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Books Palaeontology Palaeozoology & Extinctions Popular Science By: WJT Mitchell(Author) 321 pages, Col and b/w photos, col and b/w illus University of Chicago Press Hardback \| Oct 1998 \| #84743 \| ISBN: 0226532046 Availability: Usually dispatched within 4 days Details NHBS Price: £24.50 $32/€27 approx About this book For animals that have been dead millions of years, dinosaurs are extraordinarily pervasive in our everyday lives. Appearing in ads, books, movies, museums, television, toy stores, and novels, they continually fascinate both adults and children. How did they move from natural extinction to pop culture resurrection? What is the source of their powerful appeal? Until now, no one has addressed this question in a comprehensive way. In this lively and engrossing exploration of the animal's place in our lives, W.J.T. Mitchell shows why we are so attached to the myth and the reality of the "terrible lizards." Mitchell aims to trace the cultural family tree of the dinosaur, and what he discovers is a creature of striking flexibility, linked to dragons and mammoths, skyscrapers and steam engines, cowboys and Indians. In the vast territory between the cunning predators of Jurassic Park and the mawkishly sweet Barney, from political leviathans to corporate icons, from paleontology to Barnum and Bailey, Mitchell finds a cultural symbol whose plurality of meaning and often contradictory nature is emblematic of modern society itself. As a scientific entity, the dinosaur endured a near-eclipse for over a century, but as an image it is enjoying its widest circulation. And it endures, according to Mitchell, because it is uniquely malleable, a figure of both innovation and obsolescence, massive power and pathetic failure – the totem animal of modernity. Drawing unforeseen and unusual connections at every turn between dinosaurs real and imagined, The Last Dinosaur Book is the first to delve so deeply, so insightfully, and so enjoyably into our modern dino-obsession. ""[...] brilliant and truly original. It is the first serious attempt by a cultural historian to understand the extraordinarily strong hold that dinosaurs have taken on the imagination of whole sections of the population, not just children. Mitchell has wonderfully mastered the field of dinosaurs, from systematics to science fiction, and the delight of the book is in the interpretations." - Keith Thomson, Director, Oxford University Museum of Natural History 1: Reptilicus erectus 2: Big, Fierce, Extinct 3: A Stegosaurus Made of Money 4: The End of Dinosaurology 5: The Last Thunder Horse West of the Mississippi 6: Dinotopia: The Newt World Order 7: The Last Dinostory: As Told by Himself 8: Seeing Saurians 9: Sorting Species 10: Monsters and Dinomania 11: Big MacDino 12: The Totem Animal of Modernity 13: The Way of Dragons 14: Dry Bones 15: On the Evolution of Images 16: Thomas Jefferson, Paleontologist 17: Frames, Skeletons, Constitutions 18: The Victorian Dinosaur 19: Coming to America 20: Bones for Darwin's Bulldog 21: Schizosaur 22: Dinosaurs Moralized 23: Pale-Ontology, or It's Not Easy Being Green 24: Potlatch and Purity 25: Diplodocus carnegii 26: Totems and Bones 27: Indiana Jones and Barnum Bones 28: Worlds Well Lost 29: Bringing Down Baby 30: Miner's Canary or Trojan Horse? 31: The Age of Reptiles 32: The Hundred Story Beast 33: Structure, Energy, Information 34: Catastrophe, Entropy, Chaos 35: The Age of Biocybernetic Reproduction 36: Carnosaurs and Consumption 37: Why Children Hate Dinosaurs 38: Dinos R Us: Identification and Fantasy 39: Calvinosaurus: From T. rex to O. Rex 40: Transitional Objects: From Breast to Brontosaurus Paleoart 265 A: Scrotum Humanum: The True Name of the Dinosaur B: Science and Culture Selected Bibliography Write a review Bestsellers in this subject Extinct Birds Avian Evolution NHBS Price: £64.99 $84/€71 approx Discovering the Mammoth NHBS Price: £21.99 $28/€24 approx The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy NHBS Price: £27.95 $36/€31 approx VAT: GB 407 4846 44 NHBS Ltd is registered in England and Wales: 1875194	<urn:uuid:9151b1b3-7581-4298-8359-92d47da75866>	3	2.59375	0.104416	en	0.822729	http://www.nhbs.com/the-last-dinosaur-book-book
Environment in emerging and transition economies EaP GREEN: Reform of environmentally harmful subsidies Reforming environmentally harmful subsidies (EHS) is a fundamental element of green growth strategies and confers a range of benefits to countries that undertale such reforms. These include, among others, reducing the use of resource intensive inputs (e.g. energy) and subsequent decrease in pollution levels, fixing market distrortions by making resource prices reflect resource value, and polluters pay for their pollution; releasing and/or relallocating public funding to other areas, such as education, energy saving or reducing debt. Determining the environmental impact of different subsidies is often complicated because specific policy measures do not take place in isolation, but within a broad and evolving socio-economic and technological context. Due to very patchy data and information but also because of the lack of a harmonised methodology for recording and reporting subsidies, identifying and calculating the size of EHS schemes is not easy and will require the concerted efforts of many different parties in a given government. Objectives and activities 1. Develop policy guidance tools to prepare EHS reform action plans. The guidance will be based on tools and methods for identifying, measuring and evaluating subsidies that are environmentally-harmful and economically wasteful. The experience with applying these analytical tools in preparing EHS reform plans, including from the EU countries, will be presented in several regional meetings with the participation of key stakeholders from the EaP countries. 2. Implement country projects. The OECD will work in three countries to develop action plans to reform EHS in selected sectors (such as energy, agriculture or water). Each project will aim at facilitating a national-level policy dialogue to generate political support for the adoption and implementation of the actions plan proposed for the country. 3. Build capacity and political support in other EaP countries to develop action plans to reform EHS. Organisation of stakeholder meetings in the EaP countries other than those hosting the pilot projects to disseminate policy recommendations and lessons learned from other countries in the region. DID YOU KNOW? ....that there is some evidence that fossil fuel consumer subsidies in the EaP countries might be large. The International Energy Agency estimated that, in 2011, fossil fuel subsidies for consumers (oil, coal, gas, electricity) totalled about USD 2 billion in Azerbaijan (about 3% of GDP), about USD 6 billion (3.3% of GDP) in Kazakhstan and about USD 9 billion in Ukraine (about 6% of its GDP).	<urn:uuid:b069356a-720e-44d3-9386-6f78102e1789>	3	2.796875	0.050953	en	0.917403	http://www.oecd.org/env/outreach/eapgreen-ehs.htm
Numerous industries utilize solid metal parts made of powdered metal. Powdered metal components, which are made from powdered metal via powder metallurgy, can be found in applications spanning across industries such as lawn and garden, computer, electronics, hardware, and automotive. More specifically, powder metal parts include magnetic assemblies, filtration systems, structural parts, and automobile components. Powder metal gears are inherently porous and they naturally reduce sound, making them a suitable component to the sintering process. Bearings and bushings can simply be produced by way of sintering, however, they may require a secondary sizing operation because their fabrication leaves little room for error. Powder metal is soft and can be formed in a variety of shapes with proper sintering; however, this variety is very limited. Powder metal is a popular choice of material for parts with magnetic properties, and its magnetism can be enhanced through the sintering process. Two processes can be utilized to make powder metal parts: sintering and metal injection molding. Both of these processes are used to produce powder metal parts made of aluminum, copper, and iron. Sintered metal parts include sintered steel and sintered bronze parts, and they are made by melting metal powder and forming it into a shape. The metal injection molding process involves adding wax, resin, or polymers to powdered metal, heating the mixture to a pliable state, and formed within a mold. Read More… Leading Manufacturers Perry Tool & Research, Inc. Hayward, CA \| 510-782-9226 Comtec Mfg., Inc. St. Marys, PA \| 814-834-9300 MetalKraft Industries, Inc. Wellsboro, PA \| 570-724-6800 Proform Powdered Metals. Inc.. Punxsutawney, PA \| 814-938-7411 Powder metallurgy is a process in which metal is formed and fabricated from powder to a finished part. The raw metal material is made into powder by way of atomization, mechanical alloying, electrolytic techniques, chemical reduction, and pulverization. The powder is then mixed with a lubricant, which assists in reducing friction between the powder material and the pressing dies. The next step involves forming, in which the material is molded, forged, or pressed. Sintering is a crucial step in the process, as it develops the products finished properties, such as regulating its porosity and increasing its strength. In the high-temperature process of sintering, the compacted raw materials, also known as green parts, are melted down in a furnace. When the green parts are melted, the particles are bonded together while still retaining the part’s shape. Sometimes, the product requires secondary operations such as machining, deburring, sizing, or heating. The finished parts may appear solid, but they are actually made up of tiny capillaries that are interconnected with each other. Thus, the parts have a porosity of 25%. Sintered metal products have many advantages over parts that are fabricated through other processes. Sintering uses roughly 97% of materials, and therefore does not produce as much waste. Sintered products are not sensitive to the shapes in which they are formed, and they frequently do not need to undergo any secondary operations. Powder metal parts have controlled porosity, enabling them to self-lubricate and filter gases and liquids. Because of all of these benefits, powder metallurgy is a highly recommended process in fabricating parts that require intricate bends, depressions, and projections. A wide variety of composites, alloys, and other materials can be used in the sintering process to fabricate products of numerous designs and shapes. Metal injection molding is a powder metallurgy process which is frequently used to produce metal parts that are smaller, more complex, high density, and high in performance. The process of metal injection combines powder metallurgy and plastic injection molding, and is commonly used for parts used in industries such as electronics, computer, hardware, firearms, dental, medical, and automotive. Metal injection molding allows for more freedom in detailing and design, reduces waste, and offers products that are magnetic, more corrosion-resistant, stronger, and denser. However, this process is only used in making thinner, smaller parts, and is more costly than regular powder metallurgy. Metal injection molding differs in a few ways. First, the metal powder is not only mixed with lubricants, but also with thermoplastics. The parts are only formed by molding using standard plastic injection molding machines. The next step involves using chemicals or thermal energy and an open pore network to remove the thermoplastics from the parts. Finally, the parts are sintered and undergo secondary procedures if necessary. Bronze, steel, iron, brass, copper, and aluminum are just a few of the many metals that can be converted to powder and undergo the metallurgy process. Aluminum is frequently used because it is highly flammable, highly conductive, and light in weight. Aluminum is a popular materials to use in structural applications and pyrotechnics. Copper is highly conductive both electrically and thermally, and are thus popular for use in electrical contractor or heat sink applications. Iron contains a graphite additive and is frequently used to fabricate bearings, filters, and structural parts. Steel is used for tool steel or stainless steel powders, are very high in strength. Thus, one application for which it is frequently used is automobile weight reduction. Finally, bronze is a metal that is higher in density and has a higher mechanical performance than brass, and bronze metal parts are commonly utilized to fabricate self-lubricating bearings. Powder Metal Part Informational Video	<urn:uuid:87635d26-4e76-41fe-bc14-f96784cb0957>	3	2.890625	0.139245	en	0.944716	http://www.powderedmetalparts.com/
Term 3 Week 10 posted 19 Jun 2016, 12:59 by Primary 2 Teacher [ updated 19 Jun 2016, 13:00 ] Literacy - Information Texts Children will continue to practise spelling patterns in their spelling teams. This week we will be looking at both fiction and non-fiction books about tigers. Recognising questions and answers. Writing a conversation using questions and answers. Using correct punctuation in a sentence, using question marks. Read and understand factual sentences. Write factual sentences. Read understand and sort facts. Create a non-fiction text. Write questions and answers in a non-fiction text. Maths - Measures and Shape Children will Practise the order of the months of the year Say the month before/after a given month Find times 1 hour/1/2 an hour later than a given time Recognise 3D shapes Describe direction and position of 3D shapes IPC-Water World We will continue with our Geography learning, children will Learn how to follow and give directions Be given the opportunity to express views on attractive and unattractive features of the environment Communicate their geographical knowlege and understanding in a variety of ways.	<urn:uuid:ab10b298-64a1-433f-9603-2cb283a24bd1>	3	3.171875	0.502557	en	0.848061	http://www.sakhalinschool.net/home/class-pages/primary-2/primary-2-news/term3week10
How True Capitalism Kills Racism Bigotry carries a cost. For decades, agitators aligned with the Democratic Party have argued that the only way to right the "historic wrong" of slavery is to enforce affirmative action - that is, to give unearned preferences to blacks or other minorities simply because they are black or minority. The thought is that, because black people were oppressed for hundreds of years primarily because of their skin color, it's only right for them to enjoy the opposite treatment for a while. As we've discussed before, this notion flies in the face of anything resembling ordinary justice or ethics. Yes, slavery was a terrible wrong, but the slaveowners are all dead and so are all the slaves. Today's black people never suffered under slavery or even Jim Crow save for a few elderly; today's white people overwhelmingly have never participated in official bigotry. Why should the innocent be punished for the betterment of the never-harmed? Let us set aside the philosophical arguments against affirmative action, for there's an even better reason not to do it: It does not work. Decades of official discrimination have merely made matters worse, as a few nights' viewing of TV news amply demonstrates. Does this make the cause of racial justice a hopeless one? Actually, no. There is a proven means of achieving equality of liberty, which was fought for by early civil rights leaders like Frederick Douglass and Booker T. Washington, but has been forgotten by today's venal, race-baiting leeches. What's more, it's been accidentally tried in powerfully racist environments far worse than anything we see today. This magic elixir was so effective at destroying discrimination that the racists had to legally ban it. This magic wand? Free and open capitalism. The Power of Cheap Consider a fair-sized town in the Jim Crow South, one large enough to have several competing stores of major types. No doubt the main street would contain a store run by a bigot, offering goods "For Whites Only." He'd have a good business selling to other bigots. In the South, however, at least a third of the population was black. By refusing to serve an entire race, this bigot shrank his potential market by a third. Now consider another greedy, bigoted individual. In this case, his greed outweighs his bigotry: he doesn't like black people either, but he can't resist the color of their money. Unlike his competitor, his store is willing to serve blacks. This lesser bigot may accept black customers, but he doesn't like them; he may treat them rudely. In a town of any size, though, there's bound to be another store run by someone who acts polite to customers of any color. Where will the black people shop? At the store that a) is willing to deal with them and b) that treats them like human beings - obviously. The bottom line? There is a significant business advantage to a store owner who does not discriminate against customers and who treats everyone well. Over time, the non-racist businessman will do better than the racist one. This advantage isn't just seen with customers. It's even more powerful with employees. Like anything else, employment is subject to the laws of supply and demand. If there are more workers available, wages go down; fewer workers around, and they go up. A business which refuses to hire blacks has cut itself off from a fair-sized pool of potential employees. The laws of economics dictate that the employees it does hire will, on average, be paid more than if the pool were not artificially restricted. Again, over time, the non-bigoted business will have higher profit margins, lower prices, better employees, or some combination of the three than the bigoted one; naturally, more and more customers will gravitate to it as their greed overpowers their bigotry. Each bigot will suffer the penalty of his own folly, with no government intervention whatsoever. This all sounds nice in theory, but does it work in practice? Yes, it does. The Flawed Economics of Racism If the South was as racist as generally portrayed, why were the Jim Crow laws necessary? After all, if all the white folks were racist, they wouldn't want to do business with blacks anyway. No legal requirements would be required. No, the laws were put into place by powerful racists who were being undercut by thopse who acted non-bigoted just as described here. The only way to make bigotry pay is to make it the law of the land, enforced upon all equally whether they want it or not. The apartheid South African government had the same problem. The racist authorities fought a constant running battle against companies and employers who wanted to save money by hiring blacks who were just as skilled as whites to fill jobs that were "reserved" for whites. This didn't apply merely to janitors or line management; as the Washington Post reported in an obituary a few years back: Hamilton Naki, a former gardener who was so skilled in complicated surgery that he helped in the world's first human heart transplant -- but had to keep this secret in apartheid South Africa -- died May 29 at his home near Cape Town. He had heart- and asthma-related problems. He was in his seventies. "He has skills I don't have," Dr. Christiaan Barnard, who performed the heart operation, told the Associated Press in 1993. "If Hamilton had had the opportunity to perform, he would have probably become a brilliant surgeon." Barnard asked Mr. Naki to be part of the backup team in what became the world's first successful heart transplant, in December 1967. This was in violation of the country's laws on racial segregation, which, among other things, dictated that blacks should not be given medical training nor work in whites-only operating theaters nor have contact with white patients. [emphasis added] The first heart transplant recipient, Louis Washkansky, received extra days of life thanks to Mr. Naki's illegal skill. What's more important societally, though, is that the hospital received decades of services from a brilliant surgeon for the price of a gardener - Mr. Naki's role had to be hidden from the authorities until the end of apartheid. It was only because of the law that Mr. Naki was not able to practice medicine publicly, but he was able to perform surgery on a white person in what was supposedly the most racist society on Earth! Money trumped dogma; money trumped bigotry, in this case and in how many more lesser-known ones! - money trumped the law. It usually does. Funny about that. Time's Up for Legal Racism The evil laws of Jim Crow died decades ago, and far more evil slavery long before that. Today, we suffer under the less vicious but still damaging racism of affirmative action. It's easy to understand why: it's in the interests of powerful racists like Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton to continue to con black Americans into believing that they're being kept down by "The Man." They are, but not by the white man; today's white men and women couldn't care less what color you are if you do the work well for a decent price, as witness the hordes of illegal Mexican immigrants doing all manner of things for low pay under the table. No, America's blacks are being kept down by self-appointed black leaders who've managed to get put in place an insidious system that promotes the incompetent and devalues the competent. This is bad for competent blacks who don't get the respect they deserve; bad for incompetent blacks who perpetuate old stereotypes; bad for other races who see their rightful jobs go to less qualified members of preferred races; and bad for America because it makes us hate and fear each other. The blunt hand of government is no solution to our racial problems; it only makes problems worse. Government can and must only be entirely color-blind in every way; in a free society, no governmental preference or discrimination based on race can be tolerated. Then, let's trust to the invisible hand of the market to take care of racist bigotry. It works wherever it's tried, even where it's not welcome. The only trouble is, that wouldn't empower or enrich our greedy elites who can't stand competent competition. Reader Comments The men and women in government, those with a little power and are called "The Government" want the hate and fear to continue. Al Sharpton, Jesse Jackson, Barry Soetoro, Louis Farakhan, and their like, need the hate and fear so that they can continue to collect "checks in the mail" money from the people who think the hate and fear comes from someone other than the likes of Reverend Wright. Thank you, Robert Walker June 13, 2011 10:25 AM This is good: June 13, 2011 10:31 AM I think this article makes a lot of sense. I agree with the general theme, and agree to a large extent. However, I have lived in the south. Louisiana in the 1960, and then deep southern Georgia, Thomasville from 2003 until 2008. From personal experience I can tell you that the "Plantation mentality" still dominates there. Not only is the racism deep and still powerful, but the entire 'serf/class' social structure is still prevalent. The natives to the area may be polite and all smiles on the surface, but they are a deeply traumatized people, still longing for antibellum heritage, still deeply racist against any but whites. They are in effect still fighting the Civil War. One has to live there and become close with these people before it comes out. Perhaps in another ten generations this will fade away--but it certainly hasn't yet. June 13, 2011 11:41 AM Where these people such strong racists that they wouldn't buy from a black merchant who had the best goods? Or were there no black vendors around? June 13, 2011 12:33 PM There was only one "black merchant" in the town, a fried chicken lunch place at the end of town. It had a good business--proving Petrarch economic theory. There were of course hard core Dixienuts that wouldn't be caught dead there. The racism was subtle from the outside...they would refer to blacks as "Democrats" {Lol}, but in more private conversations with people you knew well the N-word would flow like a Mark Twain novel. June 13, 2011 1:10 PM Saw this via Reddit and had to respond though I shouldn't waste my time on you racist <expletive deleted>. Since it's obvious I have to teach Affirmative Action 101, here's the FACTS you need to know about it before applying your perception to it. Because as with anything, if a debate is to happen, all parties need to at least have a basic understanding of it. You believe that the whole point of affirmative action is to give jobs to people who do not have the credentials to get them otherwise. Affirmative Action does not give jobs to unqualified people. It gives jobs to EQUALLY qualified minorities to offset the bias and discrimination inherent in hiring practices. Some facts: Whites hold over ninety percent of all the management level jobs (these are the people who do the hiring) in this country (1) Whites receive about 94% of government contract dollars (2) Whites hold 90% of tenured faculty positions on college campuses (3) White men with only a high school diploma are more likely to have a job than black and Latino men with college degrees (5) - just to translate this into idiot-speak, this means that lesser qualified white men are more likely to have a job than black and Latino men with college degrees. How anyone could know this information and STILL RAIL AGAINST affirmative action is beyond me. It's either a profound ignorance of the actual data that illustrates why affirmative action is so important, or it is a blatantly racist belief that despite these facts, minorities aren't as deservince as whites. Either way it nauseates me that so many white folks are so ignorant of the data, yet they constantly think their opinion on affirmative action actually makes sense. Most whites who have your opinion watched American History X, heard Ed Norton's fathers speech about affirmative action at the dinner table, and thinks it makes total sense! Well, it does if you don't know a <expletive deleted> thing about the data behind affirmative action. Next time you want to have an opinion about something, try having an educated opinion and read a <expletive deleted> book first. (4) Sylvia Hurtado and Christine Navia, "Reconciling College Access and the Affirmative Action Debate," in Affirmative Action’s Testament of Hope, ed. Mildred Garcia (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1997) (6) Devah Pager, "The Mark of a Criminal Record," American Journal of Sociology 108, 5 (March 2003) (8) "Young White Offenders get lighter treatment," The Tennesseean. April 26, 2000 June 13, 2011 1:30 PM <expletive deleted>That is an interesting set of information, facts and opinion to get from you. I find it curious to be called a racist as a poster on this site. Isn't it rather a quick off hand 'pre-judgment'on your part? You are part of a counter social engineering operation, it would therefore be educational on your part to understand social engineering on a larger frame. The heat of your post tells me that you don't have such a larger perspective. Part of what you fail to comprehend is the way inwhich affirmative action has been put to work has been as a purposeful divide and conquer operation by the High Cabal, using the Hegelian dialectic. This is a deep subject, one that you no doubt fail to grasp, as you have been so quick to throw out the term "racist" and to flame with your <expletive deleted><expletive deleted><expletive deleted>, showing an emotional attatchment and a lack of rhetorical skill. You have valid points, ones that you have now wasted by this jejune attack on perhaps would be converts to some of your points. June 13, 2011 1:57 PM ~Rod Serling's closing narration for, the Twilight Zone episode, "The Monsters Are Due On Maple Street". June 13, 2011 2:09 PM "This magic wand? Free and open capitalism."~Petrarch This is a huge and complex debate, the actual meaning of 'Capitalism'. Technically "capitalism" is making money off of money. It has nothing to do with trading money for goods in place of barter. The Capitalists are the bankers and the speculators, not the merchants. The US is considered a 'Capitalist Society' because of its banking and trade in stocks and bonds on Wall Street. This is the engine that runs the 'capitalism' aspect of the economy. The use of fiat currency by the merchants does not make them 'capitalist', they remain merchants until they too join in on the casino that is 'Capitalism'. 'Capital' means 'money'--in this instance that is the fiat currency borrowed from the Federal Reserve--a private corporation. Very few have any deep understanding of money in the US, as very few have any deep understanding of history, because this is a Public Relations Regime run by the High Cabal, and what is taught is simply a mythos to keep everyone ignorant and divided. June 13, 2011 5:44 PM So Sansdiety...from your post...I am not sure what to take away from it....are you advocating equal rights or extra rights? Because I am really confused. Here are some mantras I want you to incorporate into your thought the next time you try to make a counter point, you do not come off as some true believer....(you can never have a discussion with a true believer) (1) Correlation is not causation (2) Absence of evidence, is not evidence of absence. (3) You attract more flies with honey than vinegar, so make your points accordingly (calling people racists... Perhaps there are more white people are applying for jobs...I mean there are more white it makes sense that there would be more OF THEM in the workplace. Perhaps in white culture you are not considered a chump, sucker, oreo, a "sell out to the man" or an "uncle tom" for wanting to get a job. I would be curious to your insight on the NBA and the hip-hop music industry then. I see the ranks of the whites, native americans, and asians grossly under represented in those fields. June 13, 2011 7:14 PM His/her moniker, "Sansdiety" would seem an attempt at sansdeity, which would say a lot about his view of theologhy as well...unless he/she is without a diet...which would be quite thin in itself. All of the "<expletive deleted>" was 'clever' though, reminded me of the Nixon Tapes transcriptions. A hit and run driver no doubt. June 13, 2011 8:50 PM All very interesting, although none of that proves racism from the information that you presented, granted I did not look into the details of the studies which may indeed prove racism, there are simply alternative explanations that could result in those statistics. All of that data however is in no way related to the argument presented in the article. At no point did the article attempt to argue that racism does not exist in the world. Therefore arguing that racism exists is arguing an agreed upon premise. That premise being that racism does exist. Secondly I saw nothing in the article that can be described as racist. Racism is the belief that a person is less good, intelligent, ect due to ones race. The article in fact is the opposite of racist. It states that if given an even playing field blacks would show themselves too be equal in ability. The point of the article which you seem to have missed is that only through equality of law can one achieve equality of society. Inequality of law, in either direction, causes resentment and, eventually, hatred. It goes on to argue that inequality of society between races can be broken down by simple greed. People that are actively racist will lose economically to those that are passively racist and those that aren't racist. Once that happens racist people, both active and passive, will be around blacks that are earning their way in life on their own. They can no longer believe that the blacks are only there because of legal support. They will be forced to confront the fact that blacks are capable of earning their way equally well as whites. Thereby slowly decreasing racism until it is a thing of the past. Under the current systems many blacks believe they are owed something and that whites are holding them down. This results in many blacks not believing that they can not succeed. Which causes many blacks to not try as hard, after all why play if you can't win. Those blacks that do succeed are seen by many whites as having gained an unfair advantage. This causes many whites to see their opportunity as being stolen from them, not due to superior ability but rather due to legal favoritism. Thereby perpetuating the belief of white superiority by many whites as they see data showing blacks failing, in their eyes, despite of unfair legal protection. It may feel good to 'do something' about inequality but as with so many well intended actions it frequently only makes things worse. June 13, 2011 9:21 PM Thomas Sowell, a black columnist, wrote: June 13, 2011 9:55 PM jonyfries, very good comment. It seems it can be summed up with that old saw. The road to Hell is paved with good intentions." I would add that the road signs on that road are often purposely manipulated by those who fawn good intentions, misdirecting those who do have good intentions. These people are often called 'politicians', and most politicians are lawyers, and most of these lawyers have connections with bankers, and that it is the bankers banker that has been seen as the hand that holds the strings to this whole system. June 14, 2011 12:24 AM "Third World countries are poorer today than they were when they were ruled by Western countries, generations ago."~Fred Pray tell, what thrid world nation today is not still under the grip of Neo-Colonialism? In fact what nation of any sort is not ruled by BIS, IMF, and the global financial oligarchy? The ballance of an indigenous culture, once fragmented and spun out of control by Malthusian attack can never right itself again, while the present paradigm is maintained. June 14, 2011 11:14 PM So Willie, you think that global poverty in places like Africa which were once colonized is the fault of the Westyern powers who did the colonizing? That if they'd been left alone, they'd be rich today? June 14, 2011 11:53 PM "That if they'd been left alone, they'd be rich today?" "Rich"? By what standard? Western materialist standards? A rich and fulfilling life of ballance and sanity, is not what I see in the empire the west has created. I would note that this pathological system is about to explode in your face. Good luck when the proverial fit hits the shan. June 15, 2011 12:15 AM Despite the joy that people take in thinking about 'what might have been's, there is no way to know what Africa would be like today with European colonization. All that we can be certain of is that Africa is different than it otherwise would have been. It does not matter if Africa would have been better or not. History followed a different course, instead of finding long dead persons to blame worry about the future and how we move from the present to a more equal and prosperous future. June 15, 2011 10:17 AM jonyfries, Africa is not in anyway free of western colonialism yet even today. All the worlds nations today are still under the grip of Noe-Colonialism.All ruled by BIS, IMF, and the global financial oligarchy. This is the NOW point you urge us to look at. History isn't dead, it is sitting heavily on everyone of our shoulders. June 15, 2011 12:30 PM A point on REAL HISTORY, and the architecture of modern political power, compared to the lollipop history in textbooks and entertainment: A Study in the Hegemony of Parasitism By Eustace Mullins 1984 [small portion] It explains the secret writing of the Federal Reserve Act by Paul Warburg of Kuhn, Loeb & Co., and the even more secret deals which caused it to be enacted into law by Congress. It explains how the United States could fight World War I with Paul Warburg in charge of its banking system through the vice chairmanship of the Federal Reserve Board; Bernard Baruch as dictator of American industry as Chairman of the War Industries Board; and Eugene Meyer financing the war through his position as chairman of the War Finance Corporation (printing government bonds in duplicate); Kuhn, Loeb partner Sir William Wiseman with Col. House correlated British and American intelligence operations; Kuhn, Loeb partner Lewis L. Strauss was acting head of the U.S. Food Administration under Herbert Hoover. Meanwhile, Paul’s brother, Max Warburg, headed the German espionage system; another brother was German commercial attache in Stockholm, traditional listening post for warring nations, and Jacob Schiff had two brothers in Germany who were financing the German war effort. It was a classic case of a “managed conflict”, with the Rothschilds manipulating both sides from behind the scenes. At the Versailles Peace Conference, Bernard Baruch was head of the Reparations Commission; Max Warburg, on behalf of Germany, accepted the reparations terms, while Paul Warburg, Thomas Lamont and other Wall Street bankers advised Wilson and the Dulles brothers on how “American” interests should be handled at this all-important diplomatic conference. June 15, 2011 8:24 PM Well, as a South African, I feel obliged to stick an oar in here. I'm afraid to say that this article totally misunderstands how South Africa operated, and misunderstands racism generally. Racism isn't just a "bad thought"; it's a tool, a mechanism for justifying exploitation. Pretty much all whites in South Africa ate food prepared by black people, lived in houses built by black people, used products made by black people, shopped in stores staffed by black, and had black maids and servants in their homes. With the exception of a tiny minority of radical Afrikaaners who wanted an all-white society, total separation was not the goal, economic exploitation was. Getting a heart surgeon for the price of a gardner wasn't a failure of apartheid, that was the whole point. And the reason he was barred from being actually employed as heart surgeon was precisely so that he would stay cheap. Basically this argument is complete bollocks, but as it is accompanied by the description of the likes of Sharpton as "powerful racists", I don't think the author of this "article" is really much interested in reality. It makes a bogus argument and draws a bogus conlusion right out of the stock material used by apologists for racism. Petrarch, whoever you are, you would have been right at home in apartheid South Africa. Everyone one of the arguments you've deployed about how blacks are being kep down by black leaders was used by the old National Party state. Capitalism is not the enemy of racism, it is it's ally and partner. South Africa was an extremely capitalist state; it had no public health and very limited social services, for example. And apartheid was just a method for suppressing labour costs. South Africa was just a compressed version of the same exploitative relationship that exists between thre West and the Third World today. June 16, 2011 4:50 PM Well now, this is interesting indeed. But we need to understand where you're coming from in order to evaluate your argument, and I'm frankly a bit suspicious. For one thing, are you arguing that Sharpton is not powerful? Or that he's not a racist? He's not powerful compared to (say) Obama himself, but he's pretty darn influential compared to you or me. At the very least, he gets an audience whenever he pleases. And you've totally ignored Petrarch's primary argument: OF COURSE apartheid was racist, it was the LAW, put in place by racists for the purpose of exploiting blacks. Just like Jim Crow. Yes, the heart surgeon was exploited - but that was possible ONLY because he was legally repressed. If the racist laws weren't there, his skills would have been bid over and his compensation would have wound up where it properly belonged, along with anyone else's willing to work and improve themselves. In both apartheid South Africa and the Jim Crow South, it wasn't illegal for blacks to work - they were expected to. It was simply illegal, explicitly or implictly, for them to hold any jobs above the most menial. Nothing capitalistic about that. In fact, it's the epitome of socialist exploitation, forcing people to work for the benefit of others without proper negotiated compensation. June 16, 2011 5:08 PM Sharpton is not a racist. That claim is simply absurd polemic. I have not ignored Petrarch's argument in any respect. It is absolutely true that if Mr Naki had been an equal citizen of the state he would have been economically better off. But you're missing the point: that fact that he WAS discriminated against was not only perfectly viable within the capitalist system, but that system actively benefitted from it. In exactly the same way that it benefits from poverty wages in the Third World today to produce cheap products for Western consumers. Furthermore, Petrarchs argument goes further, asserting that capitalism is inhenrently antagonistic to the sort of repression exhibited by apartheid. But this is not true, because although it did mean that white workers were paid much more, that didn't really matter because there were so many black workers. Overall, capitalism thrived because apartheid reduced labour costs; all that money paid as high wages to white workers was simply cycled back to the companies in return for the products manufactured on the cheap by black labour. The companies made fat profits; the white workers lived relatively high lifestyles; the only people who suffered were the blacks, and seeing as they couldn't vote that didn't matter. It was a win-win system for capitalism. There was no demand by capitalist activists or agitators to dispose of apartheid, that was totally driven by the socialist Left. Contrary to your final claim, it is not socialism that is an exploitative system, but capitalism. Socialists regard everyone has having due right to the product of their labour, while capitalism transfers ownership of that product to the provider of capital. Advocates of capitalism were the heart and soul of the apartheid system. Don't forget that South Africa was originally Dutch colony, and that the Dutch were amongst the earliest and most zealous exponents of capitalism. South African state was absolutely committed to capitalism in theory and practice, and at no point did this ever translate into a hostility to apartheid. Indeed it regarded itself, more or less correctly, as one of the hot zones in the Cold War between capitalism and communism. Petrarch's argument is just plain wrong. I am a Marxist, and proudly so, and it was seeing capitalism exposed for what it really was in Soth Africa that made me so. Capitalism is nothing more than systematic exploitation, and apartheid was merely one of the its tools. June 16, 2011 5:39 PM @SharpFish said: "Sharpton is not a racist. That claim is simply absurd polemic" Surely you jest. Here's an overview on Sharpton's (recent) racism: That should get you started. June 16, 2011 5:43 PM And 'round and 'round goes the Left/Right carousel...ridiculous fairytale BS--both Marxism and Capitalism. One who gets to the bottom of the history of this realizes that "Capitalism" created "Marxism" as the 'Controlled Opposition'. SharpFish should look into Milner and Rhodes, and the "conservatives" here should equally--as well as to the machinations of the Rothschild interlink with the Rockefellers in the Anglo-fication of the Eastern Establishment in the US. While you people throw stones at one another the High Cabal is sewing up the loose ends of their global gulag, where it matters not what color you are--you all end up slaves. June 16, 2011 6:21 PM Michelle Malkin is a raging lunatic, and while you can take exception to some of what Sharpton says, to describe it as "racist" is to abuse the term. And indeed it is a matter of substantial irony that you should call on anything by Malkin as if she had any kind of credible position on racism, given her support for apartheid in Israel. I know I'm not going to make any headway here because I know that this is really just a case of blaming the victim, and those of you who are committed to it aren't going to be persuaded by anything I say. But I will point out that exactly the same charges were levelled at Nelson Mandela, for example, and so as far as I'm concerned this is just a standard set of apologia for bigotry. And I'm not at all surprised that this article has attracted such apologists, as that's basically what it was for. But I don't have to stand by and let the reality of South Africa be exploited for that purpose. You do not have the right to hijack our history and distort it to fit some odious right wing agenda. June 16, 2011 6:30 PM Netanyahu's Rabbi charged with raping 12-year-old girl Now if this does not reflect on Nutenyahoo's character—How do you atone for the charges against the Kenyan for his association with Reverend Wright? June 16, 2011 6:35 PM It is ludicrous, and would be laughable if the issues weren't at a critical point, that neither the Left nor the Right has a reasonable responce to the questions and assertions outside of their mainstream boxes. Both the "Right" lunatics here, and the "Left" passerbys that happen onto the sight have the same reaction...their eyes roll back in their sockets and their brains flatline. Of course this will mean that the real crisis, that of the global elite agenda will hit both of these 'sides' as an utter surprise, even though it is happening in plain sight. What? Do you actually believe the economy is crashing by mistake? By incompetence? The cynical "we won't do it again," is a bit of a stretch. Don't you think? Don't you think? That seems to need repeating here... June 16, 2011 7:16 PM "I am a Marxist, and proudly so" No point in arguing with someone who is "proudly" Marxist. They are either too incompetent to understand the argument or too evil to care. He said he was Marxist. Debate over, he lost. June 16, 2011 7:39 PM Ben, that is a simpleton's non-argument. Now you both "lost". June 16, 2011 7:45 PM You're right of course. Anyone that is proudly Marxist and believes that Capitalism is the cause of racism is hopeless. But it's fun to yank their chain and watch them fumble around. June 16, 2011 7:47 PM Being proudly Marxist is like being proudly flat-earther. And yes, those idiots still exist too: If you're proud of something that is a universal failure, only life itself can convince you otherwise. So we'll wait and let life change DullFish's mind. June 16, 2011 7:50 PM You "conservatives" here are the Synthesis. Synthetic, plastic, immitation, not real. Such is life within a false paradigm. June 16, 2011 8:26 PM And yet you stay, Willy, and continue to convince us of our ignorance and "false paradigms" over and over again. So what does that make you? Lonely, I guess. Give it up. The intelligence of this community is far higher than the normal dregs that you're used to brainwashing. Move along. Sites like InfoWars exist for people just like you. June 16, 2011 8:29 PM Fishy, you clearly don't understand either Marxism or capitalism. "Under capitalism, man exploits man. Under Marxism, the opposite is true." What's more, capitalism and Marxism/socialism are not a black/white dichotomy, they are a continuum. There was nothing whatsoever free-market-capitalistic about either apartheid or Jim Crow, because they were legal interference in the free market: they prevented certain individuals (black people) from freely offering whatever goods or services they wished to provide, and prevented their customers from freely purchasing them. Nothing free about that market - an unfree market was the whole POINT. Obviously there were free market aspects to the old South Africa, such as between white people. There are also free market aspects of Communist China, pretty significant ones, just as there are increasingly Marxist aspects of the increasingly controlled and regulated American economy. Neither are purely free market or purely Marxist; they are passing each other in opposite directions. But to the extent that apartheid and Jim Crow interfered in the ability of free individuals of whatever race to participate in whatever economic transactions they freely chose to do, they were ANTI-free-market. June 16, 2011 8:31 PM "The intelligence of this community is far higher than the normal dregs that you're used to brainwashing."~twibi "Intelligence" is what you call it aye twibi? No, hardly "lonely," I have a blog, we share in our ideas like those of you here. But I find "preaching to the choir," is not enough. You would be a fish out of water on any other site without your backup squad. And the only "argument" I ever get is the same zip/nothing you just laid on me. Why, because you have no valid counter. So you want me to leave you alone. The obvious ignorance of the architecture of modern political power is obvious here. That is the reason you can only counter "the Left." You have no overview of both the left and the right. Naivete is not innocence. And going along to get along is fine... ..until you get where they are taking you. That destination lies straight ahead. I guarantee you aren't going to like it. You can puff yourselves up with your false bravado until then. You won't have the luxury of saying you were not warned. June 16, 2011 8:47 PM When every question put on the table comes down to a Left/Right dogfight, or a Demoskunk/Repukelikan tango, it is obvious that the divide and conquer scheme of the oligarchs ruling this nation is working like a charm. It's like reading the rantings of Pavlovian dogs. The Petro-Dollar is dying a slow death. With its disappearance will come the Third World to the United States.~Jim Willie David Rockefeller, Memoirs, page 405 June 16, 2011 11:09 PM Although many fail to realize it, all is not well in Wonderland. Most are still lulled by TV and mindless entertainment, whizzbang gadgetry, and delusional mantras of “recovery”... Meanwhile on the croquette lawn, shock and awe austerity rises in the purple face of the enraged Red Queen. When this austerity finally bursts the over inflated bubble of some 1 and a half Quadrillion dollars, will you keep your head? June 16, 2011 11:48 PM Ben wrote: "Being proudly Marxist is like being proudly flat-earther." Hahahaha. You guys are so living in the past, and the really funny part is that you are so oblivious to the fact. Patience wrote: Patience, I understand them both extremely well. Where you make your mistake is here: CAPITALISM ITSELF is anti-free market. Because it systematically appropriates the product of labour from those who produce. Capitalism is not an expression of human freedom, it is a system of exploitative class rule. The fact that apartheid and Jim Crow could work so well with capitalism absolutely confirm this. There is absolutely nothing in capitalism which contributes to human liberty or autonomy. Capitalist ideology just uses "free market" as a slogan for the untramelled right of capitalists to exploit labour. Both apartheid and Jim Crow assisted in that exploitation and were therefore perfectly in line with capitalism. If you want a real free market, a society of free people, freely trading, and freely entering into voluntary transactions, the first thing you need to do is kill capitalism. What you in fact need is a communist mode of production. June 17, 2011 6:08 AM "CAPITALISM ITSELF is anti-free market" Ha! Patience, are you really going to keep arguing with this clown? "CAPITALISM ITSELF is anti-free market" I had to read that again just to get another good laugh out of it. June 17, 2011 7:58 AM "CAPITALISM ITSELF is anti-free market. If you want a real free market... What you in fact need is a communist mode of production." Hmm. OK, I declare myself a Marxist - and therefore, in favor of a capitalist economy. In other news, black is white, up is down, and left is right. Oh, wait a minute - Willie already believes that last one. Welcome to Bizarro World! June 17, 2011 8:23 AM You lack of comprehension is truly astounding Patience. Your argumentation is sixth grade playground level. While I have an argument against socialism, I also understand that "Capitalism" is NOT 'free market', the Capitalism of that las hundred years has been monopolism, and centrally controlled--like your brainwashed mind. What utter chumps. June 17, 2011 9:06 AM The interesting thing about capitalism is that it actually achieved what Marxism set out to do: allow the laborers to share in the fruits of production. For example, the wealth of Walmart is owned by millions of middle-class shareholders as part of their 401k or retirement funds. This includes both the people that "give" their money to Walmart, by buying its products, and those that work there. Additionally, the low costs that Walmart's capitalism created is realized by its laborers and customers. Here's a great article explaining why capitalism, and free enterprise in general, has beaten Marxism at its own game: June 17, 2011 9:14 AM Is this REALLY where you meant to send us with that URL Sam? May 2007 Socialism, Free Enterprise, and the Common Good Rev. Robert A. Sirico President, Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty At any rate, using Walmart as an example for anything positive is the biggest load of tripe I have ever read. What a collection of nimrods... June 17, 2011 9:57 AM Hi Willy, Yes. Now do yourself a favor and _read it_. June 17, 2011 10:19 AM Hi Sam, I did. June 17, 2011 12:22 PM Lol. But at least, Sam, I give you credit for acknowledging what "Marxism set out to do". That's a much greater degree of insight than that exhibited by anyone else here. Of course, I would still say it's ridiculous to argue that capitalism has "beaten" Marxism at anything - indeed, given the recent crisis, Marx' critique of capitalism has been reaffirmed for the umpteenth time. But what really sticks out from this claim is that apparently workers are only to be allowed a SHARE in the fruits of production. Why should that be, when all of production rests on their labour? It's not enough to have a share; we want it all. We made it all, why shouldn't we have it? Why should a parasitical, noncontributive capitalist class have any claim? I have read the article you linked; to provide a proper counter-argument probably wouldn't be worthwhile. But while this article is much better informed than most, it is still completely mistaken. For example, the depiction of Bernstein, while not faulty is as such, is incomplete, and it fails to acknowledge the critiques to which his position were subject. Bernstein's argument was destroyed by Rosa Luxembourg, and Sirico is therefore not entitled to use it as a sort of uncompleted realisation of the invalidity of the socialist position. I commend you though on finding something as detailed and serious as this, rather than depending on the shrill mouthpieces and stereotypes that so many rely on for the substance of their argument, and which we see above. But my challenge to you now is to go out and read Marxist material yourself, and to draw your conclusions rather than relying on the analyses of others. June 17, 2011 12:43 PM "what "Marxism set out to do".~SharpFish What Marxism set out to do is a much deeper subject than simply analyzing the works of Marx. Marx after all is not all that original in his work Das Capital. What is more beneficial in understanding "Marxism" is the understanding of who was in the background promoting him, and what their motives were, and are. When such an analysis is made, we find lurking in the background a combine of secret societies interlocking in a most complex matrix, and ultimately leading to the Perfectibles, who infiltrated the European Masonic lodges of the 18th century. At any rate, after years of research by many from that era forward, it can be said with a great degree of certainty that it is high financial capital, in particular the House of Rothschild which is the hand pulling the strings and funding these movements. In the final analysis, what "Marxism" set out to do was to generate a 'controlled opposition" to this high international finance. One that could be manipulated into unwittingly serving the interests of high finance and coopting any real resistance that was to come along. For some clues into this look into the Left and Right schools of Hegelianism, a split manufactured by Hegel's own teachings and his star students. June 17, 2011 1:22 PM Hi again to Sam, I am quite familiar with Hillsdale College. Whether you are aware of it or not Hillsdale is part of Neocon think tank activities. One with the purpose of demonizing Islam for the benefit of the fraudulant "war on terror". It's luminaries are in the main the usual suspects behind PNAC and the Rand corporation, the Crystal's and thier Daily Standard, etc. These people come from a Marxist background themselves--all deciples of Trotsky and his 3rd Internationale. Almost all of this leads back to Leo Strause. They are all 'Statists'--Hegelians, who believe that the "state in the footsteps of 'God' on earth." This means that any "Christians" involved with this cult have been duped. Not that I expect anyone to follow leads and take anything seriously here, as all on this site seem to have swallowed the MSM kool-aid. But the history is in the open record for any with some slight bit of curiosity left in their head. June 17, 2011 1:35 PM Normalcy Bias Normalcy Bias; this is the psychological pathos of the conformists, the bean-counters, and those who go along to get along. It is indicated by extreme naivete and a dearth of imagination. Such personalities crave empty entertainment, convenience, and unfettered certainty. The words, “tinfoil conspiracy nut” are set like a trigger, to be repeated like a Chatty Cathy doll at the slightest hint of suspicion of the system they float around in like party balloons at a kids birthday at Chuckie-Cheese. Lack of imagination creates a type of memory loss, the inability to imagine what it was like before one became adjusted to the present. This creates a type of mental compartmentalization. In-congruent information is isolated from itself to prevent cognitive dissonance. The information is still there subconsciously however, which results in neurosis. And it is that neurosis which is acted out as denial. “Lack of curiosity in otherwise intelligent people is caused by fear. This fear is of finding out something that on might not want to know and face. It is an attendant effect of long term normalcy bias, in the case of the US it is caused by the strategy of tension generated by social engineering.~ww “The normalcy bias is also known as the ostrich effect. It is also sometimes known as the incredulity response and analysis paralysis. In situations of extreme danger, some people enter a mental state that is known as the normalcy bias. In this state, people deny that what is happening to them is really taking place.” June 17, 2011 2:21 PM To the ones that espouse communist ideals, I only have one thing to say: F U! I grew up in a communist country, and it was complete state control. Fear of the state was the way of life. Communism is great, it means some "chosen" ones at the top control the state-owned industries and the workers truly are slaves, because the state and the bureaucrats reap all the benefits. And let's not forget the brainwashing, since you have to be constantly reminded your hard work is for the "good" of the country, while you live off food rations. Meanwhile, the politicians are running around in luxury cars and living in mansions, while you get thrown in jail for daring to ask for more food. Seriously, do you actually mean this? Maybe because if they don't make any money off our work, they don't need to employ us. Why would anyone give me a job if not for them to make more money as well? I am sure you think that the state should own the industry, but like I already pointed out, it just means someone else would get rich off my labor. Communism fails on so many aspects, that if you look at history all it has created is poverty and authoritarian states. And really wealthy state-sponsored oligarchs. June 17, 2011 4:18 PM If it is the private sector which is employing as well as being employed, what is the need of a financial class 'providing'the "money" as debt. Creating just the amount of fiat script to cover that "money" itself--but not the amount to cover the INTREST on that debt? I think if you had a better grasp on how the ponzi scheme of fractional banking works that you would have an entirely different opinion of "Capitalism." Rather than think in the duality manner of the dialectic of Capitalism/Comminism, why not think back to the concept that "money" is just a conveinience to barter--actual free-trade, not the Newspeak version propagated by the financial elite. June 17, 2011 4:39 PM My last comment is directed at Alin_S, and the first quote is from his post. June 17, 2011 4:41 PM Again addressing Alin_S, What needs to be parsed is the distinction between the entrepreneur and a capitalist. Between 'finance' and 'trade'. By 'trade' I do not refer to the casino of Wall Street. I am talking about actual trade between owners and buyers of goods and services. June 17, 2011 4:50 PM Willy, I know you constantly have to mention the financial conspiracy and a international nefarious cabal, but my post had nothing to do with finance. Capitalism has nothing to do with banks, but banks are necessary to provide capital to those who need it. Now imagine a world where I save money or raise capital through other means, and then I open a business. No debt for me, and no Rockefellers making money off me. Here is an easy definition: An economic system that is based on PRIVATE OWNERSHIP of the means of production and distribution. Prices for goods and services are determined by the free market, and businesses are operated for the economic gain of the OWNERS. (I would like to think that I can be an owner one day, and I guess perhaps I am biased by such an ideal and you might even say a bit foolish for believing such things). I have never disagreed with you on the federal reserve, which encourages fractional lending and has hijacked our money plus our government. I think your point was also trying to hint at the creation of money, but again, my point had nothing to do with that. My point is simply this: communism sucks! And I will never ever live under communist oppression. You can take those as fighting words if you prefer... June 17, 2011 5:01 PM Alin_S, you say: Read your first sentence here. It defeats itself in a circle. In effect it is self cancelling. And the second is true, you have to “imagine” such a world because the “capital” you speak of is fiat debt based “money”. There is NO OTHER form of capital available in 'This World'...only the one you wish for the reader to imagine. I can indeed 'imagine' such a world. But know that one will not exist until one faces the realities of this on we exist in now and change it. By making the circular arguments you have above you are simply denying the real world, and playing make-believe, ie, “imagining.” June 17, 2011 7:06 PM But Alin, as you should realize the “prices for goods and services “are NOT determined by the free market. They are determined by a central controlled market—the Stock Market, which has manifold instruments of manipulation to play the prices. The 'derivatives' scheme, 'hedge funds', the casino techniques of betting on prices without even buying stocks: Spread betting on stocks and shares allows you to go long or short on a stock without owning. And these are only a few of the tools the elites have implemented to control the market. Again, it gets down to who the “OWNERS” are. The Owners are, again; the private banking cartel that you keep dismissing—they own the ability to write an amount on a ledger sheet and pronounce it “money”. June 17, 2011 7:22 PM Willy, I know it's hard to admit you are wrong, but you continue to go in a a circle and refuse to see the forest for the trees. Read the definition of capitalism that I provided. Based on this definition, this is how I CHOOSE to see it. Capitalism to me means private ownership (not state-owned), prices determined by free market (not monopolies), and benefits the owners (not the state or bureaucrats). Therefore, capitalism does not need banks. Additionally, the structure of the finance system is a whole different topic. However, since I have to say this again, banks are needed to provide money to those WHO NEED IT. Now, if you want to get into the nuances of my statements, go ahead and over-analyze. I don't have to imagine a world where I don't need to take on debt. Here is another scenario for you: I inherit a bunch of money and put that into a business, I become a business owner and by default I would be called a capitalist. Now I would be an evil business owner who would hire other people so I could make more money, or I don't hire any and they can all go unemployed. I think you and I both agree that we need to push the govt off our backs, but the grim realities of the world you live in have got you down. I simply choose to believe that capitalism works and corporations are not evil, but it's when they collude with govt that our lives are impacted typically for the worse. But I will not paint capitalism or all corporations with such a broad brush. I agree with you, I am aware of how our money is nothing more than govt debt which we have to pay back to this private bank called the FED. I think you assume that the readers of this blog are dunces, and have been living under a rock. We are all well aware of the illegitimacy of the FED, the unconstitutionality of the income tax, the military industrial complex, etc. I really wish you wouldn't think that you are the only one who has seen the light. June 17, 2011 7:43 PM Willy, this is becoming a debate less about capitalism and more about manipulation. Commodities and currency trading can absolutely affect our everyday lives, I don't think a wise person would really try to disagree with that. I don't think I ever said that I "dismiss" the banking cartel, I only said that you bring it up in every post even though we are simply discussing capitalism and the positive effects it has on our society. Just like anything else, in the wrong hands it can be abused and misused. I would like for you to admit that capitalism works, and then you can get into how certain factions are trying to gain power and wealth underhandedly. It seems that you are dismissing capitalism as this evil system simply because some people have decided to hijack it for their own benefit. For me, capitalism means that I can go open up an ice cream shop in my neighborhood, and I have the freedom to do so. For you, it means that some wealthy bankers are getting richer. I would like to see your solution to this problem, my solution is simply to get it while the getting is good. (That's a joke Willy) June 17, 2011 8:09 PM But that is my whole point in the first place. What you have been taught the definition of capitalism is not what is put in place and called capitalism. The ideal system you have in your head that you call capitalism, is a worthy concept and a reasonable way to do business, regardless of what you name it. What I am saying is that what has been CALLED capitalism from the inception on the use of the word has always been the manipulatory aspect we have discussed, with the Rhetorical cover story being the system that makes the best sense. All cons are sold that way, in economic law this is called a "Fraudulent Conveyance Racket". The historical record proves that the entire Federal Reserve System can by shown to be a Fraudulent Conveyance racket. The Federal Reserve System is obviously a centrally planned economy. This is NOT a “free market,” as their Newspeak rhetoric claims. Playing it for what it is worth is all any of us can do as far as personal survival tactics. However I think that trying to educated people as to the scam being played on them is worthwhile. That is my whole reason for posting. There are a lot of misconceptions being propagated, and that needs countering.~ww June 17, 2011 8:56 PM More simply put: The dictionary definition of "Capitalism" that the "Capitalists" have used is a commercial advertizement. That is how they explain their operation. But this is False Advertizement. Again history shows it to be a con racket. That is the reason, I dispute the advertized definition. Because it is their Sales Pitch but not what you are sold. June 17, 2011 9:04 PM Now, as far as Communism; the very same historical record I refer to proves that it is a created "controled opposition"... In other words Alvin, the very same financial power that runs this nation, runs the socialist opposition. The real enemy then is the International Banking Cartel: Capitalism/Communism/Total State = Totalitarian State June 17, 2011 9:09 PM The Final and Urgent Point: To move further into the present situation is to observe that there can be no reasonable argument against that the US is a totalitarian police state. It is no secret but for putting it so bluntly. This is a Panoptic Maximum Security State based on the openly announced strategy of FULL SPECTRUM DOMINANCE. That term, 'full spectrum dominance” is as in your face as is possible. What does full spectrum mean? It means it is total , total dominance. How much clearer does this have to be made out. This is not my language this is the state's language. You have received your invitation to the ball. You have been absorbed under its umbrella. Since 9/11 and the PATRIOT Act, the superstructure of this panoptic police state has been constructed over the head of the population. If one chose to pay attention the reality is out there everyday testifying to this. It is only turning away into denial that can make one blind to the so very obvious. All it will take to kick this machine on to full draconian force will be the shock of drastic austerity measures imposed. This will be an 'event', and it will ripple around the globe quickly. Many well researched analysts are saying this is not long in coming. How long? Not long, for "ye reap what ye sow." June 17, 2011 9:38 PM And a final comment to Sharpfish: Marx and Bakunin are both wrong, and their arguments between themselves irrelevant but as a historical footnote. Marx is wrong. The only thing that has ever changed about human beings is their technologies, and unless technology is allowed to “win” over the human being, and create the cyborg which eliminates the natural humans—mankind will always be the human being he is. All consensus is synthetic and temporary.~ww June 20, 2011 11:12 AM Alin S, You're confusing communism with state capitalism. Obviously, if that's where you grew up, you'll have been denied this critique, even though it goes as far back as the earliest days of those state capitalist societies. Politicians in luxury cars and ordinary workers in jail for asking for food, that's capitalism in essence. Can you think of any capitalist society that hasn't produced precisely this outcome? You say yourself, its a society organised by and for the interest of OWNERS, and that you aspire, one day, to being an owner yourself. Isn't that a confession that any capitalist society is the antithesis of democracy, that it is rule by the rich and for the rich? You admit that the only out you can see is to one day join their number. And in the meanwhile, like the vast majority of us, you can only be servant and a slave. You ask, why should they employ us? Fatuously you assert "they don't make money of us". Of course they do, why else would they employ us, according to your own logic? Only becuase they benefit. Running through your account of capitalism is a truth you won't acknowledge: that we are only allowed to support ourselves when it is in the interests of capitalists. We are no more free than any feudal serf subordinate to their local warlord, paying tithe and rent to someone who, fundamentally, does not work to support themselves. All value arises from human labour. As Adam Smith said, it is the original commodity from which all others are got. Capitalism cannot exist without workers; it exists for no other purpose than to seize the product of workers labour and channel it into private profit. Just like your state capitalisms, the few benefit from the labour of the many. Willy Whitten, I don't really want to respond to you, your brand of conpiratorial theory is essentially nonsense, and ironically, precisely what you denounce us for, a "false opposition". So long as you continue to believe in these shadowy conpiratorial groups you'll never do anything to actually change the real, material, world. But your last point I must address, your argument about technology. No political philosophy is as science- and tech-friendly as Marxism. It appears, after all, as an attempt to form a scientific theory about how societies change and develop. It is a specific scientific antidote to the pre-industrial, superstitious cult of capitalist theology. There is so much historical evidence against your wilder claims I won't bother going into it. Nobody who takes the topic seriously will be convinced by your garbage. June 20, 2011 7:54 PM Add Your Comment... 4000 characters remaining Loading question...	<urn:uuid:95fcbdcf-d7df-4445-b414-e44d8066b128>	3	2.515625	0.049449	en	0.969386	http://www.scragged.com/articles/how-true-capitalism-kills-racism
An eye opener for Word Association Test - WAT:- Friends, As we all know the Day 2 Psychological Tests are the most important factor in determining our Officer Like Qualities. In this, I am going to give you few lines on answering the WAT. i.e. the second test in Psychology after the TAT - Thematic Appreciation Test. In WAT, two type of words are given 1) Knowledge based. 2) Character based. Knowledge based means, words such as Puzzle, Time, Light, Product etc. Character based means, words such as anger, pretty, sad, demise, spoil, culture etc. These include both positive and negative words. In these two, our aim is to show the positive responses and to portrait our OLQ to both negative and postive words. Aim of the Assessor:- The aim of the assessor in the WAT is to check out our all Officer Like Qualities. So in every responses for all our 60 questions, they are checking your OLQ. Now, how to prepare?. In the knowledge based words, we can reply by our observational sentences. Eg:- Missile - India is one of the major ICBM holder. So no problem in answering these type of words. But while answering the character based words, We are showing our OLQ's mostly. Also, the character based words are mostly negative words so the candidates feel tougher to answer those in that stipulated time i.e. 15 seconds. So practice more with the given set of words below and analyse yourself with OLQ list. I assure you in few days you will get changes in your responses which also reflects in our normal life. How the assessment is done:- Let we take one of the OLQ, "Initiative". We may get a word "Trip" - The recent trip organized by us to simla was so exciting. This shows the assessor that you have involved in some arrangement/organizing like that. So like this, have the list of OLQ in your hand, practice the words by writing more and more words. Finally check your responses by matching with your OLQ list. Note:- The assessment is done in many ways through the whole five day process, the aim of the assessors is to find our OLQ only. So let we try to acquire those quality and show our self best to the board. Never and ever try to assess or read the assessors of the board as they are legends in the field of psychology and all. We cant able to assess them or read them, if we do so then we will lose our originality. Let we do our part clearly and show our OLQ best to the board to get selected :) Friends, this is the best way to practice yourself for the Psychological part. The only thing to do well in these is practice. No one can change our personality other than us. :) Popular posts from this blog SSB Preparation Material Free Download pdf Body language for Interview SSB Medical Test	<urn:uuid:4445a3db-6676-4bed-afa7-f12c759b32a3>	3	2.703125	0.019452	en	0.942973	http://www.ssbinterviewtips.com/2012/07/more-easy-approach-tips-for-word.html
