princeton-nlp/datasets-for-simcse · Datasets at Hugging Face

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However, once the peace agreement was signed with Pisa in 1364, the Florentine merchants preferred to leave the more distant Sienese port in favor of the Pisan one, despite the pressure exerted by Siena to maintain Florence's commercial traffic.
In a period of strong political instability in Siena, more privileges were therefore decided for anyone who wanted to live in Talamone and cultivated the land and the passing merchants, so as to remedy the damage caused by the loss of Florentine maritime traffic.
The entire area of the Sienese Maremma was however seriously neglected and due to the strong emigration the population of Talamone, Magliano and Grosseto was by now decimated.
In this situation in 1375 the Sienese coast suffered several looting by Pisan troops, which later occupied Talamone together with the papal militias.
Due to contrasts between Siena and the papacy due to the support given to Perugia in the riots against the Papal State, the papal occupation lasted until 1378, the year in which the Republic of Siena regained control of the port by paying a large sum of money to Urban VI.
The following year, due to conflicts with Pisa and Genoa for control of Sardinia, the Catalans concluded a treaty with the Republic of Siena for the use of the port of Talamone, guaranteeing their merchants the same rights that were granted to the Florentines, but with lower duties.
Once the Sienese port was left by the Catalans, failing to cover the defense and guards with maritime trade, in 1385 it was decided to grant the port to a company that also took care of maintaining the defensive structures.
In 1399 various measures were approved for the rehabilitation of the Maremma and the reclamation of the lands of Grosseto, so as to finally take full advantage of the great fertility of the agricultural areas.
With the conquest of Livorno in 1404 and that of Pisa in 1406 by Florence, the modernization of Talamone became more pressing for Siena to avoid the decadence of the port.
In those years King Ladislaus of Naples tried to bring the Republic of Siena to his part in anti-Florentine function, but given the rejection of the Sienese the king of Naples attacked Talamone together with the Genoese in 1410.
With great effort and with the help of Florence and France, Siena succeeded in regaining the port and the castle in December of the same year.
Porto Ercole and the territory of Monte Argentario, including the lesser Porto Santo Stefano, were conquered by the Republic of Siena at the time of the coming in Tuscany of the King of Naples Ladislaus in 1409.
The damages caused by the Genoese occupation were huge and the General Council of the Bell approved in 1411 that the necessary repair work was done, and the same happened in 1416 with Orbetello recently conquered.
The return of the Catalans to the Sienese port in 1436 was a positive event and, with the treaty signed by the parties, the Republic of Siena undertook to maintain the roads to Grosseto in good condition as well as the bridge of the port.
The trade could flourish again and the following year the visit of Prince Alfonso of Aragon was also recorded.
Given the huge expenses that brought the Ercole Port to the Municipality of Siena, in 1441 it was given in concession to Agnolo Morosini with the latter's commitment to build fortifications and defensive structures both in the airport and in the area of Monte Argentario.
In 1460 the territory was granted to a commercial company of Sienese citizens.
They committed to Siena to make the area of Porto Ercole habitable (by granting the inhabitants the same privileges as the citizens of Talamone), building a new tower and even a warehouse.
Given the poor condition of Porto Ercole, the concession to the commercial company was withdrawn by the Bell Council in 1474.
The Republic sent guard and two lords to deal with the needs of the airport more carefully and to solve the problem of lack of housing for citizens.
On 30 January 1474 there was the only document of a Sienese ship, built in one of the ports of the Sienese Maremma by the merchant Francesco Benedetti da Perpignano who obtained a license from the Municipality to hoist the flag of the Republic of Siena.
In 1476 a serious plague struck the ports of Talamone and Porto Ercole, decimating the population of the entire Grosseto area, subsequently impoverished by the pause of the Neapolitan royal army in those lands that were just repopulating.
From 1480 the Republic decided to intervene on the ports trying to stimulate the return of the emigrated citizens during the plague.
