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You've got family at Ancestry.
Find more Shortley relatives and grow your tree by exploring billions of historical records. Taken every decade since 1790, the U.S. Federal Census can tell you a lot about your family. For example, from 1930 to 1940 there were 25 more people named Shortley in the United States — and some of them are likely related to you.
Start a tree and connect with your family.
Create, build, and explore your family tree.
What if you had a window into the history of your family? With historical records, you do. From home life to career, records help bring your relatives' experiences into focus. There were 81 people named Shortley in the 1930 U.S. Census. In 1940, there were 31% more people named Shortley in the United States. What was life like for them?
Picture the past for your ancestors.
In 1940, 106 people named Shortley were living in the United States. In a snapshot:
• For 56 females, Anna was the most common name
• 103 rented out rooms to boarders
• The typical household was 3 people
• Most common occupation was salesman
Learn where they came from and where they went.
As Shortley families continued to grow, they left more tracks on the map:
• 11 were born in foreign countries
• 18 migrated within the United States from 1935 to 1940
• Most fathers originated from Pennsylvania
• They most commonly lived in California
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https://www.ancestry.com/family-trees/shortley
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You've got family at Ancestry.
Find more Stichter relatives and grow your tree by exploring billions of historical records. Taken every decade since 1790, the U.S. Federal Census can tell you a lot about your family. For example, from 1930 to 1940 there were 29 more people named Stichter in the United States — and some of them are likely related to you.
Start a tree and connect with your family.
Create, build, and explore your family tree.
What if you had a window into the history of your family? With historical records, you do. From home life to career, records help bring your relatives' experiences into focus. There were 235 people named Stichter in the 1930 U.S. Census. In 1940, there were 12% more people named Stichter in the United States. What was life like for them?
Picture the past for your ancestors.
In 1940, 264 people named Stichter were living in the United States. In a snapshot:
• 34 owned their homes, valued on average at $2,749
• 31% were children
• 97% rented out rooms to boarders
Learn where they came from and where they went.
As Stichter families continued to grow, they left more tracks on the map:
• 7 were born in foreign countries
• 47 were first-generation Americans
• Most mothers originated from Pennsylvania
• 14% migrated within the United States from 1935 to 1940
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https://www.ancestry.com/family-trees/stichter
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lion News
Novel detection method for iron in Alzheimer’s brain
For many years, scientists have observed a correlation between Alzheimer’s disease and a surplus of iron in the brain. However, a causal link between the two has not been proven yet. We lack knowledge concerning the specific form of iron that is involved in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Now, a collaboration of physicists and medical researchers shows how they can detect and quantify some distinctive forms of iron in post-mortem brains. Publication on December 12 in Nature’s Scientific Reports.
Iron intake
We eat daily between ten and twenty milligrams of iron. After being absorbed by the gut, this metal participates in a wide variety of essential metabolic processes, including oxygen transportation, DNA replication and electron transport. However, if it’s not properly regulated, iron can cause damage to cells.
In the brains of patients with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, iron is upregulated: it can increase to up to three times greater than the normal level. Scientists can use MRI scans to indirectly image iron in post-mortem brain tissue, but the data interpretation remains much debated. Such measurements are indirect, affected by several sources of artifacts, and poorly quantitative.
Magnetism and biology
A multidisciplinary team of Leiden physicists (LION) and radiologists from the Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), led by postdoc Lucia Bossoni, has developed a method based on the combination of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (EPR) and SQUID magnetometry to detect and quantify complementary species of iron in post-mortem brain tissue. In combination with MRI, this approach will allow scientists to better understand the role played by iron in Alzheimer’s disease.
Pravin Kumar, Marjolein Bulk, Andrew Webb, Louise van der Weerd, Tjerk H. Oosterkamp, Martina Huber, and Lucia Bossoni, ‘A novel approach to quantify different iron forms in ex-vivo human brain tissue’, Nature’s Scientific Reports
Erik Arends
Physics Outreach Officer, Leiden University
arends [at]
+31 (0)71 527 5471
X-band EPR spectra of brain tissue. The graphs show a comparison between Alzheimer’s disease tissue (left) and healthy control tissue (right). The potentially toxic iron appears as a band at a magnetic field of about 1.5 kG.
Credit header image: M. Buijs.
Publ. 12-12-2016 16:50
More News
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Friday, August 29th
Students worked on two scientific method assignments. The first dealt with the difference between an observation and an inference. An observation is something you actually see. An inference is when you come to a conclusion without all the facts based on your experiences. Using two pictures of a Dinosaur Scene and they determined if statements were examples of an observation or and inference.
They second worksheet dealt with quantitative and qualitative observations. A quantitative observation is one that can be measured (length, width, distance, age, etc.). A qualitative observation is more like an opinion (that smells nice, I don’t like pizza, etc.). They completed a Quantitative and Qualitative Observations worksheet identifying which of ten statements are quantitative or qualitative statements.
Thursday, August 28th
Students worked on two scientific method worksheets, Introduction to the Scientific Method and Can You Spot the Scientific Method (click here for a copy of the assignments).
The first worksheet gives students an example of a scientific experiment and they answer six questions about the example.
The second assignment gives students a statement and they determine which part of the scientific method is represented by that statement.
Tuesday, August 26th
Welcome back to school!
Today was a quiet day. I reviewed class rules and information about how things work in my classroom. Student received the disclosure statement. We also began discussing the scientific method.
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The Lederfabrik occupied the pre war Oświęcim Tannery building just south of the Oświęcim town, or old town as it is known today. The large factory became a small camp in itself between 1942 and 1945 with around 1000 prisoners working there. Its primary purpose was the sorting of goods confiscated from the incoming transports and the process of destroying those articles that were rendered useless such as worn suitcases, personal possessions of no value such as wallets and bags that were not worth repairing. A large chimney situated at the east perimeter next to the Sola river that ran all the way to the main camp of Auschwitz I would constantly be burning the waste products that were sent here from the transports. Items were often searched for bank notes with dollars being the currency the prisoners looked for. Other bank notes were often used as toilet paper according to a passage in the Witold Pilecki report. Perhaps one of the more gruesome items to be housed here was women's hair shaved after they were murdered in the gas chambers.
The factory was customised into a working camp surrounded by a wooden fence around its perimeter with 4 watchtowers in each corner. Small workshops were established for the repair of goods such as jewellery.
Read testimonies of Karol Bienias and Adam Dembowski about working in the Lederfabrik.
Oberkapo Erik was in power at the tannery who did not recognise the power of other oberkapos, infact even the SS-men feared him, particularly as he had contact with the commander of the camp. He acted like he owned the tannery and pleased himself with his attitude towards the prisoners. Erik sometimes entertained the commander, with whom he made profits on tanned leather.
Food, clothes and underwear were also sent here to be burnt but the underwear and clothes were often sent to the Bekleidungskammer (clothing chamber) whilst other prisoners had the job of matching thousands of shoes together in complete pairs. SS-men and also the kapos would often put aside certain items to keep for themselves.
There were several murders in the tannery, some researchers have suggested several hundred. This is most likely to do with the vast amount of riches available and the need to maintain discretion for those that were pilfering in light of prisoners who were only too aware of what was going on. Infact prisoners themselves would take opportunities to take food or other items to trade to make their lot a little better.
Read Iga Bunalska's article about Lederfabrik.
The Lederfabrik, or tannery building as it is more commonly known, is not considered in the wider aspect of Auschwitz. It was outside of the Interessengebiet, close to the old town and overshadowed by Kanada II in Auschwitz-Birkenau when people talk about the sorting of prisoner belongings from the incoming transports. If it was not for a news article that went viral in 2001 concerning an investor who bought the land and wanted to turn it into a discotheque, the events of what happened here during the war may not have been as widely reported as it is today. In this case, the Wiesenthal Center challenged the decision to allow the discotheque to be built eventually overturning the decision much to the disappointment of the land owner who argued that it is indeed outside of the UNESCO buffer zone and therefore not protected land. He also tried to argue that the factory was not even original but actually built in 1952, however this was not the case (it most likely had undergone some modifications).
In the early 21st century, the tannery building and its chimney were demolished and the area is now wasteland sitting idle. The original floors can be seen in places and the remains of the chimney were still there in 2015. In 2016, the area was used as an overspill for the Oświęcim Life Festival that included the likes of Queen and Elton John. The area of the tannery was used to house public toilets for the concert. There are currently no future plans for the development of this important historical site.
Map showing the location of the former Tannery
Map showing the location of the former Tannery
Map designed by Michael Challoner ©
A view of the area where the Tannery building stood until recently
A view of the area where the Tannery building stood until recently.
The floor is original and can still be seen
Photo by Michael Challoner ©
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http://auschwitzstudygroup.com/industriehof/106-lederfabrik
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Monday, February 16, 2015
So What’s in a Legacy!
Of course it is still too early to know with certainty what President Obama’s legacy will be. What historians will come to say about this man and the advisers he chose to surround himself with, or how the policies he advocated for, or implemented will be viewed 10, 20 or 50 years hence. If nothing else is understood, it should be recognized that how a President is viewed in the immediacy of his office might be obscured by the emotions of the day. Whether they will stand the test of time will ultimately be determined by how the nation moves forward once he is gone.
Take for example, George Washington, elected through massive popular support he is viewed as the father of our nation, not so much for what he did as President, but for what he didn’t do. Given the choices before him, he might have established a monarchy as some wanted, or he may have made the office of President a life long office as other encouraged. Instead he set the example of limited office that held until Franklin Delano Roosevelt chose not to follow tradition.
Thomas Jefferson, an advocate for limited central government, came to office and almost immediately expanded the powers of the Executive. He had the vision and foresight to see the value of the Louisiana Purchase and set the nation on a westward expansion to access the vast resources of the Great Plains and the West. His history also reflects the scandal of his likely affair with one of his slaves, Sally Hemmings, although scholastic history seemed to miss that point when I was in school.
Abraham Lincoln, whose election lead to the secession of the eleven states that formed the Confederate States of America, is also the man who saved the union through the four years of his first term. Despite incompetent Generals, graft and corruption, Lincoln held the Northern and Western states together as it fought to restore federal control. During the war the Republican controlled Union established the 13th Amendment ending slavery in the United States.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, in attempting to end the Great Depression massively expanded the role of the federal government, created Social Security, brought electricity to most of rural America, and secured America’s position as a world leader at the end of World War II, through a robust industrial base.
Then we have the Presidents whose administrations were plagued by scandal, like Ulysses S. Grant, probably the best Union General of the Civil War, during his two administrations the nation saw the Credit Mobilier and Whisky Rink Scandals. Warren G. Harding, had the Tea Pot Dome Scandal, and of course we have Richard M. Nixon, whose quest for power led to the Watergate break-in and attempted cover-ups, ultimately to resulting his resignation.
So what do we know about the acts of President Obama, and his administration that will set the tone for his legacy?
The President swept into office with clear and overwhelming majorities in both the House and Senate based on the economic collapse of 2008. For the first two years of his administration he was effectively “bullet proof.” Anything he and Democratic Party wanted to do they could. Choosing to force legislation down the throats of the vanquished Republican Party; the administration focused on the healthcare industry, leaving the economic recovery to the Federal Reserve to manage.
Great promises were made about affordable care, and of course the touchstone issues of abortion and reproductive care were mandated even for those with religious objection. What wasn’t covered in the debate was how rich these programs would make the insurance companies who could now count on mandated coverage and federal payments. It is almost amusing to see the elites that are now affected by the mandates complaining about what it is costing them.
While playing to the wants of the diehard party faithful, he encouraged class and racial division within the country, while abuse of power indicators came from the IRS and the Department of Justice. I believe these were key contributions to the loss of the Democratic majority in the house after only two years. In the 2010 election the Republicans picked up 63 seats in the house, gaining the majority, and six seats in the Senate, eliminating the filibuster proof majority the Democrats had enjoyed.
Acting on his campaign promise to end the war in Iraq and Afghanistan he began the withdrawal of US forces without a clear understanding of the follow-on stability requirements and agreement from the host nation on the US role. We are seeing now the results of those decisions. With the same sense of fulfilling a promise he is removing forces from Afghanistan, but this time the withdrawal and exit strategy is being delayed due to a lack of end game, and perhaps the lessons of the Iraq withdrawal.
Within his first year in office President Obama was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace by the Norwegian Nobel committee. The question we should consider today is has the President fundamentally changed the international dynamic and opened the dialogue that leads to resolution of conflict and peace? We see, based on Administration acts, that Islamic terrorism has grown significantly and that the threat to western (European and American) interests has grown with that threat. Most recently we’ve been forced to close our Embassy in Yemen, as Muslim extremists take control of that country.
In 2011 and 2012 we saw the administration support the overthrow of the Egyptian government, as well as Libya, in each case supporting the Muslim Brotherhood. When the US Embassy and Ambassador were attached in Benghazi the initial administration reaction was to blame a little seen YouTube video, effectively blaming the west for these attacks. I believe that storyline was soon discredited, but it set the stage for the administration and a President who is determined to make this a secular issue, rather than condemn the Islamic groups that encourage the radicalization and autocracies against Jews, Christians, and non-compliant Muslims.
Over the past four years, when the President did not have a strong Congressional majority we have seen an administration that does not understand compromise or seek middle ground. This in turn drives the Congressional opposition to become polarized and adversarial. The one great advantage of the bully pulpit is the ability to constantly be in the news. The President has used this pulpit not to find unity but to condemn the opposition. Again this plays to the party faithful, and matches the Democratic talking points, but does it show leadership within the constitutional definition of the United States? Does it build a brighter future for the country?
I don’t pretend to know what the next two years will bring, but don’t see how this President will move to a position that encourages the historical American values, places faith in the middle class, and supports its resurgence, or works within in the construct of a government designed to balance the needs of the nation while protecting the freedom of the individual and encouraging free enterprise.
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http://aviewfrombehindthecurtain.blogspot.com/2015/02/so-whats-in-legacy.html
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Tuesday, July 3, 2012
On British Baby Names, the author mentioned that the name isn't used in America because of the maple syrup. I'm sorry to say that there's much more to it than that.
To give you an idea of how deep this goes, the character of Syllabub in the musical Cats was originally named Jemima in the London version. The character was renamed for the American version. It wouldn't have made the slightest bit of difference. They never say the character's name and for gods sakes it's a silly musical about cats! But the American producers thought that the audience would find the name Jemima too upsetting. And that's not because it's a brand name for pancakes.
Jemima (pronounced "jeh-MIY-mah") is a Hebrew name literally meaning "warmth" or "affection," however it is often taken to mean "dove" as their word for dove is derived from the word for warmth. In the Bible, she was Job's eldest daughter and sister to Keziah and Keren. She is discribed as one of the most beautiful women in the world. She is given an inheritance along with her siblings and then disappears from the book completely.
Aunt Jemima is indeed a company that makes breakfast foods in the United States, but that name has an unsavory past. Aunt Jemima came from minstrel shows, an old form of entertainment that lampooned Black people as stupid, supersticious, happy-go-lucky fools. The character was often portrayed by White men in blackface. Thankfully, these types of skits died after the Civil Rights Movement. Aunt Jemima is what people call the "mammy archetype." She's the subserviant, friendly black slave that runs the household and takes care of the children. They've since changed her appearance so that she looks more like a housewife, but calling someone an "Aunt Jemima" is still a bit of a derogatory term.
In England, it's just considered a girls name that was well used during the Victorian era. It is apparently rising in popularity in that country again. They associate it with famous actresses and Beatrix Potter. As for the United States, the last time it was ever on the charts was in the 1880s at #959. Yemima is a variant, but I'm not sure if that helps.
I don't think Jemima has much of a chance at popularity anytime soon. If you think about it, the Civil Rights Movement really wasn't that long ago. There might be people that still remember the minstrel shows. I think it'll have to be a few more decades before the association dies away. It certainly doesn't make Jemima a bad name, and I'm not trying to deter anyone from using it. But it is a shame.
Image Credit:
via http://www.100layercake.com/blog/
1. I love Jemima, but it is too bad that it is pretty much unusable in this country. I know that having a racist past should be what makes it unusable, but for most people I know, it is indeed the pancakes/syrup connection that throws people off.
2. I love the name Jemima. Here it is associated with a rag doll on a children's show, and even though she's a very cute doll, I worry the name is too closely aligned with her. Apparently it could be worse.
It also reminds me of the glamorous Jemima Khan, once married to cricket legend Imran Khan, and very powerful in the world of publishing.
(We also have the American brand of Aunt Jemima, although I don't recall seeing it myself. It's probably available in speciality stores only).
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http://bewitchingnames.blogspot.com/2012/07/jemima.html
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Sunday, 16 September 2012
Army Showcase: 28mm Prehistoric Megafauna
For my non-zoologist, younger readers, who didn't study Latin or Greek at school, "megafauna" means "giant animals". During the last Ice Age, a number of species of mammals grew to extraordinary size, possibly as a defence against predators. Many of these were contemporary with early man, though in at least some cases the men were then responsible for hastening the extinction of such large sources of meat.
My interest in these creatures comes from tales such as "The Lost World", where they might be encountered by Edwardian explorers. Potentially, megafauna provide some of the more dangerous encounters for such groups; they are difficult to kill with hand weapons (short of specialised, heavy rifles) and can be very destructive if aroused.
Northern Hemisphere
First up, here is a small herd of Megaloceros. I've included a Neanderthal hunter to act as a size reference; megaloceros could easily have an antler spread of 12 feet or more! The 2 models on the left are from Primaeval Designs; the one on the right is from Steve Barber Models (look for "25/28mm Ranges", then "Prehistoric Animals").
Here's something everyone associates with the Ice Age: wooly mammoths! This pair are from DeeZee and are still available from NorthStar, I think.
...whereas these two are from Primaeval Designs. They are somewhat bulkier than the DeeZee ones, but much the same height. I acquired these at a much later date and so the basing is a bit different. Also the colour scheme doesn't quite match. I just regard them as older (or younger) individuals, but still the same species!
Finally, here's a shot of the whole herd. Note that the long, curving tusks make these a real problem to store; they don't fit neatly into any size or shape of box!
Our poor Neanderthal has encountered a pair of Elasmotheriums (Elasmotherii?). These are a variety of giant rhinoceros, though not the possibly more famous Wooly Rhinoceros. The full-grown adult on the left is from Primaeval Designs, whilst the frisky juvenile on the right is a DeeZee model.
South America
Some of the strangest animals on the planet (at least, to Northern eyes) come from South America. Here are a couple of examples:
Glyptodon is a giant armadillo; early man probably used their shells to shelter from bad weather. This example is from Steve Barber Models.
Finally, here are a pair of Megatheriums (Megatherii?). The smaller version on the right is an early Steve Barber model and isn't much to my taste. The larger model, on the left, is from Brigade Games (the US company, not the similarly-named but unconnected UK company "Brigade Models"). This is much better, in my view: both the size and the general shape of the animal are closer to the historical data!
All of the above mammals were contemporary or near-contemporary with early man; it's not perhaps too much of a stretch of imagination to have an isolated group encountering Victorian or Edwardian adventurers, or even modern man, in some remote part of the world. I've even used some in a science fiction game, as the denizens of a primitive world being explored by a Klingon away team!
For gaming purposes, I believe that most megafauna that are not familiar with man should have considerable behavioural differences from their smaller brethren. These are animals that are pretty much immune to predators, at least when fully grown. They will therefore tend to react aggressively to any puny human who attempts to molest them. At least, that's what I've tried to convey in my "Attributes for Animals" house rules for the "Adventures in the Lost Lands" rules.
The most comprehensive list of models of prehistoric animals suitable for wargaming is undoubtedly Steve Pugh's "Very True Things". I'd like to thank Steve for making this data available; it's a very useful resource!
Finally, for those of you that are impressed by scale: a fully-grown mammoth might be 10 feet tall. But, sticking with mammals, if your adventurers go back 30 million years or so then they might meet a Baluchitherium instead; this could be 16 feet tall and weigh 18 tons!
I think we're going to need a bigger gun...
1. Nice post on some fun models.
1. Thanks, I'm pleased that you liked it.
2. Amazing! I never had any particular interest in those huge animals, but somehow you made my day with this post! Just amazing!
1. I'm delighted to know that you enjoyed this so much!
3. This particular era of animals i.e. those that were around when man was, are to my mind far more beleivable opponents than dinosaurs in a "Lost World" scenario.
Nice collection and there are probably a lot more animals which are usable for this genre too.
(If I remember my Latin correct the plural of Bellum (war) was Bella.)
1. Ah, but dinosaurs are so *huge*! At least, some of them are :-) .
I do have a fair number of smaller prehistoric animals as well; these are just the big guys. Even so, there are indeed many more models that I'd like (probably starting with a pair of brontotheres. If I can find it, then a small sloth with bulging eyes as well. Also a sabre-toothed squirrel [sic] :-) ).
4. They are some really cracking figures, the paintjobs are superb really nice work mate
1. I'm glad you like them. Actually, the paintwork on these is fairly easy; they're mostly just a variant of "dark brown undercoat and dry-brush twice with lighter colours". Plus some simple detailing.
5. Very interesting & informative! And the painting is superb, congratulations on a job extremely well done. I wish I could paint like that :) Is the Neanderthal hunter one of Steve Barbers figs?
1. Thanks - these creatures may be large but they're relatively easy to paint nevertheless.
The Neanderthal is from Acheson Creations "Primaeval Designs" range:
6. Thanks Colgar6. I might try my hand at a bit of rupestrian painting! :)
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Citado 217 veces en Web of Knowledge® | Ver citas en Google académico
Título : Mediterranean water resources in a global change scenario
Autor : García-Ruiz, José María ; López-Moreno, Juan I. ; Vicente Serrano, Sergio M. ; Lasanta Martínez, Teodoro ; Beguería, Santiago
Palabras clave : climate change
land cover changes
snow accumulation
reservoir management
Mediterranean region
Hydrological change
Fecha de publicación : abr-2011
Editor: Elsevier
Citación : García-Ruiz JM, López-Moreno JI, Vicente SM, Lasanta-Martínez T. Mediterranean water resources in a global change scenario. Earth science reviews 105 (3-4): 121-139 (2011)
Resumen: Mediterranean areas of both southern Europe and North Africa are subject to dramatic changes that will affect the sustainability, quantity, quality, and management of water resources. Most climate models forecast an increase in temperature and a decrease in precipitation at the end of the 21st century. This will enhance stress on natural forests and shrubs, and will result in more water consumption, evapotranspiration, and probably interception, which will affect the surface water balance and the partitioning of precipitation between evapotranspiration, runoff, and groundwater flow. As a consequence, soil water content will decline, saturation conditions will be increasingly rare and restricted to periods in winter and spring, and snow accumulation and melting will change, especially in the mid-mountain areas. Future land management will be characterized by forest and shrub expansion in most Mediterranean mountain areas, as a consequence of farmland and grazing abandonment, with increasing human pressure localized only in some places (ski resort and urbanized of valley floors). In the lowlands, particularly in the coastal fringe, increasing water demand will occur as a consequence of expansion of irrigated lands, as well as the growth of urban and industrial areas, and tourist resorts. Future scenarios for water resources in the Mediterranean region suggest (1) a progressive decline in the average streamflow (already observed in many rivers since the 1980s), including a decline in the frequency and magnitude of the most frequent floods due to the expansion of forests; (2) changes in important river regime characteristics, including an earlier decline in high flows from snowmelt in spring, an intensification of low flows in summer, and more irregular discharges in winter; (3) changes in reservoir inputs and management, including lower available discharges from dams to meet the water demand from irrigated and urban areas. Most reservoirs in mountain areas will be subject to increasing water resource uncertainty, because of the reduced influence of snow accumulation and snowmelt processes. Besides, reservoir capacity is naturally reduced due to increasing sedimentation and, in some cases, is also decreased to improve the safety control of floods, leading to a reduction in efficiency for agriculture. And (4) hydrological and population changes in coastal areas, particularly in the delta zones, affected by water depletion, groundwater reduction and saline water intrusion. These scenarios enhance the necessity of improving water management, water prizing and water recycling policies, in order to ensure water supply and to reduce tensions among regions and countries.
Descripción : 66 Pag., 5 Fig. The definitive version is available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00128252
Versión del editor: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.01.006
URI : http://hdl.handle.net/10261/34778
DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.01.006
ISSN: 0012-8252
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The population of people with Down syndrome in Australia is now over 13,000.
As there is no national, state or territory register of Australians with Down syndrome (with the exception of the IDEA database in Western Australia) this number cannot be rigorously confirmed. However, Down Syndrome Australia is confident that our collation of what little data is available is accurate.
The number of Australian babies born per year with Down syndrome has been over 270 since 2007.
This number has been extrapolated from the recorded birth numbers from four states per the table on the DSA website (see links below). The calculation is based on the knowledge that the geographic spread of the population of people with Down syndrome matches that of the general population.
Down syndrome population statistics
Down syndrome research
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http://downssa.asn.au/index.php/understanding-down-syndrome/research-and-statistics
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How a raw foods diet can make you sick
| By Dr. Ronald Hoffman
Picking up on last week’s newsletter theme (“Sorry vegans, but humans were designed to eat (some) meat”), here are some reflections based on the anthropology research I’ve been “boning up” on over the past couple of weeks.
Raw foods enthusiasts point to the health benefits of a diet consisting of fresh, uncooked vegetables, fruits, juices, raw nuts and seeds, sprouts, and smoothies. They sometimes cite evolutionary evidence that our distant primate ancestors subsisted on fresh plant foods.
How a raw foods diet can make you sickRaw foods advocates also highlight the advantages of “live enzymes” and vitamins undamaged by heat or processing. There’s certainly no dearth of fiber, which is deficient in the diets of most Westerners, in a raw foods diet. Moreover, the alkalinizing effects of the diet are considered a plus. And if the plant foods are cleanly sourced, they are relatively free of the pollutants that are embedded in the fats and protein of conventionally-raised animal products.
Additionally, because raw foods are not energy-dense, they provide mouth-feel and satiety without delivering many calories.
But carried to an extreme, raw foods dieting can have harmful consequences for humans. I’ve encountered many cases of fatigue and lassitude, brain fog, gastrointestinal bloating, multiple allergies and sensitivities, and premature osteoporosis in single-minded raw foods consumers.
In one memorable instance, a 60 year-old man came to see me after being diagnosed with profound osteoporosis. He had adhered to a raw foods vegan for the last 30 years. His diet consisted entirely of salads, raw vegetables, sprouts, raw nuts and seeds, and fruit smoothies. Upon testing, he had profound deficiencies of many key vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and essential fatty acids.
Fortunately, he was amenable to changing his diet and taking supplements. But as an afterthought, because he had a very high cholesterol and low HDL—in spite of consuming NO cholesterol or saturated fats whatsoever—I decided to send him for an EBT heart scan to measure the calcium accumulation in his arteries.
The results were astounding: He had a score of over 1400, which is associated with a very high risk of heart disease. I told him to see a cardiologist for a stress test in case the calcium was causing a critical blockage.
What then ensued still makes me feel a little queasy: I received a call from the gentleman from the hospital. After the stress test—which he failed miserably—the cardiologist decided to admit him immediately for an emergency angioplasty. I started to apologize for precipitating such a dire outcome, but the man insisted on thanking me profusely for sending him for the scan that revealed potential trouble. He was grateful for having “dodged a bullet” because he was likely to have had a heart attack eventually.
Ultimately, on a more balanced diet with avoidance of the excess fruit sugar he was imbibing with the juices and smoothies, this patient went on to improve his cardiac risk factors; with proper supplementation, he remineralized his depleted bones without the need for medication.
Why does the anthropological argument for a raw foods diet fail to pass muster? According to the latest evidence, it was precisely because proto-humans developed fire that we began the long march toward our present anatomical and cultural status. Fire enabled humans to cook food, breaking down the constituents of tough fibrous plants and unlocking the nutrients therein. It also enabled the consumption of sinewy animal proteins, which, if consumed raw, would’ve required massive jaws like those of carnivorous animals.
Moreover, fire enabled sterilization of slightly spoiled foods, like the scavenged remains of animals killed by more formidable predators like lions and hyenas; plant foods, too, could be resuscitated by cooking, even past their “expiration dates.”
The nutrients thus harnessed enabled humans to spend less time foraging and chewing. In fact, modern wild primates expend over half their time individually searching for food and eating, leaving less surplus time and energy for cooperative endeavors that characterize modern humans.
Modern man’s larger brains are high in macronutrient requirements, demanding 25% of total caloric intake, whereas monkey’s brains subsist on less than 10%. Cooking unlocked the concentrated nutrients that launched a revolution in human brain size. One theory even has it that dietary cholesterol derived from (cooked) animal protein was a prerequisite to the evolution of the human brain—whose structural composition is rich in cholesterol and Omega-3 fatty acids. The high cholesterol composition of human breast milk underscores its essentiality to brain development (see Leyla’s article below).
Cooking was also a seminal cultural activity, requiring communal participation in food preparation around a central hearth. Language and cooperation were essential to hunting, gathering, the making of tools, weapon, and utensils, and transmitting recipes. In fact, the famous anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss made cooking synonymous with the development of culture in his landmark treatise entitled “The Raw and the Cooked.”
Paleontologists have used sophisticated analysis to arrive at the conclusion that Neanderthals—forerunners of modern homo sapiens—consumed 55% of their diet as meat. While Neanderthals are extinct, genetic analysis reveals that contemporary Europeans possess around 2-4% Neanderthal DNA (mine, according to 23andme is 3.4%, slightly above average, perhaps accounting for my sloping forehead and prominent brow-ridge!)
To the argument that cooking food “destroys nutrients,” it must be countered that, while there is some degradation of vitamins and other food constituents via heat, there is evidence that certain nutrients like the fat-soluble carotenoids lutein and lycopene are actually betterabsorbed when cooked with fat.
For example, try to envision eating a bowl full of raw collard greens. A daunting proposition. But when steamed and lightly sautéed with garlic, these tough greens yield their full nutritional benefits.
Raw foods are fine when added generously to a balanced diet. I make sure I eat a big raw salad at least once a day. And exclusive consumption of raw foods may serve a purpose as an occasional short-term detox regimen, or to a jump-start a weight loss diet. But long-term reliance on raw foods is nutritionally imbalanced, and is not in accordance with our evolutionary programming.
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http://drhoffman.com/article/how-a-raw-foods-diet-can-make-you-sick/
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Wednesday, February 18, 2009
UK Deflation?
Usually a fall in inflation is seen as good news. It enables lower interest rates, more competitive exports and more competitive prices for consumers.
The problem is that with interest rates already at 1%, there is little enthusiasm to see lower rates in the economy as many feel it would have limited effect at best.
• There is also the prospect of deflation - a negative inflation rate.
• RPI stands at 0.1% This reflects the large fall in interest rates and mortgage interest payments. The CPI gives a better indication of 'underlying inflation
• See: Difference between CPI, RPI, RPIX inflation
• The government set an inflation target of 2% rather than 0%. They are concerned that very low or negative inflation will lead to sluggish growth.
Why are Falling prices bad for the economy?
If lower prices are caused by improved technology and lower costs of production this is not bad but beneficial. However, if they are resulting from sluggish demand it has various problems
1. If prices are falling people delay purchasing goods, especially expensive ones like cars, tvs. This causes lower growth
2. Real Value of debt increases. Deflation means it is harder to pay off your debts. With many people indebted in the UK, this will reduce their spending and disposable income.
3. This is exacerbated because when people took loans, mortages out they had an expectation of inflation. If this inflation fails to materialise the loan will be much more expensive than they expected.
4. Real Wages become too high. Workers tend to resist nominal wage cuts. If prices are falling, real wages will rise. This could cause real wage unemployment and firms are more likely to lay off workers.
Falling prices may benefit those who like to keep their gold coins under their mattresses, but deflation is often seen as an important signal of a real depression rather than just a minor recession.
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http://econ.economicshelp.org/2009/02/uk-deflation.html
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What is Permaquaponic?
Aquaponics (= Aquaculture and Hydroponics) is becoming more popular in most European countries. The basic idea of Aquaponics is a water-recirculating food production system. Hereby, the products of the fish´s metabolism provide the nutrients for agricultural crops. Mostly it is talked about the Tilapia farming in combination with veggies, which requires some space. The plants, supported by nitrogen-fixating bacteria, filter out these for the fish in a higher concentration harmful waste products.
Nowadays, many large scale Aquaponic attempts and scientific research focus on the maximum outcome of such a system. The Permaquaponic Network does not primarily focus on the maximum outcome of crops and eating fish from such a system. Nature itself provides successful methods for developing productive eco-systems. The art to form an Aquaponic system is, to achieve a sustainable and as well adaptive state for it.
“The Permaquaponic Network`s goal is to provide help and further information to create ideas about nature and its resilience under certain conditions. PermAquaponics goal is to create individual systems that will adapt to local conditions all over Europe. Together, we want to achieve “win-win” situations and to gain an understanding for natural occurring processes. PermAquaponics intention is to share this “know-how” and to make it also available for everyone that is interested in this subject.”
Furthermore it has to be understood that the simultaneous (recirculating) fish and an agricultural crop production with “metabolic waste products of fish”, is not a modern invention. It was already used a long time ago by various cultures. Back those days, these people did just not have the opportunity to work with electrical pumps, concrete, fiberglass or with pond liner, if they wanted too. Their “Growbed” might just have been a man-made “island” in a river stream, but the understanding for natural processes and principles still remained the same. Theirs might have been even more resilient than nowadays…?! The PermAquaponic Network would like to present many of those productive systems, life-forms and natural-cycles to the “self-sufficient farmer” of today.
Generally, a balanced system does not necessarily mean to always have the same amount of some factors available. It is important to us that people learn to interpret the external circumstances, as well as the possibility to look ahead and thus to read in many natural systems. Observation and intuition help to find the variables of external conditions, which will have an impact on the system.
Practically, this means, that it is also possible to “run” your Aquaponic system on ornamental fish. If this is the case, you have to be even more aware what you are feeding the fish. It is not always practicable and necessary to yield 50 pounds (or more) of Tilapia in an IBC. The weather in Northern Europe does not allow having Tilapia all year around. The balcony of your flat might not be on the south-west side?! Maybe you just prefer some ornamental fish in the living room combined with a need setup for fresh herbs for cooking and your tea?! Maybe you will create good conditions to grow aquatic plants for trading or even selling? There are many creative options out there…!
The philosophy of PermAquaponics follows the three main principles of Permaculture:
Permanent-agriculture “Earth care; People care und Fair share”
and Aquaponics: Aqua- and Hydro- ponic culture.
PermAquaponics especially focuses on creating support for local communities. We stand for an exciting, self-innovative and eco-friendly- as well as for a fertile wholesome food production. PermAquaponics wants to establish a consciousness for healthy organic food, which relies on an understanding for complex natural cycles.
This can be possible with our support, as well as your steadily improving understanding for nature. With your own understanding for Nature, you will be able to contribute to the following precious skills:
• To integrate your own arty creativity into natural eco-systems
• Species appropriate fish keeping- and the effective growing of ornamental and agricultural plants
• From a certain Aquaponic system size, you will be able to be self-sufficient by growing their own fruit, vegetables and animal protein source provided by the fish.
PermAquaponics goal for is to pick everyone up at her/his level of Aquaponic knowledge. We would like to offer a competent consulting service, which goal is to improve your own imagination. PermAquaponics approach is the encouragement for a holistic world picture. Our corporate feeling awakens through sharing food and responsibility! We want to mediate and to take our part in this responsibility as active participants. This all should happen with the joy of a happy community.
Andre Weller
Education: PG. Diploma in Wildlife Management (2010; University of Otago; NZ); Permakultur Design Course (72h; 2011; Kassel; Germany); Basic studies Educational science (2003; University of Hamburg; Germany); Intermediate Diploma Biologie (2004-2007; Universität Hamburg)
Temporary concluded projects: Wildlife Biologist/Habitat Analysis Fish-otters (Austria 2011/2012); Wildlife Biologist- Seabird-colony Land Rehabilitation (New Zealand; 2011); Wildlife Intern “Captive Breeding” and “Monitoring” of Marsupials (Australia 2008/2009)
Running Projects: Since May 2011: Planning and Building of various Aquaponic-Systems (Germany; Slovakia; Austria) ->link Workshops
Since July 2012: Planting-, growing- and Marketing Consulting for Aquatic plants - Biological Consulting for Ornamental fish wholesalers (Slovakia; Austria)
(Danio rerio)
(Ctenopoma acutirostre)
Half-banded spiny eel
(Macrognathus circumcinctus)
(Carassius sp.)
(Tetraodon biocellatus)
…further Co-Workers:
(Mentha aquatica)
(Melissa officinalis)
(Anethum graveolens)
Basil spec.
(Ocimum spec.)
(Calendula officinalis)
One might say that the term “social business”, should not be exclusively defined by any government, or even by the business-owner himself. The Permaquaponic project perspective is a “natural occurring” ethics in anyone, who is using this “term”. If we show certain carelessness on how a certain term is used in an inappropriate way, we all will face a loss in its power. The most recent example is the Bio-Label- “and what is really behind it”- discussion…!
The top priority for PermAquaponic is Teamwork! How well does the Work-shop suit the participators, workers, volunteers, Bloggers personal perception of its theme? How do I represent PermAquaponics to its environment, so that it will function as a “key”, for a “social business”? This must basically involve the ideas of even handedness and fair treatment of all participating live-forms, as well as the care for resources.
The basic idea of Permaquaponic is the understanding for natural eco-systems. This must include the quality of the Aquaponic system and the food produced within it. There can be some interesting and fun research done with a small Aquaponic system. Food production starts from a “nice side-effect“ and can reach up to commercial size system. Species-appropriate fishkeeping has to be considered in every system and it should be possibility for the fruit and veggies to fully ripe on the mother-plant. Further it is necessary not to use any gen-manipulated crops, artificial-fertilizers, and pesticides.
The word “organic food” has to regain its natural importance. The live-forms that “give themselves away” to become our vital wholefood products have to be more honored and respected.
One more basic idea of PermAquaponic is the optimal circulation of any resources. This can be in the form of using recycled material for building Aquaponic systems, like bathtubs, IBC`s; old fish tanks, grow tables; The integration of a worm-compost; an extensive mixed cultivation; and many other forms of multiple resource use. PermAquaponics approach is to have a minor impact on the natural environment. PermAquaponics systems are supposed to distinguish themselves with flexibility and the possibility to adapt to external occurring circumstances.
“Your vision should have no bounds at this stage!”
In the end PermAquaponic wants to support the sustainable local food production. The goal is to be an active- as well as a supportive part of society. Its focus is on being an active part of society. There is a need for community projects. This will include fresh food and not on any large financial benefits. On the other hand it is possible, that from a certain system size the investment costs for the workshop host will amortize relatively quickly. This can be achieved by processing, trading or selling the “over”-produced individuals of a species in your system.
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deutsche Version
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http://en.permaquaponic.com/
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Grammar: The Ten Most Common Errors
What I know about grammar is its infinite power. To shift the structure of a sentence alters the meaning of the sentence, as definitely and inflexible as the position of a camera alters the meaning of the subject photographed. Many people know camera angles now, but not so many know about sentences. ~ Joan Didion
Acadia English professors have identified ten of the most frequently occurring errors in student writing and have designed a set of handouts and quizzes to help you identify, understand and correct the ones that give you trouble.