Trees give us more breathing room During the lazy, hazy days of summer, appreciate how trees clean the air. One way they do it is by scrubbing pollution from the air with their leaves. "Think about how your clothes pick up lint, especially rough-textured clothing. That's essentially how trees pick up pollutants on their leaf surfaces," says John Dwyer, research associate at The Morton Arboretum. Trees in the city of Chicago remove an estimated 888 tons of air pollution each year, according to the 2009 Chicago Urban Forest study. Trees are very good at capturing a type of pollution called particulate matter. This comes from car and truck emissions, power plants, road dust, and farming. It also forms in the atmosphere when other pollutants react. The smallest particulate matter is called PM10 (smaller than 10 micrometers, which is one-seventh the width of a human hair). According to the Environmental Protection Agency, PM10 infiltrates deep into the lungs, triggers asthma attacks and damages lung tissue. Chicago's trees remove about 300 tons of PM10 per year, which is equal to the annual PM10 emissions from 809,000 automobiles. Some trees are better than others at catching PM10. "The ones that do the best job are large, healthy trees with many small, rough leaves with jagged margins," says Dwyer. "Because evergreens work for us all year, they are usually at the top of the list." Consider planting spruce, fir, cedar, pine, buckeye, hackberry and zelkova. If you already have a large shade tree, nurture it to help it live a long life. Large, healthy trees remove up to 70 times more pollution than small ones. The 2010 Tree Census is gathering data to determine air pollution-removal capacity and other environmental benefits of the urban forest in the seven-county Chicago metropolitan region. For free information on the Tree Census or general tree/shrub questions, call the Plant Clinic, 630-719-2424. Laurie Casey is a staff writer at The Morton Arboretum in Lisle ( Copyright © 2017, Sun Sentinel	<urn:uuid:d888e31a-bf22-4ef6-a18d-61c521bfb98c>	4	3.515625	0.059344	en	0.927603	http://www.sun-sentinel.com/ct-sun-garden-0801-morton-air-20100729-story.html
Industrial Workers of the World Industrial Workers of the World (popularly known as "Wobblies"), a REVOLUTIONARY INDUSTRIAL UNION fd 1905 in Chicago. The IWW's rapid expansion in the Canadian West demonstrated the influence of American labour ideology on the region's labour movement. Wobblies were mostly unskilled, low-status migrant workers ("blanket-stiffs") - miners, loggers, navvies and harvesters - who were recruited to the West primarily from southern and eastern Europe and were brutally exploited in the booming economy. The IWW doctrine which attracted them was a peculiar form of syndicalism (an international doctrine based upon the primacy of industrial unionism and the use of the general strike in the settlement of class struggles). Wobbly syndicalism was essentially pragmatic; it advocated the organization of all workers into one body and supported direct action as the only form of protest open to immigrant workers, who were excluded from the electoral process. IWW propaganda was disseminated primarily in street meetings. In 1912, when Vancouver authorities tried to ban street demonstrations, the Wobblies started and won a spectacular free-speech fight. Soon afterwards the IWW led 7000 workers out on strike against the CANADIAN NORTHERN RAILWAY in BC's Fraser Valley. The Wobblies lost, and massive state repression, combined with employer resistance and economic depression, began the process of the union's collapse. The Wobblies' days of glory ended before 1914, but their syndicalist ideology was adopted by the ONE BIG UNION.	<urn:uuid:72fde6df-a641-4cb0-9a6d-052be53d2b6c>	4	3.859375	0.14609	en	0.967117	http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/industrial-workers-of-the-world/
Where Is Kosovo? Kosovo is a landlocked region in the Balkan Mountains in Europe. It borders Central Serbia to the east and Albania to the west. The region is a disputed territory. It declared independence on 17 February, 2008. The case, whether to grant the request for a new nation or not, is still pending with the United Nations. Serbia considers the region a part of the Serbian nation and strongly opposes the independence move of Kosovo. KosovoThe name of the region comes from the Serbian language and it means ‘a field of the blackbirds’. Within Kosovo, the term ‘Kosovo’ refers to the eastern part of the region and the western part is known as ‘Metohija’. Both parts are sometimes collectively called ‘Kosovo and Metohija’. The largest city in Kosovo is Pristina, where approximately half a million people live. Most of the terrain of the region is mountainous and the highest peak, Djeravica (Đeravica), is 2656 meters high. About 39% of Kosovo is covered by forests and there is only one national park in Kosovo, Šar Mountains National Park. Islam is the predominant religion in Kosovo. Both Serbia and Kosovo were once a part of Yugoslavia and the secular socialist government of Yugoslavia did its best to prevent any ethnic or religious tensions arising. The iron grip of the Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito held Yugoslavia together for decades but within 10 years after his death the nation broke up into several smaller countries. Kosovo became a part of Serbia after the dissolution of Yugoslavia but it wasn’t long before ethnic tensions began to rise and a war broke out. About 92% of the Kosovon population is ethnically Albanian and the Serbs are the largest minority comprising approximately 4% of the population. The relations between the Albanians and the Serbians are most of the time unfriendly. The war dampened down after a UN intervention but things have been simmering again since Kosovo declared its independence in 2008. Category: Geography	<urn:uuid:13cbf6f6-2317-4481-a1e7-759944579c48>	3	3.109375	0.835225	en	0.955628	http://www.thegeminigeek.com/where-is-kosovo/
Summer in the City by Cristiana Strava Cooling off in the Bronx (2011). Source: Charles Brigand In 1927, the Times reported that more than three thousand people had spent the night sleeping on the sand at Coney Island in order to escape the stifling heat of their tenements. Patrolmen had been assigned to stand guard over the sleepers. Many more spent their nights in Central Park, while others piled up on fire escapes to survive the sweltering heat of New York in July. Over the years, the image of children cooling off in the spray of a fire hydrant has become synonymous with summer in the city. Too poor to escape to the Hamptons, working class New Yorkers transformed available public spaces into impromptu vacation spots. Sleeping on a fire escape in New York (1938). Source: Weegee Collection Today, city officials and entrepreneurs attempt to provide options aimed at both locals and potential tourists. Capitalizing on a certain fetishistic obsession with "authenticity," they appropriate working class spaces and practices and regulate them or present them as fashionable. Sharon Zukin, an urban sociologist and staunch critic of New York's gentrification, refers to this process as "pacification by cappuccino," a scenario in which urban space is "imagineered" as an entertainment event for the consumption of those who can afford it. This phenomenon is taking place worldwide, and what better season than summer to capitalize on people's use of city space? Paris Plages on the Rive Droite. Source: Choblet et Associés An urban summer staple, Paris Plages is perhaps the most famous and chic of European city beaches. Many Parisians abandon the city in summer for the South of France or countryside vacations. Since 2002, the month-long transformation of the Seine's banks (with the recent addition of La Villete) has aimed to offer a comfortable recreation space for those who remain in the city. The attractions of Paris Plages are mostly free and open to all. An "open air drinking ban," however, has meant that those who once brought a home-made picnic and bottle of wine might now be forced to avail themselves of the many and, according to some, overpriced Paris Plage brasseries instead. Amsterdam City "Beach" on the roof of the NEMO Museum. Source: Tino Morchel Beyond the issues raised by the commodification of public space, critics have questioned the environmental impact of carting in large amounts of sand for such a brief period of time. However, several European capitals now proudly present their summer residents and visitors with at least one man-made beach. Amsterdam, Berlin, Copenhagen, Moscow, Prague and Vienna — to name just a few — are converting city spaces into sandy urban oases for a few weeks every summer. Amsterdam boasts no less than four city beaches, while Copenhagen's most famous summer splash spot is a riff off Copacabana, at least in name. While London has so far resisted the trend, one can still enjoy sand in the shape of a couch in front of the Globe Theatre on the South Bank — before the tide of the mighty Thames wipes it away. Alternatively, during those brief spells of good weather, for £1.50 you can lounge for an hour in a Hyde Park deck chair. Sculpting the sand on London's South Bank. Source: Normco Deck chairs in London's Hyde Park. Source: Andy Pallister In Moscow, known for turning into a boiling cauldron in summer, the range of choices is also rich. Until recently, most sunbathing and swimming spots were appropriations of existing river banks and parks rather than eventified realms. Now from Kirovsk and Strogino to Serebryany Bor (a longtime favorite for nudists), Muskovites can enjoy refurbished sporting and barbecue areas equipped with WiFi. Serebryany Bor sunbathers. Source: In Moskau There is nothing evil about providing city dwellers with options for an urban vacation. However, there is something disconcerting about government officials allowing corporations to reap financial benefits from social activities that were once free and improvised, as public space becomes more and more scarce. + share 1. Very nice article and overview of the different types of public spaces, and urban vacation spots. I appreciate the range of modifications presented from capital intensive concrete steps for chairs to the simple lawn chair in a park. The question I have is whether or not the presence of corporate/business interests makes these types of spaces more sustainable in the long term? What were the conditions 5, 10 or 50 years prior, and has the influence of money undermined the experience of a place? It would be nice to see a follow up showing a comparative case study that demonstrates the pro's and con's of infusing private interests in public space. If this is a trend, it would be best to identify best practices to promote a sensitive and appropriate marriage between public and private agendas. Living briefly in NYC, I am aware of the transformation of Bryant Park, and the dramatic changes that have taken place over the past fifty years. From a derelict space, the park has seen vast improvements from it's previous condition. The public now experiences many free events and activities at the expense of subtle advertising and the presence of businesses such as a sandwich shop. It's not unreasonable, and in contrast to the rampant advertising in the street, I applaud the care taken to make the advertising in Bryant Park subtle. 2. I see the decreasing public character of public spaces as a huge con of involving the private, Bland. And corporate interests do tend to result in just this, also in Bryant Park. Many governments are unaware of the possible effect of private interests on public spaces and the public character of city centers. Undesirables (appointed by commercial stakeholders) are often pushed from city centers which affects, among other things, the sense of community. You may some like classics from Fainstein, Sorkin and good old Sennett..	<urn:uuid:af5d36d9-9a99-451d-8378-b878e0ed4aaf>	3	2.71875	0.019777	en	0.951874	http://www.thepolisblog.org/2012/07/summer-in-city.html
Dunstable: 01582 608 400 Leighton Buzzard: 01525 372 447 Dunstable: 01582 608 400 Leighton Buzzard: 01525 372 447 Paedatric Podiatry Flat feet, intoeing, out-toeing, bowing legs and knocked knees are common in children and depending upon age are normal developmental variants. A careful history, examination and knowledge of normal development allow a Podiatrist to treat where necessary or in most cases reassure the parents. Normal Development The new-born infant’s skeleton consists of mainly cartilaginous bone which alters with external stresses. The hips of a new born face outwards at birth and are flexed due to a ‘close packed’ position in utero. Hip screening is done at birth and again at 6 weeks by the paediatrician and GP for developmental hip dysplasia (DDH). A condition where there is misalignment of the hip joint. Predisposing factors to DDH Signs and Symptoms Breech Position Reduce motion in the hip Family History Affected leg shorter Asymmetrical gluteal (bottom) folds First Born A podiatrist with a specialist interest in paediatrics would be able to assess the hip for DDH and associated pathologies. As the child continues to develop the legs appear to be bowed from the age of 10 months to 14 months, the average age when children start to ambulate. This continues up until the age of two and they then become maximally knocked knees at the age of three, a normal pattern of development. However, there is a resurgent of nutritional rickets secondary to Vitamin D deficiency. Bowed legs are typical of rickets and needs to be excluded. Obesity is also a growing concern and has been proposed to increase the incidence of flat feet and conditions such as ‘Blount’s Disease’, a disturbance of the tibial growth plate. Features that raise concern and warrant specialist referral: Knocked knees in a child aged less than 2 years Bowed knees in a child aged more than 3 years Any asymmetrical findings 90% of concerns to GP’s are regarding flat feet. Toddlers and neonates have flat feet due to the presence of a fad pad under the arch, ligamentous laxity, lack of neuromuscular control and normal rotations of the one of the foot bones (talus). This typically resolves between the ages of 4-8 years of age. Treatment before this age can result in a premature arrest of the normal rotations of the foot bones. Treatment therefore is dependent on several factors predominately symptoms of pain and severity of deformity. However a specialist podiatrist would be able to determine the difference between a flexible and rigid flat foot, i.e. one that would require further examination, x-rays and onward referral. Intoeing (pigeon-toed gait), tripping and falling is another concern that often results in a podiatric referral. There are 4 main causes of intoeing 2 of which relate to rotational variants of the femur and tibia. 30% toddlers present with intoeing which continues in only 5-9% school age children and proceeds to only 1-3% adults. Treatment for intoeing therefore remains debatable. We as podiatrists treat when symptomatic with simple inserts that encourages the child to rotate the foot out. Parents are also encouraged to monitor the child’s sleeping and sitting positions as they are both influential over the rotation of the femur. ‘W’ or ‘reversed tailor’ positions and sleeping on their tummy is discouraged. Milestones are a good gauge of development and must always be discussed during examination. A delay of the milestones could be indicative of a neurological condition. Head Control 1-2 months lift and turn head briefly 3-4 months stronger Looks around Rolls from front to back Sits Alone 8 months Can raise self to sitting 8-10 months Stand, Walks Run 9-15 months 12months- stands/walks with support 15 months creeps upstairs Hop Alternate Feet 4 years old In the foetus the foot grows quickly until the eight week and slows down until week 14 when it rapidly grows to week 26 and then till term. The average weekly foetal foot growth is 3mm. Foot growth is rapid until the child is 5 years of age then reduces up until skeletal maturity which is around 12 in girls and 14 in boys. Musculoskeletal symptoms are one of the leading reasons of referrals to general practitioners accounting for over 10% of the referrals. To manage the problem effectively, it is essential to determine the level of the deformity, as it may occur anywhere between the foot and the hip. A podiatrist who specialises in paediatrics is able to assess from birth for hip pathologies and conditions. They are able to assess and treat where necessary knee pathology, in-toeing, out-toeing, growing pains, toe-walkers, flatfeet, juvenile bunions, verrucae etc. Manju Mital (Paediatric Podiatrist)	<urn:uuid:a1f2bb05-c281-470b-8f7b-ffcc7276edb2>	3	2.890625	0.028692	en	0.901662	http://www.woodsideclinic.co.uk/faq/paedatric-podaitry/
Prevent Direct Execution of EXE The sample code here is pretty simple: #include "mainwindow.h" #include <QApplication> int main(int argc, char argv[]) QApplication a(argc, argv); if (argc <= 1) return 0; if (argv[1] != "yourpassword") return 0; MainWindow w;; return a.exec(); In the example above, your EXE will simply pop out an error message that says “Please run MyGame.exe instead.” if you double click on it directly. This is because the argc variable is either 0 or 1 (depending on platform, which means no additional input argument during launch) if you run it directly. However, if there is one or more arguments being dumped to the program during launch, check (within the argv array) whether the second argument (the first argument is usually the program’s name) matches your secret phrase or password before allowing the program to launch. Usually there will be input arguments if the user drag one or more files to the EXE to make it launch, as this is very useful for programs like text editors or image editors. That’s why we must check if the argument matches your password or not. Now that your program can no longer be run directly, what about the updater? How to ask the updater to execute your main program with an input argument? It’s actually pretty easy as well. In the following example I will be using C/C++ and Qt, but it should be similar across different programming languages and platforms: QProcess process = new QProcess(this); delete process; That’s all, it’s very simple to achieve. The tutorial above is by no mean professional: Technical names and phrases are not necessarily accurate, and the method used is not necessarily the standard way. I’m just trying to share what I know and what I did with my own projects. Peace. Gigabyte BRIX (Intel NUC) GB-XM12-3227 Review So… the other day I bought this Gigabyte BRIX barebone which is basically an Intel NUC system, but manufactured by Gigabyte. I’ve tried the vanilla Intel NUC systems before and it worked great, except the older generation which had over-heating issue but resolved after adding a thermal pad to it as well as a firmware upgrade, but overall still pretty okay I guess. Now, back to Gigabyte BRIX, specifically the GB-XM12-3227 model. I can’t talk about the other models as I have never used it before, so let’s just stick to this one. All-and-all, it worked fine at first. It booted up Windows 10 without any problem, HDMI connected to the monitor without any problem, great resolution, etc. UNTIL I tried to use the web browser. Even though the internet status is “connected”, I still couldn’t use the damn internet on my browser. After hours and hours of research and trials, I realized that the issue is the firmware. Not only it’s old (from 2013), but it’s supposedly for Windows 8.1, and not Windows 10. Went to Gibabyte’s website to look for the latest drivers, and guess what, they only have firmware updates up to 2014, so still, no Windows 10 support. Further more, I downloaded the latest BIOS and tried to flash it, only to realize the BIOS utility doesn’t support 64-bit Windows, because it is a god-damn Windows XP Service Pack 2 executable file! Then, I went to Windows 10’s Device Manager and check out my wireless network adapter’s properties. This is when I realized the WiFi adapter only supports up to IEEE 802.11b/g and not the newer IEEE 802.11b/g/n, which unfortunately is what I set on my router. So then I moved over to my router’s admin page and changed the Transmission Mode to the appropriate setting. I have no idea what’s causing this. Outdated BIOS? Outdated drivers? I have no idea. However, despite able to connect to the internet now, the speed is still very limited. Often time it took roughly 20 seconds or more just to load a web page. Then, I used a Chinese software called 360安全卫士 (translated as “360 Safety Guard”) and went to the “Optimization and Speed-up” page. That particular page contains an automated scan-and-fix feature which includes “network speed-up” option. After running the optimization process, my wireless network is finally back to usable state! What sorcery is that?? (However, IEEE 802.11b/g/n is still not supported). Overall, the Gigabyte BRIX works okay except the BIOS and drivers are really outdated and urgently need an update. That’s all for today, have a nice day folks. OpenGL Side Project At the moment my prototype does the following: • Running OpenGL 3.2 core profile and GLSL 150 • Loads OBJ files and PNG/JPEG textures • Move, rotate, scale model • Skybox Some Quick Update Stay tuned. Easter Egg	<urn:uuid:916a607f-f7aa-47e0-9739-1c211723c907>	3	2.8125	0.070512	en	0.928078	http://www.zhieng.com/author/leezhieng/
A Philosopher's Blog Food & The Future Posted in Business, Environment, Technology by Michael LaBossiere on January 2, 2012 English: Description: Concentrated animal feed... Image via Wikipedia Throughout most of human history getting enough to eat has been a serious problem. The Green Revolution changed this for many humans. The Junk Revolution also changed things, especially in the United States: now we have significant numbers of people who are both obese and malnourished. There is currently talk of Blue Revolution in which aquaculture (farming fish, mollusks and so on) changes things on a large scale. Whatever the color of the next revolution, food will be an ever increasing matter of concern. One point of significant concern is that modern agriculture tends towards monoculture. That is, factory farms will typically grow vast amounts of a single species of plant (or animal). While this does allow for efficiency and uniformity, there are some serious problems with this approach, as shown by the infamous Great Famine of Ireland. By relying heavily on a very small number of crop species we are very vulnerable to the impact of crop pests, diseases, and so on. While the use of pesticides and other means have helped, this is obviously a losing battle-we are simply contributing to the selection of the pests and diseases that can withstand our attacks. It is, obviously enough, simply a matter of time before we will not be able to keep up. The obvious solution is to move away from monoculture to having more diverse crops. While this will change the nature of factory farming, it will make us less vulnerable to pests and diseases. It will also provide people with greater variety in their food choices. Another point of concern is that our agricultural methods rely heavily on chemicals. Modern crops are drenched in pesticides, herbicides and fertilizer. In many cases this is overdone, thus wasting money and also adding more chemicals to the environment than necessary. There is also the obvious concern that these chemicals are having a significant impact on the environment and our bodies. Changing our approach to a less chemical intensive one will save money and also reduce the impact on the environment. A third point of concern is the rapidly growing population in general and the growing number of affluent people. More people means, obviously enough, more food consumption. Having more affluent (relatively speaking) people generally means an increased demand for “luxury” foods like meat and seafood. Since the earth is finite and limited in resources, there is obviously a point at which the earth simply cannot support the dietary needs of the human population. While technology will expand this carrying capacity, this is also not limitless. Making matters worse is the fact that growing meat and seafood is far more resource intensive that raising plant crops. While the exact numbers vary, creating a pound of farmed meat can take up to 16 pounds of plant feed. In any case, animals convert plant food to meat inefficiently, so growing plants to feed meat animals is a very inefficient way of feeding the human population. However, humans tend to really like meat and there is a strong psychological link between wealth and the consumption of meat (some also link eating meat with being “manly” or “macho” while vegetarianism is often seen as being for “sissies”). As such, as the world’s middle class begins to grow, they will demand even more meat. Unfortunately, the world probably does not have the capacity to produce enough meat for the expanding middle classes (at the very least, the planet could not provide enough for everyone on earth to eat like the average American) which could lead to some problems. Given the finite resources and growing populations (especially populations that will demand meat and seafood) it seems reasonable to consider that the future will see a return to conflicts over croplands and growing space. Hitler claimed he was looking for “elbow room” for his people and we might see new wars fought for “hamburger room.” This is, obviously enough, not inevitable. Technological and social changes might head off the problem or their might be a die back of the human population from other causes. Enhanced by Zemanta 2 Responses Subscribe to comments with RSS. 1. wtp said, on January 2, 2012 at 6:51 pm I count seven “obvious”s. Obviously, the year is young. No sense in arguing that point. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:	<urn:uuid:5c39b3e9-8868-40cf-8f91-c7f3a73e316f>	3	3.078125	0.108819	en	0.950407	https://aphilosopher.wordpress.com/2012/01/02/food-the-future/
In just one day and one night - August 24 to 25 - in 79 A.D. a sequence of deadly pyroclastic currents coming from Mount Vesuvius destroyed and buried the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. But this volcano, periodically active and despite his modest size considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes of the world, due its vicinity of the urban conglomerate that is the city of Naples, provided also important insights how a volcano "works". Fig.1. F. A. Perret with an improvised "geophone," listening to subterranean noises at the Campi Flegrei (Italy) probably in 1906-1907 (the photo was published in 1907). As an able inventor, Perret used a microphone to amplify the rumors from inside the earth; a cable can be seen in front of his face connecting the geophone to a loudspeaker, positioned on his ear. Photo from "The Day's Work of a Volcanologist." The World's Work, V. 25, November, 1907 (image in public domain). Frank Alvord Perret (1867-1943) was an American inventor and volcanologist, interested particularly in the volcanoes of the Canary Islands, Japan, Hawaii, Martinique -the infamous Pelée nearly killed him - and Italy. He studied physics at the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, but didn't graduate. As a gifted inventor he worked in the laboratories of Thomas Alva Edison, developing new motors, dynamos and batteries. In 1886 he became independent with his own "Elektron Manufacturing Company", which in the followings years experienced a notable success. His health began to fail in 1902 and a warmer climate - like on the Caribbean Islands - promised some relief. On the Island of Martinique he visited the ruins of the city of St Pierre, the desolation and destruction experienced there impressed him profoundly. In 1904, during a visit to Italy, Perret meet Raffaele V. Matteucci, director of the volcanological station of Mount Vesuvius. Matteucci got Perret interested even more in the young and emerging field of volcanology. The deterioration of Perrets health continued and in 1906 he abandoned definitively his business to dedicate himself to a less strenuous and dangerous engagement: studying active volcanoes! He monitored Vesuvius during its most recent phase of activity, lasting from 1906 to 1921, dedicating to the eruption of 1906 "the clearest and most complete report ever of a volcanic eruption and its aftermath" (as wrote Milderd Giblin in 1950). Mildred Giblin, from the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, commented Perret's work by stating that the: "scientific contributions of Mr. Perret are unique in that no other volcanologist had the time and opportunity to make so thorough and varied observations on so many types of active volcanoes. He was a daring and sagacious researcher, indefatigable in his quest for information. He was a proficient and discerning photographer, and his publications are freely illustrated with fine pictorial records." Perret and Matteucci used the "Osservatorio Vesuviano", a hut build in 1841 on the north-eastern slope of Vesuvius, as permanent observation point. It was there, lying in his bed, that Perret one day noted a strange buzzing sound. Rising his head the sound disappeared, so Perret put an iron bar of the bed between his teeth - now he could feel a constant tremor coming from the underground. Perret had discovered the "Harmonic Tremors" - vibrations often preceding a volcanic eruption, generated probably by uprising magma inside the volcano. LOCKWOD, J.P. & HAZLETT, R.W. (2010): Volcanoes Global Perspectives. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing: 540 PERRET, F. A. (1924): The Vesuvius Eruption of 1906. Washington, DC, Carnegie Instution. PERRET, F. A. (1935): The Eruption of Mt. Pelée, 1929-1932. Washington, DC, Carnegie Instution.	<urn:uuid:961ce4f4-c214-4c38-80f5-c6eaee1fc47f>	4	3.71875	0.043867	en	0.95057	https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/history-of-geology/the-days-work-of-a-volcanologist-rumbling-mountains/
DEPTFORD QUATRAINS Why are Pterodactyls so called then? Pterodactyl means “Winged Finger”. Their wings were formed by a membrane of skin, muscle, and other tissues stretching from the legs to a dramatically lengthened fourth finger. Well, I never. See below from Wikipedia: A dactyl (Gr. δάκτυλος dáktulos, “finger”) is a type of metre in poetry. In quantitative verse, such as Greek or Latin, a dactyl is a long syllable followed by two short syllables, as determined by syllable weight. In accentual verse, such as in English it is a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables — the opposite is the anapaest (two unstressed followed by a stressed syllable). An example of dactylic meter is the first line of Henry Wadworth Longfellow’s poem Evangeline, which is in dactylic hexameter: A modern example is the Beatles song “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds”: Picture your self in a boat on a river with tangerine tree-ees and marmalade skii-ii-es. Written in dactylic tetrameter, the verses of the song have the rhythm of a waltz. The word “skies” takes up a full three beats. Dactyls are the metrical foot of Greek elegiac poetry, which followed a line of dactylic hexameter with dactylic pentameter. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s	<urn:uuid:18bfa8de-7971-4460-991d-ec0c2c3731c7>	3	3	0.562454	en	0.871104	https://commonground08.wordpress.com/2009/07/13/so-why-are-pterodactyls-so-called-then/
Home » X-Ray Full-Body Scanners X-Ray Full-Body Scanners for Airport Security X-Ray Full-Body Scanners home Context - To improve airport security in the light of terrorist threats new full-body scanners have been developed to complement existing metal detectors and hand searches. Scanner types that do not use X-rays - "millimeter wave scanners" are already allowed in the EU and deployed in some airports. Other types of scanners already used in the USA expose passengers to low levels of X-rays. They are not yet authorised in the EU because of concern about potential health risks. How safe are such X-ray security scanners for passengers, in particular for frequent flyers? • Source document:SCENIHR (2012) • Summary & Details: GreenFacts Latest update: 30 September 2013 How do those full-body scanners work? Whole body scanners provide a picture of the person's body through the clothes to reveal hidden objects. Four technologies are currently on the market: Millimeter-wave scanners, that don't use X-rays: X-ray scanners: How much radiation are people exposed to in x-ray scanners? When exposed to X-rays our body absorbs energy, the amount of energy effectively absorbed over time is expressed in "sievert" (Sv). Over the course of one year, a person should not be exposed to more than a total of 1 millisievert from man-made sources such as medical diagnostic devices or security scanners. This is the maximum acceptable limit set for the general public and is roughly equivalent to the amount of natural radiation we are also exposed to. Transmission scanners that see into the body use higher energy X-rays than Backscatter scanner that only view the surface and as a result the dose absorbed is 10 times greater. A single scan is roughly the equivalent of one hour of background radiation at ground level, or 10 minutes at cruising altitude in an airplane. In the worst case scenario, of a person being scanned three times a day every working day throughout the year, a backscatter scanner would contribute 0,3 millisievert to their annual dose. A transmission scanner, however, would contribute 3 millisievert and exceed the tolerable limit. In practice, most passengers would not be exposed so frequently to these scanners. This may however be a concern for airline crew or people who fly very frequently. Does exposure to x-rays from scanners present health risks? Exposure to high levels of X-rays can increase the risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, lead to cloudiness of the lens of the eye and hereditary effects. However, there is no evidence that the low radiation doses received from full- body scanners would induce any health problems. Nonetheless, each exposure adds to the overall radiation dose we receive in the course of our life and in the long term, the risk of developing cancer increases with radiation dose. While no dose can be considered completely safe, it is likely that the increased cancer risk from exposure to radiation from security scanners is so low that it cannot be distinguished from the effects of natural radiation or the background risk due to other factors. Direct evidence of an increased cancer risk has only been found for cumulative doses higher than 100 millisievert. Is the use of full-body x-ray scanners justified? To decide whether or not the use of X-ray scanners is acceptable, it is necessary to weigh the benefits and risks but this is not straightforward. The main benefit is improved flight safety but there are economic costs and low health risks. So, whether or not X-ray scanners are acceptable for passenger screening is ultimately not a scientific, but a political decision that needs to take into account various factors. This fact sheet is based on the scientific opinion "Health effects of security scanners for passenger screening (based on X-ray technology)" adopted on 26 April 2012 by the independent European Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risk. FacebookTwitterEmailDownload (1 page, 0.4 MB) Themes covered Publications A-Z	<urn:uuid:61e05d02-1c77-4d97-9ecf-a6159e3a650c>	3	2.78125	0.279207	en	0.938372	https://copublications.greenfacts.org/en/x-ray-full-body-scanners-for-airport-security/index.htm
Widely known in Southeast Asia as the “king of fruits”, the Durian fruit is distinctive for its large size, unique odour, and formidable thorn-covered husk. The fruit can grow as large as 30 centimetres long and 20 centimetres in diameter, and it typically weighs one to four kilograms. Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale yellow to red, depending on the species. The edible flesh emits a distinctive offensive odour, strong and penetrating even when the husk is intact but to many durian lovers, the soft flesh are tastefully pleasant. Some people regard the durian as fragrant while others find the aroma overpowering and offensive. The smell evokes reactions from deep appreciation to intense disgust, and has been described variously as almonds, rotten onions, turpentine, Limburger cheese, gym socks and stinky smell. The odour has led to the fruit’s banishment from certain hotels and public transportation in Southeast Asia. However, it is perhaps the most popular local fruit and if given choices on fruits, a Malaysian would take the durian first. Many people especially Europeans are hesitant at first to eat the fruit because of its odour, but once they do, they find it delicious and irresistible. In Malaysia durian are cultivated in orchards like farms in Pahang, Johore, Perak and Penang. Most of the peninsular states are suitable for durian cultivation especially around the hilly areas of Pahang, Perak and Johore. While durian fruit is not native to Thailand, the country has become the largest exporter of the fruit. It was introduced to Thailand during the 18th century. There are many different durian species in Thailand. Prices range from 100 Baht up to 2000 Baht. The “Mon Thong” species commands a higher price with bigger sized flesh and small pits. Species “Kadum”, “Chanee”, “Kan Yao” have bigger pits and less flesh. The durian fruit, is rich in energy, minerals and vitamins.The fruit is made of soft, easily digestible flesh with simple sugars like fructose and sucrose and some amount of simple fats when eaten replenished energy and revitalize the body instantly. Although it contains a relatively high amount of fats among fruits, but it is free from cholesterol. It is also a good source of antioxidant vitamin-C (about 33% of RDA). Consumption of foods rich in vitamin C helps body develop resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful free radicals. While there are many durian lovers who would be willing to pay more just to have the satisfaction of tasting the best flavoured durian in their life time, still there are people who would rather be at a distance away from the smell of it. It is just a matter of preference. Each individual taste buds and sense of smell trigger different messages to their brains. Thus, not everybody likes what you like. Some even hesitate their first try in tasting a durian but many find it irresistible and enjoyable. So, durians anyone? Just like blogging and having your own website, you will never know unless you try.	<urn:uuid:dd652b43-e113-4237-89cc-5017f64c0b9d>	3	2.609375	0.209444	en	0.957515	https://createbetter.wordpress.com/tag/kadum/
Saltation (geology) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Saltation of sand In geology, saltation (from Latin saltus, "leap") is a specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind or water. It occurs when loose material is removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface. Examples include pebble transport by rivers, sand drift over desert surfaces, soil blowing over fields, and snow drift over smooth surfaces such as those in the Arctic or Canadian Prairies. Saltation process[edit] At low fluid velocities, loose material rolls downstream, staying in contact with the surface. This is called creep or reptation. Here the forces exerted by the fluid on the particle are only enough to roll the particle around the point of contact with the surface. Once the wind speed reaches a certain critical value, termed the impact or fluid threshold,[1] the drag and lift forces exerted by the fluid are sufficient to lift some particles from the surface. These particles are accelerated by the fluid, and pulled downward by gravity, causing them to travel in roughly ballistic trajectories.[2] If a particle has obtained sufficient speed from the acceleration by the fluid, it can eject, or splash, other particles in saltation,[3] which propagates the process.[4] Depending on the surface, the particle could also disintegrate on impact, or eject much finer sediment from the surface. In air, this process of saltation bombardment creates most of the dust in dust storms.[5] In rivers, this process repeats continually, gradually eroding away the river bed, but also transporting-in fresh material from upstream. Suspension generally affects small particles ('small' means ~70 micrometres or less for particles in air[5]). For these particles, vertical drag forces due to turbulent fluctuations in the fluid are similar in magnitude to the weight of the particle. These smaller particles are carried by the fluid in suspension, and advected downstream. The smaller the particle, the less important the downward pull of gravity, and the longer the particle is likely to stay in suspension. Saltating dune sand in a wind tunnel. (Photo credit: Wind Erosion Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, Kansas) Saltation layers can also form in avalanches. See also[edit] External links[edit] 1. ^ Bagnold, Ralph (1941). The physics of wind-blown sand and desert dunes. New York: Methuen. ISBN 0486439313. [page needed] 2. ^ Kok, Jasper; Parteli, Eric; Michaels, Timothy I; Karam, Diana Bou (2012). "The physics of wind-blown sand and dust". Reports on Progress in Physics. 75 (10): 106901. Bibcode:2012RPPh...75j6901K. PMID 22982806. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/75/10/106901. 3. ^ Rice, M. A.; Willetts, B. B.; McEwan, I. K. (1995). "An experimental study of multiple grain-size ejecta produced by collisions of saltating grains with a flat bed". Sedimentology. 42 (4): 695–706. Bibcode:1995Sedim..42..695R. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1995.tb00401.x. 5. ^ a b Shao, Yaping, ed. (2008). Physics and Modelling of Wind Erosion. Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN 9781402088957. [page needed] 6. ^ Electric Sand Findings, University of Michigan Jan. 6, 2008	<urn:uuid:86f4375c-2cd0-4c8b-a5bf-0b9d0bcc18e3>	4	4	0.642271	en	0.848825	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltation_(geology)
French: Negatives and using them in the perfect tense, or with infinitives Some bits of grammar about using negatives in various situations, like with past participles or infinitives. I don't think it's something that you would absolutely need to know, just if you are a bit of a grammar geek like myself ;) Sorry for the amount of times I've used the word 'sandwich' in this, literally couldn't think of a better word haha... Enjoy!! HideShow resource information Pages in this set Page 1 Preview of page 1 Just like in English there are many ways in which to express negatives, meaning different things. Here are some examples. French English Example. ne...pas no/not any je n'ai pas de chien ne...rien nothing/not anything je n'ai rien vu ne...que only il n'a qu'un frère neither..nor...not...or je n'ai ni… Page 2 Preview of page 2 Luckily there is a pattern, the same negative expressions which just go around the avoir verb in the perfect tense are the same ones that go before the infinitive in infinitive expressions. 'Sandwich' avoir only, go together 'Sandwich' both avoir and past before infinitive expressions. participle, 'sandwich' infinitives pas aucun(e)… No comments have yet been made Similar French resources: See all French resources »	<urn:uuid:e533b898-f804-4188-b2f8-6d4b3c6a026f>	3	2.578125	0.040761	en	0.805774	https://getrevising.co.uk/resources/french_negatives_and_using_them_in_the_perfect_tense_or_with_infinitives
September 15 in history 921 At Tetin Saint Ludmila was murdered at the command of her daughter-in-law. 994 Major Fatimid victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Orontes. 1254 Marco Polo, Italian explorer, was born (d. 1324). 1616 The first non-aristocratic, free public school in Europe was opened inFrascati, Italy. 1649 Titus Oates, English minister and plotter, was born (d. 1705). 1762 Seven Years War: Battle of Signal Hill. 1820 Constitutionalist revolution in Lisbon. 1821 Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica jointly declared independence from Spain. 1830 The Liverpool to Manchester railway line opened. 1831 The locomotive John Bull operated for the first time in New Jersey on the Camden and Amboy Railroad. 1835 HMS Beagle, with Charles Darwin aboard, reached the Galápagos Islands. 1851 Saint Joseph’s University was founded in Philadelphia. 1857 William Howard Taft, 27th President of the United States, was born (d. 1930). 1879 Joseph Lyons, 10th Prime Minister of Australia, was born (d. 1939). 1881 Ettore Bugatti, Italian automobile engineer and designer, was born (d. 1947). 1883 The Bombay Natural History Society was founded in Bombay (Mumbai). 1889 Robert Benchley, American author, was born (d. 1945). 1890 Agatha Christie, English writer, was born (d. 1976). 1894 First Sino-Japanese War: Japan defeated China in the Battle of Pyongyang. 1916 World War I: Tanks were used for the first time in battle, at the Battle of the Somm 1928 Tich Freeman became the only bowler to take 300 wickets in an English cricket season. 1931 In Scotland, the two-day Invergordon Mutiny against Royal Navy pay cuts began. 1935 The Nuremberg Laws deprived German Jews of citizenship. 1935 Nazi Germany adopted a new national flag with the swastika. 1937 Fernando de la Rúa, 51st President of Argentina, was born. 1940 World War II: The climax of the Battle of Britain, when the Royal Air Force shot down large numbers of Luftwaffe aircraft. 1942 World War II: U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS Wasp was torpedoed at Guadalcanal 1944 Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met in Quebec as part of the Octagon Conference to discuss strategy. 1945 Hans-Gert Pöttering, German politician, President of the European Parliament, was born. 1945 A hurricane in southern Florida and the Bahamas destroyed 366 planes and 25 blimps at NAS Richmond. 1947 RCA released the 12AX7 vacuum tube. 1947 Typhoon Kathleen hit the Kanto Region in Japan killing 1,077. 1948 The F-86 Sabre set the world aircraft speed record at 671 miles per hour (1,080 km/h). 1952 United Nations gave Eritrea to Ethiopia. 1958 A Central Railroad of New Jersey commuter train ran through an open drawbridge at the Newark Bay, killing 58. 1959 Nikita Khrushchev became the first Soviet leader to visit the United States. 1961 Hurricane Carla struck Texas with winds of 175 miles per hour. 1962 The Soviet ship Poltava headed toward Cuba, one of the events that sets into motion the Cuban Missile Crisis. 1963 The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing: Four children killed at an African-American church in Birmingham, Alabama. 1966 U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, responding to a sniper attack at the University of Texas at Austin, wrote a letter to Congress urging the enactment of gun control legislation. 1968 The Soviet Zond 5 spaceship was launched, becoming the first spacecraft to fly around the Moon and re-enter the Earth’s atmosphere. 1969 Iron and steel from local ironsand (titanomagnetite) was produced for the first time at New Zealand Steel’s mill at Glenbrook, south of Auckland. First steel produced from local ironsand 1971 Nathan Astle, New Zealand cricketer, was born. 1972 A Scandinavian Airlines System domestic flight from Gothenburg to Stockholm was hijacked and flown to Malmö-BulltoftaAirport. 1974 Air Vietnam flight 727 was hijacked, then crashed while attempting to land with 75 on board. 1976 The Rangatira arrived in Wellington from Lyttelton for the last time, bringing to an end more than 80 years of regular passenger ferry services between the two ports. Lyttelton–Wellington ferry service ends 1981 The Senate Judiciary Committee unanimously approved Sandra Day O’Connor to become the first female justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. 1981 – The John Bull became the oldest operable steam locomotive in the world when the Smithsonian Institution operated it under its own power outside Washington, D.C. 1983 Israeli premier Menachem Begin resigned. 1984 Prince Harry of Wales, was born. 1987 United States Secretary of State George Shultz and Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze signed a treaty to establish centres to reduce the risk of nuclear war. 1993 Liechtenstein Prince Hans-Adam II disbanded Parliament. 2008 Lehman Brothers filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, the largest bankruptcy filing in U.S. history. 2012 – Muslim protesters shouting anti-American slogans clashed with police, injuring 19 people, outside the US embassy in Sydney, Australia. Sourced from NZ History Online & Wikipedia Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:	<urn:uuid:9edcccc3-721a-42dd-9f55-5da4ed8d6f48>	3	3.140625	0.023224	en	0.922838	https://homepaddock.wordpress.com/2016/09/15/september-15-in-history-7/
Light infantry From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Light infantry (disambiguation). Portuguese Army light infantry (caçador) of the Peninsular War History of the light Infantry Modern Age Contemporary Light Infantry Forces Today the term "light" denotes, in the United States table of organization and equipment, units lacking heavy weapons and armor or with a reduced vehicle footprint. Light infantry units lack the greater firepower, operational mobility and protection of mechanized or armored units, but possess greater tactical mobility and the ability to execute missions in severely restrictive terrain and in areas where weather makes vehicular mobility difficult. Light infantry forces typically rely on their ability to operate under restrictive conditions, surprise, violence of action, training, stealth, field craft, and fitness levels of the individual soldiers to address their reduced lethality. Despite the usage of the term "light", forces in a light unit will normally carry heavier individual loads versus other forces; they must carry everything they require to fight, survive and win due to lack of vehicles. Although units like the 101st Airborne (Air Assault) and the 82nd Airborne Division are categorized as Air Assault Infantry and Airborne Infantry respectively, they fall under the overall concept of light infantry. During the Falklands War in 1982, both Argentina and the United Kingdom made heavy use of light infantry and its doctrines during the campaign, most notably the Argentine 5th Naval Infantry Battalion (Argentina) and 25th Infantry Regiment (Argentina) and the British Parachute Regiment and Royal Marines of 3 Commando Brigade. Due to the rocky and mountainous terrain of the Falkland Islands, operations on the ground were only made possible with the use of light infantry because the use of mechanized infantry or armour was severely limited by of the terrain, leading to the "Yomp" across the Falklands, in which Royal Marines and Paras yomped (and tabbed) with their equipment across the islands, covering 56 miles (90 km) in three days carrying 80-pound (36 kg) loads after disembarking from ships at San Carlos on East Falkland, on 21 May 1982. During the 1990s, the concept of purely light forces in the US military came under scrutiny due to their decreased lethality and survivability. This scrutiny has resulted in the Stryker Brigade Combat Team, a greater focus on task organized units (such as Marine Expeditionary Units) and a reduction of purely light forces. Modern Light Infantry Units Light Infantry in Different Countries The 7 battalions are composed of: • Two battalions of mechanized infantry • Two battalions of motorized infantry • Two battalions of light infantry • One battalion of paratroop infantry Main article: Jægerkorpset Chasseurs from a light infantry regiment of Napoléon's Grande Armée The light infantry was organised in France in the 1. Ancient régime The name Chasseurs à pied (light infantry) was originally used for infantry units in the French Army recruited from hunters or woodsmen. Recognized for their marksmanship and skirmishing skills, the chasseurs were comparable to the German Jäger or the British light infantry. The Chasseurs à Pied, as the marksmen of the French army, were regarded as elite light companies and regiments.[2] The first unit was Jean Chrétien Fischer's Free Hunter Company in 1743. These units were often a mix of cavalry and infantry. In 1776 all the Chasseurs units were re-organized in six battalions, each one linked to a cavalry regiment (Chasseurs à cheval). In 1788, the special link between infantry battalions and cavalry regiment was broken. Revolution and Napoleon In 1793, the Ancient Régime Chasseurs battalions were merged with volunteers battalions in new units called Light Infantry Half-Brigades (demi-brigades d’infanterie légère). In 1803, the half-brigades were rebranded regiment. These units had three battalions of three regular Chasseurs companies, one elite Carabiniers company and one reconnaissance voltigeurs company. Imperial Guard In Napoléon’s IImperial Guard, many units used names linked to light infantry : • Chasseurs à pied regiments : three regiments (1809-1815 ; 1815-1815 ; 1815-1815). The regiments were the elite of the light infantry regiments. • Fusilier-Chasseurs regiment : originally the first Guard Fusilier Regiment (1809-1815) • Voltigeurs regiments : 16 regiments, originally two regiments of Tirailleurs-chasseur and two regiments of Conscrits-chasseurs (1810-1815), then twelve new regiments (1811-1815). These regiments were expected to became Chasseurs à pieds regiments. • Flanqueurs-Chasseurs regiments : two regiments, from drafted Forest Service members (1811-1815 ; 1813-1815) XIXth Century Light Infantry The Napoléon-type Light Infantry regiment existed till 1854, but with very few differences from the line infantry regiment, so the 25 remaining light infantry regiments were transformed in line infantry in 1854. Chasseurs à pied The Duke of Orléans, heir to the throne, created in 1838 a new light infantry unit, the Tirailleurs battalion. It soon became, under the name Chasseur à Pied, the main light infantry unit in the French Army. The number of battalions grew up steadily through the century. The current Chasseurs battalions drew their lineage form this unit. Chasseurs alpins Some of Chasseurs à pied battalions were converted to specialized mountain units as Bataillons de Chasseurs Alpins in 1888, as an answer to the Italian Alpine (Alpini) regiments stationed along the Alpine frontier. Chasseurs Forestiers The Chasseurs forestiers (Forest Huntsmen) were militarized units of the Forest Service. They were organized in companies. The Chasseurs forestiers existed between 1875 and 1924. The Zouaves battalions and regiments were colonial troops, formed originally by Algerians, then by European settlers and colonists. The first Zouave battalion was created in 1831 and changed its recruiting to Europeans in 1841. Tirailleurs (Skirmishers) were light infantry who formed a shallow line ahead of the line of battle during the Revolutionary/Napoleonic Wars and subsequently. The name was also used for the locally recruited colonial troops in the French Empire between 1841 and 1962. XXth Century Chasseurs à pied The Chasseurs à pieds evolved during the mid-XXth century into mechanized infantry units (Chasseurs mécanisés) or armored division infantry (chasseurs portés). After World War Two, all Chasseur units were organized on the mechanized infantry model. Chasseurs alpins The Chasseurs alpins' became the only mountain warfare units in the French Army in 1945. Chasseurs pyrénéens The Chasseurs pyrénéens were the short-lived (1939-1940) mountain warfare units formed in the Pyrénées. The Chasseurs-parachutistes were airborne infantry units formed in 1943 from Air Force infantry compagnies transferred to the Army. Zouaves and Tirailleurs' After the independence of the countries that made up the French Colonial Empire, the Zouaves and the Tirailleurs units, save for one, were disbanded. Modern French Army Light Infantry Although the traditions of these different branches of the French Army are very different, there is still a tendency to confuse one with the other. For example, when World War I veteran Léon Weil died, the AFP press agency stated that he was a member of the 5th "Regiment de Chasseurs Alpins". It was in fact the 5th Bataillon. Main article: Jäger (military) Of the 28 Infantry regiment of the modern Indian Army, the following 10 are designated as "Rifles". They are distinguished by their black rank badges, black buttons on their service and ceremonial uniforms and also a beret which is a darker shade of green than the other regiments. Apart from these two paramilitary forces: the Assam Rifles and the Eastern Frontier Rifles, also follows the traditions of the rifle regiment. Rajputana Rifles Garhwal Rifles Jammu and Kashmir Rifles 1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment) 3 Gorkha Rifles 4 Gorkha Rifles 5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force) 8 Gorkha Rifles 9 Gorkha Rifles 11 Gorkha Rifles Basic training ("Tironut"): • Non-combat soldiers are trained as Rifleman 02. • Combat-support troops are trained as Rifleman 03. Advance training ("Imun Mitkadem"): Additional training for combat soldiers: • Combat class commanders are trained as Rifleman 08. • Combat Senior Sergeants are trained as Rifleman 10. • Combat officers are trained as Rifleman 12. Italian Rifle units were designated Cacciatori or Bersaglieri. The Netherlands Main article: Caçadores In the 1950s, the title "Caçadores" was also given to the light infantry battalions and independent companies responsible for garrisoning the Portuguese overseas territories. Colonial troops with this title were recruited from both Portuguese settlers and from the indigenous populations in each overseas territory. In 1975, the designation "Caçadores" was discontinued in the Portuguese Armed Forces. All former units of caçadores were redesigned as "Infantry". The Rhodesia Regiment had an affiliation with the King's Royal Rifle Corps since World War I. The regiment's badge was the Maltese Cross, the colours were red, black and rifle green and rifle green berets were worn. A private soldier had the title of "Rifleman". • Vânători de Munte, or "Mountain Huntsmen" comprised elite units of the Romanian infantry prior to 1945. The Imperial Russian Army, which was heavily influenced by the Prussian and Austrian military systems, included fifty Jäger or yegerskii [егерский] regiments in its organisation by 1812, including the Egersky Guards Regiment. These regiments were disbanded in 1917-18. Spanish Riflemen were designated as Cazadores. United Kingdom A historical reenactment with the British 95th Rifles regiment. The rank of Rifleman instead of Private was officially introduced in 1923.[3] United States In 1808, the United States Army created its first Regiment of Riflemen. During the War of 1812 three more Rifle Regiments were raised but disbanded after the war. The Rifle Regiment was disbanded in 1821. Riflemen were listed as separate to infantry up to the American Civil War.[4] References and notes 3. "About the Royal Green Jackets". Retrieved 6 June 2011. Further reading External links	<urn:uuid:b8a4e389-54e6-4b42-b9da-6699e936531e>	3	3.109375	0.10367	en	0.958354	https://infogalactic.com/info/Light_infantry
Creating Windows With Ruby Tk A GUI application may consist of the following types of objects: • Widgets – basic GUI objects that can be put directly in the window. Most of them generate events as a response to user actions. A label is a widget, too, but, usually does not generate events. • Shapes – lines, arcs, circles, polygons and other that belong on a canvas. • Timers – threads that perform an action the number of times specified and sleep for the specified duration. From the definition “thread” you can understand that they run in parallel. The simplest Ruby Tk program is: require 'tk' This program displays the following window: This is the default window. It is displayed on the screen when the line ‘Tk.mainloop’ is performed. Until this window is closed, no commands that are not responses to events will be executed. “Programing Ruby – The Pragmatic Programmers Guide” suggests that you look at Perl/Tk guides to learn how to use Tk. A good place to look for Perl’s objects and their methods is Active Perl. I’m not going to write here the complete guide to Ruby Tk, but I hope the following chapters will help you understand how it works. To be continued. When you write for the web, you may want to send data to another server or to a client. A common way to transfer that data is in XML format. The data will then be processed using SAX, DOM or XPath. Every language support it. If what you want is to define a variable, an object or an array in Javascript, you can use the JSON extension. JSON is an acronym for ‘Java Script Object Notation’. In Javascript you can use it as follows: var myObject=<?php echo json_encode($php_object); >; Here no parsers are required. Here’s an example of using it in PHP: class my_class { public $prop1; public $prop2; function __construct(){ $obj=new my_class(); echo json_encode($obj); The output looks like: In addition to encoding, a JSON string can be decoded into an object in a language other than Javascript. Thus, you can pass data in the JSON format to any program supporting JSON, and, as you can see in, most languages used today support it. The ability to encode varibles into JSON and decode it back in any language is not the only reason why JSON can replace XML. If you go to, you can see links in the bottom referring to other sites. For example, JSONPath, that allows you to access a member just like XPath. JSONPath is available in PHP and Javascript.	<urn:uuid:ac758967-d62e-43b6-905c-ae9b2fbfae9f>	3	2.953125	0.15293	en	0.866851	https://phpandmore.net/2011/07/
Loading presentation... Present Remotely Send the link below via email or IM Present to your audience Start remote presentation • Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present • People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account • This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation • A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation • Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article Do you really want to delete this prezi? Make your likes visible on Facebook? You can change this under Settings & Account at any time. No, thanks Food of the Middle Ages No description Jodie Morada on 2 April 2014 Comments (0) Please log in to add your comment. Report abuse Transcript of Food of the Middle Ages Food of the Middle Ages Water was contaminated, so people of the Middle Ages had to resort to other drinks. The poor drank: Daily Meals All classes had three meals a day. Of course, commoner's meals were far less luxurious than upper class's. They had many more choices to choose from. Food for Upper Class Food for lower class Jodie Morada Amber Julian Elaina Ou Water Unavailable "Real" beer in the Middle Ages were made with barley, though other grains were used throughout the period. When the use of spices became popular, people started putting spices in their beer. Cinnamon, apples, lavender, and other spices were included in beer to have intense flavors of beer. Most wines were a mix of wormwood,myrtle, hyssop and rosemary with sweeter wine flavored with honey. Wine was a luxury and therefore can be only drunken by nobles/ wealthy. Ingredients For Daily Meals -Ploughman's Lunch: was made of crusty bread, cheese, pickled onions, chutney, cold meats such as slices of ham, pate, or pork pie, and fruits such as apples or other seasonal fruit. -Mylates of Pork (Pork Pie): included pork, four eggs, grated mozzarella cheese, powder fort, pine nuts, and salt with a pinch of saffron. -Cormarye (Roast Pork): had pork loin, coriander, caraway, pepper, salt, minced cloves of garlic, red wine, and broth. The English tried different variations and mixtures of resin to preserve the wine and prevent it from turning sour, since the climate was not warm enough for grapes to ripen. Spices Included in Beer How People of The Middle Ages Get Their Food Food for a King Cider is a drink usually made of apples. Water was poured onto apples then became steeped. Another way was to crush apples and mix them with water to extract a sweet and sour drink. Even though this was a poor man's alcohol drink, this was made in a similar way as beer. One of their only differences is that Ale is fermented at a higher temperature, which makes it mature faster. This drink was popular among all classes. It was made of honey, giving it the name, "honey wine". Alcohol was essential, and almost everyone drank it. Fortunately, medieval drinks had a low level of alcohol. Center piece The Great Table The usual staple of meals for peasants were bread, pottage, dairy, and meats such as beef, pork, and lamb. Due to their amount of wealth, nobles are able to eat a huge variety of foods, unlike the poor peasants. Deer, boars, hares, fish , rabbits, and other sources of meat were mostly eaten. Despite being able to have luxury in food, nobles had little access to vegetables, leading to several illnesses. First course: a civet of hare, a quarter of stag (had been coated in salt for one night), stuffed chicken, and a loin of veal The poor and peasants mostly farmed and poached (if they were desperate), though they can be punished if caught. Since nobles were incredibly wealthy, they could afford expensive spices such as pepper, cinnamon, cloves, mace, garlic, and mustard to flavor their dishes. The rich and wealthy drank: -many varieties of wine The rich and wealthy got their food by hunting. Preservation of Wine -Alchin, L. K. (1970) Middle Ages Food. Retrieved July 16 2012, from Lords and Ladies Website www.lordsandladies.org/middle-ages-food.htm -Haywood, J. (2008). Food and Drink. in Medieval Europe (pp. 42-43). Chicago, Illinois: Raintree -Bishop, M. (1970). The Noble's Life, The Life of Labor. in The Middle Ages (pp. 138-39, 140-43, 242-44) Canada: Fitzhenry and Whiteside -Rowling, M. (1968). Women and Wives. in Everyday Life in the Medieval Times (pp. 85-87). United States: Batsford, B. T. Mylates of Pork Ploughman's lunch Where Food was Prepared Cooking Utensils The poor lived in small huts, so they cooked meals on open fires. Nobles lived in great castles which had kitchens ran by serfs and servants. meat forks Last course: wines and preserves are served with fruits and other sweet pastries. Proper Manners at the Table Pray before any meal. Wash hands before eating. Wipe your face so that no food/ grease is left. More Proper Manners Keep your elbows off the table. Do not burp or spit. Do not leave your spoon in a dish when you are done eating. Put your napkins over your left shoulder or wrist. Do not wipe your mouth on your sleeve, use the napkin. Thank you for watching!!! -Rosalie Gilbert (2006). Manners for the well-bred Medieval Women from Rosalie's Medieval Woman Upper class didn't eat vegetables because they thought that food from the ground was only for lower class. Only on certain occasions, would they have vegetables in their food. The centerpiece located on the Great Table was supposed to represent a green lawn. In the middle of the "lawn" was a small fortress, which was covered with silver, had a hollow interior, and had three banners placed on the gilt. The fortress was surrounded with large peacock feathers and green branches, which were tied to violets and other sweet-smelling flowers. The Great Table was set on a dais. It was strictly reserved for the invited guests. When guests arrived, they were taken to their assigned seats after they washed their hands at the entrance of the Great Hall. Most of the time, to prevent the table from getting dirty, the host/ hostess would cover the table with a table cloth. The plates on which food was served on was commonly made of gold and silver. Dip your fingers in the sauce above your knuckles. Smear your lips with soup, garlic, fat meat. Stuff your face with food. Drop any liquid onto your clothes. Drink when you are chewing food. Use forks because they were only used as cooking utensils. Put the knife in your mouth. Full transcript	<urn:uuid:a0b25363-b28c-426c-bdb2-cab68e4c3837>	3	3.015625	0.025212	en	0.96665	https://prezi.com/aglii0fyzjep/food-of-the-middle-ages/
Loading presentation... Present Remotely Send the link below via email or IM Present to your audience Start remote presentation • Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present • People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account • This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation • A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation • Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article Do you really want to delete this prezi? Make your likes visible on Facebook? You can change this under Settings & Account at any time. No, thanks Chapters 13, 14, 15, and 17 No description Juliet Morales on 18 March 2014 Comments (0) Please log in to add your comment. Report abuse Transcript of Chapters 13, 14, 15, and 17 Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein Gene Expression is a process by which a gene (DNA) is used to synthesize proteins. - An example such as albinism is attributed to a faulty gene that codes the wrong information. -In such cases, the gene could code the wrong protein, or even be absent. Archibald Garrod proposed the idea that inherited diseases could be from the lack of a specific enzyme. -Ex: Phenylketonuria Neurospora experiment: Neurospora cells had a single gene disabled and noticed the mutant Neurospora were unable to grow on minimal medium while the non-mutants were able. Beadle and Tatum concluded that the mutants could not synthesize an important nutrient. This proved that "the function of a gene is to dictate the production of a specific enzyme." Mutations are changes to genes. -Point mutations change a single nucleotide pair. -Substitution mutations replaces a nucleotide and its corresponding nucleotide with another pair -Insertions and deletions are the addition or removal of nucleotide pairs. These changes to genes can cause a silent mutation, missense mutation, or nonsense mutation. -A silent mutation has no effect on the outcome trait of the gene. -A missense mutation will have little effect on the protein since only 1 amino acid changes. -A nonsense mutation stops translation because when the pair was changed, it was changed into a stop codon Important Contributors In Bacteria: In Eukaryotes: Regulation of Chromatin Chapters 13, 14, 15, and 17 DNA contains the nucleotides: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine RNA is the same except that instead of Thymine, there is Uracil. Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from an original strand of DNA. - In DNA replication, a DNA strand is made from the original DNA (template) strand. - Then, that DNA strand serves as a template strand to make RNA. This is done by the RNA polymerase. - Assembles in 5' to 3' direction. - RNA polymerase starts at the promotor and the DNA sequence transcribed into RNA is a transcription unit. - The pre-mRNA is given a 5' cap and a Poly-A tail and is removed of all introns and left with the exons (RNA splicing). After, it is moved into the nucleus. The resulting mRNA strand from transcription is used in the synthesis of a polypeptide in a process called translation. - The mRNA nucleotide sequence leaves the nucleus and into the ribosomes, the sites of translation (in eukaryotes). - In the ribosomes, the mRNA undergoes translation to produce the amino acids for the protein. Codons are mRNA nucleotide triplets. There are 20 different amino acids which are made from making triplets of nucleotides. There is a combination of 64 different triplets. 60 of these combinations make up the amino acids while 1 makes a start codon, signaling the start of a nucleotide sequence and the other 3 make stop codons that signals when that nucleotide sequence ends for the protein. Amino acids are read from 5' to 3'. tRNA is used to transfer amino acids to the polypeptide in the ribosome by pairing up its anticodon to the codon in the mRNA. tRNA is 3' to 5' It starts at a start codon and ends at a stop codon. The Molecular Basis of Inheritance DNA is the genetic material DNA is the molecule that carries the genome long thought to be proteins Made in double helix, with specific base pairs (A-T; G-C) DNA replication takes many proteins Helicase separates two parent strands DNA pol III creates leading strand continously and the lagging strand in Okazaki fragments Primase adds RNA primers DNA pol I changes primers to DNA DNA ligase connects DNA fragments DNA Polymerase corrects any mismatched nucleotides A Chromosome is DNA molecule tightly wound around proteins DNA of bacteria supercoils into a dense nucleoid DNA in eukaryotes condenses around many histones Frederick Griffith Derrick Chen, Francis McMahon, Juliet Morales, and Anthony Velte Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Regulation of Gene Expression Chapter 17 Adolf Mayer rubbed sap from Tobacco Mosaic Disease infected plants with sap from healthy plants. Believed small bacteria not visible under microscope Second attempt at experiment by Dimitri Ivanowsky by using filter to catch bacteria. Disease still produced. Still believed bacteria were cause. Martinus Baijerinck's experiments revealed that pathogen infected within host cell. Wendall Stanley crystallized Tobacco Mosaic Virus. How? Are they cells? can be single- or double-stranded, RNA or DNA protein shell enclosing genome, may be rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complex subunits called capsomers - membranes derived from previous host phospholipids, glycoproteins, and proteins help to infect host other cells! "Obligate intracellular parasites" Lacking equipment for protein synthesis! Need a host cell to replicate Limit on number of host species, called host range of the virus Identify host cells with "lock and key" fit Viral protein encoded reprograms the cell only replicates through lytic cycle replicates through either cycle depending on conditions Simplified Viruses With DNA: With RNA: viruses that use reverse transcriptase Fighting Viruses! Some viruses can mutate regularly, like the flu virus! Further research is being conducted. variant of the virus that causes the immune system to create antibodies against pathogen *HIV is a retrovirus! Works Cited: Biology in focus. (2014). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. The lytic and lysogenic cycles of phage lamda, a temperate phage [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://thegeneticsofvirusesandbacteria.weebly.com/diagrams.html The lytic cycle of phage T4, a virulent phage [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://thegeneticsofvirusesandbacteria.weebly.com/diagrams.html [Phage]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://dbscience4.wikispaces.com/Jillian The reproductive cycle of an enveloped RNA virus [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://thegeneticsofvirusesandbacteria.weebly.com/diagrams.html A simplified viral reproductive cycle [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://thegeneticsofvirusesandbacteria.weebly.com/diagrams.html Viruses [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/science/organisms_behaviour_health/disease/revision/2/ Respond to environmental changes through Inducible Operon/ Catabolic Pathways Reg. protein is typically active, no transcription An inducer, typically the substance the structural proteins break down, will inactivate it RNA polymerase is no longer blocked Repressible Operon/ Anabolic Pathways Reg. protein is typically inactive, transcription occurs An corepressor, typically the substance the structural proteins synthesizes, will activate it RNA polymerase is now blocked Structure & Function: promoter for synthesizing regulatory protein for gene regulatory gene codes for reg. protein that controls operon itself consists of: for operon (including ) and structural genes promoter for binding RNA polymerase for transcription of structural genes operator will stop transcription if reg. gene is bound to it (site of inhibition) structural genes code for various proteins/enzymes to perform certain metabolic processes Two types.... Funny thing about the lac operon... Positive gene regulation also plays a role. Because lactose isn't the cells first choice as an energy source (glucose is), in presence of lactose and glucose, some lac operon is synthesized in presence of lactose and absence of glucose, lots of lac operon is synthesized Histone Acetylation - promotes transcription by opening chromatin DNA methylation - reduces transcription - epigenetics (licking rat pups!) RNA Processing miRNA / siRNA mRNA Degradation: if bases complimentary, mRNA is degraded if bases not complimentary, translation is blocked regulation of transcription factors has life span before degradation Genetic Recombination in Prokaryotes uptake of foreign DNA from surroundings through 3rd party temporarily joined Hershey and Chase Meselson and Stahl Full transcript	<urn:uuid:7edda77e-5f57-42d5-abde-eb1bef125a77>	3	3.40625	0.055817	en	0.860055	https://prezi.com/msc6r04ihnq7/chapters-13-14-15-and-17/