In this period Porto Ercole experienced a good commercial flow thanks to the trade of wool cloths to the east by Sienese merchants.
To solve security problems, in 1489 Siena sent its Muslim consul to Constantinople so that the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire drove the many pirates who damaged the cities and ports from the Maremma.
In the first few years of the 16th century the Republic of Siena sold, for the price of 4,500 florins, all the revenues of the ports of Talamone and Porto Ercole for ten years to Alessandro di Galgano Bichi, while the use of the lands of Monte Argentario was bought by the Spedale of S. Maria della Scala of Siena.
In 1507, during his lordship, Pandolfo Petrucci bought the domain of Monte Argentario for 34,000 gold florins.
Taking advantage of a period of strong political instability in the Republic of Siena, the Genoese commander Andrea Doria occupied Talamone in 1527, and afterwards also Orbetello and Porto Ercole fell.
The occupation of Orbetello and Talamone did not last long because the Sienese army supported by the population managed to recover the two cities.
Since the Sienese could not take Porto Ercole by force, the Commune of Siena insisted with great insistence on Pope Clement VII that he would return the lands occupied by force.
Not obtaining positive responses and given the prolongation of the negotiations, the Republic decided to attack the port of call in 1530, managing to take back the port thanks to the commander Cincio Corso.
Fearing an imminent war against the Emperor or against the Pope, the Commune had the towns and the castles of the Maremma visited by the architect Baldassarre Peruzzi and Antonmaria Lari who were in charge of strengthening the walls of Porto Ercole, Grosseto and Talamone in 1532 and in 1541.
The fleet of Khayr al-Din Barbarossa, arrived in Italy to help the king of France, sacked and captured Montiano, Talamone and Porto Ercole.
The plundered lands were ceded to the king of France who, after offering them in vain to the Pope (who refused them because he supported the Spanish presence in Italy) decided to withdraw from these lands after setting fire to Porto Ercole and its fortress.
During the last decade of the Republic of Siena, from 1545 to 1555, the restoration of the walls and the fortifications of the ports of Talamone and Porto Ercole were continuous.
During the Siena War where the Sienese and French armies faced each other against the Florentine and Spanish armies, besieged Siena on August 2, 1554 and surrendered the city in April 1555, Porto Ercole still remained to be conquered, where the French commander Charles de Carbonnières, after having awaited the arrival of Marshal Piero Strozzi, he surrendered on June 18, 1555.
The ports that were of the Republic of Siena for more than two centuries, became part of the nascent State of the Presidi in 1557 at the behest of Philip II king of Spain.
Jacen Russell-Rowe
Jacen Russell-Rowe (born September 13, 2002) is a Canadian soccer player who plays as a forward for the Maryland Terrapins in the Big Ten.
Apostolic Delegation to the Pacific Ocean
The Apostolic Delegation to the Pacific Ocean is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church.
It represents the interests of the Holy See in a defined region in countries with which diplomatic relations have not yet been established.
It is led by a Delegate who holds a number of other titles within the diplomatic service of the Holy See, including that of Apostolic Nuncio to New Zealand.
He resides in Wellington, New Zealand.
The Holy See changed the name of the delegation responsibility for Australia and much of the Pacific several times.
On 1 November 1968, the Delegation to Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania was divided into the Delegation to Australia and Papua New Guinea and the Delegation to New Zealand and Pacific Islands.
When the Holy See and New Zealand established diplomatic ties, Pope Paul VI established the Nunciature to New Zealand on 20 June 1973.
The next year, when Archbishop Angelo Acerbi was named to lead the delegation, his title was given inconsistently as Apostolic Delegate to the Pacific Ocean () and Apostolic Delegate to the Islands of the Pacific Ocean ().
Since then the Holy See has established nunciatures in several countries in the region, reducing the responsibilities of the Delegation to the Pacific Ocean.
The new nunciatures include: Fiji, Nauru, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Vanuatu, Kiribati, Palau, and the Cook Islands.
The Delegation continues to represent the Holy See in American Samoa, French Polynesia, Guam, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Pitcairn Island, Tokelau, Tuvalu, U.S. Minor Islands, and Wallis and Futuna.
