venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages/deepspeed/runtime/pipe/module.py

# Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

# DeepSpeed Team

import os
import glob

import re as regex

from functools import partial

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from deepspeed import comm as dist

from deepspeed.utils import logger
from .. import utils as ds_utils
from ..activation_checkpointing import checkpointing
from .topology import PipeDataParallelTopology, PipelineParallelGrid
from deepspeed.runtime.state_dict_factory import SDLoaderFactory
from deepspeed.accelerator import get_accelerator
from deepspeed.checkpoint.utils import clone_tensors_for_torch_save


class PipelineError(Exception):
    """Errors related to the use of deepspeed.PipelineModule """


class LayerSpec:
    """Building block for specifying pipeline-parallel modules.

    LayerSpec stores the type information and parameters for each stage in a
    PipelineModule. For example:

    .. code-block:: python

        nn.Sequence(
            torch.nn.Linear(self.in_dim, self.hidden_dim, bias=False),
            torch.nn.Linear(self.hidden_hidden, self.out_dim)
        )

    becomes

    .. code-block:: python

        layer_specs = [
            LayerSpec(torch.nn.Linear, self.in_dim, self.hidden_dim, bias=False),
            LayerSpec(torch.nn.Linear, self.hidden_hidden, self.out_dim)]
        ]
    """

    def __init__(self, typename, *module_args, **module_kwargs):
        self.typename = typename
        self.module_args = module_args
        self.module_kwargs = module_kwargs

        if not issubclass(typename, nn.Module):
            raise RuntimeError('LayerSpec only supports torch.nn.Module types.')

        if dist.is_initialized():
            self.global_rank = dist.get_rank()
        else:
            self.global_rank = -1

    def __repr__(self):
        return ds_utils.call_to_str(self.typename.__name__, self.module_args, self.module_kwargs)

    def build(self, log=False):
        """Build the stored specification."""
        if log:
            logger.info(f'RANK={self.global_rank} building {repr(self)}')

        return self.typename(*self.module_args, **self.module_kwargs)


class TiedLayerSpec(LayerSpec):

    def __init__(self, key, typename, *module_args, forward_fn=None, tied_weight_attr=['weight'], **module_kwargs):
        super().__init__(typename, *module_args, **module_kwargs)
        self.key = key
        self.forward_fn = forward_fn
        self.tied_weight_attr = [tied_weight_attr] if type(tied_weight_attr) == str else tied_weight_attr


class PipelineModule(nn.Module):
    """Modules to be parallelized with pipeline parallelism.

    The key constraint that enables pipeline parallelism is the
    representation of the forward pass as a sequence of layers
    and the enforcement of a simple interface between them. The
    forward pass is implicitly defined by the module ``layers``. The key
    assumption is that the output of each layer can be directly fed as
    input to the next, like a ``torch.nn.Sequence``. The forward pass is
    implicitly:

    .. code-block:: python

        def forward(self, inputs):
            x = inputs
            for layer in self.layers:
                x = layer(x)
            return x

    .. note::
        Pipeline parallelism is not compatible with ZeRO-2 and ZeRO-3.

    Args:
        layers (Iterable): A sequence of layers defining pipeline structure. Can be a ``torch.nn.Sequential`` module.
        num_stages (int, optional): The degree of pipeline parallelism. If not specified, ``topology`` must be provided.
        topology (``deepspeed.runtime.pipe.ProcessTopology``, optional): Defines the axes of parallelism axes for training. Must be provided if ``num_stages`` is ``None``.
        loss_fn (callable, optional): Loss is computed ``loss = loss_fn(outputs, label)``
        seed_layers(bool, optional): Use a different seed for each layer. Defaults to False.
        seed_fn(type, optional): The custom seed generating function. Defaults to random seed generator.
        base_seed (int, optional): The starting seed. Defaults to 1234.
        partition_method (str, optional): The method upon which the layers are partitioned. Defaults to 'parameters'.
        activation_checkpoint_interval (int, optional): The granularity activation checkpointing in terms of number of layers. 0 disables activation checkpointing.
        activation_checkpoint_func (callable, optional): The function to use for activation checkpointing. Defaults to ``deepspeed.checkpointing.checkpoint``.
        checkpointable_layers (list[str], optional): List of layer class names that are eligible for checkpointing. For GPT models,
            ParallelTransformerLayerPipe is always checkpointed regardless of this list. If None, all layers with parameters are
            considered checkpointable. Defaults to None.
        dynamic_shape: Allows dynamic shapes of inputs. This might have a performance impact.
    """