You can start by taking one or all of the Preliminary Quizzes to determine your own strengths and weaknesses. Once you have identified your most common errors, click on the relevant errors listed on the right. Each page will help you recognize and correct grammar errors in your own writing. Take the Ten Quizzes to see how much you have learned. You can go to the Glossary for explanations of the grammar terms used.
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http://english.acadiau.ca/resources-for-students/grammar-help.html
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Flipped classrooms
What is a flipped classroom?
The flipped classroom is a pedagogical model in which the typical lecture and homework elements of a course are reversed. In a 'flipped classroom' model teachers take didactic lecture content, where students are normally passively sitting and watching in a lecture theatre, and put that online. Class time is then used for interactivity related to that content. Therefore this model suits learning and teaching that is based on 'presentation' of content.
Where can I get support?
Each faculty has their own embedded eLearning contacts who can provide advice and assistance in moving to a flipped model. Alternatively, CLIPP staff can provide support.
Additional resources
1. Flipped Classroom: The Full Picture for Higher Education
2. The Teacher's Guide to Flipped Classrooms
3. Five Best Practices for the Flipped Classroom
Additional information
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http://federation.edu.au/staff/learning-and-teaching/clipp/elearning-hub/flipped-classrooms
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Intensive care: experiences of family & friends
The relatives' room
Although all hospitals are different, every intensive care unit (ICU) will have a room normally just outside the ICU for the use of relatives, partners or the close friends of patients. This room may be called 'the relatives' room', 'visitors' room' or 'waiting room'. Visitors are usually asked by staff to wait in this room while the patient is being treated, washed, turned or seen by doctors. Relatives' rooms vary in size and in terms of facilities. They can range from fairly small and basic to comfortable, with tea and coffee-making facilities, kitchen, toilet and even a shower.
Here people talk about their experiences of the ICU relatives' room.
Most people had used the relatives' room while the critically ill person had been in intensive care. Many had found it comfortable and said they'd valued having somewhere to wait, close to the ICU itself. It was often while they were waiting in this room that they'd met other visitors. Some recalled observing the highs and lows other visitors went through as the patient had improved or deteriorated, and described how they'd been able to relate to these emotions because they'd experienced them too or had been going through them. This shared empathy for one another's crisis often created a bond between them.
Some people said they'd tried to support other visitors by comforting or reassuring them. Occasionally they'd been able to talk about the progress their own patient had made as a way of instilling hope in others. One man, an ICU consultant whose father had been critically ill, had been in a unique position to comfort others by answering their questions.
Some people had found it difficult meeting others in the relatives' room, especially if these visitors had experienced a death, because they hadn't felt strong enough to deal with other peoples' trauma as well as their own. They said they'd been unable to support other visitors at this time because they'd been too deeply enmeshed in their own crisis to be of any real help. Often, it had also been a stark reminder of just how close to death ICU patients usually were.
Some people said they hadn't spoken to other visitors in the relatives' room, having usually been the only person using the room. Others said that, although they'd had brief, casual conversations with other visitors, their time had mostly been spent talking to members of their own family who were visiting at the same time.
Some people said that, because there had been only one relatives' room and quite a number of visitors, it had felt too small. A few of these people felt that facilities for relatives could have been improved.
While the critically ill person was being treated or seen by ICU staff, some people had taken the opportunity to phone and update others or get something to eat. A few who had waited in the relatives' room said they'd felt 'forgotten' because the nurse hadn't called them back in for what seemed like hours. While they'd been left waiting, some had become anxious that the patient might have deteriorated.
Last reviewed May 2015.
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http://healthtalk.org/peoples-experiences/intensive-care/intensive-care-experiences-family-friends/relatives-room
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Monday, December 29, 2008
Modeling a spillway and culvert combination
Copyright © 2008. All rights reserved.
What's the best way to model a culvert with a flow controlled spillway stuck on the front like this for a dam breach simulation?
You could try putting a cross section just upstream of the bridge/culvert to include the spillway crest (as part of the cross section station elevation points). You’ll have to “straighten out” the spillway, but just make sure the overall length is correct. This will only work if the culvert (in the picture) is the only flow passage through this structure (i.e. it’s in the main channel), and the spillway obstructing can be modeled across the entire cross section. This may be difficult to stabilize for an unsteady flow model so here are a couple of other options to try out if needed.
For a dam breach model, you’re probably looking at conditions where the water surface is cresting the road, most likely submerging the spillway. In this case (and assuming you’ll be breaching some other part of the embankment), I would treat the spillway and culvert as one structure-an inline structure in RAS. Model the culvert as a gate. You’ll have to either use a rectangular shape to approximate the culvert, or come up with a user-defined rating curve. The rating curve could be easily determined by setting up a different geometry file with this crossing modeled as a cmp pipe-arch culvert. Then run a number of different steady flows through it. This will give you a good rating curve. Then import it as a use-defined rating curve for your gate. Perhaps you increase the entrance loss coefficient slightly to account for energy loss as flow lines contract and expand over the spillway structure before entering the culvert.
Under normal flow conditions, I would set up two geometries-one with just the culvert, and one with just the spillway. Then look at the conditions you are most concerned with and pick the geometry that controls the flow at the structure (whichever geometry produces a higher headwater elevation for a given flow amount). If you really want to see a full unsteady flow simulation (where control is switching from spillway to culvert, and back to spillway, then you’ll have to break the model up into multiple simulations, with the end of the previous simulation used as the initial conditions for the next one (using a restart file). You’ll want to split the simulations up where control switches from spillway to culvert. This will take some trial and error work.
1. RAS only has pipe arch culvert property tables for corrugated metal. How would you model an rcpa culvert? When I enter the rise for an rcpa culvert, the corresponding span is off. Should I just use the size associated with the equivalent cmpa?
2. If the spans allowed in RAS are not consistent with the true spans of a particular culvert type, I would get the rise correct (this is more important, because it affects when hydraulic transitions take place), and adjust the Discharge coefficient to account for the different flow area. For example, if the span that RAS allows you to select is 2 meters (with a computed flow area of 1.6 m^2), but your culvert is really 2.1 meters wide (with a computed flow area of 1.8 m^2), then go with the 2 meter span, and adjust your coefficient up by a factor of the ratio between resulting flow areas (1.8/1.6 = 1.13). So if your true discharge coefficient is 0.6, then for the simulation, use a discharge coefficient of 0.68. Of course, if you're running an unsteady flow model, or multiple profiles in a steady flow model, you may have a different discharge coefficient for each profile (unless you are using a rectangular culvert). It's up to you which coefficient you should choose.
3. How to model a gate in front of a circular culvert.
Did it with a sluice gate in front of a culvert but I don't get the same resultats by hand calculations.
It's the effective area under the gate I think as it flows through a circular culvert. The end section of the gate isn't circular.
Should I do it separately as you mention?
4. Keep in mind that if you use a gate in RAS, it will use the gate equations, not the culvert equations, and visa versa. Please read up on both computational procedures in the hydraulic reference manual, so you can make sure you are reproducing what RAS does, when you do your hand calculations. Personally, I would try the same technique (model separately and see which one controls) if it's a steady flow model.
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http://hecrasmodel.blogspot.com/2008/12/modeling-spillway-and-culvert.html
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Thursday, March 23, 2006
Do You Feel Lucky, Pan sapiens?
There are a lot of reasons to be baffled by the renewed attacks on the theory of evolution(1), but I'm particularly bemused by the denialists' contention that the theory is a dangerous dogma. It's true that there's no shortage of dull-witted biologists who can be too stubborn in their pronouncements, as unwilling to consider a dissenting perspective as the loudest denialist(2), but any scientist worth her salt - or, for that matter, any informed, reasonable individual - realizes that the theory of evolution is, itself, evolving. Sure, some scientists can be dogmatic, but the theory in question is not a dogma. It is adaptable.
When most of us hear the word, evolution, crude caricatures of chimpanzees, Neanderthals, and walking fish-reptiles come to mind. Sometimes, we may even think of diagrammed cell division or an eukaryote propelling itself by means of rudimentary flagella. Yet rarely, if ever, do we consider change at the molecular level. Biophysicists Harold Morowitz, of George Mason University, and Eric Smith, of the Santa Fe Institute, do exactly that, suggesting that a "central set of chemical reactions has been in place since life's earliest moments about four billion years ago." Journalist Joel Achenbach explains the Morowitz/Smith hypothesis in a recent National Geographic piece, "The Origin of Life...Through Chemistry."
"These reactions involve just 11 small carbon molecules, such as citric and acetic acids, very ordinary stuff that would have been abundant on the young Earth. Those 11 molecules could have played a role in other chemical reactions that led to the development of such biomolecules as amino acids, lipids, sugars, and eventually some kind of genetic molecule such as RNA."
What makes the hypothesis so fascinating, though, is the suggestion that survival of the fittest or, more accurately, natural selection, occurs at the molecular level. Acenbach clarifies: "Some types of molecular chains outcompeted other molecular chains for the planet's resources, and gradually they led to the type of molecules that life depends upon - all this before the first living thing oozed forth." Wow! It seems obvious, really. Of course molecules compete in the same way genes do.
Unmentioned in the Geographic article is the divide between Millerites, evolutionary biologists who stand by Stanley Miller's mid-twentieth century hypothesis that life began at surface level, when electricity, atmospheric gases, and water interacted in such a way as to form the oft-mentioned biotic soup, and ventists, the scientists who feel such a soup was more likely arrived at on the ocean's floor, a by-product of interactions involving pressure and heat near hydrothermal vents. (I prefer to think of the two perspectives as the Frankenstein approach (electricity) and the oven hypothesis (hydrothermal) and, although I remain uncertain of which I "support," when the two camps duke it out the Frankenstein approach always seems to be forced back against the ropes.) Morowitz and Smith are ventists. Will their molecular metabolism hypothesis, viable both on the surface and under the sea, come under fire from Millerites because they are "the enemy"?
Such language - "duke it out," "the enemy" - is hyperbolic, but most folks would be shocked by how nasty the debates in the halls of evolutionary biology can become. Whatever impression the more extreme denialists seek to convey (e.g., Darwin was a blasphemer who today inspires countless secularists, marching in lockstep, to carry on his unholy work), the theory of evolution is anything but settled. Darwin's theories provide a spring board, an introduction, but are not fast. As with most revolutionary science, Darwin's ideas raise a host of questions.
One of these questions, in particular, has plagued biologists ever since Darwin's theory was first published. Commonly referred to as the "paradox of evolution," it asks, how can we reconcile evolutionary variation - all the shapes, colors, sizes, etc. - with the limited number of structures and systems all species share? The two readily observable realities seem contradictory: unlimited diversity produced by a limited system. Marc Kirschner, chair of the Systems Biology Department at Harvard Medical School, recently proposed a novel answer, facilitated variation. I turn to Robin Marantz Henig's article, "Resolving Evolution's Greatest Paradox," in the March/April 2006 issue of New York Academy of Sciences Update.
"Kirschner used an analogy borrowed from the kindergarten classroom to explain how his and Gerhart's theory differs from evolutionary theory up to this point. Traditionally, he said, biologists have compared life to a lump of modeling clay, 'incredibly plastic, and able—due to the accrual of many small changes—to go in any direction.' But this is the wrong metaphor, he said. In truth, life is more like a bunch of Lego blocks. As with Legos, the basic building blocks of biology are rigid and quite similar to one another, but 'there is a large variety of structures that can be assembled from similar parts.'
Another way of looking at it, Kirschner said, is to try to imagine trying to get a monkey to write the word 'MONKEY.' You could do so by giving the monkey a pen and paper, but that would never work—all you'd get would be 'random lines and scratches.' But if you gave him a typewriter, then you might be getting somewhere. It would take a very long time (Kirschner calculated about ten years, typing at the rate of one keystroke per second round-the-clock), but the monkey would eventually produce all six letters in the right order, because the typewriter restricts the results of his physical actions—always letters instead of scribble-scrabble. 'Letters have at least a chance to be useful,' Kirschner said. 'Most pen scratches do not.'
If, instead of a typewriter, the monkey was pounding on a computer keyboard programmed with an automatic spelling corrector, the time it would take for him to type out the word 'MONKEY' would be reduced dramatically, from ten years to probably less than a single day. 'More constraint equals more useful outcomes,' Kirschner said."
OK. That's clear, but how can the spell checker analogy account for so much complexity and variation?
"Complexity in multicellular organisms—changes and refinements in beak shape, pigmentation, jaw structure, limb formation—can be explained, he said, by forces involved in 'changing the time and extent of a process rather than creating a new process.'...[This] helps account for the surprising fact that the human genome isn't much bigger than the genome of a frog or a fruit fly. The vast differences among these organisms are accounted for not by number of genes, he said, but by how the genes are expressed...In other words, the gene itself doesn't have to be different; what changes is the timing or location of the gene's expression."
Beautiful! One need look no further than the gestation of a human embryo to get a sense of how facilitated variation works, each step recalled and repeated, generation after generation, the species' genome receiving new information all the while. The same "program" is "running" inside frog eggs or the squirrel's womb.
Still, it's important to note that facilitated variation is but a piece of the ever-changing puzzle, no more or less important than punctuated equilibrium or the notion of spandrels. Moreover, though a lovely marriage of genetics and natural selection, Kirschner's theory is less applicable when considering a restricted time line.
"Global Warming Fuels Speedy Evolution," a piece by Larrry O'Hanlon (Discovery News), provides readers with a number of recent, documented cases of dramatic changes in animal phylogeny. Within the past seven years, the cane toad (Bufo marinus) population in Australia - an introduced, destructive species - has evolved longer legs, an adaptation that has made the species considerably more mobile, enabling them to more quickly expand away from the introduction point. Longer legs equals more ground covered which, in turn, means access to virgin territory and plentiful food. In short, further colonization. Not surprisingly, some native Australian snake species viewed the new arrivals as prey. After swallowing the amphibians, however, these reptiles would ingest the toad's toxin and - pardon the pun - croak. Amazingly, in the same seven-year window, these snake species have, via natural selection, developed smaller jaws, thereby preventing them from eating the toads and ingesting the toxin. All this change in seven years and across several unrelated species!
Invasive species aren't the only reason for accelerated, or rapid evolution, as it is officially called. Global warming (better termed climate change) is a prime mover, too.
"Research on toads, frogs, salamanders, fish, lizards, squirrels, and plants are all showing evidence that some species are attempting to adapt to new conditions in a time frame of decades, not eons, say biologists. What's more, one of the biggest reasons for all this evolution right now may be that human-induced changes to climate and landscapes give species few other options....The first known case of a mammal responding genetically to warmer climate warming is the red squirrel of the Yukon Territory. Canadian scientists have discovered that red squirrels are giving birth about 18 days earlier than their great-grandmothers. It's the early squirrel that gets the nut, after all: natural selection in action. 'Climate change is going to be a massive agent of evolution,' said ecologist and rapid evolution researcher David Skelly of Yale University."
Rapid evolution provides more evidence for the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, suggesting that, when need be, species have the ability to adapt much more quickly than paleontologists, geneticists, and evolutionary biologists originally believed possible. The gaps in the fossil record, so often highlighted by denialists as proof of evil-ution's failings, are easily accounted for when we observe, in the space of just one decade, significant phylogenetic changes within a given population.
All of these observations and new hypotheses are very exciting to me, but I realize a portion of the folks reading Hungry Hyaena, maybe even the majority, find this round-up rather esoteric. I thought it only sensible, then, to wrap up by bringing evolution closer to home or, in this case, closer to man. Biologist Soojin Yi (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta) recently confirmed that both species of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus) are more closely related to humans than previously assumed. In fact, as I've argued often, it looks as though the taxonomy will have to be changed. Homo sapiens will no longer be alone in the genus; Homo troglodytes and Homo paniscus will soon be joining our private party!
I hope this announcement will provide a reality check for our unfathomable human hubris, but, as incredibly happy as I am about it, I'm not altogether satisfied about where it will lead. As I see it, humans should move genus, not chimpanzees. Our species should be dubbed Pan sapiens. In other words, we should willingly discard our crown and step down to join the great unwashed, honest at last when regarding our reflection. I'm not alone in feeling this way. Andrew Rambaut, an evolutionary biologist at Oxford University, says, "It seems a bit human-centric to want to put chimps into the 'Homo' genus and not reclassify humans as 'Pan.'" Jared Diamond, the acclaimed author of Guns, Germs, and Steel and, more recently, Collapse, wrote an excellent, lesser known book in 1991, titled, The Third Chimpanzee, in which, among innumerable salient points, he suggested we do away with the arbitrary Homo delineation. After all, every ape relies on the same damned spell checker.
(1) Some folks refer to intelligent design as "the fourth wave" of resistance. The first wave of opposition dates back to the 1860s, when the theory was nascent and controversial. The second wave, during the 1920s, culminated with the Scopes Trial. Then, in 1987, the Supreme Court ruled against mandatory teaching of creation science - Edwards v. Aguillard - effectively putting an end to the third wave.
(2) Reading "Evolution In Action" (Sid Perkins, Science News, Feb. 25, 2006), I was struck by the us-versus-them tone prevalent throughout the article. The reactionary posturing of some scientists - and, in this case, a science journalist - can take on a disturbing tone: "From 2001 through 2003, anti-evolution activity was reported in 40 states." Anti-evolution activity? Reported? The witch-hunt has begun!
Photo credit: Ripped from
Miranda said...
While the debate over the theory is a good thing in my book, I am continually baffled-- open mouth and all-- with the debate over the man. Recently I attended a lecture at AMNH, where a panel of four professionals in opposing camps presented on Darwin’s continued legacy. Philosopher Michael Ruse started his power-point presentation with a listing of the top three things that have hindered the progression of the theory of evolution. While numbers one and two were expected, number three was not: 3. Ronald Numbers. This gentleman happened to be both the resident creationist, and the next speaker. These underhanded digs continued throughout their respective presentations, and through the question and answer period, which got nasty. Has Darwin’s legacy gotten so muddied with these renewed attacks that we are unable to see him behind the published authors claiming to know him best?
I feel that an attack on the theory is one thing (albeit not my thing), but this lecture undermined the legacy that the presenters claimed to be advancing. And there was even a fancy moderator…
Hungry Hyaena said...
Your description of the "lecture" sounds par for the course these days. It's a shame, really, as the science itself continues to develop in the most exciting of ways. Eventually, the legacy of the man will be sorted out, though he is destined to be considered even more of an iconoclast, perhaps in the same way Che Guevara is/was.
I do my part by dutifully carrying my "Darwin Has A Posse" tote bag to the video and grocery store. (
Pisces Iscariot said...
I find it amusing that those who expound 'intelligent design' actually disprove the theory by their own ignorance.
An absurdity similar to those who attempt to prove the existance of God by quoting the Bible.
prairieoyster said...
I just found your blog. Really interesting! My comments are totally an aside (sorry!), but I was struck by the mention of Ronald Numbers.
I interviewed Ronald Numbers years ago as an undergrad for a Anthropology project. The intent of the project was to see how faculty versus undergraduates felt evolution and creationism should be presented in class. We were referred to Numbers by his wife, a faculty member in Zoology and a reasonably well-known physical anthropologist. He gave us a very nice interview about the history of evolutionary theory. I honestly had no idea about his actual leanings!! I never followed up on his work!
At any rate, we had some interesting points brought up in the interviews. Not surprisingly, most faculty felt it beneath them to mention creationism at all. What ended up being more eye-opening was the response by students who had been raised creationist. Although most of them now accepted evolution as sound science, they had a difficult time because they were embarrassed by those faculty who ridiculed the beliefs they had been raised with. They were less likely to feel welcome to participate in biology or physical anthropology because they didn't want to come off as ignorant.
That insight has had a big affect on the way I teach evolution (granted as a grad student adjunct). I honestly don't think there is anything MORE important in an introductory biology course than integrating every student's viewpoint in the discussion. Or at least give them the opportunity to disagree... as long as they can prove they're thinking critically.
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http://hungryhyaena.blogspot.com/2006/03/do-you-feel-lucky-pan-sapiens.html
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Emerging food safety risks from biological contamination
Béatrice Conde-Petit, 22 Mar 2017
Food safety is one of the largest challenges facing the global food system. It is not only about supplying enough to eat for a growing population, but also about ensuring the integrity of food in terms of safety, nutrition and wellbeing.
Emerging food safety risks of biological origin
Since early days, mankind had to find ways of overcoming the potential harmful effects of biological contamination of food, leading to spoilage, poor quality and, even worse, to illness and death. Today’s world relies on industrial food processing and a global supply chain in order to nourish a growing urban population, but food safety remains a constant challenge. Food safety hazards of biological origin still count to the main risks around the globe.
Mycotoxins are a silent threat for humans and animals
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that 25% of food crops are contaminated by mycotoxins. These are poisonous chemicals formed by fungal mould which grows on crops like maize, wheat, rice and other grain staples. Also nuts, in particular peanuts, and dried fruit are frequently affected. Mycotoxin contamination of feed and food is the third most frequent hazard reported in the European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RAFFS). Globally, 80% of animal feed is contaminated, because mycotoxins are concentrated in the side streams from grain processing which are diverted into feed[1]. Although mycotoxin is considered a chemical hazard, the route cause is fungal growth on raw material on the field or during storage due to poor agricultural practices, insect infestation and poor post-harvest handling. Many fungi are known to form mycotoxins under hot and humid conditions, and overall more than 300 of these toxic compounds have been described.
Climate change increases the risk of aflatoxin, the most toxic mycotoxin. The risk map shows the estimated prevalence on maize for Europe for three different climate scenarios (a) present, (b) +2°C, (c) +5°C. Image from reference[2].
Aflatoxin is the most toxic mycotoxin and maximum limits exist around the world for feed and food in the range of 0.1 to 20 μg/kg, while the contamination of raw materials may be 10 to 100 fold higher. Also cow milk may be affected by aflatoxin as a result of carryover of contaminated cattle feed. Acute intoxications of humans by high levels of aflatoxin leading to death are rare. However, prolonged exposure to this tasteless and colourless compound is a silent threat for humans and animals, as aflatoxin is the most potent natural carcinogen known. Around 4.5 billion people, mainly in developing countries, are continuously exposed to cereals contaminated with aflatoxin and other mycotoxins like fumonisin and deoxynivalenol.
It is estimated that aflatoxin accounts for up to 150 000 cases of liver cancer, mainly in Asia and Africa[3]. An emerging concern is the role of mycotoxins as factor contributing to stunted child growth[4] on top of poor nutrition and infections. Stunting of children is manifested by impaired infant growth and diminished cognitive and physical development. The World Health Organization (WHO) judges childhood stunting is one of the most significant impediments to human development, globally affecting approximately 162 million children under the age of 5 years. Likewise, livestock health and productivity is severely impaired by the continuous exposure of animals to mycotoxin contaminated feed.
Mycotoxin prevention means post-harvest protection of crops
Mycotoxins are relatively heat stable compounds which cannot be eliminated by thermal processing. Containing the risk of mycotoxins means preventing fungal growth on the field and in storage. Aflatoxin is a typical storage mycotoxin, and the most effective prevention is drying of crops directly after harvest, as fungal moulds stop growing at moisture levels below 14%. Furthermore, safe storage that protects the crop from rain and pests is necessary.
An effective measure to reduce the level of mycotoxins is the removal of highly affected grain fractions. The uneven distribution of aflatoxin is a typical feature of this kind of contamination, where a few highly contaminated grains within 10 000 grains destroy the value of a lot. Eliminating the highly contaminated grains by cleaning and sorting is a key measure for safe food. The cornerstone of mycotoxin reduction is high capacity optical grain sorting to identify and remove the discoloured, shriveled and broken grains, which are the typical signs of fungal infection. For moderately contaminated grain it allows processors to recover over 95% of a lot for safe feed and food.
Nuts, spices and cereals may carry harmful bacteria
Most foodborne diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses and parasites causing around 230 000 deaths per annum according to WHO. The public health burden is highest for low income regions and for children under the age of 5. Microbial contamination of food can also strike more affluent societies. In Europe 23 million people fall ill and 5 000 die every year. The Center of Disease Control (CDC) estimates that in the United States 48 million people get sick and 3 000 die of foodborne diseases. According to the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) foodborne illnesses cost USD 15.6 billion each year.
Food of animal origin and water are still the main vehicles of contamination. However, in the past 15 years foods of plant origin have increasingly been associated with foodborne illnesses due to microbial contamination. Besides fresh fruit, sprouts and vegetables, dry foods like nuts, sesame, spices, cereal flour and chocolate are today seen as potential carriers of harmful bacteria like Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli, etc. High profile foodborne outbreaks and product recalls in Europe and the United Stated could be traced back to these ingredients by applying modern methods of DNA fingerprinting. New scientific evidence has led to a reassessment of food safety risks related to dry plant-based foods[5]. It is known today that many raw food materials can be contaminated with pathogenic bacteria trough unclean water, birds, rodents or unhygienic handling. Although the number of harmful bacteria may be small, they pose a hazard as they may well survive in dry environments and start multiplying in contact with moisture. The threat is even higher where the infectious dose leading to illness is as low as a few cells, which has been documented for fat-rich products like peanuts, almonds or chocolate contaminated with Salmonella spp. Modern urban lifestyle features ready-to-eat foods for snacking on the go and convenience in the kitchen. A good example are snack bars based on dry fruit, nuts, seeds, cereal flakes and chocolate, all these ingredients being potential vectors of microbial contamination.
The biggest risk for global public health are pathogenic bacteria that carry antimicrobial resistances (AMR). They mainly evolve due to overuse of antibiotics in livestock production, and are spreading into the whole food supply chain. When humans are infected with AMR bacteria, antibiotics fail to cure, resulting in the death of 25 000 people every year in Europe and the United States. It is estimated that by 2050, more than three million will lose their lives to one bacterial infection: drug-resistant E. coli[6] which is primarily transmitted by contaminated food.
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Tuesday, December 8, 2009
Bias Literacy: Pick the Low-Lying Fruit
We all grow up in a world of bias. It's so much a part of our everyday experience that it's easy to overlook. The troublesome thing is not to recognize or discern it. The disturbing thing, as some have observed, is that the digital generation treats all information as pretty much equal. When it comes to evaluating online information, it's treated as if it's all good.
Back in the analog age, when I was a kid, things were different. I'm not saying this was preferable, but it was obvious to me that there were points of view that were just plain wrong. With education and experience, one starts to see some good even in opposing points of view. But that's not the same as treating all information as equal.
I believe most educators feel it is important for students to learn to identify an author's point of view. Doing this in the context of teaching digital information fluency is one approach, although I think language arts or social studies is a better context. For me, this is an opportunity to integrate online search experiences within standard courses. Students will learn something about information fluency while focusing on authorship and point of view, instruction that naturally fits in language arts and social studies.
Rather than rely solely on textbooks (e.g., book reports) to have students describe point of view (aka bias), I'd bring in blogs and online editorials. Textbooks and reference books are probably the hardest places to detect bias. Works of non-fiction and fiction are respectfully easier. But the real low-lying fruit is the common daily blog post. It's an unparalleled opportunity to see bias up close.
I'll limit myself to one example for now. Let's say you are studying a current event; something students might find interesting like 'climate change'. To make the point that there are different points of view on this subject, you could select (in advance) several blogs written about climate change. Have the students read them, and from the keywords used, identify the author's bias (single point of view) or objectivity (multiple, even opposing points of view). Compare the views. Are they all the same? How are they different? Are they all correct? What makes one better than another? Should everything be believed as written? Why or why not?
Here are three blogs on climate change. I've started to unpack the first one in terms of the keywords and phrases used. The challenge is to do the same with the other blogs.
1- 56 Chicken Little newspapers on climate change
Keywords and phrases highlighted from just one paragraph may be used to detect bias: "Today, the eco-herd of papers published a collective editorial whipping up hysteria over the issue in the face of massive data manipulation, suppression, and bullying of dissenters." Whether the author considers herself among the dissenters may take more reading and online searching; she's clearly opposed to the position taken by the newspapers.
2- U.S. Unions Join Climate Change Talks in Copenhagen
3- The Climate-Change Travesty
In addition to differences in specific keywords that take a position, each blog also may be analyzed for its tone. Helping students to pay attention to keywords (and phrases) and tone is a positive step toward information fluency.
This activity may be suitable for upper middle school and high schoolers.
No comments:
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http://internetsearchchallenge.blogspot.com/2009/12/bias-literacy-pick-low-lying-fruit.html
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Bhutan ranked 1 in human development indexin 2014, making it the world’s happiest country. Now it is first carbon negative country.
The Kingdom of Bhutan is sandwiched between two political giants India and China at the eastern end of the Himalayas.
But, county of just 750,000 keeps making the world take a notice.
It is the only country to use gross national happiness to measure its growth.
And now Bhutan has become the world’s first carbon negative country.
This means the country’s forests absorb more carbon dioxide each year than it produces.
It emits around 1.5 million tons of carbon dioxide annually,while its forests absorb over 6 million tons.
This is due to Bhutan’s strong environment protection policies.
72% of the country is still forested and its constitution guarantees at least 60% will remain that way.
In June 2015, a team of 100 volunteers planted 49,672 trees in just one hour, setting a new world record.
This March 82,000 households planted trees to celebrate the birth of their Queen’s first child.
Bhutan has already shown us a wayto reverse global warming and live happily.
Are we to listening?
Bhutan: The world’s first carbon negative country
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http://itmatters.news/environment/bhutan-the-worlds-first-carbon-negative-country/
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Weinstein Law Blog
Friday, November 11, 2016
What is A Civil Right?
Generally, a Civil Right is one that has been established and guaranteed by the first ten Amendments to the United States Constitution (known as the Bill of Rights), as well as those rights enumerated under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Civil Rights Act was a landmark piece of civil rights and US labor law legislation that bans discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. However, the courts have significantly expanded the definitions within the Civil Rights Act and those under the Bill of Rights.
What is a Waiver?
To waive something simply means to give-up or pass over something which you would have otherwise been entitled to.
Can You Waive A Civil Right?
Absolutely. The most common form of waiving your civil rights is in the employment discrimination context. Under those circumstance, employees will enter into settlement / severance agreements with companies which include a waiver of past or present civil rights claims. As with most contracts, waivers of Civil Rights need to include some form of consideration in exchange for the waiver. You should consult with an attorney before you waive any legal right. Waivers are not absolute and under certain circumstances, simply inappropriate.
Can I Waive a Civil Right in a Criminal Matter?
In the Criminal context, the matter is murkier. For starters, there is a public interest in Civil Rights actions relating to unlawful search and seizures. The Courts have repeatedly discussed the significant importance and impact a Civil Rights action has to bring change. This public interest is an overriding factor that differs from the employment context. Moreover, when dealing in the Criminal context, the government itself has violated the Civil Rights of a citizen. In the employment context, it is less egregious due to both parties being private.
The idea of a release/waiver of Civil Rights in exchange for a dismissal should immediately cause a negative gut reaction. However, each case is fact specific and it is very important to have a competent and experienced Civil Rights lawyer review the matter.
The Law Office of Jacob Z. Weinstein, PLLC has the experience and ability to pursue all forms of Civil Rights matters.
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http://jzweinsteinlaw.com/lawyer/2016/11/11/Posts/WAIVING-YOUR-CIVIL-RIGHTS_bl27243.htm
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Random Walks
A random walk is an interesting type of simulation which is fairly straightforward to understand, and surprisingly pretty useful. I’ll explain the concept by way of a silly analogy — sometimes a random walk is described as a “drunkard’s walk” where you could imagine a drunkard stumbling through a town, and when he reaches an intersection he randomly goes in one of the four possible directions. Repeat the process as many times as you like, and at the end you have yourself a random walk. Now you might think that the drunkard wouldn’t get anywhere if you repeated the process enough times he’d usually end up back where he started as the moves cancel out. This actually isn’t the case at all (however if you average over many independent walks you find that it does average out to zero).
Random walks have a variety of applications in biology, physics, and even your follower recommendations on Twitter. One of Albert Einstein’s many contributions to physics was discovering that this sort of “drunkard’s walk” is very closely related to something called Brownian motion which has to do with the seemingly random motion of microscopic objects.
One small note: what I have described so far is actually a two dimensional random walk, but you could image doing this in one dimension where the walker can only go left or right, three dimensions (up/down, right/left, backwards/forwards), or more generally in n-dimensions. Indeed there are lots of interesting variations you can make such as having some directions be slightly more likely than others (this is known as a biased random walk), or not allowing the path to revisit a point it’s already been to (this is known as a self-avoiding walk).
I made some graphs for the simple 2D random walk case. The first graph just has the walker making 1000 moves, and even with this amount you can see some pretty interesting patterns emerging. Note that in all of the graphs if you locate the point (0, 0) on the graph, that is the starting point for the journey.
The remaining three graphs are the same thing as above, but for 100,000 steps. As you can see below, each pattern obtained from this process is unique and interesting.
rand_walk100000_prettyrand_walk100000_narrow rand_walk100000_niceHere is the Python source code to generate these plots. Even if you don’t know much about programming it might still be interesting to see how very simple the code used to generate these seemingly complicated plots is! As usual, you will need Python 2.7, NumPy, and matplotlib for the script to run.
3 thoughts on “Random Walks”
I really appreciate individuals like you! Take care!!
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http://ket.space/2016/05/random-walks/
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Why India’s renewable energy revolution is racing ahead
By Adam Wernick
In 2015, at the climate talks in Paris, India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi spearheaded the launch of an international solar alliance to raise $1 trillion to light up the developing world. Nearly two years later, Modi has turned promise into action.
India, a country of 1.3 billion people, is becoming perhaps the world’s best example of the revolution in green energy.
“It’s happening faster than anybody expected, because it was a gigantic promise,” said international environmental reporter Stephen Leahy, who has been writing about the energy transition in India for National Geographic.
“Many people were skeptical that they could deliver, but in just these last two years they have done remarkable things, in terms of creating a new approach to bringing energy to an awful lot of people,” Leahy said. “People thought that even if India (tried), they couldn’t do it this quickly. The perception of India may be that it’s a bureaucratic government that takes a long time to make decisions, that there’s lots of red tape, but that seems not to be the case when it comes to this.”
Leahy said India is acting, in part, because it is so vulnerable to the weather changes created by climate disruption.
“They’ve got water shortages. They’ve had huge heat waves that killed hundreds of people. They’ve got the sea-level rise issue, with most of the coastal areas. There are threats to their monsoon, which their agriculture is completely dependent upon,” he said. “There are a whole range of real impacts already happening to India right now, and it’s only going to get worse in the future.”
For India, the beauty of renewable energy is it’s cheaper, and it’s decentralized, Leahy said. In remote areas, where people have no electricity at all, “it’s much easier to install a small solar panel setup or a couple of wind turbines to provide energy,” he said.
The other aspect that doesn’t get as much attention is water usage, Leahy said. Coal uses billions of gallons of good, quality water to provide electricity, while solar and wind require almost none. In a country without sufficient water to grow its crops, this is a major benefit.
India’s massive market has helped drive down the costs of renewable energy, Leahy said. Globally, prices have been falling year after year, and right now, India is getting a lot of financing from banks and financial institutions who see there’s money to be made.
“This isn’t a charity project. This is a moneymaking venture for a lot of companies,” Leahy said. “Those folks who are installing renewables are power companies who are borrowing money — millions of dollars — from banks, and they are planning on making some profits off of this.”
India has seen other benefits to renewable energy, too, Logan said. Right now, the country loses about 30% of the energy it generates, because of transmission line losses. By having decentralized solar power and wind, they’ve cut these losses and seen big savings in energy and money.
A primary difference between India and countries like the U.S. is that India wants to use coal to supplement its renewable energy, rather than the other way around. India’s energy minister, Piyush Goyal, has said that India plans to build no more new coal plants for the next decade. They will complete the few that are currently under construction. In the interim, they are hopeful that they can slowly develop better batteries capable of storing renewable, intermittent energy.
“That technology has been a bit expensive, but it’s coming along very quickly, as well, in terms of lower cost,” Leahy said. “So, in the future, they’ll be able to store renewable energy, and that will mean they can wean themselves off coal.”
India plans to add 160 gigawatts of renewable energy over the next four years and may reach that goal even sooner, Leahy said. By comparison, the U.S. in 2015 had just over 100 gigawatts in solar and wind power, which took several decades to build out.
Can (or will) the U.S. learn anything from India’s energy transformation? Leahy hopes so.
“They should understand that going back to coal is not the answer, that the day of fossil fuels is over, and that even a developing country with all sorts of social and other issues can make this rapid transition to renewable energy for the benefit of its citizens and for the benefit of their economy,” Leahy said. “They’re building a 21st-century economy around renewable energy.”
Information taken from: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/06/15/india-renewable-energy-climate-change/102882370/
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http://klimapolitik.com.mx/why-indias-renewable-energy-revolution-is-racing-ahead/
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Our World
10 Of The Slowest Plants To Ever Bloom
S. Grant
While many plants generously display their flowers every year and throughout entire seasons, others take their sweet time in showing off their blooms. Some hold back for years and even centuries before blossoming, which makes seeing the event a once-in-a-lifetime experience.
10 Sheep-Eating Plant
This plant isn’t called the sheep eater for nothing—it’s actually an animal killer! It produces monstrous, three-meter (9.8 ft) shoots with mace-like flowers that ensnare sheep and other animals. The animals get caught in the spikes and eventually die of starvation or exposure. Some believe the sheep eater (technically known as Puya chilensis) developed this habit in order to use the rotting corpses for nutrients.
And if you’re thinking this plant would be a great way to keep dogs off your lawn, you may want to reconsider, as it’s difficult to grow and takes 15 to 20 years to flower.
9 Madagascar Palm
The Madagascar palm (Tahina spectabilis) grows to enormous proportions, dies after fruiting, and flowers only once—after 100 years. What makes this tree especially unique is it was only discovered in 2008. Before then, it apparently flowered so rarely, nobody noticed it was different from the other palms. The tree has surprisingly similar characteristics to palms found in Asia (around 6,000 kilometers—3,700 miles—away), which leads some scientists to believe the palms have existed on Madagascar since it detached from India 80 million years ago.
While thousands of seeds were collected after discovering the tree, and a handful of those were sent to botanical gardens, there are fewer than 100 Madagascar palms in existence.
8 Night-Blooming Cereus
Compared to the other plants on this list, the night-blooming cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) is practically speedy in its habit of flowering after a single year of growth. Even so, catching a glimpse of this cactus’s flower is still a little tricky since it predominantly grows in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts and only comes out at night.
Despite its attractive white and yellow flowers, the cactus is somewhat intimidating, with its long, tentacular stems that wrap around anything nearby. And considering it can grow up to 12 meters (39 ft) in length, there’s probably not much this spiky plant couldn’t envelop.
7 Narrow-Leafed Campion
The narrow-leafed campion (Silene stenophylla) is a bit of an oddball on this list, because normally it blooms every summer. However, there was one specific narrow-leafed campion that took over 30,000 years to flower, which we think definitely classifies it as a slow starter.
So, what was the hold up? As it turns out, the plant was stuck in seed form in the Siberian permafrost since the Ice Age. Biologists found it in a fossilized squirrel burrow and, after radiocarbon dating it at 31,800 years old, resurrected it with growth hormones. The Ice Age plant looks remarkably similar to modern versions of Silene stenophylla, with only minor differences in the seeds, roots, and buds.