Loading presentation... Present Remotely Send the link below via email or IM Present to your audience Start remote presentation • Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present • People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account • This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation • A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation • Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article Do you really want to delete this prezi? Make your likes visible on Facebook? You can change this under Settings & Account at any time. No, thanks Short Story Analysis: No description Erin Wells on 30 September 2014 Comments (0) Please log in to add your comment. Report abuse Transcript of Short Story Analysis: Short Story Analysis: "Tell Tale Heart" By Edgar Allan Poe Will and Carlton Brief Summary Point of View Foreshadowing and flashback What is the point of view of Tell-Tale Heart and how does that affect our understanding of the story? Tell-Tale Heart is told from the first person point of view. We only know the narrator’s thoughts, feelings, and actions as he sees them. Because the story is told from the first person point of view, we do not know anyone else’s thoughts or feelings and we do not know if the narrator is completely reliable. For instance, the old man’s eye may have been normal and the narrator just crazy. What is an example of irony from tell-tale heart? There is dramatic irony in Tell-Tale Heart. The reader knows more than the characters do. Specifically, the old man does not know of the narrator’s distaste for his eye and the old man does not know that the narrator is planning to kill him. There is also verbal irony in Tell-Tale Heart. The narrator says that he is not mad when the exact opposite ends up being true. Foreshadowing and Flashback What is an example of foreshadowing from tell-tale Heart? The author beings the story by indicating that he is not mad. He continues to say that he is not mad. This was the author providing us clues to the outcome of the story, which is that the narrator is actually mad. What is an example of flashback from tell-tale heart? The entire story of Tell-Tale Heart is a flashback. The man is recounting the events of what happened previously. The short story "Tell Tale Heart" by Edgar Allan Poe is about internal demons and reveals that humans will ultimately succumb to their guilt as a result of the internal anxiety they feel in order to preserve themselves. Character Development Internal conflict: The narrator is struggling to understand his distaste for the old man’s eye. He has no ill will towards the old man, but he feels the eye is evil and needs to be eliminated. External conflict: The narrator sneaks in to spy on the old man every night at midnight for seven days. One evening, the old man wakes up. After an hour of silence, the narrator overtakes and kills the old man. Tell Tale Heart is a short story about a man who is driven crazy by the eye of his old man tenant. This eye eventually causes this man to commit murder. He is overcome with guilt and anxiety; thus, he eventually admits to murder. The setting of this story is a house in a time before electricity. The setting is intentionally obscure as this story could have happened anywhere at any time. The setting creates an eerie sense for the reader. For instance, when the man uses the lantern to very slowly shine a light upon the old man's eye while making sure he is making little noise, the reader feels a sense of suspense. This leads the reader to believe that the anxiety the man feels will result in his ultimate downfall. The eyes through which the story is told is the man who is driven crazy by the old man's eye. We do not know the old man's perspective as the story unfolds. How does setting, character, craft, and conflict lead to theme? The eerie and suspenseful feeling created by the setting leads the reader to believe that the anxiety the narrator feels will ultimately lead to his downfall. The main character exhibits large amounts of anxiety. He first feels anxious about the eye, but he then feels anxious and paranoid after committing the murder. Ultimately, this gets the best of him and he is forced to confess. The author uses intentional strategies in order to develop theme, such as symbolism and irony. In this case, the old man's eye symbolized evil. When the narrator eliminates the eye, he is still haunted by it; therefore, the narrator is haunted by his own demons, not the demons of the old man. The internal struggle is what ultimately ends up ailing the narrator, not the external struggle. He is forced to face his own guilt. Full transcript	<urn:uuid:19125580-1051-4b63-aebe-ce64dd046c4f>	3	3.28125	0.038834	en	0.944168	https://prezi.com/pyiszcxgyklm/short-story-analysis/
The Spirit of the Frescoes: The Uniﬁcation of Light In considering the frescoes of Giotto and Taddeo Gaddi from the early 14th century, speciﬁcally in the Peruzzi, Bardi and Baroncelli Chapels to the right of the main chapel of Santa Croce, the beauty of their art is fancied by visitors, students of art history and Italians alike. Both painters are celebrated for their originality in composition, and for evolving the techniques in painting during their time. Giotto and Taddeo Gaddi’s use of light, shadow, and perspective provided attention to naturalism and optics. This rendered an experience for the 14th century beholder that was different from ordinary life; it left a special impression on the medieval viewer because the scenes oriented them in relationship with it, bringing the beholder closer to God. As 21st century beholders of medieval art from an aesthetic point of view, we are observers of cultural achievement, and not necessarily participants. Looking at the Middle Ages from a purely critical or historical point of view can be a dangerous and misguided attempt at understanding the beauty of the age. And yet, allowing ourselves to be visually swooned by looking at art from solely a romantic perspective is likewise not the most ﬁtting position to be in. To embrace and revel in the aesthetic integrity of the medieval age, perhaps experience a touch of the emotions that the artists intended, is certainly a challenge. Our mind on a day to day basis is overwhelmed with images and symbols, a fact untrue for individuals in medieval time. In respect to this, to recognize the beauty of these frescoes is something that demands some time and effort from us. The artist’s great achievements in painting are reasons why these frescoes are so compelling to look at, if only we are to understand a little of what they succeeded in doing. In the Bardi Chapel, Giotto depicted the Story of St. Francis in six scenes. From inside the chapel, the viewer is meant to see all the scenes from the same spot. Image Therefore the inner space created within each individual scene is according to this central spot. Giotto further asserts this perspective by accounting for the stained glass window in the chapel, and using the window’s actual light as the light source within his scenes. The fresco’s architectural relationship, sharing the same space and the same light, provides an affect that puts the viewer in the scenes with St. Francis, nonetheless within the chapel of Santa Croce. It must be remembered, however, that in the medieval ages, the beholder was not surrounded by artiﬁcial lighting (it was actually the dark ages). Therefore, their perception of the light was much stronger, further illustrating their relationship with St. Francis and with God. Light, for medieval painters, was believed to be one way in which to represent God, as God was light. As an artist, Taddeo Gaddi accounted for light much more implicitly than Giotto did. Taddeo Gaddi learned Giotto’s techniques with light while he was his assistant, and went a step further with the study of optics.Image His scenes depicting the Life of the Virgin in the Baroncelli Chapel are also completely uniﬁed with the architectural space surrounding it. However, in the chapel, one may notice that the location of the window is on the same wall as the frescoes. Taddeo Gaddi was thus faced with a problem: there was no direct light source for those scenes on the same wall as the window. How did he account for a light source when the actual light source was backlit? He created an artiﬁcial light source instead, with the scenes taking place during nighttime. His supernatural light in the form of an angel provided a “ﬂash” of light to make the scenes visible in the dark. Giotto on the other hand portrayed nighttime differently, for example by depicting torches, or not portraying scenes at night at all. Taddeo Gaddi introduced changes in the meaning of light, and his artiﬁcial creation of it also exhibits his attention to the architectural space in which he was working. His solution for maintaining a uniﬁcation of light is brilliant, and further asserts the magniﬁcence of naturalism to the beholder. This is additionally a key aspect of the mendicant order’s style, and these frescoes are undeniably part of the beauty of this Franciscan church. Blogger Kaitlyn Laurie is a student at Sarah Lawrence College in New York. She is studying philosophy, the theory of art and architecture, and languages. Photo copyright unknown. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s	<urn:uuid:14c33946-a68f-46aa-b494-7c6ecc837437>	3	2.984375	0.041303	en	0.940132	https://santacroceinflorence.wordpress.com/2013/03/20/the-spirit-of-the-frescoes-the-uni%EF%AC%81cation-of-light/
Stephan Grover Cleveland is the fifth of nine children born to Reverend Richard Falley Cleveland and Ann Neal Cleveland. He was born on March 18th of 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey, although he was raised in Fayetteville, New York. The actual house in which he was born still stands today on 207 Bloomfield Avenue. He was named in honor of Stephan Grover, a minister at a local Presbyterian Church who Reverend Cleveland had recently taken over for. Life as the son of a minister was different than most boys. The Cleveland’s spent every evening at home in prayer. Cleveland felt that this moral upbringing was his most valuable tool in life. Grover Cleveland visited an uncle in Buffalo, New York, and obtained a job in a law firm. While working there, he studied law and by May of 1859, the New York Supreme Court admitted him to the bar. Democratic politics had interested Cleveland since his arrival in Buffalo, so he became the county’s assistant district attorney. In 1865, Confederate General Robert E. Lee had surrendered his army to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. The Confederacy had collapsed and the United States was reunited and slavery was abolished. As the nation returned to peace, twenty-eight-year-old Cleveland won the demanding position of sheriff. When his term ended in 1873, he returned to his infamous law practice. On January 1,1882, Grover Cleveland took an oath to honor the city of Buffalo as their mayor. Cleveland was tough and honest. He was known as the “Veto Mayor,” because he continuously vetoed bills presented by corrupt politicians. In November of 1882, by a landslide margin of nearly 200,000 votes, Grover Cleveland became know as the “Veto Governor.” He understood the tremendous challenge of being the Governor of the State of New York, but his principles and values remained as strong as ever. The door to his office was always open, and he kept no secrets. In two years’ time, Cleveland’s stubborn sense of fairness and honesty gave him the nickname “His Obstinacy.” He passed bills to enlarge the state’s water supply and established a 1.5 million-acre park at Niagara Falls. Due to his reputation, the Democratic Party convinced him to run for president. On the second ballot, Cleveland won the Democratic nomination. The Democrats chose Thomas Hendricks of Indiana, as his vice-president on the ballot. To oppose Cleveland for presidency, the Republicans picked former Maine Congressman, James G. Blaine. Blaine was highly respected as a brilliant politician and national leader. With both candidates the victims of scandals, in 1884 the United States had never witnessed such a nasty campaign. In the end, Cleveland won by a slim margin of less than 63,000 votes. In just three years, Americans had lifted Grover Cleveland from a city lawyer to the highest public office in our country. At the age of forty-seven, Grover Cleveland became the twenty-second President of the United States, on March 4, 1885. A bachelor, Cleveland was not familiar with the comforts of the White House. During this first term, he ran into trouble. He filled every federal office with Democrats, whether or not they were deserving and merited the positions. In June of 1886, Cleveland married twenty-one-year-old Frances Folsom. He was the only president to be married in the White House and the first to have a child born in the White House, in 1893. Cleveland did not always make popular decisions, but based his treatment of injustices as the right thing to do. Over the years, unhappy trade workers banned together and formed the first trade unions. They were not pleased with their president. There was a huge gulf between the employer and employee. In December of 1888, he called on Congress to reduce high protective tariffs. The Democrats felt this would impact his re-election campaign, which he lost in 1888 to Benjamin Harrison. During his first term, Grover Cleveland was known as the “Veto President.” He issued more than 300 veto messages. He vetoed many private pension bills to Civil War veterans, who submitted fraudulent claims, and vetoed a bill appropriating $10,000 to distribute grains to drought-stricken, Texas farmers, contending that aid would weaken the character of the nation. Another unpopular decision was ordering the investigation of the railroads. He forced them to return 81,000 acres of Government land, and enacted the Interstate Commerce Act, which was the first law passed regulating the railroads. During President Harrison’s term, many issues angered Cleveland. The McKinley Tariff was passed, which taxed import items at the highest rates in history. The Congress also granted higher pensions for Civil War veterans. By the end of Harrison’s term, Congress had spent so much money on wasteful projects, that the treasury was almost empty. Predicting a national disaster, Grover Cleveland agreed to run for a second term as president. He returned to the White House in 1893, as his wife had predicted. Four years of careless spending by the Republicans pushed the United States into an acute depression. He had to act drastically, and dealt directly with the Treasury crisis, instead of with business failures, farm foreclosures, and increasing unemployment. On October 30, 1893, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was repealed, and confidence was restored in the American dollar. In spite of Cleveland’s efforts, the national depression worsened, and the Democratic Party was divided. When railroad strikers violated an injunction in Chicago, the President sent Federal troops to break up the strike against the Pullman Company. His blunt treatment of the railroad company was very unpopular. His party deserted him and nominated William Jennings Bryan for president, in 1896. At fifty-nine-years-old, Cleveland felt disgraced as he finished his term in the White House. He retired peacefully in Princeton, New Jersey, but continued pressing for government reforms. At the age of seventy-one, Grover Cleveland died on June 24, 1908. Americans were deeply saddened and mourned the passing of this heavy, robust. man, who was so famous for his tremendous strength and energy. Grover Cleveland will always be remembered as courageous, hardworking, and honest, in spite of the outcome. Leave a Reply Be the First to Comment!	<urn:uuid:c0a73f6e-5862-42f6-9af3-d9ceb6d8347e>	3	3.421875	0.031269	en	0.985077	https://schoolworkhelper.net/grover-cleveland-biography-presidency/
Need Help? Want to Talk? 24-hour on-call services Call 609-258-3310 The students, faculty, and staff of Princeton University have traveled from all fifty states in the nation and from nations around the world to be a part of our community. Because state laws vary greatly and SHARE-related terms can mean a lot of different things to different people, we have provided the following definitions to ensure that we can speak a common language around issues of interpersonal violence and abuse. Note: Situations need not rise to the level of a criminal act or violation to Rights, Rules, Responsibilities in order for a person to obtain services at SHARE. Interpersonal violence and abuseThe intentional use of force or power, threatened or actual, against another person, that can result in physical or psychological harm. Interpersonal violence and abuse includes sexual harassment, sexual assault, domestic/dating violence, and stalking. (Adapted from the World Health Organization's definition) Consent: The voluntary, informed, uncoerced agreement through words and actions freely given, which a reasonable person would interpret as a willingness to participate in mutually agreed-upon sex acts. Consent cannot be given when an individual is 1) incapacitated due to alcohol and/or drugs (lacking cognitive ability to make or act on conscious decisions); 2) unconscious; 3) mentally or physically incapacitated; or 4) underage. Sexual Harassment: When a person making unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature and/or based on one's sexual orientation or gender identity 1) threatens or rewards academics, employment or participation in any University activity or benefit based on willingness to submit to such conduct; 2) gives grades or makes personnel decisions based on willingness to submit to such conduct; 3) interferes with a person’s educational experience or living/working conditions, due to the severe and/or pervasive nature of the conduct, by creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive environment. Sexual Assault: This is an umbrella term that encompasses any form of unwanted or involuntary touching or penetration of intimate body parts, by a person of any gender. This includes being forced to touch someone else. "Unwanted or involuntary" sexual contact means that: 1) consent is not given, and the contact may include the use of threats, intimidation, coercion, or physical force 2) consent cannot be given because the contact is with those who are unable to give consent due to their age, physical helplessness, mental incapacitation, or incapacitation by alcohol or other drugs Dating/Domestic Violence or Intimate Partner Violence (IPV): The actual or threatened physical, sexual, emotional, or financial abuse of an individual by someone with whom they have a current/prior intimate relationship or shared residence. These relationships may include: partner/spouse, family member, caretaker, someone with whom a child is shared, household member or roommate. Stalking: Purposefully or knowingly engaging in a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to fear for their safety, the safety of a third person, or suffer other emotional distress. “Course of conduct” is two or more acts of maintaining a visual or physical proximity to a person, either directly or indirectly by any action, method, device, or means. *Confidential Resource: A resource that is not obligated to report information that is given to them. This allows the client to explore their options in a non-pressured environment in order to make informed decisions. The only exceptions to this rule are in cases that involve imminent risk of serious harm, emergent hospitalization, or a court order. While specific information may be kept confidential, these incidents may be counted for statistical purposes, as per the Clery Act. Non-Confidential Resource: A resource that is required by law to report incidents/violations and take legal, disciplinary or other action accordingly. Princeton University 217 McCosh Health Center Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544	<urn:uuid:a141775b-2d31-4a93-ab89-1cedf788b3e1>	3	2.953125	0.460109	en	0.910797	https://share.princeton.edu/get-educated/definitions
The Perception of Sound By: Ken Humphreys Speaker Engineer After a sound wave reaches your eardrum, the real magic begins. When you’re aware of a sound, your ear and brain are working together on the difficult task of selecting which sound to pay attention to, what might be making it, where it’s located and much more. Here are a few of the important “processing” jobs you routinely but unconsciously accomplish: Determining Loudness You can hear a sound at 0 dB (but just barely) yet handle sounds with a trillion times the energy at 120 dB! The price you pay to be able pull off this remarkable feat is that you’re fairly insensitive to changes in sound energy levels. For example, a speaker receiving 100 watts of energy will sound only four times as loud as when it’s receiving 1 watt. One side-effect of this phenomenon is that you don’t need to concern yourself with amplifier power nearly as much as you might think. 70 watts—100 watts—what’s the difference? Only about 1½ dB. Not much, right? This graph shows the sound intensity range that you’re able to make sense of. Each 10dB increase represents 10 times the energy, but only twice the loudness. Another neat loudness related trick your ear performs is that it becomes increasingly sensitive to bass when the sound is loud and sensitive to the midrange when everything quiets down. The “loudness” button on your receiver is designed to compensate for this by boosting the bass at lower listening levels. This context-sensitivity was probably quite useful for cavemen by allowing them to derive useful bass information when encountering stampeding wooly mammoths — yet be able to tune into the slight rustle of a skulking saber-toothed tiger. Dinner is served! Locating sound When you hear a sound, you can immediately turn your head and face it. You probably take this for granted, but you might not if you knew the number of hard-to-believe calculations your brain just performed. Scientists are discovering that you construct a spatial model in your brain that updates constantly and uses sound as well as sight. Yes, very similar to bats. To locate sounds in this model you constantly gather information from a variety of sources: What kind of space are you in? When you hear a sound it has a “signature” that is unique. It arrives at your ear and gets “fingerprinted,” and a few milliseconds later a family of other sounds that bear the same signature arrive in the form of reflections. First, they are associated with the first arrival that created the signature so that the cacophony of other sounds around you can be ignored. Then, by calculating the direction of these delayed arrivals, how long they were delayed and the way that their signature has been “smeared” (whew!) you are able to tell a lot about what kind of environment you are in. For example, you may now know that you are in a small room with large, hard surfaces. In order to do this you had to determine the directions of the original sound and the way it echoed around the room. This was not simply done. Your brain just took into consideration at least three different kinds of information to calculate the direction. First, one ear heard the sound as louder simply because your head created a “sound shadow” and blocked the sound to the ear furthest away. Secondly, the part of your ear that sticks out from your head modified the sound in ways that clue you in regarding the direction the sound came from. And lastly, your brain calculated the phase thing: How much was the delay between the wave arriving at the left ear versus the right ear? Your brain then unconsciously applies this formula to what you just experienced. And you thought you were bad at math! Your brain is a whiz. For speaker designers, some of the important points are: 1. For familiar sounds, you are very sensitive to “tonal balance,” that is, are the treble, bass and midrange parts in the right proportion to one another? If a speaker’s frequency response graph is “flat”, that tells you that it’s reproducing the sound with the right balance (at least for the position of the measuring microphone). This has been shown to be the most important thing perceived as “accuracy” in the entire audio system. 2. How much of a time-delay does there need to be for an arriving sound to be identified as a reflection rather than part of the original sound’s signature? Jury’s out on this one, but if the “delayed arrival” is soon enough, say from reflections off of the grill frame or speakers that aren’t mounted flush, it is heard as part of the signature and you will hear it as a distortion to the tonal balance. 3. Your brain mostly ignores reflected signals when evaluating the balance of sound. Bass reflections get treated a little differently. 4. You cannot locate bass sounds unless you correctly associate a bass note’s overtones and then locate them in space. This allows for speakers that specialize in low bass—subwoofers—to be placed away from the main speakers and successfully fool you into believing that the bass is coming from the small speakers that reproduce the overtones. 5. Here is a neat little experiment you can try at home: Put your amp in “mono’ mode and notice that if you are just slightly off-center, the sound will appear to be coming completely from the speaker closest to you. This is because your brain is a detective, and the sound coming from this speaker gets “fingerprinted”, identified as the first arrival of sound and then used as the sole source of information as to the sound’s location. You are still hearing the other speaker, (try unplugging it) your brain just isn’t using it for location information. In Conclusion The study of how the brain processes sound – psychoacoustics — is a huge and very interesting body of information. If you’d like to read more, there’s a lot to dig into. You may want to bring a good shovel and start at this wikipedia article. Have fun exploring science! Aperion Home Theater Gurus Tags: Audio Technology, Guru Tips and Tricks Leave a Reply You must be logged in to post a comment.	<urn:uuid:bbc6ebc5-551d-4bf5-a68c-d506fdb197f8>	3	3.34375	0.31097	en	0.953824	https://www.aperionaudio.com/blog/the-perception-of-sound
Sacramento, California Sacramento is the capital of the state of California, the county seat of Sacramento County and is situated in the Central Valley. The estimated population was 477,892 in 2011, making it the sixth-largest city in California. The Sacramento metropolitan area consists of four counties -- El Dorado, Placer, Sacramento and Yolo -- which together had an estimated population of 2,527,123 in 2009. Sacramento is a major regional hub of economic and cultural movements and activities in the Sacramento Valley. Two major rivers, the American and Sacramento rivers, intersect in Sacramento and are international attractions for rafters, kayakers and boaters. Cyclists, runners and pedestrians also enjoy the tree-lined zones along the rivers. The first settlers of the area now known as Sacramento were the Nisenan and Plains Miwok Indians. Between 1799 and 1808, Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga discovered and named the Sacramento Valley and the Sacramento River. A writer with Moraga's expedition noted that "canopies of oaks and cottonwoods, many festooned with grapevines, overhung both sides of the blue current. The air was like Champagne, and (the Spaniards) drank deep of it, drank in the beauty around them. It's like the Holy Sacrament." Thus, the valley and the river were then christened after the "most Holy Sacrament of the body and blood of Christ," a reference to the Catholic sacrament of the Eucharist. In August 1839, pioneer John Sutter Sr. arrived in the Sacramento area from Liestal, Switzerland, with other settlers and established Sutter's Fort, which was a trading colony and stockade that Sutter dubbed New Helvetia, or "New Switzerland." Sutter's orchard of fruit trees planted in 1847 was the inception of the agriculture industry in the Sacramento Valley. However, the following year, James W. Marshall discovered gold at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, about 50 miles northeast of the fort, and a large number of prospectors arrived in the area searching for gold. Sutter's son, John Sutter Jr., in association with Sam Brannan, planned the city of Sacramento, which overnight became a commercial success. Sutter hired William H. Warner, a topographical engineer, to draft the original layout of the city, which is situated just east and south of where the American River meets the Sacramento River. In 1849, the citizens of Sacramento adopted a city charter, which was recognized by the state Legislature in 1850, making Sacramento the oldest incorporated city in California. Throughout the early 1840s and 1850s, when China was at war with Great Britain and France in the First and Second Opium Wars, many Chinese immigrants came to America. Many of them first came to San Francisco, which was then the largest city in California and which the Chinese called Dai Fow, meaning "The Big City." Some Chinese immigrants eventually came to Sacramento, which was then second largest city and which the Chinese called Yee Fow, meaning "Second City." They helped build the levees within Sacramento and the surrounding cities as well as railroads in the city and the transcontinental railroad across the United States. Today, Sacramento’s Chinatown is much smaller than in the 19th century, but nevertheless, Chinese-Americans are recognized as significant part of Sacramento’s history and heritage. The California Legislature moved to Sacramento in 1854, and in 1879 at the Constitutional Convention the city was named the permanent state capital. The capital under both Spanish and Mexican rule once Mexico gained its independence in 1821 had been in Monterey. After California’s statehood was ratified, the Legislature met in San Jose, Vallejo and Benicia, before moving to Sacramento. The city’s economic base is mainly governmental. Transportation is a also large sector, as are information technology, leisure and hospitality, business services, higher education, construction, and health services and research. The city’s top employers are Sutter Heath, Blue Diamond Growers, Aerojet and the McClatchy Company. The Sacramento area hosts a wide variety of higher educational opportunities. There are two major public universities, California State University, Sacramento, and the University of California, which has a campus in nearby Davis as well as graduate facilities in Sacramento. Many private institutions, community colleges and vocational schools are also located in Sacramento. Sutter’s Fort and Old Sacramento are the oldest parts of the city, and buildings there have been preserved, restored and reconstructed, and the district is now a substantial tourist attraction with rides on steam-hauled historic trains and paddle steamers. Sacramento also has several major museums -- the Crocker Art Museum, the California State Railroad Museum, the California Automobile Museum, the California Museum for History, Woman, and the Arts, which is home to the California Hall of Fame, and the Sacramento History Museum. Sacramento is home to a significant music scene, including the Sacramento Philharmonic Orchestra, the Sacramento Choral Society & Orchestra, the Sacramento Youth Symphony, the Sacramento Master Singers, the Sacramento Children’s Chorus and the Camellia Symphony. Sacramento is well known as a center for Dixieland jazz, and jazz fans flock there every Memorial Day weekend to attend the Sacramento Jazz Jubilee. Many theaters are in Sacramento, including the Community Center Theatre and Memorial Auditorium. Sacramento has a Mediterranean-style climate, with winters that are wet and mild, and summers that are dry and hot. The Sacramento Valley is known for its tule fog, which is extremely dense, limits visibility to less than 100 feet, and usually lasts an average of 96 days per year. Summers in Sacramento are great for people who love the heat, as on average the temperature exceeds 90 degrees Fahrenheit on 74 days during summer. The Brod Law Firm takes tremendous pride in representing the interests of our clients in and around the greater Sacramento area, the Central Valley and in Northern California. We are committed to fighting for the rights of individuals, as well as small businesses in and around Sacramento, and we do not represent insurance companies or large corporations. Our law practice focuses on meeting the needs and challenges of our clients. We are Sacramento injury attorneys, and we fight for people who have suffered serious and catastrophic injuries. In all personal injury cases, we work on a contingency fee basis, which means that unless a recovery of money is obtained, no legal fees are owed. We are Sacramento business attorneys, and unlike many large firms that look at business litigation as a way to bill excessively, our goal is to effectively and efficiently resolve our clients’ disputes. Directions to our Oakland office from Sacramento: Take Interstate 80 east toward Oakland, and continue onto Interstate 980. Get off at the 18th Street exit toward 14th Street. Turn left on 17th Street, then left at Franklin Street. The office is at 1814 Franklin St. on the right side of the street. Directions to our San Francisco office from Sacramento are as follows: Take Interstate 80 west to the Bay Bridge toward San Francisco and exit at Fremont Street. Merge onto Fremont Street and turn left onto Mission Street. Turn right onto Anthony Street and take the first right onto Jessie Street. The office is at 96 Jessie St. (Please note that we will travel to Sacramento to meet with our clients in the greater Sacramento area and the Central Valley, and that it is not necessary for those clients to travel to our San Francisco or Oakland offices.)	<urn:uuid:67e2c4e0-f906-45d1-863d-73e3f29babd3>	3	2.96875	0.022993	en	0.95716	https://www.brodfirm.com/sacramento-california.html
Skip to Content Severe eczema holding you back? Find the right treatment tinea capitis Definition: a common form of fungus infection of the scalp caused by various species of Microsporum and Trichophyton on or within hair shafts, occurring most commonly in children and characterized by irregularly placed and variously sized patches of apparent baldness because of hairs breaking off at the surface of the scalp, scaling, black dots (see black-dot ringworm), and occasionally erythema and pyoderma. Synonym(s): ringworm of scalp	<urn:uuid:e4f4c1f0-b6a0-4a58-b87d-8763ed0a53d1>	3	3.078125	0.020277	en	0.916881	https://www.drugs.com/dict/tinea-capitis.html
Phrasal Verbs give away This page is about the phrasal verb give away Meaning: If you give away something, you give it to someone without expecting anything in return. For example: • give away sth Bill Gates gives away most of his money to help poor people in developing countries. • give sth away My dog had five puppies, and we gave four of them away and kept one for ourselves. Quick Quiz: If you give away a lot of money, most people will say you are a. a generous person b. a strange person c. a selfish person Phrasal verbs grammar 1000 Phrasal Verbs in Context ebook Phrasal Verb of the Day This entry is in the following categories: Contributor: Matt Errey	<urn:uuid:39bc9e15-4ef1-45cf-8704-01ba5ba5e014>	3	2.734375	0.818563	en	0.924665	https://www.englishclub.com/ref/esl/Phrasal_Verbs/G/give_away_1944.htm
new icn messageflickr-free-ic3d pan white Iceland - Strokkur - Geysir's Smaller Brother \| by Ben124. Back to photostream Iceland - Strokkur - Geysir's Smaller Brother There is only one Icelandic word used in the English language: geyser. Though the word refers to all geysers in general, it comes from a single geyser (in fact, the geyser) located in the South West of Iceland. Unfortunately, the Great Geysir has been somewhat shy in recent decades, though on special occasions it can sometimes be coaxed into a performance with some soap. When Geysir does perform, it lives up to its name, spraying a jet of steaming water 200 feet skyward. Far more reliable, though less spectacular, is nearby Strokkur (“the churn”), which spouts a 60-100 foot jet about once every five minutes. The geyser area is also rich in walking paths that lead past steaming vents and colourful, mineral-rich mud formations. The whole area is a geothermal park sitting on top of a vast boiling cauldron. Belching sulphurous mud pots of unusual colours, hissing steam vents, hot and cold springs, warm streams, and primitive plants can all be found here. We stopped at the geothermal area of Geysir, the geyser for which all geysers are named. The famous Geysir now only erupts after large earthquakes and last erupted in 2000. Its little brother, Strokkur, erupts much more frequently, about 6-8 minutes apart. . People gather around the geyser and stare at the mouth, watching the water boil, in full anticipation with cameras ready. If you turn away, you’ll miss it. When you take a photo of one there are not that many ways to come up with unique composition. You can try a longer exposure of 1sec to give it slightly softer feel. You have to be ready even if it means standing still waiting for the eruption for up to 20 min with the camera in the right position. The geyser spouts upward close to 30 meter high and then it’s done. Sometimes there is a smaller spurt immediately before the large eruption. Why does a geyser erupt? What will become of Geysir? The water level in the Geysir has been artificially lowered, but recent volcanic activity has reactivated it, so Geysir has somewhat found it's renewed life. Unfortunately, Geysir now erupts to no specific timetable. 24 faves Taken on October 23, 2009	<urn:uuid:15143e63-fa62-46b8-bedd-2323c6d1ed3c>	3	2.59375	0.103383	en	0.942864	https://www.flickr.com/photos/ben124/5397759488/
Paul, Alice Paul, Alice, 1885–1977, American feminist, b. Moorestown, N.J. She helped found the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage (1913), which became the National Woman's party (1917). After the passage of the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution, she worked for passage of an equal rights amendment. See also woman suffrage . See more Encyclopedia articles on: Social Reformers Browse by Subject	<urn:uuid:628f819c-162e-4b8e-ad5b-49e4f1bbe5bb>	3	2.96875	0.044317	en	0.874952	https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/social-sciences-and-the-law/sociology-and-social-reform/social-reformers/paul-alice
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Equipotential Surfaces 1. Sep 15, 2013 #1 The drawing shows a graph of a set of equipotential surfaces in cross section. The grid lines are 2.0 cm apart. Determine the magnitude and direction of the electric field at position D. Specify whether the electric field points toward the top or the bottom of the drawing. 2. Relevant equations 3. The attempt at a solution I am uncertain how to solve for this problem, ΔV is usually between 2 variables, final - initial. Do I repeat this process for each field above point D? 2. jcsd 3. Sep 15, 2013 #2 Guys, help? 4. Sep 15, 2013 #3 User Avatar Science Advisor Homework Helper You can't say EXACTLY what the E field is. You can only approximate it. I would pick the two nearest points on the equipotential lines and work from there. Have something to add? Draft saved Draft deleted Similar Discussions: Equipotential Surfaces 1. Equipotential surface (Replies: 2) 2. Equipotential surfaces (Replies: 3) 3. Equipotential surfaces (Replies: 6) 4. Equipotential surfaces (Replies: 0) 5. Equipotential Surfaces (Replies: 1)	<urn:uuid:1ee1cde1-8def-49f6-99fc-ee627e47f3de>	3	3.28125	0.456528	en	0.753221	https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/equipotential-surfaces.710636/
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Friction on an incline 1. Feb 22, 2016 #1 A block is sliding with an initial velocity of 7.3 m/s along a frictionless horizontal surface when it then goes up an incline of 51.5 degrees that does have friction. If the kinetic friction coefficient is 0.1 then how far along the incline (hypotenuse) will the object travel before it stops? Θ = 51.5° µ(k) = 0.1 v(initial) = 7.3 m/s v(final) = 0 ...because the question asks at what point will it stop, meaning there is no more speed. g = 9.81 d = ? m = ? a = ? ...i do not know if i even need acceleration F = ? W = ? 2. Relevant equations KE = W = 1/2mv(final) - 1/2mv(initial) F = mg W = Fd Force up ramp... F = mg sinΘ Normal Force against ramp... Fnormal = mg cosΘ Force of friction between block and ramp... F(f) = µ Fnormal 3. The attempt at a solution Honestly i have no clue where to even begin, i am so lost on this problem :( Also, my equations could be wrong. Could somebody please give me a detailed walkthrough on how to solve this? 2. jcsd 3. Feb 22, 2016 #2 User Avatar Staff: Mentor Alas, we cannot do that; it's against forum rules. You'll need to make some attempt at a solution before help can be given. That said, I suggest that you consider how energy is traded and lost along the block's path. 4. Feb 22, 2016 #3 User Avatar Science Advisor Homework Helper Gold Member 2016 Award There is a flaw in this question. The way the diagram is drawn, the transition from horizontal to inclined motion is sudden, implying a non-conservative impact. But my guess is that you should suppose there is a small radius allowing for a smooth transition. Have something to add? Draft saved Draft deleted Similar Discussions: Friction on an incline 1. Friction and Incline (Replies: 2) 2. Friction on an incline (Replies: 9) 3. Friction on an incline (Replies: 6) 4. Inclines and friction (Replies: 1) 5. Friction on an incline (Replies: 3)	<urn:uuid:828525d6-5f3d-46ee-8d6e-b5dc368d9843>	3	3.140625	0.966122	en	0.903482	https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/friction-on-an-incline.858831/
Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Group axioms - Verify? 1. Sep 25, 2006 #1 It is known that "the integers under addition" form a group, that is (Z,+). I have always wondered how to actually proof that (Z,+) is a group? Definitions for a group from wikipedia: I'm especially interested in two things: 1) Why does the associative law hold for (Z,+), that is a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c for a,b,c in Z. And moreover: 2) Why is closure fulfilled? That is, if a and b in Z, then a+b is also in Z. 2. jcsd 3. Sep 25, 2006 #2 In order to prove that addition on integers is commutative and that they are closed under addition, you need to use the definition of addition on the integers. However, in order to define addition you need to know how the integers are constructed. You can construct the natural numbers as a sequence of sets, and define addition. You can then construct the integers from the natural numbers, and define addition on the integers using the addition you've already defined on the natural numbers. The wikipedia pages on natural numbers and integers have some of the details. 4. Sep 25, 2006 #3 User Avatar Staff Emeritus Science Advisor Gold Member Just to emphasize the importance of stating from which definition you're working -- in many contexts I would define the integers as "the free ring on zero generators"... in which case the additive group structure is trivial. 5. Sep 25, 2006 #4 How is that the case? Don't the integers have one generator? Either 1 or -1. Why isn't the ring with zero generators the trivial ring? 6. Sep 25, 2006 #5 User Avatar Staff Emeritus Science Advisor Gold Member Because it's not free -- it satisfies a nontrivial relation amongst its elements. (in particular, 0 = 1) For a ring R to be freely generated by the empty set, that means: For any ring S, any function {} --> S extends uniquely to a homomorphism R --> S. (There is, of course, only one function {} --> S) If you plug in R = Z, you'll find the above is satisfied. If you plug in R = 0, you'll find it's not satisfied. (In fact, if 0 --> S is a homomorphism, then S = 0) 7. Sep 25, 2006 #6 So is this equivalent to saying that R has a basis? That was what I thought a free ring was. And how does Z have zero generators? 8. Sep 25, 2006 #7 User Avatar Staff Emeritus Science Advisor Gold Member Because it's generated by the empty set. ({1} is also a generating set for Z, of course, but Z is not the free ring on one object) {} is clearly a subset of Z. What is the subring of Z generated by {}? Recall that it's the intersection of all subrings of Z that contain every element in {}. The only subring of Z is Z itself -- so {} generates Z. 9. Sep 25, 2006 #8 Okay, I think I see this. I was thinking of generating sets in terms of groups, and was trying to generate Z with addition. But that's not right. So the free ring on one generator would be Z[x], right? On the level of groups, 1 or -1 generate Z, correct? So Z is the free group on one generator. 10. Sep 25, 2006 #9 User Avatar Staff Emeritus Science Advisor Gold Member Sounds right; I think things don't get annoying until you have two generators. (Unless you specify "free commutative ring" -- then everything remains nice. :smile:) Similar Discussions: Group axioms - Verify? 1. Completeness Axiom (Replies: 4) 2. Axioms and Theorems (Replies: 10) 3. Field axiom (Replies: 5)	<urn:uuid:50e8fb6a-1a82-42db-a954-177913d20720>	3	3.15625	0.713466	en	0.931447	https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/group-axioms-verify.133565/
Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Gustav Daléns Invention 1. Apr 12, 2004 #1 Gustaf Daléns Invention He won the Nobel price for Physics for his invention. How did his invention actually work? You could hardly call it a mayor contribution to Physics (with all respect) can you? (Changed the name into the correct name, thanks to Chen) Last edited: Apr 12, 2004 2. jcsd 3. Apr 12, 2004 #2 Well, he was blinded in a gas explosion before the award so maybe they gave it to him out of compassion? shrugs (It's Gustaf, by the way.) 4. Apr 12, 2004 #3 That's what I read and it probably was the case, but still... they should have waited (when did he actually make this invention?). Then he probably wouldn't have won. It was probably a fine invention, but a Nobel price?, I think not. But I'm still curious about what he exactly invented anyway. So does anybody know? Similar Discussions: Gustav Daléns Invention 1. Gustav Robert Kirchoff (Replies: 3)	<urn:uuid:489ffec5-ab9f-44f3-a071-13e3d71bfc27>	3	3.015625	0.974233	en	0.968909	https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/gustav-dalens-invention.19085/
Psychological and Behavioural Aspects of Risk Risk management is an ongoing concern for modern organizations in terms of their finance, their people, their assets, their projects and their reputation. The majority of the processes and systems adopted are either very financially oriented or fundamentally mechanistic; often better suited to codifying and recording risk, rather than understanding and working with it. Risk is fundamentally a human construct; how we perceive and manage it is dictated by our attitude, behaviour and the environment or culture within which we work. Organizations that seek to mitigate, manage, transfer or exploit risk need to understand the psychological factors that dictates the response and behaviours of their employees, their high-flyers, their customers and their stakeholders. This series, edited by two of the most influential writers and researchers on organizational behaviour and human psychology explores the psychological and behavioural aspects of risk; the factors that: * define our attitudes and response to risk: * are important in understanding and managing 'risk managers' * dictate risky behaviour in individuals at all levels.	<urn:uuid:5add8075-5f89-449d-98c3-59b4abe0a26b>	3	2.65625	0.191528	en	0.964278	https://www.routledge.com/business/series/PBAS
Is Frisian a Language or a Dialect? Frisian (Frysk) is a Germanic language, spoken by an ethnic minority known as the Frisians in the northern regions of the Netherlands and Germany. It is similar to Dutch, German, Danish and most similar to English. In fact, Frisian is, along with Scottish, the closest living language to English. It especially bears a lot of resemblance to Old English. In Germany, Frisian is confined to small pockets of the country, with relatively few speakers. The Netherlands has the most Frisian speakers, about 400,000, and almost all live in the Province of Friesland (Dutch for “Land of the Frisians”). Language or Dialect? The discussion of whether a language is instead a dialect is a difficult and often tricky one. There are two kinds of criteria that distinguish a language from dialect. The first is the political criterion; languages are official and written, whereas dialects are mostly spoken and unofficial. A language is a dialect with an army and a navy. Or, as my French teacher once said: “A dialect is the language of a people that lost the last war.” Linguists, however, follow a different set of criteria: if two kinds of speech are so closely related that speakers can have a conversation and understand each other, they are considered dialects of a single language, but if mutual comprehension is difficult or impossible, they are distinct languages. According to the latter critirion, Frisian is very much a language. Although a Dutchman or a German could be able to pick up on some words, it would be impossible to understand a conversation in Frisian. Conversely, a Frisian would have no trouble at all understanding a conversation in Dutch. This is because a Frisian would have been taught Dutch from a young age in school. In other words, he lost the last war. When considering the first criterion, Frisian is still a language. Although Frisians “lost the last war” with the Dutch, the Frisian language has had a special, minority status within the Kingdom of the Netherlands ever since, and is stated in the Constitution of 1848. Within the borders of the Province of Friesland, anyone has the right to address both the local and the national administration in Frisian. It has an official written form, and Frisian courses are taught at some Dutch universities. Three Dialects Within the Frisian language, there are three varieties, or main dialects: West Frisian, Saterland Frisian and North Frisian. West Frisian is spoken in the Dutch Province of Friesland. Saterlands Frisian is spoken in Saterland, a small German city. North Frisian is spoken in the northernmost part of Germany, near the Danish border, and in small areas on islands closest to Denmark. Because these regions are geographicly isolated from each other, these Frisian dialects have steadily grown apart to such a degree that inhabitants of the different regions would not be able to understand each other today. According to the linguists’ critirion, these varieties should be considered languages on their own. Frisian and the English Language To understand Frisian’s influence on the English language, one must look at its history. When the Roman legions left Brittannia in the 5th century A.D., the local Celtic tribes were no longer able to stop Scots and Picts from invading the North. The Celts sought the aid of Germanic tribes on the other side of the North Sea; the Jutes, the Saxons and the Frisians. As payment for their military services, these tribes were offered land in Brittannia. Boats full of Frisian mercenaries set sail for Brittannia, where the promise of land and an escape from the floods and overpopulation of their homeland appealed to them. After fighting alongside the tribes of Brittannia, many Frisians became homesick and returned to their Fryslân, while others settled in Brittannia. Places in England with names like Friston are a reminder of that time. The Future of the Frisian Language Although the Frisian language is protected and has special legal status in all three of the regions where it is still spoken, the two regions in the north of Germany are so small and isolated that Frisian is likely to disappear in the future. West Frisian, spoken in the Kingdom of The Netherlands, only has around 400,000 speakers and is increasingly being influenced by Dutch words. A language is never static: it is a living thing. Just like any living thing on Earth, it either evolves or it dies out. Whether the Frisian language spoken today will evolve into a Dutch dialect, or whether it will die out, remains to be seen. Whatever the future of the Frisian language, Frisian words like bûter (butter), tsiis (cheese), see (sea), boat (boat), stoarm (storm), rein (rain), frieze (freeze), froast (frost), and mist (mist) live on in today’s English, the lingua franca of the modern world. About Sjouke S. I am a native Dutch translator living in the Netherlands. I am also an expert in SEO and academic writing. I enjoy copywriting and blogging.	<urn:uuid:92a5337d-7184-4a94-99d7-40e019c961a0>	4	3.5625	0.100643	en	0.959387	https://www.smartling.com/blog/frisian-2/
Do You Know Nutrition: Invasion of the genetically modified organisms Oct. 11, 2011 at 5:11 a.m. Phylis Canion Phylis Canion By Phylis Canion Sometime back, you had a timeline about GMOs. Can you please explain more about what GMOs are, how they affect our food supply, and names of product ingredients that we need to be aware of? GMOs are genetically modified organisms (also called GEs, genetically engineered) plants or animals created through the gene splicing techniques of biotechnology. According to the Non GMO Project, this experimental technology merges DNA from different species, creating unstable combinations of plant, animal, bacterial and viral genes that cannot occur in nature or in traditional crossbreeding. Virtually all commercial GMOs are bred to withstand direct application of herbicides. In more than 30 countries around the world, including all of the European countries and Japan, there are significant restrictions or outright bans on the production of GMOs because they do not consider them safe. In the United States, however, the government has approved commercial production of GMOs based on studies conducted by companies who created them and profit from their sales. The six major GMO crops are soy, corn, canola, cotton, sugar beets and alfalfa. Specific ingredients to look for on product labeling that should be avoided are the following: soy protein isolate, hydrolyzed soy protein, high fructose corn syrup, sucrose, monosodium glutamate, dextrose, modified food starch, corn syrup, sugar syrup, malt, mono and di-glycerides and rBGH(a recumbent growth hormone added to milk and butter), to name a few of the most prevalent. One of the major issues concerning genetically modified organisms is that there is no labeling requirements that specifically states a product contains GMOs although they make up approximately 1/4 of our food supply. Those manufacturers whose products do not contain GMOs gladly list on their packaging that the product is GMO free or that it is a NON-GMO product. Because GMOs are relatively new and have not been in use long enough for the risk to be known, there is growing concerns about safety. According to the American Academy of Environmental Medicine, several animal studies indicate serious health risks associated with genetically modified foods that include infertility, immune problems, accelerated aging, faulty insulin regulation and issues with the gastrointestinal system. The World Health Organization has also taken an active role in the evaluation of genetically modified foods. Powered By AdvocateDigitalMedia	<urn:uuid:ef399529-88a1-42dc-819b-0e787abbee82>	3	3.0625	0.161204	en	0.935145	https://www.victoriaadvocate.com/news/2011/oct/11/gl_phylis_canion_101211_154565/
Financial Repression Reinhart and Sbrancia characterize financial repression as consisting of the following key elements: 1. Explicit or indirect capping of interest rates, such as on government debt and deposit rates (Regulation Q). 3. High reserve requirements These measures allow governments to issue debt at lower interest rates. A low nominal interest rate can reduce debt servicing costs, while negative real interest rates erodes the real value of government debt. Thus, financial repression is most successful in liquidating debts when accompanied by inflation and can be considered a form of taxation, or alternatively a form of debasement. “Unlike income, consumption, or sales taxes, the “repression” tax rate (or rates) are determined by financial regulations and inflation performance that are opaque to the highly politicized realm of fiscal measures. Given that deficit reduction usually involves highly unpopular expenditure reductions and (or) tax increases…the relatively ‘stealthier’ financial repression tax may be a more politically palatable alternative to authorities faced with the need to reduce outstanding debts.” Financial Repression Animated Banking in the age of financial repression and public hostility	<urn:uuid:063f9ae7-af50-4ca0-bdd4-ce04c0015a4d>	3	3.015625	0.918142	en	0.913697	https://zirpqe.wordpress.com/financial-repression/
Friday, 7 June 2013 Avanti Polar Lipids - Super G Balance Avanti Polar Lipids - Super G Balance Great balance for measuring lipid stocks before doing a monolayer experiment. Surface Tension Droplets at 2500fps - The Slow Mo Guys Just water (with its amazing properties), a slow motion camera and two Englishmen. See what happens... Droplet Collisions at 5000fps - The Slow Mo Guys I love the Slow Mo guys. Showing that surface tension can be sexy! Wednesday, 5 June 2013 Quantum model helps solve mysteries of water Quantum model helps solve mysteries of water These guys from the University of Edinburgh and IBM's TJ Watson Research Center are made a new model to understand the properties of water. Since there is no ultimate model but models that can reproduce certain aspects of water these scientists made a bottom up approach. Their approach shows how a single charged particle called a 'quantum Drude oscillator' can mimic that way electrons of real water respond to their environment and fluctuate. This simplification allows the network of hydrogen bonds and other properties like surface tension to be observed. Tuesday, 4 June 2013 Study led by George Washington University Professor May Help Understand Freezing Bulk Water Study led by George Washington University professor provides better understanding of water's freezing behavior at nanoscale Bulk water verses the water at the surface. Is there a difference? And where is the boundary of this difference. These guys show that ice nucleation at the nanoscale is smaller than that of the bulk water. Water at the small scale can no longer be considered bulk water. This has important research in climate. Clouds largely contain a lot of water. This research may answer the question of whether ice nucleation occurs within the cloud or right at the surface. Engineering may be able to control this nucleation by tuning the surface tension if the nucleation occurs on the surface of the cloud (it reminds me of Storm controlling the weather in X-Men). Saturday, 1 June 2013 Bill Nye Teaches About Surface Tension I remember watching Bill Nye when I was younger and learning about science. From this post from Mashable I learned that Rush Limbaugh said, '"Bill Nye is not a scientist. Bill Nye can explain to kids things like surface tension, why you can fill a glass above the rim and it won't fall over if it's just the right amount. He explains things like that, surface tension. He's not a scientist. He knows it, and everybody else knows it. Doesn't matter." Well teaching kids anything about science and having passion about it is far better than whatever bullshit Rush Limbaugh spews out of his mouth. Personally, I would love to see Bill Nye work with Tesla or Elon Musk on the Hyperloop. Bill Nye has a degree in hydraulic engineering and works with cool space stuff. Well that is what I would say during an interview to build something called a Hyperloop. ‘Lotus effect’ paper repels oil and water ‘Lotus effect’ paper repels oil and water Lotus leaf effect from paper can help make sustainable materials....	<urn:uuid:45f3c085-e429-49c5-9823-6e4ad515b32f>	3	2.625	0.084814	en	0.922243	http://72dynes.blogspot.fi/2013/06/
The Northwestern Gang Wars was the term given to the post-World War IV gang wars in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Several major cities, including Sitka , Mikhailgrad , Ross , Petropavlovsk , Beringia , and Los Angeles were affected by it. The last of these cities to be "cured" of the gang wars was Ross. The gang wars started in the 1920s and worsened in the 1930s with the onset of the Great Depression. The largest of the groups was the so-called Mexiquean Mafia, which derived from the Neapolitan-based underground gang. Death numbers and assault frequencies dropped as several immigrant-based vigilante groups formed with the Alyeskan Exodus in progression. Several of these vigilante groups became open crime-fighting groups in the 1950s and 60s, the most well known of which is the Asian American Crime Fighting Syndicate, which operates even today in several locations with many branches. The gang wars officially came to an end in the 1980s with the truce signed between the AACFS and several Los Angeles gangs. Ad blocker interference detected!	<urn:uuid:4c2d2700-4231-4d85-887a-bf38f065e869>	3	3.09375	0.089098	en	0.962527	http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/Northwestern_Gang_Wars_(A_World_of_Difference)
Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. Timeline: Cherry, Plum, and Chrysanthemum Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. 26th President of the United States March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921 Predecessor: William Howard Taft Successor: Charles Evans Hughes Vice-President: Hiram Johnson (1913-17) Henry Cabot Lodge (1917-21) 24th President of the United States September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909 Predecessor: William McKinley, Jr. Successor: William Howard Taft Vice-President: None (1901-05) Charles Warren Fairbanks (1905-09) 24th Vice-President of the United States March 4, 1901 – September 14, 1901 Predecessor: Garret Augustus Hobart Successor: Charles Warren Fairbanks President: William McKinley, Jr. 33rd Governor of New York January 1, 1899 – December 31, 1900 Predecessor: Frank Swett Black Successor: Benjamin Barker Odell, Jr. Born: October 27, 1858 New York City, New York, United States of America Died: March 4, 1929 (aged 70) Cove Neck, New York, United States of America Spouse: Alice Hathaway Lee (1880–84) Edith Kermit Carow (1886–1929) Political Party: Progressive (1912-29) Republican (1882-1912) Religion: Dutch Reformed Profession: Politician; Author; Historian; Explorer; Conservationist Theodore "T.R." Roosevelt, Jr. (October 27, 1858 – March 4, 1929) was an American author, naturalist, explorer, historian, and politician who served as the 24th and 26th President of the United States. He is the only U.S. president to serve four non-consecutive terms (1901–1909 and 1913–1921) and the second to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents (the other is Ulysses S. Grant). With total of sixteen years in office, he remains the longest-serving President in the history of the United States. Roosevelt was the co-founder and initial leader of the Progressive Party. He is noted for his colorful personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement in early 20th century, as well as his "cowboy" persona and robust masculinity. Roosevelt is consistently rated by scholars as one of the top three U.S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Ulysses S. Grant. His face adorns Mount Rushmore alongside Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, and Ulysses S. Grant. Roosevelt's eldest son, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., was also became the 30th President of the United States (1941–1945). Early life Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. was born on October 27, 1858 in the modern-day Gramercy section of New York City to businessman Theodore "Thee" Roosevelt, Sr. and Dixie-born socialite Martha Stewart "Mittie" Bulloch. Theodore Roosevelt had Dutch, English, Irish, and Welsh ancestry from his father, and Scottish, English, and French ancestry from his mother. TR Age 11 Paris Theodore Roosevelt at age 11 Young Roosevelt suffered heavily from asthma attacks and spent much of his time in bed. Roosevelt used this time to study and develop an interest on natural history. Nevertheless, he was energetic and mischievously inquisitive. To compensate for his physical weakness, he embraced a strenuous life. With encouragement from his father, he then began a heavy regime of exercise. Roosevelt made quick work of his political introduction to the membership in the Republican Party ("GOP") and was soon put forth as the party's candidate for the District's House seat in Albany. He was elected to the New York State Assembly in 1882, 1883, and 1884. In 1883, he was the GOP minority candidate for Speaker. In 1884, he lost the nomination for Speaker to Titus Sheard by a vote of 41 to 29 in the GOP caucus. On October 27, 1880, Roosevelt married socialite Alice Hathaway Lee, daughter of banker George Cabot Lee and Caroline Watts Haskell. Their daughter Alice Lee Roosevelt was born on February 12, 1884. Alice died two days after their daughter was born from an undiagnosed case of kidney failure. His mother Mittie died of typhoid fever on the same day, in the same house. Seeking solace from personal tragedies, he left politics and went to the frontier, spent much of the next two years on his ranch in the Dakota Territory. Political career Harsh winters wiped out Roosevelt cattle ranch, leading him to bankruptcy After his cattle was wiped out by the severe winters, Roosevelt decided to return to the East. On December 2, 1886, he married his childhood sweetheart, Edith Kermit Carow in London, England. Soon after, he resumed his political career. Despite a Republican and supported re-election of George F. Edmunds, Roosevelt re-entered the public life after being appointed to the United States Civil Service Commission by a Liberal president, Grover Cleveland, where he served until 1895. He vigorously fought the spoilsmen and demanded enforcement of civil service laws. Roosevelt became president of the board of New York City Police Commissioners in 1895 for two years and radically reformed the police force. With his strictly disciplined style of leadership, Roosevelt implemented regular inspections of firearms and annual physical exams; he appointed 1,600 recruits based on their physical and mental qualifications, regardless of political affiliation, established Meritorious Service Medals and closed corrupt police hostelries. Tr - nyc police commissioner 1894 - jacob riis bio - the making of an american - illustration named one was sitting asleep on a buttertub crop Known for his deep interest on naval history, President William McKinley, urged by Roosevelt's close friend Congressman Henry Cabot Lodge, appointed Roosevelt as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1897. Roosevelt seized the opportunity and began pressing on the president his national security views regarding the Pacific and the Caribbean. Roosevelt was particularly adamant that Spain be ejected from Cuba, to foster the latter's independence and demonstrate U.S. resolve to re-enforce the Monroe Doctrine. When the Spanish-American War finally broke out in 1898, Roosevelt promptly resigned as assistant secretary of the Navy and volunteered as commander of the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, known as the Rough Riders, an elite company comprised of Ivy League gentlemen, western cowboys, sheriffs, prospectors, police officers, and Native Americans. Under his leadership, the Rough Riders became famous for dual charges up Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898. The victories came at a cost of 200 killed and 1000 wounded. Theodore Rooseveltnewtry Col. Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt and the Rough Riders returned to the United States as war heroes. Roosevelt's war achievements caught the eye of New York Republican leaders who were looking for a gubernatorial candidate after their current governor was tainted by scandal and would probably lose. Just shortly after he was elected Governor of New York, Roosevelt began to exhibit an independence from the party bosses' influence that upset the state's political machine. To stop Roosevelt's reforms, party bosses "kicked him upstairs" to the vice presidency under William McKinley, a powerless and merely ceremonial post at that time. Roosevelt's energetic campaigns helped ensure McKinley's re-election as president. However, the party bosses' efforts to keep him away from active politics soon vain; President McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist on September 6, 1901, making Roosevelt the nation's twenty-fourth President. At the age of 42 years old, he was the youngest person ever to serve in that capacity. Neither the nation nor the presidency would ever be the same again. First Presidency, 1901–1909 659206249 orig A cartoon depicting Roosevelt's policy of "trust-busting" Ascending to the presidency, Roosevelt kept McKinley's Cabinet and promised to continue McKinley's policies. While he still endorsed the policies of gold standard, protective tariffs and lower taxes from his predecessor, Roosevelt called for a "Square Deal", and initiated a policy of increased Federal supervision that aggressively curbed the power of large corporations called "trusts". For his aggressive use of United States antitrust law he became known as the "trust-buster." Roosevelt then won the presidency in his own right in a landslide victory against Alton Brooks Parker in 1904. Forty antitrust suits was brought by Roosevelt and major combinations such as the Standard Oil, the largest oil company, were broke-up. A new Department of Commerce and Labor was created in 1903. Conservation of the nation's natural resources and beautiful places was also a very high priority for Roosevelt. He placed 230 million acres under federal protection for preservation and parks and began systematic efforts to prevent forest fires and to retimber denuded tracts. The United States emerged as a world economic and military power in late 1890s. Roosevelt worked to build and to strengthen the Army and the Navy into the forces that would able to protect U.S. interests corresponding with his "Speak softly and carry a big stick" policy. In late 1904, following the Colombia Crisis of 1902–03, Roosevelt announced his corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, stated that the U.S. would exercise an international police power over its Caribbean and Central American neighbors against European interventions. Roosevelt monroe Doctrine cartoon A cartoon depicting Roosevelt Corollary of Monroe Doctrine The most spectacular of Roosevelt's foreign policy initiatives was the establishment of the Panama Canal. In 1899, Colombia negotiated with the United States and the United Kingdom for the support of a joint controlled canal that would be constructed in the Isthmus of Panama. Despite initial reluctance from his predecessors, Roosevelt was quite enthusiastic regarding the plan. After the U.S. concluded a negotiation with Colombia in 1903, the construction that believed to be one of the world's greatest engineering feats was finally started in 1904. In November 1906, Roosevelt inspected the canal's progress. This was the first trip outside the United States by a sitting President. In 1905, Roosevelt offered to mediate a treaty to end the Russo-Japanese War. Although Russia and Japan initially refused his offer, they finally agreed to meet in Portsmouth, New Hampshire and ironed out a final conflict over division of Sakhalin and Korea in the Treaty of Portsmouth: Russia took the northern half and Japan the south, and Japan dropped its demand for an indemnity. For his role as a peace mediator, Roosevelt earned enough prestige to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace, the first U.S. President to do so. Return to private life "Teddy" Roosevelt and "Big Bill" Taft Roosevelt's popularity was at its peak as the campaign of 1908 neared, but he declined to be nominated by Republicans for the third term. Instead, he supported his Secretary of War, William Howard Taft, for the presidential ticket. Taft was easily elected to the office, defeated three-time candidate William Jennings Bryan. Roosevelt had attempted to refashion Taft into a younger version of himself, but as soon as Taft began to display his individuality, Roosevelt unveiled his disenchantment. Roosevelt was further alienated when Taft did not consult him about cabinet appointments. In March 1909, shortly after the end of his presidency, Roosevelt left New York for the safari in east and central Africa outfitted by the Smithsonian Institution. His decision was based on his desire to leave the political stage to Taft and on his natural need for action. With his son Kermit, he acquired more than 3,000 animal trophies, including eight elephants, seven hippos, nine lions, and thirteen rhinos. The expedition consumed 262 of the animals. Tons of salted animals and their skins were shipped to Mayflower, D.C.; the quantity was so large that it took years to mount them all, and the Smithsonian shared many duplicate animals with other museums. Roosevelt and his son, Kermit, sitting on the top of the buffalo they shot on safari After the year-long hunt, the safari was ended in Khartoum. There Roosevelt reunited with his wife Edith and family and took a vacation in Europe. He then proceeded to England for the funeral of King Edward VII and then on to Scandinavia to accept the Nobel Peace Prize for his part in ending the Russo-Japanese War. When he returned to New York in June 1910, he was greeted by one of the largest mass receptions ever given in New York City. 1912 Presidential election Briefly after his return, Roosevelt found the crisis on Republican Party. Unlike Roosevelt, Taft never attacked business or businessmen in his rhetoric. However, he was attentive to the law, so he launched 90 antitrust suits, including one against the largest corporation, U.S. Steel, for an acquisition that Roosevelt had personally approved. Consequently, Taft lost the support of antitrust reformers (who disliked his conservative rhetoric), of big business (which disliked his actions), and of Roosevelt, who felt humiliated by his protege. In August 1910, Roosevelt gave his famous speech at Osawatomie, Kansas, which was the most radical of his career and openly initiated his break with the Taft administration and the conservative Republicans. 1912 national progressive convention First National Progressive Convention, 1912, in the Chicago Coliseum Pressured by the progressive wing of the Republican Party to challenge Taft, Roosevelt decided to run in the presidential election against his former protege in January 1912. The Republicans met in Detroit in June 1912, hopelessly split between the Roosevelt progressives and the supporters of President Taft. Roosevelt came to the convention having won a series of preferential primaries that put him ahead of the President in the race for party delegates. Taft, however, controlled the convention floor, and his backers managed to exclude most of the Roosevelt delegates by not recognizing their credentials. These tactics enraged Roosevelt, who then refused to allow himself to be nominated, paving the way for Taft to win on the first ballot. Roosevelt and the Republican progressives reconvened in Chicago two weeks later to form the Progressive Party. When formally launched later that summer, the new Progressive Party chose Roosevelt as its presidential nominee and Hiram Johnson of California as his running mate. Declaring to the reporters that he felt "as strong as a Bull Moose," Roosevelt gave the new party its popular name, the "Bull Moose Party." In a famous acceptance speech, Roosevelt electrified the convention by cried out that "we stand at Armageddon, and we battle for the Lord." While campaigning in Milwaukee, Roosevelt was shot in the chest by a fanatic. Fortunately, the bullet had been slowed down by the steel eyeglass case and the pages of a thick speech he had in his coat pocket. He declined suggestions to go to the hospital immediately. Instead, he delivered his scheduled speech with blood seeping into his shirt. The bullet in his chest had found to be more dangerous if it removed. Roosevelt carried it with him for the rest of his life. However, the bullet exacerbated his rheumatoid arthritis and prevented him from doing his daily stint of exercises; Roosevelt would soon become obese as well. Second Presidency, 1913–1921 Despite running as a third-party candidate and have been expected the split between the Republicans would have assured a landslide victory for the Liberals, Roosevelt showed his popularity still strong enough on the 1912 election by took 62.8% of the popular vote and won 290 electoral votes from 26 states, defeated Taft and the Liberal candidate, Champ Clark. He was the second U.S. president that ever elected to third term after Ulysses S. Grant in 1881. Roosevelt now adopted the "New Nationalism" that more radical in tone, emphasized the priority of labor over capital interests, a need to more effectively control corporate creation and combination and proposed a ban on corporate political contributions. The Federal Reserve System was created in 1913. The National Health Service and the Federal Insurance System were following in 1914. Roosevelt also approved a legislation that secured a maximum eight-hour workday and 40-hour work week for industrial workers in 1915. His most important move was the passage of the Antitrust Act of 1914 that ended the long battles over the trusts by spelling out the specific unfair practices that business were not allowed to engage in. With Henry Cabot Lodge as his new running-mate, Roosevelt was narrowly re-elected in 1916, having faced strong performances from other candidates, Republican Elihu Root and Liberal William Gibbs McAdoo. He is the first and only U.S. president that ever elected to the fourth term (albeit not a full one). Roosevelt's re-election in 1916 later brought both the Republicans and the Liberals to put forward a proposal for constitutional amendment that would sets term limit for election to the office of U.S. President. Later in 1924, the Twentieth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed. It sets a term limit for election to the office of President of the United States where a person cannot be elected president more than two terms. Retirement and death Ad blocker interference detected!	<urn:uuid:81ff15d6-fbcf-4958-9aca-e1fe9adfbd7a>	3	3.234375	0.067473	en	0.974589	http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_(Cherry,_Plum,_and_Chrysanthemum)