    def __init__(self,
                 layers,
                 num_stages=None,
                 topology=None,
                 loss_fn=None,
                 seed_layers=False,
                 seed_fn=None,
                 base_seed=1234,
                 partition_method='parameters',
                 activation_checkpoint_interval=0,
                 activation_checkpoint_func=checkpointing.checkpoint,
                 checkpointable_layers=None,
                 dynamic_shape=False):

        super().__init__()

        if num_stages is None and topology is None:
            raise RuntimeError('must provide num_stages or topology')

        self.micro_offset = 0

        self.loss_fn = loss_fn

        self.checkpointable_layers = checkpointable_layers
        if checkpointable_layers is not None:
            assert isinstance(checkpointable_layers, list), "param `checkpointable_layers` must be type of list."

        self.seed_layers = seed_layers
        self.seed_fn = seed_fn
        self.base_seed = base_seed
        if dist.get_rank() == 0:
            try:
                seed_str = self.seed_fn.__name__
            except AttributeError:
                seed_str = None
            print(f'SEED_LAYERS={self.seed_layers} BASE_SEED={self.base_seed} SEED_FN={seed_str}')

        # Setup world info
        self.world_group = dist.new_group(ranks=range(dist.get_world_size()))
        self.global_rank = dist.get_rank(group=self.world_group)
        self.world_size = dist.get_world_size(group=self.world_group)
        self.local_rank = int(os.environ.get("LOCAL_RANK", None))
        assert self.local_rank is not None

        if topology:
            self._topo = topology
            self.num_stages = self._topo.get_dim('pipe')
        else:
            self.num_stages = num_stages
            if topology is None:
                if self.world_size % self.num_stages != 0:
                    raise RuntimeError(
                        f'num_stages ({self.num_stages}) must divide distributed world size ({self.world_size})')
                dp = self.world_size // num_stages
                topology = PipeDataParallelTopology(num_pp=num_stages, num_dp=dp)
                self._topo = topology

        # Construct communicators for pipeline topology
        self._grid = PipelineParallelGrid(process_group=self.world_group, topology=self._topo)

        self.stage_id = self._topo.get_coord(self.global_rank).pipe

        # Initialize partition information
        self._layer_specs = list(layers)
        self._num_layers = len(self._layer_specs)
        self._local_start = 0
        self._local_stop = None
        self._partition_layers(method=partition_method)

        self.forward_funcs = []
        self.fwd_map = {}
        self.tied_modules = nn.ModuleDict()
        self.tied_weight_attrs = {}

        # Offset the random seed by the stage ID.
        #newseed = get_accelerator().initial_seed() + self._grid.get_stage_id()
        #ds_utils.set_random_seed(newseed)

        self.activation_checkpoint_interval = activation_checkpoint_interval

        self.activation_checkpoint_func = activation_checkpoint_func

        #storage for precomputed checkpointeble results
        self.is_checkpointable_results = []
        self.is_checkpointable_results_interval = None

        # if configuration use_reentrant = False, self.activation_checkpoint_func will be set to ``checkpointing.non_reentrant_checkpoint``

        #with torch.random.fork_rng(devices=[get_accelerator().current_device_name()]):
        self._build()
        self.to(get_accelerator().device_name(self.local_rank))

        self.tied_comms = self._index_tied_modules()
        self._synchronize_tied_weights()

        self.dynamic_shape = dynamic_shape

    def _precompute_checkpointable_values(self):
        if self.activation_checkpoint_interval > 0 and self.is_checkpointable_results_interval != self.activation_checkpoint_interval:
            num_layers = len(self.forward_funcs)
            self.interval_was_zero = False
            for start_idx in range(0, num_layers, self.activation_checkpoint_interval):
                end_idx = min(start_idx + self.activation_checkpoint_interval, num_layers)
                funcs = self.forward_funcs[start_idx:end_idx]
                self.is_checkpointable_results.append(self._is_checkpointable(funcs))
            self.is_checkpointable_results_interval = self.activation_checkpoint_interval

    def _build(self):
        specs = self._layer_specs

        for local_idx, layer in enumerate(specs[self._local_start:self._local_stop]):
            layer_idx = local_idx + self._local_start
            if self.seed_layers:
                if self.seed_fn:
                    self.seed_fn(self.base_seed + layer_idx)
                else:
                    ds_utils.set_random_seed(self.base_seed + layer_idx)

            # Recursively build PipelineModule objects
            if isinstance(layer, PipelineModule):
                raise NotImplementedError('RECURSIVE BUILD NOT YET IMPLEMENTED')