The scientists found hundreds of thousands of other well-preserved seeds and nuts in the burrow and are eager to see what additional prehistoric treasures the melting ground reveals. Nonetheless, the excitement around the findings is somewhat dampened, since the thawing permafrost is a constant reminder of climate change.
6 Kurinji Plant
When the kurinji bush blooms, it has a profuse display of violet and blue flowers that cover the entire plant. It beautifully decorates mountainsides in the Western Ghats of South India, and the sight is so spectacular that the Nilgiri Mountain Range (which translates to “blue mountains”) was named after the phenomenon. Unfortunately, the kurinji is stingy in displaying its bountiful flowers and only blooms once every 12 years. However, it flowers on a reliable cycle, and it is said that the native Paliyan tribes used the plant to keep track of their ages.
Sadly, the kurinji is threatened because of building developers, although conservation groups are working to protect this unique plant.
5 Agave Americana
Although it’s sometimes referred to as the “century plant,” the Agave americana really takes around 10 years to bloom. It is a common ornamental plant grown throughout the world, and chances are you’ve seen it growing in a garden or in someone’s yard. In fact, you may have mistaken it for an aloe plant because, except when the agave is flowering, the two plants look quite similar. However, when in bloom, it looks like nothing you’ve ever seen (except maybe in a Dr. Seuss book), as it sends up a tall, eight-meter (26 ft) high spike with offshoots of yellow, clumped flowers.
Besides looking cool, Agave americana is also grown for food, antiseptics, and juice.
4 Queen Of The Andes
The Queen of the Andes (Puya raimondii) always dwarfs other Andean vegetation, but when it finally flowers (after 80 to 150 years), it soars to 12 meters (39 ft) in height and truly looks like a super flora. Amazingly, it grows to such lengths in regions with harsh conditions and at very high altitudes, where it seems impossible for any plant to thrive.
When in bloom, the Queen of the Andes produces a towering, seed-bearing spike on which thousands of white, green, and purple flowers grow. Once the spike drops its millions of seeds, the plant dies.
Due to cattle grazing, burning, and other factors, populations of this plant are diminishing throughout Peru and Bolivia.
3 Melocanna Baciffera
Melocanna baciffera is a type of bamboo that makes up a large portion of the bamboo stock in India. It only flowers every 44 to 48 years, and undoubtedly, locals wish the interval was even longer. Why do they dread a bursting of flowers and a replenishment of seeds? Well, attached to those flowers are large fruits containing copious amounts of rodent-attracting seeds. So what should be a gorgeous spectacle of nature at her finest turns into an invasion of black rats. It’s so severe that the Indians have even created a name for the event—the Mautam.
Besides being annoying disease spreaders, the rats are causing another serious problem: famine. This is because, while helping themselves to the bamboo seeds, they also decimate the people’s grain stores.
2 Talipot Palm
The talipot palm is another gargantuan plant (compared to other palms), which grows up to 25 meters (82 ft) high and has a one-meter-thick trunk. Also, its branched inflorescence is a remarkable six to eight meters (19 to 26 ft) tall—the largest of any plant. It takes extreme patience to see this tree in bloom, as it only flowers once when it is 30 to 80 years old. However, seeing the bloom is somewhat bittersweet, as it means the palm’s life is coming to an end. It expends all of its built-up energy to produce golf ball-sized fruit, which rain down by the hundreds of thousands just before the palm dies.
The talipot is the national tree of Sri Lanka and is harvested for a variety of goods, including timber, thatch, and buttons (made from the seeds).
1 Giant Himalayan Lily
The Himalayas in general seem to have a magical quality, and the giant Himalayan lily (Cardiocrinum giganteum) that makes its home there is no exception. For most of its life, it exists as an unassuming clump of glossy leaves, but after five to seven years, it mysteriously sprouts up to three meters (9.8 feet) and produces a gift of delicate, trumpet-shaped flowers.
It is the largest of all types of lilies and grows naturally in high elevations from northern India to Japan. However, explorers discovered the flower in the mid-1800s, and ever since, long-suffering gardeners have had success growing this plant in a variety of climates.
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http://listverse.com/2013/08/11/10-ridiculously-slow-to-bloom-plants/
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Pre-K–Grade 4
The Experience
Pre-K-Grade 4 Program
Grade 3
Where am I in all of this? In the third grade, boys begin to ask and answer this question for themselves. Through expanded interactions on campus and explorations of the world around them, boys gain a greater sense of independence. At the same time, they gradually understand that they are not the center of the universe, but rather a member of it.
Fessenden third graders are often found with their noses in a book. Now that they are strong readers, their love of reading grows. By developing their fluency and comprehension skills, we help boys participate in guided group readings.
Third graders become smart users of technology. They use tablets, websites, and other educational resources, but maintain usage at an appropriate level to keep learning active and engaging. For example, in math, we balance visual, interactive technology with tangible, real-world materials (such a blocks and other manipulatives). In social studies, we leave the screens behind when we venture to Plimoth Plantation to experience our colonization unit in a real-life setting.
Our third graders collaborate daily. Whether during partner math or peer-edited spelling tests, we emphasize working together. The real learning begins when a boy can summarize and share an idea with another student--and, in turn, learn from his peers. Collaboration is more than just teaching someone else; it’s the art of negotiation and compromise. This practice allows boys to better articulate their thoughts and improve their problem-solving strategies.
Meet the Grade 3 Team
List of 2 members.
© 2015 The Fessenden School. All Rights Reserved.
The Fessenden School
250 Waltham Street
West Newton, MA 02465
(617) 964-5350
Get Directions
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Canadian Wildland Fire Information System
Fire Behavior Normals
Rate of Spread
Rate of Spread (ROS) is the predicted speed of the fire at the front or head of the fire (where the fire moves fastest), and takes into account both crowning and spotting. It is measured in metres per minute and is based on the Fuel Type, Initial Spread Index, Buildup Index, and several fuel-specific parameters such as phenological state (leafless or green) in deciduous trees, crown base height in coniferous trees, and percent curing in grasses.
Fire Behavior Normals represent the average value of a fire behavior element over the 30-year period from 1981 to 2010.
Date modified:
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http://maps.nofc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/ha/fbnormals
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iDebt Solutions
Using the Bank of Canada to Reduce the Federal Deficit Without Causing Inflation
"Actually, we need to INCREASE the deficit, NOT with private interest-bearing dollars- as is now the case- but dollars borrowed from our public bank, the Bank of Canada, at zero cost to the federal government.
In this way we could refinance government debt to private sector lenders at lower interest rates.
The video (right) describes how money may be created by the Bank of Canada.
"Here's a quote (to the right) for you from a fellow named Don Findlay who, in 1997 wrote a paper called:
'While borrowing too much money can lead to inflation, once the decision to borrow has been made it is no more inflationary for the government to borrow from the Bank of Canada than it is for it to borrow from private financial markets. In fact, it is less inflationary by exactly the amount of the interest that the government saves by using its own bank.'
However, along with the creation of this government created money (GCM), statutory reserves would need to be reinstated, -- precisely to inhibit inflation."
"Ha! I was just going to say that- that you can't do what you're suggesting because it'll cause inflation..."
"Yes. The knee-jerk reaction to the suggestion that our government borrow from the Bank of Canada is that it would cause run-away inflation. Since for over 30 years our government has not borrowed significantly from its own bank, but primarily from private sources at interest, we might assume that there has been very little inflation."
"It seems that's so. At least, that's what we're told. Keeping interest rates up, prevents inflation- is what they say..."
"It's not true. Just think for a moment what a house cost 30 years ago and what a similar one costs today. Consider how the costs of food and fuel have soared, just this year."
"Well, true enough...the price of everything just keeps going up..."
There Is a Way to Reduce Taxes Without Increasing the Deficit, Causing Inflation, or Destroying Canada's Social Programs:
Back: Debt- Problems Next: Media
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http://monetaryandeconomicreform.ca/Dialogue/dialdebt2.htm
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New Zealand Multiple Birth Association
More about different types of twins
Fraternal twins
Fraternal (dichorionic) twins twins share the same prenatal environment. They each have their own genetic make-up, so they may not be more alike than any other brothers and sisters in the same family. Despite their differences they will share the special bond of being born on the same day and growing up together.
Fraternal twins are more common if the twins’ mother: has a history of twins in her family; is over 35 years old; has already had several babies; and/or, has been taking fertility drugs.
Identical twins
Identical, or monochorionic, twins occur in 25% of twin pregnancies. The latest research indicates that identical twins have a very similar genetic makeup (sharing about 88% of their DNA), resulting in both children looking alike. Identical twins are the same gender, may have similar finger prints, ear shapes, eye colour, hair colour and teeth imprints. They will often develop at similar rates and experience developmental stages simultaneously, for example, when they learn to walk and grow their first teeth. They may also have similar brain wave patterns. Mirror image identical twins have mirror image features, such as left and right hair crown swirl, left- or right-handedness and similar moles or body marks, but on different sides of the body.
What causes a fertilised egg to divide and create identical twins is still unknown.
Identical twins and chorionicity
Identical twins are categorised by chorionicity—depending on when the fertilised egg splits and how it splits, such as top/bottom or right side/left side. After an egg is fertilised it will develop a yolk sac (important for nourishing the forming embryo) and around the same time, the embryo’s placenta and chorionic sac begin to form. Finally, an amniotic sac surrounds the developing baby. There are different types of chorionicity for identical twins, depending on the timing of the afore-mentioned events.
Diamniotic dichorionic twins
If the egg splits before the placenta has formed, within three days of fertilisation, each baby will have their own placenta, chorionic sac and amniotic sac.
Diamniotic monochorionic twins
If the egg splits after the placenta has formed, after the third day following fertilisation, then the babies will share a placenta and chorionic sac, but will have their own amniotic sac. Monochorionic twin pregnancy is more common where assisted reproductive technology has been used.
Monoamniotic monochorionic twins
Monoamniotic twins occur when the egg splits after the amniotic sac has begun to form, around nine days after conception. As a result, both babies share an amniotic sac. Many monoamniotic twins lie very close to, or on top of, each other and early ultrasounds cannot tell if they are separate babies.
Monoamniotic twins are often misdiagnosed, especially at early scans. They are higher-risk than other diamniotic twins, but babies do survive. If you want to know more, the Monoamniotic Monochorionic Support Site, at, is an amazing support network and has a bulletin board with mo-mo mothers around the world.
Conjoined twins
If the egg splits later than 12 days after fertilisation, and does not split completely, then conjoined twins occur.
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http://multiples.org.nz/index.php/2013-04-27-01-23-47/types-of-multiples/10-parenting-journey/120-more-about-different-types-of-twins
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4500 year old Peruvian mummy
Human Mummy
Biographical Information
Age 40 or 50 at death
Sex female
Status noble/important social status
Culture Peruvian
Date(s) lived 2500 BC, discovered in April 2016
Site Aspero
Current Location
Location Northern Peru
Catalog #
4500 year old Peruvian mummy
The 4500 year old mummy had been unearthed in the ancient fishing village of Aspero in northern Peru. It was found that she had been buried since 2500 BC. She was discovered wrapped in burial clothes, with carved objects exhibiting details of coastal and jungle animals, including birds and monkeys buried alongside her. These objects are believed to show the significance of the discovery. It is thought that the objects that the women was found with are indicative of possible trade between the city she was found in and the city of Caral, 14 miles away. The city of Caral is well rooted, the most ancient civilization in South America.
Found in traditional burial clothes, along with evidence in the form of artifacts that were indicative of her important status in the society.
Additional InfoEdit
Due to the recency of the discovery, as of yet, few details have been discovered regarding specifics of the mummification process and/or who this noble female might have been.
External LinksEdit
Mills, K.A. (2016). Mummy perfectly preserved for 4500 years lifts secrets of mysterious ancient civilization. Retrieved from
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http://mummipedia.wikia.com/wiki/4500_year_old_Peruvian_mummy
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Saturday, 18 February 2012
Who Owns the Temple Treasures?
Who Owns the Temple Treasures?
The arguments of historians and other instant experts weighing in on this discovery seem to suggest that the ownership of the temple, in the sense of private property, lies with the former royal family of Travancore; counter claims are being made for converting this hoard into public expenditure, to ease the financial troubles of the state of Kerala. Both arguments should be rejected, for different reasons.
No small amount of the political legitimacy of the former ruling family of Travancore, at least among caste Hindus, came from their control and stewardship of the Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple. Such a relationship has a parallel with the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia. The Saudi royals currently draw considerable political legitimacy from their claim to be worldly guardians of the Islamic holy places of Makka and Medina. The weakness of this claim is made clear when we consider what will happen to Makka and Medina when the al-Saud dynasty falls. In the absence of the current Saudi regime, will these cities somehow lose their importance for Muslims? In other words, political legitimacy follows from control, not the other way around. In neither case should political or legal control over the site in question become conflated with private ownership. Yet that is indeed so many seem to be arguing.
The political values of the Travancore royal family have been forgotten too easily. It should be recalled that the former Maharaja of Travancore consistently resisted joining the Indian Union, based on the recommendations of his stridently anti-Congress Dewan, Sir C. P. Ramaswamy Iyer. It was only after the violent attack on the Dewan in July 1947 that the Maharaja realized where popular sentiment in Travancore lay, and agreed to sign the Accession papers unconditionally. The formation of the Republic of India in 1950 is an unequivocal statement that popular rule has displaced monarchy forever. Yet today we see the return, in a variety of guises, of the prestige and power of erstwhile Indian monarchs, of which this event is only the latest incarnation. Even if the Travancore royal family once controlled this temple, and derived some legitimacy from this control, they no longer do. In a sovereign and republican India, they have lost the moral right to determine the temple’s future, even if they are represented on the trust that controls the temple’s affairs. The legal challenge that led to the opening up of the vault began with a credible claim of irresponsible management by this trust. If earlier, the moral right to manage the affairs of the temple had been lost, it has now been joined by the misuse of legal responsibility. That recognition should be the starting point for the public debate.
Who then does the temple belongs to? Clearly, in the Republic of India, it is the people. But who are they? Half of Kerala’s people cannot enter this temple. Unlike most temples in South India, the Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple does even not permit non-Hindus to enter the temple premises, let alone have darshan of the deity. Before 1936 and the Temple Entry proclamation, the number of those permitted to enter was even smaller. It took the intense struggle of the Ezhavas and a threat to convert to other religions before scheduled castes were allowed to enter the Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple, if they chose to. This continuing exclusivity stands awkwardly against the norms and ideals of popular sovereignty; however, the right of religious freedom justifies such exclusions, even if abhorrent to other rights and to secular norms. What may be permitted in religious sites, however, does not apply to these recently discovered objects.
There is no religious value attached to the precious objects discovered in the vault. Given their age, provenance, and probable aesthetic quality, it is beyond question that these objects are valuable, even priceless. But they are not religious artifacts in any way, even if offered to the temple by devotees. The Vatican holds great treasures that are the products of conquest and violence, given to them in the name of piety and devotion. These treasures are not automatically made sacred by the identity of their current possessors. They remain the gifts of believers and others, acquired by a variety of means. Separating the profane vault from the sanctified temple is one way of finessing the legal exclusions that are produced by the contradictions of popular sovereignty.
Does that mean the contents of the vault can be sold to this highest bidder? No, not even if the funds thereby produced are used only for the public good. There is no right to dispose of — to privatize — what belongs to the people as a whole. The patrimony of the past does not lie within the realm of the commercially disposable. One might as well ask whether the Taj Mahal could be sold, or the Pyramids of Giza. That these objects are described as priceless is not simply a measure of the difficulty of establishing a nominal value for them. It is a reflection of the fact that they lie outside the realm of commerce and trade altogether. Neither private ownership, nor open market sales should be allowed to determine the fate and identity of this newly discovered treasures.
The precious objects found in the Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple vault do not belong exclusively to any person or organization. They constitute a patrimony that belongs collectively to all people who care about the past and our common heritage. When we consider how immensely popular the famous King Tutankhamen exhibition was, all over the world, or when we see the crowds that flock to the Mesopotamian rooms and other collections of ancient wonders in the British Museum, we realize that for the average person, these attractions do not “belong” either to Egypt or Iraq, or for that matter to the British Museum. They relate to them as beautiful objects made by our collective forebears and that constitute our common heritage. All we can do is hold these objects in trust for the future; these are truly public goods that can and should be appreciated by any and all who care about these objects. A debate about ownership misses the point altogether. None of us, and all of us, owns these precious objects. The sooner we can all see them together, standing side by side, whether rich and poor, Hindu and Muslim, Indian and foreign, the better.
The first step is to create a catalogue of all the objects in the vaults, as the courts have now ordered. Second, making that catalogue public will help to prevent further losses from taking place. Finally, make the contents of the vault visible through a permanent exhibition, once a complete catalogue and record of the vaults have been completed. Entry to the exhibition should be open to any person, regardless of religious affiliation or nationality. Wait and see the crowds.
C MydeaMedia 2012
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How do keys open doors
How Keys Open Locks Tip And Tricks | How Do Keys Open Doors?
How do keys open doors? Unlock the secrets of how these simple devices keep your possessions safe Throughout history, numerous lock-and-key combinations have been used to keep rooms and valuables secure. The earliest lock comprised of a series of wooden pins that could be moved only by a key with a matching profile. Called a pin-lock, it formed the basis of today’s pin-tumbler lock (often called a Yale or radial lock). Inside the barrel of a pin-tumbler lock is a series of spring-loaded, two-part pins of varying length. When a small, flat-sided key is inserted into the barrel, the serrations
Continue reading »
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PC Tips and Tricks to make your life easier
Microsoft Access Database Functions And Objects
February 21, 2010 By: lilybird Category: Software
Microsoft Access database contains different objects. The objects are tables, forms, queries, reports, macros and modules. The least you need to create a database is a table. Tables hold all information you enter into your database. It is a kind of a container for your data. Each table will have columns with certain names like first name, last name, address, etc. Each table will also have a certain amount of rows. You might also have several tables in your database, depending on the amount of information you need to store. For example, in invoicing system, you might need one table for customer information and another table for sales information.
Table is probably the most important item of your database. It also has an index, which is used for easier searching. You can also link your tables using their key fields. You can view your table in datasheet view or design view. Datasheet view is used for entering data and design view is used for creating the table, setting the columns, indexes, etc.
Access form is the way to present data. We can use the form for entering, changing or removing the data from the database. Access forms are screens for typing the information into the tables and displaying data from them. Forms can be connected to a record source like a query or a table. It has to be bound if you want to save the data u enter into the form. There are controls in form like a text box for entering information. There is also a possibility to create a sub form within your main form. Usually a sub form is used to display multiple records. Forms can contain no data at all. Some might only have a few buttons, which will help navigate to other parts of the database. Sub forms are typically used in some of the relationship cases, such as when one client has many sales.
Another Access object is a query. This object asks your database different questions and provides you with answers. If will find the necessary information in the database based on what you ask. Query will give you the answer and you can create a report based on the received information. Queries are based on your tables and you can even combine the necessary tables when you run your query for obtaining the needed answers. You also have the opportunity to edit the information in your query and the table in question will change as well.
Report is the object used for output information. It is sent to the printer and you can base your report on the query or table.
Macros and modules are more complex objects of Access and they are not necessary for creating databases. You can build simple database and perform simple tasks with the above objects. But if you want to make the most out of your Access database and have more control over it, you should also learn macros and modules taking more advanced Access training.
Need help with access database examples – this web site with microsoft access database advice and assistance can be the one that you’ve been looking for.
P.S. And also sign up to the RSS feed on this blog, because we will everything possible to keep this blog tuned up to the day with new publications about microsoft access database industry.
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Reducing head and neck injuries in Rugby
Head and neck injuries are common in Rugby (1,3). There are three game situations that may lead to increased risk of head and neck injury – scrummaging, rucks, and tackling (1). These activities not only involve collisions, but often occur at high speed and include large, multi-directional forces. The most common injuries to the head and neck are concussion and damage to the cervical structures, particularly to the ligaments and intervertebral discs (1). The ability to absorb shock and stabilise the cervical spine is crucial in preventing these injuries (1), as well as having potential performance benefits.
Historically, most neck injuries occurred during the scrum. Recent rule changes however, have seen a reduction of these injuries. Unfortunately, this has been accompanied by an increase in head and neck injuries resulting from tackle and ruck situations (1,5), demonstrating the need for all players to develop neck strength and power.
In general, forwards have higher levels of neck strength and power than backs (2), with the Front Row having the highest levels of any position (1). The unique positional requirements of Front Row forwards demand high levels of neck strength and power, which are developed over a number of years through specific training drills and when scrummaging in both practice and game situations (1). The remaining forward positions are also exposed to these activities, but to a lesser extent and intensity, while backline players are generally exposed to these situations even less. This places the non-Front Row positions at a higher risk of head and neck injuries from open play (tackle and ruck situations) (1).
While specific drills and time spent scrummaging at training and in games is effective in developing neck strength and power, they must also be accompanied by a periodised strength program which involves specific neck exercises and targets both deep (including sternocleidomastoid, scalene muscles, longus colli, and longus capitus) and superficial (including the trapezii and rhomboids) muscles (4). The deep neck muscles play the greatest role in preventing and controlling unwanted movement of the head and neck, with the Cross-Sectional Area (CSA) of these muscles being associated with higher levels of neck strength (4). The superficial muscles are important in overall neck strength and provide protection for the neck area. As a result, the primary aims of a periodised program should be to increase the CSA and isometric strength of both the deep and superficial neck muscles, promote neck positional awareness and proprioception.
For suggested suggested exercises that should be included in neck training programs for players head to the original post at Pro Training Programs.
1. Great article and some really good points made. Keep up the good work at pinkrugby!
Leave a Reply to rugbypunter Cancel reply
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http://pinkrugby.com/2015/reducing-head-and-neck-injuries-in-rugby?replytocom=134833
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Jain Immigration
Jain emigration from India to other countries began with Jains migrating to Britain and British colonies. At the beginning of this century, a number of Gujarati Jains migrated to coastal towns of East Africa and later moved inland, particularly to Kenya, to open businesses. The Jain community in America, however, began only in the late 1960s as a response to the Immigration Act of 1965, which opened the door to wider immigration from Asia and especially encouraged the immigration of “members of the professions of exceptional ability and their spouses and children.” In addition to direct immigration from India to the U.S., there were many young people who had planned only temporary residency for study at American universities but decided to stay permanently. In addition, political turmoil in the East African states forced a second migration of a number of Indians—to the U.K., Canada, and America. In the early 1990s the World Jain Congress estimated that there are approximately 25,000 Jains in the United Kingdom, 25,000 in the U.S. and 10,000 in Canada.
The Jain community in India represents an affluent and influential minority of the population. Barred from work in agriculture by religious injunctions against causing harm to any life forms, including minute organisms and vegetation, Jains traditionally pursue business and professional careers. In North America, too, many are professionals. According to the 1992 Jain Directory, 32.1% are engineers and 14.4% are in the medical field. Others have gone into business as real estate investors, bankers, travel agents, diamond dealers and jewelers, and computer dealers. They describe themselves as financially well settled. Because of this economic stability, and the organizational skills and energy which sustain it, the Jain community has been able to support social and religious centers, create active national and international organizations, and construct temples.
According to the statistics compiled by Jain organizations, 80% of the North American Jain community lives in ten states in the U.S. and one Canadian province. In order of population they are: New Jersey, New York, California, Ontario, Michigan, Texas, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, and Massachusetts. It is also estimated that about 70% of the Jains active in Jain affairs are Gujarati, coming from the western Indian state of Gujarat or from the Gujarati community in Bombay.
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http://pluralism.org/religions/jainism/jainism-in-america/jain-immigration/
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Home » Learning Curve
2002 - 1997 = 5
Apple had a ready and rock solid OS to release in 1997 but they didn't release it. Instead they started tearing it apart only to build it up again and release it five years later. What did Apple do in those years - the five most crucial market years in the history of personal computing - that could ever justify not releasing their OS sooner?
Buy It
Try It
It's not a particularly well guarded secret that Avie Tevanian, head of software at NeXT and Apple, voted against Apple releasing Rhapsody, voting instead for creating an entirely new operating system.
OS X was created instead - not a new system but a mixture of Rhapsody and new and old ideas thrown back in.
Why couldn't Apple release Rhapsody in 1997 - and beat Microsoft to the punch? Beat Microsoft's Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows Me, and Windows XP? What was so important Apple sacrificed the chance for major market share for five full years?
Apple fans like to think they're always ahead of Microsoft but it's most often the other way around. When it comes to secure 32-bit computing Redmond beat Cupertino by a full ten years. But Apple had a chance to halve that down to five years in 1997 - before Microsoft had full control of the market - and yet they didn't take it.
The ink dried on the Apple NeXT 'merger' in December 1996 and by January 1997 300 NeXT engineers - including Jon Rubinstein and Avie Tevanian - had made their way from Redwood City to Cupertino. By 1997 OpenStep was a force to be reckoned with. Steve Jobs himself walked in the door with OpenStep on an Intel laptop. OpenStep was the only OS capable of giving Bill Gates a run for his money.
OpenStep/Rhapsody was running on everyone's hardware. On Sun's Solaris, on Hewlett Packard's HP-UX, on its own FreeBSD - and even on Windows NT. It was a given winner. And NeXT had finally turned things around and were looking at steady profits for the first time in their corporate history.
And Steve Jobs had more or less prophesied the outcome years earlier when he speculated that NeXT would either be the last company capable of maintaining a hardware lock-in or the first company to fail at it. And in failing - and changing their name from NeXT Computer to NeXT Software - they'd finally found their niche.
They had the new gorilla of the personal computer OS market.
Everybody wanted OpenStep - and for good reason. IBM had been a scratch mark away from shipping it instead of OS/2. They'd also invested heavily in its development as had many corporations. And the investments were finally paying off.
And then NeXT packed up and moved to Cupertino. But the operating system survived the grueling journey and was still market ready. Why wait another five years?
Barring an intelligent answer to that question: what did Apple do for all of those five years? Those five years in which Bill Gates and Microsoft consolidated their stranglehold on the personal computer market for the foreseeable future?
Those five years in which Microsoft released a total of five major updates to their two branches of the Windows operating system - Windows 98, Windows 98SE, Windows Me, Windows 2000, and Windows XP. In those five years Apple did nothing.
Nothing in the OS marketplace at least: they let Microsoft win by default. They gave the game away to Microsoft.
Was this part of some big strategy so secret to this day even the media pundits can't figure it out? Was there a clever tactic in letting one's already precarious market share slip even more? Is there a way no corporate strategist yet knows about to win back an entire market by first losing it completely?
What exactly were Apple doing between 1997 and 2002? More precisely: what were they doing with OS X?
And what were Apple's shareholders doing?
Apple did release new products in the period 1997 - 2002 but nothing on the scale of the system they already had in house. They released updates to the irrelevant and increasingly wobbly MacOS and the first iMac which sold a few million units. But the new OS everybody needed was nowhere to be seen.
Microsoft went to secure 32-bit computing in 1992 with 'Windows NT'. They had interfaces to all the big Unix database server applications. NeXT had them as well. But Apple were still crashing with their cooperative multitasking system and would still be crashing five years later. And yet now they had OpenStep and the 'rock solid foundation of Unix' - something Microsoft couldn't beat. Didn't Apple want the market back? Didn't they want the profits?
Didn't their shareholders want them?
So what were Apple doing with OpenStep - what later would be called OS X?
• The Apple HFS file system had to be adapted to OpenStep. This was in practice an impossible task but they made a go of it. In particular OpenStep (Unix) file system APIs had to be wired into HFS which had to be ready with Unix answers to Unix questions.
• The Unix hard link feature was a particular quandary that was never solved. The partial solution they arrived at means that today OS X has a secret directory in its file system that almost no one can get at or see.
• The extremely user friendly cascading menus used in OpenStep were replaced with the more familiar but far inferior Apple Mac menu bar.
• The extremely sophisticated OpenStep dock (replete with tabs) was replaced with something simple - some would say 'too simple'.
• OpenStep's submenus were detachable: they could be 'ripped off' and moved anywhere on screen. This code embedded in the OpenStep frameworks had to be ferreted out and removed.
• The OpenStep document controller - the spider running the object oriented OS X desktop - had to be rewired to understand Apple's HFS file system.
• The OpenStep frameworks themselves had to be rewired to allow for 'toll free bridging' for legacy Apple Mac applications that wanted to run on the new platform. This meant taking code comfortably embedded in the object oriented frameworks and creating procedural APIs from it - code the frameworks would be calling in the future. These new APIs had to be designed in such a way even legacy code could grapple with them.
• In effect where OpenStep had a single API OS X was to have two: the one from OpenStep (albeit surgically altered) and a new API for non-native code.
• Adobe had come out with an 'update' to EPS called PDF which was an even better choice for vector graphics. Apple rewired the OS to use PDF instead.
• A new look was necessary from a commercial standpoint. This look would be called 'Aqua' and it would be extremely successful.
• Scroll bars had to be moved from the left to the right. Voices who insisted this be a configurable user setting were drowned out by Steve Jobs who - after years of using scroll bars on the left with OpenStep - suddenly proclaimed that scroll bars must be on the right and only on the right.
• Drawers and sheets were invented - two cool new UI window types.
• A somewhat new application architecture had to be invented to accommodate legacy Apple Mac code.
• Some Unix command line tools had to be modified to accommodate Apple's legacy HFS file system.
• The developer tools had to be augmented to accommodate Apple's legacy HFS file system.
• Project Builder had to be modified to accommodate legacy Apple Mac projects.
• Interface Builder had to be modified to accommodate legacy Apple Mac windows and controls.
• Transition tools had to be created to help legacy ISVs take the step up.
• The OpenStep file manager had to be gutted because no one at Apple liked it. It was dropped in favour of an update to Apple's old Mac Finder which essentially made it identical with OpenStep's file manager.
And so on. Many of these changes were inevitable and would have occurred no matter where the work was being done, be it Redwood City or Cupertino. Many of the changes were however not inevitable, could only occur in Cupertino, and are the sole reason the OS could not be released until 2002 - despite its being more than ready in 1997.
Of course this glosses over thousands upon thousands of small changes made throughout the system - changes that would have been unnecessary and even undesirable if Apple had simply taken OpenStep/Rhapsody anno 1997 and thrown it out the door.
Another way of finding the answer to the unanswerable question would be to ask Apple or anyone totally in love with Apple or Steve Jobs exactly what Apple added to the mix between 1997 and 2002 that NeXT wouldn't have added a lot sooner. Follow up that question by asking what Apple removed from the mix.
For OS X users, OS X developers, and Apple shareholders those are important questions to ask.
Copyright © Rixstep. All rights reserved.
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The Laser Revolution is Changing the Dental Healthcare
What are Cavities?
Find out more about cavities and what your Romeo, MI dentist recommends for reducing your chances of developing them.
Cavities might seem like a normal part of life. After all, just ask anyone around you and they’ve probably had to deal with a cavity at some point in their lives. In fact, about 19 percent of children between the ages of two to 19 have untreated cavities and a whopping 92 percent of adults between the ages of 20 to 64 have had cavities.
So what exactly is a cavity and what can you do to stop them from happening to you? Your Romeo, MI dentist Michael DeLaura, DDS, has the answer.
What are cavities?
A cavity is a hole within a tooth that is caused by tooth decay that occurs over time, eroding and destroying the tooth’s enamel. Our mouths are naturally teeming with bacteria that live on the teeth and soft tissues.
While some bacteria are important for a healthy mouth some can be detrimental to our smile, resulting in tooth decay. These harmful bacteria use the sugar found in the foods we eat and turn them to acid. This acid then begins to wear down and erode tooth enamel. Over time, these acids can cause a cavity to form.
How can I prevent cavities?
cosmetic-dentistryWhile cavities are extremely common and might seem impossible to avoid, it is actually possible to stop or reverse this process from happening so you can prevent a cavity from forming. Might sound like magic but here are some things you can do to keep cavities from ruining your smile:
• Fluoride can go a long way to prevent tooth decay from getting worse. This means using fluoridated toothpaste every day to clean your teeth. If you are concerned about the amount of fluoride you are getting, talk to your Romeo, MI dentist Dr. DeLaura.
• Eat a balanced, smile-healthy diet that is rich in lean proteins, milk, fibrous vegetables and crisp fruits. Try to stay away from sugar and starches, which produce the harmful acids that damage teeth.
• Brush your teeth at least twice a day: once in the morning and then again at night. Ideally, though you want to aim for brushing your teeth after every meal. Also, brush for a minimum of two minutes each time you brush.
• Floss every day. Your Romeo, MI dentist can’t preface this enough. Did you know that almost 20 percent of people haven’t ever flossed in their lives? This is a shocking statistic, since flossing is one of the most important habits you can adopt for your smile.
• If you want to protect your child’s smile, then talk to your Romeo, MI dentist about dental sealants to reduce the chance of decay in molars, which can be tougher to clean properly.
Another way to ensure that your teeth remain healthy is to keep up with your six-month dental cleanings. If it’s time you had your teeth examined and cleaned by your Romeo, MI dentist then it’s never too late to schedule an appointment. Call Dr. DeLaura at Delaura Dental today.
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Ingredients Feedback Science Toys
Ingredients --
Chemical Formula:
White, odorless, sweet-tasting powder.
Trehalose is a disaccharide, two simple sugars in one molecule. In trehalose (as in maltose), the two sugars are both glucose.
Trehalose, like maltose, is 45% as sweet as sugar. It does not brown like sugar, and has a very low hygroscopicity (moisture attraction), so it stays free-flowing and dry.
In trehalose, one glucose molecule is upside-down relative to the other. In maltose, the two glucose molecules are in the same orientation. This small difference reflects in the properties of trehalose. It does not brown when heated, it does not promote bacterial growth or tooth decay as much as maltose or sugar, and it is less attractive to moisture.
Trehalose is found in honey, breads, beer, and seafood.
Trehalose is used in foods as a sweetener, a stabilizer and thickener, and a flavor enhancer. It is also used as a cryopreservation additive, where it protects cells from the effects of freezing and drying.
trehalose: InChI=1/C12H22O11/c13-1-3-5(15)7(17)9(19)11(21-3)23-12-10(20)8(18)6(16)4(2-14)22-12/h3-20H,1-2H2
maltose: InChI=1/C12H22O11/c13-1-3-5(15)6(16)9(19)12(22-3)23-10-4(2-14)21-11(20)8(18)7(10)17/h3-20H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5-,6+,7-,8-,9-,10-,11?,12-/m1/s1
By Simon Quellen Field
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Find us on Google+
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Tuesday, 20 October 2009
King Offa
Offa, son of Thingfrith, was the King of Mercia from 757 until his death in July 796. He came to the throne after a period of civil war following the assassination of Æthelbald. In the 780s he extended his power over most of southern England, allying with Beorhtric of Wessex, who married Offa's daughter Eadburh, and regaining complete control of the southeast. He also became the overlord of East Anglia, and had King Æthelberht II of East Anglia beheaded in 794.
Many historians regard Offa as the most powerful Anglo-Saxon king before Alfred the Great. He was a Christian king and is best remembered for building Offa's Dyke - a massive linear earthwork, roughly following some of the current border between England and Wales. In places, it is up to 65 feet (20 m) wide (including its flanking ditch) and 8 feet (2.5 m) high. In the 8th century it formed some kind of delineation between the Anglian kingdom of Mercia and the Welsh kingdom of Powys. During the summer, Elizabeth of 'Welsh Hills Again' walked the whole length of the Offa's Dyke Path.
But there is actually a rather more lasting and constantly used memorial to King Offa that most people do not appreciate. He introduced the penny to English coinage. Many surviving coins from Offa's reign carry elegant depictions of him and the artistic quality of these images exceeds that of the contemporary Frankish coinage. Some of his coins carry images of his wife, Cynethryth—the only Anglo-Saxon queen ever depicted on a coin. He took as a model a coin first struck by Pippin, father of Charlemagne.
(A modern UK New Penny)
1. Wonderful history lesson! Fascinating info!
Thank you, CJ
2. I love this kind of stuff. I will probably soon forget the details but still...! One of my favourite TV programs is the British Time Team who keep digging up all of Britain and getting excited by dirty little coins and tiny pieces of pottery every week. We get it on one of my cable channels, and I'm SO glad... :) Britain has a fascinating history.
3. How fascinating. I always learn so many interesting things reading your posts. Thank you, Scriptor.
Canadian Chickadee
4. Hello, thank you for this post.
The death of King Offa is a bit of a mystery; I was hoping to learn what your thoughts were on the subject.
Tradition maintains that he was severely wounded in the Battle of Rhuddlan Marsh, and died as a result - possibly from an infection, or because the wound became septic. Other accounts have him dying at the scene of the battle itself, along with his opponent, the Welch King Caradoc.
Unfortunately, the Welch Chronicles, always a dubious source of information, date the battle a full year after Offa's death in 797. This obviously means that King Offa could not possibly have fought in the Battle of Rhuddlan Marsh, preoccupied as he was with being dead for a year.
Hopefully, you are aware of some information that could possibly serve as a tiebreaker of some sort - since these two unreliable sources won't agree.
5. Thanks for the comment, Eric. I love the way it was phrased - my type of humour!
Regrettably I can only share your uncertainty as to when he died. There are times when history is so frustrating!
One of my greatest desires for decades has been that someone should come up with proof that Richard was innocent of the murder of the Princes in the tower. I'm sure it was Lancastrian propoganda but I guess there are some things we shall never know.
Blog Archive
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http://scriptorsenex.blogspot.com/2009/10/king-offa.html
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Having Difficulty With Your Organic Garden? These Tips Can Help!
Well, now is as good a time as any. It can be confusing trying to figure out what to do and where to start, but don’t worry, the following article will help you out. Included here is advice that will assist you with your horticulture dreams.
So that you don’t shock your plants, try gradually accustoming them to conditions and temperature. The first day you transfer your plants, you should only allow them to sit in direct sunlight for a few hours. Over the course of a week, slowly increase the amount of time that you leave them outside. By the end of the week, your plants should be ready to make the big move with no problem!
Sod should be laid correctly. Get your soil ready before you lay the sod. Pull all the weeds and loosen the soil so the new roots can take easily. Next, you want to make the soil compacted by applying light but firm pressure. Make sure the soil creates a flat surface. Gently sprinkle water on the soil until you are certain that it is thoroughly moistened. When laying down sod, create staggered rows with offset joints. You want the sod to end up as a flat and even surface. If there are any gaps in between the sod pieces, then you can fill these in with some soil. Sod has to be watered daily for two weeks, and then it can be rooted.
Start your plants in containers before transferring them to the garden. Your plants will be more likely to survive if you do this. This method also gives you the freedom of tightening time periods between each planting. Your seedlings will be ready to go in as soon as you remove the previous set of mature plants.
Baking Soda
TIP! If your garden includes vegetables, make sure you plant them in a location whether they are exposed to sunlight for a minimum of six hours each day. Most vegetables need at least that much sun exposure to grow properly.
If you have any mildew on the plants, do not go out and buy anything. Plain water with a bit of liquid soap and baking soda will do the trick. Spray this on your plants once a week until the mildew disappears. Baking soda is a good way to get rid of mildew on your plants gently.
Use climbers to cover walls and fences. Climbers have many different uses and spread quickly. They can also grow through existing shrubs or trees, or be trained to cover an arbor. A number of climbers need to be attached to a support, but others just take care of their own attachments via tendrils and stems that twine. Climbing roses, honeysuckle, wisteria, clematis, and jasmine are some great plants to try out.