William Aligo
William Aligo (born 27 March 1983) is a retired Norwegian football defender.
He was born in South Sudan, but grew up in Norway and Søgne.
He made his debut in Eliteserien with IK Start in 2002 and also played two 2003 Norwegian Football Cup games.
In 2006 he transferred to Flekkerøy IL.
From 2007 to 2014 he played for FK Donn, crowning his time there with promotion to the 2015 2. divisjon.
However, because of studies in Oslo he had to leave Donn and joined Oslo team Frigg.
He briefly rejoined Donn to play three games in the 2015 2. divisjon.
Nizhegorodsky Uyezd
Nizhegorodsky Uyezd ("Нижегородский уезд") was one of the subdivisions of the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate of the Russian Empire.
It was situated in the central part of the governorate.
Its administrative centre was Nizhny Novgorod.
At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Nizhegorodsky Uyezd had a population of 222,033.
Of these, 97.6% spoke Russian, 1.0% Yiddish, 0.4% Tatar, 0.4% Polish, 0.2% German, 0.1% Belarusian and 0.1% Ukrainian as their native language.
Edvard Schiffauer
Tomáš Edvard Schiffauer (born 26 March 1942), more commonly known as Edvard Schiffauer, is a Czech composer of classical music.
Schiffauer is mainly a composer of music for theater.
He also composed vocal pieces like operas, an oratorio, a mass and others, along with chamber music, such as sonatas, sonatinas, a string quartet, pieces for a brass quintet, a wind octet, a string trio and more.
Edvard Schiffauer was born in Ostrava in an educated upper-middle-class family.
However, the family's living standards degraded after the communist 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état.
In 1960, Schiffauer started his study at the Technical University of Ostrava, which he discontinued, but he completed his Master's degree at the Pedagogical Institute of the University of Ostrava in 1964.
He also started studying musical composition in the Academy of Performing Arts.
In 1961, Schiffauer and other students established the theater named "Divadélko Pod okapem" (“Little Theater under the Gutter”), which became an Ostravian version of Prague’s Semafor Theatre.
Moreover, he was involved in the foundation of "Divadlo Waterloo" ("Theater Waterloo") and he composed music for the musical "Syn Pluku" (op.
3) ("Son of the Regiment") in 1968.
This theater became banned by the authorities during the normalization era in Czechoslovakia and a large-scale court trial was held with those who had been involved in this theater.
Schiffauer was expelled from the Academy of Performing Arts and sentenced to nine months of imprisonment for having composed music for that musical.
He served his sentence in the prison in Pilsen-Bory, where he wrote a children's opera "Vrat' nám, ptáku, Hastermana!"
("Bring us Hasterman back, Bird!")
with his friend and later Charter 77 signatory Ivan Binar.
During the normalization era, Schiffauer was employed as a worker and he was being permanently interrogated by the State Security Police.
This experience was breifly summarized by Schiffauer in an interview published on YouTube in February 2019.
After the Velvet Revolution, Schiffauer was allowed to complete his university education (Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts) and could fully engage himself into composition of music.
He was teaching in the Janáček Conservatory in Ostrava and in the Silesian University (Opava).
Unknown dates
Sontje Hansen
Misjonne "Sontje" Juniffer Naigelino Hansen (born 18 May 2002) is a Dutch footballer who currently plays as a forward for Jong Ajax.
He made his first team debut on 18 December 2019 in a cup match against Telstar.
Four days later he played his first Eredivisie match against ADO Den Haag.
Claw finding problem
The claw finding problem is a classical problem in complexity theory, with several applications in cryptography.
In short, given two functions "f", "g", viewed as oracles, the problem is to find "x" and "y" such as "f"("x") = "g"("y").
The pair ("x", "y") is then called a "claw".
Some problems, especially in cryptography, are best solved when viewed as a claw finding problem, hence any algorithmic improvement to solving the claw finding problem provides a better attack on cryptographic primitives such as hash functions.
Let formula_1 finite sets, and formula_2, formula_3 two functions.
A pair formula_4 is called a "claw" if formula_5.
The claw finding problem is defined as to find such a claw, given that one exists.
If we view formula_6 as random functions, we expect a claw to exist iff formula_7.
More accurately, there are exactly formula_8 pairs of the form formula_9 with formula_10; the probability that such a pair is a claw is formula_11.

