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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from .cartan_type import CartanType
from mpmath import fac
from sympy.core.backend import Matrix, eye, Rational, igcd
from sympy.core.basic import Atom
class WeylGroup(Atom):
"""
For each semisimple Lie group, we have a Weyl group. It is a subgroup of
the isometry group of the root system. Specifically, it's the subgroup
that is generated by reflections through the hyperplanes orthogonal to
the roots. Therefore, Weyl groups are reflection groups, and so a Weyl
group is a finite Coxeter group.
"""
def __new__(cls, cartantype):
obj = Atom.__new__(cls)
obj.cartan_type = CartanType(cartantype)
return obj
def generators(self):
"""
This method creates the generating reflections of the Weyl group for
a given Lie algebra. For a Lie algebra of rank n, there are n
different generating reflections. This function returns them as
a list.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.liealgebras.weyl_group import WeylGroup
>>> c = WeylGroup("F4")
>>> c.generators()
['r1', 'r2', 'r3', 'r4']
"""
n = self.cartan_type.rank()
generators = []
for i in range(1, n+1):
reflection = "r"+str(i)
generators.append(reflection)
return generators
def group_order(self):
"""
This method returns the order of the Weyl group.
For types A, B, C, D, and E the order depends on
the rank of the Lie algebra. For types F and G,
the order is fixed.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.liealgebras.weyl_group import WeylGroup
>>> c = WeylGroup("D4")
>>> c.group_order()
192.0
"""
n = self.cartan_type.rank()
if self.cartan_type.series == "A":
return fac(n+1)
if self.cartan_type.series in ("B", "C"):
return fac(n)*(2**n)
if self.cartan_type.series == "D":
return fac(n)*(2**(n-1))
if self.cartan_type.series == "E":
if n == 6:
return 51840
if n == 7:
return 2903040
if n == 8:
return 696729600
if self.cartan_type.series == "F":
return 1152
if self.cartan_type.series == "G":
return 12
def group_name(self):
"""
This method returns some general information about the Weyl group for
a given Lie algebra. It returns the name of the group and the elements
it acts on, if relevant.
"""
n = self.cartan_type.rank()
if self.cartan_type.series == "A":
return "S"+str(n+1) + ": the symmetric group acting on " + str(n+1) + " elements."
if self.cartan_type.series in ("B", "C"):
return "The hyperoctahedral group acting on " + str(2*n) + " elements."
if self.cartan_type.series == "D":
return "The symmetry group of the " + str(n) + "-dimensional demihypercube."
if self.cartan_type.series == "E":
if n == 6:
return "The symmetry group of the 6-polytope."
if n == 7:
return "The symmetry group of the 7-polytope."
if n == 8:
return "The symmetry group of the 8-polytope."
if self.cartan_type.series == "F":
return "The symmetry group of the 24-cell, or icositetrachoron."
if self.cartan_type.series == "G":
return "D6, the dihedral group of order 12, and symmetry group of the hexagon."
def element_order(self, weylelt):
"""
This method returns the order of a given Weyl group element, which should
be specified by the user in the form of products of the generating
reflections, i.e. of the form r1*r2 etc.
For types A-F, this method current works by taking the matrix form of
the specified element, and then finding what power of the matrix is the
identity. It then returns this power.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.liealgebras.weyl_group import WeylGroup
>>> b = WeylGroup("B4")
>>> b.element_order('r1*r4*r2')
4
"""
n = self.cartan_type.rank()
if self.cartan_type.series == "A":
a = self.matrix_form(weylelt)
order = 1
while a != eye(n+1):
a *= self.matrix_form(weylelt)
order += 1
return order
if self.cartan_type.series == "D":
a = self.matrix_form(weylelt)
order = 1
while a != eye(n):
a *= self.matrix_form(weylelt)
order += 1
return order
if self.cartan_type.series == "E":
a = self.matrix_form(weylelt)
order = 1
while a != eye(8):
a *= self.matrix_form(weylelt)
order += 1
return order
if self.cartan_type.series == "G":
elts = list(weylelt)
reflections = elts[1::3]
m = self.delete_doubles(reflections)
while self.delete_doubles(m) != m:
m = self.delete_doubles(m)
reflections = m
if len(reflections) % 2 == 1:
return 2
elif len(reflections) == 0:
return 1
else:
if len(reflections) == 1:
return 2
else:
m = len(reflections) // 2
lcm = (6 * m)/ igcd(m, 6)
order = lcm / m
return order
if self.cartan_type.series == 'F':
a = self.matrix_form(weylelt)
order = 1
while a != eye(4):
a *= self.matrix_form(weylelt)
order += 1
return order
if self.cartan_type.series in ("B", "C"):
a = self.matrix_form(weylelt)
order = 1
while a != eye(n):
a *= self.matrix_form(weylelt)
order += 1
return order
def delete_doubles(self, reflections):
"""
This is a helper method for determining the order of an element in the
Weyl group of G2. It takes a Weyl element and if repeated simple reflections
in it, it deletes them.
"""
counter = 0
copy = list(reflections)
for elt in copy:
if counter < len(copy)-1:
if copy[counter + 1] == elt:
del copy[counter]
del copy[counter]
counter += 1
return copy
def matrix_form(self, weylelt):
"""
This method takes input from the user in the form of products of the
generating reflections, and returns the matrix corresponding to the
element of the Weyl group. Since each element of the Weyl group is
a reflection of some type, there is a corresponding matrix representation.