Make sure you remove the weeds from your garden! Weeds will cause your garden to become overgrown and cluttered. For this task, try using white vinegar. White vinegar is a weed killer! Apply it full strength to any areas where weeds are a problem.
TIP! Prior to planting your garden, devise a plan. Doing so means you can remember where each particular plant is when you start seeing sprouts arise from the earth.
The approach of fall means you need to start planting autumn goodies. This year, instead of using your regular clay pots to plant your kale and lettuce, use a pumpkin as the container instead! Once you’ve cut its top and scooped the insides out, spray the edges and inside with Wilt-Pruf to prevent rotting. Once you’ve done that, you can plant!
Grow some wheat grass or catnip for your cat to eat instead. You may also place something offensively smelly atop the soil, like citrus peel or mothballs.
Vegetables in a garden need to have at least six hours of sun every day in order to thrive. Most members of the vegetable family need this minimum of light for proper growth. Some flowers also require direct sunlight for a portion of each day.
Your plants need to be kept dry, but sill receiving a good amount of air. Moisture on your plants is a sure way to attract parasites and disease. Fungi is the most common parasite for plants. Sprays and liquids exist that are perfect for killing the fungi, but be sure you use it on the area before the fungi actually appear.
Before you plant a garden you should plan it out. Planning gives you a map of your garden. When your plants begin sprouting and all look alike, you can refer to your plan to remind yourself of which plants are which. Another benefit is that you won’t lose the little plants in a big garden patch.
Knee Pads
TIP! When deciding on which plants to include in your landscaping projects, consider evergreens which produce colorful berries. This will keep your garden colorful, even during those months when other plants are not growing.
Invest in a kneeling stool, and a wheelbarrow to work in the garden. In order to relieve stress on your knees when horticulture, always use a small garden stool to be more comfortable. There is also a lot of heavy lifting involved with horticulture, so a good wheelbarrow is a great tool to have around.
If you have a vegetable garden, it can be quite difficult to decide what to do about pest control. Avoid spraying harsh chemicals on fruits and vegetables destined for your table. You can prevent pests from appearing in the garden by adopting a vigilant attitude. If you find any unwanted pests, try removing them by hand.
Plant things that will give you color for the fall. That doesn’t have to be way it is though! In terms of colorful foliage, fall is the time of year admired by many. For example, maple, beech, and dogwood trees all change from their usual green to a vibrant spectrum of yellow, orange, and red. Shrubs such as barberry, cotoneaster and hydrangea all have gorgeous fall foliage.
You are now one step closer to fulfilling that ambition and beginning your garden. You thought perhaps that you knew what to do before, but look at how ready you are now! Hopefully the advice and tips in this article will help give you a good start in your gardening endeavors.
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What is Fertilizer?
Part 2 of 3
Approximately 3 million tons of chemical fertilizers are poured onto American lawns every year, and the numbers aren’t that much different here in Canada. These fertilizers are all filled with the same things – nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, and other minerals. Doesn’t sound so bad, does it? It actually kind of makes sense why these things would help your lawn grow green.
It’s true that grass, like all plants, need some of those things, like nitrogen, in order to grow and thrive. But what’s also true is that to turn those components into slowly-released agents that can provide the benefits over a period of time, they need to be mixed with toxins like ammonia and formaldehyde. Some fertilizers are even coated in sulfur or synthesized polymer.
What is fertilizer? For the most part, it’s poison, and it’s clinging to your kids and your pets every time they play or even so much as walk on the grass. And even when shoes are worn, those same toxins are soon tracked into the home.
The EPA has labelled these types of chemical fertilizers as safe, which only keeps homeowners in the dark longer. The idea is that if Big Brother has said it’s safe, it must be. They wouldn’t allow dangerous products on the shelves. Think about that the next time you see someone buying a pack of cigarettes.
The simple truth of the matter is that these fertilizers are not safe. They’re bad for those that use the lawn, they’re bad for the lawn, and they’re bad for the environment. Even if these fertilizers were safe, homeowners and lawn care companies often pour much more on than what’s actually needed. All in a continual effort to get the greenest “healthiest”-looking lawn possible.
But that doesn’t mean that homeowners have to look at dry brown lawns all summer. There is help, and it comes in the form of organic fertilizers.
Organic fertilizers are comprised of things like manure and compost, nutrients, minerals, important oils, amino acids, vitamins, hormones, enzymes and
collagens. These help condition the soil, balance the biology within it, and promote plant growth. These fertilizers also deepen roots, build humus, and aerate the soil.
But they go far beyond just being good for the lawn. They’re also good for the environment. With the right organic fertilizer, such as the kind we use here at Stangl’s, carbon dioxide is actually pulled out of the atmosphere and stored in the lawn, where the grass can feed off of it.
This fertilizer is just one part of the solution we offer at Stangl’s, but it’s such an important one. We’re talking about so much more than just a green lawn. We’re talking about the health of your family, your pets, and the environment. It literally goes as deep as the fish in the ocean!
Be part of the solution and call us today at 905-641-8133. You’ll get the best lawn care in St. Catharines, along with a solution that you can see and definitely feel!
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Tuesday, March 25, 2008
playtherecords: Ballads For The Age Of Science
Here is a link--to a link-- to the original Ballads For The Age of Science Records! (Believe me it was easier to do it this way!)
playtherecords: Ballads For The Age Of Science
And here is a link to another FABULOUS song, The Elements, on those records.
The Elements
This song was written by Tom Lehrer.
"Thomas Andrew "Tom" Lehrer (born April 9, 1928) is an American singer-songwriter, satirist, pianist, and mathematician. He has lectured on mathematics and musical theater. Lehrer is best known for the pithy, humorous songs he recorded in the 1950s and 60s. His work often parodied popular song forms, notably in "The Elements", where he sets the names of the chemical elements to the tune of the "Major-General's Song" from Gilbert and Sullivan's Pirates of Penzance."
(information from Wikipedia)
I have not had a chance to use this song but I have no trouble envisioning the children singing this song and learning the chemical elements!
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Tuesday, February 26, 2008
National Eating Disorders Awareness Week!
This week is National Eating Disorders Awareness Week. Here are a few things that adults can do to help the children in their lives.
1. Remember, you're a role model! Think about your own body image. Do your children notice you looking in the mirror sideways at yourself to see how large your stomach is, asking others if you look fat, commenting that you need to lose weight, or constantly trying new diets? The kids in your life might get the message that they, too, need to look perfect. Instead, talk to your kids about how all people come in different sizes, and how nature and genetics can cause people to have different body sizes.
2. Avoid teasing or making lots of negative comments to kids (or even to other adults... remember, your kids are listening!) that may lead them to feel you would love them more if they were different than they are. This includes comments about weight, but also about other things too, such as grades in school, etc. Show the children in your life that you love them just the way they are!
3. Avoid fad diets for yourself, and talk to the kids in your life about why dieting can be dangerous. Stress that it is better to live a healthy lifestyle, and eat plenty of healthy foods, rather than greatly restrict what they eat or follow diets.
4. Encourage activities that will give kids moderate exercise. Encouraging kids to do something they enjoy, like play a sport, ride their bike or skateboard, dance, etc, on a regular basis, may be better than telling a child they need to "exercise." Getting exercise for fun is always wonderful, but when kids start exercising just to lose weight, there is the potential for them to go overboard with it.
5. Similarly, try not to put limits on your children's calorie intakes, unless a doctor has advised you to do this for a specific medical reason. Definitely encourage the children in your life to eat a variety of healthy foods at meals, but do not count calories.
6. Teach the kids in your life about all different types of prejudice. Teach them not to "judge a book by its cover." Model for them how you look at a person's ideas, behaviors, words, etc, instead of just looking at their size, skin color, or clothing.
7. When choosing clothing, wear what you love to wear! Don't choose clothing just because it hides or minimizes your weight, or avoid certain clothing you love. Likewise, make sure you're not doing things like, for instance, refusing to go swimming on a hot day because you think you look bad in a bathing suit. Model for the kids in your life that you are comfortable with your body the way it is, and that they should be comfortable with their bodies as well!
8. Think about the reasons you eat, and encourage the kids in your life to do the same. Do you tend to eat when you are upset, or bored, even though you're not really hungry? Try redirecting yourself (and the children) to other stress-relieving activities instead. Remember that eating healthy foods and drinking lots of water can also help elevate your mood, whereas lots of sugary junk food can make you feel sluggish and even depressed.
william said...
Bulimia News and Discussion Forum
luccy said...
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Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds . Containing only carbon and hydrogen, they can be straight-chain, branched chain, or cyclic molecules. Carbon tends to form four bonds in a tetrahedral geometry. Hydrocarbon derivatives are formed when there is a substitution of a functional group at one or more of these positions.
Depending on the relative electronegativities of the two atoms sharing electrons, there may be partial transfer of electron density from one atom to the other. When the electronegativities are not equal, electrons are not shared equally and partial ionic charges develop. The greater the electronegativity difference, the more ionic the bond is. Bonds that are partly ionic are called polar covalent bonds.
Nonpolar covalent bonds, with equal sharing of the bond electrons, arise when the electronegativities of the two atoms are equal.
Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
• A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have the same electronegativity and therefore have equal sharing of the bonding electron pair
• Example: In H-H each H atom has an electronegativity value of 2.1, therefore the covalent bond between them is considered nonpolar
Polar Covalent Bond
• A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have different electronegativities and therefore have unequal sharing of the bonding electron pair
• Example: In H-Cl, the electronegativity of the Cl atom is 3.0, while that of the H atom is 2.1
• The result is a bond where the electron pair is displaced toward the more electronegative atom. This atom then obtains a partial-negative charge while the less electronegative atom has a partial-positive charge.This separation of charge or bond dipole can be illustrated using an arrow with the arrowhead directed toward the more electronegative atom.
The Greek letter delta indicates "partially".
• Within a molecule each polar bond has a bond dipole
• A polar molecule always contains polar bonds, but some molecules with polar bonds are nonpolar.
Polar Molecule
• A molecule in which the bond dipoles present do not cancel each other out and thus results in a molecular dipole.(see below). Cancellation depends on the shape of the molecule or Stereochemistry and the orientation of the polar bonds.
Molecular Dipole
• A result of the bond dipoles in a molecule.
• Bond dipoles may or may not cancel out thereby producing either molecules that are nonpolar, if they cancel, or polar, if they do not cancel
• Examples:
• CO2 is a linear molecule with 2 bond dipoles that are equal and oppositely directed therefore the bond polarities cancel and the molecule is nonpolar.
• HCN is a linear molecule with 2 bond dipoles that are in the same direction and are not equal therefore the bond polarities do not cancel and the molecule is polar
• More examples can be found on the Table: Stereochemistry of Some Common Molecules
Why are hydrocarbon nonpolar?
Hydrocarbon molecules are made of a carbon backbone with hydrogen attachments. Based on electronegativity, neither of these elements create polarity (electrons being pulled towards one pole). When you have a large difference in electronegativity (O-H) then you create polarity. Carbon and Hydrogen are too close in their electronegativity and therefore share electrons equally.
The intermolecular attractions are strong.
All the bonds are single covalent bonds.
The electron pair is shared almost equally in all the bonds.
Van der Waals forces overcome polarity.
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This section of the website contains some older articles that I wrote for this website. All newer articles can be found in the Blog.
A Grand Unified Theory of Music
The Billion Dollar Puzzle
A Correlation Test for the Occurrence of Musicality in Normal Speech
The hypothesis that musicality represents information about the internal mental state of a speaker, together with the hypothesis that musicality is measured across multiple aspects of speech perception, suggests a straightforward test of the theory. Given reasonable plausible candidate formulae for computing different aspects of musicality, apply them to a corpus of "normal" speech, and then calculate the correlation across different aspects.
Statistical Structure of Human Speech Sounds and Calibration of Interval Perception
The concepts in The Statistical Structure of Human Speech Sounds Predicts Musical Universals published in The Journal of Neuroscience can be combined with the theory in my book about calibration of perception of harmonic intervals, to give a fuller picture of how the brain perceives intervals.
Pitch is determined by naturally occurring periodic sounds
Pitch is determined by naturally occurring periodic sounds is another important paper by two of the authors of "Statistical Structure ...". Although of less direct relevance to my own theory, it is significant because it provides strong evidence for the existence of a relationship between music perception and speech perception.
Melodic Language
One reason why certain aspects of language, such as phonemes, are not highly relevant to the perception of musicality, may be that those aspects did not exist when the perception of musicality evolved. This suggests that language at that time had melodic and rhythmic aspects, with only one vowel and one consonant. A recent study of the Silbo Gomero language could shed some light on this possibility.
Animal Music
Is there such a thing as animal music? This might seem to be the same question as "Do animals make music?", but there is a subtle difference between the two. Composing good music is not an easy thing even for people to do, so it may be that animal music could exist, but the animals are not clever enough to make it up by themselves. Whereas those animal sounds that sound musical to us may not be musical at all to the animals that make them.
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Let's Talk with Gerd Wendler About Studying Polar Climate
Gerd Wendler
Gerd Wendler is a professor of polar climatology at the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska in Fairbanks. Gerd also studies katabatic winds, the incredibly powerful winds that thunder down from Antarctica's high polar plateau to the coast.
AMNH: Why should kids know about Antarctica?
Gerd: Antarctica is one of two heat sinks on planet Earth and we have to study it to obtain a better understanding of global climate change.
Gerd: Stay interested, and if you have the chance, go there.
More on Gerd Wendler the Person
Field of Study Atmospheric sciences
Hometown Hamburg, Germany
Favorite Middle/High School Subjects Science
Least Favorite Middle/High School Subjects Languages
Thoughts on Middle/High School "My least favorite subject was languages, but they help me in my job now. I need to speak, read, and write English for where I work now, and people in Antarctica speak many different languages."
Interests in Middle School Chess
Interests Today Outdoor activities like boating and golf and traveling to not too crowded places.
Life Lessons from the Field "If you want to do something, DO IT, but be careful in your preparation."
Recommended Reading Endurance: An epic Polar adventure (Shackleton expedition) by F. Worseley
Major Influences "Alaska, this large and thinly populated State, influenced me strongly."
Number of Trips to Antarctica So Far Eight
Gerd: I study the climate in both the northern and southern high latitudes, or the regions around the North and South Pole. The polar regions are the two heat or energy sinks on Earth. That means they are regions that release more heat than the amount of heat they are taking in from the Sun. The equator, on the other hand, is a heat source; it gains more energy or heat from the sun than it releases. Put together, the equator and poles set up the whole global circulation of air on Earth. Heat flows from the source to the sink, or from the equator out to the poles. Compared to the equator, we don't know much about air circulation at the poles, and they are such an important part of the climate of our planet.
AMNH: What are you studying specifically?
Gerd: Often my research focuses on the winds at the poles, especially katabatic winds in Antarctica. Antarctica is well known for its ferocious winds. Because of the force of gravity, dense, cold air flows from the high polar plateau in the middle of the continent down toward the coast, just like a stream or creek. The landscape also contributes to the wind–landforms can actually channel the airflow and force the winds to converge; this makes the winds even stronger. These intense winds, once they reach the coast, are called katabatic winds. Wind speeds can increase from quiet conditions to 40 mph over a five minute period!
AMNH: Is Antarctica windy all over?
Gerd: The windiest regions of Antarctica are usually on the coast. By the time they reach the coast, flowing down from the high polar plateau, the winds have picked up speed. One of the windiest places is the Adelie coast, where the winds have not only picked up speed, but have been funneled through the mountains in the area to get even faster.
AMNH: How fast can winds go?
Gerd: At the French Antarctic station Dumont d'Urville, a wind speed of 224 mph was measured It is one of the highest winds ever measured close to sea level. Cape Denison on the Adelie coast reported wind speeds in excess of 100 mph about every winter month. Needless to say, no other continent in the world compares to Antarctica in wind speeds.
AMNH: How do you study wind?
Gerd: I analyze data about wind speed and direction, and I gather data using tools that are on the ground and on satellites. A lot of my data comes from Automatic Weather Stations in Antarctica; they offer their data over satellite. We started using Automatic Weather Stations in 1980, but back then our wind sensors often didn't make it through the extreme winds they were measuring! As a result, our records then were pretty spotty. In 1994-95, a really rugged anemometer (the instrument used to measure wind speed and direction) was developed. We installed them in our stations in Antarctica and obtained year-round data for the first time. Through that work, we confirmed that Cape Denison is the windiest place on Earth close to sea level. We measured winds there for four consecutive months, and got an average monthly wind speed in excess of 60 mph.
AMNH: What do you like about working in Antarctica?
Gerd: For one thing, Antarctica is beautiful and incredible to see. At South Pole station during the summer half year there is very little change in the elevation of the Sun (at least not any change you could see with the naked eye) over the course of twenty-four hours. That means that it stays at the same height above the horizon all the time. Instead of rising, moving overhead, and then setting, the Sun just moves around in a circle over the pole. Without a watch, you really have no sense of daily rhythm and no concept of what time of day it is. Antarctica itself is also still very much a mystery–we know a lot less about Antarctica than we do about all the other continents. There are still a lot of questions, in all areas of science, that need to be answered about Antarctica, and that's an exciting opportunity. In climatology, we know perhaps the least about the way climate changes in Antarctica compared to any place in the world. That means there are a lot of exciting questions to study in my field. I also like all the international work. It is interesting to work with colleagues from all over the world. And I like planning an experiment, making measurements, analyzing data, comparing results with models, and finally publishing the results. I really enjoy pretty much the whole research process. Making actual measurements of wind or other climate data in the field can be great.
AMNH: Do you study Antarctica when you're not there?
Gerd: Making measurements in Antarctica is only one part of my research. The more time-consuming part is analyzing all the data we gather and then writing up my results so other scientists can see them. That all happens away from Antarctica. I also try to share my experiences with others by teaching and by taking on assistants. One way I can share my experiences is by bringing people along to work with me on my research. A science teacher will go down South as part of my program.
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Why babies were named after WW1 battles
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Why babies were named after WW1 battles
More than 1,600 children born during and after World War One were given names related to the war.
The names tended to be given to girls rather than boys, usually in commemoration of a father or relation who fought and died there.
With the centenary commemorations approaching for the Battle of Passchendaele, there have been efforts to trace families who have passed down these names through the generations.
Sean Coughlan finds out more about these "battle-name babies".
• 21 Jul 2017
• From the section UK
Go to next video: Poppy pins made from battlefield shells
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Cherries Antioxidants
Cherry Benefits
Cherries Health Information
Cherries Antioxidants
Cherries antioxidants have been in the health spotlight for a few years now. This has everything to do with the fact that cherries have been discovered to be one of the fruits with the highest levels of antioxidant activity.
Cherries are a type of fruit originally from the Northern hemisphere. Cherries are the smallest of the Rosacea (stone fruit) family and are of the genus prunus. There are more than 100 types of cherries but they are broadly categorized into two main types of cherries, sweet and sour (also known as tart cherries).
You cannot speak about cherries antioxidants without first explaining what antioxidants are. Human bodies need oxygen for several processes such as respiration, exercise and digestion. These processes that make use of oxygen also cause the production of free radicals. Free radicals are also produced when a person is exposed to pollution and ultraviolet rays from the sun.
Free radicals are unstable molecules that have been linked with causing diseases such as heart disease and cancer as well as causing aging. If the free radicals in the body exceed the antioxidants, a person is said to be experiencing oxidative stress. Diseases occur when oxidative stress causes oxidative damage. This is because the free radicals alter the structure and function of cells.
Cherries antioxidants therefore play a very important role in preventing oxidative stress. The level of antioxidants is measured in terms of ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) units. These units simply measure the amount of free radicals that can be absorbed and deactivated. It has been found that cherries antioxidants can scavenge and neutralize the free radicals. They can also help other body molecules to scavenge and neutralize the free radicals.
Cherries antioxidants are derived from the anthocyanins, phytonutrients and polyphenols. Cherries contain phenols such as cyaniding, rutin, peonidin, pelargonidin and glucoside. The phenolic acids in them include p-coumaroylquinic acid and neochlorogenic acid. They also contain flavonols such as quercetin, epicatechin, rutinoside and kaempferol.
Cherries also contain Vitamins A, E and K, the carotenoids beta carotene, zeaxanthin and lutein and minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium.
It has been suggested that the different types of antioxidants in cherries work together and create synergy to offer very powerful protection against free radicals. Cherries antioxidants are not the only reason why this fruit has gained notoriety. Cherries also have anti-inflammatory properties. Cherries have been found to inhibit inflammation by reducing levels of C-reactive protein and nitric oxide. Cherries also inhibit the activity of COX II (cyclooxygenase II), an inflammatory enzyme. The ability of cherries to do all this is directly attributed to the anthocyanins.
There are many other cherries health benefits that you can find by browsing through our huge array of articles on the subject. Hopefully, this information on cherries antioxidants have shown you why you should make cherries and cherry products a part of your diet.
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Is Judge Sotomayor Living In the Past?
The Supreme Court's decision in the New Haven Firefighters' case shows that the Court--and the nation--are at a turning point in racial preferences. This could not come at a worse time for President Obama's nominee, as Judge Sotomayor apparently holds a view of race that the country rejects and the Constitution doesn't allow.
On June 29, the Supreme Court decided Ricci v. DeStefano. In Ricci, white and Hispanic New Haven firefighters sued when their test scores for promotion were discarded when the city decided that not enough black test-takers received high scores. The Court held that it violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act for a city to throw out test scores for promotions simply because of the racial makeup of the results.
More important, however, is Justice Scalia's concurring opinion. The firefighters argued that the city's actions violated both Title VII and the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. Courts only make constitutional decisions when there's no other way to decide a case. Since the Title VII issue resolved this case, the Court didn't tackle the constitutional question.
Justice Scalia, however, said that the day is coming when the Court must answer whether the Constitution forbids laws that divide people on the basis of race. He makes the point that since the law forbids governments (like cities) from discriminating based on race, then government cannot pass laws like Title VII requiring employers to consider race in making employment decisions. Making race a factor in decisions is discrimination.
This is like the Voting Rights Act case decided last week, NAMUDNO v. Holder, where the Court looked at the federal government's supervising parts of the South on their voting laws. The Court there, too, suggested that it needs to consider whether harsh and burdensome laws on racial issues are still necessary.
Such laws are a thing of the past. The Civil Rights Act was signed in 1964, and the Voting Rights Act passed in 1965. Those were days of militant racism and the systematic oppression of blacks and other minorities.
Today things couldn't be more different. A black man sits in the Oval Office, and minorities are governors, senators, top Cabinet officials, and Supreme Court justices. As Justice Scalia writes, the Court needs to consider whether all these laws in which government puts its thumb on one side of the scales of justice because of race are now unconstitutional. In other words, the Court needs to recognize that the time has arrived to judge people on the content of their character, not the color of their skin.
It's a big question as to where Judge Sonia Sotomayor stands on these things. She went the wrong way in Ricci, and today the Supreme Court reversed her decision. She has described herself as "an affirmative action baby." She credits racial preferences with her success in getting into Princeton and Yale to launch her career.
Does Judge Sotomayor realize that America is past all that? Does she realize that a new day has dawned, or does she embrace a victimhood mindset that minorities can't get ahead in life unless government tilts the scales in their favor?
The Ricci case was a 5-4 decision, and so was last week's NAMUDNO decision. Clearly, the Court is split on this issue and one vote makes all the difference.
The Senate needs to decide whether Sonia Sotomayor will have one vote on the Supreme Court when these important questions are finally decided.
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NoteThe Global Polio Eradication Initiative is the national governments.
NoteThe Global Polio Eradication Initiative is the national governments, led WHO, Rotary International, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and UNICEF.Since the launch of the GPEI in 1988, the incidence of polio has been 99 percent 99 percent. In 1988 more than 350,000 children were paralyzed each year in more than 125 endemic countries. In 2013, 767 cases on 10 November 2013 report) in 19 countries. Only four countries remain endemic: India, Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
‘The breast cancer cells that we examined, so laden with gold nanorods that their masses by an average of about 13 % had increased,’said study leader Eugene Zubarev, associate professor of chemistry at Rice. ‘It is noteworthy that the cells continue to function normally, even with all that gold in them. ‘.
This is the first vaccination response to the polio outbreak on 4 November confirmed in the Republic of Congo. Latest figures of 9 November, you write in a total of 226 cases of acute flaccid paralysis with an unusually high mortality rate of 97 deaths.A summary of study is available online. A free service from The Henry J. Publishes. Kaiser Family Foundation.
Many studies have subscribed a link between the vehicle environmental pollution and health problems. This is the first, the physical effect of freeway contamination in brain cells for explore.
According Rossi, of date of the commencement HAART is a major factor in determining if HIV-positive children to be to develop common vaccines Replies and how long will the answer. The authors write their findings early HAART initiate support for the purpose of conservation normal immune response in HIV-positive children. However, they add to health agencies need to A vaccine timelines for HIV-positive children who starting the treatment after one year of living to revise.
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understanding electricity for portable generators benjamin-franklinDo you recognize this man? I’d ask you to look on a hundred dollar bill, but if you’re like me, you don’t have one lying around. Well it’s Ben Franklin. Remember him and his kite and his key in the lightning storm? Well from lightning to the shock that you’d give your sister after rubbing your feet on the rug, we know it’s there but don’t know much about it.
But now you’ve purchased a portable generator or are thinking about it. You want an understanding of electricity for portable generators to get the most use out of one, but also to operate it safely. You know that a motor turns mechanical energy into electrical energy (read “How a Portable Generator Works” on this site). You see receptacles on the power panel. Some look simple enough – like the ones on your kitchen walls. But some larger models have some funny looking power outlets. For a general review of some typical outlets and necessary power cords, check out the article on extension cords on this site.
You might be confused by the designations on the power panel like 120V/240V, 30A, 60Hz and the model number is based on its watts. You want at least enough knowledge to know how to safely use a portable generator. You will not be a certified electrician after reading this (nor am I), but you will gain a basic knowledge of electricity whether supplied by your power company or by your portable generator. Read the rest of this entry
How to Safely use a portable generator signHow to safely use a portable generator is the first thing you should know before you purchase one or begin operation. It goes without saying that proper periodic maintenance will keep your portable generator running for years. But safety is not periodic. Safety is ALWAYS. Most safety considerations are common sense, and as such, can often be overlooked or ignored. A portable generator that lasts for years is of no use if YOU don’t.
Whether you use your portable generator around the house, on the job-site, or for recreational power, most safety considerations are common every time you use one. Remember you are dealing with an internal combustion engine and an electrical power source. Both have their considerations.
Read the rest of this entry
Let’s Start with the Battery Inverter
what is an inverter generator batter inverterSo exactly what is an inverter generator? To understand the portable inverter generator and how it compares to the common portable generator, we’ll first look at inverter technology in its simplest form.
You might be familiar with a common 12 volt battery inverter which is an electrical device that converts 12-volt DC power into 120-volt AC power.
Typically you run this type of inverter off of your car’s battery or off of a deep-cycle battery that you buy specifically to power the inverter. Although fairly inexpensive, the shortcoming is that typically an inverter is a useful solution if you can keep your power demands in the 200-watt range.
You could get one with a more useful 2,500 watts, but it will cost close to $1000 and that’s not including the bank of deep-cycle batteries and a charging system. For more demand than that, you should consider a fuel powered inverter generator.
Consider a car’s battery has a reserve capacity rating. A typical rating is 80 minutes, which means the battery can supply 25 amps at 12 volts for 80 minutes. Without going into the math, if you draw 120 watts continuously, at 10amps, this might last three hours, possibly eight hours on a deep-cycle marine type battery. But then you have to recharge the battery.
The reason I mention that is, some will opt for a portable generator for most of the daytime duties of a power outage, then run a couple of lights at night off of an inverter. You can run a couple of 15 watt bulbs (2.5 amps) for about 12 hours on a car battery.
Read the rest of this entry
how does a portable generator work unspecified 1500W portable generatorThe Simple Basics
So how does a portable generator work? Well it’s best to start at the beginning. A Portable Generator basically consists of a power generator head, an engine, a fuel source and power outlets. For this reason, they are sometimes known as an engine-generator set, or a gen-set by some people. That description is its simplest form and an explanation of how they work separately and together follows.
The generator head is the component that produces the electricity that supplies the power outlets. The engine runs the generator head and the engine must be supplied by some sort of fuel, usually gasoline, liquid propane, natural gas or diesel.
Regardless of the type of fuel used, an engine, usually a 4-cycle, overhead valve type of varying horsepower will provide the mechanical energy necessary to the generator head by spinning a shaft. A constant speed regulaor (governor) controls the speed of the spin. There must also be a cooling system and method of lubrication of the moving parts. The generator head then converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy and supplies the electricity to the power outlets. An inverter type generator works a bit differently. But just how does a generator provide electricity?
Read the rest of this entry
A special message for my friends –
When an impending storm approaches, you might be looking for a new generator, or hauling out the one you’ve been storing in the garage. Unless you already have a transfer switch, you don’t want to be caught off guard with an inadequate generator extension cord. Make sure that it is of sufficient gauge and length for your purposes. Remember, you must keep the running generator AWAY from any living space. Don’t put your family in jeopardy because your cord is too short. ALWAYS be safe.
What Are the Differences?
Coleman 100ft 15A Extension cord for generator
Standard outdoor three prong 5-15 male and female ends
Here you will find out what you need to know about extension cords for portable generators. These are also referred to as generator cords.
How do you understand gauge wire sizes and how does it relate to the length of cord? What’s the difference between a four prong extension cord and a three prong one? What does AWG mean? These are the most common question and you will find your answers on this article.
You probably have extension cords of different gauges and lengths lying around the house and in your garage. But are they suitable for use with your portable generator?
You know that for safety and the possibility of Carbon Monoxide poisoning, you have to operate your portable generator at least 20 feet from your home and never in a basement or garage. So if you’re using it for powering devices in your home, that means you’ll need long generator cords to run appliances in your home, right?
So why can’t any old cord do as long as the plug fits? Should you care how long the cord is? The answer is YES! First, we’ll have to look at how cords are rated. And then there are those plug configurations that we’ll need to understand. Above all, we’ll want to insure the safety of our families and ourselves. Ready?
If you feel the need to look at the wide variety of generator cords (and household types), there is no better location to search for just about any extension cord you could need than at Amazon.com.
Don’t expect that your local hardware or home improvement store will have a large enough selection. You can browse when you’re ready by clicking the Amazon button, and type in some of the descriptors that you’ll be reading below:
Read the rest of this entry
What Size Portable Generator do I Need Questions and new ideas
A message for this time of year
It happens every year, and especially right now. When a storm threatens, we consider our options in a power outage. Will we be lucky again? Or unlucky again? Truth is, it’s better to be safe than sorry. A portable generator is a good investment even when the weather is nice. If you’re visiting this site for a possible emergency, or if you already own a portable generator, just remember, “Always be safe!”
To save you some time, many new generator purchasers are only interested in one that can handle their refrigerator/freezer in a power outage. If that is you, look at one that provides at least 2000 surge watts. Although most refrigerators require less than 1000 watts to run, when the compressor cycles on, they need the additional watts.
What size?
You’ve made a decision to get a portable generator. Great! A common question that I get from shoppers looking for a portable generator is, “What size portable generator do I need for home use?” The best answer to this question is not very popular. The answer is, “It depends”.
Many people go make their portable generator purchase and wish that they had considered all the factors first. Let’s face it, generators are expensive and you don’t want to waste one while you purchase the one you should have bought in the first place.
Take for example two best selling generators. The Earthquake ig800w is an 800 watt inverter generator that can only power one or two items at a time. The equally popular Generac xg8000e is an 8000 watt generator that has enough power to hook up to your home’s power panel to supply most of your needs in a power outage.
Why one group of people think that one size is what they need and another group of people think a completely different size is what they need is why “it depends”.
For a better explanation of “it depends”, read below and take a look at the handy table which provides the estimated wattage requirements of some standard household devices and appliances.
Read the rest of this entry
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http://www.generatorgrader.com/portable-generator-101/
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The Sedimentation Event Sensor (SES) was first deployed at Sta. M in 2012. The SES is a sediment trap that images the sample rather than collecting it, allowing for a temporal resolution of hours rather than days, and more detailed analysis of sediment components. In the image on the left, individual fecal pellets can be identified and counted. The SES also records fluorescence allowing for relative estimates of chlorophyll content in samples
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While Ebola has been making headlines, a common virus that sends hundreds of thousands of US children to the hospital annually has slipped under the radar. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects the small airways of the lungs and most people have been infected by age two. But just like influenza (the flu), we can catch it again and again.
Adults usually experience symptoms of the common cold - runny nose, sneezing, coughing, and fever. However, in infants and young children, the symptoms can be much more serious. In addition to being tired and fussy, they may not want to eat and may have problems breathing. If this happens, the child should seek immediate medical care.
Even when hospitalized, the vast majority of children survive without any complications. However in the elderly, RSV causes 10,000 deaths or more annually in the US. Premature infants and those with chronic lung or heart conditions are also at higher risk of more serious disease and for that special group, a monthly injection can help protect them. So if your infant is less than one year old and was born two months early or has congenital heart or lung issues, ask your physician if your child may benefit from the injections.
Unfortunately, there is no immunization against RSV. The best way to protect yourself and your family is to practice good hygiene. The CDC recommends washing your hands often, clean and disinfect surfaces, avoid touching your face with unwashed hands, and avoid close contact with sick people. If you do become ill, cover your coughs and sneezes (watch video Why Don't We Do It In Our Sleeves http://www.coughsafe.com/sleeves-english.html and on YouTube), and stay at home.
For more information, feel free to visit www.cdc.gov/rsv or visit with your physician.
Mu Chen, M.D., is a second year resident at Texas Tech. Chen earned his Bachelor's in Computer Science from the University of Texas at Austin and completed medical school at Texas Tech Health Sciences Center.
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Wednesday, February 27, 2013
Okinawa and the Taira Connection
The warring period (also called the Gusuku period) in Okinawa extended from the late 1100’s until the Ryukyu kingdom was finally unified under a single ruler in 1422. Historians draw a significant connection to the year 1185 when many defeated Taira warriors fled Japan to take refuge in the Ryukyu Islands.
So, what is the story behind this Taira clan, and how could they have made a difference on Okinawan development? For these answers, we need to look at some Japanese history.
Early Japanese History
While China has a recorded history going back to 800 B.C., Japan did not become a single country until 500 to 700 AD. Coincidentally this was also just after or about the same time that the Japanese and Okinawan languages split apart.
The Japanese had much contact and exchange with China then. In 645 A.D. Japan entered the Taika era (Taika means “great change”). A centralized imperial state was created based on the Chinese Confucian idea that this was necessary to maintain balance and harmony in society.
The Nara and Heian periods – A Cultural High Point in Japan
The Nara and Heian periods that followed (710 to 1185) were a golden age for Japan. The Japanese imperial family borrowed many things from the Chinese and adapted them to Japan culture. Buddhist religion and Chinese writing (Kanji) were introduced. Buddhism began to replace the indigenous Shinto religion. Music, literature, art, and architecture flourished. Children were taught in Confucian style schools.
Toward the latter part of the Heian period the Japanese emperor’s central control weakened. Regional groups ruled by warlords (daimyo) gained in strength.
Two powerful families emerged, namely the Taira and Minamoto clans. As early as the 10th century, these two clans fought each other for domination over the empire.
Taira becomes first military leader of japan
In 1156 a dispute erupted over who should be emperor. Taira and Minamoto battled in an episode called the Hogen Insurrection. The Taira side won. The Minamoto family made another attempt in 1159 to take power. This one was named the Heiji Uprising. Taira Kiyomori, leader of the Taira clan, crushed Minamoto and became the first undisputed national military leader.
However, going against the advice of his advisors, he spared the life of the Minamoto's youngest son. This is a decision he would come to regret.
The Taira Reign
Taira did much for Japan. He built up a profitable trade with China in the western part of Japan. He was noted for his strong skills in shipbuilding and seafaring. He did much to improve ports and navigation for his country. Experienced in the ways of the Kyoto imperial court, he was no doubt skilled in diplomacy and court intrigue. His military skills and the loyalty of his warriors kept him in power.
Minamoto Returns – The Gempei War
20 years later, the young Minamoto son whose life had been spared grew to manhood. Seeking revenge, a plot was hatched in 1180 to overthrow Taira's rule.
In 1181 war broke out between the Tairas and Minamotos, called the Gempei War. It was to be a crossroads in Japanese history. The name Gempei comes from the Chinese reading of the kanji for the respective clan names. Gen is another pronunciation for Minamoto, and Hei for Taira. When the two characters are put together in Japanese they are pronounced Gempei.
Minamoto had his forces in the east and north. Taira's strength was in the west and south. Taira was also stronger at sea.
In 1183 Taira’s superior army was defeated in a battle at Mount Tonami. Minamoto then captured the capital city Kyoto, and forced Taira forces to retreat west. One year later Taira lost another major battle called Ichi-no-tani.
Finally, a famous sea battle in 1185 called Dannoura in western Japan sealed Taira’s fate. Despite his superior naval skills Taira forces suffered a final major defeat. This ended the Taira rule over Japan.
Minamoto became supreme leader of Japan and moved the capital to Kamakura. He and his descendants would rule for the next 700 years. The Minamoto takeover also signaled a change from the aesthetic, scholarly culture that had developed in Kyoto to the warrior samurai culture or “bushido” code. Military dictators, or Shoguns, would rule Japan until 1868, when the Meiji Restoration gave power back to the emperor.
What Taira people would have brought to Okinawa
Many Taira loyalists went south to the Ryukyu Islands. They would have brought advanced knowledge of ships, sailing and navigation. Their experience in the royal Japanese court would have provided political expertise. They would have carried knowledge of economic relations with China, with whom they had traded extensively. And of course they would also have knowledge of military strategies and tactics. All these skills would have been valued by the Okinawan local lords, called aji.
What it meant for Okinawa
The next 200 years in the Ryukyu Islands saw a proliferation of the aji, inter-village rivalries, and the construction of numerous castles (gusuku) all over the Ryukyu Islands. Better navigation skills helped to increase trade with China and other countries, thus ushering in a period of wealth such as Okinawa had never before seen.
Today, the name “Taira” is one of the 10 most common Okinawan surnames.
Wednesday, February 20, 2013
From Villages to Castles and the Feudal Period
The first villages in Okinawa, called makyo, began as a one-family affair. Over time, the population grew and branches of the clan developed. Other families also moved in. In this way larger communities called mura formed. The mura had two or more blood groups or clans in the same village.
The Family Village and the Sacred Grove
Families coming to settle in the islands would first look for a suitable place. This was typically on a hilltop or mountainside where there was good sun for crop growing, high enough to be away from the storm surges of typhoons and floods, and easy to defend from other villages. A source of fresh water such as a stream or spring was also important.
The sacred grove or otake formed the center of the family village. The site for the otake was a heavy clump of trees and bushes with a small clearing. A large rock or vessel for burning incense stood in the center. The otake represented the place where the protective kami (god) of the family would present himself from time to time.
A nice article from “Of Andagi and Sanshin” by Wesley Uenten explains how the spirits of deceased ancestors transform to kami (gods) over time if cared for properly. As memories of the ancestor fade among those still living, the ancestor moves from a spirit to a kami.