            # LayerSpec objects contain an nn.Module that should be allocated now.
            elif isinstance(layer, nn.Module):
                name = str(layer_idx)
                self.forward_funcs.append(layer)
                self.fwd_map.update({name: len(self.forward_funcs) - 1})
                self.add_module(name, layer)

            # TiedLayerSpec objects contain an nn.Module that should be allocated now.
            elif isinstance(layer, TiedLayerSpec):
                # Build and register the module if we haven't seen it before.
                if layer.key not in self.tied_modules:
                    self.tied_modules[layer.key] = layer.build()
                    self.tied_weight_attrs[layer.key] = layer.tied_weight_attr

                if layer.forward_fn is None:
                    # Just use forward()
                    self.forward_funcs.append(self.tied_modules[layer.key])
                else:
                    # User specified fn with args (module, input)
                    self.forward_funcs.append(partial(layer.forward_fn, self.tied_modules[layer.key]))

            # LayerSpec objects contain an nn.Module that should be allocated now.
            elif isinstance(layer, LayerSpec):
                module = layer.build()
                name = str(layer_idx)
                self.forward_funcs.append(module)
                self.fwd_map.update({name: len(self.forward_funcs) - 1})
                self.add_module(name, module)

            # Last option: layer may be a functional (e.g., lambda). We do nothing in
            # that case and just use it in forward()
            else:
                self.forward_funcs.append(layer)

        # All pipeline parameters should be considered as model parallel in the context
        # of our FP16 optimizer
        for p in self.parameters():
            p.ds_pipe_replicated = False

    def _get_frozen_parameter_names(self, layer):
        """ Get names of frozen parameters in the layer.

            Returns:
                A list of frozen parameter names
        """
        if isinstance(layer, LayerSpec):
            l = layer.build()
            return [n for n, p in l.named_parameters() if not p.requires_grad]
        elif isinstance(layer, nn.Module):
            return [n for n, p in layer.named_parameters() if not p.requires_grad]

        return []

    def _count_layer_params(self):
        """Count the trainable parameters in individual layers.

        This routine will only build one layer at a time.

        Returns:
            A list of the number of parameters in each layer.
        """
        param_counts = [0] * len(self._layer_specs)
        for idx, layer in enumerate(self._layer_specs):
            if isinstance(layer, LayerSpec):
                l = layer.build()
                params = filter(lambda p: p.requires_grad, l.parameters())
                param_counts[idx] = sum(p.numel() for p in params)
            elif isinstance(layer, nn.Module):
                params = filter(lambda p: p.requires_grad, layer.parameters())
                param_counts[idx] = sum(p.numel() for p in params)
        return param_counts

    def _find_layer_type(self, layername):
        idxs = []
        typeregex = regex.compile(layername, regex.IGNORECASE)
        for idx, layer in enumerate(self._layer_specs):
            name = None
            if isinstance(layer, LayerSpec):
                name = layer.typename.__name__
            elif isinstance(layer, nn.Module):
                name = layer.__class__.__name__
            else:
                try:
                    name = layer.__name__
                except AttributeError:
                    continue
            if typeregex.search(name):
                idxs.append(idx)

        if len(idxs) == 0:
            raise RuntimeError(f"Partitioning '{layername}' found no valid layers to partition.")
        return idxs

    def forward(self, forward_input):
        # We need to offset the seed by the microbatch ID. Save it in a local var to
        # ensure it is preserved in the closure. Otherwise checkpointed forward funcs
        # will see a different offset.
        self.micro_offset += 1

        def exec_range_func(start, end):
            ''' Helper function to be used with checkpoint()
            Adapted from torch.utils.checkpoint:checkpoint_sequential()
            '''
            local_micro_offset = self.micro_offset + 1

            def exec_func(*inputs):
                # Single tensor inputs need to be unwrapped
                if len(inputs) == 1:
                    inputs = inputs[0]
                for idx, layer in enumerate(self.forward_funcs[start:end]):
                    self.curr_layer = idx + self._local_start
                    if self.seed_layers:
                        new_seed = (self.base_seed * local_micro_offset) + self.curr_layer
                        if self.seed_fn:
                            self.seed_fn(new_seed)
                        else:
                            ds_utils.set_random_seed(new_seed)

