are caused by substances other than blood clots, such as: • Fat from the inside of a broken long bone • Part of a tumor • Air bubbles
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What are the risk factors of Pulmonary embolism?
Although anyone can develop blood clots that result in a pulmonary embolism, certain factors can increase your risk.
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What are the complications of Pulmonary embolism?
A pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening. About one-third of people with an undiagnosed and untreated pulmonary embolism don't survive. When the condition is diagnosed and treated promptly, however, that number drops dramatically. Pulmonary embolisms also can lead to pulmonary hypertension, a condition in which the blood pressure in the lungs and in the right side of the heart is too high. When you have blockages in the arteries inside your lungs, your heart must work harder to push blood through those vessels. This increases blood pressure and eventually weakens your heart. In rare cases, small clots called emboli remain in the lungs and scarring develops in the pulmonary arteries over time. This restricts blood flow and results in chronic pulmonary hypertension.
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What is the prevention of Pulmonary embolism?
Preventing clots in the deep veins in your legs will help prevent pulmonary embolisms. For this reason, most hospitals are aggressive about taking measures to prevent blood clots, including: • Blood thinners (anticoagulants).These medicines are often given to people at risk of clots before and after surgery. Also, they're often given to people admitted to the hospital with certain medical conditions, such as heart attack, stroke or complications of cancer. • Compression stockings.Compression stockings steadily squeeze the legs, helping veins and leg muscles move blood more efficiently. They offer a safe, simple and inexpensive way to keep blood from pooling in the legs during and after surgery. • Leg elevation.Elevating your legs when possible and during the night can be very effective. Raise the bottom of your bed 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 cm) with blocks or books. • Physical activity.Moving as soon as possible after surgery can help prevent pulmonary embolism and hasten recovery overall. This is one of the main reasons your nurse may push you to get up, even on your day of surgery, and walk despite pain at the site of your surgical incision. • Pneumatic compression.This treatment uses thigh-high or calf-high cuffs that automatically inflate with air and deflate every few minutes. This massages and squeezes the veins in your legs and improves blood flow.
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What are the Overview of Tennis elbow?
Tennis elbow, also known as lateral epicondylitis, is a condition that can result from overuse of the muscles and tendons in the elbow. Tennis elbow is often linked to repeated motions of the wrist and arm. Despite its name, most people who get tennis elbow don't play tennis. Some people have jobs that involve repeated movements that can lead to tennis elbow. These include plumbers, painters, carpenters and butchers. However, often tennis elbow has no clear cause. The pain of tennis elbow occurs mainly where the tough, cord-like tissues of the forearm muscles attach to a bony bump on the outside of the elbow. The tissues are known as tendons. Pain can spread into the forearm and wrist. Rest, pain medicines and physical therapy often help relieve tennis elbow. People for whom these treatments don't help or who have symptoms that get in the way of daily living might have a procedure, such as a shot or surgery.
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What are the symptoms of Tennis elbow?
The pain of tennis elbow can travel from the outside of the elbow into the forearm and wrist. Pain and weakness can make it hard to: • Shake hands or grip an object. • Turn a doorknob. • Hold a coffee cup.
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