Village Government and the Creation Myth
The village was the earliest form of organization. It was led by the house of the founding family, or the Neya – the root house. Governance mirrored the religious beliefs about creation.
Several versions of the Okinawan creation myth exist. According to Sakihara, the most basic one says that the Sun God created a man/woman figure called Amamikyo/Shinereikyo, and this figure gave birth to people – lords, priestesses, and commoners. Village society reflected this creation myth by having the male head of the root house as “lord”. The female head of the root house was priestess. The rest of the villagers were followers of these rulers.
The male head of the family controlled the political and business affairs of the village. The head female, typically a sister, controlled all religious and ceremonial activities. The commoners were the basis for economic production.
Early Village Economy
Up to the end of the 12th century, Okinawa was at a primitive stage of development. Survival depended on both farming and fishing to ensure enough food. Rice was a very vulnerable crop and could easily be damaged by floods or drought. Fishing was restricted to areas close to shore, due to the crude level of boat building and navigation.
Okinawa was chiefly connected externally with Japan in the north. It was relatively easy to navigate to Kyushu along the island chain. Travel to the south was risky and dangerous due to the large open stretch of ocean and many typhoons.
The Feudal Period Begins
Okinawan population continued to increase. Small family villages merged with other clans to become larger multi-clan towns. The once isolated villages started to find themselves competing among each other for resources.
As competition for space and resources grew, communities developed local chieftains or lords, called aji. These aji were looking for ways to expand their power and care for their people.
In 1185 the powerful Taira clan in Japan lost a major war with the Minamoto clan for control over that country. Many defeated Taira warriors fled to the southern islands of Okinawa for refuge, bringing their knowledge and skills with them. This would have included military strategy and advanced maritime skills, for which the Taira family was especially noted.
No doubt the Okinawan aji welcomed this influx of new information. New technology would help them in their power struggles and their fight for resources. Castle fortresses or gusuku were built by the aji as bases to conduct their campaigns. The word for gusuku in Japanese is shiro or jo.
Today, many Okinawans have “shiro” as part of their name.
The period of battling chieftains in Okinawa is also called, the Gusuku period, named after the large number of such structures built. Today there are 200 to 300 remains of gusuku found throughout the Ryukyu Islands.
This warring period lasted for over 200 years.
Wednesday, February 13, 2013
Karate Then and Now - Lecture by Charles Goodin and Sensei Pat Nakata
The karate that we see and learn today is much different than the original martial art developed in old Okinawa.
Charles Goodin of the Hawaii Karate Museum and Sensei Pat Nakata of the Okinawan Shorin-Ryu Karate Association presented an enlightening review of the Karate’s history. Their lecture "Karate in the Ryukyu Kingdom, Okinawa Prefecture, and Hawaii: How is Okinawan Culture Spread through Karate” was part of the Center for Okinawan Studies Lecture Series. It was held February 9, 2012 at the University of Hawaii, Manoa Campus.
Karate Development in the Ryukyu Kingdom
Ryukyu became a tribute state to China in the 1370's. Strong trade relations existed then between Ryukyu and China's Ming dynasty. As part of a cultural exchange between the two countries, the Chinese sent the famous "36 families" to Okinawa to live and share their crafts and skills. Martial artists were among them. They taught the Ryukyuans their Chinese techniques.
Over time the imported Chinese fighting style combined with native Okinawan techniques to become “Karate.” In those days the name was Tu ti, meaning “Chinese hand” or “foreign hand.”
Karate Practitioners in Old Ryukyu
Legend says that peasants learned karate in secret to rise up against evil Samurai warriors. While romantic, it isn’t true. Peasants were too busy trying to survive the harsh island life to have energy or time to devote to learning martial arts.
Mr. Goodin presented evidence that only the gentry classes of Okinawa practiced Karate. About one third of the population then was gentry class. They had assigned duties and were paid to perform them. Learning martial arts would have been part of these duties.
Different Karate Styles for Shuri, Naha, and Tomari
Different schools arose in Okinawa based on the areas where they were practiced.
Shuri castle was the home of royalty, with many foreign visitors. The Shuri-te style was therefore more refined. Practitioners could not show their calloused hands to visitors. Shuri-te named their katas, or formalized practice routines, after the names of the people who created them.
Naha, the port city, was where the bulk of the 36 Chinese families settled. So the Naha-te style more closely aligned to Chinese methods. Typical of the Chinese system at the time, Naha-te katas were named by numbers.
People in the port city of Tomari had great exposure to sailors from other lands, and many diverse travelers and fighting methods. The Tomari-te style was a mix of Shuri-te and Naha-te styles.
Karate Training Then and Now
Old karate did not use gi's or belt systems. These came later after Okinawa became a prefecture of Japan. Before that people practiced in their street clothes. The belts or sashes they wore reflected their gentry rank, not karate rank. Karate had no ranking systems.
Unlike today, classes were small. A sensei taught only a handful of students.
Training in Secret
Sensei Nakata indicated that ‘death’ matches were common at that time. So people tried to keep their karate knowledge a secret to avoid being challenged to a duel. They did not train in secret to avoid detection by Japanese samurai.
Karate in Okinawa Prefecture
In 1879, Japan abolished the Ryukyu kingdom and the gentry classes, and started to force more conformity to Japan ways in Okinawa. There were consequences for Karate.
The gentry class now needed to find work to support themselves. Because of this, many karate teachers and other artisans had to perform for commoners and others to earn money. The result was that karate and other Okinawan arts became widely available to the public.
Japan also did not like the fact that Karate used the characters for "Chinese hand." So the name was changed to mean "Empty hand" to remove the Chinese reference. “Empty hand” also suggested a mysterious Zen-like quality that was more Japanese than Okinawan.
Modern Karate
Karate had always been considered a deadly art to be used only for self-defense. In 1900 Sensei Itosu introduced Karate into the school system as a way to train Okinawan boys to become better soldiers for the Japanese army. Over time, the Judo system of wearing gi's and using colored belts for ranks was adopted. Sparring tournaments were also added, something that old karate never engaged in.
Karate’s History in Hawaii
Many famous Karate men visited Hawaii over the years and the speakers reviewed a long list of names, too many to cover here. They showed many old photos of these great masters and their travels to Hawaii.
Karate Philosophy and Okinawan Spirit
The goal of karate is to save your opponent, not to kill him. Ryukyu, a small kingdom living under the shadow of both Japan and China, did not have the option to attack first.
Sensei Nakata and Charles Goodin spoke of how true karate expresses the Okinawan spirit. The five principles of karate are:
· have humility and respect for others
· develop one's mind through training
· always try your best
· develop awareness so that you can avoid unnecessary conflict
· develop the essence of martial character - bravery, honesty, justice, etc.
Starting postures in traditional Karate kata embody these principles. The left hand always covers the right hand. The right hand symbolizes power and the left hand passivity. By covering the right with the left, you are expressing that you do not want to fight.
A story by Sensei Nakata summed it up. Sensei was counseling a child who was getting into fights all the time. The child asked, “Sensei, when is it ok to fight?" Sensei answered, “When you are ready to die.”
Wednesday, February 6, 2013
The First Okinawans
Prehistoric Okinawa
Who were the first humans to arrive in the Ryukyu Islands? How did they get there? What was life like? How did they survive? When did they become “Okinawans”?
The word “prehistoric” refers to the time from when humans first appeared until written records started. The significance of this is that we must search for clues left behind (human remains, tools, and other artifacts) to figure out the answers to these questions. For Okinawa, prehistory is thought to extend from about 7,000 B.C. to 1200 A.D.
The First Arrivals
The earliest human remains dating to 30,000 B.C. were found in Naha. Another set of remains found in Minatogawa goes back to 18,000 B.C. But continuous human activity in the Ryukyu Islands can only be traced back to 3,000 B.C.
Research about these early days still continues. By knowing how people travelled, and by comparing archaeological findings, the following picture emerges as one possibility. This summary is based mainly on the writings of Pearson and Sakihara.
Ocean travel in Dugout Canoes
To get to the Ryukyu Islands you needed to cross the sea. The earliest boats were simple dugout canoes. They were powered by a sail or by oars. Straying too far from shore was risky business. Travelers would want to keep land in sight at all times.
From Kyushu to Okinawa Island lies a string of small islands close enough together that land was always in sight. Likewise, Yaeyama and Miyako are linked to Taiwan by another series of islands. People from Japan in the north could work their way to Okinawa by canoe. Travelers from Southeast Asia and China in the south could reach Yaeyama and Miyako.
Between Miyako and Okinawa lies 175 miles of nothing but ocean. The long distance, combined with typhoons in that region, made the journey between the north and south Ryukyu Islands tough and risky. These travel restrictions led to separate developments in the two island groups. See my post "Okinawa - Location is Destiny" for more on geography.
Northern Islands and Okinawa Settlements came from Japan
Tools and pottery found in ancient sites in Okinawa are similar to those discovered in Kyushu. The islands nearest to Kyushu saw human activity as early as 3,000 B.C. Descendants of those people moved south to Amami Oshima and then Okinawa some 500 to 1,000 years later, between 2,500 B.C. and 2,000 B.C. This culture lasted until about 200 A.D.
Northern Island Lifestyle
These early islanders were hunter-gathers, living off the sea and the land. They caught fish and shellfish. They hunted and trapped wild pigs. And they ate vegetables that grew naturally around them. They brought domesticated dogs with them.
Homes were built from large coral rock, away from the sea. Houses were generally rectangle-shaped. Each had a small hearth and pit for cooking.
Tools for cutting and hammering were made of stone. Bones were used to make pins and needles. Pottery jars had simple designs. Shells were crafted into ornaments.
Southern Island Settlements came from Southeast Asia and Taiwan
Just as island-hopping linked Japan all the way to Okinawa island, in the same way were the southern islands connected to Taiwan and Southeast Asia.
Differences between North and South Cultures
Artifacts found on the southern islands are similar to those seen in Taiwan, Philippines and other Southeast Asian cultures. The pottery is much different from Amami and Okinawa. The discovery of hoes in the South points to a strong farming society. Different groups may have co-existed on the southern islands up until 1,000 A.D.
Contacts with the Outside World
The early settlers were isolated and had little interaction with the outsiders. Wayward boats or shipwrecked survivors would have washed ashore as the Black Current or typhoons swept them from the south toward the islands.
Sporadic trade with China started around 200 B.C.
Contact between the north and south islands began around 200 A.D. Trade with China and Korea also increased and became more regular.
Village Society Develops
Small permanent villages emerged sometime after 200 A.D. Advances in farming methods needed an organized community effort to plant, grow and harvest crops. Shallow sea fishing also continued. The village culture continued until the end of the prehistoric period.
The Okinawan Language Appears
The Okinawan and Japanese languages were once the same. But they split apart sometime between 0 A.D. and 500 A.D. Today they are completely separate languages and a person who speaks one cannot understand the other. In fact, Amami, Okinawa, Miyako, and Yaeyama each developed their own dialects.
Okinawa is “Born”
Starting around 600 A.D. Chinese and Japanese documents began to refer to the islands as a distinct location. Documents from the Chinese Sui Dynasty (589 to 618 A.D.) talk about “Liu-Chiu” (Ryukyu). Japan records mention “Okinawa” around 616 A.D.
And the Rest, as They Say, is History
Advances in technology and culture continued. Prehistory ended when written language was introduced in 1187 A.D. A united Ryukyu Kingdom came into being some 200 years later. That kingdom became a vibrant international trading center for the Asian region for many years to follow.
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Critical Thinking. UOP MGT350, Bachelor's in Global Business Management.
Essay by zozo15University, Bachelor's August 2008
download word file, 4 pages 5.0
Downloaded 24 times
It is simple to make a decision if one goes to the grocery store to buy something to eat or if he is choosing a place to go on vacation. It is simple when one knows that it wouldn't pose a problem to correct a mistake made, even when the decision he's made is totally wrong it won't cause monetary losses. In the worst case he'll waste some time which is relatively hard to express in an amount of money, that's why it's often not even considered to be a major loss.
And what about those decisions that in case of failure will cause considerable material losses? They are often postponed till all the information is available for a further analysis. Generating information, processing and analyzing are crucial for critical thinking. Every element should be thoroughly evaluated, called in question (not rejected), and then the decision is made.
Therefore, critical thinking is the way of thinking about any subject, concept or problem - when one makes decision based on the information he has about it, his own experience using generating, processing and analyzing skills.
It is a very conscious process since a person chooses to use these skills while thinking on a problem.
Where is that golden mean?It is a common believe that truth is a relative concept. But in case an objective truth (the only correct answer) does exist what can be a perfect answer for one may not be perfect for another. Who decides what is right and what is wrong? Everybody decides this for themselves. Not the government, not the company one works for, not family or friends - it is all about what's in one's mind. Now if a person chooses to use critical thinking it might help him see more opportunities, see a bigger picture,
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Make your own free website on
::: Artificial intelligence :::
Traditionally, artificial intelligence (AI) studies assumed that the human brain manipulates symbols, and the models that these studies suggested for intelligency were based on algorithms manipulating symbols. Knowledge was represented explicitly. Negative aspects of these models were the fact that they could handle just coerent knowledge, while human knowledge is characterised by not being coerent. Models implemented to solve problems had to deal with combinatory explosion. Nowadays, AI focuses on cognitive systems using their intelligence to adapt to its environment. These systems still use symbolic representations, but these representations are not explicited, they emerge spontaneously from subsymbolic computation.
Subsymbolism means that concepts, instead of being represented with a symbol (number, letter, word, phrase, memory adress, etc.), are represented with quantitive properties. The single quantitive property is just a sub-part of the representation of the concept, a subsymbol. Traditional AI assumes that our reasoning consists in handling symbols representing concepts, and identifies these symbols with our natural language. Subsymbolism is a valid alternative to this assumption. Concerning neural networks, the subsymbolism paradigm stresses the importance of distributing representations on multiple units. This means for example that, if a concept has a certain property, this property is not represented by the activation of one unit, but by the activation of multiple units.
Biologic inspiration
Recent developments in AI introduced a new way to approach intelligence. New methods are inspired on biologic structures and processes:
Emergentist and dualistic vision
The dualistic vision states that mental activity takes place on a different level than the level of the physical structures of the brain and its environment, and that these two levels are scarsely interdependent. The emergent vision, instead, states that mental activity emerges from the physical structures, and is strictly dependent from them. Mental activity is a result on macroscopic level of the activity on the microscopic level of physical brain structures. The symbolic level emerges from the subsymblic level. One important distinction between traditional AI and today's AI is that, while in traditional AI systems the symbolic level is the only level present, in connectionist systems the symbolic level is absent when the system is in its initial state (state 0 in dynamics theory), and emerges from the subsymbolic level when the system creates its representations. Emergentist and dualistic vision are not new phenomena, Aristoteles can be considered an exponent of the emergentist vision, while Plato shared the dualistic vision.
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Thomas Riga, University of Genoa, Italy
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Goose bumps
Have you ever thought back a very memorable time in your life and gotten goose bumps? What a strange reaction that our skin can have to nostalgia.
Other than being a scary children’s book series from the 90s, I know very little about goose bumps. How the heck do all those little bumps form on our skin only to go away after a short while. And what’s even more, why are they called goose bumps?
Those are the questions I am wondering today.
Goose Bump Facts:
According to Wikipedia, the reflex of producing goose bumps is also known as arasing piloerection or the pilomotor reflex and it occurs when tiny muscles at the base of each hair contract and pull the hair erect.
In the animal kingdom, the erect hair makes the animals appear bigger which is why goose bumps are a common response to fear.
During the formation of goose bumps, the body is warmed which explains why humans and animals get the tiny bumps on our arms and legs when we are cold.
As for why they are called goose bumps, there seems to be no exact reason.
One explanation is that when a goose’s feathers are plucked, its skin creates bumps where the feathers had been. These bumps resemble the bumps humans can get when we are cold or afraid.
Another more confusing and R rated explanation says that the name comes from the saying, “bitten by a Winchester goose” which was an old term for sexually transmitted diseases. Apparently “Winchester geese” was the nickname for prostitutes in South London in the 16th century.
What just happened? How did we get from goose bumps to 16th century women of the night.
Seems like there is a bad joke in there somewhere, but much like a “Winchester goose”, I’m not going to touch it.
I don’t really know where to go from here. How can I possibly wrap up this very strange post that had both an anatomy lesson as well as a history lesson.
So I hope you learned something and I will try and keep the wonder why posts G rated from now on.
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Explore BrainMass
Leadership and Management Comparisons are made
One definition of leadership states:
Managers also influence their subordinates and try to accomplish specific goals and objectives. Does this mean that management and leadership are the same as far as influencing other people is concerned?
Reflect on the question:
Discuss five similarities and five differences between leadership and management.
Compare and contrast leadership and management by discussing situations when leadership and management go together and situations when leadership becomes different from management.
Solution Preview
Leadership is more of the backbone of the organization. They are like upper management. They are responsible for keeping the business afloat (i.e. CEO, CFO, etc). They manage the managers that manage the people to carry through the goals and objectives of the organization.
Similarities of Leaders and Managers: 1) ...
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Eating Disorders
1. Search the Internet for new and relatively unknown nutritional adjuncts to the treatment of eating disorders. Summarize your findings.
2. Comment on your perception of the major causes of eating disorders from any of the biopsychosocial perspectives.
3. The American Dietetic Association states their position on the role, of nutrition intervention in the treatment of eating disorders, and can be found at: Summarize the most effective comprehensive treatment for eating disorders based on your reading.
(Please provide as much information per each question with references if possible. Thanks.)
Solution Preview
(1) Comment on your perception of the major causes of eating disorders from any of the biopsychosocial perspectives.
Eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia are generally attributed to factors associated with culture, society and genetics. These disorders are characterized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Illness (DSM-IV-TR [APA], 2000), "as severe disturbances in eating behavior that are characterized by the individual being preoccupied with body size and weight, which leads to unhealthy choices in efforts to control weight (p. 583). For instance, from a sociological perspective, Anorexia Nervosa involves intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image, and dangerous measures to lose weight. Bulimia Nervosa is characterized as a disorder in which persons habitually engage in out of control overeating followed by unhealthy practices to control weight such as: "self-induced vomiting, fasting abusing laxatives and/or diuretics, and rigorous exercise" (p. 583).
Often these causes are attributed to social influences. Research shows that both Bulimia Nervosa and Anorexia Nervosa are products of modern western culture in which being "thin" has been endorsed as the norm (ideal body size and shape). For example, women are socialized to think they must be thin in efforts to be attractive (Godart, Flament, Lecrobier, & Jeammet, 2000). For example, Godarat et al (2000) found that persons who had phobic obsessions such as food preoccupations and washing rituals were prone to Anorexia Nervosa, while young women with Bulimia Nervosa feared social contacts or developed the inability to participate in social gatherings, or meet new friends (Godart et al., 2000).
The DSM describes a biological connection to anorexic and bulimic disorders in "familial patterns". For example, Anorexia Nervosa is found often "among first-degree biological relatives of individuals who had the disorder". Relatives of those who ...
Solution Summary
This solution discusses nutritional treatments for eating disorders
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https://brainmass.com/psychology/eating-disorders/eating-disorders-454763
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Explore BrainMass
The Achievement Motivation theory
Explain what research has to say about Type A and Type B personalities and our health. What has been the common misconception about personality types psychologists have had in the past?
Explain Emotional Affectivity and discuss the relationship between positive and negative affect examples
Research refer to variables of dispositional optimism and defensive pessimism when studying personality affects on health.
Solution Preview
****This work is not intended to be hand in ready, and it is advised that the student use the material in this posting as guidance and information for their original work****
Research findings regarding Achievement Motivation theory have found that their desire and ability to achieve is not only determined by the cognitive development but very strongly influenced by a variety of home, school, classroom, peer, and community factors, each with a unique influence on how children think about their learning (Bempechat & Elliott, 2002, p. 8) In essence the desire to succeed is more complicated and can be developed, enhanced, minimized or neutralized based on a variety of factors:
For example, Ames's studies of the influence of classroom structure on children's achievement beliefs helped to advance U.S. discourse on competitive as compared to cooperative learning (Ames and Archer, 1987; Ames and Ames, 1984). Specifically, her experimental studies showed that under competitive conditions, in which two children know that the one who solves more problems will receive a prize, concerns about ability become more salient, the successful student develops inflated views of his or her ability, and the unsuccessful student becomes self-deprecating. Under cooperative conditions, in which the group (which is composed of two children) succeeds in winning the prize, evaluations of the less able become elevated. However, under conditions that cause the group to fail, evaluations of the less able become very negative. This kind of work led practitioners to reevaluate the ways in which they organize their classrooms around cooperative learning. For example, Slavin's work revealed that cooperative learning is not simply a matter of assigning children to work on a particular project. He demonstrated that in order for a number of children to work successfully as a group, teachers must mandate individual responsibility and accountability (Slavin, 1991). (Bempechat & Elliott, 2002, p. 8)
The above referenced information directly shows that high achievement motivation is related to numerous factors and socialization is one major factor. Additionally, gender and culture affect motivation in the following manner:
Trustworthiness, social attentiveness, and responsibility (Dasen, 1984; Serpell, 1993; Super, 1983; Wober, 1974). Japanese conceptions elaborate on different kinds of social competence, such as sociability and the ability to sympathize with others (Azuma and Kashiwagi, 1987); the Chinese view contains moral notions such as self-cultivation and self-improvement, although both the Japanese and Chinese conceptions share the cognitive dimension with the West (Li, forthcoming a; Yang and Sternberg, 1997). Within the United States, ethnic groups also have different views of intelligence; for example, Latinos regard social competence as part of intelligence more than their Anglo counterparts do, and Cambodians stress hard work and observance of school rules more than the other two groups do (Okagaki and Sternberg, 1993). General attitudes toward learning across cultures have been examined primarily in the formal setting of ...
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https://brainmass.com/psychology/personality-and-belief-systems/achievement-motivation-theory-personality-health-gender-culture-443055
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Saharan dust cloud over the Atlantic reduces chance of hurricane formation
A massive dust storm forms over the Sahara and blows fine particulate dust over the Atlantic.
Dust acts as a shield and blocks sunlight from reaching the sea surface. In some cases the sea surface temperature can be reduced by 1°C from normal average temperatures. This has important consequences for hurricane and tropical cyclone formation which are very sensitive to sea surface temperatures.
It has been shown that large dust storms originating in the Sahara and blowing over the Atlantic can dramatically reduce the liklihood of tropical cyclone formation.
However there are large uncertainties in how African dust storms may change due to climate change. At present it is difficult to predict how dust emissions and transport may change over the next few decades due to global warming.
More info at :
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https://climateandgeohazards.wordpress.com/tag/atlantic/
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Two Fish, One Fish, No Fish
So let’s say that you and your friends are at a tailgate where free food was being given out. The free food is being distributed at multiple locations, and you see that at one location, food is running low while there is still plenty to go around at the other locations. What do you do? Even with a couple of beers in you, it can be certain that you would make the nearly automatic decision to simply go to one of the locations that still had plenty of food. This notion parallels that of the bioeconomic theory, which assumes that fishing cannot lead to extinction because depleted fish populations would naturally deter any further fishing efforts. It’s all about the economics; if there’s no fish, there’s no money to be made, so why would fishers continue fishing in a place with no fish?
The answer? Because there ARE still fish, just not a lot. As long as there is still SOME food in that line, people will still line up to get food from that vendor until there is absolutely no food left. We sometimes forget that humans are inherently selfish and greedy, and we’re perpetrators of the tragedy of the commons. Even if we’re aware that a fish population is depleting, we think, “Well it won’t make too much of a difference if I catch a few more of these.” But one “I” turns into a lot of “I’s, and then we are left with zero fish. As much as we would like to trust ourselves with being able to assess population statuses and have enough self-control to take conservation into our own hands, stronger regulations and stricter enforcements of the rules are necessary to protect species from extinction.
In the article, “Understanding fishing-induced extinctions in the Amazon,” the study on the Arapaima fish populations in the Amazon Basin disproved the bioeconomic theory and supported the counter that fishing-induced extinctions can indeed occur and is occurring as you are reading this essay. A model that was discussed in the study called “fishing-down” explains that the body size of fish species determines the extinction risk when it comes to fishing. The model predicts that large-bodied species have more vulnerable traits (such as late maturity, behavior that increases catchability, etc.) and are thus the more targeted species and are the ones to deplete and go extinct first. However, smaller-bodied fish species still remain and are thus available to be fished. Essentially, in the fishing-down theory, fishing continues after a population has been depleted, whereas in the bioeconomic theory, fishing does not continue after a population has been depleted, or at least that is what is assumed.
The studies on the Arapaima species revealed that fisheries in Brazil did have minimum size and closed season regulations in place for the harvesting of the fish, however poor enforcement and low compliance of those regulations proved them to be ineffective. Also, since the Arapaima species is a non-migratory fish, it is easily targeted by commercial schemes due the fish’s ease of catchability. Without any quantitative evidence, these two observations alone should be enough to disprove the argument that fishing has nothing to do with the depletion or extinction of fish. Not unsurprisingly, results of the study did in fact show that the Arapaima populations were “depleted” in 76% of the fishing communities, “overexploited” in 17%, “overmanaged” in 5%, and “unfished” in only 2% (Castello, 452).
"110lb Arapaima" by Andrew Hosegood is licensed under CC 2.0
110lb Arapaima” by Andrew Hosegood is licensed under CC 2.0
Despite fishers themselves reporting that Arapaima abundance has declined in recent years, an average of 23% of fishers in each fishing community continued to fish this species of fish regardless of their population status. The Arapaima population was defined as “depleted” in 76% of the fishing communities and “locally extinct” in 19%, yet they were still being harvested. These results directly refute the bioeconomic theory while supporting the fishing-down model that fishing still persists even when the fish population has depleted or is in danger of depletion. The reason for the decline and near-extinction? Unsustainable fishing practices…facilitated by the lack of regulations and enforcement.
The solution that the study proposes to this fishing-down problem is to introduce “management policies that are multi-pronged to address issues related not only to size and season of target species but also to gear and poverty” (455). Implementing size and season regulations were something that the study had addressed early on in its identification of the problem, but addressing poverty of the fishers themselves is an interesting concept, though more difficult to achieve. Humans are selfish, sure, but it’s normally for good intentions, like to make sure one’s own children won’t go to bed hungry. In some cases, local communities can form collaborative efforts to protect a species from further depletion, like in the case of the sage-grouse, but in most cases, it is unlikely that economic and nutrition value of these resources can be controlled without stricter regulations and policy enforcement. You want tailgaters to stop lining up for food that’s running out? Rope off the area and put a sign up that says CLOSED FOR SERVICE.
Castello, L., C. C. Arantes, D. G. McGrath, D. J. Stewart, and F. S. De Sousa, 2015. Understanding fishing-induced extinctions in the Amazon. Aquatic Conserv.: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 25: 447-458.
This entry was posted in Conservation Biology Posts, Conservation Editorials 2015. Bookmark the permalink.
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https://conservationbiologynews.wordpress.com/2015/10/22/two-fish-one-fish-no-fish/
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Reptile Conservation: Knowledge Gaps and the Importance of Wikipedia
We all love animals, but this apparently only applies to big, fluffy, cute ones. Our interest in animals heightens when it comes to those that are relevant to us—whether it be by location, aesthetic value, or otherwise—and we are moved when we learn these animals are threatened by extinction. But what about the rest of them? The ones that aren’t so big and pretty? And what do we really know about the extinction risks animals—both cute and not-so-cute—are facing? By addressing knowledge gaps in today’s understanding of conservation, exploring the global cultural importance of species, and familiarizing ourselves with current conservation efforts, we can all stop fixating over how pretty animals are and start saving them.
A new 2016 Biological Conservation article by Dr. Roll and his team at the University of Oxford and Tel Aviv University explores the cultural importance of reptiles as revealed by something as simple as how many times people view the Wikipedia pages of reptiles. Dr. Roll conducted a study to assess quantifiable cultural interest in reptiles while keeping in mind the influence of social perceptions on conservation practices. They learned that there is greater interest in animals that are big, fluffy, and attractive. However, curiosity is also significant for reptiles that are venomous, endangered, and widely distributed, as made evident by the numerous Wikipedia page views for animals such as the Komodo dragon, the salt-water crocodile, and the black mamba. Harnessing data on cultural interest of reptiles can shed light on which regional conservation efforts will accrue the largest support. This results because people find more significance and sympathy for the status of species with which they are more affected by and involved with.
Differing cultural interests could explain the knowledge gaps in reptile conservation, which are addressed in a 2016 Biological Conservation study by Dr. Tingley from The University of Melbourne. We seem to have a firm understanding of the threats that challenge birds, mammals, and amphibians, but this understanding of extinction risks begins to falter in regards to reptiles, which represent a major chunk of Earth’s terrestrial biodiversity. Dr. Tingley and his colleagues at Tel Aviv University and Monash University set out to improve our understanding of reptile conservation needs and extinction risks. They state that “only 45% of described reptile species have been assessed by IUCN to date (4648 of 10,400 species); of these, 20% (945 species) are threatened with extinction, and 19% (867 species) are Data Deficient” (Tingley et al., 2016). This insufficiency of data is one explanation for why reptiles have never been at the forefront of global conservation endeavors.
Nevertheless, there are existing efforts to mitigate the threats of extinction that reptiles have and will continue to face. Current estimates put one-fifth of Earth’s reptiles at risk of extinction, and the major contributors to this statistic are habitat loss, overexploitation, climate change, and invasive species. Research conducted by Dr. Towns and his colleagues at the Auckland University of Technology in a new Biological Conservation study examines recent case studies from New Zealand that portray the decrease in extinction risks for reptiles by means of translocation to offshore islands. By eliminating invasive predators and reintroducing eradicated reptiles into their native territories, the extinction risks of reptiles—specifically the tuatara and 20% of lizard fauna in this particular case study—should be curtailed. Although defining the ecological and genetic success of these reintroduced reptiles will take time, translocations represent a potential approach to improve the conservation status of reptiles.
Tuatara” by Vašek Vinklát is licensed under CC 2.0
“Reptiles are an animal interest that have captivated an incredibly diverse cross section of the American demographics; from scientists to school children, Wall Street bankers to construction workers, conservationists, attorneys, teachers, rock stars, actors and even politicians,” says Andrew Wyatt, president of the United States Association of Reptile Keepers in a National Geographic article. However, interest for reptiles also extends beyond American demographics and is widespread on a global scale amongst different cultures. It is this interest that reveals how support and knowledge of reptiles and their conservation practices are influenced by social and cultural factors.
Some conservation biologists may argue that they should act regardless of public influence and instead uphold scientific principles and disregard these dynamics when allocating conservation resources. However, modern conservation calls for social and cultural elements to provide a holistic approach to the practice and to circumvent social challenges, such as the unequal pressure that different species place on human culture and life.
However, as these studies concluded, a lot of Earth’s terrestrial biodiversity—much of which comprises reptiles—is still unknown, both in terms of its conservation status and needs. Current efforts aim to counteract the threats that reptiles face. However, first and foremost, knowledge gaps must be narrowed and a long-term commitment to these conservation practices must be made in order to save an important ecological, aesthetic, and cultural part of the environments in which we live.
Works Cited
Towns, D.R., et al. “Can translocations to islands reduce extinction risk for reptiles? Case studies from New Zealand.” Biological Conservation (2016),
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https://conservationbiologynews.wordpress.com/2016/10/26/reptile-conservation-knowledge-gaps-and-the-importance-of-wikipedia/
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Organizing Information Appropriately
The following example presents a passage that is muddled and out of sequence. The fact that it isn’t impossible to follow is due mostly to the fact that it’s short. On a larger scale, poor organization can cause a piece of writing to be unintelligible.
When you prepare a research article for publication, set it aside and read it again after a day or two. Does it say what you intended? Try to get a peer review. A fresher or sharper eye may spot areas of weakness, omissions and other problems in the manuscript that were hidden to you. Does the title accurately describe what the article is about? The discussion should stick to the topic and not ramble. Ensure that you have followed the authors’ guidelines provided by the journal. Finally, be sure to run spell-check before you print out the copy that will go to the publisher.
This information comes through as somewhat scattered, for several reasons.First, the opening two sentences tell the writer what he or she should do personally (look over the article and see if it’s saying what it should); the next two deal with getting someone else to give some feedback; then the passage goes back to things that the writer should do. The first category should be complete before the second is begun.
Second, sentence 4 is closely related to sentence 3, in that it expounds on why it is important to get a peer review. This relationship will be made more obvious if the two sentences are run together.
Third, two of the aspects that the writer is advised to check for are presented as questions, and two are presented as statements. Apart from the faulty parallelism (information on equivalent matters should be presented in an equivalent way, to make the relationship more obvious), this structure almost makes it look as though the text following each question is providing an answer to that question.
When you prepare a research article for publication, set it aside and read it again after a day or two. Does it say what you intended? Does its title accurately describe what it is about? Does the discussion stick to the topic and not ramble? Have you followed the authors’ guidelines provided by the journal? Try to get a peer review–a fresher eye may spot areas of weakness, omissions and other problems in the manuscript that were hidden to you. Finally, be sure to run a spell-check before you print out the copy that will go to the publisher.
Note that the final sentence has been left where it was, even though it’s in the category of things to do oneself. This is because it is sated to be the last step in the process.
Paraphrased from Grammatically Correct by Anne Stilman ISBN 0-89879-776-4
Capturing Accents and Speech Patterns Appropriately
10 Things Girls Should Know About Guys
1. We are going to hate everyone who hates you and every guy who likes you too much. Sorry, that’s just the way it is.
2. Jealous is what we are. In the same way a lion acts around another lion. We may not do much around the house but, by God, that dude better not be, either.
3. If we tune you out when you’re talking, it’s not because we have short attention spans–give us “Call Of Duty” or “Monday Night Football” and we’ll prove that–it’s because we aren’t interested in what you’re saying. This is our loss because you are WAY more interesting than we are. But our minds work differently. You feel and we fix. If we can’t fix what you’re saying with a suggestion or action, we drift back to a project, work, or sports.
4. Providing for our families IS how we show love. We are wired to do two things: Provide and kill. Case in point, observe children playing “house”. As soon as the fort is built, the boy says, “Alright, Bye. I’m going to work.” Before he understands work, he picks up sticks and pretends to shoot anything that moves. Sorry soft and sensitive America, it’s hard wired from birth.
5. There’s something to be said for a guy who’s comfortable enough in his own skin to wear pink, carry your purse, listen to your every need; and there is such a thing as being too comfortable. If you want to see a man in touch with his feminine side, rent a porn. You ARE our feminine side. You don’t see us asking you to get in touch with your masculine side, do you? You know why? Because we don’t want to be with another man.
6. Every guy rates every girl on a scale of 1 to 10. If this seems disrespectful, it’s not. One man’s 1 is another man’s 10. We will sleep with 4′s and above, but we marry 10′s. So, if you are married, congratulations! You are some bodies 10. That is why you shouldn’t cheat. Because a girl who cheats is every guy’s 1, including the guy who downgraded you from being someone’s 10. Is this fair? I don’t know. If I did I’d probably understand why you’ll ignore guys who would treat you like a 10 to date guys who use and abuse you like you’re a 1.
7. We don’t compliment your hair because guys don’t notice it. We notice that you look great. If you change your hair and we like it, we notice you look great, but different. We usually aren’t sure why. But that doesn’t mean we don’t appreciate the time you take to make yourselves look amazing. It means we don’t notice hair individually. We notice the culmination of all those little nuances put together. We do, however, notice when someone else notices. When you then say things like, “You didn’t even notice, at least he noticed” you forget that the first time a guy sizes you up, he is evaluating you on his own personal scale, checking off the details he approves of and disapproves of. He may have noticed your hair, but he might also walk away without saying a damn word if he knew some of your little quirks that the guy you’re with knows and finds adorable about you.
8. When we say hurtful things in an argument, it is because something hurts in us and we’re lashing out because we don’t know any other way to communicate it. You’ve touched on an insecurity. If you avoid that button in the future, you will avoid the lashing out that comes from pressing it. If you want the button to become less sensitive, nurture it. Make him feel secure about that area of his life. When he feels secure, he’ll naturally improve it, and he won’t feel like he has to protect it.
9. Guys need time with their buddies. Other guys are the best thing imaginable for your relationship. Why? Because other guys allow your guy to be a guy. That leaves him feeling like a guy. That way, when you hand him your purse while pointing out the guy who noticed your hair as he sports his pink shirt with the collar popped and wearing sunglasses inside, you won’t have to watch your guy as he begins to imagine hanging himself in the shower. Instead, he’ll smile without feeling threatened, nod, and think to himself, “That’s right, douche-bag. She’s with me.”
10. Lastly, someone once said it this way. Guys have two emotions: Hungry and horny. If he doesn’t have an erection, make him a sandwich.
When I was much younger, I was waiting in line at a supermarket when someone dropped a can on the floor behind me. Naturally, I turned to look for the source of the sound I’d heard, only to find one of the most beautiful blonds I’d every seen, bending over in a red and white, plaid mini-skirt to pick it up. When I turned back around, an elderly gentleman was staring at me. Immediately, I felt my face burning with embarrassment, expecting a lecture about respecting women. Or worse, what if she was his granddaughter? To my surprise, what he said next I’ll never forget. He put his hand on my shoulder, looked down at me like I was four years old, and said, “Son, no matter how thin she is; no matter how beautiful she looks; no matter how sweet the honey that flows from her mouth; somewhere, some guy, is completely sick of her shit.” Then he signed a check, gave it to the cashier, and I realized that I had just met the Dalai Lama.
Writing Tip: Use Active Voice…Most Of The Time
Thank you to everyone who read, liked and/or are following my blog since the first posting I did entitled, Writing Tip: When To Use Passive Voice. Due to the popularity of that post, I can only assume that I am not the only one who finds that the PV slips into our writing Ninja like, far more often than most of us would like and, also, that most of you have read Stephen King’s On Writing, where he states emphatically, “I hate the passive voice.”
So, to help us both with this issue, back by popular demand, here’s Active Voice Vs. Passive Voice II. Or, another source with a slightly different way of explaining it, if you’d rather.
Use Active Voice…Most Of The Time
When the verb is in the AV (Active Voice), the subject of the sentence is also the doer of the action.
The sentence “John picked up the bag” is in the active voice because the subject, John, is also the thing or person doing the action of “picking up.”
The sentence “The bag was picked up by John” is in the passive voice because the subject of the sentence, bag, is the passive receiver of the action.
Generally the AV makes for more interesting reading, and it is the AV that you should cultivate as your normal writing habit. The AV strikes more directly at the thought you want to express, it is generally shorter, and it holds the reader closer to what you write because it creates a stronger sense that “something is happening.”
Listen to how the following PV (Passive Voice) sentences are improved when they are turned into the AV.
Passive: Dutch drawings and prints are what this book is about.
Active: This book is about Dutch drawings and prints.
Passive: The light bulb was crewed in crookedly by the electrical engineer.
Active: The electrical engineer screwed in the light bulb crookedly.
Try to use the AV. But realize that there are times when you will need to use the passive. If the object of the action is the important thing, then you will want to emphasize it by mentioning it first. When that’s the case, you will use the PV.
Let’s say, for example, that you want to tell the reader about some strange things that happened to your car. In the AV it would look like this:
Three strong women turned my car upside down on Tuesday. Vandals painted my car yellow and turquoise on Wednesday. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration launched my car into orbit around the moon on Thursday.