                    inputs = layer(inputs)
                return inputs

            return exec_func

        if self.activation_checkpoint_interval == 0:
            func = exec_range_func(0, len(self.forward_funcs))
            x = func(forward_input)
        else:
            num_layers = len(self.forward_funcs)
            x = forward_input
            for start_idx, is_checkpointable_result in \
                zip(range(0, num_layers, self.activation_checkpoint_interval), self.is_checkpointable_results):

                end_idx = min(start_idx + self.activation_checkpoint_interval, num_layers)

                funcs = self.forward_funcs[start_idx:end_idx]
                # Since we either pass tensors or tuples of tensors without unpacking, we
                # need to be careful not to double-wrap tensors with tuple.
                if not isinstance(x, tuple):
                    x = (x, )

                if is_checkpointable_result:
                    x = self.activation_checkpoint_func(exec_range_func(start_idx, end_idx), *x)
                else:
                    x = exec_range_func(start_idx, end_idx)(*x)
        return x

    def _partition_layers(self, method='uniform'):
        num_stages = self._topo.get_dim('pipe')
        stage_id = self._topo.get_coord(self.global_rank).pipe

        if self.global_rank == 0:
            logger.info(f'Partitioning pipeline stages with method {method}')

        method = method.lower()

        # Each stage gets a simple uniform number of layers.
        if method == 'uniform':
            num_layers = len(self._layer_specs)
            self.parts = ds_utils.partition_uniform(num_items=num_layers, num_parts=num_stages)
        elif method == 'parameters':
            param_counts = self._count_layer_params()
            self.parts = ds_utils.partition_balanced(weights=param_counts, num_parts=num_stages)
        elif method.startswith('type:'):
            layertype = method.split(':')[1]
            binary_weights = [0] * len(self._layer_specs)
            for idx in self._find_layer_type(layertype):
                binary_weights[idx] = 1
            self.parts = ds_utils.partition_balanced(weights=binary_weights, num_parts=num_stages)
        elif method == 'profile':
            raise NotImplementedError(f'Partitioning method {method} not implemented.')
        else:
            raise NotImplementedError(f'Partitioning method {method} not implemented.')

        # Print some information on the partitioning.
        if self.global_rank == 0:
            for stage in range(num_stages):
                start = self.parts[stage]
                stop = self.parts[stage + 1]
                print(f'stage={stage} layers={stop - start}')
                for idx, layer in enumerate(self._layer_specs[start:stop]):
                    name = str(layer)
                    if isinstance(layer, LayerSpec):
                        name = layer.typename.__name__
                    if isinstance(layer, nn.Module):
                        name = layer.__class__.__name__
                    else:
                        try:
                            name = layer.__name__
                        except AttributeError:
                            pass
                    print(f'    {idx+start:2d}: {name}')
            if self.loss_fn:
                try:
                    print(f'  loss: {self.loss_fn.__name__}')
                except AttributeError:
                    print(f'  loss: {self.loss_fn.__class__.__name__}')

        self._set_bounds(start=self.parts[stage_id], stop=self.parts[stage_id + 1])

    @staticmethod
    def _recursive_getattr(module: torch.nn.Module, attr_name: str) -> torch.Tensor:
        '''Allow getting an attribute like "linear.weight"'''
        weight = module
        for item in attr_name.split("."):
            weight = getattr(weight, item)
        return weight

    def allreduce_tied_weight_gradients(self):
        '''All reduce the gradients of the tied weights between tied stages'''
        for key, comm in self.tied_comms.items():
            for attr_name in comm['weight_attr']:
                weight = self._recursive_getattr(self.tied_modules[key], attr_name)
                dist.all_reduce(weight.grad, group=comm['group'])

    def get_tied_weights_and_groups(self):
        weight_group_list = []
        for key, comm in self.tied_comms.items():
            for attr_name in comm['weight_attr']:
                weight = self._recursive_getattr(self.tied_modules[key], attr_name)
                weight_group_list.append((weight, comm['group']))
        return weight_group_list

    def _synchronize_tied_weights(self):
        for key, comm in self.tied_comms.items():
            for attr_name in comm['weight_attr']:
                dist.broadcast(
                    self._recursive_getattr(comm['module'], attr_name),
                    src=min(comm['ranks']),
                    group=comm['group'],
                )

    def _index_tied_modules(self):
        ''' Build communication structures for tied modules. '''
        tied_comms = {}
        if self._topo.get_dim('pipe') == 1:
            return tied_comms