Tuesday, August 2, 2016 Making Dromaeosaurids Nasty Again Part IV: New Hypotheses on Dromaeosaurid Feeding Technique & Role of Tail in Movement Hey now... I really thought about splitting this post into two posts for both respective hypotheses, but for the sake of brevity and wrapping this series up I decided to combine them. Additionally, as I will elaborate on further, the two aspects I will focus in on here - biting & locomotion - are not mutually exclusive and one dovetails into the other. So I gave this article a really long title and hope you get something out of it!! Readers of this series may have detected a slight yet pervasive diminution of the import of the famed "killing claw" over the course of these posts. In my first post I documented the shift in scientific thought on these claws from scythes that cut meter long slashes in prey to crampons that allowed hitching rides on the hides of dinosaurs to ultimately the prevalent modern interpretation of raptor prey restraint (RPR) model of Fowler et al. in which prey subequal in size is grasped by all four digits. I reiterated a point seldom mentioned from the Fowler et al. paper on the dromaeosaurid RPR hypothesis: relative to accipterids, the ungual grasping ability of dromaeosaurids was >not as strong< as these birds in that arena i.e. they were not simply scaled up hawks. Later in that post I suggested a role for the arm/wings for pummeling prey/combatants as the feet grasped and pinned the animal. In my next post focusing on aggressive/combative scavenging in these animals I focused in on digit II as a useful tool in pinning large carcasses down as the head, neck and teeth pulled back on flesh - an idea supported by the unique morphology of the denticles on these theropods and the presence of enlarged digit II claws in several birds that work in a similar fashion. My contention is that the import of digit II - so highly regarded that it is referred to as the "killing claw" - has both culturally and scientifically influenced these animals to the point that other aspects have been enshrouded. But was the "killing claw" really the most pivotal aspect of these animals behavior and ecology? I think not, or at least >not always<. If the use of the "killing claw" digit II was indeed the be all and end all of dromaeosaurid prey capture and feeding technique we should be able to make some predictions to test that assertion. That over the course of the 100 million year evolutionary trajectory of these animals an increasing reliance on ungual prey capture will 1) show a trend towards shorter and therefore stronger legs i.e. less cursorial adaptations 2) as firepower is concentrated in the feet for killing the robustness of the skull and teeth should hold steady or potentially diminish. In the early Cretaceous Deinonychus we have a relatively sub-cursorial but highly adept foot grasper - again there is a bit of an inverse relationship between foot grasping strength and cursorial ability as I discussed in the first post and which Fowler et al. highlighted in their paper. I will cut and paste the source of this observation from the Fowler et al. paper: As evidence for the purported trend in increasing foot strength Fowler et al. cite Deinonychus (early Cretaceous), and Velociraptor & Saurornitholestes (late Cretaceous). While Deinonychus and Velciraptor have relatively short metatarsi I can't see how they interpret the leggy Saurornitholestes as an example of this trend. Additionally there are some notable omissions, most obviously the name sake for the whole family Dromaeosaurus!! In Dromaeosaurus albertensis cursorial adaptations are highlighted, the killing claw is relatively atrophied, and the skull is relatively massive and robust (almost tyrannosaurid like as GSP has commented). I mean just check out the skull of this animal, there is nothing slight, superficial, or atrophied about it at all: robust head of Dromaeosaurus albertensis. credit LadyofHats. public domain relatively diminished claw size/strength D. albertensis. credit LadyofHats. public domain On the other hand digit II is not especially robust in Dromaeosaurus and the remaining unguals look more adapted towards a cursorial lifestyle than grasping. A "ground hawk" this was not. Several of these trends towards diminished ungual strength and/or increasing skull robustness also play out in Dakotaraptor (cursorial w/diminished foot grasping ability) and the very robust skulled Atrociraptor. Atrociraptor credit Ferahgo the assassin (Emily Willoughby) CC3.0 What am I getting at here? If anything the trend is towards increasing tooth and skull reliance over time >not always< towards increasing foot grasping & "killing claw" importance. I say >not always< because there were and likely always were dromaeosaurids that highlighted foot grasping ability. Sometimes foot grasping became diminished, sometimes it was very important. But what was always important and what was always highlighted in these animals was the jaws and teeth. They are the feature that always stayed pat or, if anything, increased in prominence. No dromaeosaurids were not evolving protobeaks or going edentulous despite the persistent artistic meme and no they were not diminishing emphasis on teeth and jaws. It really is all about the teeth.... To drive home this contention I want to revisit a famed piece of data that has caused quite a stir in terms of whom and how it was done - the famed Tenontosaurus bite marks and the case for Deinonychus "bite strength". A technical paper by Gignac et al. (2010), a blog post by Mark Witton, a blog post by central coast paleontologist, and an internet article/summary from The World of Animals all highlight the attention and thought these remains have attracted. That these bite marks have evolved into a bit of a paleontological "who done it" has always irked me. Not because of a lack of data or some systemic problem with the analysis - but because of the pervasive "explaining away" of data that most parsimoniously points to Deinonychus as the perpetrator. Several ideas have been bandied about in an attempt to account for these bite marks by Deinonychus, a predator that appears to not have an especially high bite force. Let's unpack them: 1) An undescribed and undiscovered tyrannosauroid dinosaur did this damage. We have seen this story before... tremendous damage to bone - no way a "blade toothed" theropod did it much less a puny dromie. Let's just imagine a stout toothed, bone crunching tyrannosauroid existed at a time when such animals were basically all blade toothed anyways, and make this essentially fictional animal the perpetrator. Made up tyrant lizards did it!! Pesky blade toothed theropods just stay in your lane - you guys can't bite through bone the way tyrant lizards can!! As you can tell (snark alert) I am not so much a fan of this idea. We have evidence of Deinonychus being the most ubiquitous theropod in the area; the tooth arcade matches; broken teeth in the area; the well established Tentontosaurus - Deinonychus relationship - the whole tide of evidence points to Deinonychus. If a cryptic lineage of stout toothed, bony crunching tyrannosauroids existed at this time I will be happy to be proven wrong - as of now I know such evidence and of the tyrannosauroids from this time period they are blade toothed predators without expanded jaw musculature - although I have heard murmuring of tyrannosauroid teeth from the same formation (but blade toothed not lethal bananas). 2) Deinonychus could bite hard, but it did so extremely rarely. I mean really? Remember when you kept hearing how humans only use 10% of their brain? Yeah, this explanation sounds a lot like that. Over designed with a bite force exceeding modern American alligators yet barely ever uses this strength? I can't really go with this thought. 3) Stronger bite than predicted from studies. I don't think that this animal had much of a stronger bite than studies indicate. I believe that we have been a little bit more than led astray by always looking at static bite strength as opposed to other methods of cutting that highlight speed, friction, and getting those darn denticles to do the work for you. It really is all about the teeth and it really is all about getting the denticles to work in a way that maximizes cutting efficiency with minimal effort and wear & tear of the tooth. Its high time we start looking at hypotheses that invoke Deinonychus as the prime perpetrator. I will put out a hypothesis that highlights an unorthodox feeding mechanism in these animals, that is consistent with the data, and offers much explanatory power for the observed data. To prime you for it I want to look at birds a bit (as usual). To really confound the situation the obvious choice is flamingoes - because what better to compare dromaeosaurids to than flamingoes, amirite?!? I mean, excuse the poor video quality, but just look at those tongues go!! It is the tongue just pumping back and forth causing the whole neck to just vibrate. I have no idea why these flamingoes engage in this lingual vibration? Anyone ever see wild flamingoes do this? I would have to assume that they pump their tongues back and forth to filter food but in my observations of these captive Chilean flamingoes they just do it while walking around... probably just bored. No I am not suggesting that Deinonychus had some sort of lingual vibrational apparatus set up - just pointing out how one muscular organ - the tongue - can move with such speed and power in this bird that it vibrates the whole head and neck of these animals. I mean can your tongue move with such speed and power that it causes the whole body to hummm and vibrate... ummm never mind. The message I am trying to convey here is that when we look at avian feeding mechanics - and by extension many dinosaurs and especially paravaians/maniraptorans/dromaeosaurids - there is a lot of potential for quick twitch muscle, full body and/or neck movement involved in the feding apparatus. To drive home this point, literally, what would woodpeckers be without their exceptionally quick and rapid - fire neck movements? Yes, it is the skull of woodpeckers that is wonderfully equipped to handle the blows and stresses incurred but without the power and speed provided by the neck the woodpecker would, essentially, not peck. It would just be a bird with a strong skull. An often overlooked aspect of feeding mechanics is elaborating on how parts of or the whole of the body is engaged in feeding mechanics - the head need not be looked at as an isolated aspect of the process. Regular readers should note that I have made this point before on antediluvian salad especially with regards to twist or torsional feeding (death rolls) in plesiosaurs and in my bonesaw shimmy hypothesis on Allosaurus in which it is rapid neck movement in both the fore and aft direction that allows the denticles on the front and back end of the tooth to saw right through tissue. Bite force was not especially important in that hypothesis, in fact tight clamping would work against free movement of the denticles over the tissue. This hypothesis does take some inspiration from the bonesaw shimmy model but it does deviate from it in several ways. I propose that fast twitch muscular contractions of the neck, torso, and even tail would pulse out vibrational waves of energy towards the head. As bipeds that do not have their front feet on the ground these pulses of vibrational energy would travel unhindered through the neck, head, teeth, and ultimately into the food item they are cutting into. As the vibrational energy literally vibrated the tooth back and forth into the food item the peculiar denticle pattern of dromaeosaurids comes into fruition as an optimized adaptation to literally bore and auger into tissue. The most striking and unique feature about the denticles on Deinonychus is that they are fairly reduced on the front of the tooth but very pronounced on the rear. But even stranger is the manner in which they are curved on the rear side which is towards the tip of the tooth, referred to as apical hooking. Fowler et al. suggested that this unique denticle design would optimize cutting into tissue as the prey animal was held in the RPR model and the head of the dromaeosaurs was sub-vertical with the nose facing down and biting between the legs. However this suggestion by Fowler fails to address the issue that many other theropods likely held prey/food down with their feet and wrenched off bites in a sub-vertical manner yet these theropods did not evolve such weird denticles as seen in many dromaeosaurids. But if we imagine each denticle as a "tooth" and each tooth having a respective duty in food processing a potentially new perspective emerges that could explain the unique bone damage ascribed to Deinonychus. As the piece of food is grasped a strong bite is first established. The slight and reduced serrations on the front of the tooth are useful here in establishing a piercing bite - not very deep as their bite force was modest but merely a small indentation into the article of food. Once a purchase is made then the body commences vibrations - potentially a combination of head, neck, torso, and tail rapid fire twitches - which allow the tooth to bore and auger into the food particle i.e. bone. As the "bore hole" phase commences the utility of the weird apically hooked denticles comes into play as each denticle literally chips and shreds away at tissue like individual teeth. As the tooth works its way into the material it leaves a remarkably accurate impression of the tooth - a literal bore hole that for all intents and purpose can be read as a puncture. Once the integrity of the material is weakened substantially the item can be pinned with the arms and/or feet and the head and neck are pulled back strongly incurring further and more drastic damage as the tooth is dragged back through the (weakened) material literally leaving deep bone raking marks and furrows. It is also potentially possible that vibrations of the body were not emphasized or were in fact used in concert with multiple quick bites - essentially chattering of the jaw - in which micro - abrasions from the denticles work to carve into tissue. This "vibrational feeding" hypothesis could potentially explain the two types of feeding traces recorded on the bones of Tentontosaurus which include longer gouges and simple punctures. Above you see the type of "bone rakings" I mentioned earlier. An initial puncture is established and with the teeth embedded now the neck and body can pull back and rake through tissue. What I suggest was occurring here is that these were investigative bites into bone. The theropods were gouging into the bones to see if there was ample nutritional value in them to justify the effort and potential wear of teeth. There would always be a three-way tradeoff between nutritional value versus the effort and wear on the animals feeding apparatus all of which is tempered by the relative health of the animal i.e. how desperate for food is it. Ultimately it looks like the theropods abandoned the bone consumption in this case. That dromaeosaurid teeth occasionally show extreme wear - especially on the tips as should be predicted in this model - is very interesting. worn tooth "Dromaoesauroides" wiki Private "dromaeosaur" tooth Montana .84" Judith River "dromaeosaur" tooth Clearly these animals were putting some heavy wear on their chompers, especially when we account for the fact that they were not keeping their teeth for life. An interesting test would be to see if komodo dragon teeth ever show equal levels of wear. But again, not the best test because theropod teeth were actually superbly designed to withstand stress more than any other ziphodont predators (Brink, 2015) (including komodos), yet they were still showing drastic wear... these animals were not getting this type of wear from just eating small animals and delicately nipping carcasses I'll tell you that much. Of course it is worth mentioning that there is a lot of room for deviation in this model and we need not assume that all dromies employed vibrational feeding to the same extent. Indeed Dromaeosaurus could have employed a lot more emphasis on traditional "power chomps" than what I suggested for Deinonychus. In theropods, being both ziphodont toothed and bipedal, there is no go to analogy among modern tetrapods - birds don't quite tell the whole story and neither do monitor lizards. So maybe we should expect some unothodox feeding mechanics. Lifestyles of not only the quick and cursorial but the slow and persistent as well... And now for the tail. Probably the aspect >least likely< to be assumed to be involved in "making dromaeosaurids nasty again". But it is the tail that is the most important aspect of these animals I will argue. The tail is what really pulls together all the disparate attributes of these animals and makes them what they were. And what they were was quite literally the most successful in tenure small to medium sized terrestrial hunter - scavengers that have ever existed. A unique blend; of accipterid "raptor"; combative scavenging vulture; bone chomping hyena ; a dash of felid; and, yes, highly efficient cursors similar to kangaroos, hyenas, humans, wolverines, and Arctodus. One of the persistent ideas that has gained popular recognition in recent years is that dromaeosaurids were sub-cursorial - that they were slow. A chief argument put forth to support this notion is that the ankle bones - the metarsii - were rather short. And this is true for many species - Deinonychus and Velociraptor in particular - that were gaining mechanical advantage of foot claw strength at the expense of speed. But this was not so true in several other species - Dakotaraptor and Dromaeosaurus for instance - that were leggy to an exceptional degree. I am just not at ease with suggestions that species at the lower end of the spectrum were heavy footed clunkers - they could probably all put on a decent burst of speed if need be. Ursids (da' bears) have all the hallmarks of real clunkers but put on good speed with their short ankles. Keep in mind that dromies were competing with larger - and in the case of tyrannosaurids likely larger and quicker - theropods as well as azhdarchids. It is not always about being the fastest - but about being more agile when fleeing a larger threat. With their arm - wings and long tails doubtless many dromies frustrated an angry tyrannosaurid back in the day with their superior agility. The dromie tail, just like the dromie "killing claw" has gone through a twisted and convoluted history of interpretations and revisions. A brief recap. Ostrom interpreted the tail as an intricate balancing rod that facilitated use of the "killing claw" for kicking and hanging onto prey. Each subsequent interpretation of dromie killing technique from hanging onto the side of prey and biting to the RPR method invoked the tail as intricate balancing organ for their respective prime foraging technique. To add further context to the strange saga of dromie tails I want to revisit a post from Pterosaur.net Blog (remember that great site?) Dragon Tails: What Pterosaurs Teach Us About Velociraptor that made the strange and startling comparison between dromaeosaurid tails and rhamphorynchid tails... wtf? Well there is a comparison to be made there and it is not soooo strange when we work from the starting point that dromaeosaurids likely had flighted ancestors... so that they inherited a tail that - presumably - shared a convergence in form and function with rhamphorynchid pterosaurs. credit Scott Hartman used w/permission . blog Scott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing So if dromaeosaurids inherited the weird morphology of their tails from flighted ancestors - full of chevrons, diminished musculature, partially ossified dual tendons (i.e. caudal rods) there becomes two rather interesting questions: 1) what adaptive benefit did these features incur in flighted dromaeosaurids and tailed pterosaurs? and 2) how was this morphology coopted into terrestrial based dromaeosaurids? Question number #1 I am going to leave alone but I think it is a long overdue question that needs analysis but question number #2 is what I am going to approach here. credit Scott Persons What I am going to suggest is that dromaeosaurids across all ranges of absolute speed and leg length - were highly efficient long distance pacers. They could and did just keep going for miles at a time at a relatively moderate pace. The whole lot of 'em could just run you to death. And the key to this long distance efficiency was the tail. The tail - the whole organ - served as an elastic recoil that allowed these animals to store, redistribute, and recoup energy for efficient, long distance traveling. I have seen scant attention to the tail as an aide in terrestrial efficiency in dromies. Despite the fact that these animals were terrestrial and the tail of dinosaurs is intimately linked with movement - especially per the caudemofemoralis muscle. Darren Naish raised the question of dromie tails back in 2008 (What the hell is going on with dromaeosaur tails?) in light of Norell & Makovicky (1999) describing an articulated and sinuous Velociraptor tail. The comment section is interesting. I do note in it a pervasive sentiment of trying to "explain away" the sinuous tail - the presupposition being that stiff tails is the better supported null in dromies to start with. But is a stiff tail the better supported null or is it just how we grew up expecting dromie tails to behave? In either case lateral flexibility shown in both Velociraptor and Bambiraptor seems to have prevailed. But there is one comment by Alan #19 that I believe was very prescient and which received literally no attention in the discussion. I think Alan was on the right track as goes energy efficiency although I doubt the hopping dromie scenario has much merit - indeed trackways have proven otherwise. I will be working from the assumption that dromaeosaurids - whatever abilities they had for arboreal behavior or even some amount of gliding or even "flight" in small ones - that they were basically terrestrial animals and that the tide of evolutionary impetus should create a better and more efficient terrestrially adapted animal. Not an evolutionary experiment, and not a maladapted kinda-climber, kinda-jumper, kinda-walker but a reasonably well equipped and efficient animal that could do all the things that we should expect a small to medium sized hunter - scavenger to do in a highly competitive ecosystem. In short they could climb, they could potentially even swoop, they could swim, but what they did the most was walk and run around. Namely that means that they could move fairly quickly and efficiently to highly localized food sources - carcasses, hatching dinosaurs, large concentrations of prey. Especially given their long tenure, efficient terrestrial movement should almost be expected. Contra the "ground hawk" image we need not assume that these animals were >always< sit and wait ambushers or would swoop down from a perch. Indeed sit and wait ambushing is more of an ectothermic strategy and even when warm blooded predators do ambush from trees or from cover they choose spots that have a high degree of certainty that prey will be there fairly regularly. Dromies possibly could have utilized this tactic to some degree but I hardly think it was their dominant foraging strategy given that several species developed obvious cursorial adaptations and that some species lived in areas with little tree cover or sparse vegetation in general (i.e. dune fields). From my own experimental paleontology in which I strapped on a huge tail to my butt at SVP Los Angeles and commenced to simultaneously entertain and annoy attendees I noted several patterns. What was really interesting to me is how much that darned tail moved around. Literally the smallest movement I made would thoroughly send the tail in motion. And what was most notable was the dramatic up and down oscillations that the tail went through as I walked. Each foot fall would create a simultaneous rise and fall of the tail - even the smallest and daintiest step. Don't believe me strap one on yourself and be a dinosaur for a day - you'll see what I am talking about. These up and down movements of the tail that occurred simultaneously with each footfall likely occurred in all dinosaurs to some degree. What is interesting is that dromaeosaurid tails - because of their "caudal rods" - were designed to diminish this up and down movement of the tail as thoroughly explained by Scott Persons on his post on dromie/rhamphorynchus tail convergence. Note in the pic below how the caudal rods are neatly stacked against one another on the vertical plane to limit movement dorso - ventrally. Caudal rods in Deinonychus prevent up and down movement of tail credit Scott Persons As has recently been illuminated by discoveries of articulated tails of Velociraptor and Bambiraptor these tails could still bend quite sinuously in the lateral realm. Bambiraptor tail credit Scott Persons So if the caudal rods of Deinonychus and other dromies diminish the up and down movement of the tails - which is a natural consequence of bipedal movement - we have some missing kinetic energy to account for. Energy is neither created nor destroyed. Something has happened to the energy otherwise absorbed and dissipated by the tail through up and down movement with each footfall in dromaeosaurids... where does it go? I suspect that this energy is recouped into the legs and aides in giving these animals just a little extra "bounce" to their step. The tail may work as a wonderful elastic rebound organ. We should potentially imagine dromies being very bouncy and springy as they paced along. This model of locomotory efficiency is not without parallel in animals that have to move across vast expanses to find and locate rare and ephemeral food resources. A leading hypothesis concerning Arctodus is that it was a highly efficient long distance pacer that scavenged and usurped carcasses (Matheus, 2003) utilizing long legs and elastic recoil to travel at a moderate pace over long distances. Hyenas have long been noted for their efficient loping pace that allows large scale movements and carcass retrieval. Kangaroos and wallabies are well noted for their ability to travel long distance at an extremely energy efficient pace owing a lot to the elastic recoil in their leg tendons. Indeed a robotic kangaroo has been designed that utilizes such elastic recoil in the tail to recoup energy for movement. I would be remiss not to mention the endurance running hypothesis has been invoked as a strategy for both scavenging and pursuit hunting in our own genus aided by the achilles tendon. To further quell the notion that short legs - such as in Deinonychus or Velociraptor - imply a suboptimal terrestrial movement capability let us not forget about wolverines which are notorious long range hunter -scavengers despite being very short limbed. I don't know if there have been any studies on the locomotory efficiency of these animals but I suspect there is something to 'em in those regards. There are at least loads of references to the marathon travels of these facultative scavengers. "It is absolutely impossible for any human to keep up with a wolverine. What wolverine can do is just beyond human." "A wolverine crosses a topo maps like we cross a street." "They devour the landscape at a constant 4 mph regardless of terrain." An energetic bundle of tooth, claw, and attitude? Switching from small game foraging to large carcass acquisition as the seasons dictate? Bone consumption? Able to outpace, outcompete, and outwork competitors that are several orders of magnitude larger in size? Thriving in areas and desolate habitats that other predators eschew (snowfields analogous to dune fields in these regards)? A little bit of the Gulo gulo in your dromie? You bet. Making dromaeosaurids nasty again... Invoking the wolverine as a likely analogue for many dromies, it doesn't get much nastier than the demon of the north. Ichnology: What Does It Tell Us? Xing et. al. (2013) document a variety of dromaeosaurid trackways from the lower Cretaceouls Hekou group in China. The pace was not very high at about .75 meters/second which is about 1.7 mph or 2.7 km/hour. Average human walking speed is said to be about 3.1 mph or 5.0 km/hour. Let me just cut and paste the discussion: So although these particular dromies seem to be moving along at slowish pace - perhaps they had full bellies or were just walking down for a drink. It is noteworthy that they mention several dromie ichno-species in the last paragraph that seem to be cruising along at quite brisk paces and one zipping along pretty good. Dromaeosauripus from Korea at 4.86 m/s (Kim et al. 2008) which is 10.9 mph / 17.5 kmh Paravipus (Murdoch et al. 2010) at 1.67 m/s and 3.61 m/s which is 3.6 mph / 5.8 kmh and 8.1 mph / 13.0 kmh Dromaeopodus at 1.63 m/s (Li et al. 2007; Kim et al. 2008) which is 3.6 mph / 5.8 kmh Considering that to document an actual predatory chase in the footprint record is exceptionally rare and that there is no evidence that a chase was in progress in any of these instances the ichnological data is very interesting. We see a range of speeds here from the more leisurely .75 m/s to a quite hectic 4.86 m/s. If we assume that these are reasonable cruising speeds then the small sample size we have does point to a relatively fast paced "cruiser" similar to humans, wolverines, coyotes, and hyenas that can cover vaste expanses of land at an efficient pace as the penultimate terrestrial hunter - scavengers of their time. The Seldom Mentioned Fact of Dromie Toe & Heel Pads The trackways from this study demonstrate that dromies had big ol' foot pads like two toed ostriches but also large heel pads! So pay attention to this aspect paleo-artists >at least some< dromies had big fat derpy looking foot/heel pads that are universally never depicted at all or large enough in paleo-art depictions (including my own). Why has this well documented aspect of dromaeosaur foot anatomy never penetrated into popular depictions? I mean no one - literally nobody - including world renowned paleoartists or more obscure/enthusiast artists depicts dromies with large heel pads. Yup the toes had big padding but the heel pad would have been very apparent in life. And this is from a peer reviewed paper with several notable authors including most notably to my western biased eyeballs, Phil Currie (who is btw the last author). Such fleshy and large toe/heel pads would assist in stalking behavior by muffling sounds, stability, absorb stress from cursorial activity but I also have to wonder if such fleshy structures would diminish grasping effectiveness? Also check out the base of digit II often reveals a bit of a fleshy toe pad. Dromaeosauripus yongjingensis represents a fairly large "Utahraptor" size dromie but other dromie footprints reveal fleshy toe pads and heel pads. Kim et al. did a paper with reference to a speedy little dromie in the above discussion (Kim et al. 2008) from Korea of Dromaeosauripus moving along at about 4.86 meters per second (10.9 mph or 17.5 kmph). The question is though does this represent a cruising speed or were we in fact lucky enough to document one of the rare instances that a theropod was actually "on the hunt"? Or neither? Could it be that dromies would normally walk at a fairly leisurely pace of less than 2 mph but when spurred into action (i.e. carcass or prey that have been detected via sensory cues but still require covering large terrain) that they then shift gears into a relatively higher pace 3 - 4 mph or even up to 8 - 10 mph / 16 -18 kmph? That is pretty fast but I hardly think it represent the top speed of these animals. I also should give some space to the ichnological data pointing to at least six large dromies traveling in parallel and the special emphasis the authors give to the toe and heel pads in the footprints ( Li, 2007). So when depicting the average large terrestrial dromie foot think more about ostrich feet than harpy eagle feet. Except that unlike ostriches dromies often had big ol' heel pads in addition to toe pads that would have further cushioned the foot and added a degree of stability normally not ascribed to these animals. The increased surface area would have facilitated greater efficacy and stability of movement in dubious terrain such as dune fields and mud flats. ostrich foot credit Masteraah CC 2.0 Again it does beg the question that - at least among the dromies that sported such large heel & toe pads - how efficient a grip could have been enacted with the claws in the RPR model? I mean having such big, cushy organs between your claws and the animal you are gripping does pose some practical questions as goes the efficiency of such a grip. A lot of questions to be answered but I do think that a fresh appraisal of these animals as primarily terrestrial long distance hunter - scavengers that have to cover a lot of ground efficiently is needed. Optimal walking versus optimal cruising speed can be addressed with larger sample size of ichnological data and computational methods... What I can say is that the anatomy of the tail likely has something to do with terrestrial locomotion and efficiency of gait is as good of a hypothesis to investigate as any... These animals had to have been able to move and move well. They had to have traversed wide distances to secure meals in often times inhospitable terrain. They had to have competed against larger and aggressively hungry and growing youngsters of tyrannosauroids, carcharodontosaurids, and other theropods. They had to get to carcasses before large pterosaurs got all the good stuff. They had to have been at least reasonably competent in these realms to have persisted as... I don't know... the longest tenured group of small - medium sized tetrapod terrestrial hunter - scavengers that ever existed ( I know I said it before but it bears repeating). Speedy thieves indeed. Earlier in this article I suggested that there was a link between the tail and biting apparatus in these animals - that their functions dovetail together. At the risk of piling one hypothesis on top of another let me put it out there that the diminished dorso-ventral movement of the tail as dictated by the caudal rods would have shunted more of the potential energy towards the anterior of the body - essentially towards the head, jaws, and teeth - during vibrational feeding. credit Duane Nash Tsaagan & Velociraptor Final Thoughts Both a scientific and cultural emphasis on the "killing claw" in dromaesaurids has obscured a more nuanced, multifaceted, and holistic approach to these animals; that the "ground hawk" model has so embedded itself into our conscious; that the potential role of arm-wings as brutal spiked clobbering devices analogous to wing pummeling in modern aves has been overlooked; that the teeth were highly specialized and brutal weapons in their own right capable of extreme insults to carcass integrity (including bones) and perhaps full body "vibrational feeding"; that the importance of head and tooth weaponry did not diminish over the evolutionary history of this group but sometimes increased while emphasis on "killing claw" and foot grasping capability did in fact sometimes diminish; that cursorial ability did often times increase in capability and that all dromaeosaurids may have benefited from elastic rebound provided by caudal rods in the tail enhancing long distance, mid-paced terrestrial efficiency of movement as well as large fleshy toe & heel pads; that life appearance may have been more varied than simply "grounded hawks" with "dapper" haircuts but imbued with much of the panoply of life appearance we see in ratites, predatory and scavenging accipterids, cathartidae, bucerotidae, galliformes, and other large/terrestrial aves including but not limited to large exposed fleshy areas including caruncles, wattles, frills, dewlaps, and other tough - elastic - and fleshy skin derived outgrowths for thermorgulation and sexo-social signaling; that these attributes when generously applied to an outstanding and long lasted dynasty - in fact the longest tenure of small to medium sized tetrapod terrestrial hunter - scavengers to have ever existed - create a strikingly original, efficient and for lack of a better term "nasty" eco-morphological package that punched above their own weights in many categories. They were above all else... awesome... bro. And finally... can we please stop calling them raptors? That name is already taken!! You may have noticed through the course of these articles that I have bounced a lot between dromaeosaurid and dromie... I probably in retrospect should have used the term eudromaeosaurid through out as they are what I am principally talking about here not microraptorines or unenlagines. I vote for calling these guys "dromies"and am fully favor of eschewing the befuddled term "raptor". Scientific Reports 5, article no. 12338, July 2015 Gignac, P. M., Makovicky, P. J., Erickson, G. M., & Walsh, R. P. (2010). A description ofDeinonychus antirrhopus bite marks and estimates of bite force using tooth indentation simulations. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(4), 1169-1177. Kim, J.Y., Kim, K.S. and Lockley, M.G. 2008. New didactyl dinosaurs footprints (Dromaeosauripus hamanesnsi ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov.) from the Early Cretaceous Haman Formation, south coast of Korea. Palaeogeography, Paleoclimatology, Palaeoecology 262: 72-78 Li, Rihui., Lockley, M.G., Makovicky, P.J., Matsukawa, M., Norell, M.A., Harris. J.D., Liu, M., (2007) Behavioral and faunal implications of Early Cretaceous deinonychosaurian trackways from China. Naturwissenschaften (2008) 95: 185-191 online Xing, L., Li, D., Harris, J.D., Bell, P.R., Azuma, Y., Fujita, M., Lee, Y.−N., and Currie, P.J. 2013. A new deinonycho− Support me on Patreon. Like antediluvian salad on facebook. Visit my other blog southlandbeaver.blogspot D-man said... Interesting hypotheses Bk Jeong said... I actually compared dromaeosaurs to large mustelids for a long time. Nice to see that dromaeosaurs, despite the fact some of them were clearly not as fast, definitely were not sluggards. Speed isn't mobility. Duane Nash said... Right if those fossil trackways represent cruising speeds and they were not actively chasing something anything more than 4 mph is well above what most animals normally walk at. In one day they might cover 20-30 miles, that is getting around. khalil beiting said... An amazing "saga" of posts to sum up such amazing organisms. I don't have much else to say/ask about them seeing as how you covered nearly everything about their general behaviour, ecology, etc. As I've talked to you about before, the large scale Dinosaur field guide I'm working on uses common names just like modern animals. I never wanted to use the word "raptor" for Dromaeosaurs since it's already taken by another group of highly carnivorous Theropod, so what are some good ideas that you (or anyone else in the comment section) have in mind that I could use? I thought of the name "Eagledrak" (literally Eagle Dragon) as a common name, but I have also thought of the name "Hell Hawk" to either replace or to accompany Eagledrak as a common name. Got any other suggestions? Duane Nash said... "Hell-pacer" "Running Bone Rattler" "Demon-scarf-hell-face" LOL Thomas Holtz said... A couple of notes: There IS a Cloverly tyrannosauroid: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2010.543952#.V6SD4GUxu3c In terms of metatarsal/tibia ratio, and scaled for size, even Saurornitholestes is actually fairly stumpy-footed. Anonymous said... I think the problem is more to do with: Is the size and shape of the tooth resembles the scar made in tenontosaurus bone(Deinonychus does)? Even if it does, that means that Tyrannosaurs had a blade-tooth unlike later tyrannosaurs. Anonymous said... I think I may have sounded rude up there. What I was trying to say is that is there good reason to believe that Tyrannosaurs with classic blade tooth(that resembles Deinonychus tooth in size and shape) were capable of making significant bone damage via bite force. khalil beiting said... Duane I actually really love the names Hell-pacer and Bone Rattler. I'll be using these if that's fine with you ;). Also, are there any other indications of other Dromies besides Deinonychus using this "bone rattling" technique? I'd be suprised if other well known genera weren't doing the same. And speaking of bone rattling, do you think another common named for various Dromie taxa could be "Bonepeckers", in the same vain as modern Woodpeckers? Duane Nash said... @khalil any indictions of other dromies using this "bone rattling" technique? Not that I know of and it is far from proven or even adequately tested in Deinonychus. It's a hypothesis, one which may potentially explain the bone puncture marks, although I would not get too expectant in people jumping on board with it cuz skeptical scientist is skeptical. Duane Nash said... @Thomas Holtz Point taken regarding size correction for saurornitholestes and ref on the Cloverly turannosauroid. Anonymous iterated my concerns with simply ascribing the bone damage to a relatively rare and unknown tyrannosauroid. I did in the post emphasis the long range loping ability of the wolverine - a stumpy footed carnivoran - which never the less travels staggering distances and has immense home ranges. I did make the analogy with that mustelid because dromie "cruising" foot print speed is often times not too shabby considering their stumpy footed design and the rarity of actual chases documented via footprints. Such high cruising speeds should stir interest in the use of the caudal rods as potential elastic rebound organs in facilitating such efficient paces over long distance as hunter - scavengers of often times marginal habitat (i.e. deserts/dunefields). strangetruther said... Hi Duane - If you really are interested in understanding dromaeosaurs, you should be interested in my book where I ... SOLVED THESE QUESTIONS - not just questions to do with the tail. Far from my account being the only one that seems to be completely ignored, it is in fact the only one you need to read. Would you like me to send you a free e-copy? I think it's about time you read it. I'd actually put the tail explanation out on the internet several years before I published the book four years ago, but of course the "Ugly Sisters" complex amongst so many, made people want to pretend that I and my comments didn't exist. Energy storage is an interesting idea, which is why I noticed it and formed it into my theory. But seeing as many flying dromaeosaurs such as Microraptor gui had an extremely long stiff tail but clearly, from their feathered feet, could not have been long-distance foot predators, and since no predatory theropods without the special claw had the tail, it's unlikely energy saving in locomotion is the answer. But energy utilisation by the tail is instead to do with the teeth. And I also explained why the back of the teeth had the larger denticles. And I also explained how the rear wings worked. And I also explained why it was the descendants of dromaeosaurs that won out in bird survival in the end. Palaeontology usually seems to be played as a social game which pretends to be science, but if you choose you can actually follow the real science, Duane! Anonymous said... Although, I have to mention that Wolverine seems to be a plantigrade, so being efficient cruiser is not that strange. Same goes for human and bear. Duane Nash said... Hi Mr. jackson Thanks for comments and my email is duanen8@gmail.com if you want to send me an e-copy (1) "seeing as many flying dromaeosaurs such as Microraptor gui had an extremely long stiff tail but clearly, from their feathered feet, could not have been long distance foot predators (2) since no predatory theropods without the special claw had the tail, it's unlikely energy saving in locomotion is the answer" First off in point (1) I am not so sold on the notion that just because Microraptor and other microraptorines had feathered hindlimbs that this in fact hindered or negated their terrestrial capability. Feathers can be especially tough and resilient and I don't see compelling reason why hindlimb feathers were so dainty and weak that brushing past vegetation or active movement would have been discouraged. Point (2) I need to reiterate that dromie tails share remarkable similarity to rhamphorynchine tails. Why is this? Dromies were once flighted and it seems such a tail morphology had something to do with flight... did it aide in balance,,, did it store and recoup energy from the flight stroke?... I don't know. But what I am hedging to is that the caudal rod morphology inherited from flighted ancestors was exapted into a terrestrial capability in terrestrial dromies. The reason that other theropods did not evolve a similar caudal rod tail adaptation is quite simple - they did not have flighted ancestors to inherit the basic design. What they had - and other theropods/dinosaurs could have had parallel solutions to movement efficiency - was just good enough. Not perfect - but good enough. I will have piece on microraptorines up soon so I will say more on them in the future... I am interested in reading your book although I might disagree with some of your ideas/conclusions. But in this way I am treating you no different than many of the "luminaries" of the field which I also differ from on many points. Dave said... Interesting as always, Mr. Nash. I feel several comments are in order. 1. I feel that the Manning et al study has been too quickly accepted as dogma. Take a look at figure 9 in Kirkland's original description of Utahraptor: https://www.academia.edu/225747/A_large_dromaeosaurid_Theropoda_from_the_Lower_Cretaceous_of_Eastern_Utah You'll notice that Utahraptor's killing claw is teardrop-shaped in cross section, and that it retains this shape very nearly all the way to the base. It practically screams "I had a sharp edge in life!" I'm not sure whether or not this is the case with Deinonychus and Velociraptor as well, but if it is, Manning et al's justification for testing a claw with a dull ventral surface on the basis of phylogenetic bracketing seems extremely weak - especially so given that similar arguments could be constructed demonstrating that dromaeosaurs probably didn't have those ossified ligaments in their tails, or that they probably didn't have serrated teeth! Why no one in the scientific community has pointed out this seemingly obvious shortcoming of Manning's test is beyond me. Suffice it to say that the slashing hypothesis is far from falsified. This isn't to say that the RPR model is totally wrong. After all, an entire clade of today's apex predators use ventral keeled claws for prey restraint. Whether slashing or prey capture was the primary use of the claw remains to be determined. 2. Re. Your "tooth boring" hypothesis: a) given the orientation of the tooth in the mouth, it looks to me that it would be the anterior serrations that would be doing most of the work, not the posterior ones. b) I'm somewhat confused as to the benefits of such a feeding style. The potential benefits of the bone saw shimmy you proposed for carnosaurs were fairly obvious. What purpose would this "bone-drill dougie" serve? c) it seems to me that there's a simpler explanation for how a Deinonychus could have made such marks. Energy is force times distance, therefore force is energy divided by distance. Energy is conserved, so if you apply a force of 1000 Newtons to something (for example, a mandible full of teeth) for 20 cm, and then something else (for example, a dinosaur bone) decelerates the first thing for a distance of 5 cm, that something else will experience a force of some 4000 Newtons. It's probably worth mentioning that, in a scrum of feeding dromaeosaurs, a lot of animals would be jostling to snap up a chunk of meat. It's probably also worth mentioning that some of these quick, hard, snapping bites might be poorly aimed, and could thus end up gouging marks in bones far deeper than would be expected from the sustainable force output of a dromaeosaur's jaws. For whatever it's worth, to my (admittedly amateur) eyes, this explanation of the tooth marks seems to fit in better with the whole "dromaeosaurs as combative scavengers" model than your "bone-drill dougie" hypothesis does. 3. Regarding the use of the term "raptor," seeing as falcons, owls, accipitridae, and new-world vultures form a polyphyletic group, I see no reason why extinct clades of predatory/carnivorous bird - including at least dromaeosaurs and the terror birds - should not be subsumed under the term as well. Duane Nash said... †hanks for comment Dave 1) Interesting you mentioned a sharp edge likely in Utahraptor as I have came across this notion elsewhere in addition to new thought on the subject... well my thoughts have been evolving on the killing claw and I may have to eat some of my own words and come back around to the killing claw actually being a killing claw. 2) a) "looks to me the anterior serrations that would do most of the work" I think that they both had a function. The diminished anterior serrations allow piercing while the posterior serrations which are apically hooked do the excavation. I'm sure a computer simulation could be used to test this. b) bone drilling would be useful not just for bone but more importantly getting into the thick hides of dinosaurs. Once the teeth get "drilled" into the carcass then the neck and body could pull back with better purchase. The "bone drilling" and "bonesaw" hypotheses might be better understood as ways to penetrate and get through the tough, often times osteoderm studded hides of dinosaurs. Of course "skinsaw" or "skin- drill" don't sound as cool ergo I use the bone terminology. Dinosaur skin and hide was a daunting task to get through and these speed & friction based biting methods provide hypotheses on how best to get through the skin of animals very similar to komodo dragon or crocodile skin. c) yes but we still have the question of relatively weak bite force in Deinonychus - where is the energy coming from? If it is not coming from static jaw pressure maybe the body is generating the energy which gets transmitted through the teeth? 3. Little known fact: Jurassic Park made the term "raptor' popular because they followed the taxonomy of Gregory S. Paul. GSP sunk Deinonychus into the genus of Velociraptor an idea that pretty much no one follows except for Jurassic Park. JP really wanted more of a Deinonychus style villain - not a coyote sized Velociraptor - in their movie. They took Deinonychus (which they assumed as a type of Velociraptor per GSP taxonomy) and made it bigger, Incidentally Utahraptor discovered later that year!! The term "raptor" therefore came about and was popularized for a mistake!! Dave said... Thank you for taking the time to respond my comments, mr. Nash. 1. Not that I think you give a crap about my opinion, but it's nice to see a willingness to admit mistakes combined with a willingness to come up with out of the box hypotheses - especially when it comes to paleo-ecology, where we have such a dearth of empirical data. 2. I'm not going to continue with the further subdivision of this heading, as I wish to transition to a holistic discussion of tooth mechanics. In deinonychus, the teeth point backwards, and the denticles point towards the tip - in other words, backwards as well. If most theropods had teeth for slashing and sawing, dromaeosaurs had teeth for gripping and pulling. Of course, the anterior serrations mean that sawing is still viable, but their reduction could indicate that it was somewhat less important than the backwards yank. As for where the energy was coming from - it was coming from the weak jaws! Deinonychus had a 40 cm skull. Conservatively, it could have had a gape of some 35 cm. Therrian et al calculated its sustainable bite force to be 1450 Newtons. That probably couldn't be sustained through the jaw's entire range of motion, as the jaw muscles would be further from perpendicular to the tooth row at wider gapes, so we'll go with a figure of 750 N. We'll subtract 5 cm from the gape to fit in the tenontosaur bone, and cut out an additional 2.5 cm to leave room for deceleration. So our 750 N will be applied for 27.5 cm. That means that the tooth row will have an energy of 206.25 J. If the bone decelerates the tooth row for a distance of 2.5 cm, it will be experiencing a force of some 8250 N - well in line with the experimental data. Needless to say, if the muscles of the neck and legs are recruited as well - say, if the animal violently thrusts its head into the scrum to snap a bite out of the carcass - the figure could be further inflated. In my opinion, this sort of suggestion has two advantages over yours: first, in my admittedly inexpert estimation, it seems less biomechanically questionable. Second, it fits in with your whole "combative scavenger" model somewhat more organically. I hope that my contributions are helping you think through your ideas! Duane Nash said... Well no I do give a crap about other's opinions, in fact that was one of my main imperatives with this blog. Suggest new ideas, put them out there, and see how people respond to them either through valid critiques or other lines of evidence that I didn't think of. Sort of a group sourcing of paleo thought. A lot of my ideas of course need more rigorous and quantitative testing (math not my strong suit) and hopefully paleontologists with better experimental technology (FEA, actual models, computer simulations) will take up some of the hypotheses I have been suggesting. We should not throw out unpolished gems just because they need a little work!! Uggh it's been a long time since I did any physics but if your math holds up the scenario you put forth is much more reasonable than what I suggested. Which begs the question why didn't the pros think it through like you did? Admittedly using power and speed garnered from the legs and necks seems more reasonable from a biomechanical perspective but also from an evolutionary perspective - a problem with my idea is that I don't have an evolutionary mechanism - an exaptation - that would facilitate such a method as I proposed. Don't worry I am not very wed to the idea of bone drilling teeth in dromies just kinda throwing shit at the wall to see what sticks!! Thanks for your input Dave like I mentioned in the last post I did come across some rather novel and interesting thought on the dromie killing claw that infers a strong cutting edge and a rather bizarre use of the tail. Problem is that this idea comes from a man who is.... well he has a strong allegiance to an idea that is not very well liked in the dino-bird-paleocommunity. Unfortunately I fear this unyielding insistence on a particular idea has caused people to overlook - or not even read - his rather good idea on dromie killing claws. It's a tough needle for me to thread. Dave said... One weakness of my suggestion would be that such forces could only be delivered for a fraction of a second.if sustained pressure were required to produce such markings, my idea wouldn't work. Would you be willing to direct me to this new thought on the killing claw? Duane Nash said... I found this old blog post basically laying it all out there: http://lefthandedcyclist.blogspot.com/2012/02/raptors-revisited.html Interestingly this idea presented on the blog converges with pretty much the same idea developed by notorious Birds Came First advocate John Jackson in his self-published book The Secret Dino-Bird Story. I don't agree with the BCF idea, nor with several of Jackson's other ideas. But I do suspect he is on to something with the hypothesis he developed. Unfortunately due to his reputation online and the lack of support and evidence for BCF I don't think many are aware of his ideas on the killing claw, However when his idea is decoupled from BCF no reason for it to not attract attention and further analysis. I will probably blog on this "pierced from within" hypothesis eventually. Dave said... Very interesting... The dromaeosaur tail is such a curious adaptation. Out of curiosity, does the Gignac study on Deinonychus bite force happen to mention how long force has to be applied in order to produce the observed indentations? In the interest of Scientific Progress (tm), I'm interested in finding out whether my suggestion really is plausible. Duane Nash said... to tell you the truth I don't know the ins and outs of the Gignac study just that it is referred to a lot in reference to bite force in Deinonychus. Lam Luong said... When I read in these dromies post about the heel pads that may impair grasping ability in the feet, as well as the diminished second toe claw in more cursorial species, I started thinking about cassowaries. They also have that enlarged talon on the second toe, and they can jump up to about 5 feet in the air. They don't have a need to grasp anything since they're ground-dwellers and mainly frugivorous, but they do charge and kick out at anything they feel threatened by, capable of leaving huge gashes in the offender/victim (I've heard of one report of a cassowary ripping down a car door and leaving it with a 6-inch gash). I was thinking that perhaps dromies (perhaps the cursorial species in particular) employed this tactic in prey capture along with, and possibly preceding, biting and wing-pummeling. Thoughts? Duane Nash said... Hi Lam Luoung thanks for comments. I tend to think that the cassowary/dromie comparison is taken too literally. The morphology of their claws are indeed very different. Indeed my thoughts on how the killing claw functioned has changed quite dramatically as of late, deviating from ideas I have expressed on these posts, as I have come across some alternative ideas on how the claw may have functioned. Stay tuned. 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Search This Blog Tuesday, October 19, 2010 A US History of 'Panic' - Part I Most people believe the first economic crisis the US has ever had to deal with was the Great Depression (1929-41) This is not the case. The nation has dealt with many small-d 'depressions' also known as 'Panics' in its history. Very little to nothing is known about these other economic downturns because the Great Depression tends to overshadow anything before it, and quite frankly, people wrongly believe history is 'boring' and 'dull' due to shoddy teaching of the subject in school, so most American History is foreign to its own citizens. So here's a short lesson on the US history of Panics... Panic of 1796-97 - A series of downturns in Atlantic credit markets led to broader commercial downturns in both Britain and the US, first emerging with the bubble of land speculation in 1796. The crisis deepened into a broader depression when the Bank of England suspended money payments in 1797. The Bank's directors feared insolvency when English account holders, fearing a possible French invasion (Britain was at war with Napoleon), began withdrawing their deposits. In combination with the unfolding collapse of the U.S. real estate market, the Bank of England's action suffered deflation in the financial and commercial markets of the coastal United States and Caribbean through the turn of the century. By 1800, the crisis had resulted in the imprisonment of many American debtors. ~ 1819 Political cartoon Panic of 1819- This was the first major financial crisis in the US, which occurred during the end of 5th US President James Monroe's Administration. This was the nation's first failure of expansionary monetary policy (increasing the money supply). Government borrowed heavily to finance the War of 1812, which caused tremendous strain on the banks’ reserves of money, leading to a suspension of payments twice, violating contractual rights of depositors. The suspension of the obligation to redeem greatly spurred the establishment of new banks and the expansion of bank note issues, and this monetary inflation encouraged unsustainable investments to take place. It soon became clear the monetary situation was threatening, and the national bank at the time, called the Second Bank of the United States was forced to call a halt to its expansion and launch a painful process of contraction. There was a wave of bankruptcies, bank failures, and bank runs; prices dropped and wide-scale urban unemployment began. In Philadelphia alone, unemployment reached 75%. The Panic was also partially due to international events. European demand for American foodstuffs was decreased because agriculture in Europe was recovering from the Napoleonic Wars, which had decimated European agriculture. War and revolution in South & Central America destroyed the supply line of precious metals from Mexico and Peru to Europe. Without the base of the international money supply, poor Europeans and governments hoarded all the available money. This caused American bankers and businessmen to start issuing false banknotes and expand credit. American bankers encouraged the speculation boom but by the end of 1819, the bank would call these loans. ~1837 political cartoon Panic of 1837- A financial crisis built on land speculation. The bubble burst when every bank began to accept payment only in gold and silver coinage, based on the assumption by former president, Andrew Jackson, that government was selling land for state bank notes of questionable value. The Panic was followed by a five-year depression, with the failure of banks and record-high unemployment levels. Within the first two months the losses from bank failures in New York alone aggregated nearly $100 million. Out of 850 banks in the United States, 343 closed entirely, 62 failed partially, and the system of State banks received a shock from which it never fully recovered. Economist Milton Friedman explained the Panic of 1837 as follows: "The banking panic of 1837 was followed by exceedingly disturbed economic conditions and a long contraction to 1843 that was interrupted only by a brief recovery from 1838 to 1839. This Great Depression is particularly interesting for our purposes. It is the only depression on record comparable in severity and scope to the Great Depression of the 1930s, and its monetary concomitants largely duplicate those of its later mate. In both, a substantial fraction of the banks in the United States went out of existence through suspension or merger --around one quarter in the earlier and over one-third in the later contraction--and the stock of money fell by about one-third. There is no other contraction that even closely approaches this dismal record. In both cases, erratic or unwise governmental policy with respect to money played an important part" ~ 1857 political cartoon Panic of 1857- This was a sudden downturn in the economy with a general recession first emerging late in 1856, but the successive failure of banks and businesses that characterized the panic began in mid-1857. While the overall economic downturn was brief, the recovery was unequal, and the lasting impact was more political than economic. From its peak in 1852, to its trough in 1857, the stock market declined by 66% and the panic/depression spread to Europe, South America and the Far East. No recovery was evident in the northern parts of the United States for a year and a half, and the full impact did not dissipate until the American Civil War. The Panic ended a period of prosperity and speculation that had followed the Mexican-American War (1846–1848) and the discovery of gold in California in the late 1840s. Gold pouring into the American economy had inflated the currency. Changes in worldwide economic trade, caused by the Crimean War between Britain and Russia, had pushed American firms into a precarious worldwide market. After a large increase in state banks in the early 1850s, by July 1856, banks began to lend far more money than they could back up in money even as deposits began to fall. By October of 1856, depositors started runs on banks which motivated the decision of British investors to remove funds from U.S. banks, and raised questions about overall U.S. economic soundness. Adding to this, the collapse of land speculation programs that depended on new rail routes, ruining thousands of investors. Investor confidence was also shaken in mid-September when 15 tons of gold were lost at sea in a shipment from the San Francisco Mint to eastern banks. The gold and more than 400 lives were lost when the SS Central America sank during the North Carolina Hurricane of 1857. Lastly, what added greatly to the economic tensions of the time was the Dred Scott case with the Supreme Court's ruling in 1857 that when a slave entered a free state with his master, he/she was still the property of his/her master and thus still a slave. The Court's decision threatened to open up all western territories to slavery, prompting the bonds of east-west running railroads to plummet in value, which in turn helped motivate a run on the major New York banks. ~ A US History of 'Panic'- Part II to come soon... No comments: Post a Comment	<urn:uuid:d61cb275-d5ae-40d7-8fa9-8f12f74de5c2>	3	3.21875	0.056283	en	0.969144	http://ants-and-grasshoppers.blogspot.com/2010/10/us-history-of-panic-part-i.html