The example shown above is not wrong, but is sounds choppy. To give the story a flow, you would want to use the PV, keeping the emphasis on your car.
On Tuesday my car was turned upside down by three strong women. On Wednesday my car was painted yellow and turquoise by vandals. On Thursday my car was launched into orbit around the moon by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
In the PV, the car is given the emphasis, and the story about what happened to it has a flow and rhythm lacking in the first example.
Taken from “100 Ways To Improve Your Writing” by Gary Provost ISBN 978-0-451-62721-6
Book Review: Manuscript Makeover: Revision Techniques No Fiction Writer Can Afford to Ignore
I have read a number of books, most of them quite helpful, on the subject of fiction writing and editing. This book is the best I’ve read to date. The author breaks down the daunting editorial tasks all writers face, pre-submission, into simple and manageable steps easy for writers at all levels to implement. Before you submit your work, read this book.
Writing Tip: Use Dense Words
A dense word is a word that crowds a lot of meaning into a small space. The fewer words you use to express an idea, the more impact that idea will have. When you revise, look for opportunities to cross out several words and insert one. Once a month is monthly; something new is novel; people they didn’t know are strangers; and something impossible to imagine is inconceivable.
Criticism And The Human Condition
Tread boldly and make no apologies for it!
Cynical Twist
Hey,! Your boys went from a broken down car to mansions, painted self-portraits, and country clubs. Good thing that having good credit translates into financial intelligence or they could have over-extended themselves like the rest of America. You know, when we all had good credit. Oh, by the way, checking your credit online doesn’t give you good credit. Over-extending yourself like those singing douche-bags does. In this economy, it won’t be long before they’ll be calling Monte Williams for a payday loan to make their minimums. Unless, of course, having good credit is the same thing as making a CEO’s salary, in which case, enjoy your bailout!
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https://elijahcain.com/author/elijahcain/
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Sunday, June 20, 2010
Make your own globe -- Paper Template
Make Your Own Globe
Template needed for this activity
Flat maps may be easier to carry around, but there is still a need to make globes so that Earth's geography can be viewed without any directional or spatial distortions. Printing the location of continents and oceans directly onto a round surface would be difficult. Instead, this map of the Earth is printed in flat, roughly triangular sections and then attached to a ball. These sections are called gores.
Make a globe
1. Using a tape measure, determine the circumference of the ball, making sure that the tape measure circles the ball without wandering away from the "equator."
2. On a large piece of paper draw a rectangle the same length as the circumference of the ball. The height of the rectangle should be half the circumference of the ball. Draw an equator line through the center of the rectangle, lengthwise.
3. Cut out the rectangle.
4. Place the rectangle in front of you horizontally. Fold it in half three times. Unfold the rectangle and there are eight equal sections. Draw a line along each fold. Measure the bottom edge of one section to find its midpoint, and mark that point "A." Mark the end of the equator in that end section "B."
Drawing the gores
5. Find the midpoint between A and B as follows: Place the compass point on A. Set the compass radius to a length just short of B and draw a semicircle. Maintaining the same radius, place the compass point on B and draw a second semicircle. The two semicircles should intersect at two points. Draw a straight line through the points where the semicircles intersect, extending the line to a point at which it intersects the equator line. Mark this point "C."
The length of the line from A to C is the radius of the gores.
6. Attach extra paper to both ends of the original piece (These extensions should be at least the length of the gore radius) Extend the equator line out onto the extra paper at least the distance of the gore radius. This will allow you to move your compass point out along the equator far enough to draw all of the gores.
7. Set the compass to the gore radius (the distance between A and C). Place the compass pencil on A and the compass point on C. Draw an arc from A to the top of the rectangle.
Maintaining the same compass radius, move the compass pencil to the midpoint of the bottom edge of the next section and place the compass point on the equator. Draw another arc in the same manner. Continue moving the compass and drawing arcs for each of the eight sections.
Turn the paper upside down and repeat the above procedure to draw the opposing arcs and form the gores.
Remove the extra paper from the rectangle.
8. Create grid lines for transposing the map onto the rectangle as follows :
Fold the rectangle as you did in Step 4. Fold once more in the same direction. Unfold the rectangle, and place it in front of you horizontally. Fold it in half, top to bottom, three times. Unfold the rectangle. The rectangle should be divided into 16 sections left to right and 8 sections top to bottom. Cut out the spaces between the gores. Transpose the map from the given to your gores using the gridlines on the diagram and the gridlines (folds) on the gores as a reference.
Taping the gores to the ball, step one
9. Tape the strip of gores at one end of the equator to the ball. Wrap the strip around the ball and tape the loose ends in place, taking care to align the equator line.
Taping the gores to the ball, step two
10. Glue each gore down against the ball so the tips meet to form the north and south poles.
The final globe
Copyright (c) 2000. Gulf of Maine Aquarium.
All rights reserved.
If you got here in solidarity with or curiosity about a certain rather experimental proposal to save the Gulf (and thus our Eath & perhaps our souls) – may I add, the most absorbent card stock might prove best. .... ;)
This is meant to accompany this post .
Be seeing you.
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Feet To Cm
93 ft to cm
93 Feet to Centimeters
93 Foot to Centimeter converter
How to convert 93 feet to centimeters?
93 ft *30.48 cm= 2834.64 cm
1 ft
A common question is How many foot in 93 centimeter? And the answer is 3.0511811024 ft in 93 cm. Likewise the question how many centimeter in 93 foot has the answer of 2834.64 cm in 93 ft.
How much are 93 feet in centimeters?
93 feet equal 2834.64 centimeters (93ft = 2834.64cm). Converting 93 ft to cm is easy. Simply use our calculator above, or apply the formula to change the length 93 ft to cm.
Convert 93 ft to common lengths
Nanometer28346400000.0 nm
Micrometer28346400.0 µm
Millimeter28346.4 mm
Centimeter2834.64 cm
Inch1116.0 in
Foot93.0 ft
Yard31.0 yd
Meter28.3464 m
Kilometer0.0283464 km
Mile0.0176136364 mi
Nautical mile0.0153058315 nmi
What is 93 feet in cm?
To convert 93 ft to cm multiply the length in feet by 30.48. The 93 ft in cm formula is [cm] = 93 * 30.48. Thus, for 93 feet in centimeter we get 2834.64 cm.
93 Foot Conversion Table
93 Foot Table
Further feet to centimeters calculations
Alternative spelling
93 Foot to Centimeter, 93 Foot in Centimeter, 93 Feet to Centimeters, 93 Feet in Centimeters, 93 Feet to cm, 93 Feet in cm, 93 Foot to cm, 93 Foot in cm, 93 ft to cm, 93 ft in cm, 93 ft to Centimeter, 93 ft in Centimeter, 93 Feet to Centimeter, 93 Feet in Centimeter
Further Languages
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Archives for posts with tag: Consumer Behaviour
This is part two of a two part blog on how social influences effect consumer behavior (i.e. what drives people to buy ‘stuff’ on a psychosocial level). Part one is on Normative Influences and part two is on Informational Influence.
Part Two- Informational Influences…
Let’s use the following example, to illustrate the difference between Normative and Informational Influences:
You go to a Sunday market with your partner, and you both decide you want to buy a cup of coffee.
There are TWO seperate coffee stands standing side-by-side (stand A & B). Coffee stand A has ten people lined up to buy coffee, whereas stand B has two people lined up to buy coffee.
Because you are driven by Normative influences, you will most likely conform, and line up at stand A.
But! The two people lined up at Stand B, know something you don’t know. Stand B actually has better coffee, better service, their coffee is fair trade, and it’s even a little cheaper.
If you were driven by Informational Influences, you would go to stand B. regardless of the huge line at Stand A.
But hey, it’s a Sunday, you have time, and it’s only a few bucks so who cares (and anyway what’s in a cup of coffee? Coffee, milk, and the cup it comes in). So, let’s just buy from Stand A, because everyone else is. Let’s be driven to make our purchase based on Normative Influences.
However!! If you were going to spend 30,000 on a car, or 600,000 on a house, I doubt you’d be too worried about the crowd when it came to making a purchase decision. You’d become more driven to make a purchase based on informational influences.
Why? Because financial risk has just gone up considerably, and there are more features to consider (engine size, fuel economy, suspension, steering, ABS brakes, alarm, warranty, size, boot space, acceleration, torque, gears, upholstery, colour etc etc). You will definitely base your purchase decisions based on informational influences.
In a nutshell;
● Normative Influence is conformity based on one’s desire to fulfill others’ expectations and gain acceptance (Myers, 2009).
● Informational influence is conformity under acceptance of evidence about reality which has been provided by others (Myers, 2009).
B2B vs B2C marketing…
It’s timely to mention, that generally speaking you can state that B2C marketing is concerned with driving business through Normative Influences (especially low-involvement purchases like FMCG), and that B2B marketer’s are concerned with driving business through Informational Influences (although like all things, cross-pollination does in actual fact happen, and is preferred if your goal is a thorough brand building exercise).
Myers, D.G. (2008) Social Psychology. Ninth Edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Part One- Normative Influences
Normative Influences are an individual’s perception of the “norm”. These “norms” dictate how a person decides to behave attributable to perceiving that there is a degree of social pressure, this degree of social pressure can range from strong to weak. A normative influence implies that if consumers do not follow these norms they will be excluded or frowned upon by peers. Consider the Apple I-phone, when I worked in advertising I knew junior staff members who would forego an entire week or two’s salary in order to purchase an I-phone 4 because the entire agency had them and it was the perceived norm to have an I-phone (versus say an Android phone for example).
Normative social influence is one form of conformity. It is “the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them.” This often leads to public compliance—but not necessarily private acceptance—of the group’s social norms.
Bibb Latane’s social impact theory states that the more important the group is, the closer the physical distance is between the group and oneself, and the number of people in the group all affect the likelihood that one will conform to the group’s social norms.
There are three key sources of influence with regards to Normative Influences.
1) General Sources, e.g. marketers, advertising initiatives, media.
2) Special Influences, e.g. opinion leaders. An opinion leader might be David Beckham to me and Beyonce to you. Or George Bush to Republicans and Barack Obama to Democrats.
3) Groups as influences. Here we can break the groups in our lives into three sub-categories a) associative (groups we hang out with/are involved with/associate with), b) aspirational (groups we aspire to be like/ associate with) and c) dissociative (groups we strongly desire not to associate with e.g. emo kids or ad wankers who own I-phones so you go out and buy Android to prove that you aren’t anything like them.)
These three sources of normative influences can affect brand choice, conformity (behaving like the group behaves, this is generally more about brand choice than the product itself), compliance (doing what someone asks you to do) and reactance (doing the opposite/opposing what the individual or group wants us to do.)
Normative influences create congruence. Congruence is basically the process of people or things locking in together, a “becoming one” type concept. Brand choice congruence is the effect of normative influences on the likelihood that consumers will buy what others buy.
So… these normative influences can force decisions such as whether or not to buy into a product category (Do I buy hair gel or hair wax?) and then which brand they may choose to go with (Okay I’ll buy hair wax because Dave and John do. But do I buy Dax-Wax or Sweet Georgia Brown wax? I better check with Dave and John.)
Another important point to explore is as to whether or not the product/brand is for public or private consumption. For example, I bought an Audi once because it’s a product/brand that you will see me interact with out in public. Thus, social norms of a group I aspired to be like drove me to buying an Audi because they might see me using it. But do I really care if I buy a brand/product which I’ll only be using in private? Like, Peanut Butter for example or perhaps a brand of underwear (under wear might be a bad example because in some cases I hope certain people will see it… eventually). Again the I-phone 4 in the ad agency is a good example here. Everyone sees your phone, it better be Apple. No one sees your underwear generally speaking so hey- wear what you want or even better why even wear any at all? J
Using Compliance Techniques- making the great unwashed buy your cool “stuff”
A compliance technique is basically a means to an ends – the end being that a potential customer inevitably buys into your product or brand. The average sales manager will have seen these one hundred times before. Use these, but use them strategically and ethically:
• Foot in the door technique; Get a consumer to agree to a small favor.
• Door in the face technique; Shock consumer with big request, than contrast to small request
• Even a penny will help technique; Ask consumer for a favor so small it hardly qualifies .e.g. Can I have one minute of your time?
• Ask Consumer to predict Behavior; e.g. How are you helping the environment? Do you recycle? Our product is made of recycled parts.
• Provide freedom of choice; e.g. Vodafone displays a range of cell phones, thus giving the consumer a sense of freedom through empowerment to choose.
Okay so that’s Normative Influences. Next week I’ll write up part two on Social Influences and how they effect Consumer Behavior (a blog on Informational Influences and how they effect brand/product choice.)
Happy to be keeping you clever
O W Lovell
Thanks to:
Wikipedia (sorry, yes I went to wiki for a concise definition on Normative Influences)
and also;
Hoyer & MacInnis (n.d.). Consumer Behaviour (4th ed.).
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Tag Archives: Borrowing
Grammithmatic Part 3
BLESSIs there really no such number as Eleventeen? Well, there isn’t, but bear with me for a minute.
I have been posting about how we math educators can play with language and make our slightly awkward number naming system a little more logical and a lot more transparent. Check out Part 1 to read about playing with number names to clarify our base-ten system. Check out Part 2 to read about how we can make place value and zero clearer. In Part 3, I am exploring how to make borrowing clearer to the new learner.
The number eleventeen was derived by some astute and logical child who figured that since 13, 14, 15, 16, et al. all end in TEEN, then so should 11, and 12 for that matter. Of course, the poor dear didn’t count on the linguistic mashup that is English. There is also every chance that some other child called 11 ‘Oneteen’ and 12 ‘Twoteen,’ bless her heart.
Wouldn’t it be nice if our number names made more sense? Well, what’s stopping us?
Read this list of numbers to yourself. Then tell yourself what comes next.
Did you follow Ninety with One Hundred? Of course you did.
Now, how about this string? Read it to yourself and say what comes next.
Did you say One Thousand? Or did you say Ten Hundred? Which one is right? What’s the difference?
Most would say that One Thousand is technically the correct response, but in common vernacular, Ten Hundred is acceptable too. We usually said Nineteen Hundred Ninety-Something a couple of decades ago, and we all knew what we meant.
My idea is to take this already common and, quite frankly, logical exception to naming a number, and apply it to clarifying the act of borrowing.
Look at this equation.
If we subtract these numbers in columns, without any deriving, manipulating, or expanding of the numbers (let’s go ‘old school’ for a moment), we immediately end up in a situation where we have to borrow. And how do we do that?
We can’t do 4-7, so we have to borrow 1 TEN from the Tens column, effectively breaking that decade unit into 10 ONEs. We add those to the 4 ONEs already in the Ones column. Now we have 14-7. But look at how we’ve notated that borrowing on paper. A new learner would look at that top number and lose it. That number now makes no sense. It was 234, now it’s 2214, which looks to me like Two Thousand, Two Hundred Fourteen.
But of course it isn’t actually. It’s 2 HUNDREDS + 2 TENS + 14 ONES.
So here’s my thinking. Let’s actually call it that. The original number was Two Hundred Thirty-four. Now it’s Two Hundred Twenty-fourteen.
TWENTYTWELVE.jpgYou know, as in Twenty-eight, Twenty-nine, Twenty-ten, Twenty-eleven, etc.
If we can say Ten Hundred, why can’t we say Twenty-fourteen?
Typically we abandon what the Minuend (the number we are subtracting from) is called (thereby losing the value) the moment we break it up to borrow. We hash it up, cross things out, write things in. It’s no longer an identifiable number. However, while we broke the rule about how many digits are allowed in a column, and put more than 9 ONEs into the Ones column, we can try to keep order and at least follow the rest of the rules by naming the new number logically.
Rather than jumping in to solve 14-7, I’ve read that it’s a good idea to do all the borrowing before any subtraction is actually done. So, let’s keep borrowing and move on to the Tens.
We can’t take 5 TENs from 2 TENs. We must borrow 1 HUNDRED, break it up into 10 TENs, add them to the 2 TENs already in the column, and get 12 TENs altogether.
Now, we’ve done all the borrowing we have to do, and the minuend is completely mangled. Any thoughts on what we could call this new number? What do we name 12 TENs sitting in the Tens column?
Seventy, Eighty, Ninety, Tenty, Eleventy, Twelvety!
Therefore, I propose the new number we are subtracting from is One Hundred Twelvety-Fourteen.
One Hundred minus One Hundred is Zero Hundreds (or No Hundred, if you read Part 2). Twelvety minus Fifty is Seventy. Fourteen minus Seven is Seven. So the ‘answer’ is Seventy Seven.GRAM3D
Without naming the new number and making the borrowing obvious, there is so much potential for confusion. Children don’t understand how the carried over numbers apply. They think that the number has suddenly increased in magnitude. They forget to cross things out…
But, do you see how, by naming borrowed numbers this way, we are following through with the properties of our number naming system, staying true to the Hundreds, Tens, and Ones structure of base-ten, using the name system to impose order and make what we did with the borrowing process obvious?
Would I exclusively name numbers this way. Absolutely not. That does no one any good. However, by renaming the minuend, we are playing with language. Kids love playing with language. By playing with the language, we are making our number system clearer, exposing rules that have been hidden due to linguistic laziness/pragmatism over time. A clearer sense of number in this gaming context makes the learning stick in a meaningful, more flexible and fluid way. And, when we learn any language, our goal is fluency. The language of math is no exception.
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Search... Open this section
Welcome to!
The term 'moving image education' refers to learning and teaching practices which develop moving image media literacy.
These practices involve analysing moving image texts, creating them, exploring, appreciating and sharing them, and being discerning about them. This is neatly expressed in the widely accepted '3Cs' of media literacy: the cultural, the critical and the creative. These three aspects have shaped the design of this website.
Many view the '3 Cs' as overlapping parts of a whole, each enriching and supporting the other aspects, rather than separate and distinct learning activities.
Why do we need it?
Because moving images dominate global culture and communication... and because moving image language is dense, complex and highly evolved. Most people are largely unaware of the subtlety and sophistication of the language, because it appears obvious and transparent: we can 'read' news stories or movies effortlessly, without being conscious of their many layers....
...and because moving images represent more than a century of global heritage, a record of human culture and history and incalculable value and importance...
...not to mention their ever-expanding economic importance.
For these and other reasons, there is a growing recognition that our conception of literacy needs to expand beyond the traditional printed and spoken word. Educational curricula around the world are beginning to address moving image and other media, and many believe that moving image education should be an integral part of literacy work across the curriculum, rather than only a separate 'subject'.
It's needed everywhere of course, but this website is funded and designed primarily for educators and learners in Scotland.
Moving image education is not new, and continues to develop. The purpose of this website is to reflect, articulate and support that development.
Other supporting documentation?
Download the pdf of Scottish Screens 2009 booklet all about moving image education, and watch the film from the accompanying dvd. An older but still useful document is Moving Image Education and a Curriculum for Excellence (Angus Digital Media and Scottish Screen 2006).
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Commemorative Naming in the United States
Fact Sheet 212-95
Naming is a basic human tendency; it allows us to perceive the distinct identities of people and places and conveys those characteristics that make them unique. The name of a geographic feature can describe spectacular physical attributes (such as the Grand Canyon or Half Dome in Yosemite National Park), indicate cultural or historical significance (such as Washington Crossing on the Delaware River), or commemorate a worthy individual (such as the Hudson River, named for Henry Hudson, the explorer). Names have many different origins, and regardless of the type of name, they give us a greater familiarity with our surroundings and a sense of belonging to our environment. Naming rivers, mountains, and valleys after individuals was one way settlers marked the land; it signified their lives on these lands were important and, in addition to being a point of reference, usually satisfied the need for stability and enhanced the general concept of sense of place. Even today, naming geographic features after individuals helps us to recognize their special achievements and contributions to the physical or cultural landscape. However, what may be most significant about the present commemorative naming decisions is their permanence. It is important for us to realize that the commemorative names assigned today may last for centuries.
Additional publication details
Publication type:
Publication Subtype:
USGS Numbered Series
Commemorative Naming in the United States
Series title:
Fact Sheet
Series number:
Superseded by FS 158-99
Year Published:
Geological Survey (U.S.)
Contributing office(s):
U.S. Geological Survey
2 p.
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Inquiry-Based Learning is a systematic teaching method that engages students in learning knowledge and skills through an extended inquiry process structured around complex, authentic questions and carefully designed products and tasks (Buck Institute). The following criteria are included during the design process of creating a project-based experience.
1. Authenticity
2. Academic Rigor
3. Applied Learning
4. Active Exploration
5. Adult Connections
6. Assessment Practices
Each project is driven by an explicit set of outcomes that include key content, skills, and habits of mind that students are expected to learn. The projects that are designed during the inquiry-based model are the central framework from where teaching and learning of the core concepts are included.
~ unknown
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Music Since 1750
Order Description
Term Paper Guidelines, and Timeline Guidelines
1. Choose a composer who seems interesting and relevant to you (Please use George Gershwin). Focus
on an aspect of his/her work such as “importance as performer and teacher,” or “influence upon
other composers,” or “opera compositions,” or “…as reflective of his/her era.” Do some research to
discover any other potentially fruitful angle. For example, if you are also interested in painting,
consider comparing musical and visual Impressionism.
You may not select a “popular” music topic unless you find relevant connection to this course.
2. Gather sources and assemble a bibliography. You must use at least 5 print sources and 5 on-line
sources. Avoid the Wikipedia site. Always consult the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.
3. Investigate the historical, artistic, political, or philosophical context of your topic. How and
why are extra-musical events important? You must cite and explain at least 5 appropriate musical
compositions as examples of larger historical relevance. This is a major feature of this paper.
4. This paper should be approximately 10 pages long, typed in Microsoft Word, Times New Roman size
12 font, double-spaced, default margin settings.
5. You must cite all sources and ensure that quotations are properly attributed. Style of citation
for bibliography and notes must follow correct standards (MLA or Chicago Manual).
6. Please proofread and prune out the excess verbiage. Try reading your paper out loud. Do a spell
check! Check in your research sources for spellings of musical terms, composer names, and
composition titles. Do NOT misspell your composer’s name!
7. The paper will be graded as follows:
25 % Content: original prose successfully linking relevant examples to the main focus
25% Required elements: explanation of significant musical examples and larger context
25 % Research: the degree of research, number of appropriate online & print sources)
25 % Presentation (correct citation, appearance of work, grammar & spelling)
8. Plagiarism will not be tolerated and will result in a grade of F for this project.
Picky points
Not every musical composition is a “song.”
All music conveys emotion. This is not some startlingly new invention.
Define terms. Be clear. Don’t sprinkle terminology as if seasoning a salad.
Avoid colloquialisms and informality in term papers and essays.
Avoid “you,” “your,” and personal pronouns unless absolutely necessary.
Avoid generalizations and hyperbole.
Please use complete sentences. Observe noun-verb agreement.
Please think about verb tense. Use the past tense when writing about past events.
Do not use apostrophes for plural forms.
Capitalize German nouns.
Do not refer to your composer by his or her first name.
And don’t start sentences with conjunctions.
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Productivity Levels Across the World
Labour productivity reveals several economic indicators and offers a dynamic measure of economic growth, competitiveness, and living standards within an economy. It is this measure of labour productivity that helps explain the principal economic foundations that are necessary for both economic growth and social development.
Labour productivity = Volume measure of output / Measure of labour input use
The volume measure of output reflects the goods and services produced by the workforce. Numerator of the ratio of labour productivity, the volume measure of output is measured by gross domestic product (GDP), which represents the value of all final goods and services produced by a country in a year. The GDP per capita indicates the average share of the economy per person, if every single individual was working.
If we divide by the average number of hours worked in the country, we get the productivity per worker, per hour. Labour productivity per hour worked is calculated as real output (deflated GDP measured in chain-linked volumes) per unit of labour input (measured by the total number of hours worked). Measuring labour productivity, per hour worked, provides a better picture of developments in the economy than labour productivity per person employed. It eliminates differences in the full time/part time composition of the workforce across countries and years.
Another way to calculate it is to take the GDP (PPP) per capita per hour and divide it by the employment rate, which should give exactly the same result, if the stats used are the same. We have put together some interesting data about productivity across the world.
Productivity Across the World
The United Kingdom showed a strong improvement in GDP growth (up from 1.7% in 2013 to 2.8% in 2014), but this did not translate into labour productivity growth, as the economic recovery in the UK was primarily fuelled by the creation of more jobs and longer working hours. Growth in total hours in 2014 increased significantly from 1.8% to 2.7%, resulting in only negligible improvement in labour productivity growth of 0.1% after some years of substantial contraction in 2012 and 2013. One of the concerns is that many of the UK companies are comparatively unproductive. In fact, the UK’s level of output per hour remains well below that of its main continental counterparts, France and Germany.
So why do France and Belgium have similar GDP per capita to less productive countries like the UK, Germany or the Netherlands? This can be explained by the very high percentage of fairly recent (last 3 generations) immigrants from developing countries, who are usually poorly educated and have much higher unemployment rates.
Labour Productivity
In comparison, foreign residents in the UK tend to be much better educated, as the UK attracts more intellectual job-seekers (in IT, finance, and even medicine), as well as more skilled workers (e.g. from Eastern Europe). It is not a new phenomenon; many Indian immigrants in the 1950's were professionals, such as doctors or lawyers.
Portugal and Greece seem to be the least productive countries, while Luxembourg and Norway lead the way.
In the interactive map below you can compare 4 different factors:
• Annual hours worked per worker
• Labour productivity per person employed
• Labour productivity per hour worked
• Percentage of growth of Labour Productivity per hour worked
(Data comes from The Conference Board and we are showing values from 2015.)
This data, combined with the recent findings that the UK ranks 22nd in Europe for investment in training the workforce, indicates that British economic stability might be eclipsed by the growth aspirations of other nations both within and outside of the EU.
Official reports from the European Commission and Eurostat show that in the UK, the expenditure on CVT courses per employee is one of the lowest in the EU. Countries such as Belgium, France and the Netherlands are leading the way, while only five countries invest less money in training than the United Kingdom. This flagging commitment to training may jeopardise the United Kingdom's economic stability and the power of its workforce.
Expenditures on CVT courses
Training a workforce is a fundamental part of staff development, and a contributing factor to achieving overarching business goals. Using a combination of training types may be the most effective way to increase employees’ productivity, especially as it depends on their skill, the quality of technology available, and effective management. Put simply, productivity can be raised through training, investing in new or more advanced equipment, and better staff management.
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Can Elon Musk's battery really cut your power lines?
Lucas Mearian | May 6, 2015
Is lithium-ion the right technology?
"Tesla's also in a very good position to bundle their tech with SolarCity into single offering," Dehamna said. SolarCity is the largest installer of residential solar panels in the U.S., and Musk is SolarCity's chairman. "And, Solar City just announced a partnership with NEST, so it can connect the system to [a] smart thermostat."
A smart thermostat learns usage patterns and adjusts the temperature based on what the homeowner will likely want.
Dehamna said there's a stronger business case for commercial solar power combined with battery storage than the model for residential use. That's because during peak demand hours, utilities add surcharges for businesses that exceed predetermined electricity limits.
So, the more a businesses can rely on solar power and battery storage, the less they'll exceed those preset power limits.
"For example, a business may have an agreement with a utility to not exceed 100kW of power use at any time. The agreement may state that for every kilowatt over that limit, they'll be charged an additional $45," Dehamna said.
"It's based on the most you go over in any 15-minute period in a [billing] month, Dehamna said.
Conversely, it's "very challenging" to build a business case for battery storage in residential solar systems because there's not enough difference between between nighttime and daytime energy use, Dehamna said.
Amit Ronen, director of George Washington University's Solar Institute, said electrical storage, whether using batteries or other methods, is a key component to transitioning to a renewable generation system, but this is not a magic bullet for getting off of fossil fuels.
"We need a massive ramp-up of a range of fuel-free energy generation sources, a much smarter grid that is able to integrate all those resources and a pricing system that accurately prices electricity for peak periods and its impact on the environment," Ronen said.
Are lithium-ion batteries the right technology?
Another issue raised by experts is the volatility of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, which combust when exposed to oxygen.
Some, like Ronen, believe Li-ion technology is both safe and has an enormous leap on the competition. Ronen said Li-ion batteries are a proven technology -- used in everything from smartphones to laptops and cars.
And the cost of Li-ion will come down quickly as production ramps up, just like what happened with photovoltaic panels. Those prices came down 80% in the last five years because of mass production and manufacturing efficiencies, Ronen said.
Within five years, Li-ion will represent 70% to 80% of the battery market, both Ronen and Frankel said, because it's a flexible technology that can power anything from an Apple Watch to a corporate data center.
But not everyone is convinced Li-ion batteries are completely safe.
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https://www.cio-asia.com/tech/emerging-technology/can-elon-musks-battery-really-cut-your-power-lines/?page=3
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A/N: Thank you to everyone who has reviewed over the past five months. I appreciate the time you've taken to read my story.
For the last time on this story, I don't own what you recognize.
Charles and Mary ruled England together for twenty-five years. On July 6, 1560, King Charles I of England died in his sleep. He was sixty years old and left behind his wife, Queen Mary I, fourteen children, and twelve grandchildren. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, near the grave of his mother-in-law, Katherine of Aragon, who had died fifteen years earlier.
His wife died less than two months later, on August 29, at the age of forty-four. In the letter he wrote to his twin sister, Queen Margaret of Spain, King Charles II told his sister that "Mama died of a broken heart. It was too much for her to go on living without Papa. Frances, Hal, and I agree that while she loved us, our mother had little interest in living without her husband."
Hal, now twenty-nine, was the Duke of Suffolk and principal advisor of King Charles II. He had been married to Lady Mary Knivert, the daughter of Anthony and Catherine Knivert for nine years at the time of his mother's death. Tony had died shortly after his daughter's marriage, but he had lived long enough to see the birth of his grandson, Anthony. Catherine lived with her son Charles who had succeeded his father as Earl of Herefordshire and then married Lady Elizabeth More, the daughter of Sir John More and Lady Jane Seymour.
Eleanor had married for love at the age of eighteen. She had not married any of the men that Court gossip had expected her to marry. Instead, she married Philip, the Duke of Bavaria, who had come to England to woo her for political reasons but ended up converting to Catholicism out of love for his wife. Together, they had produced a family of five children whom they both adored.
Frances had followed her father's predictions straight to a nunnery at the age of sixteen-of her own desire.
Charles-Henry had married the only child of the King of Scotland, Mary Stuart. She was about nine years younger than him, but they had married in 1558, when she was fifteen and he was twenty-five. At first, she had been timid, but she had learned to respect her husband and his family. In March of 1560, she gave birth to a son whom they named Charles, in honor of his grandfather. He would one day grow up to be Charles III of England.
William, at twenty-six, was a priest and studying in Rome. The priesthood had been his choice. His father would have preferred a military career but William wanted to be a priest and a scholar.
Bess married Ambassador Alejandro Lopez. On the day of her wedding, she declared herself to be the most happy of all women. She and her husband had moved to Spain upon the death of Alejandro's elder brother, the Duke of Bilbao. It was there, as an adult, that Elizabeth Tudor met her mother, the Duchess of Pamplona, and began to know. While Elizabeth and Anne were able to be friends, Bess told Mary in a letter in 1557, "Anne gave me life, but you gave me joy. She is my mother, but you are my mama, the woman who nurtured me and comforted me. I consider her my friend and you my mama. Without you, I am nothing."
Kat had married a member of the Medici family at the age of nineteen. She informed her parents that she wanted to make a politically advantageous marriage and she wanted to live somewhere that was warmer and sunnier than England. Her parents' advisors found her a marriage in Italy. And her letters were always warm and cheery. "It is clear that having William nearby gives her comfort," Charles had once remarked.
John became a soldier. Eventually, he would marry and have a family, but that did not come until later in life for him. He lived at Court, entertaining his siblings and defending his beloved England. He was generally regarded as the merriest of his siblings.
After John, Mary and Charles had five more children, four daughters and a son. Prince Edward was the first child born after his father's return from France eventually became the Governor of France. This did not happen during his parents' lives, but Charles II had made that choice believing it to be something of which his parents would have approved. The fact that Edward married Lucy Knivert only confirmed this in Charles's mind.
In 1543, Queen Mary had given birth to a baby girl whom King Charles insisted upon naming Princess Mary. His wife insisted upon tacking Caroline after the Mary so as to make the little red-headed girl named after both her parents. Mary Caroline grew up to be smart and beautiful and "the most enchanting girl on earth," according to numerous people.
After Mary Caroline came Jane in 1545. Lucy was born in 1548. And Georgiana, a name Charles claimed to have invented, was born in 1549. She was eleven when her parents died, but her older siblings, especially Eleanor took care of her. She eventually married Nicholas Knivert and was considered to be the happiest of her siblings.
Under Charles II and his heirs, England flourished. He encouraged the arts and writers and playwrights such as William Shakespeare, Kit Marlowe, and Ben Jonson rose to national acclaim. Their works are remembered in the annals of history. He also encouraged the English exploration and colonization of the New World.
England never endured a civil war. The kingdom was largely peaceful from the end of Charles's war with France until the outbreak of World War I in 1914.
Charles and Mary were eventually canonized by the Roman Catholic Church for their devotion to their faith and their guidance of England during a difficult time. Sts. Charles and Mary of England are still revered by the English people to this day; they are the co-patrons of England alongside St. George. When Queen Victoria became the first monarch to live in Buckingham Palace, she ordered that a painting of Sts. Charles and Mary that had been painted by Hans Holbein during their lifetimes be hung where all visitors to the palace could see it. It remains there to this day. Historians agree that during their reign Charles and Mary changed the course of English history. Explanations vary, but the conclusion is that if Henry VIII had lived, he would have sent England on a dramatically different course. As one text said, "Who knows what would have become of England, but one thing is certain. The strong patience and firm hand exhibited by Charles I and Mary I freed England from the tumult of Henry. Their strong, devoted marriage and their love for their children encouraged their subjects…Their marriage also seems to have set an example for their fourteen children, each of whom went on to have a happy marriage and a stable family. In many ways, Charles and Mary could be seen as the first grandparents of Europe, a title that would later be claimed a second time by their descendent Victoria and her husband, Albert."
The End
A/N: Please review. I hope you've enjoyed this story.
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https://www.fanfiction.net/s/6646797/20/A-Better-Future
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Pope Benedict XVI took a small, but critical, step in the right direction by acknowledging in a recent interview that condoms reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS.
Other Roman Catholic leaders, including African bishops and aid workers in Africa, have urged the Vatican to condone condom use for HIV/AIDS prevention.
“Scientific research demonstrates that condoms are an effective and important tool in the worldwide fight against HIV/AIDS, as well as other sexually transmitted infections. That is why Planned Parenthood and its partners work every day, in countries around the world, to educate individuals about the risks of HIV/AIDS and help them protect themselves from infection. It is time that all world leaders, both religious and secular, embrace evidence-based solutions to addressing the HIV/AIDS crisis include increasing access to and promoting the use of condoms, especially in parts of the world where access to health care is extremely limited.”
Planned Parenthood Federation of America
May 14, 2014
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https://www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/newsroom/press-releases/planned-parenthood-statement-pope-benedict-xvis-recent-comments-regarding-condom-use
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How common is acid reflux during pregnancy?
Quick Answer
Experiencing acid reflux during pregnancy is very common, according to Healthline. During the first trimester, muscles in the esophagus push food more slowly into the stomach, and it also takes longer to empty. This increases the rate at which the body absorbs nutrients but can also lead to acid reflux.
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How common is acid reflux during pregnancy?
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Full Answer
Acid reflux can also occur during the third trimester, Healthline reports. During this time, the growth of the baby can push against the stomach, causing heartburn and acid reflux. However, all women experience pregnancy differently and some women don't experience acid reflux at all.
Making certain lifestyle changes during pregnancy can limit the occurrences of acid reflux and are often the safest alternatives to treat the condition, states Healthline. One way to control acid reflux during pregnancy is to eat small portions or small meals more frequently throughout the day. Eating slowly can also help as well as eating at least a few hours before bed. Additionally, a woman can elevate her body with pillows while sleeping or sleep on her left side. If these changes are not enough, then over-the-counter antacids, such as Tums and Rolaids, may help with occasional acid reflux. If the medicines don't help or need to be used frequently, the best course of action is to visit the doctor for additional treatment recommendations.
Learn more about Pregnancy
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https://www.reference.com/health/common-acid-reflux-during-pregnancy-164731f3b470ff67
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Do spiders die after laying eggs?
Quick Answer
Many spiders do die in the autumn, not long after laying eggs, but there are also some spiders that live through winter and mate in the spring before dying and some that live for many years. Female garden spiders generally live no more than a year but can produce egg sacs containing several hundred eggs.
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Full Answer
For the most part, spiders do not live for more than 2 years; however, some tarantulas have been recorded living for up to 25 years in captivity. The hatchlings generally hatch in spring after the advent of warmer weather. Some may hatch during fall or winter but will wait in the egg sac until it is warm enough to venture out.
The egg sacs may be situated on a web created by their mother, and this enables the spiders to eat prey that has already been caught. While some small spiders are young they will climb to a high part of their surroundings, such as up a tree branch or a fence. When there, they tilt their spinnerets into the air and the breeze starts to pull silk threads. Because the spider is still small and light, when the silk gets to a certain length, the wind will pull the spider with the silk.
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https://www.reference.com/pets-animals/spiders-die-after-laying-eggs-49ec0a7eab1bc062
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For the love of your pets: Insects can be harmful to your pets
June 9, 2010 at 1:09 a.m.
Q: With the recent weather and temperature changes, there are a lot of new insects coming out in force. What insects are harmful to my dog?
A: Well, it's summertime and there are a lot of insects suddenly springing up. A lot of the insect population has to do with the abundance of rain we recently encountered. Saturation of the soil and tree roots can force some insects out of their normal home and into your home or yard.
Everyone knows that the rain provides a breeding ground for mosquitoes. They are biting insects that can carry heartworms to your dog if he/she is not protected. Roaches are also starting to rear their ugly heads. These critters, though nasty, are no cause for concern when it comes to your dog. In the same no problem category you will find June bugs, beetles, grasshoppers and crickets. Though these insects do not bite, sting or carry infection to your dog, if eaten they can cause gastric upset.
Vomiting, diarrhea and even pancreatitis can be caused from dogs chasing and swallowing too many of these jumping, winged bugs. If you notice your dog catching or killing these bugs, you should try and clean up the remains as soon as possible to avoid ingestion.
There are other bugs that can cause problems for you dogs. Bees, hornets and wasps are buzzing around and being a tempting toy for your dog to catch. Once caught, the insect will sting the inside of your pet's mouth, causing a lot of salivation and swelling inside the mouth, including the tongue. If your dog is stung by one of these insects, in the mouth or on the body, you might notice a localized or generalized swelling. A large lump and tenderness where the initial sting took place is usually noticeable. It may be followed with a generalized reaction, like trouble breathing, swelling of the face, redness and swelling around the eyes. If you can see the stinger, try and remove it with a pair of tweezers. Applying a cold compress to the affected area can help with localized swelling and irritation. If you are unable to take your dog to a veterinarian, call and find out what dose of Benadryl to give your dog. This will help with the histamine response your dog is having to the sting.