        specs = self._layer_specs
        tie_keys = set(s.key for s in specs if isinstance(s, TiedLayerSpec))
        # Since Python 3.7, "Dictionary order is guaranteed to be insertion order."
        # Sort tie_keys here so that orders of self.tied_comms.items() are consistent
        # among ranks.
        for key in sorted(tie_keys):
            # Find the layers that the tied module appears in
            tied_layers = []
            for idx, layer in enumerate(specs):
                if isinstance(layer, TiedLayerSpec) and layer.key == key:
                    tied_layers.append(idx)
            # Find all stages with this tied module
            # TODO: Would be nice to remove the nested data/model parallelism loops and
            # TODO: instead generalize in some way, since we really just care about the
            # TODO: stage that owns the tied layer. Then loop over each (dp, mp, ...)
            # TODO: fiber to generate process groups.
            tied_stages = set(self.stage_owner(idx) for idx in tied_layers)
            for dp in range(self._grid.data_parallel_size):
                for mp in range(self._grid.get_slice_parallel_world_size()):
                    tied_ranks = []
                    for s in sorted(tied_stages):
                        if self._grid.get_slice_parallel_world_size() > 1:
                            tied_ranks.append(self._grid.stage_to_global(stage_id=s, data=dp, model=mp))
                        else:
                            tied_ranks.append(self._grid.stage_to_global(stage_id=s, data=dp))
                    group = dist.new_group(ranks=tied_ranks)

                    # Record this tied module if we own a local copy of it.
                    if self.global_rank in tied_ranks:
                        assert key in self.tied_modules
                        if key in self.tied_modules:
                            tied_comms[key] = {
                                'ranks': tied_ranks,
                                'group': group,
                                'weight_attr': self.tied_weight_attrs[key],
                                'module': self.tied_modules[key],
                            }
                            # Only count the tied module once in the eyes of the FP16 optimizer
                            if self.global_rank != tied_ranks[0]:
                                for p in self.tied_modules[key].parameters():
                                    p.ds_pipe_replicated = True
        '''
        if len(tied_comms) > 0:
            print(f'RANK={self.global_rank} tied_comms={tied_comms}')
        '''

        return tied_comms

    def partitions(self):
        return self.parts

    def stage_owner(self, layer_idx):
        assert 0 <= layer_idx < self._num_layers
        for stage in range(self._topo.get_dim('pipe')):
            if self.parts[stage] <= layer_idx < self.parts[stage + 1]:
                return stage
        raise RuntimeError(f'Layer {layer_idx} not owned? parts={self.parts}')

    def _set_bounds(self, start=None, stop=None):
        """Manually define the range of layers that will be built on this process.

        These boundaries are treated as list slices and so start is inclusive and stop is
        exclusive. The default of None for both results in all layers being built
        locally.
        """
        self._local_start = start
        self._local_stop = stop

    def set_checkpoint_interval(self, interval):
        assert interval >= 0
        self.checkpoint_interval = interval

    def topology(self):
        """ ProcessTopology object to query process mappings. """
        return self._topo

    def mpu(self):
        return self._grid

    def num_pipeline_stages(self):
        return self._topo.get_dim('pipe')

    def ckpt_prefix(self, checkpoints_path, tag):
        """Build a prefix for all checkpoint files written by this module. """
        # All checkpoint files start with this
        rank_name = 'module'

        # Data parallelism is omitted from the naming convention because we are agnostic
        # to this in the checkpoint.
        omit_dims = frozenset(['data'])
        axes = [a for a in self._grid._topo.get_axis_names() if a not in omit_dims]
        for dim in axes:
            rank = getattr(self._grid._topo.get_coord(rank=self.global_rank), dim)
            rank_name += f'-{dim}_{rank:02d}'

        ckpt_name = os.path.join(checkpoints_path, str(tag), rank_name)
        return ckpt_name

    def ckpt_layer_path(self, ckpt_dir, local_layer_idx):
        """Customize a prefix for a specific pipeline module layer. """
        idx = local_layer_idx + self._local_start
        layer_ckpt_path = os.path.join(ckpt_dir, f'layer_{idx:02d}')
        rank_repr = self._grid._topo.get_rank_repr(rank=self.global_rank)
        if rank_repr != '':
            layer_ckpt_path += f'-{rank_repr}'
        layer_ckpt_path += '-model_states.pt'
        return layer_ckpt_path

    def ckpt_layer_path_list(self, ckpt_dir, local_layer_idx):
        """Get all ckpt file list for a specific pipeline module layer. """
        idx = local_layer_idx + self._local_start
        layer_ckpt_path = os.path.join(ckpt_dir, f'layer_{idx:02d}-')
        layer_ckpt_path += "*model_states.pt"
        ckpt_files = glob.glob(layer_ckpt_path)
        ckpt_files.sort()
        return ckpt_files

    def save_state_dict(self, save_dir, checkpoint_engine, exclude_frozen_params=False):
        # TODO: Need to validate interaction of checkpoint_parallel_write_pipeline and fastwriter