However, once the peace agreement was signed with Pisa in 1364, the Florentine merchants preferred to leave the more distant Sienese port in favor of the Pisan one, despite the pressure exerted by Siena to maintain Florence's commercial traffic.

In a period of strong political instability in Siena, more privileges were therefore decided for anyone who wanted to live in Talamone and cultivated the land and the passing merchants, so as to remedy the damage caused by the loss of Florentine maritime traffic.

The entire area of the Sienese Maremma was however seriously neglected and due to the strong emigration the population of Talamone, Magliano and Grosseto was by now decimated.

In this situation in 1375 the Sienese coast suffered several looting by Pisan troops, which later occupied Talamone together with the papal militias.

Due to contrasts between Siena and the papacy due to the support given to Perugia in the riots against the Papal State, the papal occupation lasted until 1378, the year in which the Republic of Siena regained control of the port by paying a large sum of money to Urban VI.

The following year, due to conflicts with Pisa and Genoa for control of Sardinia, the Catalans concluded a treaty with the Republic of Siena for the use of the port of Talamone, guaranteeing their merchants the same rights that were granted to the Florentines, but with lower duties.

Once the Sienese port was left by the Catalans, failing to cover the defense and guards with maritime trade, in 1385 it was decided to grant the port to a company that also took care of maintaining the defensive structures.

In 1399 various measures were approved for the rehabilitation of the Maremma and the reclamation of the lands of Grosseto, so as to finally take full advantage of the great fertility of the agricultural areas.

With the conquest of Livorno in 1404 and that of Pisa in 1406 by Florence, the modernization of Talamone became more pressing for Siena to avoid the decadence of the port.

In those years King Ladislaus of Naples tried to bring the Republic of Siena to his part in anti-Florentine function, but given the rejection of the Sienese the king of Naples attacked Talamone together with the Genoese in 1410.

With great effort and with the help of Florence and France, Siena succeeded in regaining the port and the castle in December of the same year.

Porto Ercole and the territory of Monte Argentario, including the lesser Porto Santo Stefano, were conquered by the Republic of Siena at the time of the coming in Tuscany of the King of Naples Ladislaus in 1409.

The damages caused by the Genoese occupation were huge and the General Council of the Bell approved in 1411 that the necessary repair work was done, and the same happened in 1416 with Orbetello recently conquered.

The return of the Catalans to the Sienese port in 1436 was a positive event and, with the treaty signed by the parties, the Republic of Siena undertook to maintain the roads to Grosseto in good condition as well as the bridge of the port.

The trade could flourish again and the following year the visit of Prince Alfonso of Aragon was also recorded.

Given the huge expenses that brought the Ercole Port to the Municipality of Siena, in 1441 it was given in concession to Agnolo Morosini with the latter's commitment to build fortifications and defensive structures both in the airport and in the area of Monte Argentario.

In 1460 the territory was granted to a commercial company of Sienese citizens.

They committed to Siena to make the area of Porto Ercole habitable (by granting the inhabitants the same privileges as the citizens of Talamone), building a new tower and even a warehouse.

Given the poor condition of Porto Ercole, the concession to the commercial company was withdrawn by the Bell Council in 1474.

The Republic sent guard and two lords to deal with the needs of the airport more carefully and to solve the problem of lack of housing for citizens.

On 30 January 1474 there was the only document of a Sienese ship, built in one of the ports of the Sienese Maremma by the merchant Francesco Benedetti da Perpignano who obtained a license from the Municipality to hoist the flag of the Republic of Siena.

In 1476 a serious plague struck the ports of Talamone and Porto Ercole, decimating the population of the entire Grosseto area, subsequently impoverished by the pause of the Neapolitan royal army in those lands that were just repopulating.

From 1480 the Republic decided to intervene on the ports trying to stimulate the return of the emigrated citizens during the plague.

In this period Porto Ercole experienced a good commercial flow thanks to the trade of wool cloths to the east by Sienese merchants.

To solve security problems, in 1489 Siena sent its Muslim consul to Constantinople so that the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire drove the many pirates who damaged the cities and ports from the Maremma.