Scorpions are another stinging insect that seems to be more prevalent after the recent rain. They have a tendency to hide in your pets bedding or a stack of laundry on the floor. If your pet is stung by a scorpion, you should follow the same protocol as stated above.
Spider bites are usually a lot harder to notice. It can start with a small irritation and turn into a big problem. Most spider bites go unnoticed for 3-5 days and then tenderness and swelling become a problem in the paws and legs. Dogs usually do not exhibit any signs or symptoms immediately after being bitten, but may limp or show swelling a few days later. If you suspect a spider bite, a veterinary visit is highly recommended.
If you are still concerned with the bugs or how to handle them, contact your local veterinarian or myself with anymore questions or concerns.
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https://www.victoriaadvocate.com/news/2010/jun/09/yl_john_beck_061310_99203/?news
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Accessibility links
Toyota Prius Delights Owner - 2001-01-13
In automotive terms, "hybrid" means a vehicle powered by a combination of internal combustion engine and electric motor. The purpose of a hybrid is to increase fuel economy and reduce air pollution. It's the first major step away from the gasoline engine on the way to the fuel cell as the car's power source. Unlike electric cars, hybrids need not be plugged into electrical outlets to re-charge their batteries. That fact greatly increases their cruising range and enhances their attractiveness to a public accustomed to the convenience of the familiar gasoline-powered car.
Toyota introduced its Prius hybrid to the Japanese market in late 1997. It arrived on American shores in January of 2000. Worldwide sales have now surpassed the 50,000 mark.
Prius is priced at just under $21,000 in the U.S. For that amount, you get a compact, four-door sedan with room for five and cutting-edge technology that you probably won't even notice as you go about your daily drive.
There's an old advertising slogan: Ask the man who owns one. Anthony Cortese owns a Prius. Mr. Cortese is deeply concerned about the environment. He's a former environmental protection commissioner for the U.S. state of Massachusetts, former dean of environmental programs at Tufts University and co-founder of a non-profit organization called Second Nature that promotes environmental awareness through education in colleges and universities.
When asked why he bought a Prius, Mr. Cortese says, "I was looking for a safe, comfortable family car that would get the best possible gasoline mileage and reduce the impact on the environment as much as possible."
The Prius is the Cortese family's only car and is used for all purposes errands, long trips and commuting. Its official estimated fuel economy is 52 miles per U.S. gallon, or 22 kilometers per liter). Mr. Cortese's real-world driving produces less. "The overall average is about 42 or 43 miles to the gallon," he says. "Less in the city if we go for very short trips and more on the highway."
Anthony Cortese is happy with the fuel economy and has been pleasantly surprised with the car's performance. "When you start from a stopped position, it's using the electric motor and the electric motor has high torque," he says. "So the car is actually very quick off the line. It's also able to go at highway speeds with no trouble at all. I've driven it as fast as 85 miles an hour (136 kilometers per hour) with no problem."
The Prius owner says an unexpected benefit has been the car's comfort and handling. The high seating position and well-designed passenger cabin contribute to excellent outward visibility, he explains. "So I feel like the car is much safer than I would find in a comparable subcompact or compact, because the visibility is greater," he says.
Mr. Cortese's only criticisms of the car are that the console between the driver's and passenger's seat is too low to rest one's arm on and the shift lever, which protrudes from the instrument panel, is rather awkward and blocks easy use of some minor controls.
A Prius costs more than a comparably-sized Toyota Corolla or Honda Civic, but for Anthony Cortese it's worth the price, considering the gasoline money saved, plus free maintenance from Toyota for the first 36,000 miles. "The trouble with the way we normally think is we think usually about the price of the car and not about the operational costs of the car," says Mr. Cortese. "And, in this particular case, when you look over a three- or four-year period and look at the whole life-cycle of the cost of the car, this is a less expensive automobile."
And, says Mr. Cortese, it's less expensive to society in its reduced pollution emissions. The Toyota Prius and its counterpart at Honda, the Insight, may not be everyone's ideal motor vehicles. But they represent a new chapter in automotive history and the leading edge of where the industry is headed in the 21st century.
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https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2001-01-13-1-toyota/391785.html
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Why Indians behave in the way they do?
Monday, August 31, 2009
There are some questions that have always interesting me. Indians are considered among the most intelligent people in the world but still we continue to be one of the poorer nations. We have had great mathematicians and thinkers like Aryabhata, C V Raman, Srinivasa Ramanujam who have made earth shattering discoveries but we also have piracy related issues and our pharmaceutical company always find different ways to copy and come up with generic variations of the drugs invented in other countries. Why always our urinals stink and our sense public hygiene pathetic. Why as a nation we are individually brilliant but collectively so naïve? Can we blame this to the colonial hangover, is it in our genes, is it the climate or it is like this in other countries also. The answer lies in one the most revered behavioral psychology problem called the Prisoner’s dilemma1. Here is the classic Prisoner’s Dilemma (according to Wikipedia) - “Two suspects are arrested by the police. The police have insufficient evidence for a conviction, and, having separated both prisoners, visit each of them to offer the same deal. If one testifies (defects from the other) for the prosecution against the other and the other remains silent (cooperates with the other), the betrayer goes free and the silent accomplice receives the full 10-year sentence. If both remain silent, both prisoners are sentenced to only six months in jail for a minor charge. If each betrays the other, each receives a five-year sentence. Each prisoner must choose to betray the other or to remain silent. Each one is assured that the other would not know about the betrayal before the end of the investigation. How should the prisoners act?” The payoff matrix looks in the following way.
Fig. 1 Payoff matrix in case of classic Prisoner’s dilemma
Three cases are possible –
Case 1 - In the above scenario if both the prisoners cooperate they will reap the benefit of a shorter sentence. This called Reward and is denote this as R. Here R = -2.
Case 2 – If one of the prisoner’s defects and other cooperates then this will result in the prisoner who has defected to go scot-free whereas the other prisoner is jailed for a really long term. The prisoner who defects seemed to have given in to the Temptation and can be denoted as T. Here T = 0. And the other prisoner who cooperated is said to have received Sucker’s payoff denoted as S. Here S = -5.
Case 3 – If both the prisoner’s defect then both would have gone to a medium term jail sentence. This is called as Punishment for mutual defection and is denoted by P. Here P = -4.
Also for the conditions for Prisoner’s dilemma to hold the following two conditions have to be met:-
Condition 1:- T > R > P > S
Condition 2:- 2 R > T + S
Why defection seems like a better option –
Whatever the other prisoner chooses it is always better to defect i.e. to betray as by doing so each player receives higher payoff (in this case lesser sentence). As both the prisoners are rational, they both will betray and both will get relatively lesser sentence when compared to when one stays silent and other betrays. Hence there is a dilemma.
Although it is clear that for a single game it is better to defect but in the iterative form it is not exactly like this. In real life there very few occasions like a single one-time prisoner’s dilemma.
In a onetime game it is clear that is always better to defect as the risk is lower but in an iterative PD the situation is different2. In an iterative prisoner’s dilemma defection is not always the best strategy. As this will result in always lesser points being gathered by the both the players involved in the game over repeated interactions. One needs to have a strategy that will maximize the points earned in the iterative form of the prisoner’s dilemma. The best part is that the strategy that earns the most amounts of points is surprisingly the simple “Tit for Tat” strategy.
In a Tit for Tat strategy, we start with a cooperative move and then do what the other player did the last time. This simple strategy although never wins against a single strategy but will always end up making the maximum amount of points in a tournament where all the strategies compete against each other.
Few things to note about the tit for tat strategy are that it has limited memory (so has no long term grudge), it will never be the first one to defect. But it retaliates when defected against.
An example - Tourism in India
Another example of such a dilemma can be when a tourist comes to India. India by far is the most diverse and culturally diverse country in the world. We have the deserts of Rajasthan and also the snow clad mountains of the Himalayas to the back waters of Kerala. But still we are nowhere near the most preferred destination for many travelers’. This is because when a tourist comes to our country then many think - this is my big pay day, let’s get the maximum out of this guy and we end up cheating. Right from the auto rickshaw drivers to the guides to various hill stations all take their pie. So because of the sucker payoff and unpleasant experience these people will never return to India; even worse they advice their friend to not to come to our country. Hence we end up getting fewer tourists.
Fig. 2 Payoff matrix in case of tourism in India
Similarly PD can be applied to many situations like why Indian manufacturers end up exporting low grade machinery, why we are so corrupt, why we modify our houses but end up decreasing the value of the real estate property.
1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner's_dilemma
2 In an iterative PD the best strategy is “Tit for tat”
prabhu said...
The fault lies with the undisciplined politicians who act as the sole role models for the un-educated masses.
If all of them behave with decorum, people will soon learn.
Anonymous said...
Other countries that are very rich now, simply killed and threatened us and took away all the money and research(maths/sci) which was all our hard work.
and those countries(u better know abt which I am talking here) never did any hard work and simply killed us and took everything away.
Now all we do is blame each other and try to find faults in ourselves but the biggest fault is that we don't have that killer attitude , we don't know how to kill people and grab things off and which is what is required now a days.
But all we can do is "talk" and "talk" and find faults in ourselves because we cannot pick up the gun! and if we don't we will keep talking and believe me there is nothing you can find/resolve in this way.
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http://10raisedto9.blogspot.com/2009/08/why-indians-behave-in-way-they-do.html?showComment=1261767746684
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Welcome to the Zoology Wiki
We are going to use this wiki to communicate and post homework.
Here are some things you need to know:
• You should still write out all of your review questions for your notebook, but now you may get some help with the answers.
• The first chapter we will be using is Chapter 23 and there are 12 questions. There are 13 students. So to get your homework points for this chapter 12 students will answer one question each and add more information to one question somebody else has answered. The 13th student will add more information to 3 questions.
• If somebody else is editing a page, you will not be allowed to edit it. This will prevent multiple people from answering the same question at the same time. So if you know which question you want to answer, go to it right away and begin editing. If someone else gets to it first, you will have to choose a different question.
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http://avazoology.wikidot.com/
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Transparency – What you may not know…
Governments by Open Records: The original purpose of transparency through Open Meetings and Public Records and LEA salary disclosures is that these laws applied to the governments which made the rules and controlled the public’s money– the governments, whether state (the legislature and executive branch and DPI), county, or city. These entities needed transparency in their operations so the public could see what was going on between elections and adjust their votes accordingly. The people in the voting booths were the only check or balance on these government entities. Oversight of government rests with an informed public who elects the government, and who have no choices, otherwise.
Corporations by Contracts: The need for transparency as it may apply to private corporations is quite different. The government has the discretion to make contracts or award grants to private corporations to accomplish certain ends. The government retains the right, through its contracts or grants to terminate the contract or cancel the grant if the ends envisioned are not being achieved. The need for transparency is superfluous because the government can cancel the grant or contract if the resulting performance does not meet the specifications. The public does not vote on the contractor, vendor, or supplier. Oversight of contracts and grants rests with the government which issues these contracts and grants and which has many choices for promoting its ends.
Government Inspection or Public Disclosure: We must be careful to distinguish between unfettered government inspection and unlimited public disclosure. The government, in its role issuing contracts and grants, requires the right to inspect and audit the records of its contractors and grantees. Furthermore, private corporations receiving government grants must make available their annual financial statements and their tax returns for public scrutiny.
So when a politician says that private corporations must be subject to the same public disclosure and transparency as government entities, he is effectively saying that government is not capable of properly exercising its oversight duties. The politician is tacitly admitting that his government is failing in its oversight duties and must abdicate this oversight role to the public – who elected them for that job in the first place.
In a free-market capitalistic society, the quality of results determines success or failure and ensures efficiency in the delivery of goods and services. That principle should stand as the criteria for governmental oversight of its contracts and grants. When the media intrudes into the affairs of private corporations by disrupting meetings, making exhaustive, pointless demands for mountains of records, and demanding the most private personal information of employees, the operations of these corporations become distorted in coping with these demands. The corporation becomes less efficient, less responsive to those it serves, and ultimately may fail in its essential purpose of creating the better ends for which it was striving.
Recently Governor McCrory told a reporter that private corporations operating charter schools of parental choice under contracts with the state should be made to adhere to the same transparency as government-run schools with forced student assignment. Thus, he was effectively saying that he did not trust the government’s oversight body – the well-funded Office of Charter Schools (OCS) in the Department of Public Instruction – to properly fulfill its role in ensuring that the contracts were being complied with. Also is the implication that he felt the parents were too ignorant to properly exercise their choice in selecting a school for their children. So he wants to let the media intrude and spin their agenda and force burdensome disclosures on these private corporations holding contracts for schools of choice. Are politicians too afraid to defend the government’s oversight role in the contracts that it enters into with private corporations?
A Few Differences: Unlike government schools, no child is forced to attend any charter school. Unlike government schools, charter schools can be closed (by the government) if they violate their contracts or do not have “clean” financial government audits. Unlike government schools, the parents can force a charter school shut-down by merely redrawing their children. Unlike government schools, they can be shut down if their test scores on the government tests are too low. Unlike government schools, they are prohibited from seeking additional funding from their county for any reason. Unlike government schools, they do not receive any separate public funding for their facilities. Unlike government schools, they may enact merit-based performance salaries for their teachers.
The North Carolina charter school act states that one purpose for charter schools is to move from a rule-based system to a performance-based system: “Hold the schools established under this Part accountable for meeting measurable student achievement results, and provide the schools with a method to change from rule-based to performance-based accountability systems.” Really, Governor McCrory?
Make all Pigs Equal: Governor, you said you want the same transparency in private corporations as in government schools (in spite of extensively funded government oversight)? Then how about the same funding, the same facilities, the same permanence regardless of test scores, the same ability to seek county funds, the same ability to force students to attend? Why not make us all the exactly same so we can all continue the same decades long record of mediocrity and same low achievement and same inefficiencies of the government schools by these charter schools?
Speaking of treating everyone the same: Go to and go to Grants and select Wake County. The site will return dozens of pages with hundreds of private nonprofit corporations receiving public funding of hundreds of millions through grants by the General Assembly and agencies of state government; almost none of these corporations receiving public funding are subject to “transparency” such as Open Meetings, Public Records, or Salary Disclosures. Why? Because the GA or the agency has the power to withhold the grant or cancel the contract by exercising its oversight responsibilities.
Three examples out of hundreds may be of interest. The North Carolina Symphony corporation has received over $16 million in public funds. The Autism Society of NC has received over $18M in public funding. The Governors Institute for Substance Abuse, Inc. has received over twelve million in public funding. Why aren’t these private nonprofit corporations subject to the same “transparency” as you are requesting for private nonprofit corporations that control charter schools. They are all NC nonprofits organized under GS 55A. They all receive public funding. Then they should be treated equally. Right, Governor?
This entry was posted in Education - K-12, Politics, Politics - NC, Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink.
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http://bakeramitchell.com/2014/07/07/transparency-what-you-may-not-know/
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Glossary of Retrofit Terms
Glossary of Retrofit Terms
Anchor Bolt
Anchor bolts are used to secure the mudsill to the foundation. An anchor bolt is a metal rod, usually with a threaded end, that is set in concrete and is embedded in the foundation or post-installed in existing concrete (see Titen HD).
(Metal) Connectors
Connectors are steel components that connect the frame of the house together. Connectors are used where two pieces of framing material meet. They are designed to strengthen a home and increase its ability to resist earthquakes, high winds and other forces.
Crawl Space
Cripple Walls
Fasteners typically refer to nails, screws, bolts or anchors. Fasteners are used in conjunction with connectors to join framing materials together.
A foundation is the block wall, concrete wall or concrete slab a house sits on.
Joist (Rim Joists, Floor Joists)
Joist refers to the wood members that make up part of the floor system of a house. Rim joists run along the perimeter of the floor system.
Lateral Forces
Load is an engineering term that refers to the weight of the material that is to be supported. The allowable load is the maximum design load that can be imposed on a connector or an anchor.
Mudsill (Wood Sill or Sill Plate)
A mudsill is the wood frame that attaches to the top of the foundation and to the floor system above. The mudsill should be properly bolted to the foundation.
OSB/Plywood Sheathing
OSB and plywood sheathing are panels made from wood or fiber materials that are applied to the outer studs, joists, and rafters of a home to strengthen the structure.
Post (Column)
A post is a load-bearing vertical wood member.
A retrofit adds additional bracing, anchoring or any improvement to a home.
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http://bayareacontractor.com/services/earthquake-retrofit-seismic-contractor/glossary-of-retrofit-terms/
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Why biologists are getting excited about a small crab
Rare crustacean discovered during a coastal survey near Barnstaple.
This crab species is rare to the UK, and has only been recorded four times
A crab that has not been recorded since 1956 has been found in Devon.
The species, known scientifically as Xaiva biguttata, was found by Jules Agate during a survey for the citizen science project Capturing Our Coast.
“I’m really thrilled to have found a rare species,” says Agate. “I’m by no means a crab geek and I thought it was a juvenile shore crab, which is common species, but I knew it looked a bit ‘wrong’.”
Agate took a photograph and shared it with experts at The Marine Biological Association.
They confirmed it wasn’t a shore crab but was a species that had only been recorded in the UK four times before.
It is a difficult crab to spot as it buries itself, so Agate was lucky to find it during the timed survey, which records different species and their abundance within a set area.
“It just shows you what can turn up when a group of you go out rockpooling,” says Agate.
Capturing Our Coast is a nationwide citizen science project to survey the UK coastline.
Read more wildlife news stories in BBC Wildlife Magazine
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Make your own free website on
Many people don't realize it, but stress is a very natural and important part of life. Without stress there would be no life at all! We need stress (eustress), but not too much stress for too long (distress). Our body is designed to react to both types of stress. Eustress helps keep us alert, motivates us to face challenges, and drives us to solve problems. These low levels of stress are manageable and can be thought of as necessary and normal stimulation.
Distress, on the other hand, results when our bodies over-react to events. It leads to what has been called a "fight or flight" reaction. Such reactions may have been useful in times long ago when our ancestors were frequently faced with life or death matters. Nowadays, such occurrences are not usual. Yet, we react to many daily situations as if they were life or death issues. Our bodies really don't know the difference between a saber-toothed tiger and an employer correcting our work. It is how we perceive and interpret the events of life that dictates how our bodies react. If we think something is very scary or worrisome, our bodies react accordingly.
When we view something as manageable, though, our body doesn't go haywire; it remains alert, but not alarmed. The activation of our sympathetic nervous system (a very important part of our general nervous system) mobilizes us for quick action. The more we sense danger (social or physical), the more our body reacts. Have you ever been called upon to give an extemporaneous talk and found that your heart pounded so loudly and your mouth was so dry that you thought you just couldn't do it? That's over-reaction.
Problems can occur when overactivation of the sympathetic system is unnecessary. If we react too strongly or let the small over-reactions (the daily hassles) pile up, we may run into physical, as well as psychological, problems. Gastrointestinal problems (e.g., diarrhea or nausea), depression, or severe headaches can come about from acute distress. Insomnia, heart disease, and distress habits (e.g., drinking, overeating, smoking, and using drugs) can result from the accumulation of small distress.
What we all need is to learn approach matters in more realistic and reasonable ways. Strong reactions are better reserved for serious situations. Manageable reactions are better for the everyday issues that we all have to face.
Below are situations that cause stress in some and distress in others. Imagine yourself in each one right now. How are you reacting?
Basically, we need to modify our over-reactions to situations. Rather than seeing situations as psychologically or physically threatening and thereby activating our sympathetic nervous system, our parasympathetic nervous system (that part which helps lower physiological arousal) needs to be called into play. The following suggestions are designed to reduce distress. Try them. They work!
For more information please go to Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
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Saturday, May 23, 2009
War And Remembrance for Memorial Day Weekend
We forget just how violent and costly were Napoleon's wars. We mostly remember the glamor and the swagger. We are surprised when we learn that the Napoleonic Wars were the costliest in terms of lives before World War I. We forget that millions perished in those wars.
The Battle of Eylau in the former East Prussia was one of the bloodiest of Napoleon's battles. It came about because of Russian challenges to French claims upon German territory. The losses were catastrophic and impossible to conceal from the French public.
Napoleon commissioned Antoine-Jean Gros, the most brilliant of his propaganda artists, to make an immense painting of the aftermath of the battle. Gros, with Napoleon's encouragement, very candidly shows us the cost of the battle. This painting is filled with corpses. Not only is there the brilliantly painted pile of dead and dying soldiers in the foreground, the snowy battlefield in the background is shown littered with dead soldiers from end to end. In the background, surviving French soldiers form up to salute the emperor.
Gros shows Napoleon riding out to assess the battlefield losses with his generals. Gros very brilliantly shows Napoleon not as his usual glamorous swaggering self, but as plainly dressed, pale, red-eyed, unshaven -- clearly shaken by the magnitude of the losses. The very elaborately uniformed and dashing General Murat riding up to greet him only enhances Napoleon's own solemnity. Napoleon looks up heavenward and says accurately (if self-servingly) that such losses should make rulers less eager to go to war.
Gros' career came and went with Napoleon. He was the finest of Napoleon's artists, a brilliant propagandist. And yet, Gros was very troubled by the role he played in Napoleon's campaigns. Gros personally witnessed some of Napoleon's battles, most notably his brilliant come-from-behind victory at Arcole in the First Italian Campaign. Gros' own very ambivalent feelings come out in the brilliantly painted and grisly pile of corpses that fills the foreground of this picture. Those ambivalent feelings would be the death of Gros. After the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Gros' career went into eclipse. He refused to work for the Bourbon Restoration government. Remorse over his role in Napoleon's empire haunted him for the rest of his life. He drowned himself in the Seine in 1830.
The great Spanish artist Goya made a stinging rebuke to Gros in the print above from The Disasters of War very bitterly titled "This Is What You Were Born For!" A man confronts a pile of corpses (like the one in Gros' painting) and vomits at the sight and the smell.
Scholars argue whether or not Goya actually witnessed any of the horrific scenes from the Penninsular War that appear in this series of etchings that he apparently worked on in secret. They were not published until 1863, about 35 years after Goya's death. That this question even comes up at all is testament to Goya's brilliance as an artist. Contrived or not, they have that veristic quality of wartime journalism.
The combatants in Goya's scenes of battle are less driven by courageous self-sacrifice than by rage and desperation. Here, a group of women, some with babies in arms, defend themselves against French soldiers.
Goya's own role in the French occupation of Spain, and in the resulting Penninsular War was hardly more creditable than Gros. Goya, like Talleyrand, was a survivor in the worst possible way. He was court painter to Carlos IV, and then worked for Joseph Bonaparte when he briefly reigned as King of Spain. With great difficulty, Goya had to prove his loyalty and his Spanish patriotism when the French were driven out of Spain by a coalition of Spanish patriots and British soldiers led by the Duke of Wellington. Even though he painted Wellington's portrait, and went to work for King Ferdinand VII, the paranoid new king always regarded Goya with great suspicion.
Where Goya's real sympathies and loyalties lay is revealed in the horrific print below.
Goya shows us the naked corpse of a man who died in great agony and humiliation. We have no clue as to this man's allegiances. Was he a Spanish partisan tortured to death by the French? Or was he a hapless French soldier killed by an angry Spanish mob? We have no idea, and Goya asks us rhetorically if it really matters.
In this etching, one of a series of allegories at the end of The Disasters of War where Goya tries to make sense of the carnage, a group of wretched war refugees is confronted by a wolf who has just written this line from a poem by the Italian poet Giambattista Casti, "Miserable humanity, the blame is yours" That line is lifted from a poem that reads in part:
But so long as there are people in this world who can sacrifice thousands of victims, and spill other men's blood, just how, when, and in what quantity they please, without running any risk themselves, enslaved humanity, do not complain of their barbarity for the blame is yours.
It is likely that Goya endorses Casti's indictment of passive ordinary humanity for complicity in their own victimization.
I can't agree, and I wonder if Goya, disappointed young liberal that he was and bitter old misanthrope that he became, really believed that sentiment as well.
I am not a pacifist. In desperate situations, I believe people are entitled to defend themselves by any means necessary. But, I'm no militarist either. Clausewitz famously said that war is politics by other means. On the contrary, war is the failure of politics. It is the betrayal of the young by the old. It is the betrayal of people by their leaders. The resort to violence is always evidence of failure and weakness. For this reason, the rhetoric of war dresses it up in a masquerade of success and strength. "Military glory," said Abraham Lincoln on the floor of the House when he opposed the American invasion of Mexico, "is the rainbow in a shower of blood."
I remember listening to a radio conversation with a World War II historian whose name I can't remember. He was talking about the morally very dubious policies of the Allies, especially their attacks on civilians, from the saturation bombings of German and Japanese cities to the Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He said that those policies were counter-productive; that they only prolonged the conflict by making targeted civilians more angry and determined to resist. He questioned the idea that anyone covered themselves in glory by dropping everything from incendiary bombs to nuclear weapons on unarmed civilians. He argued that such policies were driven, not by rational strategic thinking, but by rage and a desire for revenge for German and Japanese aggression and atrocities. He concluded by saying that, despite all of this, Hitler had to be stopped. A Nazi victory would have been the end of civilization just as surely as a nuclear holocaust. He said that we fight our wars the same way we live our lives, not as we should, but as we can.
Perhaps war is the ultimate manifestation of our fallen state, the final consequence of the fact that we all live our lives, not as we should, but as we can.
On this Memorial Day weekend, we commemorate our war dead with great solemnity. It is right and proper that those who gave their lives in the service of all the rest of us should be remembered and revered. Whether the cause was just or not, they paid the full cost of it.
I think it proper that not only do we remember our soldier dead, but all those who bore the full cost of history from civilian dead caught up in the crossfire of our battles, to soldiers killed by "friendly fire," to soldiers killed by accidents and crime, to victims of war crimes, to the thousands of Iraqi and Afghan civilian dead in the current conflicts.
it's margaret said...
A parishioner at the parish I serve is 96 and was RAF --flew 36 missions, was sent to Canada and trained as an elite bombing navigator and helped usher in the planes over Germany... he eventually flew 66 wartime missions... one of very few who survived.
He recently wrote an article for a national publication, stating how much he regretted having done that, and how wrong the way we do war is because even the very best are inaccurate far too often.
He became a doctor hoping to compensate for the damage he had done....
Your post resonates with what he said...
thank you Doug.
Counterlight said...
Thank you Margaret, that is very gratifying.
it's margaret said...
and Goya always takes my breath away by the way... Doug, I will be posting excerpts of his article tomorrow, Memorial Day. You inspired me to do so.
many blessings.
Counterlight said...
Excerpt away!
JCF said...
On that note:
for the past week, I keep hearing how the government (army) of Sri Lanka "defeated the Tamil Tigers".
Maybe a particular iteration of the Tamils' armed resistance has been functionally destroyed but, in 2009, does ANYONE believe that a war can really be ended by one side "winning" it, militarily? Come on! That's 20th Century thinking---we know better than that, now.
Wars can ONLY be ended through actual peace. The "military victory" is an ILLUSION. [I hope to GOD that Obama gets that, re Afghanistan!]
Counterlight said...
"... in 2009, does ANYONE believe that a war can really be ended by one side "winning" it, militarily?"
I've felt the same way about the Middle East conflict. If Israel "wins" and all the Palestinians are dumped over the Jordan river, or, if the Palestinians "win" and all the Jews are driven into the Mediterranean, does anyone really believe that the conflict would be ended?
It would only move into another phase, and continue.
I'm certain that the same will be true with the Tamils in Sri Lanka. The underlying grievance remains; a group of people brought in by the former colonial government as cheap labor are now an indigenous population. The native population can't figure out what to do about it, and feels threatened.
This particular drama is playing itself out all over the world. See Toujourdan's excellent reflection on the conflict in Fiji at his blog Culture Choc.
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It's better to die than to be a coward
— Gurkha Motto
After India gained independence in 1947, the original ten Gurkha regiments were split between the British Army and the new Indian Army. To the disappointment of many British officers, most Gurkhas offered service between the two chose their native Indian Army. Today, the Gurkhas also serve in Nepal, Singapore, Brunei and are sometimes employed by the United States.
Battle vs. Waffen SS (by Cfp3157)
Gurkhas: 12345
Waffen SS: 12345
Five Waffen SS troops are running from Allied forces in a strange forest. The forest is in Nepal where five Gurkha mercenaries are patrolling a nearby jungle in search of Japanese troops. The Waffen SS leader is taking a drink from his canteen when he sees one of the Gurkhas. He thinks they are Japanese allies until he sees the Union Jack on his shoulder. The SS screams for his men to get in position and draws his Walther P38. He aims and clips the Gurkha.
Gurkhas: 1234
Waffen SS: 12345
The Gurkhas leader yells to his men and gets behind the cover of a tree. He aims his Webley revolver and shoots an SS in the chest.
Gurkhas: 1234
Waffen SS: 1234
The man beside him loads his Bren machine gun and fires a burst of rounds into another German.
Gurkhas: 1234
Waffen SS: 123
The SS leader panics and orders his men to retreat into a nearby village. His machine gunner aims his FG42 and kills the Bren gunner.
Gurkhas: 123
Waffen SS: 123
The three remaining Gurkhas pursue the Germans. They enter village looking for the Germans when one steps out and kills a Gurkha with his Kar98k.
Gurkhas: 12
Waffen SS: 123
The last Gurkha regular kills the German with his SMLE.
Gurkhas: 12
Waffen SS: 12
The Gurkha leader covers his friend by shooting the last regular Nazi with his Webley.
Gurkhas: 12
Waffen SS: 1
As both Gurkhas reload, the last Nazi plunges his Hitler Knife into the rifleman's neck.
Gurkhas: 1
Waffen SS: 1
The Gurkha leader draws his Kukri and twists his knife in a few circles. As the Nazi braces himself for the slash, the Gurkha kicks the Nazi in the face. As the SS leader rubs his jaw, the Gurkha quickly slashes the SS' chest, leaving a deep gash. The fatigued and frightened Nazi thrusts the Gurkha's leg in retaliation, but the Gurkha pushes through the pain and thrusts his Kukri into the SS' leader's throat.
Gurkhas: 1
Waffen SS:
As the Nazi draws his last breath, the Gurkha raises his bloody knife and yells in victory, "AYO GURKHALI!!" (The Gurkhas are here!"
Expert's Opinion
As the writer of this battle, I believe the Gurkhas won the battle because they had a spuerior rifle, a superior knife, and a much fiercer warrior mentality. This is what led them to victory.
Battle vs. Marine Raiders (by MilitaryBrat)
A squad of 6 Raiders are on patrol in the jungles of Guadalcanal. Unbeknownst to them is that 6 Gurkhas are also on patrol too. The lead Gurkha signals for the rest of his men to stop. He hears the Raiders walking by and signals his men to open fire on them. The 3 riflemen and 3 submachine gunners fire at the Raiders.
"Left flank, left flank!!!!!!" the Raider leader yelled as he and the other Raiders open fire, a Gurkha is killed by a thrown grenade.
Meanwhile, a Gurkha decides to climb a tree with his lee-enfield and shoot at the Raiders. He kills a Raider and falls out of the tree because of the gunfire from the other Raiders.
A Raider who saw where the Gurkha sniper fell goes over to him with his Ka-bar and attempts to kill him. He grabs the Gurkha who manages to grab his Webley and kill the Raider with it.
Another Raider with a Reising kills a Gurkha who was attempting what his buddy did with climbing up a tree, however he drops a grenade that kills the Raider.
A Gurkha is creeping up behind a Raider with his Kukri, he jumps on the Raider leader's back and tries to slice his throat but is thrown over his shoulder and shot by the Raider's Colt Revolver.
The Gurkha leader sneaks up behind a Raider with his kukri and severs his spinal cord. As he's doing this the Raider leader takes careful aim with his Springfield rifle and kills a carefully hidden Gurkha.
The two leaders find themselves up against one another. The Gurkha thinks of a plan and runs up a tree. The Raider leader follows him to get a coconut in the face. He falls on his back and when he comes to he sees the Gurkha leader sitting on his chest. The Gurkha leader says to him 'Now you will die white man." The Raider, now fearful for his life at this point stabs the Gurkha with his Ka-bar. The Gurkha is surprised by this turn of events and loosens his grip on the kukri. The Raider leader now stabs the Gurkha leader in the chest. He gives a shout of victory, and examines the Gurkha leader's kukri. "Nice knife you got here midget."
WINNER: Marine Raiders
Expert's Opinion
Please consider a contribution by writing an expert's opinion as to why the Marine Raiders won.
Battle vs. Sepoys (by El Alamein)
Meerut, India
The dim pink-orange glow of dawn crept slowly over the shadows of the British Army barracks, the flag hanging dormant in the still morning air, the lone British sentry completely asleep at the gates, his head tucked down into his coat to shield it from the cold of the night now gone. He shifts uncomfortably and rolls to his side as he wakes, eyes squinting through the early morning sun. Yellowish orange streaked over the horizon as the sun rose, dancing like flames, licking hungrily up at the air until they poured out a dense black smoke that curled up into the heavens. The British sentry shook himself awake as he stared into the distance. The British outpost stationed half a kilometer to the east, near the arsenal, was on fire. As he unsteadily grabbed his musket and ducked back into the gates to wake the garrison, he realized it was still night.
This was no sunrise.
It was a rebellion.
Sepoys: GreenGreenGreenGreenGreen
Gurkhas: TealTealTealTealTeal
Five Sepoys milled angrily about in the smoldering wreckage of the outpost, summarily executing any of the injured and stunned British soldiers crying feebly in the ruins. Their sword bayonets slid in and out of the prostrate bodies stretched across the ground. Their frustration was evident as they indulged in their violent revenge.
The Sepoys were so invested in their massacre that they didn't even notice as five Gurkha soldiers crept through the open gate of the outpost and took cover behind a low wooden palisade. Leaping up with a ferocious war cry, they let loose with a volley of musket fire that instantly killed one of the Sepoys. Green As the body collapsed to the ground the other Sepoys looked up in shock as the five Nepalese warriors charged forward, armed with pistols and huge Kukri knives. Quickly lowering their ragtag mixture of carbines and muskets, the Sepoys retaliated with a volley of return fire that threw one of the advancing Gurkha soldiers to the side, a gaping hole torn through his torso by the .75 caliber musket balls. Teal The Gurkhas closed in, engaging the Sepoys in a vicious hand-to-hand melee.
Frantically, the Sepoys threw their muskets and carbines in the way of the first wild swing of the Kukri knife. One of the Gurkhas got his knife stuck halfway through the barrel. Without missing a beat, he planted his foot on the chest of the Sepoy and kicked hard, forcing the Indian conscript to the ground and freeing the Kukri in the same fluid motion. Spinning around, he followed up with a second, harder kick to the jaw as the Sepoy attempted to stand, sending blood and teeth flying from the man's mouth. The next strike was a hard downward diagonal slash from the Kukri that completely severed the unfortunate Sepoy's chin from the rest of his head and went down deep into the neck. Green Screaming in a battle rage, the Gurkha raised his bloody Kukri high in the air, only to be bayoneted in the back by another Sepoy. Teal As the Indian soldier twisted the bayonet out of his victim's body, he turned, only to come face-to-face with a Gurkha wielding two flintlock pistols.
The other two Sepoys were squaring off against the other two Gurkhas, trying desperately to hold their assailants at a distance with their bayonets. One of the Gurkhas made a feint, prompting the nervous Sepoy to retaliate with a forward thrust. Grabbing the barrel of the carbine, the Gurkha pulled the weapon from the Sepoy's hands and swung it full force, clubbing the man with the stock of his own weapon. The Sepoy fell hard but his teammate rushed forward, stabbing the Gurkha in the upper thigh, missing his groin by inches. The Gurkha yelled in pain as the Sepoy pushed the blade deeper in, forcing the Gurkha to stumble backwards. The other Gurkha pulled out his flintlock pistol and fired point-blank at the Sepoy, killing him with a shot to the throat. A deep crimson geyser erupted from the Sepoy's neck and he crumpled to the ground in a fountain of blood. Green Falling to a knee, the wounded Gurkha angrily pulled the bayonet from his midsection and struggled to stand. The Sepoy he had hit with the musket had since gotten back to his feet. Recovering a discarded musket on the ground, he coolly shot the downed Gurkha in the gut. The Gurkha flinched as the round tore through his midsection before he sank soundlessly back into the ground. Teal
The Gurkha who had drawn two pistols on his opponent pulled the triggers, only to find two misfires. Both men paused as they registered the weapon's failure. The Sepoy recovered first, charging forward and tackling the Gurkha to the ground. The Nepalese soldier swung his pistols like clubs, pounding hard on the Sepoy's back, but it was too late--the Sepoy had already brought his opponent to the ground. Wrapping his hands around the Gurkha's face, the Sepoy dug his thumbs into his enemy's eyes and slamming the back of his head repeatedly against the hard ground. The Gurkha shrieked in agony and kicked wildly, but his desperate thrashing was little more than the agonized death throes of a fatally wounded man. Teal The Sepoy continued this brutal gouging long after the Gurkha had ceased to fight back.
The last Gurkha slammed hard into this Sepoy, knocking the Indian soldier off of the body of his dead teammate, and slashed his Kukri hard across his arm, leaving a serious wound. The Gurkha looked behind him just in time to spot the other Sepoy approaching with his bayonet ready, and jumped to the side in time to avoid a stabbing thrust attack. The bayonet-armed Sepoy stood between the Gurkha and his injured squadmate. The Gurkha locked eyes with his opponent, held out his Kukri in a taunting gesture, and reached down to draw his last flintlock pistol. The Sepoy raised his carbine and aimed. Both men pulled the trigger at the same time--the Gurkha's shot went high and missed as he jerked back from the impact of the Sepoy's shot, which had hit him directly in the chest. The Gurkha dropped his Kukri and his pistol, looked down at his injury, up at his killer, and then died. Teal Suddenly, an eerie silence had returned to the outpost.
The Sepoy looked down and offered an arm to his injured teammate. Pulling the man to his feet, the Sepoy raised his rifle with one hand and gave a cry of victory. This would be a message to the British--not even their feared Gurkhas would stop them. Now nothing would stand in their way.
Expert's Opinion
The Sepoys had more reliable and more advanced weaponry which allowed them to keep their foes back at a distance, securing their victory.
Battle vs. Rogers' Rangers (by Goddess of Despair)
Gurkhas Blue Blue Blue Blue Rogers’ Rangers Green Green Green Green
Robert Rogers and three of his elite “Rangers” are setting up their camp. Two Rangers are starting a fire, whilst Robert Rogers cleans his Brown Bess Musket. In the center of the camp, an American revolutionary flag stood blowing in the wind. Nearby, four Gurkhas approach the camp, hired by the British. Seeing the American flag, two Gurkhas take aim with their Baker rifles.