        # Processes having the same model parallel rank on different data parallel instances
        # have identical layer weights.  We can distribute the task of saving the layer weights
        # among the data parallel ranks.  For example, if a pipeline stage has 9 layers and
        # if there are 2 data parallel instances, rank 0 will save the first 5 layers and
        # rank 1 will save the last 4.
        dp_rank = self._grid.data_parallel_id
        dp_size = self._grid.data_parallel_size
        num_layers = len(self.forward_funcs)
        if self.checkpoint_parallel_write_pipeline:
            # spread layers evenly across data parallel ranks
            offsets = ds_utils.partition_uniform(num_layers, dp_size)
            start, end = offsets[dp_rank], offsets[dp_rank + 1]
        else:
            # data parallel rank 0 writes all layers
            if dp_rank != 0:
                return
            start, end = 0, num_layers
        layer_list = self.forward_funcs[start:end]

        checkpoint_engine.makedirs(save_dir, exist_ok=True)
        for idx, layer in enumerate(layer_list):
            model_ckpt_path = self.ckpt_layer_path(save_dir, start + idx)
            if not hasattr(layer, 'state_dict'):
                continue

            orig_state_dict = layer.state_dict()
            if exclude_frozen_params:
                for n in self._get_frozen_parameter_names(layer):
                    del orig_state_dict[n]
            final_state_dict = clone_tensors_for_torch_save(orig_state_dict)
            checkpoint_engine.save(state_dict=final_state_dict, path=model_ckpt_path)

    def load_state_dir(self, load_dir, checkpoint_engine, strict=True):
        for idx, layer in enumerate(self.forward_funcs):
            # Functions, etc. will not have state_dicts
            if not hasattr(layer, 'load_state_dict'):
                continue

            # get all checkpoint files for the layer.
            model_ckpt_list = self.ckpt_layer_path_list(load_dir, idx)
            mp_rank = self._grid.get_slice_parallel_rank()
            mp_world_size = self._grid.get_slice_parallel_world_size()

            sd_loader = SDLoaderFactory.get_sd_loader(model_ckpt_list,
                                                      version=2.0,
                                                      checkpoint_engine=checkpoint_engine)
            load_path, checkpoint, _ = sd_loader.load(mp_world_size, mp_rank, module_key=None, is_pipe_parallel=True)

            layer.load_state_dict(checkpoint, strict=strict)

            # if self._grid.data_parallel_id == 0:
            #     logger.info(
            #         f'RANK={self.global_rank} Loaded layer={idx+self._local_start} file={load_path}'
            #     )

        self._synchronize_tied_weights()

    def _is_checkpointable(self, funcs):

        if self.activation_checkpoint_func is not checkpointing.non_reentrant_checkpoint:
            # This hook excludes the embedding layer
            # because only non_reentrant_checkpoint can accept inputs with requires_grad=False
            # otherwise, the backward of the embedding layer won't receive gradients.
            if self.__class__.__name__ in ('GPTModelPipe', 'GPT2ModelPipe'):
                # For GPT models, checkpoint both transformer layers and any additional
                # layers specified in checkpointable_layers (if provided)
                return all('ParallelTransformerLayerPipe' in f.__class__.__name__ or (
                    self.checkpointable_layers is not None and f.__class__.__name__ in self.checkpointable_layers)
                           for f in funcs)

        if self.checkpointable_layers is not None:
            # For non-GPT models, only checkpoint layers specified in checkpointable_layers
            return all(f.__class__.__name__ in self.checkpointable_layers for f in funcs)

        # Default behavior: checkpoint any layer that has parameters
        params = [f.parameters() for f in funcs if isinstance(f, torch.nn.Module)]
        return any(len(list(p)) > 0 for p in params)

    def get_additional_losses(self):
        """ Returns model specific additional losses for reporting

         Return a dictionary of {"loss name": loss_value} or None if no additional losses.
        """
        return None

    def compile(self, *args, **kwargs):
        for idx, layer in enumerate(self.forward_funcs):
            if isinstance(layer, nn.Module):
                layer.compile(*args, **kwargs)
            else:
                new_layer = torch.compile(layer, *args, **kwargs)
                self.forward_funcs[idx] = new_layer