Comment moderation Wednesday, March 17, 2010 Frequently Asked Questions about Mild Cognitive Impairment cognitive exerciseSome episodes of memory lapses, like forgetting an appointment or when the car is parked is normal for all the world, especially those who are aging. When you have concerns or are too worried about something, should not be punished for forgetting to buy cheese for spaghetti or may not remember where you placed the car keys. However, you should start worrying when there is a pattern of forgetfulness and when his friends or family members begin to comment on the frequency of memory lapses as they already can show symptoms of mild cognitive impairment. What is Mild Cognitive Impairment? Mild cognitive impairment, also known as benign senescent forgetfulness, is a disorder in which nerve cells responsible for functions specific, or cognitive abilities such as memory, language, reading, attention, trial, and writing are damaged. However, many experts believe that most of victims of MCI show impaired memory area. If your friends or family to begin to notice that is showing a pattern of forgetfulness, as ever forget your appointment with your dentist or missing the exit that is supposed to take to get home, you should see a neurologist or psychiatrist immediately. Remember, MCI cases may lead to more serious conditions if left untreated for a long time. What are the different types of Mild Cognitive Impairment? There are two types of MCI: amnestic, which affects memory and, ultimately, can lead to Alzheimer's disease and amnestic not, affecting cognitive abilities other than memory and which can develop dementia or primary progressive aphasia. Research shows that about 12% of people over 70 suffer from this disorder and 3-4% of cases of MCI eventually lead to Alzheimer's disease. What causes this disorder? Apart from trauma or serious injury in the forebrain, MCI usually develops due to several underlying causes. Depression, extreme stress or other psychiatric disorders that can affect the state mood, memory and concentration, degeneration of the brain cells, and problems related to the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the brain may lead the development of mild cognitive impairment. People with high blood pressure or low also at high risk for MCI in the future. What must be done to prevent the development of MCI? Despite all the technological advances that our generation is enjoying in the field of medicine, an ounce Prevention is still much better than cure. Why would anyone risk having a degenerative disease that can lead to very serious problems when there are multiple ways to prevent disease? Here are some ways that can reduce your risk of MCI having: The address of your pressure problems blood One of the first things you can do to help prevent MCI is doing something to normalize high or very low blood pressure. Actually, there are many therapies and medications that can help meet their blood pressure problems. Make the necessary changes Lifestyle Studies have shown that people who are physically active, mentally and socially are less likely to have MCI, as they get older. To reduce the risk of MCI, then you need to ensure that the exercise regularly. Swimming, brisk walking and other forms of cardiovascular activities can really help produce new brain cells. Apart from physical exercise, should also begin to develop the habit of reading a lot, play puzzles, and problem solving and mathematical equations in his head. Finally, learn how to properly handle the stress and increase their social activities such as going out with friends, going out to dinner with your family or help with various extension programs. Mind your diet Eating a large amount of vegetables and fruits instead of junk and processed foods, is beneficial not only for the health of your body, but the health of your mind. Fruits and vegetables are good sources of antioxidants such as vitamins E and C which are needed to help restore the cells in the brain. You can also take supplements containing ginkgo and other herbs that are known to help improve cognitive function. One product that is specially designed to provide the nutrients needed by the brain's neurovascular. If you are interested in learning more about this supplement, just visit How can I deal with cognitive impairment (fibro fog) caused by fibromyalgia? Makes any another person suffers from fuzzy thinking and memory due to fibromyalgia or a similar condition? How do I handle. it is ruining my life. I lost my last job because of her, and now i cannot get a job. Its preventing me from learning to drive too. I tried many things, eating healthily, drinking lots of water, getting enough sleep, plenty of exercise, therapy, but nothing seems to work. Some days its so bad I cannot use my brain at all. Please help, is there anything else I can help you manage or improve it. It is ruining my life and now I am losing hope in life because i cannot get a job or anything. Any help would be greatly, greatly appreciated. Thanks to all person who answers. I keep asking doctors what can I do to the scabies, but you just said "we know" You should talk to your doctor about going on stimulant medication like Ritalin. They can give you some extra mental pep when needed. Be Ritalin may seem extreme, but you said yourself that this "fog" is ruining his life. Frequently Asked Questions about Mild Cognitive ImpairmentSocialTwist Tell-a-Friend No comments: Post a Comment There was an error in this gadget	<urn:uuid:6b09b3af-b833-4269-9980-1c25139470fd>	3	2.671875	0.092438	en	0.961841	http://aphasia-nyc.blogspot.com/2010/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-mild.html
Location: Trzebinia, Poland Camp Commandant: SS-Unterscharführer Wilhelm Kowol In August 1944, a former British POW camp by the Erdöl Raffinerie GmbH owned refinery in Trzebinia was transformed to accommodate an expected 1,000 prisoners from Auschwitz. This came at the request of the refinery management who were displeased at the rate of production undertaken by the British POW's who were deliberately working to low capacity. Following the removal of the British, the Germans organised the first shipment of Jews from Auschwitz in August 1944. By September, the figure had reached 800 and would not surpass this number throughout the camps duration. Some prisoners were sent from Auschwitz III but others may have been sent from Birkenau. Out of the 800 prisoners, 120 were children under the age of 17. The sub-camp was surrounded with a barbed wire that was electrified. There were four guard towers by the fence, and there were the SS guards walking alongside it. The camp Commandant was SS-Unterscharführer Wilhelm Kowol who had 60 SS men working for him at the camp. Read testimony of Arnost Tauber about living and working in Trzebinia sub-camp. The task of the prisoners was to extend the refinery so that increased production at a faster rate could be achieved, such was the demand at this time. Working up to 11 hours a day, prisoners worked under threat of constant beatings, torture and starvation. The death rate became so high that corpses were no longer sent back to Birkenau. Instead, the SS constructed a small crematorium in the west of the sub camp grounds (furthest from the main road). The refinery management had no interest in the welfare of the prisoners. They saw how the Germans were treating them and they were aware of the rations and completely inadequate clothing, particularly in the winter. However, they insisted to the SS that more productivity was possible. They therefore insisted that the Jewish foreman be replaced with Germans who could be more brutal and get more work from the prisoners. When this did not have the desired effect, they intervened and encouraged the Germans to be more relentless with the prisoners and drive them though pure fear. This was followed with constant beatings at the work place and on the way to work (a short walk south from the sub-camp). Various instruments were used to beat the prisoners such as large tools found on the building site. This sometimes meant iron bars were used to beat or kill prisoners who stopped to rest, or accept food from the other workers. In one instance, Oberkapo Albert Gumpricht stopped a prisoner in his tracks and made him lie down. A pole was then placed across his windpipe and 2 prisoners were ordered to stand either side to suffocate him. The lack of food, cold weather and constant beatings meant that by the end of 1944, nearly half of the camps population had been in the camp hospital at some point. Despite the high numbers, the hospital was very primitive and occupied only half of a barrack. Those who showed no signs of recovering were sent to Birkenau to be killed. There was no kitchen in the sub-camp as the food and other provisions such as clothes were brought to Trzebinia from Monowitz. By January 17th, 1945, the evacuations of prisoners who could walk began. Unlike other sub-camps, those who could not march were packed in rail cars close to the camp and removed. The SS dismantled some buildings before evacuation including the partial demolition of the crematorium. Bones that had not been incinerated were found on liberation close by. The eventual destination of those evacuated was Bergen-Belsen, however only a few prisoners had survived the long and winding journey. Trzebinia the sub-camp of Auschwitz The exact location of the entrance to the camp, now a housing estate Photo by Michael Challoner ©	<urn:uuid:d8cb303e-dea7-499f-96cd-539b8e00c9c7>	4	3.515625	0.042731	en	0.980864	http://auschwitzstudygroup.com/auschwitz-sub-camps/11-trzebinia
[EnglishFrontPage] [TitleIndex] [WordIndex Command Substitution Command substitution is a very powerful concept of the UNIX shell. It is used to insert the output of one command into a second command. E.g. with an assignment: $ today=$(date) # starts the "date" command, captures its output $ echo "$today" Mon Jul 26 13:16:02 MEST 2004 This can also be used with other commands besides assignments: $ echo "Today is $(date +%A), it's $(date +%H:%M)" Today is Monday, it's 13:21 This calls the date command two times, the first time to print the week-day, the second time for the current time. Of course, this could just be done with: date "+Today is %A, it's %H:%M" As with all substitutions, the results of a command substitution will undergo WordSplitting, unless the whole thing is inside double quotes. Command substitutions may be nested within each other: IPs=($(awk /"$(</etc/myname)"/'{print $1}' /etc/hosts)) Notably, once inside a command substitution, the shell begins an entirely new quoting context. That is, double quotes inside the substitution do not match up with double quotes outside the substitution. So, things like this may be done: echo "The IPs are $(awk /"$(</etc/myname)"/'{print $1}' /etc/hosts \| tr '\n' ' ')" The outermost quotes delimit a single argument that will be passed to echo. The inner double quotes prevent word splitting or glob expansion on the results of the inner command substitution. The two sets of double quotes are independent of each other. (For a better approach to discovering local IP addresses, see IpAddress.) Command substitutions create subshells, so any changes to variables, current directory, etc. inside the command substitution affect only the rest of the substitution, and not the parent shell. $ var=$(cd ../../usr/bin; pwd) $ echo "$var" $ pwd Command substitutions strip all trailing newlines from the output of the command inside them. This allows common cases such as foo=$(grep foo bar) to populate variables without needing a second step to remove the newline. Sometimes, you may want the newlines -- for example, when attempting to read an entire file into a variable without data loss (except NUL bytes): var=$(<file) # strips trailing newlines # Workaround: var=$(cat file; printf x) var=${var%x} The $(command) syntax is supported by KornShell, BASH, and PosixShell. Older shells (e.g. BourneShell) use the following syntax: `command`. Note that these are not the apostrophe characters '...', but small ticks going from the upper left to the lower right: `...`. These are often called "backticks" or "back quotes". Nesting of command substitutions using the `...` syntax is more difficult. One must use backslashes: IPs_inna_string=`awk "/\`cat /etc/myname\`/"'{print $1}' /etc/hosts` # Very Bourne-ish: use the positional params as a pseudo array As one may imagine, this becomes rather unwieldy after two levels. FAQ 82 discusses the differences between $() and `` in more detail. The use of $(<file) instead of $(cat file) is a Bashism that is slightly more efficient (doesn't require forking a cat(1) process) but obviously less portable. 2012-07-01 04:05	<urn:uuid:8dd66b67-96b3-43e6-984f-df9610b5fc10>	3	3.421875	0.257799	en	0.815443	http://bash.cumulonim.biz/CommandSubstitution.html
Tuesday, May 18, 2010 "Enough Money" "Enough Money" Thomas Sowell Tuesday, May 18, 2010 The French Revolution began arbitrary executions among the hereditary aristocracy, but ended up arbitrarily executing all sorts of other people, including eventually even leaders of the Revolution itself, such as Robespierre. Very similar patterns appeared in the Bolshevik Revolution, in the rise of the Nazis and in numerous other times and places, where expanded and arbitrary powers were put into the hands of politicians-- and were used against the population as a whole. Both men were selling a product that others were also selling, but more people chose to buy theirs. Those people would not have voluntarily continued to pay their hard-earned money for Rockefeller's oil or Gates' software if what they received was not worth more to them than what they paid. The fortunes that the sellers amassed were not a deduction from the buyers' wealth. Buyers and sellers both gained from these transactions or the transactions wouldn't have continued. Ida Tarbell's famous muckraking book, "History of the Standard Oil Company," said that Rockefeller "should have been satisfied" with the money he had acquired by 1870, implying greed in his continued efforts to increase the size and profitability of Standard Oil. But would the public have been better off or worse off if Rockefeller had retired in 1870? One of the crucial facts left out of Ida Tarbell's book was that Rockefeller's improvements in the oil industry brought down the price of oil to a fraction of what it had been before. As just one example, oil was first shipped in barrels, which is why we still measure oil in terms of the number of barrels today, even though oil is seldom-- if ever-- actually shipped in barrels any more. John D. Rockefeller shipped his oil in railroad tank cars, reducing transportation costs, among other costs that he found ways of reducing. Would the public have been better off if older and more costly methods of producing, processing and shipping oil had continued to be used, leading to prices far higher than necessary? Apparently Rockefeller himself decided at some point that he had enough money, and then donated enough of it to create a world-class university from day one-- the University of Chicago-- as well as donating to innumerable other philanthropic projects. But that is wholly different from having politicians make such decisions for other people. Politicians who take on that role stifle economic progress and drain away other people's money, in order to hand out goodies that will help get themselves re-elected. Some people call that "social justice," even when it is anti-social politics. To read another article by Thomas Sowell, click here. Children and Finances Rebecca Hagelin Tuesday, May 18, 2010 In a recent survey on personal finances, only 27 percent of parents surveyed said they feel well informed about managing household finances. Fewer than half believe they are good role models for their children regarding saving and spending. Yet, 94 percent of students say their parents are their primary teachers on financial matters. Oops. We have a problem. We've totally messed up our finances, and no one is teaching our children how to unravel it. Our national debt is unsustainable. Our government is promising programs and services that it can't possibly deliver, but that will bankrupt our children in trying. Add that to the reality that today's teenagers haven't the slightest clue about how to manage their personal finances, and you realize that the future of America's economy is not just bleak, but headed for a melt down. The economic problems we face are obvious. The question is: What are we going to do about them? While a strong alliance of policy experts and Tea Party activists around the nation join hands to try and reverse out-of-control government spending, we also need to be educating the younger generation about how to be personally fiscally responsible. A good first step is to teach children and teens how to handle their money, rather than allowing their money to handle them. Helping them understand how to be wise stewards is a gift that can free them from the emptiness that comes with materialism, the depression that comes with debt, and replace them with the peace that comes with financial stability and the fulfillment that comes with philanthropy. The Bible addresses economic issues with surprising frequency. As a matter of fact, as Crown Financial Ministries points out, there are 2.350 verses on money and stewardship, making it "second to the subject of love as the most discussed subject in the Bible. In fact, two-thirds of the parables Jesus taught are about money, possessions, and stewardship." Regardless of your faith, the wisdom of this all-time best seller is undeniable - and incredibly applicable to our world today. Here are a few examples of profound principles you and your children can start memorizing - and putting in to action - right away: - "The wise man saves for the future, but the foolish man spends whatever he gets." (Proverbs 21:20) - "The wicked borrow and never repay but the godly are generous givers." (Psalm 37:21) - "The rich rules over the poor, and the borrower becomes the lender's slave." (Proverbs 22:7) -"A good man leaves an inheritance to his children's children." (Proverbs 13:22) -"Steady plodding brings prosperity." (Proverbs 21:5) One of the very best resources to use in teaching your children how to practice the principles above comes from Crown Ministries at www.Crown.org . Entitled, Discovering God's Way of Handling Money Teen Study, this 10 week study guide "is designed to practically help teens create habits that will set them on a lifelong journey of handling money responsibly." If you need personal help to get your own finances in order Crown also offers free local counseling for you with what they call a Money Map Coach. And then there is the great Dave Ramsey - noted author, radio host and "all around" genius on finances. Dave has a fabulous website filled with great tips, and he also offers one of the most life-changing programs for teens I've ever seen. It's called, Generation Change, and you can order it at www.DaveRamsey.com . Dave also offers curriculum for educators at the elementary, high school, and colleges levels. His turn-key programs are engaging and comprehensive, and will build a sound economic foundation in the lives of our young people. They are designed to be used in a school or home setting, and are exactly what we need to build hope, and financial security, into the lives of the next generation of adults. If enough young people learn sound financial principles, perhaps they will also one day run government in a way that promotes prosperity and personal responsibility too. 1 comment: Anonymous said... I agree that Dave Ramsey's teachings are wonderful for teenagers, and probably college students as well. This is when the teaching needs to happen. His teachings, which are far from genius, are nonetheless very practical and down to earth. He has effectively packaged very basic common sense. I don't know that it's possible to teach common sense, but it's definitely worth a try!	<urn:uuid:e3ff06a4-0186-4852-95f7-0a343897ad86>	3	2.75	0.060001	en	0.974544	http://bcfoley.blogspot.com/2010/05/enough-money.html
Monday, December 12, 2016 Fishing is Engaging A student's response to a structure sentence course A class about only sentence work, now that would be boring. In What should colleges teach?” Fish talks about, "I put a simple sentence on the table, something like “John hit the ball” or “Jane likes cake.” I spend an entire week on sentences like these". If your in a class and all you do is sentence work, it would be so tedious and boring. I bet half the students would skip the class. Although the idea of sentence work should definitely be present in an normal English class. I believe a student needs to be taught sentence work in high school, but a refresher should be applied every step of the way. This idea of a refresher should just be practiced in a more complex way each step of your English career. Fish has some good ideas, but I believe your everyday college level writing class should consist of a well-rounded curriculum on a copious amount of key ideas which relate to English. One of these topics that should probably be taught to students whom are writing college level writings, is the idea of engaging in your topic. Although this is probably not a huge idea in an college level English class it should be taught in a class and should be brought up all the time. Students who want to engage in their topic idea may look to choose a topic they have interest in, maybe take ownership of a topic, or retain feedback from their community on their topic. These are all ideas of engaging in your topic which ultimately may result in a higher grade. Why not use these ideas??? Don't you want to get a higher grade. The man of the hour Stanley Fish Although, I do agree with Fish that teaching sentence structure is important in writing college level, but I have come to find out that is not the only important skill college writing requires. Fish has some really great ideas on sentence structure such as "You have to start with a simple but deep understanding of the game, which for my purposes is the game of writing sentences. So it makes sense to begin with the question, What is a sentence anyway? My answer has two parts: (1) A sentence is an organization of items in the world. (2) A sentence is a structure of logical relationships.". This is an example of great sentence structure and another awesome point of starting with a understanding of the "game", which can be directly related to something that interests you. Then this idea plays a role on engagement. The idea of engaging the writer is a much more important idea. When thinking about engaging it takes me back to an early reading with Graff Hidden Intellectualism. Here he motivates the writer to write about something that they were interested in. He says how the writer will be able to write more and actually enjoy research. Next a website I found explains perfectly with five ways to choose a topic, here at Aims Community College, they talk about how the topic should be something that interests you, something you have experience in, one that fits guidelines, will interest the reader, and one where outside sources were used. These are all great ways to engage in a topic. Even if a writer doesn't like a topic or idea they have to write about, they must learn to take ownership. If I was in Fish's class I would probably take ownership of my works, but the idea of ownership I found in a journal while doing research for my analytical research essay. The idea of calling the paper mine is actually good because you'll probably go deeper in research and you'll enjoy it more. Bill Dance finds fishing engaging Other ways for the writer to engage in their writing, is through the community. I have gotten an abundance of help every step of the way in my writing's in The Ohio State University at Newark Writer's Studio. There they gave me feedback to better my writing. Then I had my classmates look into my writing and tell me what was good in my writing and bad. Iv'e had my family see my writing's. Fish may have had it right that sentence structure is a key skill in developing a college level writer, but there are so many other skills required. These skills are research, details, content, topic, thesis statement, etc. These are all very important skills, especially for a college level writer, but you can't write a paper without a topic. Fishing is engaging just make sure you are hooked on your topic. No comments: Post a Comment	<urn:uuid:e356718b-870d-4fc3-ba8b-205185338dec>	3	3.03125	0.049858	en	0.97156	http://blogginforfish.blogspot.com/2016/12/fishing-is-engaging.html
Input management with Dependency Injection Object oriented programming has a lot of patterns that can be very useful for making games. One of those patterns is the Dependency Injection, a pattern that helps to decouple classes that would otherwise be tightly connected. So let’s take something that’s really connected and see how dependency injection can help us: the input management. Wait what’s this Dependency Injection? Usually if you have a thing (call it client) that uses another thing (call it service), when you change the service, then you have to also change the client. And that’s bad. Let’s say the client is your game logic and you are porting your game from pc to mobile, and that therefore you need to switch from a keyboard + mouse input to a touch one. Since all inputs are changed (perhaps radically since your WASD is now a UI element) you now need to change some input-read line in your game logic even if you used an intermediate class to get those button inputs. The Dependency Injection way to do it instead is to have the input manager call the game logic functions. Without it knowing whose functions they are. You just set them as callbacks and call them when needed. Who sets the callbacks? The naive option is: the client. But then you still have a direct dependency between the classes. Enter the DIC: Dependency Injection Container. He takes the callbacks from the client and gives them to the service, thus eliminating the dependency between them (and adding another class to your code, that’s not a free lunch). And what are those de-leee-gates? A delegate is just a way to pass a function as an argument, it can also be stored as a variable and given a type name to be checked so that only the functions that match a certain signature can be stored or passed as a delegate of a specific type. Let’s read some Input! string XbuttonName = "Fire1"; // other button names string LeftStickHorizontalName = "Horizontal"; string LeftStickVerticalName = "Vertical"; //other axis names First of all we’ll need the names of the input buttons and axis we’re going to read, for this example I’ve used a regular xbox controller. We’ll do this with the old unity input system, not the (currently) experimental one, so we’ll need a string name for it. If you’ve read my other tutorials you know I’ve a personal feud with strings, but this is one of the few cases you really have to use them: if you are building an input manager you don’t want to force whoever uses it to edit code just to rename an input field, so you really want to have that in the inspector, which means a serialized string. Notice that for thumbsticks we’ll need two axis per stick, so two thumbsticks means four axis. public static InputManager instance; InputManagerDIC inputDIC; float triggerSensibility = 0.2f; As for the other variables, the instance reference will be used to make this class a singleton, the inputDIC is needed to ask for the injection, and the trigger sensibility trashold will be used to get a button behaviour from an axis, because back in my days triggers were fucking buttons and I like it that way. public delegate void buttonReaction(); public delegate void axisEffect(Vector2 axisVal); Although we could make this all with predefined System Actions, I’d rather estabilish a more specific interface that reminds whoever writes the game logic code what is supposed to act as a button and what is supposed to act as an axis. It’s just a reminder, nothing more. good old controller good old controller public static buttonReaction XbuttonPress = delegate () { }; //other press callbacks ... public static buttonReaction XbuttonPressContinuous = delegate () { }; //other continuous callbacks public static axisEffect leftStickEffect = delegate (Vector2 a) { }; public static axisEffect rightStickEffect = delegate (Vector2 a) { }; public static System.Action InputStartRead = delegate () { }; Each callback is initialized to an empty delegate because if for whatever reason we don’t want to use something, we don’t want a nullreference exception to pop out after the change. Now, we can define a lot of callbacks for each Input since every button has four relevant conditions: • just pressed • pressed (continuously) • just released • released (continuously) In this example I’ll use four buttons and the triggers and read only two condition for the buttons (just pressed and continuous press) and one for the triggers (continuous press), for each of the conditions I want to read I need to define a callback. The same goes for what to do with thumbsticks, but in that case I just want to read a direction out of them and let the game logic interpret it. The last callback isn’t really needed but for this tutorial I’ve also built a public repository where you can download a test scene and I need to clean the UI state at the beginning of every frame, so I want a callback for that too. void Awake() if (instance == null) instance = this; As I said before this is going to be a Singleton. And at the beginning of execution we want the DIC to inject his callbacks in the InputManager, so we’ll call his loading function here. void Update() if (Input.GetButtonDown(XbuttonName)) { XbuttonPress(); } //read other buttonDowns if (Input.GetButton(XbuttonName)) { XbuttonPressContinuous(); } //read other buttons if (Input.GetAxis(leftTriggerName) > triggerSensibility) { leftTriggerPressContinuous(); } if (Input.GetAxis(rightTriggerName) > triggerSensibility) { rightTriggerPressContinuous(); } leftStickEffect(new Vector2(Input.GetAxis(LeftStickHorizontalName), Input.GetAxis(LeftStickVerticalName))); rightStickEffect(new Vector2(Input.GetAxis(RightStickHorizontalName), Input.GetAxis(RightStickVerticalName))); And at last here’s the action. At first we call the “start reading” callback, then for each button we check the relevant states. Notice that for the trigger we read an axis input and only when it’s over the trashold we’ve set before we call a callback just as if it were a regular button. From the game logic standpoint that trigger will be undistinguishable from a button, it even uses the same delegate type for the callback. For the thumbsticks instead we’ll read the two axis in a single Vector2 variable and use that to call the appropriate axisEffect callback. How about a UI class for testing this? a really simple ui a really simple ui I’ve made it as basic as it gets, sorry but no fancy stuff here: Toggle xButton; //other toggles Text rStick; //other texts For each button I’ll set a toggle on and off, while for the sticks I’ll show the direction in a text. All the references are passed with serialized fields in the inspector. public void LogCallTLCont() { ShowLogButton(lTriggerButton, "TL Cont"); } public void LogCallTRCont() { ShowLogButton(rTriggerButton, "TR Cont"); } public void LogCallA() { ShowLogButton(aButton, "A "); } public void LogCallB() { ShowLogButton(bButton, "B "); } public void LogCallX() { ShowLogButton(xButton, "X "); } public void LogCallY() { ShowLogButton(yButton, "Y "); } public void LogCallACont() { ShowLogButton(aButton, "A Cont"); } public void LogCallBCont() { ShowLogButton(bButton, "B Cont"); } public void LogCallXCont() { ShowLogButton(xButton, "X Cont"); } public void LogCallYCont() { ShowLogButton(yButton, "Y Cont"); } public void LogCallL(Vector2 direction) { ShowLogAxis(lStick, "L stick with dir", direction); } public void LogCallR(Vector2 direction) { ShowLogAxis(rStick, "R stick with dir", direction); } void ShowLogButton(Toggle toggle, string text) toggle.isOn = true; void ShowLogAxis(Text field, string text, Vector2 direction) field.text = direction.ToString(); Debug.Log(text + direction); All the callbacks are actually using the same couple of functions, logging and setting an UI element each time. But who’s going to reset all those toggles when we didn’t read the button’s release? Our reset function of course: public void ResetUI() xButton.isOn = false; yButton.isOn = false; aButton.isOn = false; bButton.isOn = false; lTriggerButton.isOn = false; rTriggerButton.isOn = false; rStick.text =; lStick.text =; It’s Injection time dependency injection input time dependency injection input time Also the DIC is really simple, all it does is to set the callbacks in the InputManager, so it only needs a load function and a field to specify from which class instance it should take the callbacks: UserExample target; public void LoadInputManager() InputManager.XbuttonPress = target.LogCallX; InputManager.YbuttonPress = target.LogCallY; InputManager.AbuttonPress = target.LogCallA; InputManager.BbuttonPress = target.LogCallB; InputManager.XbuttonPressContinuous = target.LogCallXCont; InputManager.YbuttonPressContinuous = target.LogCallYCont; InputManager.AbuttonPressContinuous = target.LogCallACont; InputManager.BbuttonPressContinuous = target.LogCallBCont; InputManager.leftStickEffect = target.LogCallL; InputManager.rightStickEffect = target.LogCallR; InputManager.leftTriggerPressContinuous = target.LogCallTLCont; InputManager.rightTriggerPressContinuous = target.LogCallTRCont; InputManager.InputStartRead = target.ResetUI; So, as you can see the InputManager has no dependecy towards the client class and the UserExample doesn’t even know that his functions are linked to an input. Any maintenance change on either class will stop here in the DIC and will be as trivial as just changing wich callback is assigned to what variable since that’s all that can happen here. But what if I just changed Input Settings instead of doing all that? That’s cool and that’s also the proper way to do it (until you are not porting from pc/console to mobile). Really, until you are not changing between radically different input sources in unity, you’re better off using Unity3d’s input system to remap controls and avoid changing code. I only used the Input management as the easiest-to-explain example, if one thinks this technique is just for that, he’s totally missing the point. This technique can (and according to some people should) be used for absolutely everything. That’s all folks Thanks for the read. This time no copy-paste, you get a repository with the whole project already set up and ready to use here. If you have any questions or comments please do express that either in the comments here or just hit me on twitter. And if you don’t want to lose my future stuff, consider my newsletter. P.S.: I’m currently looking for a job, if you are interested take a look at my portfolio.	<urn:uuid:42dbbf37-bd70-40f8-a4fd-8ca39ec8097c>	3	2.75	0.211256	en	0.804406	http://brightreasongames.com/tag/design-pattern/
What is Clostridium Botulinum? Clostridium Botulinum For those of us born before the technological age, our childhoods would probably have involved playing outside for much of the time, making our own entertainment. For many, playing in the mud and dirt was a great pastime. You might be one of those that made mud pies and got absolutely filthy, to the despair of your parents. Some children actually proceeded to tuck into said mud pies but have turned out just fine. Little did we know, however, that something pretty sinister was lurking in the very same soil from which we were making our mud pies. Sources, Causes and Symptoms Clostridium botulinum is bacteria which is present in untreated water, soil and dust all over the world and can also be found on a number of food items, for example, anything which has been grown in soil may have had contact with the bacteria. The bacteria in its natural state is not harmful but, as an ‘obligate anaerobe’, if it is deprived of oxygen, its spores start to produce toxins which can, in very rare cases, be fatal. It is no exaggeration to say that it is probably the most dangerous of food borne illnesses that can be contracted. The toxins attack the nervous system, disabling the neurotransmitters which carry instructions from the brain to our muscles, thus causing paralysis. Symptoms include nausea, dizziness, vomiting, double vision, drooping eyelids and paralysis amongst others. It can be treated with antitoxins which prevent the toxins from travelling round the body so an immediate visit to the doctor or hospital is absolutely imperative. Foodborne botulism is generally contracted from canned foods which have not been processed correctly at source. In food in canned form, the bacteria are deprived of oxygen and toxins develop so that, when consumed, the illness strikes. In the UK, hygiene regulations are very strict so food being processed incorrectly is a real rarity. Canned food is subject to intense heating and sterilisation processes which should eradicate any risk. Clostridium Botulinum in Children Infant botulism is the most frequent form of the illness and occurs mostly in babies under the age of 6 months, although it tends to occur through botulinum spores releasing the toxins once ingested, rather than pre-developed toxins in foods. At this age, their bodies have not yet developed to deal with botulinum in bacteria form, as adults’ immune systems have. For adults, it is the pre-developed toxins that pose the risk. It should be noted that cases of botulism are very scarce but there are measures you can take to ensure avoiding contact with these potentially deadly toxins. Never eat food from a can which is bulging or leaking, or which shoots out unnaturally when being opened, as it could be contaminated. Heat food which comes from cans properly. The World Health Organisation states that, ‘the toxin produced by bacteria growing out of the spores under anaerobic conditions is destroyed by boiling (for example, at internal temperature greater than 85 °C for 5 minutes or longer)’. Never give honey to children under 1 year old as this is a common cause of infant botulism. If you are going to can food at home, make sure you find out how to do it properly so that you can follow the strictest hygiene procedures. Always put leftover and cooked food in the refrigerator, as low temperatures help to prevent the formation of toxins. Decant any leftovers from cans into other containers and refrigerate. Simple measures which are easy to follow and which could make all the difference. On a final note, it’s not all bad news. The botulinum bacteria is the main ingredient used in botox, where the skin is effectively ‘paralysed’ to reduce the appearance of wrinkles so, for those who seek the elixir of youth, the botulinum bacteria is one of the finds of the modern age! Campylobacter in chicken Protecting Your Customers from Campylobacter Protecting Your Customers from Campylobacter Food poisoning is a major cause of concern in the UK. When bacteria, viruses or parasites are present in food, they cause diarrhoea, vomiting and other serious illnesses that can sometimes turn out to be fatal. Currently the most common cause of food poisoning in the UK is that of Campylobacter; and is therefore a very real cause for concern. It’s currently estimated that Campylobacter causes around 100 fatalities each year and is believed to cost the UK economy a whopping £900 Million! The Food Standards Agency (FSA) have estimated that around 28,000 people in the UK fell ill to Campylobacter in 2014. The Campylobacter bacteria is particularly prevalent in raw meat, especially in raw poultry; not surprisingly there have been a number of cases in which poultry farms have been identified as being the source of a food poisoning outbreak. Research shows that almost 65% of chicken sold in UK’s butcheries and supermarkets are contaminated with Campylobacter. This has been such a huge problem that the Food Standards Agency were driven to order new tests to be conducted on UK farms. Contamination usually occurs when chicken are reared in cramped conditions. Some poultry farmers will do this in order to maximize production, but this intense farming method actually enhances the spread of bacteria from flock to flock. A single infected bird can infect the entire flock, so farmers need to be very diligent and act immediately it is identified. Whilst the bacteria rarely cause symptoms in animals, it can prove seriously detrimental to human health once consumed; therefore animal health is absolutely foundational to food safety in humans. There are some measures that can be taken to make chicken less vulnerable to Campylobacter. However, most farmers are unable to conduct a thorough enough cleaning programme because of the associated costs which would inevitably have to be passed on to an increasingly price sensitive consumer, who has become used to cheap chicken. Who is at risk of Campylobacter? Put simply; all of your customers are! But especially those whose immune systems are weaker, or impaired. These include young children, pregnant women, the elderly, those who are convalescing after an illness. In the Kitchen: Practical ways to protect your customers from Campylobacter. One really important control measure is to be sure only to purchase poultry from reputable and approved suppliers. Once Poultry has been delivered, ensure that it is stored correctly; covered and placed in a deep container in the bottom of the refrigerator. By doing this, you will significantly reduce the risk of blood or juices dripping onto high-risk, ready-to-eat foods. However, it is best practice to have a separate fridge solely for the storage of raw meat and poultry. The same levels of segregation apply to frozen poultry. Prior to cooking, it’s vital that poultry is not washed – as this can spread the bacteria around the kitchen by splashing! When dealing with frozen poultry, always plan ahead, and ensure that it is fully defrosted before cooking. When defrosting poultry, or any raw meat for that matter, it’s always best to thaw in the refrigerator 24 hours before it’s required. During preparation, it’s essential that you thoroughly clean and disinfect all work surfaces, chopping boards and utensils ‘as you go’. Cleaning is absolutely fundamental to food safety, as is frequent and effective hand washing, but especially after handling raw poultry. Most of the bacteria present in raw foods, can be eliminated by thorough and effective cooking, the same applies to Campylobacter. Making sure that chicken and other poultry is properly cooked before consumption will help to eliminate Campylobacter in raw meat.	<urn:uuid:529ccc25-e28f-4fd8-a656-8cffc2a9f95b>	3	3.328125	0.024623	en	0.939067	http://catersafeconsultants.co.uk/category/food-poisoning/
Coal has a rich heritage in West Virginia and has contributed significantly to the progress and well-being of West Virginians since it was first discovered in what is now Boone County in 1742 by Peter Salley, more than a century before West Virginia became a state. The coal industry has played a major leadership role in the state’s economic, political and social history. The industry has also been a center of controversy and the brunt of unfounded criticism, giving rise to battles in the arenas of labor, environment and safety. It was coal that transformed West Virginia from a frontier state to an industrial state. Coal in 62 recoverable seams can be found in 43 of the state’s 55 counties. The first widespread use of West Virginia coal began when the salt works along the Kanawha River expanded dramatically in the decades before the Civil War. Coal was used to heat the brine pumped from salt beds underneath the river. That modest use soon was dwarfed by the demands of a growing nation that looked to coal to heat its homes, power its factories and fuel its locomotives and steamships. When the anthracite fields of Pennsylvania no longer could provide the tonnage needed, American industrialists discovered the massive coalfields of West Virginia. Large-scale investment soon opened the remote valleys along the New, Bluestone, Tug, Monongahela, and Guyandotte rivers. The Chesapeake & Ohio and Norfolk & Western railroads were built specifically to penetrate the rugged terrain of the coalfields, and investors purchased extensive tracts of land to lease to independent coal operators, Later, the Virginian and the Baltimore & Ohio also became coal-hauling lines as well. In those days, coal mining was highly labor intensive, but only a few rugged mountaineers lived in the remote, isolated hills and hollows where the operations developed. Thus, operators recruited much of their labor from two human migrations underway around 1900. Thousands of African-Americans fleeing discrimination and segregation left the Deep South, and many exchanged the poverty of the cotton fields for the bustling coalfields. Meanwhile, European immigrants fleeing religious persecution and impending war came to America to find jobs and homes, and many came from coal-bearing regions of Europe to the prosperous mines in West Virginia. Today many decry conditions in the “coal camps,” but miners and their families fared as well as most working class Americans, and better than those unfortunate souls who labored in urban sweatshops or as rural sharecroppers. West Virginia’s coalfields were home to some of the most significant labor strife in this nation’s history, as the United Mine Workers battled coal operators for control of the industry. Spectacular incidents such as the famed Matewan Massacre and the Battle of Blair Mountain, landmarks in American labor history, showed the strategic importance of the state’s crucial industry, and its national significance. Today, West Virginia’s coal industry contains more than 500 mines, provides more than 44,000 direct and contract jobs, pays $1 billion dollars in annual payroll and hundreds of million dollars to state and local governments in taxes and contributions. Coal is still the rock-solid backbone of West Virginia’s industrial economy.	<urn:uuid:da541a45-f387-407f-888e-fb19bf893855>	4	4.03125	0.019406	en	0.955726	http://cedarswv.com/index.php/coal-primer/history
Military Logic and the Web Crawler Soon, this effort was overwhelmed. From the original military logic that encouraged its inception, the Internet enhanced (almost to delirium) the idea of playing without center fixed, without borders, to keep for one of its components succumb. As perhaps no other technology has come in human history, the Internet was developed at a ferocious speed and disconcerting chaos + Maps Very soon, the site became an ocean. How do I know? How virtual guide through the maze? Arose, then the web search engines. Huge databases that tell the browser where to find information of interest, the search engines Devine las of Access doors. Without them, who were drawn to the work of indexing other sites, perhaps virtual space would have been impassable. The search engines rely on a specific program type, called a web crawler (also, web spider or web robot). A web crawler runs on a virtual space and permanent insomniac. (At this point, while someone reads these lines, thousands of crawlers are active.) Unlike a traditional database, where people draw near specific information relevant to a particular case, the expansion of Web search engines is blind automatically. The reason is clear: to develop a comprehensive index of the web exceed, exceed, and probably will continue to exceed the possibilities of a single person or even a crowd of people. The crawlers are traveling, they encounter a website, stop, sniff it, explore it, drop all the available information and then return to their barracks.	<urn:uuid:eb542da7-54a2-4bb7-887e-e226b968b2ac>	3	2.53125	0.740784	en	0.941888	http://cgreviews.com/military-logic-and-the-web-crawler/
Tutorial Categories: HTML/CSS JavaScript/AJAX Server-Side Marketing General Comp-Sci How Java Garbage Collection Works By Justin Poirier In the Classroom306 article Details of C/C++ Dereferences and C++ Calls to delete, it is explained that a C/C++ program's heap is contained in a contiguous block of memory, and calls to allocation and deallocation functions/operators (e.g. "new") are solely responsible for managing the heap's contents (dynamically-allocated variables). This article will build on the contents of that article, to explain how memory management works in Java. The most basic function of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is to convert java bytecode to native machine code at run-time. This may be accomplished using interpreting, by which each line of bytecode is converted to machine code just before being executed; or just-in-time compilation, by which conversion is done on several lines of bytecode at a time, and such a block may be reused later in the execution without re-compiling. With either system, the JVM, as opposed to code written by the Java programmer, is frequently in control of the CPU. During certain bouts of control, the JVM performs the additional task of deleting items on the heap that are no longer referenced. This process is called garbage collection, and it does the work that calls to the deallocation functions/operators do in C/C++, making such calls unnecessary in Java. If garbage collection is implemented with reference counting, the JVM is continuously at work monitoring each heap item, before the time comes to actually delete it. A count is kept for each heap item, of the number of references to it at a given time. The JVM must increment this count whenever a variable in the Java code is set equal to the item, and decrement the count when a variable that previously referenced the item is set equal to null or some other item, or goes out of scope. When this count becomes zero, the item can be deleted. In modern JVM's, garbage collection is more commonly implemented using tracing. Instead of keeping track of the number of references to an item over time, a tracing collector periodically identifies all references that have been created by the Java program and might be used again (live references), and deletes all items that are not the object of such a reference. The first phase is called marking because referenced objects must be marked in some way--for example, by setting a bit flag in the actual heap space used to store an object. The majority of live references will typically be found in the form of variables local to some active function (ie. existing on the call stack), or as member variables of class instances that are themselves objects of other live references. Therefore a JVM must search for references in both these areas of memory. To do so it must have knowledge of how the raw bits within each function's typical stack frame and each class's typical instance are divided up into variables. However, a JVM may not always distinguish between the types of variables it encounters, and may therefore ignore some live references in favour of discerning whether they are references or other primitive types. The second phase of tracing, where unreferenced objects are deleted, is called sweeping. As with C/C++, a Java program's heap may suffer from fragmentation after objects are allocated and then deleted. JVM's may try to reduce this effect. In addition to combining adjacent free blocks of memory like C/C++ systems, JVM's may combine non-adjacent free blocks by moving allocated items around using compacting or copying. In order to avoid having to update every reference to an item that has been moved, Java is typically implemented such that a reference points not to the allocated block of an object itself, but to an entry in a lookup table that contains the address of each object referenced. Each access to an object implicitly uses this table. This is similar to the technique used in the dynamically-allocated memory system presented in the Classroom306 article A System to Dynamically-Allocate Memory With Minimal Fragmentation.	<urn:uuid:3ce2d9b4-9353-4fc0-9f1e-56ec65103ec5>	4	3.65625	0.268261	en	0.92735	http://classroom306.com/tutorials/how_Java_garbage_collection_works.html
5 Photography Techniques Everyone Should Know Adjust the Light Think about it: What is a photograph? It's a record of light, nothing more or less. Many amateur photographers take light for granted. In fact, judging and adjusting the light is the key to taking good pictures. Diffuse light is better for picture taking than direct sunlight, which creates shadows and glare that can ruin a photo. Photographers love to shoot in early morning or evening when the sun is low. A cloudy day is better than a sunny one. If you have to shoot at midday, move your subject into the shade. A flash can help if you use it properly. The pop-up flash on your camera is most valuable as a fill flash [source: Story]. Use it to light your foreground subject when the background is already bright. It will eliminate shadows and give the subject the correct exposure. Be careful when using a flash in low light: It bleaches colors and washes out your subject. And keep in mind that the light from most built-in flashes reaches less than 15 feet (nearly 5 meters) [source: Kodak]. You can shoot indoors without a flash. Just move your subject near a window. A bright, north-facing room is ideal [source: Halford]. Use a piece of white poster board to reflect light onto the subject and improve your picture [source: Bezman Lighting].	<urn:uuid:6421f434-3461-4b75-b1eb-fd65f75b1424>	3	2.671875	0.20124	en	0.917752	http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cameras-photography/tips/5-photography-techniques-everyone-should-know1.htm
How Bluetooth Car Stereos Work Car Gadgets Image Gallery If you hear the name Bluetooth, the first images that come to mind could be of half-concealed headsets. But a growing number of people imagine a whole lot more, including car stereos. See more pictures of car gadgets. Michael Blackburn/© iStockphoto Bluetooth is a growing technological trend that many people use to varying extents. Some simply clip a headset on their ear to talk on a cell phone without the need to hold the actual phone. Others maximize Bluetooth's capabilities and have fully synchronized networks in their homes, offices and vehicles. And still some don't know much about Bluetooth at all. Here are the basics. Bluetooth devices communicate wirelessly with each other through short-range radio waves that have a maximum reach of about 10 meters generally, or 30 feet, although some more high-powered devices have longer ranges. Unlike devices that require a direct line of sight like remote controls, Bluetooth-enabled products just need to be in the same area in order to communicate with each other. The interactions between devices form a small network, commonly called a piconet or a personal area network (PAN). These mini-networks, typically comprising no more than eight electronic gadgets, communicate in interesting ways -- all the while guided by the Bluetooth connection protocols and standards that unify the exchanges. The machines, controlled by one master device, detect each others' presence and pass around pertinent data to coordinate and facilitate their activities at the same time they're continually jumping between radio frequencies along a certain band. With this constant hopping and the use of low power signals, Bluetooth gadgets not only cut down on interference from other devices sharing the frequency band, they also help ensure any brief crossovers won't be an issue. A variety of electronics can be part of a Bluetooth piconet, from cell phones to personal computers and printers to cameras. The growing list also includes home phones, headsets, entertainment systems, GPS navigators, MP3 players and more. Bluetooth technology is touted as being an inexpensive automated system that brings convenience, flexibility and efficiency to electronic network communication -- and the daily lives of its users. For more detailed information on how Bluetooth technology operates, read the article How Bluetooth Works. On the next page, however, we'll be reading about all the different ways a Bluetooth car stereo can enhance your driving experience.	<urn:uuid:2740f878-d8c9-4b67-8ee6-b5d1d779bc6e>	3	2.578125	0.302091	en	0.93184	http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/automotive/bluetooth-car-stereo.htm
Philippine Peso From Wikipilipinas: The Hip 'n Free Philippine Encyclopedia (Redirected from Philippine peso) Jump to: navigation, search The peso (Filipino: piso) (sign: ; code: PHP) is the currency of the Philippines. It is subdivided into 100 centavos (Spanish) or sentimo (Filipino). Before 1967, the language used on the banknotes and coins was English and so "peso" was the name used. The language was then changed to Pilipino (the name of the Filipino language then) and so the currency as written on the banknotes and coins is piso. The peso is usually denoted by the symbol "PhilippinePeso.png". This symbol was added to the Unicode standard in version 3.2 and is assigned U+20B1 (). Due to the lack of font support, the symbol is often substituted with a simple "P", a P with one horizontal line instead of two (available as the peseta sign, U+20A7 (), in some fonts), as "PHP", or "PhP". The coins are minted at the Security Plant Complex. Banknotes, passports, seaman's identification record books, land titles, checks, official ballots, official election returns, passbooks, postal money orders, revenue stamps, government bonds and other government documents are printed in the Security Plant Complex or the National Printing Office. The Philippine peso derived from the Spanish silver coin Real de a Ocho or Spanish dollar, in wide circulation in the Americas and South-East Asia during the 17th and 18th centuries, through its use in the Spanish colonies and even in the US and Canada. Peso fuerte Main article: Pilipino Series Main article: Bagong Lipunan series The Philippine peso was established on May 1, 1852, when the Banco Español-Filipino de Isabel II a (now the Bank of the Philippine Islands) introduced notes denominated in pesos fuertes ("strong pesos", written as "PF"). Until October 17, 1854, when a royal decree confirmed Banco Español-Filipino's by-laws, the notes were in limited circulation and were usually used for bank transactions. The peso replaced the real at a rate of 8 reales = 1 peso. Until 1886, the peso circulated alongside Mexican coins, some of which were still denominated in reales and escudos (worth 2 pesos). Coin production commenced in 1861 and, in 1864, the Philippines decimalized, dividing the peso into 100 centimos de peso. The peso was equal to 22Template:Frac grains of gold. In 1886, Philippine colonial authorities started the gradual phase-out of all Mexican coins in circulation in the Philippines, citing that Mexican coins were by then of lesser value than the coins minted in Manila. Revolutionary period Asserting its independence after the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898, the República Filipina (Philippine Republic) under General Emilio Aguinaldo issued its own coins and paper currency backed by the country’s natural resources. The coins were the first to use the name centavo for the subdivision of the peso. After Aguinaldo's capture by American forces in Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901, the revolutionary peso ceased to exist. American Colonial period After the United States took control of the Philippines, the United States Congress passed the Philippine Coinage Act (March 3, 1903), which fixed the weight and fineness of Philippine coins. The peso was defined as being equal to exactly half the gold content of the U.S. dollar. A similar state of affairs existed in both Japan and Mexico. The 50 cents Peso continued in both Mexico and the Philippines right up until the 1960s. Shortly after the introduction of the 50 cent (US) Peso, a problem occurred which was paralled in the Straits Settlements. The price of silver rose so high that the Philippine Peso coins, and the new Straits dollar coins became less valuable than their actual silver content. There was a danger in both cases that these coins would be melted down for their silver. In both cases, in 1907, new smaller coins were introduced with their silver values reduced to a safer level. Second World War In 1942, the Japanese occupiers introduced notes for use in the Philippines. Emergency circulating notes (also termed "guerrilla pesos") were also issued by banks and local governments, using crude inks and materials, which were redeemable in silver pesos after the end of the war. The Japanese-sponsored Second Philippine Republic under José P. Laurel outlawed possession of guerrilla currency and declared a monopoly on the issuance of money and anyone found to possess guerrilla notes could be arrested. Because of the fiat nature of the currency, the Philippine economy felt the effects of hyperinflation. U.S. and Philippine forces continued printing Philippine pesos, so that, from October 1944 to September 1945, all earlier issues except for the emergency guerrilla notes were considered illegal and were no longer legal tender. Republic Act No. 265 created the Central Bank of the Philippines (CBP, now the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas) on January 3, 1949, in which was vested the power of administering the banking & credit system of the country. Under the act, all powers in the printing and mintage of Philippine currency was vested in the CBP, taking away the rights of the banks such as Bank of the Philippine Islands and the Philippine National Bank to issue currency. In 1967, the language used on all coins and banknotes was changed to Pilipino. As a consequence, the wordings of the currency changed from centavo and peso to sentimo and piso. In a repeat of Japanese wartime monetary policy, the government defaulted on its promises to redeem its banknotes in silver or gold coin while promising to maintain the two-to-one peso to dollar parity. This decision, compounded with the deliberate overprinting of fiat banknotes, resulted in the peso dropping in value by almost 300% against the US dollar within the first three hours of opening day. The government effort to maintain the peg devastated the gold, silver and dollar reserves of the country. By 1964, the bullion value of the old silver pesos was worth almost twelve times their face value and were being hoarded by Filipinos rather than being surrendered to the government at face value. In desperation, then-President Diosdado Macapagal demonetized the old silver coins and floated the currency. The peso has been a floating currency ever since, which means that the currency is a physical representation of the domestic debt and whose value directly tied to people's perception of the stability of the current regime and its ability to repay the debt. From the opening of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas in 1949, successive governments have continued to devalue the currency in order to lower the accumulated domestic debt in real terms, which in December 2005 reached PHP 4.02 trillion. Many Filipinos perceive the peso's value in relation to the US dollar and tend to blame whatever regime is in power for the worsening exchange rate. Current economy Based on the current price of gold, the Philippine peso has now lost 99.9998% of its original 1903-1949 value. As of July 20, 2008, the value of the 1903-1949 Philippine Commonwealth peso, as per definition 12.9 grains of pure gold (or 0.026875 XAU), would now cost ₱1,136.09 on the international commodity markets. As of October 2005, the Philippine money supply (M1) totaled about 569.2 billion pesos (about US$11.5 billion). As of October 15, 2008, the PHP is traded at 47.650 per US-Dollar.<ref></ref> In 1861, gold coins were issued for 1, 2 and 4 pesos. These were equal in gold content to the earlier Spanish coins of ½, 1 and 2 escudos. Silver coins were minted from 1864 in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 centimos de peso, with silver 1-peso coins issued in 1897. During the Revolutionary period, coins were issued in copper for 1 and 2 centavos and 2 centimos de peso. In 1903, a new coinage was introduced. It consisted of bronze ½ and 1 centavo, cupro-nickel 5 centavos and silver 10, 20 and 50 centavos and 1 peso. The silver coins were weight related to the peso which was minted in .900 fineness and contained 374.4 grains of silver. U.S. gold coins and ½ and 1 peso coins were legal tender for any amount, with 10 and 20 centavos coins being legal tender up to 20 pesos and smaller coins up to 2 pesos. The sizes and finenesses of the silver coins were reduced in 1907, with the peso now a 20 gram coin minted in .750 silver. Production of the 1 peso coin ceased in 1912 and that of the 50 centavos in 1921. The American Government deemed it more economical and convenient to mint silver coins in the Philippines, hence, the re-opening of the Manila Mint in 1920, which produced coins until the Commonwealth period. In 1937, coin designs were changed to reflect the establishment of the Commonwealth. No coins were minted in the years 1942 and 1943 due to the Japanese occupation, but minting resumed in 1944, including production of 50 centavos coins. Due to the large number of coins issued between 1944 and 1947, coins were not minted again until 1958. Detail on a 5-piso coin In 1958, a new, entirely base metal coinage was introduced, consisting of bronze 1 centavo, brass 5 centavos and nickel-brass 10, 25 and 50 centavos. In 1967, the coinage was altered to reflect the use of Filipino names for the currency units. This was the "Ang Bagong Lipunan" series. Aluminium replaced bronze and cupro-nickel replaced nickel-brass that year. 1-piso coins were introduced in 1972, followed by 5-piso coins in 1975. The Flora and Fauna series was introduced in 1983 which included 2-piso coins. The sizes of the coins were reduced in 1991, with production of 50-sentimo and 2-piso coins ceasing in 1994. The current series of coins was introduced in 1995, with 10-piso coins added in 2000. Coins currently circulating are: • 5 sentimo • 10 sentimo • 25 sentimo • 1 piso • 5 piso • 10 piso Denominations below 1 piso are still issued but are not in wide use. In December 2008 a Philippine Congress resolution called for the retirement and demonetization of all coins less than one peso. <ref></ref> In 1852, the Banco Español-Filipino de Isabel 2a issued notes for 10, 25 and 50 pesos fuertes. In 1896, the bank added 5 pesos fuertes notes. The treasury issued notes for 1, 4 and 25 pesos fuertes in 1877. During the Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars, 1 and 5 pesos notes were issued in the name of the República Filipina. Between 1903 and 1918, silver certificates were issued, in denominations of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 pesos. These were replaced with Treasury Certificates, issued between 1918 and 1941 in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 pesos. In 1904, the Banco Español-Filipino introduced notes in denominations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 pesos. In 1912, this bank changed its name to the Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI), continuing to issue notes until 1933. The Philippine National Bank (PNB) issued notes in 1916 in denominations of 2, 5 and 10 pesos, with emergency notes issued in 1917 for 10, 20 and 50 centavos, 1, 5, 10 and 20 pesos. Between 1918 and 1937, the PNB issued notes in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 pesos. These notes were in circulation until 1947. The Japanese issued two series of notes. The first was issued in 1942 in denominations of 1, 5, 10 and 50 centavos, 1, 5 and 10 pesos. The second, from 1943, was in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 100, 500 and 1000 pesos. A 100-peso note from the English Series, which was introduced in 1951 and was replaced by the Pilipino Series in 1969. In 1944, Treasury Certificates, featuring the word "Victory" printed on the reverse, were issued to replace all the earlier notes. These were in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 pesos. In 1949, the Central Bank of the Philippines took over paper money issue. Its first notes were overprints on the Victory Treasury Certificates. These were followed in 1951 by regular issues in denominations of 5, 10, 20 and 50 centavos, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 pesos. The centavo notes (except for the 50-centavo note, which would be later known into the half-peso note) were discontinued in 1958 when the English Series coins were first minted. In 1967, the CBP adopted the Filipino language on its currency, using the name Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, and in 1969 introduced the "Pilipino Series" of notes in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 piso. The "Ang Bagong Lipunan Series" was introduced in 1973 and included 2-peso notes. A radical change occurred in 1985, when the CBP issued the "New Design Series" with 500-piso notes introduced in 1987, 1000-peso notes (for the first time) in 1991 and 200-piso notes in 2002. Philippine banknotes are currently issued in the following denominations: • 5 piso* • 10 piso* • 20 piso • 50 piso • 100 piso • 200 piso • 500 piso • 1000 piso (* not printed but still legal tender) Current Circulating Banknotes Image Value Main Color Description Year of First Issue Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Front side of the 5-peso banknote Reverse side of the 5-peso banknote 5 piso* Green Emilio Aguinaldo Declaration of Philippine Independence 1985 Front side of the 10-peso banknote Reverse side of the 10-peso banknote 10 piso* Brown Apolinario Mabini and Andres Bonifacio Barasoain Church and Blood Compact of the Katipuneros 1985 (first version), 1998 (second version) Front side of the 20-peso banknote Reverse side of the 20-peso banknote 20 piso Orange Manuel L. Quezon Malacañang Palace 1986 Front side of the 50-peso banknote Reverse side of the 50-peso banknote 50 piso Red Sergio Osmeña National Museum (historically and formerly the Old Congress Building) 1987 Front side of the 100-peso banknote Reverse side of the 100-peso banknote 100 piso Purple Manuel Roxas Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas 1987 Front side of the 200-peso banknote Reverse side of the 200-peso banknote 200 piso Green Diosdado Macapagal Philippine EDSA Revolution 2 2002 Front side of the 500-peso banknote Reverse side of the 500-peso banknote 500 piso Yellow Benigno Aquino, Jr. Philippine Unity 1987 Front side of the 1000-peso banknote Reverse side of the 1000-peso banknote 1000 piso Blue Jose Abad Santos, Gen. Vicente Lim, and Josefa Llanes Escoda Banaue Rice Terraces, Manunggul Jar, and Langgal Hut 1991 Template:Standard banknote table notice (* not printed but still legal tender) Recent issues "Arrovo" banknotes In 2005, several 100-peso notes where President Gloria Arroyo's surname name was misspelled "Arrovo" were in circulation. Days after this was first found out, the BSP ordered an investigation. <ref> Dela Cruz, Lindo. Public Wants Arrovo Bills SunStar Cagayan de Oro. 24 November 2005. [1] </ref> Fraud problem with the 1-piso coin By August 2006, it became publicly known that the 1-piso coin has the same size as the 1 United Arab Emirates dirham coin.<ref>Menon, Sunita. "Hey presto! A Peso's as good as a Dirham",, 2006-08-01. Retrieved on 2006-10-04. </ref> However, 1 peso is only worth 7 fils (0.07 dirham), leading to dispensing machine fraud in the U.A.E. Similarities of the 10-piso coin over the 2 Euro coin The 10 peso coin is also similar to the 2 Euro coin making it easy to pass for a Euro in some establishments in the EU. Template:Exchange Rate See also <references /> External links Money] Template:Peso Template:Philippine peso history ¤Currency signs Former signs Currency-Symbol Regions of the World circa 2006 cropped.png Template:Currencies of Asia Template:Philippines topics	<urn:uuid:28b0a2cd-bb8f-4d74-8552-7be93a19d540>	3	3.359375	0.022349	en	0.933794	http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Philippine_peso
Saturday, April 4, 2009 Eating a Healthy Diet April 4, 2009 8:08 pm Eating a Healthy Diet One of the important things you can do for your overall health is to eat a healthy diet. Your diet affects your weight and increases your risks of health diseases. Deciding a healthy diet is easier to say than to do because it is tempting to eat less healthy foods. Different people decide different healthy diet because you might eat this kind of diet while others just cannot stand the food you eat and find its alternative. That's what health experts are here for, to let us know which food are healthier than others. What are the principles of healthy eating? Know What Healthy Food Is and How You Should Eat. When pursuing a healthy eating plan, you should remember the following: 1. Try and Eat a Variety of Different Colored Food - You should remember that different foods have different nutritional values. Food can be rich in antioxidants or Vitamin C. So, when you go to do your regular weekly shop, try and see what different colored foods you can pick up. Down the fruit and vegetable aisle you should see greens, yellows, oranges and reds. You should have as much of a color variety in your trolley as you can. For example, when picking out fruit pick up strawberries, oranges, pineapple, apples, blueberries and bananas and you will notice what a large color selection you actually have. The same goes for vegetables. Basically, more color means that it is better and healthier for you. 2. Eat Foods from All Food Groups - The problem with many diets these days is the fact that they tell you to cut certain foods from certain food groups, out of the diet altogether. This means that you lose important nutrition and don't eat as healthy as you could be. So, the answer to a healthy diet is to eat a variety of different foods. Generally, fruit and vegetables should make up the main portion of your diet but you still need carbohydrates such as potatoes, meat or fish and a little bit of fatty foods like flaxseed oil which many experts recommend as part of a good fat diet. Overall, a diverse mixture of all food groups is needed for a healthy diet! 3. When You Need to Eat Snack, Do It on Healthy Foods – It doesn't mean that just because you want to lose weight, you'll have to skip your snack. In fact, snacking can actually be quite good for you just as long as you are eating the right foods. Generally, when we want to eat snack, we reach for a biscuit or a packet of crisps. However, if you want to eat a healthy snack, then you will have to swap those for nuts, seeds or fruit and vegetables. That way you will get energy, you will also be full until your next meal time and it will be completely healthy. Since you know what foods you like and what you don't, you really have to decide for your own healthy eating plan. However, the said tips above can help you to choose the best healthy eating plan for you. If you are switching to a healthy eating plan, then a Proactol™ can help you. Proactol™ is new clinically proven weight loss product that can help you cut down your fat intake by 28% of your dietary fat intake when taken after food. You don't have to deprive yourself of foods you love to eat healthy. Just eat the food you like in moderation and take Proactol™ to deal with your diet effortlessly. Practicing a sensible weight loss is not just taking a diet pill - you should live for a long-lasting healthy lifestyle. Visit proactol to see how you can achieve sensible weight loss.	<urn:uuid:8eb038c2-2075-4518-aa41-b52aaeee4e2b>	3	3.1875	0.108725	en	0.968584	http://fitnessdietbox.blogspot.com/2009/04/eating-healthy-diet.html