In the first few years of the 16th century the Republic of Siena sold, for the price of 4,500 florins, all the revenues of the ports of Talamone and Porto Ercole for ten years to Alessandro di Galgano Bichi, while the use of the lands of Monte Argentario was bought by the Spedale of S. Maria della Scala of Siena.

In 1507, during his lordship, Pandolfo Petrucci bought the domain of Monte Argentario for 34,000 gold florins.

Taking advantage of a period of strong political instability in the Republic of Siena, the Genoese commander Andrea Doria occupied Talamone in 1527, and afterwards also Orbetello and Porto Ercole fell.

The occupation of Orbetello and Talamone did not last long because the Sienese army supported by the population managed to recover the two cities.

Since the Sienese could not take Porto Ercole by force, the Commune of Siena insisted with great insistence on Pope Clement VII that he would return the lands occupied by force.

Not obtaining positive responses and given the prolongation of the negotiations, the Republic decided to attack the port of call in 1530, managing to take back the port thanks to the commander Cincio Corso.

Fearing an imminent war against the Emperor or against the Pope, the Commune had the towns and the castles of the Maremma visited by the architect Baldassarre Peruzzi and Antonmaria Lari who were in charge of strengthening the walls of Porto Ercole, Grosseto and Talamone in 1532 and in 1541.

The fleet of Khayr al-Din Barbarossa, arrived in Italy to help the king of France, sacked and captured Montiano, Talamone and Porto Ercole.

The plundered lands were ceded to the king of France who, after offering them in vain to the Pope (who refused them because he supported the Spanish presence in Italy) decided to withdraw from these lands after setting fire to Porto Ercole and its fortress.

During the last decade of the Republic of Siena, from 1545 to 1555, the restoration of the walls and the fortifications of the ports of Talamone and Porto Ercole were continuous.

During the Siena War where the Sienese and French armies faced each other against the Florentine and Spanish armies, besieged Siena on August 2, 1554 and surrendered the city in April 1555, Porto Ercole still remained to be conquered, where the French commander Charles de Carbonnières, after having awaited the arrival of Marshal Piero Strozzi, he surrendered on June 18, 1555.

The ports that were of the Republic of Siena for more than two centuries, became part of the nascent State of the Presidi in 1557 at the behest of Philip II king of Spain.

Jacen Russell-Rowe

Jacen Russell-Rowe (born September 13, 2002) is a Canadian soccer player who plays as a forward for the Maryland Terrapins in the Big Ten.

Apostolic Delegation to the Pacific Ocean

The Apostolic Delegation to the Pacific Ocean is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church.

It represents the interests of the Holy See in a defined region in countries with which diplomatic relations have not yet been established.

It is led by a Delegate who holds a number of other titles within the diplomatic service of the Holy See, including that of Apostolic Nuncio to New Zealand.

He resides in Wellington, New Zealand.

The Holy See changed the name of the delegation responsibility for Australia and much of the Pacific several times.

On 1 November 1968, the Delegation to Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania was divided into the Delegation to Australia and Papua New Guinea and the Delegation to New Zealand and Pacific Islands.

When the Holy See and New Zealand established diplomatic ties, Pope Paul VI established the Nunciature to New Zealand on 20 June 1973.

The next year, when Archbishop Angelo Acerbi was named to lead the delegation, his title was given inconsistently as Apostolic Delegate to the Pacific Ocean () and Apostolic Delegate to the Islands of the Pacific Ocean ().

Since then the Holy See has established nunciatures in several countries in the region, reducing the responsibilities of the Delegation to the Pacific Ocean.

The new nunciatures include: Fiji, Nauru, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Vanuatu, Kiribati, Palau, and the Cook Islands.

The Delegation continues to represent the Holy See in American Samoa, French Polynesia, Guam, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Pitcairn Island, Tokelau, Tuvalu, U.S. Minor Islands, and Wallis and Futuna.

William Aligo

William Aligo (born 27 March 1983) is a retired Norwegian football defender.

He was born in South Sudan, but grew up in Norway and Søgne.

He made his debut in Eliteserien with IK Start in 2002 and also played two 2003 Norwegian Football Cup games.