“There was supposed to be four.” The Gurkha leader thought to himself before giving the order to fire. Suddenly, the Gurkha to his right gets blasted by a musket ball! Blue
Hearing the gunshot, the other Rangers in the camp immediately looked up and saw the Gurkhas approaching from the hillside. The Gurkha leader turned and blasted the Ranger to his right, sending his corpse rolling down the hill. Green
The other two Gurkhas opened fire with their Baker rifles, both shots landing on the same Ranger’s chest. Green
With a courageous roar, the three Gurkhas charged towards the remaining Rangers. Robert Rogers took aim with his Brown Bess, hitting one of the Gurkhas in the throat with a lucky shot. Blue
The other Ranger took aim with a Blunderbuss; however when he pulled the trigger the weapon jammed. He threw the useless firearm onto the ground and grabbed his Tomahawk as a Gurkha approached him. He swung high, though the Gurkha ducked the attack and sliced at his left knee, then at his right, bringing down the American before thrusting into his Kukuri into his target’s throat. Green
The other Gurkha sprinted towards the final Ranger, who in response hurled his Tomahawk, implanting the hatchet into the Gurkhas’ head. Blue
He turned and looked into the eyes of the final Gurkha. The stared at one another for a moment before, the Ranger grabbed his Brown Bess Musket and began to load it. The Gurkha rushed towards him with his Kukuri. Roger began to shove his round into the Brown Bess as the Gurkha neared. He lifted the musket and blasted the Gurkha point-blank. Blue
Lowering his musket, Roger looked at the bodies around him, then towards the revolutionary flag, and yelled in victory.
Expert's Opinion
Whilst the Gurkhas were undoubtedly skilled, however Rogers' Rangers carried more devastating firearms and a greater understanding of stealth, which ultimately lead them to victory.
Battle vs. Afghan Warrior (by SPARTAN 119)
Gurkhas: Darkred Darkred Darkred Darkred Darkred
Afghan Warriors: Green Green Green Green Green
A group of Afghan Warriors stood at the ready on the walls of a canyon located high in the mountains. Five Gurkhas walked into the narrow defile, not realizing the threat that lay in wait. One of the Afghan Warriors rested his Jezail on it bipod against a rock, training the weapon on the lead Gurkha, and pulled the trigger. The Gurkha clutched the hole in his chest, before he collapsed to the ground, dead. Darkred
One of the Gurkhas retaliated with their Baker Rifle, striking down one Afghans Green lying in wait at the top of the canyon as the other Gurkhas took cover behind trees or rocks.
The Four surviving Gurkhas then charged at the Afghans, unaffected by the volley of musket and rifle fire the Afghans sent at them, which killed one Gurkha. Darkred A Gurkha armed with a double-barrel musket fired off the first barrel, riddling the nearest Afghan with buck and ball, before firing a second shot and scoring a second kill. Green Green
The lead Afghan drew a pistol, and shot the Gurkha with the double musket Darkred, before drawing his pulwar and charging towards the two surviving Gurkhas.
The nearest Gurkha faced an Afghan armed with a shorah knife, who made a powerful slash at the Gurkha. The Gurkha blocked the attack with a talwar, the shorah hitting with such force that it bent slightly. The Gurkha then retaliated with a slash that cut the Afghans' throat and nearly decapitated him. Green
The Gurkha suddenly felt a stab of pain in his chest, just in time to see a pulwar blade sticking out his chest. Darkred The Afghan leader pulled his sword out of the Gurkha's chest, and turned to his last surviving comrade, charging with blood-stained pulwar in hand.
The last surviving Gurkha raised his kukri and threw the blade at the Afghan, who stared, eyes wide in shock as the blade punched through the center of his face, burying itself into his skull and killing him instantly. Green The Gurkha retrieved his kukri for the Afghan's body and raised it in the air in triumph.
WINNER: Gurkha
Expert's Opinion
The Gurkha's skill in combat, as well as their unmatched courage and tenacity allowed them to win this battle against an extremely dangerous opponent. The Gurkha's slightly superior weapons also play a role in the victory.
Battle vs. Rats of Tobruk (by Deathblade 100
Rats of Tobruk:BrownBrownBrownBrownBrownBrown
The clatter of metal filled the air as six Rats of Tobruk load their Lewis Guns in one of their endless trenches. Six Gurkhas approach the camp and watch. The Gurkha leader orders two of his soldiers to scout out a way into the camp, while the other four continue to advance. Sensing danger, four of the Rats load their Thompson Submachine Guns as two others man their Lewis Guns. Two of the Rats go into a tunnel in order to investigate the threats.
In the tunnels, one of the Rats stands back of the entrance to provide assistance as the other one advances into the tunnels. Two of the Gurkhas enter the same tunnel the Rats were in. One of the Rats calls out in surprise as a Gurkha slashes his Kukri across an Australian soldier's neck.Brown The Rat by the entrance of the tunnel runs in and fires his Tommy Gun, killing a Gurkha.Green The second Gurkha fires his Sten Gun into the Rat's chest.Brown
The Rats on the surface open fire with their Lewis and Tommy guns at the four Gurkhas, who fire back with their Bren and Sten guns. A burst of fire from a Lewis Gun cuts down a Gurkha.Green A Bren Gun quickly killed the Lewis Gunner.Brown A Rat's Thompson Submachine Gun killed a Sten using Gurkha.Green A burst of fire from a Sten gun hits one of the Rats of Tobruk in the back.Brown A Rat turns and fires his Thompson, killing the Gurkha behind the trenches.Green
The remaining Rats of Tobruk retreat further through the trenches with the Gurkhas in pursuit. One Gurkha is stabbed by a Rat's bayonet. Green The last Gurkha slams his Kukri into the second Rat's head.Brown The Last member of the Rats of Tobruk thrusts with his bayonet, only for the Gurkha to deflect the blade with his Kurkri. The Gurkha leader kicks the Rats' leader in the chest, causing the Australian to stagger back in pain. The Gurkha runs up and slashes his Kukri across the Rats' throat.Brown As the Australian collapses, the Gurkha leader yells "Ayo Gurkhali!" (The Gurkhas are here!) in victory.
Winner: Gurkhas
Expert's Opinion
While the Rats of Tobruk were brave warriors, the Gurkhas Bren Light Machine Gun and Kukri quickly gave the Nepalese soldiers the win. To see the original battle, votes and weapons click here
Battle vs Viet Cong (by MilenHD)
The battle begins somewhere is the jungles in Vietnam as 5 Gurkhas are patrolling,as they are walking 1 of the Gurkhas gets past over the POMZ-2 mine trap and he explodes.
Viet Cong:12345
Then the Viet Cong begins their assault with their pistols and MAT-49s,but one of the Viet Cong members gets shot by Enfield No.4 rifle in the chest.
Viet Cong:1234
One of the Gurkhas shot a Viet Cong member in the arm with his revolver,but the Vietnamese soldier shot him with his MAT-49,but he gets blown up by Mills bomb
Viet Cong:123
Then Viet Cong team runs away and the Gurkhas followed them,but one of the falled into a punji trap,in the same time one of the Viet Congs was shot into the back with a sten submachine gun.
Viet Cong:12
As a runnig 1 of the Gurkhas get shot in the head by a Tokarev pistol,but the Viet Cong pistolmen get stab in the gut with a kukri
Viet Cong:1
Then the both warriors clashed in a close range dual Gurkhas with his Kukri and Viet Cong with his machete,first the Viet Cong slash a the Gurkha and only hit the chest making a small scar,but the Gurkha got too angry and with the last slash the Vietnamese neck killing him.
Viet Cong:
After seeing his opponent is dead the Gurkha shouts "Ayo Gurkhali!" (The Gurkhas are here!) in victory.
Expert's Opinion
Gurkhas won because they are better trained and have better weapons.
Battle vs. Rough Riders (by Deathblade 100)
Expert's Opinion
Ad blocker interference detected!
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| 3
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http://deadliestfiction.wikia.com/wiki/Gurkhas
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compliance with orders, instruction, and discipline. At one time this was a prime requirement of learners in educational institutions. It now tends to be couched in less stark terms, with more of a collegial, negotiated element, but is still an issue for organisational effectiveness.
objective test
any form of examination where the scoring is not dependent on the marker's judgement or discretion. The choice and nature of the assessment items will have been subject to human involvement, however, and so the exercise is not as value-free and unproblematic as some may suppose.
the intended outcomes of teaching: statements of the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of these desired goals. They tend to be more specific than aims, often involving the observable or the measurable. While seen as important for effective teaching, their mechanistic and slavish use has been criticised as leading to a rigid approach which limits the dynamic, exploratory nature of many learning experiences.
a range of philosophical views which have in common the view that there is an external reality which can be directly experienced and perceived. In ethical theory, the view that values and duties hold or persist independently of our views of them (see subjectivism)
the removal of personal opinion, judgement or bias in order to arrive at more precision. It is disputed how much this can be achieved in reality as even the framing of the situation in which objectivity is desired (such as a research project, or an assessment) is subject to subjectiveinfluence.
referring to learners behaviour, where they lose focus on a relevant activity (usually set by the teacher) and engage in irrelevant action or conversation. ( see on-task)
old boy network
a generally pejorative term for the way in which the exclusive social and business relationships of former pupils of certain (usually independent) schools are used to preserve privilege and secure advantage.
old school tie
a generally pejorative term for the system of networking conducted by former pupils of certain (usually independent) schools to secure mutual personal, social and business advantage.
omnibus school
a term from early 20th century Scottish education for a comprehensive state secondary school which served as the common school for an area. Similar schools in England and Wales were known as multilateral schools.
referring to learners behaviour, where they remain focused on the specifics of a relevant activity, as set by the teacher (see off-task).
open education
provision which aims to remove barriers to knowledge and resources (see open learning), sometimes through easily-accessible online materials (see Mooc) or through providing open educational resources which can be used, re-used, or re-purposed without cost or permission.
open plan
an approach to organisation associated with progressive education whereby individual classrooms are replaced by larger more flexible teaching areas, allowing for different groupings of learners and different roles for staff. Perceived benefits are countered by those who point for the need for much more extensive planning to co-ordinate activities and avoid situations where a music lesson, for example, occurs at the same time as an activity requiring silence. It is also a term used for office space, where staff are accommodated in larger communal areas as opposed to having individual offices. Unless staff are expected to be working in teams at all times, the advantages of this approach are not clear except in terms of efficiency of space and managerial surveillance.
open question
a question that is phrased so that more extended responses are required than a single word answer (see closed question; divergent; open-ended).
of a question, not inviting a single, correct answer; divergent. Of a contract, not having a set time limit ( see divergent; open question).
a term from the work of Jean Piaget (1896-1980), referring to a mental process by which a learner can combine, separate, and transform information in a logical way. In the earlier stages of learning, Piaget uses the term preoperational to refer to the way in which such a learner is confused by appearance, struggles to decentre their thinking, and muddles issues about causation and consequences, owing to a nonlogical approach.
spoken. Some assessments take this form: for example, the viva voce for higher degrees such as PhD. It is not be confused with aural, which refers to hearing, and with related forms of assessment, particularly in foreign language teaching.
outdoor education
planned educational experiences which take place beyond an institutional setting, often involving resources and activities suited to setting, such as sports, crafts and camping, and so sometimes involving residential arrangements.
outstation learning
an educational programme which is run in a location distant from the central institution involved. It is common in rural Australia, particularly in relation to serving the needs of indigenous communities.
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<urn:uuid:1f2bc034-bc6b-4d20-aa11-319fe445f260>
| 3
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en
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http://dictionaryofeducation.co.uk/o/o/blog
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EU, which stands for Energy Unit, is the measure of energy production, consumption, transmission and storage in IndustrialCraft.
These units are not similar to actual real life electricity, basically they are "virtual" items, that can stack unlimited amount of times and need storage items like RE Batteries or a cable network be used. EU stored in items or devices will not decay over time.
Every IndustrialCraft 2 machine is involved in the production, storage, or consumption of EU.
EU is not related to Redstone current, but multiple machines can be affected by redstone currents, and a Detector Cable produces a redstone current if there is any EU passing through it. Some machines allow a lever to be mounted directly on its block.
EU/t Edit
EU/t is used to measure EU consumption and production, EU/t can be measured with an EU-Meter by clicking on any cable two times with some delay.
EU-Packet / Voltage Edit
EU-Packets come in different sizes ranging from 1 EU to 2048 EU, unlike IC1 you may not change EU output of storage devices.
There is no way to measure what size of packets travels through a cable or machine without an EU-Reader but they can be read from EU emitting blocks.
Emitters such as Generators, Storage Units, and Transformers can emit EU-Packets.
Emitters Edit
• Generators emit packets as large as their output.
• Storage Units always emit packets the size of their "out" value.
• Transformers behave like Storage Units. They are also able to upgrade four packets into one of a higher tier or downgrade a single packet into four of a lower tier, depending on input or output.
Cables Edit
Cables can carry unlimited amounts of EU/t but only EU-Packets that are the same or below of their maximum Voltage. You can send unlimited amounts of 32 EU-Packets through a Copper cable but not a single 128 EU-Packet. The clue is that energy loss of a cable isn't connected to the total amount of EU/t but to every single packet. So sending 100 32 EU-Packets results in 100 times the energy loss of the cable where sending one 2048 EU-Packet only result in one time the energy loss of the cable.
Nuclear Reactor Edit
A Nuclear Reactor is able to provide power of variable "Voltage" based on setup. The maximum possible energy output is 2040 EU\t (without burning the wire). However, note that it can not provide any less than 10EU/packet, as that is the output of a single Uranium Cell.
Packet Sizes Edit
Name Packet Size Emitters Cable
Micro Voltage 0-5 EU Solar Panel, Water Mill, Wind Mill Grid Tin Cable Grid Copper Cable Grid Gold Cable Grid Glass Fibre Cable Grid HV Cable
Low Voltage 32 EU Batbox, LV Transformer,Nuclear Reactor, Generator, Geothermal Generator, LV Solar Array Grid Copper Cable Grid Gold Cable Grid Glass Fibre Cable Grid HV Cable
Medium Voltage 128 EU MFE Unit, MV Transformer, Redstoned LV Transformer, Nuclear Reactor, MV Solar Array Grid Gold Cable Grid Glass Fibre Cable Grid HV Cable
High Voltage 512 EU MFS Unit, HV Transformer, Redstoned MV Transformer, Nuclear Reactor, HV Solar Array Grid Glass Fibre Cable Grid HV Cable
Extreme Voltage 2048 EU Redstoned HV Transformer, Nuclear Reactor Grid HV Cable
Ad blocker interference detected!
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<urn:uuid:e91fbd09-e91e-4104-a99e-be6f500f9680>
| 3
| 2.796875
| 0.212582
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en
| 0.881672
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http://dnstechpack.wikia.com/wiki/EU
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Understanding Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
What is Flexible Sigmoidoscopy?
Flexible sigmoidoscopy is a procedure that enables your physician to examine the lining of the rectum and a portion of the colon (large bowel) by inserting a flexible tube that is about the thickness of your finger into the anus and advancing it slowly into the rectum and lower part of the colon.
What Preparation if Required?
The rectum and lower colon must be completely empty of waste material for the procedure to be accurate and complete. Your physician will give you detailed instructions regarding the cleansing routine to be used. In general, preparation consists of one or two enemas prior to the procedure but may include laxatives or dietary modifications. In some circumstances, for example, if you have acute diarrhea or colitis, your physician may advise you to forgo any special preparation before the examination.
What About my Current Medications?
Most medications can be continued as usual. You should inform your physician of all current medications as well as any allergies to medications several days prior to the examination. However, drugs such as aspirin or anticoagulants (blood thinners) are examples of medications whose use should be discussed with your physician. You should alert your doctor if you require antibiotics prior to undergoing dental procedures, since you may need antibiotics prior to sigmoidoscopy as well.
What Can by Expected During Flexible Sigmoidoscopy?
Flexible sigmoidoscopy is usually well tolerated and rarely causes much pain. There is often a feeling of pressure, bloating, or cramping at various times during the procedure. You will be lying on your side whole the sigmoidoscope is advanced through the rectum and colon. As the instrument is withdrawn, the lining of the intestine is carefully examined. The procedure usually takes anywhere from 5 to 15 minutes.
What if the Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Shows Something Abnormal?
If the doctor sees an area that needs evaluation in greater detail, a biopsy (sample of the colon lining) may be obtained and submitted to a laboratory for greater analysis. If polyps (growths from the lining of the colon which vary in size) are found, they can be biopsied, but usually are not removed at the time of sigmoidoscopy. Polyps are of varying types; certain benign polyps, known as "adenomas," are potentially precancerous. Certain other polyps ("hyperplastic" by biopsy analysis) may not require removal. Your doctor will likely request that you have a colonoscopy (a complete examination of the colon) to remove any large polyp that is found, or any small polyp that is adenomatous after biopsy analysis.
What Happens After a Flexible Sigmoidoscopy?
After sigmoidoscopy, the physician will explain the results to you. You may have some mild cramping or bloating sensation because of the air that has been passed into the colon during the examination. This will disappear quickly with the passage of gas. You should be able to eat and resume your normal activities after leaving your doctor's office or hospital.
What are Possible Complications of Flexible Sigmoidoscopy?
Flexible sigmoidoscopy and biopsy are generally safe when performed by physicians who have been specially trained and are experienced in these endoscopic procedures. Possible complications include a perforation (tear through the bowel wall) and bleeding from the site of the biopsy.
Although the complications after flexible sigmoidoscopy are rare, it is important for you to recognize early signs of any possible complication. Contact your physician if you notice any of the following symptoms:
Severe abdominal pain
Fever and chills
Rectal bleeding of more than one-half cup
Dr. Bhandari has staff privileges at the
following hospitals and health centers:
Monday, Wednesday
& every other Thursday
Tuesday, Friday
& every other Thursday
Tuesday & every
other Thursday
Every other Friday
Every other Friday
Our Locations:
Bastrop, Office:
616 South Washington
Bastrop, LA 71220
PH: 318.283.2177
Monroe, Office:
Tuesday afternoons
3424 Medical Park Drive, Suite #6
Monroe, LA 71203
PH: 318.329.2171
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<urn:uuid:20411f47-de52-4499-be5e-cf9912775ab6>
| 3
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en
| 0.928442
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http://drbhandari.com/webpages/Flex-sigmoidoscopy.html
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Best Android smartphones (June 2013 edition)
I looked at a couple of his books, not impressed.
I will use his book Javascript 1.5 by example as an example of his lack of attention to detail.
Chapter 3, "JavaScript in action", consists of describing objects, methods and properties and 3 examples of methods, alert(), confirm() and prompt (). Yes it is all over.
His definitions of
item is: simply put, an object is a thing, something. Just as things in the real world are objects (cars, dogs, dollar bills and so on), are considered things in the computer world as objects, too.
[2 lame paragraphs jumped]
Practices are things like object can do. In the real world have object methods. Cars move, dogs bark, dollar buying and so on. Alert () is a method of the window object, so the object can warn the user with a message box ...[useless additional paragraph]
Features: all items have properties. Cars have wheels and the dogs have fur. Things that the browser has Javascript, name, and version.
His methods example code:
=== END of CHAPTER 3 ===
My review.
"Simply an object is a thing, something." leaves the reader with nothing. An object not declared. If you don't know what an item is, you would now be able to answer the question, what is an object?
He did not explain what a method is, especially his "real world" approach such as "dollar buying". I think people do not buy dollars. If I had to explain the dollar as one object: the dollar has no methods and properties: dollars. value, dollar. $ date, serialNumber.
It his sample code??? This is terrible. Blind leading the blind.
Message for example, alert(), confirm() and prompt () is exactly the same except the passed value [text phrase].
Alert is OK
confirm and prompt is used to retrieve user input.
confirm, user clicks from a selection of buttons.
quick pick what the user types in the shortcut text field.
What is missing is the setting of a variable value. Confirm() and prompt () is never stand alone. There is always a variable assignment.
each choice = confirm ("which do you choose?");
var name = prompt ("What is your name?", "Please enter your name here.");
In his technical blog that he claims often inaccurate "facts" or Miss detail.
Recent examples:
[Silvermont] provides three times more performance for five times less power than the current generation Atom nucleus.
This is how I say it correctly: it is expected that an Atom is running at maximum clock speed will exceed Z2560 by about 300%.
An Atom that runs at a lower clock rate, makes a performance level equal to Z2560, will use 500% less power.
What Adrian Kingsley-Hughes said 3 X performance and 5 X less power and there should be a or 3 X performance or 5 X less power.
In the post similar to this one "best Android tablets"
When listing the processor of the tablets had some processors is stated as:
1.4 GHz Exynos quad core processor
NVIDIA Tegra 3 quad-core processor
Dual-Core Processor ARM Cortex A15
My take on the detail. When you compare these tablets processors equal cannot be compared with the above lack of detail. This is SoC chips, which have a GPU as well.
Dual-Core Processor ARM Cortex A15 should:
Samsung Exynos 5250, dual-core 1.70 GHz Cortex A15 CPU and a quad-core Mali GPU T604
NVIDIA Tegra 3 quad-core processor should:
NVIDIA Tegra 3, a 1.3 GHz Cortex-A9 quad-core processor
and a twelve-core 416 MHz Nvidia GeForce ULP GPUS
1.4 GHz Exynos quad core processor should:
Samsung Exynos 4412, 1.4 GHz quad-core Cortex-A9 and Mali-400MP GPU
I also would have included benchmarks.
The devil is in the details.
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<urn:uuid:4cef4195-88a2-489d-a5e2-fe5432d35206>
| 3
| 2.875
| 0.627788
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en
| 0.911373
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http://easylifehacks.blogspot.com/2013/06/best-android-smartphones-june-2013.html
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AC Voltage Regulators
AC voltage regulators have a constant voltage ac supply input and incorporate semiconductor switches which vary the rms voltage impressed across the ac load. These regulators generally fall into the category of naturally commutating converters since their thyristor switches are naturally commutated by the alternating supply. This converter turn-off process is termed line commutation. The regulator output current, hence supply current, may be discontinuous or non-sinusoidal and as a consequence input power factor correction and harmonic reduction are usually necessary, particularly at low output voltage levels (relative to the input ac voltage magnitude). A feature of direction conversion of ac to ac is the absence of any intermediate energy stage, such as a capacitive dc link or energy storage inductor. Therefore ac to ac converters are potentially more efficient but usually involve a larger number of switching devices and output is lost if the input supply is temporarily lost. There are three basic ac regulator categories, depending on the relationship between the input supply frequency fs, which is usually assumed single frequency sinusoidal, possibly multi-phased, and the output frequency fo. Without the use of transformers (or boost inductors), the output voltage rms magnitude VOrms is less than or equal to the input voltage rms magnitude Vs , Vo rms ≤ Vs . • output frequency increased, fo > fs, for example, the matrix converter • output frequency decreased, fo < fs, for example, the cycloconverter • output frequency fundamental = supply frequency, fo = fs,for example, a phase controller.
دانلود مقاله
پسورد : 4power
سرچشمه: مهندسی تکنولوژی برق
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<urn:uuid:9a1e3aec-e1bb-43d7-9520-0445421ace87>
| 3
| 3.421875
| 0.914357
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en
| 0.78875
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http://electrician.blogsky.com/1391/09/03/post-403/
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Friday, 26 March 2010
Our dance - Şcoala Specială nr. 7 Romania
Our students will dance a suite of folk dances with Horă elements, specific to Romania.
Hora is a type of circle dance originating in the Balkans but also found in other countries. Hora (pl. hore) is a traditional Romanian folk dance that gathers everyone into a big closed circle. The dancers hold each other's hands and the circle spins, usually clockwise, as each participant follows a sequence of three steps forward and one step back. Hora exists in several variations specific to the regions of the country and dance steps vary depending on the type of Hora. The dance is usually accompanied by musical instruments such as the cymbalum, accordion, violin, viola, double bass, saxophone, trumpet or even the panflute. The Hora is popular during wedding celebrations and festivals, and is an essential part of the social entertainment in rural areas. One of the most famous hore is the Hora Unirii (Hora of the Union), which became a Romanian patriotic song as a result of being the hymn when Wallachia and Moldavia united to form the Principality of Romania in 1859. During the 2006/2007 New Year's Eve celebration, when Romania and Bulgaria joined the European Union, people were dancing Hora Bucuriei (Hora of Joy) over the boulevards of Bucharest as a tribute to the EU anthem, Ode to Joy (Odă bucuriei).
(from Wikipedia)
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| 3
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en
| 0.946356
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http://eurodance2010.blogspot.com/2010/03/our-dance.html
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Machinima Documentaries
A machinima is an animated movie that is created using video game animation footage. The history of machinima dates back to around 1990 but didn’t receive mainstream attention until the early 2000s. At that time, the gaming community started producing not only higher quality machinima but also higher quality video games, which promoted the recording of game animation footage.
Traditional documentaries usually feature “talking heads” of people for a majority of the movie. Instead, our machinima documentaries consist of video game animation with oral history excerpts serving as the audio narrations of the documentary. This type of documentary is designed to appeal to people of all ages because of its engaging animation format.
We involve students in the production phase of the documentary creation process. The production phase requires that the students utilize a video game, such as Minecraft, to create the various movie sets for the documentary and then record animation footage inside the video game.
We package our machinima documentaries together with lesson plans that cover various Common Core and/or other academic standards along with 21st century learning skills.
Our current machinima documentary project is called “Sawtelle Japanese American History: A Minecraft-Machinima Documentary,” which tells the story of Japanese Americans who grew up in the Sawtelle area of West Los Angeles during the pre- and post-World War II time periods.
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| 3
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en
| 0.941556
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http://gametrainlearning.org/studentprograms/machinima-documentaries/
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Sunday, March 23, 2014
Teaching Grit... In a High-Stakes High School
Grit is the new ed buzzword apparently. It's nothing new to those of us who teach the arts. We've known for years that without grit, or perseverance, students cannot answer open-ended questions. In a high stakes high school like the one where I teach, open-ended questions can produce a lot of angst. When students are faced with a problem or question that doesn't have an easy, 'correct' answer or when you pose a problem and don't give them a linear path through the problem, many crumble.
When I first started at this high school 6 years ago, I began teaching architecture and created the curriculum. One of the projects asks the students to map their journey through school for the day. I tell them they must show me where they entered, what path they took, the rooms they inhabited, how those spaces felt and then how they exited. Our school building is a warren with classrooms on four different floors. Some students get right to work. Others are completely stuck and have no idea how to begin. They ask me how to convey this information-how should they make these drawings? I tell them, to their dismay, that I don't care what format they choose, they just need to get the information across to me in a clear manner. Students have not learned yet what a floor plan looks like. In the six years I have been doing this project, I have had students who are so uncomfortable with not being told how to convey the information that they get really mad at me. 'Why won't you tell me how to do it," they ask? And why don't I just tell them what a floor plan is and ask them to create one? If I tell them, they don't have to figure it out for themselves and then it's just one more thing that someone has taught them that doesn't have relevance to their lives. If they figure it out, they own it and they never forget it as a useful tool to convey information.
But back to grit. Some students have it, some don't. Can you teach it? Of course you can. Like any other skill, it is learned through practice. The uncomfortable place of open-ended questions without right answers can be overwhelming if you've always been in an environment where there are only right answers. But as far as I can tell, it's the only way to build grit. You have to let students be in that uncomfortable place long enough to have an aha moment and figure things out on their own. The more we give them questions with only one right answer, the more multiple choice tests, fill in the bubble, find the solution tests, quizes, and quizlets, the more stressed they get and the more they believe there is only one correct answer. Grit isn't even part of that equation.
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<urn:uuid:d76100a2-b06b-48ae-acee-616c8f8ce32e>
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en
| 0.982705
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http://innovated2x.blogspot.com/2014/03/teaching-grit-in-high-stakes-high-school_23.html
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Wednesday, February 1, 2012
Analysis of the Flood Story
Alice C. Linsley
There are two flood traditions in Genesis, expressing different perspectives on that event. In the chart that follows we see how the traditions are crafted into a chiastic narrative. The narrative reflects a Nilotic perspective and a Mesopotamian or Akkadian perspective. Both are very old, and the narrative is the work of an author who was familiar with both traditions. (Genesis 4 has a ABBAABB…ABBA chiastic structure.)
The Nilotic perspective is evident in the water and mountain archetypes, and in the use of the number 40. The Nile flooded for 40 days and it took 40 days for the waters to abate. The Mesopotamian perspective is evident in the covenant language and in the use of the number 7.
The two different birds may represent the different traditions concerning ravens and doves. However, both birds would have been native to East Africa, Arabia and Mesopotamia.
In Africa, the dove represents prophetic discernment, so sending out a dove was Noah’s way of seeking guidance. The most common dove in the region of the flood is the Pink-bellied Dove. This species is abundant near water and would have been associated with river shrines such as those along the Nile. The pink belly is suggestive of blood sacrifice which made peace between the penitent and God. This peace is symbolized by the olive branch which the dove brought to Noah.
The raven or crow was a trickster in Annu tradition. While the dove returns with a message, the trickster does not. Annu means "those of royal blood" (See Gwendolyn Leick, A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology, 1998, p. 7.) and Abraham had Annu ancestors. Abraham's father was Terah, a royal name among the Nilotic Annu.
The analysis is from here. The lines form the image of a bird in flight, perhaps representing Horus? Horus was shown with the body of a man and the head of a falcon. The falcon was his totem and a symbol of divine kingship. Horus or Hr is "the lord of the sky or "the one on high." The Horites spread their religious practices and beliefs from ancient Kush to Mesopotamia and beyond. The oldest fire altars were falcon shaped. This is why the Shulba Sutras state that "he who desires heaven is to construct a fire-altar in the form of a falcon."
Horite stone altar
In both the Nilotic and Mespotamian traditions we find water and mountains archetypes. The pyramids of the Nile and the ziggurats of Mesopotamia are stylized mountains or the meeting place of God and the divinely appointed or chosen ruler. The ziggurat had 7 terraces.
The sacred center of the flood story (P in the chart above) casts us back to the beginning of creation when the Spirit moved over the waters (Gen. 1:2). "And God remembered Noah, and every living thing, and all the cattle that was with him in the ark: and God made a wind/spirit (ruach) to pass over the earth, and the waters asswaged..."
The temporal sacred center is when the Sun rests at the peak of the day, when there are no shadows (James 1:17). In terms of the solar day, this is the temporal sacred center.
The spatial sacred center is between heaven and earth, on the mountain top where God meets with the chosen leader. Abraham, Moses, and Elijah encountered God on mountains. The spatial sacred center is the mountain, prefiguring the Christ's crucifixion and tranfiguration. The center of the Genesis 6 flood narrative is bracketed by the covering/veiling and revealing/unveiling of mountains. Here we have a sign pointing to God's self-revealing in the Person of Jesus Christ.
The sacred center in ancient Canaan was Shechem (modern Nablus). It was located between the mountains of Ebal on the northern side of the valley and Mount Gerizim on the southern side. Mount Ebal rises 3084 feet above sea level, some 194 feet (59 meters) higher than Mount Gerizim. From Mount Gerizim the priests declared the blessings and from Mount Ebal the curses (Deut. 11:29). This was part of the covenant at Shechem, but curiously only the curses are recorded in Scripture (Deut. 27).
The mountain as celestial archetype is very old. The mountain is the safest place when the waters become the chaotic deep (tehom in Hebrew: תְּהוֹם). Noah's ark came to rest on the "mountain of vehemence" (ararat in Arabic). The binary opposite of tehom is tehut, divine order/wisdom. The oldest known moral code is the Egyptian "Law of Tehut" which dates to about 5,000 B.C. When God spoke the creation into being He fixed boundaries which those who honor the Creator are not trespass. Trespassing established boundaries invites chaos (tehom) to return like a great flood to the world. Tehom and tehut are binary opposites, and typical of the binary worldview of Abraham's people, there is a hierarchy, with tehut being greater because it preserves order and life.
The binary conception is evident also in the relationship of dry land and waters, which God separated in the beginning. The victory of tehut (order) over tehom (chaos) relates to the annual inundation of the Nile and helps us to understand the Egyptian concept of creation. One of the oldest creation myths envisioned the first place in the world as a mound emerging from the waters of a universal ocean. Here the first life form, a lily, grew on the peak of the primeval mound. The ancient Egyptians called the mound Tatjenen, meaning "the emerging land."
The map above shows the natural habitat of both the Fan-Tailed Raven (crow) and the Pink-bellied Dove, the birds that Noah may have released from the ark. It is also the Afro-Asiatic Dominion, with the Nile at the center. This vast area was controlled by the ruler-priests named in the king lists of Genesis 4, 5, 10, 22:20-24 and 36. According to the flood account and Genesis 10, Shem, Ham and Japheth are the royal ancestors of the rulers of Mesopotamia and the Horite territory of Edom.
Feminine Imagery
The association of the waters with the origins of life is a distinctly feminine image which may explain the emergence of the goddess Tiamat, who along with Lillith, pertains to a later period of Babylonian mythology. Among the Yoruba, living descendants of the ancient Nilotic peoples, the association of waters with the feminine principle is evident in the symbolism of the calabash and the rainbow. The calabash symbolizes the waters below and the womb, and the rainbow symbolizes the waters above. Together these represent the entire cosmos.
The mountain image for the Virgin Mary and the Nativity of Christ follows verses such as Habakkuk 3.3 - "God came from Mount Paran" and the portrayal of Mary as "Holy mountain" rests on ancient cosmology. The Virgin Mary, whose womb swelled with the Son of God, is sometimes portrayed in icons as the mountain of God. The Prophet Daniel saw a mountain, from which a stone was cut by the hand of God (Dan. 2:34, 45). This is the stone which the builders rejected and which has become a stumbling block, even Jesus Christ, the Son of God.
Related reading: The Extent of Noah's Flood; Noah's Descendants; Mount Mary and the Origins of Life; The Victory of Tehut Over Tehom
Margaret said...
Very nice. The chiasmus is beautiful. Did you do this analysis yourself, or is it referenced somewhere else? New Testament chiasmus is the subject of this book by Dr. John Breck, The Shape of Biblical Language: Chiasmus in the Scriptures and Beyond Edition 2.
Alice C. Linsley said...
I found this about a year ago and saved it, but I'm embarrassed to say, that I forgot at the time to reference the website. I tried all day to find it again and I will eventually. Then I'll go back and add a link.
There are several chaismus suggested for the flood story. This is a good one, I think. You can read about others here:
My concern about the structure of the one I've used is that it ignores a significant part of the flood story - Noah's sacrifice of the animals in Genesis 8:20. If we begin the flood narrative in Chapter 7 and go through 9:20, this sacrifice becomes the center of the narrative. In my experience with the Bible, the chaistic center often speaks of the blood shed in sacrifice and in so doing points us to the Cross of Jesus. I believe this is the structure of Hebrews:
A. Eschatology (1:5-2:18)
B. Ecclesiology (3:1-5:10)
C. Sacrifice (5:11-10:39)
B’. Ecclesiology (11:1-12:13)
A. Eschatology (12:14-13:19)
Also, the blood of Jesus is at the center of Paul's discourse in the book of Romans.
Ade said...
Could this be the website?
Alice C. Linsley said...
Thanks, Ade. That's it.
Georgia Smith said...
Ah, the beautiful symmetry, intricacy, symbolism, purposeful intentional design and the reordering, restoring, anchoring...good power of God's word, the true and living Word/Law/Statutes/Precepts/Testimonies/Commandments/Judgments/Ways that reveal, impart and produce the character of God.
Our very being was designed and meant to operate on it like gas to a combustion engine. When we try to run on anything else, or when someone else tries to put a counterfeit word into us, great harm is ourselves and others, to the nation. We see the consequence of increasingly departing from God's Law and producing laws that enable, even force us to break all of God's Laws revealed in the condition of the US today.
Alice C. Linsley said...
Hi, Georgia. So good to read a comment from you.
Your comment reminded me of something one of my students said recently - Only Humans have the ability to forgive because only humans are made in the image of the God who forgives.
Isn't that lovely? Now if only we would Seek His forgiveness.
Georgia Smith said...
YES - God's gracious forgiveness and mercy are the hope of humankind. So beautiful....
I was also struck by the foremost central theme of the Noah story: GOD REMEMBERS NOAH.
This reminded me of the meaning of the Hebrew word for man/male: Zakar (H2145) - which means, 'to Remember, call to remembrance' describing the male/father/husband's central task in the family/tribe - to bring, to remind and lead us in God's Word/Law/Precepts, purposes, will, way.
God first remembered (and loved) us. We must also remember and love God.
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http://jandyongenesis.blogspot.com/2012/02/analysis-of-flood-story.html
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Wednesday, March 2, 2011
Different eye colored cat
Heterochromia refers to a difference in coloration, usually of the iris but also of hair or skin. Although infrequently seen in humans, complete heterochromia is more frequently observed in other species, where it almost always involves one blue eye. These species include the cat, particularly breeds such as Turkish Van, Turkish Angora, and (rarely) Japanese Bobtail. These so-called odd-eyed cats are white, or mostly white, with one normal eye (copper, orange, yellow, green), and one blue eye.
Related Posts Plugin for WordPress, Blogger...
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http://jeyfiles.blogspot.com/2011/03/different-eye-colored-cat.html
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Food borne diseases or as well well-known as foods poisoning, can be caused by a potpourri of microbes such as as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and fleas. Food borne virus is caused by swallow corrupted nutrient and beverages. A pernicious toxins or chemicals inst in stores besides may origin hay borne virus.
We must habitually ask why and how matter can be mixed by bacterium which at the end can impose diseases titled provisions borne diseases. Let see the peculiar of foods and germs associated with supplies borne diseases.
Bacteria necessitate 6 terms to be able to last and proliferate. The needful conditions are rootage of food, horizontal of acidity, temperature, time, gas and moisture, are brief to F A T T O M.
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Bacteria necessitate matter to vegetate. Like the others life span organisms they demand feed to benefaction their growing up. High supermolecule or saccharide listing as contained in the meat, fish, seafood products, burned rise, peas and potatoes are blue-eyed by germs. These foods are thoughtful potentially venturesome foods. This accident will facilitate their development.
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It has been known that insecure germs in foods can proliferate in sustenance near sourness concerning (pH) 4.6 - 7. pH is the simile for the degree of acidity or ph (base) of substances, mensuration on ordered series 0 to 14.0. Foods with a pH at a lower place 7.0 are acidic, pH preceding 7.0 is alkaline. Most of bacterium will not develop at pH plane at a lower place 4.6.
The bacteria can proliferate faster in temperatures relating >41oF - 160oF (5oC - 60oC). But the bacterium prefer the fundamental measure that is equal next to the human heat i.e. 98.6oF (37oC). The longer that germs are allowed to sit in a warm, sultry environment, the faster the bacteria will vegetate up and work out. You must contain the time that these foods kill time in the danger geographic area to two hours or little.
Time and temperature are two maximum great factors that greatly power microorganism enlargement in silage. Microorganisms same a thaw out situation sooner about room fundamental measure. In an perfect status germs will grow all 15-30 minutes. Certain bacterium can even spring both 10 account. Research has known this as a insecure warmth geographical area. It is immensely crucial to formulate a necessity that makes unrealizable for bacterium to shoot or hinders bacterium ontogeny. Bacteria single call for 4 work time to grow to make a numeral that can diseases in citizens who gulp down it.
Certain types of microbes want element to survive, they are aerobic; but location are besides whatsoever types of germs that can endure minus oxygen, they are anaerobiotic. These two requisites can pass in supplies. Bacteria that can go minus atomic number 8 can be a resident of in crowded foods or vacuum full such as recorded foods, or in foods equipped in significant mass.
Research has shown that disease-causing bacteria can germinate in foods if the dampen buzz in the foods is greater than prickle 85 (.85). Microorganisms fondness a nice damp environment. Meat, make and cheeselike cheeses have more river fulfilled allowing any bacteria, viruses or molds donation to compute like a shot.
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http://klei9ib.pixnet.net/blog/post/116780397-15-30-minutes-certain-bacterium-can-
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