The Life & Times of Ulysses S. Grant War Between the States Ulysses S. Grant is best known for being the commander of the Union forces in the American Civil War. When war broke out, however, he was not even a member of the armed forces! Soon after the defeat at Fort Sumter, however, Grant was offered a position to train and recruit volunteers by the governor of Illinois, which he accepted. Grant was then appointed a field command after some pressure, and became a colonel of the 21st Illinois Infantry, a regiment notorious for its unruliness. After whipping them into shape, President Lincoln appointed Grant brigadier general of militia volunteers, which the general public would recognize as a one-star general. After this success, Grant was moved to the important District of Southeast Missouri, close to the Confederate border. His original purpose, stationed in Cairo, Illinois, (close to Southeast Missouri) was to defend and divert Confederate forces; but that did not suit the aggressive Grant. He requested and received permission to go on the offensive. Grant swept into Confederate-controlled land, and took Forts Henry and Donelson, in the first large-scale Union victory of the Civil War. At Fort Donelson, Grant fractured Confederate lines that had repulsed Union attack just the day before; it was here that he demanded "no terms except unconditional and immediate surrender." This, due to his initials, earned him the famous nickname "Unconditional Surrender" Grant. Capture of Fort Donelson After Grant's success at Forts Henry and Donelson, Lincoln promoted him to major general (a two-star general). It was after this that Grant became a celebrity, something that would help him win the presidency in later years. In fact, after a picture was published of him smoking a cigar, fans sent him thousands of cigars---something that most likely led to his death of throat cancer at 63. Grant was given control of the Army of the Tennessee after his promotion, and moved his HQ to Savannah, Tennessee in 1862. It was in Tennessee that Grant fought the Battle of Shiloh, a surprise attack by Confederate forces on his army. Grant famously pushed off the Southern forces, but actually lost 3,000 more men than his Confederate counterpart. This heavy casualty list (13,047) shocked American citizens, and produced a large public outcry against Grant. This prompted his commanding officer to remove him from the lead position in the upcoming siege on Corinth, which nearly caused Grant to leave the Army. Luckily, William Tecumseh Sherman, a close friend and fierce general, convinced him to stay; when Grant's C.O. was called to be general-in-chief of the Union army, Grant was able to resume his position. This left Grant free to stage the famous Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi, the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River. Grant relentlessly attacked the city, and when he won its surrender in July of 1863, he effectively cut the Confederacy in half on each side of the great river. The great victory at Vicksburg, unlike Shiloh, was accomplished with very minimal losses, and is still considered a brilliant example of military strategy. The long Vicksburg campaign cemented Lincoln's trust in Grant, and in March of 1864 the president gave Grant the rank of lieutenant general (a three-star general). Grant was the first to receive this honor since George Washington, and the post had been revived specifically for him. Along with this promotion came overall command of all U.S. armies. The General Grant that people think of today was now a reality. He placed General William Tecumseh Sherman in control of the Western theater, and moved himself to Virginia to duel with his famous Confederate counterpart, General Robert E. Lee (pictured below). Confederate General Robert E. Lee Grant vs. Lee---Battle of the Century The main goal of the war effort was now to destroy Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, and to cut off the Confederacy's already limited railroad network. Grant and Lincoln devised the Overland Campaign to accomplish these two goals. The main gist of this plan was to have Grant take the main force of the Army against Lee in the east and drive towards Richmond, Virginia, while Sherman made his famous March to the Sea to take Georgia; at the same time, other generals would take key strategic points and railroads to choke off Confederate supplies and men. Grant was one of the first generals to comprehend the now essential art of total war, in which a country devotes all its resources to the war effort (something already practiced in Grant's day), and also realizes that striking against your opponent's economy and infrastructure can be just as important as winning battles (something not as widely used in the mid-1800s). The Overland Campaign began in the spring of 1864, when Grant's Army of the Potomac marched towards Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, in order to provoke an attack. It worked. Grant fought in many battles, not just a couple major ones; he knew that he had to wear Lee so thin that he wouldn't have any more men to commit to battle. Engagements were fought in Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, and other places, and the Union almost always had higher casualty lists---but they won the battles. Grant kept on going where other generals had decided to retreat because they didn't want to incur the costs. Grant would not let himself be driven away, which was the Confederacy's main goal. They could not defeat the Union Army, but they could fend it off---until they faced Grant. The Overland Campaign led eventually to Petersburg, Virginia. Lee was trapped in Petersburg, but would not give it up. So began the Siege of Petersburg. Trenches were dug on both sides, and the Union attempted to cut off Confederate supply lines. Sherman's Georgia campaign was doing tremendously well, and all other aspects of the war seemed to come together for the Union.After months of siege, Lee finally abandoned the city, and Richmond soon after. He retreated to Appomattox Court House, where he surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1985 (pictured below). Surrender at Appomattox When Lincoln was assassinated five days after Appomattox, Grant was furious. Lincoln was one of the general's best friends, and he believed that the assassination was a Southern conspiracy that needed to be punished. When he discovered that it was not a wide conspiracy, he calmed down a little. Grant had the honor of being a pallbearer at Lincoln's funeral, where he cried openly while standing at attention. Within a few months of Lincoln's death, Congress created the rank of General of the Army of the United States, which is the equivalent of a modern full four-star general (General of the Army of the United States would eventually become the five-star general, and a four-star general would be known as simply a general). President Johnson appointed Grant to the position the day it was created, and Grant was the overall commander of U.S. ground forces in the ensuing peacetime. His reign in the position would be short, however, as his celebrity status led to a wide demand for him to be president. This was to happen very soon after the war ended.	<urn:uuid:c6b18a8f-cf56-4f22-9894-b398abae3386>	3	3.296875	0.077199	en	0.979407	http://generalgrant.weebly.com/us-civil-war.html
5 Kasım 2010 Cuma Unhealthy childhood or failed not because of your teeth Sağlıksız dişlerinizin sebebi çocukluk hatalarınız değil Caries as a reason to give up on your teeth as a child to see you consume sugary foods. According to the research of the last stages of their unhealthy habits of their childhood being has nothing to do with teeth. Suffering from being unhealthy teeth, permanent teeth are usually people who have pain problems as a child pulling teeth to believe that good bakmadıkları. However, recent research in adult teeth, healthy or unhealthy living standards ages shows to be affected. Mehmet Zahid Dentist Wins in recent years, according to a survey made little mistakes and lost their age progresses, inherited properties, in this case in order to have healthy teeth now underlines the real importance of giving your teeth. Bad habits; Oral and dental health at the beginning of the bad habits there's no doubt that smoking is affecting. Person smokes, the more, the higher the likelihood of losing teeth. To do this, keep your teeth for dental practitioners will be the most important advice to stop smoking. Non other than you consume sugary foods, acidic beverages such as coffee or tea stains teeth to consume food that is causing the frequency of your mouth and teeth are among the factors that affect health. The effect of oral health habits of people as a child, he will gain a positive habit. Person years of age if the child later in this edinirse tooth brushing habits, and thus maintain a healthy mouth and teeth will be taken the first step to. All of them brushing their teeth twice a day outside, I use dental floss and visiting your dentist regularly is also very important, indicating that the teeth and gums dentist Mehmet Zahid wins as a result of the problems yet to be an easy way to intervene early in the treatment edilebildiğinin underlines. Hiç yorum yok: Yorum Gönder	<urn:uuid:c1073058-b0ca-4b4b-8873-40867a434c6a>	3	2.625	0.029883	en	0.945584	http://health-deniz.blogspot.com/2010/11/unhealthy-childhood-or-failed-not.html
Wednesday, October 26, 2011 critical responses to art Last week in Interpretations class we read an article by two museum educators Danielle Rice and Philip Yenawine. Both are very well know in the field, yet have very different ways they teach art. I was very interested in Yenawine's technique to teach through critical response. Critical thinking is something that most schools are not incorporating into their lessons today because testing has taken over as the all-important aspect of public education (this is the conclusion we came to in class with the help of former and current public school teachers taking the class). That being said I think that art education is such a great way to incorporate critical thinking into academics. Yenawine works with young children and asks them to say what they think about a work of art, what they see, tell a story, what does it mean. He asks questions and allows them to think critically about a work, but never intervenes. This got me thinking, is it responsible for an educator to allow someone to create their own interpretation of the art even if it is completely incorrect? While I think his ideas of critical thinking in education are amazing, I'm really not sure if that is the only way to do it. How can an educator allow a student to believe something completely incorrect about a work and not at least try to point them in the right direction? Coming from an art history background I believe that aspect is super important. While there may be several interpretations of what is going on in a work, wouldn't it be the responsibility of the educator to tell the student basic factual information in some way? or does this completely discourage critical thought if they find out they are wrong? This is really difficult stuff to think through! 1 comment: 1. i've always believed that an individual viewer's interpretation of a piece at any given moment is as valid as the 'correct' interpretation. for one thing, the experiences, perspectives, and ideas that the viewer brings will totally shape their view of an artwork, and each viewer's experience is totally unique. when you invalidate someone's reponse to an artwork, you push them away from wanting to engage with future works. bring them inot the conversation and let them have their own ideas, and we'll go from there. :)	<urn:uuid:e9a8bc36-07aa-4ed4-ab59-a2ae8f5f3d02>	3	2.734375	0.041669	en	0.978714	http://heatherdandrea.blogspot.com/2011/10/critical-responses-to-art.html
December 22, 2009 Missing Constitutional Rights Found WASHINGTON, DC -- Janitors at the Library of Congress have discovered text originally intended to be included in the US Bill of Rights, but misplaced in 1789. These documents eerily presage some modern arguments for additional privileges guaranteed by the Constitution. In faded parchment apparently lost by a courier, several rights beyond the famous ten were envisaged. The rights are continued starting at thirteen because of two failed amendments that were not included in the final Bill of Rights. • Travelers Rights "Article the Thirteenth... No person undertaking travel shall be unduly inconvenienced or kept within the confines of coach or buggy whilst bills of lading or other administrative duties are executed, lest such persons shall become hungry or peevish." • Patients Rights "Article the Fourteenth.... No person shall be made to pay more than a reasonable amount for services regarding one's health and welfare, or if indigent to pay nothing at all; no person shall be denied services for any general or acute ailment, regardless of personal liability due to neglect or ill-advised personal habits; no person shall be made to feel embarrassment from any physician as a result of interview or examination." • Welfare Rights "Article the Fifteenth.... No person shall be lacking in housing, means of communication, entertainment, food, or discretionary funds as long as the general body of citizenry are able to provide means to enable these furnishings; and by so transferring the fruits of labor from one to another shall the further equity of all be recompensed." • Unemployment Rights "Article the Sixteenth.. If a person desires to work but lacks either initiative or attitude to secure such employment, Congress shall ensure education, transportation and funds be provided to such persons by their neighbors." • Right to No Offense "Article the Seventeenth..... No person shall be made to hear utterances or statements that they shall find offensive, unless they are intended to demean or dishonor a particular religious establishment." Historians have long puzzled over correspondence between several of the Founding Fathers which alludes to additional "lost" rights, and this discovery appears to solve the mystery. Other letters which were found in the basement of the Library of Congress indicate that a messenger lost the second sheet sent to a printer to create copies for each state, pending ratification. The embryonic and minimally staffed government was too exhausted to try to recreate the second sheet and decided to only send the rights listed on the first page. Thomas Jefferson's forthright note to the printing house makes this intent clear, "The ten rights enumerated in the first page shall suffice as the populace requires nothing more, nor the government in truths should supply." 1 comment: 1. Hell's Gate & The Light Of Deception. In retrospect and summary review, the transformations and innovations spoken of, primarily occurred during and shortly after periods of man created emergencies. Historically speaking, it begins with the Lincoln administration, economic emergency, war powers, war prize, booty, and ultimately in subjugation that all played a heavy handed role at that time. Add radical members to the judiciary, such as occurred during the Lincoln and later F.D. Roosevelt administrations, and the magic of hell's gate opens wide to suck up and swallow all within its indiscriminate vacuum like grope. Although the vacuous vacuum is observable to those with a smidgeon of common sense and a smattering of historical hindsight, the actual sound of that extraordinary power only becomes audible when and after the "switch and ditch" actually occurs. By this is meant that the "switch" to emergency rule, or more properly speaking, "rule of necessity", leads the actors to "ditch" and abandon fundamental principles, long recognized maxims, and reason, the soul of the law. "Pretext" (edict) then leads the actor(s) to expand omnidirectional and omnipotent powers with a secondary view to extending special favors, rights, lefts, ups and downs to special interest groups who also have notions of need that are fueled by the expediency of the moment and the passions of the day. The extraordinary use of expedient powers and the receipt of beneficial privileges is of course intoxicating, like the lust to make things equal that were not equal before the "rule of necessity" flipped the switch on the vacuous vacuum. That intoxication becomes entrenched and a primary fixation for both the actor(s) and the special beneficiaries who find the light at the end of that tunnel to be attractive and its warmth to be comforting. Unfortunately, they are looking down into an abyss and the light is that of a flame that burns the essential limbs off from those moths and insect that come within its reach. The ashen wings float up with the heat from the flame and the carcasses falls to the bottom of the abyss in lifeless form were the remains decomposes into dirt. Ashes to ashes and dust to dust - THE END.	<urn:uuid:a67844fe-5da6-479d-a8ab-f9c8de70b8d7>	3	3.15625	0.069551	en	0.945474	http://hellgazette.blogspot.com/2009/12/missing-constitutional-rights-found.html
A Lua Implemention of the SHA-1 Hashing Function With the code provided below, you can easily create a new module that provides a Lua implementation of the common SHA-1 hashing algorithm. To create and access this module, you will have to perform the following steps: 1. In the Translator, create a new module called “sha1”. The new module is added to the shared list: 2. Click on the new module to open its contents in the Editor (the page should be blank). 3. Copy and paste the code from the bottom of this page into the Editor, populating the module. 4. Return to your own script by clicking on main. 5. Add the line require ("sha1") to the top of your script. This loads the new module that you’ve just created, allowing you to access its functions for use in your script. 6. Commit a milestone to save your work. How Does It Work? In the most simplest terms, the sha1 module is a Lua implementation of the common SHA-1 hashing algorithm. For example, the following code snippet demonstrates how to produce the hexadecimal representation of the SHA-1 hash for the string “iNTERFACEWARE”. The module also contains a function for generating the 160-bit binary representation of the hash. Lua itself does not contain a built-in binary value, so these are still represented as strings. You can also generate hash-based message authentication codes (HMACs) using the module by providing a cryptographic key. Versions of Lua 5.1 and earlier do not contain direct access to common bitwise operators (such as bitwise AND and OR), so the module must generate these on-the-fly. This can be done in two ways: all results needed by the algorithm can be generated at script compile-time, or these can be generated dynamically as the algorithm progresses. The method used is controlled through the cfg_caching variable defined near the top of the sha1 module code. By default, we have set this “caching” to be disabled when the script is being edited in the Translator, as it can cause auto-completion and annotations to become sluggish. However, when the channel is run, this cache will be generated ahead of time, resulting in better overall performance when your script is generating several SHA-1 hashes in a row. Download the code for this module from our code repository. Notice the extensive comments included in the code, to help you better understand the purpose of its functions. For Example: See also: Leave A Comment?	<urn:uuid:7cc07ec5-d10a-4e07-8abf-56ad906ec97f>	3	2.53125	0.155851	en	0.865406	http://help.interfaceware.com/kb/1318
Horse Side Vet Guide ® Equine Health Resource Control Bleeding on Lower Limb with Pressure Bandage Being able to calmly, quickly and confidently stop or slow bleeding (hemorrhage), on the equine lower limb is a very important skill in an emergency. With focused pressure, you can usually slow or stop outpouring of blood from a lacerated vessel. Horses can lose gallons of blood before being in danger of shock. In most cases of severe hemorrhage from the lower limb, a horse’s blood pressure will drop enough that bleeding stops before the horse dies of blood loss. This is especially true of bleeding from the lower limbs where the vessels are smaller. Your horse is bleeding severely from a specific site on the limb. First, try to determine precisely where the blood is coming from. Test your hunch by pressing your finger or several fingertips directly onto the bleeding area and maintaining pressure there. Are you able to stop or slow the bleeding? If not, hold gauze with pressure on the site, remove it and try to visualize specifically where the bleeding is coming from. Again, try to put your fingertip on the source. This will give you an idea of what it will take to stop the bleeding. Once you feel like you know where you need to apply pressure, fold over a 1 inch thick wad of gauze 4x4 squares and place it directly on top of the site. Using Elastikon or Vetrap™, wrap the wound tightly forcing the gauze into it. If blood seeps through the bandage apply a second layer directly on top, with another 2 inches of gauze. This tight bandage can be safely left on your horse for several hours, until your vet can assess the injury. If that is not possible, try to gently remove it in several hours. If it starts bleeding again, you will need to replace it. A horse can slowly walk several miles back to a trailer with a properly applied pressure bandage on the lower limb. Tips for safety & Success Successful application of this skill is all about focused pressure. Use a headlight to help you visualize the bleeding point. Keep your horse as tranquil as possible. Be calm and move quickly but not frantically. Move your horse to an area that you think will make them calm, such as their stall. If you are out on the trail or away from the stable, encourage your horse to stand quietly as you work by keeping a buddy horse close by. Do not attempt to stop bleeding by using a tourniquet (a tight wrap higher up the limb). Focus all the pressure directly on top of the bleeding area. Author: Doug Thal DVM Dipl. ABVP	<urn:uuid:b2803d91-dff0-441a-849a-7eac38722c33>	3	2.578125	0.160106	en	0.90527	http://horsesidevetguide.com/drv/Skill/61/control-bleeding-on-lower-limb-with-pressure-bandage/
moon jellyfish swimming Spring Cleaning at the Aquarium After moving the hundreds of moon jellies to a back-up tank, 500 gallons of sea water are pumped out of the tank. When the water level is too low for the pump, aquarists Gary Stoops and Ian Wallace resort to the old fashioned method of bailing the water with a scoop and bucket.Once a year, the Great Barrier Reef Aquarium crew takes on a daunting task: draining, cleaning, and scrubbing the two 500-gallon jellyfish tanks. “Once we have all the water out, we will scrub the tank walls to get rid of the old food, polyps, and debris that settle on the floor and walls of the tank,” Stoops explains. The moon jellies eat brine shrimp, and some of the unhatched brine shrimp eggs fall to the tank floor. Polyps are the result of jellyfish reproduction, but these tiny jellies do not survive in the confines of the aquarium. This spring cleaning event results in a major water change for the jellies, with about 80% of their tank water being removed and replaced (about 20% of the water is pumped into a sump, and will be added back to the tank). For many aquatic species, this would present too much of a shock, but Stoops says, “Moon jellies are pretty hardy.” Stoops mixes up artificial sea water for the tank, which mimics the natural ocean in that it contains traces of nearly every element on earth. Once the water cycles through the filtration system, it will be ready again for the moon jellies. Click on the photos below to enlarge.	<urn:uuid:12bf1a53-e0c5-49ea-a1a1-c1dc9cfc91c8>	3	3.171875	0.039633	en	0.91425	http://kidszoo.org/spring-cleaning-at-the-aquarium/
Wednesday, July 06, 2005 Are Deficits Immortal? Can the U.S. Government Live Within Its Means? Lessons From Abroad Fine Study of the history of fiscal restraints, why they succeed when they do, and how they all fail eventually. The rigid balance norm was superseded after World War II by norms that allowed budget aggregates to accommodate cyclical changes in economic conditions. Contemporary fiscal rules have branched in two directions. One path assumes that good budget outcomes depend on preventing politicians from behaving in a fiscally irresponsible manner; the other assumes that favorable budget outcomes depend on giving politicians incentives to adopt responsible policies. The first ties their hands, the second holds them politically accountable for their actions. The Later fiscal rules work about as well as One would expect, noting the tsunami nature of Government spending knowing Politicians are actually after more money--not Votes--and has to have the Government spend in order to get the Contributors to spend. Deficits cannot be cured with fiscal rules, and alteration of the political rules is the only way to reduce Government spending. Things which can be realistically done to curb Government Spending and Deficits: 1) A Unitary Accounting system: Make Everyone play from the same Playbook, brings the ideal comparison network. 2) Forbid Politicians to raise Money (political contributions) during the actual Period of the Campaign. They have to make their Commitments prior to the Campaign to get the needed Funds, know they will be bound by those prior Commitments, and cannot gain any material support for any further Commitments. 3) Make the Politicians come up with a definable Budget. Pass a Constitutional amendment stating that at least half of the State Legislatures must approve any Budget before it goes into effect; otherwise, the existing Budget and budgeted amounts will stay in place through the following Budget Period. This approved Budget does not necessarily have to be passed by Congress, but simply provided by any major Political Party for three basic comparisons. 4) Establish a set size Extraordinary Expense Fund--the only source of Funds for Spendthrifts outside the Budget. When it is empty, so are the Politicians. 5) Tell the Federal Government and all State Governments We are tired of their acting like they are a Bank or Corporation. Treasuries and State bonds are forbotten! They are to get their funding from Commercial Bank paper like Everyone else. lgl No comments:	<urn:uuid:c7fd0fe5-40f9-4ff3-85cb-884e288361be>	3	2.90625	0.185681	en	0.931777	http://laglux.blogspot.com/2005/07/are-deficits-immortal.html
Working with the MEAN stack: Application setup In this tutorial I will convert the app I wrote using AngularJS to make it use the MEAN stack. Don’t worry, there’s nothing mean about the MEAN stack. The MEAN stack is a pure JavaScript stack containing: • MongoDB: MongoDB is a NoSQL database allowing you to store JSON (actually BSON) documents and query them. This is a great database when going for pure JavaScript applications because it’s easy to put the same object structure that you’re working with, inside the database. • Express: Express is a web framework that runs on Node.js. A “web” framework may sound a bit vague, but it is actually that. It allows you to serve static content, it allows you to route certain requests to execute certain logic (great for RESTful webservices) and so on. • AngularJS: I probably don’t have to explain this one to you, but AngularJS is a client-side Model-View-Controller framework by Google. • Node.js: I mentioned it already that we’re going to use Node.js (because we’re going to use Express), but Node.js is a JavaScript platform, quite popular nowadays. In this tutorial we will use it as our server-side platform. Before starting with the application, you obviously need to install the MEAN stack. If you followed some of my other tutorials, you probably already used Node.js and npm to use Bower. If you didn’t install Node.js yet, you can get it from By installing Node.js you install two things; first of all it will install Node.js (obviously), and second it will also install the Node.js package manager called npm. Verify that the installation was successful by using the command: node version nodejs version And to check if npm was installed, use: npm version The second step is to install MongoDB, which you can download from To check if the installation was successful, use: mongod version Setting up our application The first step is that we’re going to setup our application. Start a new project and add the following folders: • client: This folder will contain our client-side application using AngularJS. This content will be served by Express. • config: This folder will contain configuration used to run our application. Things like a connection URL and the port we will run on can be setup here. It’s a good idea to centralize this information for when you want to dpeloy the app on a cloud based environment. • server: This folder will contain our server-side logic to serve the client and to provide a RESTful webservice. We’re also going to add some files. First of all we’re going to create our Node.js application by creating a file called app.js. Node.js also comes with a packaage manager called NPM. To load our dependencies, we will have to define a file called package.json, which will define our application and the dependencies we have. In our app the file will contain: 1. { 2. “name”: “mean-song-rate”, 3. “version”: “0.0.1”, 4. “dependencies”: { 5. “mongoose”: “~3.6.14”, 6. “express”: “~3.3.4” 7. } 8. } I already explained what we’re going to do with Express. Mongoose on the other hand is a Node.js framework used to communicate with MongoDB. It provides a sweet API where you use models to add/update/retrieve and read your data. For the client-side part of our application, I’m going to start of where we left in my previous tutorial. I’m not going into detail about AngularJS controllers, services or directives in this tutorial. If you’re interested in that, I suggest reading my introduction tutorial series to AngularJS. What we do need is the code of the application, which you can find on Github ( Put all the code in the client folder, except bower.json and .bowerrc which you can put in the root folder. Now open up .bowerrc and change the directory to: 1. { 2. “directory”: “client/libs”, 3. “json”: “bower.json” 4. } This is obviously necessary because we moved our Bower configuration one level up (to the parent folder). Now open bower.json and add the dependency angular-resource, for example: 1. { 3. “version”: “0.0.1”, 4. “dependencies”: { 5. “angular”: “1.2.15”, 6. “angular-resource”: “1.2.15”, 7. “bootstrap”: “3.1.1”, 8. “lodash”: “2.4.1”, 9. “underscore.string”: “2.3.3”, 10. “font-awesome”: “4.0.3” 11. } 12. } Angular-resource is a part of the AngularJS framework and provides an easy way to integrate with your RESTful webservices. Also note that I changed the name in the bower configuration. The next part is the configuration. Open the config folder and add the following files: • config.js: This file will contain our main configuration including port number and database URL. • db.js: This file will contain the Mongoose configuration to connect to our MongoDB instance. • express.js: This file will contain the configuration used for Express.js like on which port it has to un, which context will be used to serve our client application and which context will be used to provide our RESTful webservices. • routes.js: Finally we will also use the routing pattern to setup which URL is bound to which logic in our controller. The serverside logic will not be too complicated. We’re going to add two folders here called controllersand models. In the controllers folder we will add our RESTful webservice controller, called rest.js. In the models folder we will add our model, a file called Song.js. Writing your Node.js app Now all files are ready, so let’s start by writing our application. I’m going to start with the boring stuff first, namely the configuration part. Let’s open up config.js and add the following code: 1. var env = process.env.NODE_ENV \|\| ‘development’; 2. var config = { 3. port: 3000, 4. db: ‘mongodb://localhost/songs’, 5. host: ‘localhost’ 6. }; 7. module.exports = config; On the first line we’re retrieving a system variable called NODE_ENV. This is not really important in our app, but if you want to deploy this on a cloud environment like IBM BlueMix or if you want to host this on multiple environments, you might be interested in this. For every environment you choose another value forNODE_ENV, which will allow you to use something like: 1. if (env === “production”) { 2. config.db = ‘mongodb://my.production.server/songs’; 3. } So, on the next lines we can see our configuration which contains: • port: The port our application will run on • db: The MongoDB connection string • host: The hostname the application will run on And finally we make sure that this module returns config, so when another module calls it, it gets the configuration object. You can do this by using module.exports. The next configuration file is db.js. Similar to config.js we will configure Mongoose and return the configuration by using module.exports, for example: 1. var mongoose = require(‘mongoose’); 2. module.exports = function(config) { 3. mongoose.connect(config.db); 4. var db = mongoose.connection; 5. db.on(‘error’, function() { 6. throw new Error(‘Unable to connect to database at ‘ + config.db); 7. }); 8. }; So, here we’re using the configuration object we made in our previous module and use it to connect to MongoDB using Mongoose. The configuration itself is passed as an argument to this module, I will show you how that works later. Then the next configuration file is express.js, similar to db.js it will configure our application based upon the configuration from config.js. 1. var express = require(‘express’); 2. module.exports = function(app, config) { 3. app.configure(function () { 4. app.use(express.compress()); 5. app.set(‘port’, config.port); 6. app.use(express.logger(‘dev’)); 7. app.use(express.bodyParser()); 8. app.use(express.methodOverride()); 10. app.use(‘/api’, app.router); 11. app.use(‘/’, express.static(__dirname + “/../client”)); 12. }); 13. }; So, what happens here is that this module accepts two parameters, app which is an application object initialized by Express and second we have config which is our configuration object which we’re going to need to know the port we’re going to run on. So, let’s talk about each line more into detail. The first two lines of configuration are pretty easy, the first line makes sure that our files are compressed using the GZIP protocol and the second line says which port we’re going to use. The third line (app.use(express.logger('dev')); makes sure that we’re going to log all requests of both our RESTful webservice as the static files that are served. The next two lines are important for our RESTful webservice In our RESTful webservice we’re going to use the post body to add or update the objects. To do that we need to enable the express.bodyParser()) on our application. The express.methodOverride() on the other hand allows us to use PUT and DELETE requests, which we will use to update and delete our objects in our RESTful webservice. Then finally we configure our app to use /api to serve our RESTful webservice and / to provide the static files from the client folder. The last configuration file is routes.js and this is probably the easiest one. In this configuration file we will define which REST endpoint is mapped to which method in our controller. 1. var rest = require(‘../server/controllers/rest’); 2. module.exports = function(app){ 3. // find all songs route 4. app.get(‘/songs’, rest.findAll); 6. // find one song route 7. app.get(‘/songs/:id’, rest.findOne); 9. // Add song route 10.‘/songs’, rest.add); 12. // Update song route 13. app.put(‘/songs/:id’, rest.update); 15. // Delete song route 16. app.del(‘/songs/:id’, rest.remove); 17. }; As you can see here, we’re using several endpoints here: • GET /songs: This will be used to retrieve all songs in our database • GET /songs/:id: The :id is a placeholder for the real ID of a song. Which means that we’re going to use this to retrieve a single song from our database. • POST /songs: This method will be used to add a new song to the list. The song itself will be provided as JSON in the post body of the request. • PUT /songs/:id: This method will be used to update a song by its ID. The updated song itself will be provided in the request body, just like adding new songs. • DELETE /songs/:id: This method will be used to delete a song by its ID. At the first lien you can see how we import our REST controller in the configuration file by usingrequire('../server/controllers/rest'). The main application Before actually writing our application we have to write the “glue” that keeps all modules together. Our main module (app.js) will import the configuration files to make sure our app is properly started. The code itself is not that complex, as it’s sole purpose is to load other modules (like our configuration). So, first of all we’re going to import all modules that we need by using the require() function: 1. var express = require(‘express’), mongoose = require(‘mongoose’), fs = require(‘fs’), http = require(‘http’), 2. config = require(‘./config/config’), root = __dirname, app = express(), server = null; Most of these modules are known by now. Only fs and http are new modules. These are standard modules of Node.js, so that’s why you won’t find them in package.json. The names of the modules already explain what they do: • fs: Provides functions to access the file system • http: Allows you to create a HTTP web server Then the next step is that we’re going to configure Mongoose by using db.js: 1. require(‘./config/db’)(config); As you can see here, we’re importing the module and immediately after it we’re executing the function and providing the config argument. The next part is a bit more complex. To dynamically load all our models, we’re going to list all files in the models directory and add all modules that are inside that folder. We can do that by writing: 1. var modelsPath = __dirname + ‘/server/models’; 2. fs.readdirSync(modelsPath).forEach(function (file) { 3. if (file.indexOf(‘.js’) >= 0) { 4. require(modelsPath + ‘/’ + file); 5. } 6. }); Now we only have the express and route configuration file left, which we’re going to load by writing: 1. require(‘./config/express’)(app, config); 2. require(‘./config/routes’)(app); And finally we need to start the webserver itself, which we will do by adding: 1. var server = http.createServer(app); 2. server.listen(config.port,; 3. console.log(‘App started on port ‘ + config.port); This is everything we have to do to make our application work. In the next part I’m going to explain how we’re going to create the MVC application using Express and how we’re going to tweak the AngularJS application to make it work with our new RESTful webservice. IT Consultant with a passion for JavaScript. Experienced in the Spring Framework and various JavaScript frameworks. Share This: Leave a Reply	<urn:uuid:f753dc57-05d6-4daa-af10-6e8f3380e7eb>	3	2.859375	0.072507	en	0.807109	http://learncooltech.com/working-with-the-mean-stack-application-setup/
Sales Toll Free No: 1-855-666-7446 Solve Polynomial Equations? TopPolynomial equations are those equations which contain variables, constants and non -negative Integer exponents. We have a general form to write polynomial equations. So anxn + an-1xn-1 + ...........+ a2x2 + ax + a0 = 0, In this given polynomial form x is a variable and an, an-1, ….. a2, a1, a0 are constants. Here ‘n’ should be positive integer and ‘an’ should not be zero. Let’s take an example of polynomial equations x3 + 7x2 + 3x – 2 =0, Here we can easily see that highest degree of ‘x’ is 3 and all the exponents’ term is non negative integer value. Polynomial equations are categorized according to the degree of Polynomials. So if we are talking about first degree than equation ax + b =0, Where ‘a’, ‘b’ are co-efficient and ‘x‘is variable. In Second degree the highest degree of variable x is 2 that’s why we also called them Quadratic Equation. Let’s take an example of quadratic equation 2x2 + 5x + 3 = 0 this is a polynomial equation to solve polynomial equations it is very necessary to find common factors and the isolation of variable x. so here we can see that in quadratic form equation 5x is the single term which is in 1 degree now we have to separate that term like that, addition will become 5x and multiplication will become 6x2. In short we have to find factors. We get two prime factors while separating 5x which is 2 and 3 so we can rewrite that equation like 2x2 + 2x + 3x + 3 = 0 Now we take 2 and 3 common in terms 2x2 + 2 and 3x +3, 2x (x + 2) + 3 (x + 1) = 0 After that we separate common term (x + 2) and join both factors together, (x + 2) (2x + 3) = 0, So (x + 2) = 0 and (2x + 3) = 0, Do now the values of ‘x’ are, x = -2 and x = -3 / 2.	<urn:uuid:af50bf02-b63d-40fa-a3d0-f55748c4f095>	3	3.1875	0.998886	en	0.919663	http://math.tutorcircle.com/algebra-1/solve-polynomial-equations.html
Code ASCII relates to a standard that is used by computers to translate human readable characters into something computers can understand. Code ASCII is usually provided in the form of an ASCII table. Even though the evolution of code ASCII is responsible for a number of extended versions, the original code ASCII is a table with 128 characters and their universally accepted translations into computer language. What is code ASCII? You probably know that computers speak in the language of 1s (ones) and 0s (zeros). You can create a sequence of 1s and 0s to express any numerical value as its binary translation. Just a note on the side, converting numbers into binary is a simple mathematical operation (take a look here decimal to binary converter). However, there is no such evident way to translate non-numeric characters (letters) into binary (into sequences of ones and zeros). Let's say you have the letter Z. How do you translate that into ones and zeros that the computer can understand? The answer is code ASCII. Code ASCII is a universal standard that sets in stone how letters should be translated into ones and zeros. Code ASCII is most often represented by an ASCII table. Code ASCII or ASCII table is a table that lists all the letters in our roman alphabet plus some additional characters. Each character in a code ASCII table is always represented by the same order number. Regardless if you work with a computer in India, Japan, or USA, for example the ASCII code for the capital letter "B" is always represented by the order number 66 which is easily representable using 0s and 1s in binary as 1000010. You can see this in our code ASCII table here: ASCII table. Code ASCII structure The standard code ASCII table defines 128 character codes (from 0 to 127). The first 32 codes in the basic code ASCII table are called control codes. They are non-printable, and you most likely do not have the opportunity to encounter them in your daily life. These code ASCII characters such as start of heading, horizontal tab, backspace, shift out, and others were used to control printers back in the old days. The first character following the set of control characters - a space - is considered an invisible graphics. The remaining 94 code ASCII character codes are representable characters. The last character is a DELete control code. code ASCII This code ASCII chart is organized in a way that row numbers represent the first digit and the column numbers represent the second digit in a hexadecimal notation. For example, the "B" character is located at the 4th row and the 2nd column. So, the letter B would be represented in hexadecimal as 0x42 (that is decimal 66). See our hex to decimal converter. Extended code ASCII Code ASCII and other characters? You might be asking now, how do computers understand other characters that are not included in the basic code ASCII table. For example, what about the letter Code ASCII letter a which can be found in many German words? Most systems nowadays use 8bit bytes which can represent 256 different values. It means that in addition to the 128 standard ASCII codes there are other 128 codes which are known as extended code ASCII. Extended code ASCII is platform and locale dependent. There are a number of extended code ASCII sets, such as OEM extended code ASCII, ANSI extended code ASCII, code ASCII-1963, code ASCII-1967 (used on ZX Spectrum computer), ISO 8859-1 (also called ISO Latin-1), and many others. There is more than one extended code ASCII character set reflecting the needs of a particular language, platform, and localization. The table above shows the most used extended code ASCII character set which is known as the OEM extended code ASCII set. The OEM extended code ASCII set is used by the hardware of the most PC compatible machines. This OEM extended code ASCII table was also used by the DOS. As you can see, the OEM extended code ASCII set includes some foreign signs. To conclude, the concept of code ASCII is pretty self explanatory from the code ASCII acronym. ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Code ASCII is a standard for information interchange. Articles related to code ASCII If you want to know more about code ASCII, see the following articles. ASCII table ASCII to hex converter Decimal to binary converter Hex to decimal converter Decimal to hexadecimal converter In case you have any questions about code ASCII, visit our discussion forum. Discuss this article or this topic in our discussion forum: Email this article to a friend: 2 + 6 - 3 = How can I link to this web page? <a href="" title=" Code ASCII" target="_blank">Code ASCII</a>	<urn:uuid:fba1097c-f7a2-4ba5-a013-9e41c6d6d6f1>	4	4.5	0.922992	en	0.871304	http://maxi-pedia.com/code+ASCII
Senin, 22 Juli 2013 Why Children Need A Character Education? Character building is essential approach for building nation. In essence, the development of a child is to develop a true understanding of how this world works, learn "rules of the game" every aspect in this world. Children will grow into personal character when can grow in the range of characteristic There are 3 Ways to Educate Children Character: 1. Change the environment, doing character education by laying out rules and consequences at school and at home. 2. Provide knowledge, provide knowledge on how to do the behavior that hoped to appear in their days and applied. 3. Controlling emotions, human emotions are in control of 88% of human life. If able to touch the emotions and provide accurate information so that information will be settled in his life. The story of a corrupt racket I found this interesting story at Perhaps all of us can learn from these story. A young boy accidentally destroy his father's racket. Because of fear, she hid the racket under the bed in his room. Every time his father entered the room, her fear. He accidentally sat down on the bed, worried father raised beds later found that he rusakkan racket. That's why he is always trying to move the racket that he rusakkan to another as often as possible, in hopes father will not be able to find it. So far everything is always able to be treated successfully. Faults remain hermetically sealed in front of his father. However, as long as it did not calm him. Every moment of guilt arise and judge. Wherever he went, his heart was always drawn to the racket that the father he never rusakkan. The more often he moved his racket rusakkan, he is getting restless, because it means the little place that allows it to hide the broken racket. In ketertekanannya, he finally took the damaged racquet, bring it in his right hand, then went to his father with fear. Having been in front of his father, he said as he showed the destruction racket, "father, forgive me for damaging racquets father, I am ready to be punished." Heard of her son, the father leaned over and said, "son, father already knew all of that from last week, just waiting for your father to have the courage to admit it. Now the father was about to say to you that the father forgive you. " The last sentence of the father actually make the child feel relieved and free. Admit mistakes is the beginning of a great deed, and to account for the error is a step towards happiness. Jumat, 19 Juli 2013 Meerkat and Grebe : Two Signs of Love for a Child In a vast steppes, a set of Meerkat (Ind.: Mongoose) is preparing to return to the nest. By evening, a fox crept toward the nest. Knowing this, the parent Meerkat immediately put the body in the nest entrance. He was ready to fight to protect her children. The next morning, the battle scars overnight with wolves force the meerkat’s parent last breath. In another hemisphere, a pair of birds building nests near Grebe lake inhabited by crocodiles. Once when the crocodile was very hungry, Grebe chicks are still too weak to be crocodile’s food. Parent birds know it and immediately pretended hurt to distract the crocodile. Seeing other larger dining, the crocodile follow where the mother bird away. As she shuffled like a mortally wounded, the parent birds Grebe risking his life so that the crocodile away from her children. Two stories above is not a fictional story. Grebe bird and meerkats are just 2 of the many creatures of God given instinct of compassion. There are many other creatures that God showed his affection with a variety of ways. Especially humans, which was given the mandate as the inheritors of the earth, the absolute has the affectionate nature. Without it, the position as the leader in the face of the earth will only bring misfortune. When young, Grebe chicks feed her mother found hairs or feathers of his own. It is intended that these feathers form a filter in the stomach chicks, which would prevent the entry of fish spines into the digestive tract. When we were kids, our parents are very careful with what we eat. When we are sick, we are the ones that most parents worry about the condition of our bodies. They think very best education that will be given to us. With all the sacrifices they made, how should we reply? There's no way we give back what they have given. But as a child, our obedience, our devotion, respect, attention, and affection we do, are the things that will make them happy to have us as their sons and daughters. (Aan) Languages and Civilizations Long before Cesare Bollugia ambitious to unite Spain, Naples, and Rome, the Abbasid Caliphate had been in control of Western civilization in Europe. Yes, Andalusia in the 7th century AD has been the center of civilization with Cordoba as one of the prominent cities. At this time, in Spain, Christians are immersed into what is known as the Mozarabic Culture (Dr. Hamid Fahmi Zarkasyi). Islam is the dominant culture that may have contributed greatly to the birth of a new view of life in the West. Prior to the 7th century, Western civilization has indeed been inherited from the Greeks and Romans. However, sophisticated Muslim worldview and more rich knowledge of what is contained in the Latin world, has given stimulus to the rise of the ideology, intellectuality, and imagination of medieval European society. Then, in the 10th century AD, wheel rolling back civilization. Rotating steady and strengthen the Christian army ambition to return to the glory which he inherited from Roman civilization, while continuing to enrich the heritage of world civilization with Islam: aspiration and enthusiasm for life. Transfer the live of view Civilization is formed when the constituent elements that include factors accumulate material and immaterial in such a way in a short time. And indeed, the forerunner of the wheels of civilization from the time of the Abbasid Caliphate to Christian Europe has been going on since the Islamic civilization reached its glory. Of course, just as the Ibn Khaldun: "When a people have reached the point of civilization, then nobody could awaited addition to its destruction" (Mujahideen Muhayyan). When Islamic civilization that reached its peak, western aspirations of Muslims to enrich their worldview. Lives of the people with intellectual and sophisticated view of life in the shade of the Islamic civilization, which is felt and seen by the European through and visit their diplomatic relations, has given rise to the embryo changes. And these embryos develop when the people of Europe realize that they can absorb the aspirations and spirit of Muslim life by transferring and assimilating the books of philosophy and Islamic science. In addition to stories and poems were transmitted orally, many Muslim scientific works translated by the West. This enthusiasm is so great-monastery to monastery Europe, especially Santa Marie de Rippol, on the 12th and 13th century AD manuscript has storage space for a large number of Muslims to their scientific work translated. Thus, they can explore science contained in the libraries of Islam. In fact, for the smooth running of the translation process, the kings of Europe established a school for translators in Toledo, just after Christian forces recaptured the city in 1085 AD So no wonder, if the works of medieval European scientists could not be separated from the works of translation from Arabic.Historians note that the development of Western Europe in the mid 13th century is a combination of elements, called Greco-Arabic-Latin. In other words, the mastery of the language that characterizes the works of philosophy and science of the time, has opened the gates of the intellect and the western way of life, and make the people of Europe, once again, as the ruler of Western civilization, which is more rich in scientific works andconcepts of the Islamic worldview. Once again, "just" because of the language ... Language, forming the arms of civilization History of a civilization begins when the language has evolved its constituent communities. Archaeologists itself establish that history began when society has known writings. It refers to the written evidence is found. Interim period before the written evidence is categorized as prehistoric. And writing, is evidence that language comprehension is a growing community. Language, according to Muhayyan Mujahideen, a form born of the workings of the brain, which is thought. The brainchild of a variety of shapes. Some are born as art, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and so on. The birth of the results of this thinking help humanity understand the moral values, religion, the universe, including his true identity. Because art is the language of our feelings and thoughts. Philosophy is the language of the deepest values of life and living. Mathematics is the language of symbols for objects and events around us. Similarly astronomy, is a language that helps us understand the universe, as well as our identity. So the development indicates the rise of the language of a people. This evolving mindset, enables man to actualize themselves in such a way as to develop the immaterial factors such as rules, moral values and beliefs (religion). Immaterial factors, supported by material factors such as geological factors, geographical, and economic, accumulate to form a civilization.Because it's no wonder, when the only developed nation that bahasanyalah, which is able to form a human existence, called civilization. Generating Islamic civilization Mastery over the language does have an important role for the formation of a civilization. Therefore, it is not possible to revive the language of a civilization that had drowned. Ibn Khaldun defines civilization as the pinnacle of cultural achievement ladder. And a spokesman for culture, language becomes a very powerful tool for spreading the culture of the speakers of the language. When languages have made the culture of a nation into a global culture, the culture of the nation will color the joints civilization. But the Islamic civilization, not just a collection of culture.Civilization is built upon the apostles ”millah” worldview that contains the potential to blow up its constituent humans. Muslims need to unite immediately languages, and raised the height of the glory of civilization with language. To that end, efforts to unify the language of the policy must be followed up with efforts to speak. During the cold war, the Soviet Union and the United States in a world polarized into the motor block west and a block east. But in reality, the Soviet Union was not able to put the Russian language equal to English in the international arena. So that American popular culture over popular culture coloring origin of civilization than the Soviet Union. History also indicates the failure of the Japanese and German military during World War II as a result of the absence of the policy language. So the Japanese or German culture does not contribute significantly in the coloring of civilization. Now, it was time for Muslims to dye civilization again. Because the Muslim worldview that rests on the Quran, should be the entity of human civilization. In order for civilization, become truly civilized. (Aan) This is one of my article that published in "buletin Integral" a few years ago. After re-read it, I found interesting to publish it in my blog. How is your opinion about it content? Sabtu, 13 Juli 2013 Club for everygirl who likes writing After talking left and right, never thought, it turns out quite a few friends "excited" by the idea of establishing a school-based Talent. Just how? As a result, this idea should be the way somehow. Because this is not just an idea, but a dream. So, as a first step we will make the club first. Talent-based school is a school for developing talent and interest, so the classes are in the form of clubs.There are writing club, diva club, animation club, etc. Well, because the cost of the device and to establish schools quite complicated and large, then we set up the club first. It's like building a dream home, which is preceded by arranging bricks one by one. Clubs that want to set up the first time was writing club. This is due to the establishment of school-based talent is fronted by people equally like writing. In addition, the establishment of capital was also not so great. Well, after writing club, then other clubs will surely also soon stand. This is a writing club targets schoolgirls. Club members will be divided into teams to complete the project. We are also looking for a publisher to accept the results of the project will be. What if the publisher does not accept? then we publish the results of the project will be independent. So, for the schoolgirls aged 15 years and over who are interested in realizing the dream in the field of writing, better join this club. It's free. Want it??? Talent-based School What it was like going to school with our way? We learn what we really like and need. For example, I love to write. Then the school will host a book-making project, or a novel, or other. Each time the teaching and learning process, which we are doing is trying to complete the project. The Report is the result of our posts have been published. Or as I like the culinary arts. Someday want to be a culinary professional artist. Then the school will bring experts in the field to teach. Each meeting we make a work of culinary art different.For example, today the theme is chocolate, fruit mix next meeting, the next meeting different again. At the end of the school year, the exam form of culinary art exhibition, then we get certificate of diploma culinary professional artist. So, we can use the certificate to apply for work in the gallery or school or corporate pastry / cake culinary artist in need of services. Exciting right ! If I love photography, so I would join a photography class. Each meeting we learn to take pictures with different themes. During the meeting, we automatically learn how to set up the lighting, take a right angle, and all about cameras, ranging from its history to the development of the camera. In the end, the science of photography we can get it deeply. Then at the end of the school year, the evaluation of learning is in the form of an international photo exhibition. Sure is cool! What about I like sports, football for example. Of course I’ll follow football class. In football class, the students are trained in the discipline to be a professional player. In addition there are certain times interspersed lessons on personality. Sports athletes nowadays it's that close to the entertainment world. So it's important to be a decent athlete sale. Well, the school organizes regular events match as well, but to follow the games of football clubs outside school. The football graders must compete for a chance to play in international clubs. Well, of course the school have to facilitated it. And other talents, such as singing. The Report is the album of their work. Who love animation, the report is animated movie they’ve made. School will facilitate to distribute the work of his students to the broadcasting world. And so on ... If school is in this way, both students and teachers certainly do not stress, because they learn and teach appropriate field of their interest and obtained knowledge that is certainly needed when they grow up and work in the field, right? Wanna go to school in a school like this? Or would like to teach in a school like this? Let’s make! Senin, 01 Juli 2013 Klub buat yang suka nulis Setelah bicara kiri-kanan, nggak nyangka, ternyata beberapa teman cukup "excited" dengan ide pendirian Talent based school. Cuma caranya gimana? Alhasil, ide ini harus bisa jalan bagaimanapun caranya. Karena ini bukan sekedar ide, tapi impian. Jadi, sebagai langkah awal kita akan bikin klub dulu. Talent based school adalah sekolah berbasis bakat, jadi kelas-kelasnya berupa klub-klub. Ada writing club, diva club, animasi club, de el el. Nah, karena perangkat dan biaya untuk mendirikan sekolah cukup rumit dan besar, maka kita dirikan klub dulu. Ini seperti membangun sebuah rumah impian, yang diawali dengan menata batu bata satu demi satu. Klub yang mau didirikan pertama kali adalah writing club. Ini karena pendirian talent based school ini digawangi oleh orang-orang yang sama-sama suka nulis. Selain itu, modal pendiriannya juga tidak begitu besar. Nah, setelah writing club, maka club-club lainnya juga pasti akan segera berdiri. Target writing club ini adalah siswi-siswi SMU (muslimah) mulai dari kelas 1. Anggota club akan dibagi menjadi beberapa tim untuk menyelesaikan proyek bukunya. Kita juga sedang mencari penerbit untuk menerima hasil proyek nantinya. Bagaimana jika penerbit tidak menerima? maka hasil proyek akan kita terbitkan secara indie. So, buat para remaja muslimah usia 15 tahun ke atas yang berminat mewujudkan impian di bidang tulis-menulis, lebih baik ikut klub ini. Kan gratis. Mau???	<urn:uuid:92ca1e06-222c-4e78-8423-2c629032495f>	3	2.625	0.10872	en	0.908359	http://miswagarden.blogspot.com/
A Euro theory f it were not for the euro, Germany’s trade balance would have caused a revaluation of the Mark, which would automatically have reduced the exchange rates of the other "European currencies", thus favouring them on international markets. The single currency was not created to stimulate exports and improve productivity. In fact, for the first time, the then President of the European Economic Community, Roy Jenkins, proposed a common currency which, however, was also based on a common budget, equal to 10% of the sum of all Member States’ GDPs. Initially the Euro was based on the "optimum currency area" theory developed by the Canadian economist, Robert Mundell, in 1961. It also rested on the fact that an economy open to international trade always tends to a low exchange rate. Furthermore, as assumed by Mundell’s group of economists, in a highly diversified national economy the exogenous shock is always very limited. This would lead a country open to trade and with a diversified economy to accept, in principle, a currency common to other countries. Provided, however, that there is flexibility on the capital and labour markets and that its economy is very diversified and open to international trade. However, to what extent can an economy be "diversified"? Does excess of diversification not lead - as natural - to a different and sometimes negative gain margin between products? In Mundell’s model, the national currencies were described by the economic theory as simple barriers to international trade, as well as limits to productivity and finally obstacles blocking commercial transactions. At that time, Jacques Delors and Romano Prodi theorized that - rebus sic stantibus - with the mere introduction of the Euro, the European economy would grow 1-1.5% per year. Later Perrson and Nitsch proved that the econometric model used for those predictions was wrong, while other academics and experts studied the influence of the European monetary union on international trade. Once again the analyses carried out on macroeconomic data demonstrated that the assessment of the benefits resulting from the single currency had been greatly exaggerated. Obviously, for political purposes, economics is not so much a "sad science", but rather rhetoric used to convey political and social messages and choices. According to these more realistic models, the monetary union was responsible only for a 4.7-6.3% increase in foreign trade, while the most pessimistic forecasts of the first analyses on the Euro-induced growth pointed to a 20% or even a 200-300% increase in international trade. We have always known that economics is ideology in disguise. In other words, the Euro does not change international trade transactions, but rather tends to change competitive pricing. Furthermore, there is no factual evidence of a stable structural difference between foreign trade and exchange rate. Moreover, according to the International Monetary Fund, a 10% decline of the exchange rate leads to a 1.5% average increase of GDP. Yet another demonstration of how a healthy and sound devaluation is good for international trade. The persistently "high" single currency has also hampered recovery in the Eurozone countries, while other European countries, such as Sweden, could quickly rebuild their economy. This implies that the Euro could do nothing to avoid the crisis, except in Germany, where the per capita GDP has been growing incessantly since 1999. As to investment in fixed assets, only France, Belgium and Finland have been successful. Portugal and Greece have fallen to the levels of fixed capital investment of the 1980s, while per capita fixed capital investment (housing, infrastructure, roads, railways, airports, machinery, etc.) has levelled off since 1999. With the Euro introduction, investment in infrastructure was put to an end. Furthermore, as repeatedly noted, the crisis of the single currency and of the Eurozone began with Greece’s tragic situation. Greece is worth almost 3% of the Eurozone GDP and the banking crisis following tension in Greece, at first, and later in Spain, Germany and Italy, cannot be solved with the EU banking union, but only with the action of individual governments. The signal to international markets is clear: if the Euro is hit with a speculative action, the Eurozone individual countries shall try to solve it, with their limited resources. With its crisis Greece has later demonstrated that monetary and credit tensions in each country of the single monetary area are never supported by the rest of the Eurozone - as would happen in any real monetary union - but the country in trouble is blamed for being "spendthrift". The result is that the other Eurozone countries buy the assets of the nation in crisis below cost. In fact, the single currency works only in really federal States, such as India or the United States, where the internal market and financial networks are wide and can manage the income gap between the various regions of the country. If we were to support the economies of Italy, Greece, Spain and Portugal, the cost of recovery for these four countries would be 260 billion euro per year for ten years. Hence the issue does not lie in Germany being wicked, but in the fact that the Euro has been conceived and designed badly and leads to crisis the countries which do not adjust their domestic economy to a structurally and unreasonably overvalued currency. And in these cases, monetary expansion combined with economic "austerity" does not solve the problems. Public spending and discretionary spending, as well as wages and salaries and, in some respects, even profits are now regulated by the Solidarity Pacts of 2011, in addition to the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance signed in 2012. They are inter-European agreements prohibiting the redistribution of funds within the EU. They were signed upon German pressure and it is worth recalling that Germany cannot objectively take upon itself the cost for restructuring Southern countries’ debt. Indeed, we could devalue the Euro. Nevertheless the relations between the Eurozone members would not change and Germany would gain even more from a devalued Euro. Therefore the only way then to change the exchange rate between the various countries of the single currency is not to devalue the Euro, which is based on fixed exchange rates established ne varietur in 1999, but just leave the Euro area. Furthermore, considering the differences of economic integration in the Eurozone, if the single currency were devalued, the least integrated country, namely France, would gain much more than the others. It is worth making clear that it would be a gain at the expense of the Euro Mediterranean countries. It would be tantamount to go back with the Euro to the old gold standard of the 1930s, with the Euro: either it is fully dissolved or you decide to leave. In this sense, the single currency is a severe loss of economic flexibility in the relationship between inflation, productivity and public debt. Relations between macroeconomic values which can be manipulated for the better only in a national context, given that the EU still records very significant micro and macroeconomic differences. It should be noted that the impasse resulting from the gold standard led to the Great Depression after the 1929 crisis. At the beginning of the Great Depression, Germany and Great Britain tried an internal devaluation, but in these cases, if there is a fixed monetary standard, devaluation only means domestic deflation. Considering price rigidity, unchanged financial costs and the money supply restriction, any policy of this kind finally makes both politics and society unmanageable. What about leaving the single currency? Meanwhile, it is worth recalling that, in international financial law, what matters is not the lender’s nationality, but rather the law applicable to the contract. If, for example, the debt were regulated by French law, regardless of the parties’ nationality, the payment should be made in the French national currency. Moreover, statistics throughout the single currency EU tells us that the private debt would not be affected by the transition to the new Franc, Lira, Peseta, etc. According to the studies of the Bank for International Settlements, which has already analysed these issues, the cost to be borne by EU countries for leaving the single currency would be approximately 5 billion euros - a figure that can be easily managed by everybody. Hence, after the end of the Euro, the EU countries could appreciate or devalue their currencies, by offering competitive prices and thus recreating precisely those competitive advantages which had been basically removed by the single currency. In this way the German Mark would surely appreciate as against the Lira and the Peseta, thus favouring the Southern countries’ currencies and making the huge German trade surplus disappear, as if by magic. Probably this is the best prospect and the best way forward. Giancarlo Elia Valori Advisory Board Co-chair Honoris Causa MD Newsletter	<urn:uuid:498dd7c6-c7bf-424d-8230-7035602939b4>	3	3.09375	0.155031	en	0.959141	http://moderndiplomacy.eu/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=2435:a-euro-theory&Itemid=151