In 2006 he transferred to Flekkerøy IL.

From 2007 to 2014 he played for FK Donn, crowning his time there with promotion to the 2015 2. divisjon.

However, because of studies in Oslo he had to leave Donn and joined Oslo team Frigg.

He briefly rejoined Donn to play three games in the 2015 2. divisjon.

Nizhegorodsky Uyezd

Nizhegorodsky Uyezd ("Нижегородский уезд") was one of the subdivisions of the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate of the Russian Empire.

It was situated in the central part of the governorate.

Its administrative centre was Nizhny Novgorod.

At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Nizhegorodsky Uyezd had a population of 222,033.

Of these, 97.6% spoke Russian, 1.0% Yiddish, 0.4% Tatar, 0.4% Polish, 0.2% German, 0.1% Belarusian and 0.1% Ukrainian as their native language.

Edvard Schiffauer

Tomáš Edvard Schiffauer (born 26 March 1942), more commonly known as Edvard Schiffauer, is a Czech composer of classical music.

Schiffauer is mainly a composer of music for theater.

He also composed vocal pieces like operas, an oratorio, a mass and others, along with chamber music, such as sonatas, sonatinas, a string quartet, pieces for a brass quintet, a wind octet, a string trio and more.

Edvard Schiffauer was born in Ostrava in an educated upper-middle-class family.

However, the family's living standards degraded after the communist 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état.

In 1960, Schiffauer started his study at the Technical University of Ostrava, which he discontinued, but he completed his Master's degree at the Pedagogical Institute of the University of Ostrava in 1964.

He also started studying musical composition in the Academy of Performing Arts.

In 1961, Schiffauer and other students established the theater named "Divadélko Pod okapem" (“Little Theater under the Gutter”), which became an Ostravian version of Prague’s Semafor Theatre.

Moreover, he was involved in the foundation of "Divadlo Waterloo" ("Theater Waterloo") and he composed music for the musical "Syn Pluku" (op.

3) ("Son of the Regiment") in 1968.

This theater became banned by the authorities during the normalization era in Czechoslovakia and a large-scale court trial was held with those who had been involved in this theater.

Schiffauer was expelled from the Academy of Performing Arts and sentenced to nine months of imprisonment for having composed music for that musical.

He served his sentence in the prison in Pilsen-Bory, where he wrote a children's opera "Vrat' nám, ptáku, Hastermana!"

("Bring us Hasterman back, Bird!")

with his friend and later Charter 77 signatory Ivan Binar.

During the normalization era, Schiffauer was employed as a worker and he was being permanently interrogated by the State Security Police.

This experience was breifly summarized by Schiffauer in an interview published on YouTube in February 2019.

After the Velvet Revolution, Schiffauer was allowed to complete his university education (Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts) and could fully engage himself into composition of music.

He was teaching in the Janáček Conservatory in Ostrava and in the Silesian University (Opava).

Unknown dates

Sontje Hansen

Misjonne "Sontje" Juniffer Naigelino Hansen (born 18 May 2002) is a Dutch footballer who currently plays as a forward for Jong Ajax.

He made his first team debut on 18 December 2019 in a cup match against Telstar.

Four days later he played his first Eredivisie match against ADO Den Haag.

Claw finding problem

The claw finding problem is a classical problem in complexity theory, with several applications in cryptography.

In short, given two functions "f", "g", viewed as oracles, the problem is to find "x" and "y" such as "f"("x") = "g"("y").

The pair ("x", "y") is then called a "claw".

Some problems, especially in cryptography, are best solved when viewed as a claw finding problem, hence any algorithmic improvement to solving the claw finding problem provides a better attack on cryptographic primitives such as hash functions.

Let formula_1 finite sets, and formula_2, formula_3 two functions.

A pair formula_4 is called a "claw" if formula_5.

The claw finding problem is defined as to find such a claw, given that one exists.

If we view formula_6 as random functions, we expect a claw to exist iff formula_7.

More accurately, there are exactly formula_8 pairs of the form formula_9 with formula_10; the probability that such a pair is a claw is formula_11.