This method uses the standard representation for all the generating
reflections.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.liealgebras.weyl_group import WeylGroup
>>> f = WeylGroup("F4")
>>> f.matrix_form('r2*r3')
Matrix([
[1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, -1],
[0, 0, 1, 0]])
"""
elts = list(weylelt)
reflections = elts[1::3]
n = self.cartan_type.rank()
if self.cartan_type.series == 'A':
matrixform = eye(n+1)
for elt in reflections:
a = int(elt)
mat = eye(n+1)
mat[a-1, a-1] = 0
mat[a-1, a] = 1
mat[a, a-1] = 1
mat[a, a] = 0
matrixform *= mat
return matrixform
if self.cartan_type.series == 'D':
matrixform = eye(n)
for elt in reflections:
a = int(elt)
mat = eye(n)
if a < n:
mat[a-1, a-1] = 0
mat[a-1, a] = 1
mat[a, a-1] = 1
mat[a, a] = 0
matrixform *= mat
else:
mat[n-2, n-1] = -1
mat[n-2, n-2] = 0
mat[n-1, n-2] = -1
mat[n-1, n-1] = 0
matrixform *= mat
return matrixform
if self.cartan_type.series == 'G':
matrixform = eye(3)
for elt in reflections:
a = int(elt)
if a == 1:
gen1 = Matrix([[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0]])
matrixform *= gen1
else:
gen2 = Matrix([[Rational(2, 3), Rational(2, 3), Rational(-1, 3)],
[Rational(2, 3), Rational(-1, 3), Rational(2, 3)],
[Rational(-1, 3), Rational(2, 3), Rational(2, 3)]])
matrixform *= gen2
return matrixform
if self.cartan_type.series == 'F':
matrixform = eye(4)
for elt in reflections:
a = int(elt)
if a == 1:
mat = Matrix([[1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1]])
matrixform *= mat
elif a == 2:
mat = Matrix([[1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1, 0]])
matrixform *= mat
elif a == 3:
mat = Matrix([[1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0, -1]])
matrixform *= mat
else:
mat = Matrix([[Rational(1, 2), Rational(1, 2), Rational(1, 2), Rational(1, 2)],
[Rational(1, 2), Rational(1, 2), Rational(-1, 2), Rational(-1, 2)],
[Rational(1, 2), Rational(-1, 2), Rational(1, 2), Rational(-1, 2)],
[Rational(1, 2), Rational(-1, 2), Rational(-1, 2), Rational(1, 2)]])
matrixform *= mat
return matrixform
if self.cartan_type.series == 'E':
matrixform = eye(8)
for elt in reflections:
a = int(elt)
if a == 1:
mat = Matrix([[Rational(3, 4), Rational(1, 4), Rational(1, 4), Rational(1, 4),
Rational(1, 4), Rational(1, 4), Rational(1, 4), Rational(-1, 4)],
[Rational(1, 4), Rational(3, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-1, 4),
Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(1, 4), Rational(-1, 4)],
[Rational(1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(3, 4), Rational(-1, 4),
Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(1, 4)],
[Rational(1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(3, 4),
Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(1, 4)],
[Rational(1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-1, 4),
Rational(3, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(1, 4)],
[Rational(1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-1, 4),
Rational(-1, 4), Rational(3, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(1, 4)],
[Rational(1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-1, 4),
Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-3, 4), Rational(1, 4)],
[Rational(1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-1, 4),
Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(-1, 4), Rational(3, 4)]])
matrixform *= mat
elif a == 2:
mat = eye(8)
mat[0, 0] = 0
mat[0, 1] = -1
mat[1, 0] = -1
mat[1, 1] = 0
matrixform *= mat
else:
mat = eye(8)
mat[a-3, a-3] = 0
mat[a-3, a-2] = 1
mat[a-2, a-3] = 1
mat[a-2, a-2] = 0
matrixform *= mat
return matrixform
if self.cartan_type.series in ("B", "C"):
matrixform = eye(n)
for elt in reflections:
a = int(elt)
mat = eye(n)
if a == 1:
mat[0, 0] = -1
matrixform *= mat
else:
mat[a - 2, a - 2] = 0
mat[a-2, a-1] = 1
mat[a - 1, a - 2] = 1
mat[a -1, a - 1] = 0
matrixform *= mat
return matrixform
def coxeter_diagram(self):
"""
This method returns the Coxeter diagram corresponding to a Weyl group.
The Coxeter diagram can be obtained from a Lie algebra's Dynkin diagram
by deleting all arrows; the Coxeter diagram is the undirected graph.
The vertices of the Coxeter diagram represent the generating reflections
of the Weyl group, $s_i$. An edge is drawn between $s_i$ and $s_j$ if the order
$m(i, j)$ of $s_is_j$ is greater than two. If there is one edge, the order
$m(i, j)$ is 3. If there are two edges, the order $m(i, j)$ is 4, and if there
are three edges, the order $m(i, j)$ is 6.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.liealgebras.weyl_group import WeylGroup
>>> c = WeylGroup("B3")
>>> print(c.coxeter_diagram())
0---0===0
1 2 3
"""
n = self.cartan_type.rank()
if self.cartan_type.series in ("A", "D", "E"):
return self.cartan_type.dynkin_diagram()
if self.cartan_type.series in ("B", "C"):
diag = "---".join("0" for i in range(1, n)) + "===0\n"
diag += " ".join(str(i) for i in range(1, n+1))
return diag
if self.cartan_type.series == "F":
diag = "0---0===0---0\n"
diag += " ".join(str(i) for i in range(1, 5))
return diag
if self.cartan_type.series == "G":
diag = "0≡≡≡0\n1 2"
return diag
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