Friday, 24 January 2014 Neuroscience and the Nature of Brain Injury As I reported in yesterday's post, over Christmas we heard the news that Michael Schumacher had been involved in a skiing accident, and had suffered a serious brain injury. To date, Schumacher is still in a medically induced coma - prompting some media speculation that Schumacher might be in a 'vegetative state'. During my year on placement, I had the chance to learn a lot about disorders of consciousness, and I worked with a few patients. As neuroscience and motorsport are two of my interests, I feel I should provide more information about why Schumacher is not in a vegetative state, and why this situation is different from the common media 'knowledge' being bandied around recently. At this point I should state that I will not be speculating about Schumacher's condition - the only people who are in any position to comment are those directly involved in Schumacher's care. Any news that you hear from anywhere other than Schumacher's medical team, his manager or his family is just speculation. Unfortunately, the media does like to jump over things like this, and so I feel compelled to give a brief overview of the science behind Schumacher's condition. First off, let's be clear, Schumacher has suffered a serious head injury. Brain injuries of any sort are bad news, and we simply don't know enough about the brain and how it recovers to say how long and how much Schumacher will recover. As I stated before, this information is only going to come from Schumacher's medical team, and may not come for some time. Despite Schumacher wearing a helmet, the impact caused a bleed in and around his brain. To understand why this is serious, it is important to realise how the brain sits inside the skull. The brain is an incredibly soft organ, surrounded by membranes and fluid. It also sits on the brainstem and spinal cord, meaning that despite the 'packaging' around it, the brain is subject to movements. On heavy impacts, the brain can bounce forwards and backwards, hitting the inside of the skull (these are called 'cou' and 'contra-cou' movements for those of you with a technical mind). The inside of the skull is remarkably rough, causing tears and, ultimately, bleeds. You may recall that initially, Schumacher was reported to be conscious and lucid at the scene of the accident. It was a surprise, then, when it was later reported that he was in a critical condition. The reason this was the case was due to the increase of pressure inside the skull. As the bleeding inside the brain increases, the pressure on the brain also increases. The fluid can't move fast enough, and eventually presses down on the brain, and it is this that can cause the loss of consciousness and symptoms of brain injury. Don't forget that the brain is remarkably soft, and is very sensitive to pressure and damage of this kind. So, Schumacher underwent surgery to relieve the pressure on his brain, an operation known as a craniectomy. Once the pressure came down, some sort of stability could be approached. However, Schumacher had to be placed in a medically induced coma, and he has remained in this state for some weeks now. This medically induced coma is perhaps the source of the speculation that I read today, that Schumacher is in a vegetative state. So, to dispel this idea, let me explain in simple terms what consciousness means (well, I shall do my best at any rate). Alright, I'll admit at the start that neuroscientists still aren't entirely sure why we have consciousness or what it is precisely. However, there is an easy way of classifying consciousness which can be used in clinical contexts, and it is this definition to which I will stick. In these terms, consciousness is made up of two concepts: wakefulness and awareness. Wakefulness is pretty much what it says it is: the extent to which someone is alert and able to respond to stimuli. Awareness is more linked to content: the subjective experience of things around us, being aware of who we are and what is around us. While wakefulness is necessary for awareness, the levels of each may vary. Thus, we can be wakeful without awareness, unawake and unaware, or wakeful and aware. It is in these terms that different disorders of consciousness may be defined. In normal, healthy individuals we are both wakeful and aware (well, when we're not asleep anyway). The same applies to individuals who have locked-in syndrome (a condition in which individuals are unable to respond to stimuli due to paralysis, but nonetheless awake and aware of their surroundings). By contrast, individuals in a coma are unawake and unaware. This goes beyond normal sleep, in which individuals can be woken. No stimuli can wake someone in a coma, they may only show reflex movements and their brain activity is generally depressed (although this may vary). Comas can last any amount of time, and may have different outcomes. What we must remember though is that Schumacher is in a medically-induced coma. While the same features are present - unawake, unaware etc. - this is more linked to anaesthesia, rather than a result of problems within the brain. Individuals in a medically-induced coma are placed in this state deliberately, to slow brain functioning and allow the brain some time to recover. The healthy, waking brain requires a huge amount of energy, and by slowing its function in a medically-induced coma it is hoped that recovery may be more successful. These medically-induced comas are controlled, unlike a normal coma. Physicians are able to lighten the sedation and test the brain's functioning when they deem it necessary. However, the amount of time this takes does still vary, from a few weeks to upwards of six months. Currently, Schumacher has been in this condition for almost a month, so it's definitely not the time to start losing hope. Now, when coming round from a 'true' coma, it is impossible to say how complete this recovery will be. Some patients are lucky enough to gradually return to a normal level of consciousness, recovering their wakefulness and awareness. Others may linger somewhere in between. These conditions are disorders of consciousness and include vegetative states (now also termed 'wakefulness without awareness' or 'unresponsive wakefulness syndrome') and minimally conscious states. When people think of vegetative states, they think of individuals in a coma for an extended period of time. These states are not the same as comas, and patients who are in this state are not 'vegetables' (hence the shift away from this term in the scientific literature). For those in vegetative state (herewith called VS), sleep-wake cycles may be present. Thus, they possess wakefulness. However, awareness is limited. Patients may respond to some stimuli, beyond simple reflexes, but they are not completely aware of their surroundings or sense of self. After one month of being in this state, patients are said to be in a persistent VS - something which Schumacher has not yet approached. After three months, if there has still been no change in this state following a traumatic brain injury (Schumacher's injury type), patients are then deemed to be in a permanent VS (although this term is too being debated, as patients have been found to recover months or even years after this). For those patients who regain more of their awareness, a minimally conscious state may follow. Wakefulness is intact, as with healthy individuals, however awareness is still patchy. In some cases, patients may be able to respond to questions or simple commands, however this response is inconsistent and thus individuals may not have complete awareness. Like VS, this state may continue for years, and there is no predicting how much someone may subsequently recover. So, the upshot of all this is that Schumacher is not possibly in a VS at this point. He is still in a medically-induced coma. While it can be argued that the longer someone is in a coma, the worse the prognosis, it's also good to remember that this is still a medically-induced coma, and this is different from a disorder of consciousness per se. What we do have to remember over the course of Schumacher's recovery is that brain injuries are difficult things. Individuals with brain damage are, unfortunately, subject to a number of conditions and changes, and this often depends on the sites and the extent of the damage. As I stated before, I am in no position to make predictions. In all likelihood, neither are the medical team in this case. Brain injuries are a waiting game, and it takes an enormous amount of time to make progress. Aside from all the cognitive conditions which may arise from a brain injury, it's not unusual for individuals to experience changes in personality and demeanour. A recent article citing Dr Richard Greenwood at UCL stated that Schumacher may not be Schumacher if and when he recovers. Life will be profoundly different for Michael, even if he makes an apparent 'full' recovery. The brain is a remarkable thing, and I don't believe it's ever impossible for individuals to recover. However, changes are normal, and this is something that Schumacher and those close to him will have to adapt to. All the F1 community and media have to do now is let the medics work in peace. Uninformed speculation about permanent vegetative states and chances of recovery are useless and unhelpful, and I hope by writing this I can dispel some of the latest nonsense. Now all we can do is wait.	<urn:uuid:0a79f036-ae02-4cc0-a5fd-0e88e0a1423f>	3	2.734375	0.186301	en	0.966447	http://motorsportgeek.blogspot.com/2014/01/neuroscience-and-nature-of-brain-injury.html
May 5, 2014 How Do I Learn? Have you ever asked your students to answer this question? You might want to give it a try, I think you would be pleasantly surprised by the answer. I know I sure was. A couple of weeks ago, I asked my grade twos this question (It comes from the Inspiring Education document from the Alberta Government) and I wanted them to video tape each other and post it to their blogs (Yes.. you read that correctly, I have my students video tape themselves all the time). If you are interested in going to take a look here are the videos on How Do I Learn After reviewing the video, I picked those I felt the students needed to hear because of what was said. Here is what the students said: We then talked about, what evidence shows your learning? I was blown out of the water by what these little people came up with. Yes... all my reinforcing of vocabulary has paid off. You might want to try asking your students, how they learn and have a conversation about it one class. It think it would make for an interesting discussion. 1. This is excellent, April! What a fab group of citizens you are nurturing, and leaders you are educating. 2. Thank you Shelley. It has been a learning process for myself as well. Kids are incredible and what they can come up with blows my mind all the time. Thank you very much for your comments.	<urn:uuid:60ca7433-74ac-4639-a57b-e8d173c6fd6d>	3	2.75	0.035536	en	0.982667	http://msbrownsgrade2class.blogspot.com/2014/05/how-do-i-learn.html
What’s gluten? What are the different gluten and wheat allergic or intolerant conditions? Gluten is the name for a group of prolamine or storage proteins. It occurs in wheat, rye, and barley, and in grains related to wheat. Toxins produced by the gluten can cause a reaction. When the body encounters gluten, it will attack it like it would attack a pathogen. When this happens, tissues exposed to the gluten can also become damaged, like the small intestines. When the small intestines react to the gluten, they swell up, affecting the functioning of microvilli, tiny brush-like extensions along the intestinal surface that grab nutrients as the float by. Celiac disease, Shelly says, is an inherited autoimmune disease that causes the body to attack normal tissues when gluten is introduced into the body. Oftentimes, these tissues are the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, specifically the small intestines. The small intestines are responsible for the absorption of all of your nutrients, and when these become damaged, your ability to obtain nutrition from your food is compromised. Malnutrition, nutrient deficiencies, and poor health can result. Iron, folic acid, vitamins A, B, E, and K, and calcium are greatly impacted by insufficient absorption. Celiac disease can affect other organs of the body as well, and these can include your skin. Symptoms vary greatly from individuals from the typical bloating, diarrhea, vomiting, dizziness, wasting or thinness, and lethargy to symptoms that are usually associated with other conditions, like muscle aches, poor skin health, mood disorders, inhibited growth, and nerve damage like tingling hands. The average amount of time it takes to diagnose celiac disease is twelve years, because the tests are quite involved. Often times the condition can be confused with fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome. Testing for celiac disease includes a blood test checking for antibodies that react to gluten and a small intestine biopsy checking for damaged tissue. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity is a gluten reaction that is not actually an autoimmune disease. The GI tract does not become damaged, although individuals report uncomfortable symptoms similar to celiac disease. They do not have a strictly allergic reaction, and so they will not show the gluten antibodies like someone with celiac disease would. Those with diarrhea-IBS and gluten ataxia (mental health challenges) may benefit from a gluten-free diet but are not gluten allergic. A wheat allergy is specific to the wheat family and is not focused on gluten. Rye and barley can be included in a wheat-avoidance diet. In this allergy, the antibodies attach to mast cells, which produce histamines when exposed to wheat. Histamines cause swelling and flushing, and when this occurs in the throat and mouth, anaphylaxis can occur. This is extremely life threatening. Apricot shortbread cookie from Flying Apron	<urn:uuid:b563577a-6b5b-4930-9d64-d8e5f2e50609>	4	3.59375	0.455972	en	0.93719	http://peasonmoss.com/2010/07/20/what-is-gluten-series-part-2/
Stampa Pagina C) Gravity and the other “forces”. (Second part). C) Gravity and the other “forces”. (Second Part). Article from: Tempo nuovo, Naples 1973, nn.5-6: The unigravitational field by Renato Palmieri In the modern physics the methods for the measure of mass are the most improper one could imagine on the theoretical plan. The apparent precision of the determinations derives only by the usage of a certain conventional meter which usually leaves almost unchanged the relations with a mass assumed as sample: but providing that the compared masses are in strictly analogue conditions respect to the various fundamental factors, as density, magnetism, electricity, distance by other masses, etc. Varying this factors, is necessary to keep it into account modifying the formulas with various empirical arrangements, with which approximative results are obtained even though – normally – sufficiently exact to the practical scope. For the modern uses, in facts, not only are indispensable the absolute values of the elements in play, generally basing the conservation of the values of the relation inside determined limits of approximation (15). Of all the proceedings commonly used to measure the masses, the only one which has theoretical validity is right what modern physics has denied into theory, to solve the irremediable contradictions of the relativistic formalism, and which is bound to the ancient concept of the quantity of matter: the mass is at the origin nothing else than the numerical ensemble of the elementary particles (photons) constituting a body, so that its effective value results by the product of corpuscular density for the volume. The conventional formulas which measure the masses by their effects (forces, accelerations, speed, energy) all of them contain all the basic errors which limit the validity inside particular fields, preventing a correct and universal vision of the phenomena. So the most simple and famous of the formulas of Dynamic ma (second Newton’s principle) is empirical and approximative, not only because it consider the mass subjected m as inert and not contributing to Fbut most of all because it doesn’t keep in account the fact that the field of the mass which is source of F (let’s call it mo ), applied to m , has a total value which varies with the spatial extension of m . To clarify the matter, of fundamental theoretical importance, we resort to an exemplificative scale. Let’s suppose that the field of mo has the value 32 as measure of the punctual intensity applied to the closer volumetric unitary part of m: for the progressively farther parts such intensity progressive decrease according to a scale determined by the distance, in relations to the peculiar characters of the field (in conventional terms: gravitational, electric, magnetic, strong nuclear, weak nuclear, etc.). Let’s express in numbers one of the possible scales, for a value of m (in uniform density) variable by 1 to 32. If this unitary parts extents much into space respect to the field of mo , so that the punctual of this decrease very fast through m , where there is the sequent scale of partial values, total and medium of the field applied for the successive increments of m(remaining unvaried the distance between mo and the surface of m ) (table and fig. 1): Unitary parts…………. Partial field….………….Total field……………Medium field …….of m………………………of mo……………………….of mo………………………of mo ………1………………………….32………………………….32………………………….32 / 1 = 32 ………2………………………….28………………………….60…………………………60 / 2 = 30 ………3………………………….21…………………………..81……….………………..81 / 3 = 27 ………4………………………..…11………………………….92………………………..92 / 4 = 23 ………5-8…………………………4………………………….96……………………….96 / 8 = 12 ……..9-16…………………………3………………………….99………………………99 / 16 = 6,1875 …….17-32………………………..1………………………….100……………………100 / 32 = 3,125 The scale of the medium field of mo , which is obtained by dividing the total field for the number of parts of m to which it results applied, coincides with the one of the acceleration suffered by m for effect of mo The acceleration is proportional to the medium applied field: being F the total field, it derived from a = F/m . While is concretely defined the meaning of the second principle of dynamic, although inside the limits of its unidirectionality, it becomes moreover evident the interpretation of convenience which is given by the official physics, which reads it in opposite way depending on who applies it to the cosmic gravitation (F proportional to the masses, a constant) or to the other “forces” considered non gravitational (F non proportional, a inversely proportional to the masses). It is easy to observe by the table that up to a certain limit, signed by the horizontal line, the total field of mo increase almost proportionally to the mass m; therefore the medium field and the suffered acceleration remain almost univariate (diminishing only a little bit). Which is what applies, as we have seen, in the sidereal gravitation of bodies of small mass respect to bodies of high mass (Galileo’s experiment, “Newton’s tube”, meteorites). Over such limit, instead, it is the total field the one remaining almost unchanged, increasing by little with the increasing of the mass: the medium field and the suffered acceleration result, as a consequence, almost inversely proportional to the mass. We have seen that it is found in the phenomena in which the interacting masses are not too much in disequilibrium between them, that is in those of a type commonly defined non gravitational. The analysis of the table reveals facts of extreme interest, which establish a perfect unity between the apparently disparate macro- and microcosmic interactions, confirming the discourse done so far. The band which stays over the horizontal line can be defined of “almost proportionality of F with m“. In it m results much restricted spatially in the field of mo and its weight (total field of mo applied to m , apart from the inverse one) it’s almost proportional to the same m : 32, 60, 81 are between them almost as 1, 2, 3; the acceleration (32, 30, 27) remains almost unchanged with the increasing of m (Galileo’s falling bodies, “Newton’s tube”, meteorites). The prevailing events in this strip are of “collision” of m towards mo , because of the high accelerations impressed by mo , superior to the accelerations addressed to the external fields. The band which extends below the horizontal line presents instead the “almost non proportionality of F with m” character. In it m is sufficiently extended in the field of mo , because the total value of this changes little(92, 96, 99, 100) at the increasing of m (4, 8, 16, 32); the acceleration (23; 12; 6,1875; 3,125) results therefore almost inversely proportional to m. The prevailing events are of “escape” of m by mo , because the increasingly lower accelerations impressed by mo in direction of its own field become inferior to the ones that m undergoes in opposite direction by the external fields. Therefore phenomenally such events appear “repulsive”: mo seems “repelling” m . So it is explained the repulsiveness manifested by the particles to which an equal sign is attributed (electrons between them, protons withing them, etc.), but behave in this manner for the only fact of having almost identical masses: the same phenomenon – it has already been said – manifests between the celestial bodies, because of the equilibrated attraction of analogue masses in all directions. The horizontal line in the end, represents the limit value of m , non excessively inferior to mo , for which the total field of of mo appears “almost proportional” to m compared with minor masses, but “almost non proportional” to m in relation to higher masses. The prevailing events are now of “orbiting” of m respect to mo, for the reached equilibrium between the accelerations directed towards mo and those directed towards the external fields: so behave planets, satellites, asteroids respect to greater celestial bodies and electrons respect to protons in the microcosm, etc. I repeat in every case that here we speak about prevalence of events of a determined type, because particular conditions of speed and direction in the gravitational motions can produce different results respect to the general survey. In that limit line is located also the explanation of the so called “barrier of potential”, which the scholastic physics has invented to justify the watershed between “attractiveness” and “repulsiveness” of the nuclear forces (16). Over certain reciprocal distances the interactions between particles with not dissimilar masses generally manifest with escape events: only in rare cases of particular directions and translatory speeds, which carry such particles at very short distance one to the other, they end up with undergoing reciprocally an intensity of field prevailing over the one of the external fields and therefore collide (here is the “potential well”!) or enter in mutual orbiting, instead of escaping each other. The passages of the “barrier of potential” in a verse or in the other, although rare, don’t have to surprise more than con-similar events, which can verify on macro cosmic scale, surprise us (escapes for values of m in the band of proportionality or collisions and orbits for the values of m in the band of non proportionality). Therefore there’s no reason, to explain the reciprocal orbit of two protons in the helium nucleus (particle α, or helium), to resort to an attractive “nuclear force”, acting in the “potential well” and different by the one which, over the “potential barrier”, is called “electrostatic” and would induce the protons themselves to repel each other, bonding vice versa the electron to the proton: a scary mess, equivalent to thinking that in a system of binary stars acts a different force than the gravitational one which ties planets and satellites to a greater celestial body. The most difficult equilibrium of such binary systems, and often also multiple (as in the nucleus of the complex atoms), normally becomes stabilized by external orbits of bodies or corpuscles, singularly less attractive but prevailing in number, as neutrons, mesons, electrons, etc., or – in the macrocosm – satellite celestial bodies, planetary systems, asteroids, cosmic dust. Missing this “cloud” of surrounding fields, the equilibrium is decisively instable, as the one of two electrons in the so called “positronium”, absurdly considered as the couple of a negative electron and of a positive one! Concluding the analysis of the table, observing that, if the 32 unitary parts of m are instead condensed in a much restricted space of the field of mo , such that the partial field of mo variates by little for each part of m (for ex., between the values 32 and 28), will be found a total field applied very high (medium field 30 for 32 parts of m = total field 960), almost proportional to the mass of m : the acceleration impressed is equal to 30, that is almost equal to the one of an isolated part of m . So it becomes always more precise the sense of all the current survey, that is summed in the passive influence of density, that is of density of the subjected mass, which contributes with its own spatial extension to the effective value of the acting field. The gravitational cohesive interaction between the various parts of m , with the reciprocally attractive accelerations which coagulate it around the common mass center, reduces the value of the overall acceleration directed towards mo to a medium value, corresponding to the medium applied field of mo . If to the passive influence of the density we add the active, that is the effect of density of mo , being it also intensifier of the field value (17), and let’s consider that this dual effects manifests in the two senses, that is taking as acting field both mo respect to m being m respect to mo , we understand perfectly the fact that the Newtonian formula of gravitation, free of every reference to density, gives insignificant values for the interactions in the nuclear microcosm, where density is very high (18). In reality, the gravitational interactivity of a certain mass measured in absolute (mass as quantity of matter: number of elementary particles constituting a body) varies enormously, in the effects of “force” felt by other masses, depending on the conditions of aggregation of the mass itself and also of the subjected ones: which has induced to erroneously believe that the electric, magnetic, nuclear “forces” are something completely different by the macro cosmic gravitation and that, next and over the mass and its prerogative of gravitational source, exist in nature electric or magnetic “charges”, “ exchange forces”, interactions of various type and name, antimatter, etc. Of such interactivity the fundamental factors are, in addition to the mass and to the distance – already present in Newton’s formula -, density of matter and its orientation wave (“magnetism”), which instead that formula ignores completely. But also the presence of mass and distance in the Newtonian law is distorted by erroneous reasonings or limited by the misunderstanding of very important phenomena. For what concerns mass, we are just dismantling the presumption of the proportionality of gravity to the masses and the current assumptions of the measures of mass; concerning the distance, I somewhere else dealt with the determining influence of the so called “red-shift” (motion towards red of the spectral lines) over the values of gravitational intensity (19). In fact the increasing of the wave lengths in relation to the distance is caused by a periodic concentration of the waves of the field: the period becomes just determined by the distance for a mechanism relative to the structure of the gravitational propagation, in which it is the explanation of the pulsation phenomena (“pulsar”) and of periodic variability of the stars and the reason of the enormous irradiation, otherwise unexplainable, of very far galaxies (“quasar”). Regarding the two absent factors in Newton’s formula, it has been told of density, in its dual active and passive effect, and over it I will return afterwards. The other represented by the “magnetism”: also over this topic are necessary recalls to my precedent studies (20), of which I summarize here the more general conclusions, adding however some significant implications. Magnetism essentially consists in the different ways and degrees of undulatory “polarization” of matter and in the consequent process of co-orientation of the fields. The disposal according to which matter tends to aggregate along the reciprocal lines of the multiple gravitational propagation defines the degrees of the natural magnetic scale (21). The progressive gravitational thickening, sieving the optimal positions in relation to the structure of the field, carries matter to gradually coordinate the axes of the single propagations, gradually organizing them around a principal axis of polarization, which is the one of a complex field (“dominion”) resulting by the composition of many particular fields. In turn different dominions tend to correlate the respective axes in various arrangements, the least possible by two optimal – one polar in the same sense and one equatorial anti parallel -, outside of them occur conditions of disequilibrium with cyclical exasperations (magnetic storms, solar protuberances, earthquakes and eruptions, hot interglacial ages, etc.). So the controversial polar disposition reason of the subatomic events of gravitational escape, for which the homologue poles of two magnets bounce one respect to the other (phenomenally they “repel” each other). Still, the equatorial parallel disposition, as the one of most of the planets respect to the central celestial body (due to the common belonging to only one original mass rotating in the same sense), provokes in the reciprocal motions of rotation a continuous slowdown, which in the end brings the orbiting bodies to constantly apply the same face and after to reverse the slower of the two respective rotations, passing by the equatorial anti parallelism (22). This in fact characterizes the condition of greater gravitational harmony, as in the biological organisms to mirror symmetry (bivalve mollusks, cerebral hemisphere, etc.) (23). The equatorial parallelism, instead, is responsible of the phenomena of counter current (parasite currents, or of Foucault), to which refer the “Lenz’s law” and the so called “self induction”: new confirm of the universal character of the unigravitational physics. The predominance of an axis of propagation determines therefore an accentuated dipolarity of the masses (magnet; polarity of rotation and magnetic of the celestial bodies – respect to two principal axes: mega- and meso magnetic -; spin of the particles; equatoriality of the galactic and planetary systems; equatorial rings and bands – Saturn, Van Allen, galactic bands -; “polarizations” of light; zodiacal light; etc.). And because the lines of the gravitational propagation thicken along the axis (24), this is the place of the higher gravitational speeds both in the centripetal motion (collision motions), and in the centrifugal as outcome of a trajectory of missing collision (appearing “repulsion”): is what is found in the interaction between the poles of two magnets (25). The process of magnetic orientation of the matter coincides with the progressive reduction of the atomic-molecular speeds. The polar zones, where the matter precipitates faster than in the equatorial bands (here the gravitational lines thinned and present also a minor punctual intensity), they also reach faster, respect to the equatorial zones, an ordered magnetic attitude, in which the atomic speeds are overall inferior. Therefore they, apart from the concomitant factors (as, in the case of Earth, the inclination of the axis of rotation on the plane of the orbit), are “colder” areas. It has been verified, for example, in the shells surrounding the solar poles, without any explanation by the official physics (26). What has been said regarding the gravitational lines at the equator, explains the equatorial expansion of the bodies of the celestial systems. Decreasing the centripetal attraction by the poles towards the equator, increases in relation to the one of the external gravitational fields: as a consequence, the equilibrium between this and the central body establishes at radial distances progressively hinger; from here the expansion. It’s therefore the relation between the mutual gravitational intensity of the fields at determining the radius of the positions of equilibrium and the relative speeds of rotation, and are not these speeds to give birth out of nowhere an imaginary “centrifugal force” (27). It is curious the fact that a gravitational field could be commonly distinct by a magnetic field because, among the other things, the first would be unipolar! (28) Indeed, a mass clearly not magnetic is such only because it presents a high multiplicity of axes, all insensitive, whose dispersion is in fact cause of the scarce interactivity of the mass. The magnetic orientation of matter therefore do make to the gravitation the second jump of intensity, after the one produced by density, by the weak proportional values of the macro cosmic masses to the very high of the so called electric “charges” and of the “nuclear energy”. If we would restrict to the center of the Earth all the terrestrial mass in a very little sphere, dense as the nuclear matter, the terrestrial gravitational field would become enormously more intense equally at every other condition: at the same distance of the current radius of the Earth the apple would have fall on Newton’s head with a much higher weigh respect to the one which he was familiar with and his formula and his wrong calculations would pretend independent by the density of the masses (cfr. n. 17). In front of such hypothetical eventuality, Newton would have invented, for this phenomenon non accordant to his expectation, a new force of intensity duly multiplied respect to the known gravitation. He would then be forced to make a further enormous multiplication and the relative invention of “forces”, if the little sphere containing the entire mass of the Earth would coordinate in a optimal way the axes of all the particular propagations in a compact “dominion” at very high dipolarity, extraordinarily intensifying its own magnetic field, and so enhanced would interact with analogue little spheres. At the origin of pseudo concepts as electric “charges”, “nuclear forces” and similar, over the two relative errors at density and magnetism, there is then the false reading of the “repulsive” phenomena, which seem such – and therefore strangers to the gravitational interaction, always attractive – only because seen by a mental deforming perspective: what appears “rejected” by something, is is reality, as we have seen, “attracted” by something else in different direction. The validity of this observation extends to the scope of psychic phenomena, whose modality perfectly fall under the unigravitational analysis of the universe: that is, “hate” isn’t really “repulsion” for someone or somebody, but is prevalence, in the unconscious, of “love” for oneself (for his own organism, for his own physio-psychic sphere: self-defense, instinct of conservation) or for external objects different by the one from which we feel “rejected” (29). It is not therefore anything different by the peripheral “barrier” which prevents or hinder the inter penetration between two bodies, causing the “bounce” of the bumped body towards internal or external directions divergent by the one which goes towards the colliding. This means, on the philosophical level, that hate does not have a absolute value, always reducing to an excess of love: the latter is the only absolute function in the psychic area, as gravitational attraction in the physical area. Let’s add, as corollary, that self-preservation of the gravitational systems, which manifests as resistance to the violent inter penetration with other systems of analogue mass (remember the analysis done of the behavior of electrons, starts, etc.), is a necessary moment to allow the gravitational undulatory “composition” with other bodies and build with them wider and more complex harmonic structures. Which means that self-preservation is not the purpose of living beings, but is the way to love: it is so scientifically reversed the relation placed by Hobbes between man and humanity, the first as “wolf” for every other man, the second as society regulated by the “equilibrium of selfishness”: a relation which seemed validated by a distorted interpretation of the biological evolution. In its place Christ’s precept becomes recognized as a certain law of nature: “Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself “. To a corpuscle which presents the character of scarce interactivity with the external particles is commonly attributed the qualification of “neutral”. This is due to a condition of magnetic disorder (expanded and “hot” corpuscles: for ex., the neutron, compared with compact, highly magnetic and “cold” proton), or to a different collocation of the “barrier of potential” of the particles constituting the corpuscle (as in the proton-electron system: there is normally equilibrium between attractive effects of a particle and “repulsive” effects of the other), or at a regular magnetic anti parallelism of equal composing particles (nucleus and saturated layers, with protons in anti parallel couples, as in the “inert” gas: there is equilibrium between attractive effects of a pole and “repulsive” effects of the other) (30). As for the value presumed unitary of the “charge” both positive and negative, it is preordinate by the caliber of our instruments, whose sensibility is at the limit of a certain gravitational intensity: this appear identical, because perceived at different distances from the field’s center of the proton of the electron which acts as a screen. In other terms, the instrumental perception arrives up to the “potential barrier” of the proton and to the one of the electron, which has the same intensity, because the first is much more distant by the proton than the second is of the electron (31). Let’s now return to the problem of the measure of mass, which become executed in base of the gravitational effects of the masses themselves. Let’s now observe in this regard that the factors of density (active effect) and of the magnetism has in the gravitational interaction a much restricted radius of prevailing influence, over which remains almost exclusively sensible the nude factor of the amount of matter (still remaining measured in the effects instead that in absolute): right for this Newton’s formula can prescind without too much harm, in the measure of the macro cosmic gravitation, by those two factors, whose gravitational character is however clearly underlined by the similarity of the formulas of the electric and magnetic interaction with the Newtonian law. Therefore depends by the method and by the instrument of measure employed, if the values of mass result by the calculation almost naked or altered by the coefficients of the very short distances (electric and magnetic “charges”, “nuclear forces”, etc.), which must be deducted to reach the pure and simple effect of the “quantity of matter”. So, if I must measure the mass of a iron bar relatively to the sample mass of a second iron bar, I can use as a instrument of measure the same sample bar, trowing it with a known force against the other and measuring the acceleration impressed to this. In such case, however, the resulting will differ widely depending on the fact that the two bars are both magnetic (and that homologous or opposite poles are facing), or only one, or none. This because the method and the instrument of measure are sensible, in the interaction at a very short distance, at the gravitational magnetic effect. For the same calculation I will also be able to use the Earth as instrument of measure, putting on a scales the two bar. The magnetic characters of the bars in front of the gravitational terrestrial field will then become almost irrelevant, enormous as a value of mass, but relatively weak for the value of dipolarity (magnetism): the scales will give me in any case the relation almost exact between the two masses. Naturally, using this method, I will take note of the practice proportionality of the force to the masses; using the other, of the almost non proportionality of the force applied to the masses. Moving to the world of particles, we will meet completely analogue situations. Making the particles interact between them, we will mainly take over the gravitational effects perceptible at the shortest distances – density and magnetism – and we will pull out “charges”, mythological signs of “plus”, “minus” and “anti-”, nuclear forces of binding and exchange, and so on. Made the tare of all this ingredients, we will calculate the masses. It is the method of the two iron bar. Or we will use the electromagnetic fields, which are the equivalent – made the proportion with the particles – of the terrestrial gravitational field used in the method of the scales. And here is the “spectrograph of mass”, which will give values of mass closer to the naked ones of the quantity of matter, being sufficient for calculating them having at the beginning in the particles an equal condition of “charge”. But in the reading of the results a coarse gap takes over respect to the measure of macro cosmic masses: presuming that the forces in play in the electric and magnetic fields are not of gravitational type, they become absolutely considered non proportional to the particles masses, so as the electromagnetic forces manifest if applied to macro cosmic masses. The analysis done over our table instead showed us that, in a gravitational field, passing by a certain order of magnitude and density of the subjected masses to an order of minor magnitudes and higher density, the gradual passage by the almost non proportionality to the almost proportionality of the field applied to the masses occurs. Errors will therefore inevitably intervene which, on the basis of the comparison of accelerations evaluated with the rigid criterion of proportionality reverse to the masses, will make assign to the particles not true values of mass. Also without variations of density, results, for example, by the table which, if an sample object of mass 8 undergoes by the field an acceleration pair to 12, another body, to which the same gravitational field impress an acceleration = 24, would be evaluated of mass 4, while in actually it would have m < 4. Vice versa, if the referring object has mass 4 and acceleration 23, an accelerated body of 11,5 and evaluated therefore of mass 8 would have actually > 8. But the most paradoxical phenomenon is found in relation to variations of density of the subjected mass, most of all when such variations involve the passage by one to the other band of the table. From this is noticed that a total field = 100 causes on a mass = 32 an acceleration = 3,125. If now we condense all the mass in the space of the first two unitary parts (fig. 1), for which the medium applied field is 30, the total field of mo applied to m increases to 960, without mo minimally changing, and the acceleration impressed increases to 30. The formula F = m a forces us to instead suppose an invariant of F and in relation to it an acceleration always pair to 3,125. The calculated mass for an acceleration = 30 will therefore be 32 * 3,125 / 30 = 3,33, against an actual value about 10 times higher, being changed only density of the original mass = 32. The conclusion is astonishing: masses of the particles, evaluated in base of the accelerations impressed to them by the electromagnetic fields of intensity referred to macro cosmic effect, are inferior to the true, because such fields, almost non proportional respect to the macro cosmic masses, has instead an effect of almost proportionality over the very dense masses of the subatomic particles, which therefore become accelerated much more than the foreseen. The masses calculated generally retain an appearance of validity, being approximatively respected the values of relation, as it has been previously noticed; but over certain speeds, arriving particles at a deeper interaction in the reciprocal gravitational fields, the produced effects necessarily end up with overstepping by a plausible approximation: it is another of the reasons which force to the conjecture of a fiction “relativistic increase of mass” and lately to notice an increasing in the so called “cross section” of the ultrafast protons (32), without finding any logical explanation of the phenomena at issue. Here takes birth the enormous confusion which, as it is known, rage in the physics of particles, paralyzed by the lacking of a serious general theory of the macro- and microcosmic interactions. We have by now reached the “anti omega minus”: so an immediate block of the discoveries becomes necessary! Let’s return at last to the sidereal gravitation and to Kepler’s and Newton’s laws. We rode all the way of the mistake which has made attribute universal value to formulas clumsily approximative. The orbital motion of the planets around the Sun, for the existing relation between the planetary masses and the Sun, (and so the one of satellites around planets) collocates almost along the horizontal line of our table, that is over values of field for which the total field of the Sun is still approximatively proportional to the masses of the single planets and therefore its variations seem depending only by the rays of the orbits. This way Kepler could believe exact his third law R/ T2 = constant, hypothesizing the universal value. At this point, Newton had nothing more to do than introducing it in the formulas of his second principle and of the circular motion, to fatally arrive at the so called law of universal gravitation: F = G (m1 m2) / R2 This formula, – as it is obvious – of the same empirical value and approximative of its Kepler matrix, dressed surreptitiously of the same halo of universality, putting for three centuries out of the road the modern scientific thought. Without telling that Newton’s formula, by bringing into question (with a progress respect to the 2° principle F = m a) the second of two interacting masses, completely ignores the clearly determining action of all the surrounding masses, which go hiding in the role of that Cinderella by unknown parents, which is the “centrifugal force”! (cfr. n. 27) (33). And yet of Kepler’s law was very easy to make the arithmetic counter proof, which would have right away demonstrated the absolute theoretical nullity, and also practical over a limited scope of relations. I reserve that litmus test as a conclusion to this work, having now to occupy of the so called “universal constant of gravitation” G (for constants and universal we mean, in the modern physics, some particular variables!), measured by Cavendish with the well known experiment. It was absolutely needed to calculate the planetary masses on the base of the Newtonian formula and could be obtained only empirically by a tiny model of the sidereal interaction. So Cavendish conceived his gravitational torsion balancewhich notes the force exercising in laboratory between two masses of known value. But since the mass of the celestial bodies, starting with the one of the Earth, can be measured only in relation to the constant one, it follows that, if the experiment was theoretically wrong, today we would ignore the actual measures of the planetary masses. Well, this is precisely the fact: Cavendish’s experiment is affected by two fundamental mistakes, hard to detect on a small scale, but which carry us to measure, as it has been said, in place of a “universal constant” a modest variable: which is already been demonstrated by the fact that, among the fundamental constants, the gravitational one has been calculated with minor precision, not exceeding the approximation – scientifically ridiculous – of 1 / 500. The first error consists into completely neglecting density of the interacting masses, which in the Newtonian formula is considered irrelevant. In Cavendish’s experience masses all have same density and disregarding the specific gravity of the constituent: according to the formula, the result should not be influenced by it. And instead, compatibly with the possible degree of precision of the instruments, one should find that the force exercised reciprocally is higher between masses of more dense material, because of the active and passive effect of density. The second error is into believing that such force, measured between masses of laboratory, is proportionally equal to the one which acts between the Sun and the planets. We have instead seen that planetary gravitation is characterized by a very strong imbalance between the masses in platy and that it is precisely this imbalance which gives to the force of the celestial body more character than almost proportionality to the mass of the minor celestial body. Not being realized in the laboratory such condition of enormous difference, the measured force has the character of almost non proportionality to the subjected mass and therefore constitute an absolutely improper model of the planetary gravitation. After all, also in the cosmos, the proportionality of the force of gravity to the subjected masses is a fact approximatively valid only for the force of the greater celestial body respect to the minor one: Kepler’s third law and Newton’s consequent one demonstrate their inconsistency, if we try to verify in reverse, that is applying it to the force of the minor celestial body respect to the greater one. We will now numerically demonstrate what we already know by the theoretical analysis, that is that the field of the minor body quickly diminishes starting by the closer zones of the bigger body and therefore becomes in total almost non proportional to the mass of the bigger body, to which it gives an acceleration almost inversely proportional to the mass of the body itself. We will therefore take in exam the reverse of the planets revolution around the Sun, that is precisely the revolution of the Sun respect to the Earth and the other planets. The difference from Ptolemy is in the term “respect to”, but we right away have to take the distances – and very clear – also from the actual vision, completely unfounded, of the phenomenon. After all, in the geometric reality of the spatial motions also the planets orbit, properly speaking, “respect to the Sun” and not “around the Sun”. Let’s proceed with order. The logic and the Newtonian law itself tell us unequivocally that the effects of the gravitation between two or more bodies are reciprocal and differentiate only for the spatial and temporal dimensions of the provoked motions: in this also agrees the generic Einsteinian idea of the “curvature of space”. Now, if the gravitational solar field is such to cause the revolution of the Earth around the Sun, we must research the precise measure and modality of the mutual phenomenon which terrestrial gravitation produces over the mass of the Sun. Let’s first see what modern cosmology think about it. At the voice “Moon” of the EST (Encyclopedia of Science and Technique, Mondadori, V edition) we read: “The Earth and the Moon at present perform a revolution around their center of gravity or common center of mass (a point situated around 4670 km by the center of the Earth)in 277h 43m 1l,6s”. At the voice “Celestial mechanics”: “Both bodies [the Sun and the planet] describe, around the common center of gravity, two orbit having exactly the same shape and the dimensions of each orbit are inversely proportional to the mass of the body”. “The only motion directly observable is the one of the planet around the Sun”. From the above it is clear that the modern physics consider the two motions around the common center of gravity as synchronousone in opposition to the other, identical to those of two unequal balls which rotate over themselves at two extremities of a handlebar at variable length (for the ellipticity of the orbits) and in rotation around its own barycenter (fig. 2). In first place we notice, as however it is noted by the EST, that the motion of the greater celestial body, for the narrowness of its orbit, over which is constantly in opposition at the minor body, isn’t astronomically verifiable: it is therefore, in the indicated terms, a hypothetic motion regarding the natural test. Indeed I argue that the timing of the two orbits is nonexistent – except in the limit case that the two masses are identical – and reciprocity of the motion must be otherwise. My reasoning, indeed, follows the common one only up to a certain point. The non coincidence of the barycentric of the system with the center of mass of one of the two bodies and the variations of speed (for both local and general factors) determine the ellipticity of the orbits (fig. 2). As the Earth of T1 undertakes a motion tending to orbit around the Sun, this reciprocally moves by S1 on a route tend addressed to circumnavigate Earth. But being too weak the gravitational terrestrial force in relation to the solar mass, the Sun cannot embrace the terrestrial orbit in its own and limits itself to circumscribe the barycentric of the system. But here intervenes the substantial difference with the common reading of the phenomenon: a). The barycenter of two orbiting bodies, respect to which it’s needed to consider the reciprocal revolution, is not the static one of a handlebars, that is such to rigidly constrain the elements of the system to a perfectly united motion: rather it is a dynamic barycenter, in the meaning which I will define hereinafter. Stillness of the barycenter intervenes only over a scale of phenomena in which the various parts of a system are concatenated in a overall warp of mutual fixity: for example, an iron object in any motion has a static barycenter determined by the reciprocal immobility of its macroscopic parts; but two atoms of the same object in continuous relative motion has between them only one dynamic barycenter. b). While the static barycenter taken as reference by the Newtonian physics is constantly found on the jointing the two center of mass, the dynamic barycenter is constantly situated over the major axis of the orbit (apsidal line) by the part of the apoastro (aphelion, apogee, etc.): that is it refers at the moment in which two bodies, reached the maximum relative distance, return to undertake a prevailing reciprocal attraction and precipitate along the bends of the mutual gravitational fields. The distance of the barycenter from the two centers of field is in proportion inverse to the intensity of the two fields. c). Respect to the dynamic barycenter so defined, the revolution of the Sun, far from being synchronous with the one of the Earth, is instead extremely slower and has as natural effect and at once evident proof of such slowness the rotation of the line of the apses: this is the famous “shift in perihelion”, for which explanation uselessly relativity has been bothered (fig 3). In the measure which the Sun, weakly solicited by the terrestrial field, rotates around the barycenter of the system, makes also rotate in natural synchrony with such motion the line of the apses. The same happen, obviously, for all the planetary motions and signs the true period of the inverse revolution of the greater celestial body respect to the minor. Between two equivalent masses (as binary stars of equal mass and identical field, the two protons of helium atom, etc.) the reciprocal orbiting is synchronous and the true period of revolution is not signed by the completion of a round by each body (34), but by the entire rotation of the apsidal line (which is then the real reciprocal revolution of two bodies: rosette orbiting) (fig. 4). Moreover we precise that the actual measure of the apsidal revolution is not to be traced to the only action so determined by the minor body over the greater, including in itself stresses also of other origin, whose entity is to be purified in our reasoning. Here therefore we refer to the additional part of the rotation of the apses, over the value of which classic mechanic manage, for better or worse, to account: For example, the shift in perihelion of Mercury is of 574″ of arc per century, of which only 42″ constitute the additional rotation (35). So established the exact meaning of the Sun revolution in relation to the Earth, it only remains to finally apply in reverse the third Kepler’s law, as its check up and of all the speech done so far. The result is astonishing and is enclosed in a very easy calculation. Let’s move the reference point from the Sun to the Earth, considering respect to this the revolution of the Moon and the one now analyzed of the Sun itself. Here is the table which derivate, in function of the values R and T of the lunar orbit taken as unit: R………………. 1………………….149.500.000 / 384.000 = 389 R3……………….1….…………………….3893 = 58.863.869 T2……………….1…………………………x2 = 58.863.869 Whence x = 7672 lunar revolutions, that is about 590 years. If then Kepler and Newton were right, that is if the terrestrial force of attraction was proportional to the masses of the Moon and the Sun, it would produce a solar revolution of 590 years. But the verification of this value is now easy: it will in fact be needed to compare it to the additional one of the apsidal terrestrial revolution, that is of a complete additional rotation of the perihelion of the Earth. Well this period has been calculated and it is of 34 millions years! (36) If we want to make the proper reserves on the calculations of the classic mechanic, because the actual apsidal rotation happens in the period of about 112.000 years (11,6″ of acre per year), this value is the minimum referable to the single solar revolution, if for absurd there wasn’t the other solicitations concurring: it, however, would result still much superior to the 590 years foreseen by the third Kepler’s law (which for its account already denies the ridiculous period of a year of the alleged synchronic revolution of the Sun, bound at handlebars with the Earth!). There has been so the most evident mathematical confirmation of the assumption of this investigation: that is that gravity is only in the appearance proportional to the masses of the falling bodies in the direction of the force which a very big body exercises over a very small one, but it is not such not even approximately in the effect produced by the minor body over the greater, keeping along the median relations towards the “non proportionality ” – also only as a limit – of all the other forces. The period of the apsidal revolution is in fact enormously superior to the one which we would have in case of actual proportionality of the terrestrial attraction to the masses of the other celestial bodies. Remains confirmed that the empirical result of Cavendish’s experiment and similar aimed at calculating the so called “universal gravitational constant” is not absolutely extensible as unity of measure to all the gravitational phenomena of the universe. Naturally the values attributed to the masses and to the density of the celestial bodies are all in absolute erroneous, because calculated exclusively in function of that false constant, without further verification. But the graver consequence of Kepler’s an Newton’s mistake is represented by the apparently insurmountable barrier which it inserts between the gravitation and the other cosmic forces: a barrier which has so far frustrated the deep need of the human thought to realize in science the organic unity of all the laws in the universe. (15) “(For Mach) measurable … is not mass in absolute, but the relation between masses, defined only in function of the reciprocal action exercised between the masses themselves” (A. Trebeschi: “Sapere” n 757, pag. 10). 16) W. R. Fuchs, cit. op., pag. 273. (17) R. P., Introduction to the unigravitational physics, pages. 20-24; Physics of the unigravitational field, vol. 2°, pages. 48-50. (18) “Tempo nuovo” n. 2/1973, pag. 49, note 11. (19) R. P., The unigravitational physics, §§ 28-29; “Tempo nuovo ” n. 3/1972, pages. 53 and following. (20) R. P., Physics of the unigravitational field, §§ 13-15, 38-48; Magnetism and earthquakes. The forecast of the earthquakes (“Tempo nuovo” nn. 1-2/1972); Magnetism and heat (“Tempo nuovo” nn .5-6/1972 e 2/1973). (21) “Tempo nuovo” nn. 1-2/1972, pag. 43. (22) As it is known, also the duration of the terrestrial day increases slowly because of the interaction Moon-Earth. (23) “Tempo nuovo” nn. 1-2/1972, pages. 36-57. (24) “Tempo nuovo” nn. 1-2/1972, pages. 34-35, figures 1-3. (25) “Tempo nuovo” nn. 1-2/1972, pages. 35-36. (26) “Scienza e Tecnica/73″, Mondadori, pag. 17. (27) R. P., The unigravitational physics, pag. 64. (28) O. M. Phillips, Geophysics, Mondadori, pag. 168. (29) R. P., The unigravitational physics, pag. 84. (30) The usual terms of para magnetism and diamagnetism refer exclusively to the effects of dipolarity. In the “natural magnetic scale” referred to the note 21, they indicate instead the different structural complexity (increasing from first to second) and extension of the dominions (respectively decreasing); so substances with low nuclear density are, for such scale, paramagnetic, and with high diamagnetic densities . Dipolarity depends most of all by the distribution of the protons in the most external nuclear layer and therefore the relative phenomena are highly recurring along the scale of densities. As a consequence, the value of the terms does not coincides in the current and in ours. (31) R. P., Introduction to th unigravitational physics, pages. 19-20; Physics of the unigravitational field, § 60. (32) “Sapere” n. 764, pages. 31 and following. (33) At this point it is good to clear a concept extremely ambiguous in the common physics: the one of “absence of weight”, on which senseless opinions run (W. R. Fuchs, cit. op., pages. 232-234; Caianiello, De Luca e Ricciardi, cit. op., vol. 1°, pages. 116-117). It is in fact confused the absence of weight with the sensation of an absence of weight. The first verifies in the orbiting or in the point at zero speed between ascent and relapse of a body and it is due to the simultaneous action of a centripetal acceleration and of an equal centrifuge acceleration (R. P., the unigravitational physics, pag. 65). The second is felt, although weight is not null, inside a pressurized cabin at free fall and derivate s by the absence of an interaction of contact or of an impact with the walls of the cabin, whose speed is equal in absolute value and in the verse to the one of the internal bodies: in the contact and in the impact (R. P., Physics of the unigravitational field, §§ 61-69) the atomic peripheral speeds has opposite direction, determining events more or less accentuated of interpenetration or bounce and therefore the sensation of weight. This essentially comes from the disequilibrium – in verse and absolute value – between the accelerations suffered by the various parts of the body, which attracted all in direction of the center of a celestial body, are at the same time rejected by atomic-molecular interactions of escape respect to the surface of contact. (34) “Tempo nuovo” nn. 5-6/1972, pages. 64-65. (35) See ” Relativity ” In the Enciclopedia Italiana and in the EST. In the last one is written: “Because of the slight perturbations caused by a planet over the other, all the planetary orbits rotate very slightly, so that the position of their aphelions changes into time. In the case of Mercury, general relativity predicts an additional rotation and aphelions of about 43″ of arc per century, quantity which, in spite of its smallness, has been verified with satisfying accuracy”. But the calculation does not fit at all for the planet Mars (8,03″ against a prevision of l,35″ ). Cfr. R. P., Physics of the unigravitational field, § 26-(5). (36) The additional motion of the perihelion is 3,8″ of arc for century: see J. A. ColemanLa relatività è facile (Relativity is easy), ed. Feltrinelli, pag. 109. Let’s close this section with a recall to the other preceding relative to the unigravitational physics, quoted in the Bibliography of the author. They represent – as it were – the “archeology” of the new physics, but are however still, yet in the necessary adjustments made after the magmatic originally thought, an essential complement of the current opera. It is not moreover possible to put remedy to the real difficulty of their modern retrieval and re-reading, at centuries of distance by the first publications made. In the economy of the present work could not find place, for example, the description of the unigravitational structure of the atom – from hydrogen to the more complex elements of the periodic system – , which is read in Physics of the unigravitational field (§§ 56-57), edited in 1969. Actually, the punctual study of the elementary particle object of section 6, in the entire context of the laws of universal structuring which move from it, exempt by the necessity of exhaust all the formative inter medium passages, which can not fail to re present, in a in a way more or less obvious and divisible, in the inside of particles and corpuscles the general morphology of every macroscopic structure. Between the premise to the first article of this section 4 (October 1997) and this closure (January 2005) more than seven years has passed. Such writing referred to the earthquakes happened in Italy, recent at that time, and introduced an article published in 1972 over magnetism and the earthquakes forecast. Today it should repeat identical, but with much more dramatic tones, after the tsunami of December 26th, 2004 which has devastated the coasts of a continent. Over two hundred thousand persons have died and all the wildlife was saved. A collateral effect of the foolishness of contemporary science (which would do well to study the effect of Barkhausen, natural for animals, instead of toying with the black holes fairytale, and similar). Permalink link a questo articolo:	<urn:uuid:aceb4aa7-cd57-471c-b225-da014ebe9930>	3	2.96875	0.052882	en	0.909778	http://renatopalmieri.com/?page_id=1565
Wednesday, November 4, 2015 Containers 101 About six months ago, I started to notice that there is a lot of hubbub going around in the tech-o-sphere about containers as a new way to approach virtual computing. I like exploring new technology, so I've spent the last few months getting the ins and outs of them. Here's what I can tell you: Containers are an important technology that is not going away anytime soon. There are a lot of players in the space, and new ones enter all the time. If you are a developer in the modern world, understanding and using containers are necessary skills to have in your professional life. So, in the spirit of moving a good idea along, I am going to share with you the basics of container technology by answering the following questions: • What are containers? • What's so special about containers? • How do I use them? My desire in answering these question is to give you the basic knowledge and understanding that you need to start using containers when making and deploying code. Let's get started. What Are Containers? Container technology is a way to create a virtual environment by using an isolated process on a host computer. The isolated process, the container, has its own set of file system resources and subordinate processes. And, the container does not intrude on the host system, nor does the host system intrude on the container. A container runs on the kernel of the host computer (see Figure 1). A component called, a container manager, makes it so that the container can run on the host. (You'll learn more about container managers later in this article.) Figure 1: A container provides the ability to run an isolated process that has its own resources in a shared environment What's So Special About Containers? To understand what makes containers so special, we need to review the concept of the virtual machine. A virtual machine is a piece of software that emulates a computer. The benefit of a virtual machine is that you get a lot more efficiency out of your hardware usage. You can have a lot of virtual machines running on a single piece of hardware (see Figure 2). Figure 2: When you use virtual machines, resource allocation is fixed for each machine. However, there is a drawback to virtual machine technology. Take a look at Figure 2. You'll notice that in the illustration there are three virtual machines running on a computer that has 48 GB of RAM, a 12 core CPU, and 3 terabytes of disk storage. Each virtual machine is allocated 16 GB of RAM, 4 cores, and a terabyte of storage. So far, so good. But, here is the drawback. Regardless of whether any one machine is using all of it resources or a fraction of its resources, the hardware allocation is static. In other words, if one of the virtual machines never uses more than 1 GB of RAM, and stores only 100 MB of the file system, that machine still has dibs on 4 GB of RAM and a full terabyte of storage, despite the fact that the virtual machine is using only 25% of its RAM and 1% of it storage. This is not so good. A container, on the other hand, does not tie up resources. When you make a container, you do not assign it RAM, processors, or storage. Rather, the container uses the RAM, CPU, and storage on the host in a shared manner. You can load as many containers on a physical machine as the machine can handle. A container will take only what it needs at the the time of need. Again, there is no fixed allocation of resources. And, there's more. Typically, hardware that runs containers uses a light-weight version of Linux as the operating system. This light-weight host OS provides kernel level service. CoreOS is one of the popular host operating systems. There are others, such as Ubuntu Snappy and Red Hat Atomic. When you create a container, you can add in an operating system of your choosing; say, you want to use Ubuntu. The Ubuntu operating system that's in the container will leverage the host kernel, but have packages that are part of Ubuntu. For example, whereas the kernel knows nothing about package management, Ubuntu will provide apt-get. And, you can configure the container to use a special Web server, script interpreter, and so forth.... The result is that you get the environment configuration that a virtual machine provides without tying up the resources on the host system with static allocation. Also, the container will have an IP address that is visible within the host. Thus, the host has direct access to the container via its IP address (see Figure 3). Figure 3: A container shares host resources and leverage the host's operating system for kernel level services. What About Windows? A constraint of containers is that you cannot mix and match operating systems. In the world of virtual machines, it is quite usual to have a Windows host support a virtual machine running Linux, or an OSX system running a Windows VM. Not so with containers because, by definition, a container uses the host kernel. Thus, you need to match up operating systems. Linux containers run on Linux hosts. You can run Windows containers on Windows Server as of Windows Server 2016. Also, there is a Windows version of the container manager, Docker. If you do find yourself in a place where you need to run Linux containers on Windows, you can always start up a Linux virtual machine under Windows and use the Linux VM as your host system. How Do I Use Them? There are three concepts that you need to understand in order to work with containers. The first is the notion of the container manager. The second is understanding container layer architecture. The third is container registries. Enter the Container Manager A container manager is a tool that you use to create a container, deploy it, and get a container running on a host. The most popular container managers in play as of this writing are Docker and Rocket. A container manager works this way: Say you've written a small Hello World Web application in PHP. You'll create a container configuration file in which you'll describe the PHP files you application requires. Also in the configuration file, you'll define the layers that your application requires. In this case, let's say your application needs the PHP 5.6 interpreter and you want to run under the Apache web server. You'll issue a command via the container manager to run your application. Behind the scenes, the container manager will (1) read the configuration file to determine the layers it needs to get from a registry, (2) create your container image, (3) including your apps source file, and (4) fire it up on the host machine (see Figure 4). Figure 4: Configuration files, images, and registries are all part of the container ecosystem. Simple, huh? Yet, you are probably asking, "hey, what's a layer, what's an image, what's registry, what's going on?" These are good questions that deserve to be answered. So, let's answer them. Understanding Layers and Images A container is made up of layers. A layer is a container image. (Yes, the notion of a container made up of other container might be a bit confusing at first.) You can start with an operating system base layer. Then, you declare other other layers, say a Web server and a script runtime. Once you have your container defined, you'll create an image based on your defined container. An image is a template of your container that you can reuse on one or many hosts. Figure 5 illustrates a scenario in which the host computer is running CoreOs and using Docker as the container manager. There are three containers running on the host. One container uses Debian as the base OS layer, Apache as the web server, PHP 5.5 as the script run time, and a custom PHP application for which the container has been created. Another container is for an additional customer PHP app that uses nginx as the Web server, and PHP 5.6 as the script interpreter, all running on a RHEL base image. Finally, a third container has a JSP app running over Tomcat and Apache, on an Ubuntu base image. Figure 5: A container image can define a special host as the base image, and then add layers for your web server, script run time, and your script files. As you can see, each container is distinct. Yet, they live side by side as isolated processes leveraging the CoreOS kernel. No hardware allocation is in place. All environment resources are shared. Understanding Registries Container images are stored in a registry. The concept of a registry is similar to that of a Maven repository, for those of you familiar with the Java framework. The analogous technology in the .NET world is a NuGet server. There are a number of public repositories where you can store container images. Docker has Docker Hub. There are others. Also, there is a growing number of private registry providers emerging. Using a registry is almost automagical. When you tell your container manager to run a container, it will check the configuration file to determine the layers the container requires and then check for the required layer images out on a registry, either the default registry or ones you define. The container manager will assemble the layers that your container needs from the registry and then load your container onto the host. Using a registry allows you to have a high degree reusability with your container images. Also, using container images means that you can scale your application, as you'll see in the next section. Scaling Containers Containers work really well in dynamic environments that need to scale up or down on demand. Unlike a virtual machine, which can take a long time to load into the host environment, a container loads quickly. Quick loading, coupled with the ubiquitous nature of a container registry, means that you can create highly available, load balanced environments fast. Please take a look at Figure 6. The diagram illustrates an application cluster environment based on containers. These days, it's quite common to have a load balancer negotiating load among many containers made from the same image. In fact, the load balancer itself can be a container. In other words, you can use a nxginx container as the load balancer that coordinates traffic among a cluster of identical application nodes. Figure 6: You can use a load balancer container to management clusters of application containers. Now What? The ecosystem for containers is growing quickly. For example, there is Google's open source project, Kubernetes that provides a platform for deploying and scaling applications containers at the enterprise level, across clusters of hosts. etcd, another open source project, allows you to share key-value information between containers. Sharing key-value information is important when you need to have containers use a common data store or cache. There's fleet, which makes sure that if you are running a lot of homogenous containers over a variety of machines and one of a machine goes down, your container will be moved to another machine. This is a very power technology in large scale, computing environments where it is very important that your containers run all the time. The list of projects and products is getting very large, very fast. As I said at the beginning of this article, containers are not going away anytime soon. In fact, Microsoft, Google, IBM, Redhat, Amazon, and a lot of other major technology companies have teamed up to form the Open Container Initiative, which is formed under the Linux Foundation. Imagine that: Microsoft working with Linux heads. So, if the folks in Redmond are jumping on the container bandwagon full blast, it's only a matter of time before containers will be part of your world. So, if you haven't started working with containers, now is the time to start. No comments: Post a Comment	<urn:uuid:623323fe-2d60-4822-bb4c-590b623fc318>	3	2.953125	0.161998	en	0.920782	http://sattia.blogspot.com/2015/11/containers-101.html
Please, don't tell your mom about this blog. Every third Sunday in January, the annual Camel Wrestling Championship is held in Selcuk, Turkey. The event is the culmination of months of matches that surround the sport of camel wrestling -- a tradition that traces its origins to ancient Turkic tribes over 2,400 years ago. Essentially, the sport puts together two bull (male) camels with a female camel. In response to the female camel being in heat, the two males battle it out by leaning on each other in order to push the other one down. If a male camel retreats, falls or screams, it loses. It is estimated that there are 1,200 camel wrestlers (or Tulu) in Turkey, bred specially for competition. Contest organizers match the camels based not only on weight, but skills as well. There are camels that fight from the right and ones that fight from the left. There are ones that use foot tricks and ones that trap an opponent's head and sit on it. Some simply try to push the other out and make it retreat. There is much preparation that leads up to the actual battle. The day before an event, a ceremony is held where the camels are decorated and marched through town, accompanied by music. It's a celebration that can come off as rather uninteresting to the average person. But for the many locals who do enjoy this spectator sport, excitement comes in the form of pure comedy when innocent bystanders run to avoid an angered camel running their way. According to Turkic tour guide, Burak Sansal, it's the best part of camel wrestling. Because of rising costs to train and feed the camels, the sport is in heavy decline. Large bets and wagers are made mostly by owners and wealthy onlookers. According to Sansal, "how you tell just which camel won can be difficult to determine." And while sometimes both camels run away, so do the people who come to watch. What was once a widespread Turkic tradition, is now somewhat of a dying sport. Source :	<urn:uuid:391b1d82-96ef-4287-9e6f-67f302797bf5>	3	2.625	0.327005	en	0.966674	http://saysawesome.blogspot.com/2012/01/awesome-game-camel-wrestling-festival.html
Configuring DNS server to create a DNS zone Admins can easily perform DNS configuration on Win2k Server for the purpose of creating a DNS zone. System administrators can easily perform DNS configuration on Windows 2000 Server for the purpose of creating a... DNS zone by using the appropriate snap-in for the Microsoft Management Console. The snap-in can be found in the Administrative Tools program folder. First, let's be sure we understand the difference between a zone and a domain. A zone is merely a small part of a domain. For example, a domain may contain all of the data for, and But the zone contains only information for and references to the authoritative name servers for the subdomains. In short, we can say that the domain name server stores information about part of the domain name space called a zone. The name server is authoritative for a particular zone. A single name server can be authoritative for many zones. Going back to configuring the server, it's also possible to manually configure the text files that DNS creates (for Unix fans). But using the DNS console makes it much easier to see your DNS namespace configuration as well as to make modifications. To create a new DNS zone: 1. Open the DNS management console from Administrative Tools in Control Panel. 2. From the Action menu, select New Zone. This opens up the New Zone Wizard that will guide you through the process. 3. Click Next. 4. The Zone Type dialog box allows you to select one of three types of zone to create: • Active Directory–Integrated. This option stores all DNS information in the Active Directory. If your entire domain infrastructure is run on a Windows 2000 platform, this is a good selection. • Standard Primary. This option stores the information in a text file, like most non-Windows 2000 DNS servers. It is useful if you need to transfer information between different types of DNS servers. • Standard Secondary. This option creates a copy of an existing zone. These are generally used to provide redundancy or load balancing of DNS on a network. Note: Choosing the proper zone is critical. If you have any doubts about what to select, choose Standard Primary. 5. Now, click Next to open the Forward or Reverse Lookup Zone dialog box. 6. Choose Forward Lookup Zone. A forward lookup zone resolves names to IP addresses. A reverse lookup zone allows users to resolve an IP address to a system name. However, reverse zones are rarely used. 7. In the Zone Name dialog box, enter the name of the new zone, for example, Zone names can indicate a domain, such as, or a subdomain, such as 8. Click Next to open the Zone file dialog box. This allows you to select the name of the zone file, or to load an existing zone file. Zone files are stored in %winroot%\system32\dns. 9. If this is a new server, select Create New File. If you have a zone file already, select Use This Existing File. 10. Click Next to open the Completing the New Zone Wizard dialog box, which will give you a summary of the information you have input. 11. Check the information you have input, as you can still go back and change it. 12. Click Finish to complete the zone creation. More information on this topic: This was last published in January 2007 Dig Deeper on Windows Server and Network Security Start the conversation Send me notifications when other members comment. Please create a username to comment.	<urn:uuid:f115bd73-a419-4b19-9b27-d194f6adf64b>	3	3.21875	0.025123	en	0.868619	http://searchwindowsserver.techtarget.com/tip/Configuring-DNS-server-to-create-a-DNS-zone
Dragon Eggs are not as common as they used to be but they are still around. Jenna found Spit Fyre's egg in the tunnels beneath Aunt Zelda's cottage and gave it to Septimus, neither knowing its true identity then. Dragon Eggs are impossible smooth and oval shaped. They resemble large stones. They are also said by Septimus to give off a slight luminescent sheen in the light. They can only be hatched in a specific order of unique steps. Steps to Hatch a Dragon Egg 1. Sustain heat surrounding the dragon egg at a minimum of eighty degrees for at least twenty-four hours 2. Keep the dragon egg supplied with constant warmth for at least a year and a day (It is recommended that you sleep with the egg under your pillow), providing the sensation of movement for at least eight hours a day. 3. After the year and a day, the dragon must receive a sharp tap on its shell to wake it up. (Dropping it onto a stone surface from head height should do the trick.) 4. Finally, provide the dragon egg with a touch of Darknesse, possible methods include: Leaving the egg outside a Darke Witch Coven's house overnight, or wrapping the egg in a Darke spell at midnight 5. Your dragon is now ready to hatch! Ad blocker interference detected!	<urn:uuid:1c3698f5-5caf-4f75-bd98-ba240fc78ec2>	3	2.59375	0.956057	en	0.940801	http://septimusheap.wikia.com/wiki/Dragon_Eggs
Banner 468 .NET Framework MSIL: What Is Obfuscation? Q: What is Obfuscation? A: Obfuscation allows you to protect your code from reverse engineering by making your code so confusing that it cannot be easily decompiled into human readable code. A well-written .NET obfuscator tool does this for you automatically by modifying assemblies after compilation. Altering the code in such a way that the code will still run and execute in the same way but any attempt to decompile the assemblies will only produce meaningless code that will confuse human interpreters. Basic .NET obfuscators just rename all the identifiers within the code to randomly generated names, i.e. all class and method names will be renamed to meaningless words. They may use hashing techniques or arithmetically offset the characters to unreadable or unprintable characters. These techniques make the code hard to understand and navigate but with time and a bit more effort than non-obfuscated assemblies they can be reverse-engineered. Advanced .NET obfuscators provide even more protection. They use advanced techniques to not only rename the symbol identifiers but change the underlying MSIL code within the assemblies making the code almost impossible to decompile by decompilation software. While it will always be possible to manually analyse the MSIL code and reverse-engineer an assembly, if the code is too difficult to decompile with the use of automated decompilation software, it is safe to say that it will be nearly impossible for a human to decompile and reverse engineer the assemblies and most certainly not worth the effort it would take to do so. Basic obfuscation (i.e. symbol renaming) can be further enhanced by overload induction. Overload induction takes symbol renaming a step further by reusing symbol names where ever possible. If two methods or functions have different parameters they can be renamed with the same identifier name even if both methods may have completely different functionality. This adds further confusion since the majority of methods and functions within the assemblies end up with the same symbol names. A side effect of the symbol renaming used by .NET obfuscators is that any stack traces produced in error messages are no longer in human readable format. Advanced .NET obfuscators provide the ability to parse these obfuscated stack traces and return a human readable version. In general this functionality is only available to the person/company who obfuscated the code in the first place and is either controlled by password encrypted symbol names or symbol name lookup files. Obfuscation Example: The following C# example demonstrates symbol renaming in conjunction with overload induction: Source Code Before Obfuscation: private void IncreaseSalaries(EmployeeInfoCollection employees) { while (employees.HasMore()) { employee = employees.GetNext(true); Reverse-Engineered Source Code After Obfuscation: private void a(a b) { while (b.a()) { a = b.a(true); The above example not only makes the code incredibly difficult to understand, but it also compacts the code by using shorter symbol names resulting in smaller assemblies. Have you liked this article, Obfusasm.NET Obfuscator can be used to obfuscate your own assemblies, and CodeReflect.NET Decompiler can be used to check that they are obfuscated. Article Source: Leave a Reply	<urn:uuid:a490d6b7-d6bf-4dd0-88ff-3232270b549f>	3	3.03125	0.351342	en	0.865788	http://th3-tech.blogspot.com/2011/07/net-framework-msil-what-is-obfuscation.html
Old age related health problems Old age is the last phase of a human’s life cycle. Old age is certainly bittersweet. As people gain wealth and respect in society and the burden of work and responsibilities reduce, most transition to a life of relaxation and enjoyment. However, seniority brings with it its own set of challenges in the form of geriatric health issues AKA old age problems. As the body begins to weaken, the natural immunity goes down as well, making otherwise healthy individuals prone to falling sick very easily. Old people have slower regenerative prowess and are easily vulnerable to disease, syndromes, and sickness as compared to younger adults. According to Wikipedia, ” The organic process of ageing is called senescence, the medical study of the aging process is called gerontology, and the study of diseases that afflict the elderly is called geriatrics. The elderly also face other social issues around retirement, loneliness, and ageism.” There are also a host of issues that arise out of old age, which are the ones that we typically witness in our parents and senior individuals. These old age problems can be physiological, psychological, social, emotional and financial. The deterioration of both physical abilities as mental faculties are synonymous with old age. The manner in which one ages and well as the pace of the aging process is dependent on his/her lifestyle, the hereditary constitution of the individual as well as external, environmental factors. Here are some of old age problems which are related to health. Sleep Apnea Sleep apnea causes people to temporarily pause breathing during sleep. These pauses can range from a few seconds to a few minutes, causing imperceptible oxygen deprivation in the body and brain. This is shown to be a very common incident in senior individuals and requires immediate attention. While most of the time sleep apnea causes the person to wake up as a result of obstructed breathing and resume proper respiration thereafter, cases have been reported where sleep apnea caused death by asphyxiation because the subject failed to wake up. Arthritis is an affliction of the joints that causes the loss of the cartilage and bone in movable joints of the skeleton. Old age is one of the major causes of this form of arthritis, also sometimes called osteoarthritis. The condition manifests in joint pain, immobilization of joints or sometimes severely reducing the range of motion of the joint. Arthritis is most effectively dealt with in its early stages so do not be dismissive if they complain about joint pain. A simple joint pain might be indicative of a more serious situation. Dementia is often used as an umbrella term for a broad range of diseases affecting the brain. Dementia is a long term phenomenon and causes gradual loss of memory and cognitive ability. It can also give rise to emotional instability, mood swings, language issues, and lethargy. Dementia is most often characterized by Alzheimer’s disease. While dementia has no cure, early diagnosis can lead to an increase in quality of life with the help of symptomatic treatment. Use of assistive technology can also help a lot in allowing your loved ones to live the final years of their lives in peace and dignity. High Cholesterol Cholesterol plays a crucial part in the healthy operation of our body. Elevated levels of cholesterol pose a significant health risk, primarily of heart disease. High cholesterol can be caused by bad diet, obesity or other diseases such as diabetes but requires immediate redressal before the situation worsens. Farsightedness, also called hypermetropia, is caused by the eye being unable to focus on objects at near distances. This is caused primarily by the ciliary muscles in the eye being unable to change the lens enough to view nearby objects clearly. One of the most obvious signs of the onset of age, hypermetropia is easily corrected with the use of glasses or lenses. However, until that is done, people from hypermetropia can suffer from blurred vision, headaches, dizziness, and discombobulation. Early diagnosis of hypermetropia as distinct from general tiredness of the eye is essential. High Blood Pressure High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is the sustained elevation of blood pressure in arteries, the blood vessels that carry freshly oxygenated blood from the heart to the various parts of the body. High blood pressure significantly increases the chances of coronary heart disease, stroke, loss of vision, and kidney failure. High blood pressure is one of the most significant ailments found in senior citizens and requires consistent and regular medication to keep it in check to maintain health and normal living standards. Apart from the aforementioned old age problems, the issues of economic insecurity and isolation plague senior citizens. They need all the love and care in the world at this phase of life and it is up to us children to repay their love. Next articleMuse of the Month- Rujuta Diwekar Mousumi Gharami is an experienced writer, who applies her creative thoughts and makes the best approaches to cover all the essential points of a specific topic. She is capable enough to manage writing assignments of all sorts and has succeeded in earning loads of success and acheivements within a short span of time, and all credit goes to her hardwork, honesty and dedication. 1. This is very attention-grabbing, You are an overly professional blogger. I’ve joined your rss feed and sit up for in the hunt for more of your excellent post. Also, I’ve shared your web site in my social networks!	<urn:uuid:af5defe1-88fa-423a-96e5-2fdd7da70622>	3	3.0625	0.120382	en	0.950651	http://thedailybrunch.com/2016/08/31/6-old-age-problems-that-our-parents-might-be-facing/
Accommodation Type Town/Village Other Search Terms The village Ochiltree lies on the main Ayr - Cumnock Road. Ochiltree is one of the oldest villages in East Ayrshire with relics being found that indicate Stone and Bronze age settlers however the name - meaning a high place - is believed to have British origins. The main street of Ochiltree is flanked by traditional single storey cottages that climb a gentle slope . One of these former cottages was the House of the Green Shutters made famous by the novel of that name written by George Douglas Brown, a former son of the village. As with other Ayrshire villages many of the working men of Ochiltree were previously employed in the pits - the Barony being the last. Traditionally some were employed in agriculture in the surrounding area which has provided a number of seasonal opportunities. is committed to giving only the most up to date and relevant information about our region.	<urn:uuid:8750882f-cea8-4a8b-9e0f-0162f191e0c6>	3	2.625	0.0205	en	0.972879	http://visitsouthernscotland.co.uk/ochiltree-c262.html
Hurricane Erika was the fifth named storm, the third hurricane, and the first major hurricane of the inactive 1997 Atlantic hurricane season. Erika didn't form until well over a month after the previous storm did. Erika made it the first time since 1961 that there were no tropical cyclone formations during the month of August. Erika was also the longest-lasting tropical cyclone in the 1997 Atlantic hurricane season, and also the strongest. Erika was also the only major hurricane of the season. Erika came fairly close to the Lesser Antilles, but far away enough that it did not cause damage. Erika later turned north in response to an approaching trough. On September 8, Erika reached its peak strength of 125 mph winds and a pressure of 946 mb. As it passed over cooler waters, Erika began to weaken after keeping its peak strength for 24 hours. As it turned to the east, it weakened to a tropical storm. Erika became extratropical after passing near the Azores. Even though Erika did come close enough to do significant damage to the Lesser Antilles, it did come close enough to produced light rainfall and light winds throughout the northern Lesser Antilles. Erika's passage carried a cloud of volcanic ash to Antigua, due to the eruption of the Soufrière Hills Volcano on Montserrat. This is a rare occurence. Also, strong waves generated by Erika caused beach erosion as well as coastal flooding in the northern part of Puerto Rico. Erika also caused the death of two surfers in Puerto Rico. Moderate wind gusts in Puerto Rico from Erika left thousands of residents without power. Erika caused $10,000,000 (1997 USD) in damage in the Carribean territory of the United States. Finally, Erika produced gusty winds in the Azores, as well as light rainfall. Also, Erika was the only tropical cyclone during the two month period of August and September, a very rare occurence. The last time this happened was in the 1929 Atlantic hurricane season. Erika at peak intensity on September 8 Formation September 3, 1997 Dissipation September 19, 1997 Highest winds 125 mph Lowest pressure 946 mbar Deaths 2 direct Damages $10,000,000 (1997 USD) Areas affected Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Azores Meteorological History On August 31, a large tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa. Shortly after the wave left the coast, it had a large low-level circulation, although as the wave moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean, the circulation of the wave failed to contract significantly. Nevertheless, the wave slowly organized, and on September 3, the wave had enough convection within the circulation center to be classified as Tropical Depression Six, while located about 1150 miles east of the southernmost Lesser Antilles. Under the influence of a well-established subtropical ridge, the depression moved west-northwest at 20 mph. Late on September 3, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Erika. Erika continued to the west-northwest, and on September 4, an eye-like feature appeared to have developed in the center of the deepest convection. However, this feature was not an eye, as visible satellite imagery revealed a center of circulation that was partially exposed from the convection. This was due to strong upper-level wind shear over the system. Despite the unfavorable conditions, Erika became a hurricane late on September 4, located 530 miles east-southeast of Guadeloupe. Deep convection re-established itself over Erika's circulation center, and Erika continued moving west-northwest, slowly strengthening as it did so. As Erika approached the Lesser Antilles, its foward speed lessened, and it passed within 85 miles of the islands a Category 1 hurricane. An approaching trough weakened the subtropical ridge, and this caused Erika to turn to the north, and later the northeast. On September 7, Erika quickly gained strength, and on September 8, Erika reached its peak strength of 125 mph winds and a pressure of 946 mb, while located 350 miles north of the Lesser Antilles. Erika maintained peak intensity for 24 hours before cooler waters began to weaken it. Erika passed about 350 miles east of Bermuda on September 10. Erika then turned east-northeast, in response to westerly steering currents. Erika weakened to a tropical storm on September 12, due to increased upper-level wind shear over the system. Erika turned to the east-southeast, and continued weakening as it did so, although it maintained deep convection near the center of circulation despite unfavorable upper-level conditions. On September 14, Erika turned to the northeast again, and it re-intensified to a strong tropical storm with 70 mph winds while located 510 miles west-southwest of the Azores. Erika passed near the western portion of the Azores on September 15, and quickly weakened, with deep convection diminishing near the center of circulation. On September 16, just north of the Azores, Erika became an extratropical cyclone, and after executing a clockwise loop, it dissipated on September 19 about 230 miles southwest of Ireland. Erika near the Lesser Antilles. Early in its life, computer models had difficulty in forecasting where Erika would go; some brought Erika toward the Lesser Antilles, while some other models forecasted a more northerly motion, away from the Lesser Antilles. Because of the uncertainty, the government of Saint Martin issued a Tropical Storm Warning late on September 4. The next day, the governments of Antigua, Barbuda, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Dominica, Anguilla, Saint Barthelemy, and Guadeloupe issued Tropical Storm Warnings for their islands. When Erika's motion caused it to take a path that would bring it closer to the Lesser Antilles, all of the aforementioned islands upgraded their Tropical Storm Warnings to Hurricane Warnings, excluding the island of Guadeloupe. A Hurricane Watch was also issued for the British Isles and the United States Virgin Isles, and a Hurricane Watch was also issued for Puerto Rico. In public advisories, the National Hurricane Center stated that tropical storm-force conditions were likely in the Azores, with early forecasts posing a threat to Bermuda. Also, the governments in the projected path of Erika urged residents to quickly prepare for Erika through radio addresses. Also, many citizens throughout the Lesser Antilles began preparing for the 1997 Atlantic hurricane season months before Erika developed. This preparedness including things such as installing hurricane shutters, and purchasing food supplies. Because numerous hurricanes affected the Lesser Antilles in both 1995 and 1996, the citizens of the Lesser Antilles executed a hurricane preparedness plan greater than usual for a mere Category 1 hurricane. In Puerto Rico, fisherman secured their boats in anticipation of Erika. Also on Puerto Rico, citizens formed long lines at gas stations, and they also purchased emergency supplies. Officials in Anguilla initiated a plan that would turn off the power supply to the island in the event that winds exceeded 50 mph. Also, the government of Guadeloupe issued a Level 2 Storm Alert for the island, which recommended that all citizens remain in their homes. Also on Guadeloupe, officials closed the Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport. Also, as a precaution, authorities on Saint Martin initiated a curfew for all but those in service jobs. Finally, a cruise ship changed its course to avoid the island of Saint Thomas, because of the threat of Hurricane Erika. Lesser Antilles Erika produced strong waves throughout the Lesser Antilles, with 10-12 foot waves occuring on the island of Saint Martin. On Saint Martin, those strong waves flooded roadways and damaged one building that was under construction near the coast. Erika's outer rainbands passed through the island, with rainfall totals of 1.91 inches reported on Saint Martin. Anguilla reported winds of 35 mph as well as some rainfall. Antigua reported over 2 inches of rain from Erika, as well as wind gusts as high as 32 mph. Erika's passage resulted in low-level southwesterly winds. Also, just weeks after the eruption of the Soufrière Hills Volcano on Montserrat, Erika produced a cloud of falling ash over Antigua. Officials considered closing schools on the southern portion of the island because of the falling ash, though because the wind changed direction, so did the ash, with the ash turning away from the island. This was the first recorded occurence of ash fall in Antigua from Montserrat. Also, winds from Erika peaked at 37 mph, with gusts to 47 mph at Cyril E. King Airport on the island of Saint Thomas. Also, Erika's outer rainbands produced light to moderate rainfall across the Virgin Islands, with rainfall peaking at 3.28 inches at the University of the Virgin Islands on the island of Saint Thomas. 1.32 inches of rain fell in Saint John, as well. The rainfall caused localized street flooding, while the added bonus of wind and rain caused power outages. Offshore, high waves capsized one dinghy, and they also broke a 50-foot boat from its moorings. On the island of Saint Croix, Erika produced sustained winds of 25 mph, with gusts up to 29 mph at Henry E. Rohlsen International Airport. Rainfall on the island of Saint Croix was light, however, peaking only at 0.83 inches at Christiansted. Wind gusts downed a few power lines on the island. Overall, damage was minor. Puerto Rico Erika's outer rainbands passed over Puerto Rico, with those rainbands producing winds of 23 mph, and gusts as high as 42 mph at Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport. The strong wind gusts snapped tree branches onto power lines, leaving up to 12,000 people without power in San Juan, Guayanbo, and Bayamon. Rainfall in Puerto Rico was light, however, with Caguas reported a total peak rainfall amount of 0.77 inches. Also, Erika produced swells of 10-12 feet on Puerto Rico's northeastern coast, causing beach erosion and coastal flooding, with one road being closed when sections of it were flooded or washed out. Strong waves forced the evacuation of eight families on the northern portion of the island. Strong waves also killed two surfers along the northeastern portion of the island. Total damage in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands totaled to $10,000,000 (1997 USD) in a preliminary estimate. Atlantic Ocean A total of 31 ships came into contact with Erika from September 4, when it was a tropical storm, to September 18 when it was an extratropical cyclone. Two ships reported hurricane-force winds, with a peak wind report being 99 mph. Also, the lowest pressure recored by a ship was 1000.4 mb while located 105 miles from Erika's center when it was an extratropical cyclone. The lowest pressure recorded when Erika was a tropical cyclone was 1000.5 mb when a ship was located 190 miles from the center of the cyclone. While passing near the Azores, Erika produced sustained winds of 30 mph at Lajes Field. The wind gusts, however, were much stronger, with an 87 mph wind gust being reported in Flores. In addition, Lajes reported a wind gust as high as 105 mph from a 200 foot tower. In Flores, Erika produced as much as 2.35 inches of rain, and Erika also produced rough seas throughout the archipelago. Finally, damage, if any, in the Azores, is unknown. Lack of Retirement Because damage was minimal, the name Erika was not retired in the Spring of 1998 by the World Meteorological Organization. It was used again in 2003, and is on the list of names to be used for the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season. See Also 1997 Atlantic hurricane season Ad blocker interference detected!	<urn:uuid:899087c9-dd29-48eb-9347-a0b05c5da0bd>	3	2.96875	0.08153	en	0.964274	http://weather.wikia.com/wiki/Hurricane_Erika_(1997)
You are here Nobel Prize Awarded Women in STEM The list of female Nobel laureates is very short, only 17 women have won a Nobel Prize in STEM fields (Chimistry: 4, physics: 2, Medecine or Pysiology: 12). The first woman to win a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie (1867-1934), who have won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 with her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel. Marie Curie is also the first person and only woman to have won Nobel Prize twice. Here, we provide the list of the 17 women who have won the Nobel Prize. 1- The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (n=4) 2- The Nobel Prize in Physics (n=2) 3- The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (n=12) Related articles • “Ces femmes oubliées ou sous-estimées des prix Nobel” by Mathilde Damgé, Le Monde 9 Oct. 2015. Print Friendly	<urn:uuid:62ba492e-8f06-42df-87b6-020acd6a9caa>	3	2.859375	0.886686	en	0.830231	http://winstem.ethics-and-integrity.net/?page_id=257
A List of Jobs in a Fire Station by Julie Davoren Fire service is a vast field that provides many opportunities for career experiences, leadership and community service activities. Job are often rigorous and provide ample scope for learning and development. Fire service professionals are trained effectively to handle myriad situations as they often have to work at short notice and may have to stay at event locations for several days. Careers include fieldwork and office jobs. Jobs are offered by municipal, state and federal government and authorized agencies. Firefighters extinguish and control fires while aiming to save life, property and the environment. A typical firefighting operation might include providing medical assistance, breaking through debris, using fire hoses and foam to extinguish flames, retrieving people, property and pets from burning buildings. They also write emergency reports to record the event and often respond to medical emergencies not involving fire accidents. Firefighters' schedules are work-dependent and vary largely. Candidates need to have a diploma in fire science or a related discipline, and they must be over 18 to apply for this work. Emergency medical technician certification is necessary so that they can provide medical assistance on call. Good stamina and excellent emotional stability are assets for the job. Firefighters earned a median salary of $45,250 per year in 2010, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Fire Investigators Fire investigators visit and inspect the fire safety precautions ensuring that building owners abide by federal and state laws. Typically, they search for fire hazards, compliance with fire codes and test fire-related equipment such as alarms and sprinklers. They also inspect air compressors and gasoline tanks that store inflammable material. After an accident occurs, fire investigators collect and analyze evidence and inspect the cause for the fire. They report the event using photographs, diagrams and documentary evidences, and collaborate with chemists, engineers and lawyers when required. Usually a high school diploma is required to become an investigator, but some states prefer a two- or four-year degree in fire science, engineering or chemistry. Investigators must possess good communication, detailing and critical thinking ability apart from a high level of integrity. Fire investigators earned a median salary of $52,230 per year in 2010, according to the BLS. Fire Dispatchers Also called 911 operators, fire dispatchers answer emergency calls, determine the emergency situation and gather information such as emergency type and location. They make decisions on transferring the recorded information to suitable teams that then work on resolving the emergency. Dispatchers also coordinate with response teams and give medical instructions, weather reports, maps and location information over the phone. They monitor and track the status of assigned fire units and relay the information to concerned departments. They maintain a detailed record of all calls. Dispatchers work eight- to 12-hour shifts. Multitasking, leadership, listening, problem solving and emotional stability are key skills for dispatchers. The BLS reported that dispatchers earned a median salary of $35,370 per year in 2010. Other Jobs Other jobs in a fire station include fire alarm foreman, electrician and alarm installer. Fire stations may also offer jobs for purposes other than fire protection services, such as public relations, designers, faculty and paramedics. Fire chiefs are also part of a fire department, but they typically perform administrative functions. Photo Credits • Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images Suggest an Article Correction	<urn:uuid:c8021b04-fac3-4603-9647-8feb60a02ed0>	3	2.734375	0.275901	en	0.945948	http://work.chron.com/list-jobs-fire-station-19361.html
Normal Glucose Levels A blood sugar level chart can help you keep your normal glucose levels. This chart is so important in avoiding diabetes as well as in getting rid of some amount of glucose in your body. Monitoring the normal sugar levels of your body is what you must do to help you avoid being diabetic. What is the cause of diabetes? Diabetes is a health condition that interferes when a person’s blood sugar levels increase than the normal range. The main source of this sickness is glucose which is mostly found in carbohydrate foods. You must avoid eating this kind of food or if possible take a small amount of foods that are rich in glucose, which is a type of sugar. Consuming a small intake of carbohydrate foods is the initial step of preventing diabetes. To help you further avoid suffering from diabetes, you need to know how this health condition works and affects the human body. There are actually many side effects of being diabetic. It can give serious malfunctions and effects on some parts of your body. The result of these effects can lead you to become blind, suffer from heart disease or stroke or lead you to kidney failure. Hence, you must value the importance of keeping your normal glucose levels. Maintaining the blood sugar levels of your body is very essential to avoid getting this kind of sickness. You can easily maintain your blood sugar level using a diabetes blood sugar levels chart. Everytime you wake up, your normal blood sugar level should be not less than 80 or greater than 120. This is actually a normal range which you must keep. It is also the range of sugar level you need to have before you eat your meals. After eating meal, the level of your glucose should be 170 or better less than that. For bed time, you must have at least 100 up to 140. Following these ranges is the way to maintain a normal blood sugar level. Learning how to keep your normal glucose levels is extremely important. It is by far the first step for you to eliminate the chance of being diabetic. It is recommended that you should observe what you eat, try to avoid taking carbohydrate foods and keep a diabetes sugar level chart. Knowing how to take care of your body is generally the best way to avoid suffering from diabetes.	<urn:uuid:60dfcbee-5b1f-4c23-8953-24556fd6070c>	3	3.328125	0.077251	en	0.949134	http://www.bloodsugarlevelscharts.com/normal-glucose-levels/
Archive for category Uncategorized What is Intensive farming Over the years, farming methods have diversified and increased production capacity. There are various types of agricultural production systems, including extensive production and intensive agriculture. intensive cultivation techniques involves extensive contributions of capital, labor and pesticides and fertilizers to increase crop on a smaller area. Intensive farming means not only horticulture but also livestock. There are many advantages and disadvantages of intensive farming. Advantages include high performance helps to reduce agricultural related products and poultry prices. In addition, the production of crops than a smaller area. But the number of disadvantages of intensive agriculture is more than the benefits. Intensive agriculture leads to the use of pesticides and fertilizers that can lead to contamination and poisoning. It also causes erosion and contamination of surrounding areas by chemical fertilizer soil. The animals are grown in small spaces and ranchers engage in dangerous practices of reproduction, and much more. But we can not focus on the pros and cons of this article lifestyle fashion but the types of intensive agriculture. Now for the next few paragraphs we’ll discover the different types of intensive farming techniques. Intensive farming techniques » Read more: What is Intensive farming Importance of Agriculture Why is it important for agriculture? Human civilization realizes the importance of agriculture as it started with him. When our ancestors believed in regulation and growing our own food, including grains and crops, organic farming and humanity was born was changed forever. Agriculture has caused not only the cities and the development of cities, but also knowledge and technology. Regardless of the degree of sophistication or gadget addicted we become, there is no denying agriculture importance in our daily lives. Recently, farming has been neglected because of the mistaken belief that the new modern technology produces grains and crops we eat. At the summit in the world last year, the need for agriculture was the main point of debate and discussion that has been proposed by scientists in the green world. Agricultural importance in the US America is considered one of the most productive countries in terms of agriculture. Business analysts say that US food industry will exceed $ 500 billion this year. With technology creates more problems can be solved, putting the US government, its resources and plans to ensure that it becomes more productive. The US is the largest producer and exporter of agricultural products, with a share of 21% of world trade in agricultural products. In 1996, exports of agricultural products from the United States worth $ 60 billion and only increased over the years. As you know, exports are crucial for GDP in a country where agriculture contributes more than 7%. I think these startling figures are enough to show the importance of agriculture in America. » Read more: Importance of Agriculture	<urn:uuid:e1d30f0e-8c0a-488a-ad45-d35c1962a53d>	3	2.71875	0.41502	en	0.946296	http://www.boekwerk.net/category/uncategorized
Friday, February 12, 2010 A New Level in Motivation Ever thought about self rewarding behavior? I've heard about it sometimes when a behavior in parrots becomes comforting. Like that Moluccan Cockatoo that used to scream just for attention, but now he does it all the time with or without a reward. Or that feather picking African Grey that simply picks as a way to occupy his time, but now the behavior has become a self-soothing perpetuating behavior. Like the way I bite my nails... These issuse might be considered a bit more simplistic in the way of behavior, compared to what Mr. Pink talks about (it is a simplistic task for an instant reward). But this gets me to wonder about how his topic could influence what behavior techniques we use in the world of animals. Crows and Keas as examples; these birds have shown extra ordinary abilities to quickly solve unclear tasks (Like Pink talks about humans in the video) for a food reward. Odly, he points out that this kind of bribery works poorly on us humans, compared to an alternative view he expresses. Then again I remember some faint memory of the birds just standing around just looking at the food based reward puzzle, for several minutes, before attempting it. This is the same thing that humans do in trying to figure out multiple step problems, yet bribery works poorly. Could any of Mr. Pink's research be applied to animals? Can the Keas and Crows actualy perform better at thier tasks like the test subjects he talks about, and if so how do we go about setting up a task for animals like that? I hope I find out in my lifetime. I've often dreamed about reaching a point with my animals where they can learn "just for the fun of it" but is this possible for creatures other than humans? Or will animals always do better at tasks if given a bribe for simple tasks, like us humans? The jury is still out on that one. Don't forget to comment and share the insight you've gained from this video or any research you may have come across on the topic. This "New Science" stuff is always interesting! Copyright 2013 Caitlin Bird The Sequential Psittacine Blog Post a Comment	<urn:uuid:0076d7b4-be51-40e8-a2f5-a37639abdba7>	3	2.71875	0.051086	en	0.950018	http://www.caitlinbird.com/2010/02/new-level-in-motivation.html
Chocolate Milk Gets the Boot from Schools with Surprising Results Think back: Can you imagine school lunch with no chocolate milk? Many can, and some schools have made the thought a reality in an effort to make school lunches healthier for students. chocolate milk However, the efforts may have been misguided. Researchers from the Cornell Food and Brand Lab surveyed 11 elementary schools in Oregon where chocolate milk had been removed as an option, and found while the students did consume less sugar and calories, they also consumed less protein and calcium. The students also took 10 percent less milk than when chocolate milk was available, and 29 percent more milk was wasted. Some researchers also feel removing chocolate milk from lunch caused some students to stop eating school provided lunches. Chocolate milk gets a bad rap for being full of sugar, but it does provide some nutritional benefit. The combination of carbohydrates and protein in chocolate milk make it a good post-workout or after-practice snack and drinking flavored milk is better than drinking no milk at all. Students not drinking milk is the problem the schools where chocolate milk is banned are now facing. Instead of choosing regular or skim milk, students are picking different beverages entirely and missing out on the nutrition a serving of milk at lunch can provide. Students aren’t going to get the protein and calcium they need from the soda or juice they may choose if flavored milk is not available. “Given that the role of the federal school meal program is to provide nutritious meals to students who may otherwise have no access to healthy foods, I wouldn’t recommend banning flavored milk unless you have a comprehensive plan in place to compensate for the lost nutrients when kids stop drinking milk altogether,” former Assistance Director of Nutrition Services for the school district surveyed Nicole Zammit said in a statement. Instead of banning chocolate and other flavored milk, the Cornell Food and Brand Lab recommends placing non-flavored milk closer to the front of the cooler where students are more likely to take it. They also suggest schools make sure at least one-third to one-half of the milk provided is not flavored. The chocolate milk debate comes down to picking our nutrition battles. If the worst thing students have with their lunch is a carton of chocolate milk, that’s pretty good. Sure, added sugar is a concern, but at least they’re also getting the nutrients they need. Also Read: We Knew Chocolate Was Good for You, Now We Know Why School Lunches Don’t Have to be Junk Nature’s Best Nutrition Secret is Raw Cacao Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.	<urn:uuid:c31f646f-109d-4c62-ba7f-eee55d8e0e2d>	3	2.515625	0.079646	en	0.96354	http://www.dietsinreview.com/diet_column/04/chocolate-milk-gets-the-boot-from-schools-with-surprising-results/
Playing the Psychologist: The Importance of Cultural Competence posted by Dr. James G. Hood Friday, May 28, 2010 Society has struggled throughout history to explain and manage individuals with abnormal mental states, and as a result of society’s quest for understanding, three major explanations have developed: the supernatural, biological, and psychological. More recently, psychologists have argued that the combination of biological and psychological factors are the most likely causal factors of psychopathology (Barlow & Durand, 2005). Realizing that psychological disorders are caused by psychological and biological factors is important for the implementation of effective treatment; however, clinicians and researchers must also be aware of and sensitive to a particular individual’s culture in order to properly diagnose a psychological disorder. Additionally, cultural knowledge is necessary to off set the negative stigma that society may be attributing to a particular psychological disorder or psychological abnormalities in general. Taking a step back and looking through a cultural perspective at the actions of a particular individual acting in his/her respective culture is extremely important. A culture deems what behaviors are normal (acceptable) in its own culture. What is normal in one culture, therefore, could be deemed completely unacceptable or could even be classified as a psychological disorder in another culture. A careful mental health practitioner would therefore be sure to understand the cultural nuances of a patient’s culture in order to avoid an inappropriate diagnose and respective treatment for a patient which could result in a patient being hurt rather than helped. For instance, a patient may develop symptoms of a particular mental disorder even though the initial diagnosis was incorrect because the patient could experience the self fulfilling prophecy. After determining that a patient actually has a psychological disorder based on the guidelines for behavior in the patient’s particular culture, then a responsible mental health practitioner must be aware of society’s feelings toward that particular disorder and act accordingly. In the past, psychological disorders were viewed in a variety of negative ways that greatly marginalized or even physically inflicted harm on individuals with psychological disorders. For the most part, the negative perception of individuals with psychological disorders continues to this day. The negative perception of psychological disorders is harsher towards individuals on the “extreme” end of the psychological spectrum. Pop culture points out and/or creates examples of schizophrenic or individuals with some sort of personality disorder that exhibit wild behaviors. These behaviors are often exaggerated for dramatic effect and cast in a clearly negative light. Individuals in a different subset of psychological disorders, however, are often viewed as people with small problems that can easily be remedied. The show, Monk, depicts a detective with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. However, the detective’s disorder is not viewed as a detriment, but rather as an interesting quirk that provides comic relief and ingenious insight into his profession. Furthermore, with the rising popularity of pharmeceutical drugs, more and more people are taking medications for depression or certain anxiety disorders. More people being treated in a more public setting means that the norm for these treatments and their corresponding ailments is becoming more widely accepted. The new emphasis on the biological factors contributing to these disorders also helps alleviate the previous stigma because now the problem is more like a headache being treated with pills instead of an inexplicable problem of a particular individual’s human nature. Knowing society’s particular viewpoint towards a specific mental malady is essential for beneficial treatment. By realizing society’s perspective a mental health practitioner will realize the obstacles that a patient may be facing. The realization will allow the mental health practitioner to outline an effective coping strategy for the patient. Cultural competence is something that a clinician and/or reseracher must posess in order to best help an individual suffering from a psychological disorder. Realizing the dual nature of the psychological disorder involving both psychological and biological factor is important, but the cultural perspective must be explored to find its definition of normal behaviors and to determine the positive and/or negative attributions given to each respective psychological disorder. Barlow, D. & Durand, M. (2005). Abnormal Psychology. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth. Leave a Reply	<urn:uuid:858f3924-1610-41ba-8e42-acf7246ba2c7>	3	2.96875	0.067707	en	0.927431	http://www.drjamesghoodblog.com/2010/05/playing-the-psychologist-the-importance-of-cultural-competence/
Tongue tie One of the most important muscles for speech and swallowing is tongue. A tongue-tie can lead to eating or speech problems, which may be serious in some individuals. Ankyloglossia also called Tongue Tie or anchored tongue is a common condition. Newborn tong tie is congenital oral anomaly in which an unusually short, thick lingual frenulum, a membrane joins the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth, thereby decreasing the movement of the tongue tip. Tied tongue can be defined as a structural abnormality of the cord or the lingual frenum. When the frenum is normal, it is elastic and the movements of the tongue are not affected. When it is short, thick, tight or broad it has an adverse effect on oromuscular function, feeding and speech. Severe effects are seen when extends from the margin of the tongue across the floor of the mouth till the base of the teeth. Tied tongue in baby also affects the structure and appearance of the face and teeth, as well as oral function. Tongue tie usually runs in families. The symptoms may not be similar in all individuals. Some have mild effects or no apparent symptoms while others show a severe impact on structure and function. Tongue tie is seen associated with other congenital conditions such as cleft lip or palate or severe hearing loss or cerebral palsy. There are more tongue-tied boys than girls. Salivary gland disoders Salivary gland disorders are conditions that lead to swelling or pain in the salivary gland, the saliva producing tissues around the mouth. There are three pairs of gland of the neck: parotid glands, sublingual glands and submandibular glands. Parotid salivary gland is the largest salivary gland. Salivary glands empty saliva into the mouth through ducts that open at various locations in the mouth. There are many salivary gland diseases: Sialolithiasis (stones in salivary gland). Tiny, calcium-rich stones sometimes form inside the salivary glands. Some stones may be related to dehydration, decreased food intake or medications that decrease saliva production, including certain antihistamines, blood pressure drugs and psychiatric medications. The stones in the salivary gland can cause blocked salivary gland. Sialadenitis (salivary gland infection). Sialadenitis is a painful infection that usually is caused by bacteria. It is more common among elderly adults with salivary gland stones. Sialadenitis also can occur in infants. A salivary gland blockage or poor oral hygiene may be the causes of bacterial infections. They can be seen in people who are dehydrated and in the hospital. Viral infections: Mumps infections usually affect the parotid gland resulting in swollen salivary gland called parotiditis. Sjogren's syndrome: Sjogren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder attacking the salivary glands, the lacrimal glands and occasionally the skin's sweat and oil glands. Sialadenosis (nonspecific salivary gland enlargement): Enlarged salivary glands are seen without infection, inflammation or tumor. This nonspecific enlargement most often affects the parotid gland, and the etiology remains unknown. Salivary gland carcinoma: Salivary gland tumors are a morphologically and clinically diverse group of neoplasms. Salivary gland neoplasms are classified as primary or secondary, benign or malignant, and by tissue of origin. The causes of cancer in salivary gland can be chewing tobacco, followed by smoking, radiation therapy treatment to head or neck or occupational hazard. Symptoms: Abnormal tastes, fever, headache, muscle aches, poor appetite, malaise, swelling of the salivary glands, discomfort in opening the mouth, dry mouth, swelling and pain in mouth, ears, face or neck. News & Events Clinic Locations Location Map Location Map View Large Conceptualized, Marketed & Promoted by Anvita Tours2Health Private Limited	<urn:uuid:51a350c8-0a05-4171-ac16-c71b5885b779>	4	3.5625	0.047905	en	0.885938	http://www.ear-nose-and-throat.com/head-neck-conditions-tongue-tie-salivary-gland-disoders.php
Facial surgery Appearance plays an important role in every others life. This can be affected by accidents, birth defects or premature aging. Many of these conditions can be improved by facial surgery. Injury to the nerve due to physical trauma can result in a visible deformity and difficulty with eye protection, speech and eating/drinking. The facial nerve surgery should be planned only after considering a number of factors including the cause of the nerve injury, the state of the neurons and nerve itself, and the functional impairment to the patient. The reasons for facial plastic surgery are varied. Many choose to modify a facial feature that has bothered them for years. Facial Reconstruction surgery is used to repair or reconstruct facial features that include scar revision, fracture repair, laceration repair, vascular birth marks, cleft lip and palate, craniofacial deformities, orthognathic surgery, free flaps, and other cancer reconstruction. Facial reconstructive surgery can help you increase self-confidence because, for most people, when they look better, then generally feel better. A facial plastic surgeon specializes in executing cosmetic and reconstructive surgery on the face, head, and neck region. 1.Facial Paralysis The paralysis of any structures supplied by the facial nerve can result in facial nerve palsy. Facial paralysis occurs due to the total loss of all voluntary movement in one or both sides of face and the person is no longer able to move the muscles on one side of the face. The causes of facial paralysis are Physical trauma, especially fractures of the temporal bone. The swelling of the facial nerve, a stroke, even brain tumor, Lyme disease or sarcoidosis are considered as the causes of facial paralysis. The one sided paralysis gives an asymmetrical looks to the face. The eyelid and the corresponding corner of the mouth drop and there might be ear pain on the same side. In newborns, facial paralysis may be caused by trauma during birth. Congenital facial paralysis is an uncommon condition but may cause multiple problems such as difficulty with nursing and incomplete eye closure. It can even lead to difficulties in speech, expressions of emotion, and mastication. Facial paralysis treatment: The immediate treatment is very crucial in facial nerve injury. Eye blink can be affected by facial nerve paralysis. The disruption of blinking the eye which provides vital moisture to the cornea can cause corneal injury and eventually lead to loss of vision. Constant eye lubrication and taping the eyelid is essential to protect the eye. The brow lift procedure can be used to prevent the descent of the eyebrow that can result in impaired vision. The facial Slings can be made use to restore/lift the midportion of the face to a more normal position. A repair of the nerve can be performed when the nerve is severed due to accidental trauma or surgical removal of tumor. If the nerve ends are easily re-attached, a. If the nerve ends cannot be reattached, a nerve graft is used. 2.Facial nerve palsy – Facial Nerve decompression Facial nerve decompression refers to exposure of the facial nerve along the length of its bony canal in the temporal bone. The nerve dysfunction can be related to compression of an inflamed nerve within the bony canal resulting in choking of the nerve in the confined space. Facial nerve decompression is the preferred procedure if the continuity of the nerve is not disrupted in facial palsy. Depending on the location of the problem there are different types of facial nerve decompression. Facial nerve decompression often involves a type of craniotomy called a middle fossa craniotomy and may also require a complete Mastoidectomy. These techniques help in removing the compression of the facial nerve. A facial nerve graft may be required to restore long-term function. The facial nerve is usually approached through a middle fossa craniotomy, and through the mastoid bone directly behind the ear and overlying bone is removed. The removal of the overlying bone helps the nerve to expand, thus relieving the compression that causes ischemia and neurapraxia. News & Events Clinic Locations Location Map Location Map View Large Conceptualized, Marketed & Promoted by Anvita Tours2Health Private Limited	<urn:uuid:c236c288-2859-4319-9cdd-0eba12f7404b>	3	2.578125	0.058143	en	0.923031	http://www.ear-nose-and-throat.com/nose-and-sinus-diagnositc-check-ups-and-procedures-facial-surgery.php
• Email • Help Orphan designation On 17 July 2012, orphan designation (EU/3/12/1027) was granted by the European Commission to Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, the Netherlands, for human apotransferrin for the treatment of congenital hypotransferrinaemia. The sponsorship was transferred to Sanquin Plasma Products B.V., The Netherlands, in April 2016. What is congenital hypotransferrinaemia? Congenital hypotransferrinaemia is a genetic disease characterised by abnormally low levels of the protein transferrin in blood. Transferrin attaches to iron in the blood and delivers it to where it is needed, such as the bone marrow, where it is used for the production of haemoglobin (the protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen around the body). Severely reduced levels of transferrin cause anaemia (low red blood cell counts), which may lead to heart problems. It also leads to free iron accumulating in tissues and organs, where it can cause damage and increase the likelihood of infections. Congenital hypotransferrinaemia is a life-threatening condition due to severe anaemia and accumulation of iron in tissues which can cause heart problems and infections. What is the estimated number of patients affected by the condition? At the time of designation, congenital hypotransferrinaemia affected approximately 0.00012 in 10,000 people in the European Union (EU)*. This is equivalent to a total of around 6 people, and is below the ceiling for orphan designation, which is 5 people in 10,000. This is based on the information provided by the sponsor and the knowledge of the Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products (COMP). What treatments are available? At the time of orphan designation, no satisfactory treatments were authorised in the EU for this condition. Treatments included blood transfusions to manage anaemia and iron chelation therapy to reduce the accumulation of free iron in tissues and organs. How is this medicine expected to work? This medicine is made of the transferrin protein extracted from human plasma (the liquid component of the blood) and depleted of the iron attached to it. This medicine is expected to work by replacing the missing protein, which can attach to the iron in the blood. This is expected to improve the symptoms of the disease. What is the stage of development of this medicine? The effects of human apotransferrin have been evaluated in experimental models. At the time of submission of the application for orphan designation, clinical trials with human apotransferrin in patients with congenital hypotransferrinaemia were ongoing. At the time of submission, human apotransferrin was not authorised anywhere in the EU for congenital hypotransferrinaemia or designated as an orphan medicinal product elsewhere for this condition. • the seriousness of the condition; Key facts Product details for <p>Human apotransferrin</p> Active substanceHuman apotransferrin Medicine Name Disease/conditionTreatment of congenital hypotransferrinaemia Date of decision17/07/2012 Orphan decision numberEU/3/12/1027 Review of designation Sponsor’s contact details: Sanquin Plasma Products B.V. Plesmanlaan 125 1066 CX Amsterdam The Netherlands Tel. +31 20 512 30 00 Patients' organisations:	<urn:uuid:2dc6f7bf-1704-4acf-ab42-eca09983a0ed>	3	2.859375	0.020302	en	0.92031	http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/orphans/2012/08/human_orphan_001103.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d12b
Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) During the 16th century, the Songye migrated from the Shaba area, which is now the southern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo, and settled on the left bank of the Lualaba River, on a savannah and forest covered plateau. Divided into numerous sub-groups, the Songye are governed by a central chief, the Yakitenge, whose role demands that he obey special restrictive laws such as not showing grief, not drinking in public and not shaking hands with men. In addition, local rulers, the Sultani Ya Muti, distribute plots of land to their villagers and an influential secret society, Bwandi Bwa Kifwebe, counterbalance their power. The Songye tribe is a patriarchal society in which agriculture is central to the economy. The Songye create impressive sculptures and masks used within their secret societies. They are characterized by powerful features, with the figures covered in paraphernalia. regional variations can be observed owing to the large area occupied by the tribe. ~ links to SONGYE items on ETHNIX.COM ~ SONGYE Kifwebe Face Masks SONGYE Helmet Masks SONGYE Ancestral Figures/Statues SONGYE Fetish Figures/Statues SONGYE Small Scale Figures/Statues SONGYE Thumb Pianos	<urn:uuid:9ba59c25-cb20-4d41-acdb-a733af0ea392>	3	3.078125	0.040087	en	0.89989	http://www.ethnix.com/AlphaSearch/SONGYE.html
by Michele Giuliani Retail Design is a creative and commercial discipline, which combines several areas of expertise in designing and building retail space. First, Retail Design is a specialized practice in architecture and interior design, but it also incorporates elements of interior decoration, industrial design, graphic design, ergonomics and advertising, semiotics, psychology, sociology. Retail Design is a highly specialized discipline due to the heavy demands placed on sales space. Since the main aim of commercial space is to store and sell the product to consumers, spaces must be designed in such a way as to promote a pleasant and trouble-free shopping experience for the consumer. The space should be carefully adapted to the type of product sold in that specific space; for example, a library requires many large shelving units to accommodate small products that can be organized into categories, while a clothing store requires more space to fully view the product. Business areas, especially when they are part of a chain of stores, must be designed to attract people into the store space. The showcase has to act as a billboard for the shop, often using large showcases that allow customers to see the inside space and product. In the case of a chain of shops, individual spaces should be unified in their design. So, we can talk about “co-ordinated image”. Retail Design began to grow in the middle of the 19th century, with stores such as Le Bon Marché and Printemps in Paris, followed by Marshall Fields in Chicago, Selfridges in London and Macy in New York. This new concept of retail shops, called department stores, has been a very first design example, later called also “chain of stores”. The first chain of stores was opened in the early 20th century by Frank Winfield Woolworth, which soon became a franchise across the United States. Other chain stores began to grow in places like the United Kingdom a decade later, with stores like Boots. After the World War II, a new type of retail building, known as the mall, entered in the history of the trade. This type of construction has taken two different ways in the comparison between the United States and Europe. In the US, shopping malls started to be built outside the city, in the periphery; while in Europe, the shopping centres where placed in the city centre. The first shopping mall in the Netherlands was built in 1950. The next evolution of retail design was the creation of the boutique in 1960. A boutique is “a small shop which sells fashionable clothes, jewellery, or other, usually luxury goods.” Some of the first examples of these shops are the Biba created by Barbara Hulanicki and Habitat by Terence Conran. The rise of boutiques continued in the next two decades, with an overall increase in consumption worldwide. Many retail design shops have been redesigned for the period to keep up with the changing consumer tastes. These changes have led to the creation of more “expensive, one-off design shops” catering for specific designers and retailers to get to “lifestyle boutiques”. With the advent of Internet and the development of online sales, Retail has experienced another epochal change: its design is now associated with online shoppers, revolutionizing the concept of the Retail Design or rather its interface. A Retail Designer should create a thematic experience for the consumer, using space-based solutions as well as encouraging the consumer to buy goods and interact with the space. Furthermore, the success of their projects is not measured by design criticism, but by store records and productivity. Retail Designers have to have an acute awareness that the store and their designs are the backdrop for the merchandise and they are there to represent and create the best environment ever where reflect the goods to the target group of consumers. To be continued…	<urn:uuid:ca443a3d-77b1-40fa-874d-b58c68b8cae5>	3	3.140625	0.34112	en	0.962092	http://www.frontiere.eu/retai-design-and-historical-changes/
A nation that can't control its energy sources can't control its future. Barack Obama • Updates to the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) came into effect on 1st July 2014. The changes included increased tariff rates, new technology eligibility and modified qualification rules. • Here is presentation given by Dutch consultants on the 29th January. Growers who attended this event heard how the drive to save energy, and to grow more sustain-ably, was seeing fundamental changes to glasshouse cropping practices in the Netherlands. • Boilers may have to be operated at times when no heat is required, so that CO2 can be produced. The rate of production is dependant on the firing level of the boiler. Two of the simpler set points available for managing CO2 enrichment are maximum boiler capacity for CO2 and minimum boiler capacity for CO2. • Horticultural businesses benefit from a rebate on the duty paid on fuel oils, whether to heat a building or growing medium, as long as it is used to grow produce. • Similar to the Feed-in Tariffs for renewable electricity, the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) is aimed at significantly increasing the proportion of heat generated from renewable sources. It is a commitment by the government to long-term financial support, paying a fixed amount per kilowatt-hour (kWh) of heat produced over a 20-year term, adjusted each year for inflation.	<urn:uuid:229965c3-0ec1-466b-b1c7-5eabc6a1bd5d>	3	2.75	0.064935	en	0.950959	http://www.growsave.co.uk/energy-saving/heating-ventilation-and-co2/boilers
Egypt Dawdles and Hesitates on the Road to Nuclear Power Ramadan may see fewer electric lights if the government has its way. "Why is is necessary to invest seven million Egyptian pounds for a two-hour electricity shortage? If every family saves 5 percent of its electricity consumption, Egypt will not need an investment like that," said Hassan Younes, the country's electricity and energy minister. Younes was referring to the projected cost of three nuclear power plants Egypt is planning to build. Despite the minister's doubts regarding the need to invest such huge sums on nuclear power, he announced that by the end of the year, Egypt will issue a tender to build the first such power stations, to start operating in 2019. Three firms have already presented proposals for electricity-producing nuclear power plants - the French Areva company, the Canadian firm AECL and the Russian Rosatom. Last week, the American firm Westinghouse submitted its proposal for an advanced AP1000 model reactor. Other proposals are forthcoming. Ramadan preparations in Cairo Critics of the Egyptian government say the country began to take an interest in building nuclear reactors too late. Studies show Egypt is exploiting about 65 percent of its energy resources for producing electricity. By 2032, Egypt will need an estimated 70 gigawatts of electricity, compared to the 20 gigawatts it is producing today. This need cannot be satisfied by means of Egyptian oil or natural gas, especially as it's believed Egyptian oil sources will begin to dwindle by 2012. Other studies and forecasts say the shortage is already being felt, and severely so, in Cairo and in outlying areas. To battle the shortage, the Energy Ministry has published a series of instructions for consumers on how to save power. When necessary, the electric company cuts off the juice, mainly at peak hours. The government has also warned about the use of decorative lanterns and strings of colored bulbs customarily hung for the month of Ramadan, which begins next week. This year it is forbidden to hang large lanterns or strings of lights so as to conserve electricity, and fines will be imposed. On Middle Eastern time Despite the considerable attention given the nuclear solution in recent weeks, it is liable to fall victim to the Egyptian pace. Back in 1955, the idea of building a nuclear power plant was posed, but the years went by, and the project was stopped after the Six-Day War. In 1974, Richard Nixon offered to build Egypt a nuclear power plant, but when the Egyptians found out it would be under American supervision, they rejected the project. A decade latter, in 1984, Egypt again began to discuss the possibility of building eight nuclear reactors. The Chernobyl disaster occured, and the project was frozen. In 2006, Gamal Mubarak, President Hosni Mubarak's son, announced the renewal of the nuclear project and the plan to build three nuclear power stations. As is appropriate, a special council was also set up on the use of the atom for peaceful purposes. Since then, it has emerged that in Egypt there are not enough experts in the field of the atom and reactor safety. Above all, a huge dispute developed on the location of the reactors. After examinations and studies, the area of Dab'ah on the Mediterranean coast, not far from Alexandria, was proposed. However, agile businessmen, including close associates of Gamal Mubarak, believed it better to use the area for building holiday villages rather than nuclear reactors. A rumor flew around that these business people had already acquired land in the area after showing studies indicating the site was likely to be risky for a nuclear reactor. Dr. Ibrahim Kamel, who heads the Kato conglomerate that, inter alia, engages in building and managing vacation sites and is a member of the Egyptian Tourism Authority, said that "the Dab'ah area was not suitable for nuclear reactors because the winds there are northeasterly; in case of a reactor leak, the Delta area is liable to suffer heavy losses. The value of the land at Dab'ah is too high to use it for building a nuclear reactor." Kamel, a close friend of Gamal Mubarak, is also a member of the ruling party's secretariat. Though the Egyptian energy minister has denied that plots of land have been sold in the area designated for reactors, the intention to examine other possible sites for building reactors confirms the suspicions. The Jewish side It was only to be expected that the dispute on wearing the veil would ultimately come down to the Jews. Last week, a religious preacher, Dr. Amana Nusir, ruled that wearing the veil is, in fact, a Jewish custom, going back to the Bible and the Rambam's ruling to the effect that "a Jewish woman who goes out to the street without covering her head and face is behaving contrary to Judaism." Nusir, former dean of humanities at Al-Azhar University and now a lecturer in philosophy at Cairo University, is an uncompromising opponent to the wearing of the veil. She spoke at a conference of female university graduates from Islamic countries that was held in Alexandria and urged the women to cling to science and religion to get closer to God. She said "this is the only refuge by means of which it is possible to advance society," instead of taking pride in external signs like the veil. The late head of Al-Azhar, Sheikh Mohammed Sayyed Tantawi,forbade women studing there from wearing the veil and prohibited them from taking examinations when veiled. Nusir sees herself as the successor to champion his path. What better way could there be than depicting wearing the veil as a Jewish custom? No good Muslim woman would want to imitate a Jewish custom.	<urn:uuid:e1bde22f-ea74-4947-b10d-df7ac2a18ef7>	3	2.671875	0.02409	en	0.965956	http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/egypt-dawdles-and-hesitates-on-the-road-to-nuclear-power-1.307260

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