princeton-nlp/datasets-for-simcse · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 1 2.56k
At an early age he was nicknamed Gus.
Wenger died at the age of 75 due to heart failure.
Wenger graduated from the University of Michigan by the late 1920’s with a BA degree.
After working a few years in his family business, he pursued a Doctorate in educational psychology first at the University of Michigan and received his degree from the University of Iowa by 1935.
Wenger worked as a research assistant at the University of Chicago where he examined children with abnormal mental health problems, working with his colleague F. N. Freeman on a test battery that was used within a longitudinal study that focused on mental development.
By 1938, he was assigned as chair of the Department of Psychophysiology at the Samuel S. Fels Research Institute.
Wenger also was offered an Assistant Professor position at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio.
In 1944, he was asked by J.P. Guliford to work for the Santa Ana Army Air Force Team as a research assistant.
During this time, he assisted in developing a test battery to help choose affective Army Air Force recruits.
He finally joined the Department of Psychology at University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1945 where he worked until his retirement in the mid-70’s.
Dr. Wenger made significant strides in the fields of human development and psychophysiology.
Dr. Wenger was well known for blending psychology and physiology in his research which at the time was fairly uncommon.
He contributed his own original work in psychophysiology when he published Studies of Autonomic Balance in Army Air Forces Personnel in 1948.
After spending a significant amount of time at the Santa Ana Army Air Base working on a test battery with colleague J.P. Guilford, he was able to conduct his own personal research (which led to the creation of "Studies of Autonomic Balance in Army Air Forces Personnel").
The monograph was a part of the Aviation Psychology Program of the Army Air Forces.
What sparked interest in conducting this research was the examination of a previous study done at the Fels Research Institute of Antioch College in 1941.
In this previous study, researchers examined child participants and how certain environmental factors affected their autonomic nervous system and system of skeletal musculature.
Neither of these factors were reasonably measured to an adequate level before it was put on hold due to World War II escalating; however, researchers saw a great deal of promise and potential in future tests.
After the war concluded, psychologists working for the Army Air Forces (Dr. Wenger included) reexamined the study that was done at the Fels Research Institute.
They believed that this study could be applied to the Army Air Forces as a way to rule out unqualified recruits.
It was already known by pilot instructors that excess tension in a pilot’s muscles can lead to adverse effects upon their ability to fly a plane.
Instructors also understood that a pilot needs to have stable emotions and immense concentration especially when maneuvering in a dangerous environment such as a warzone.
There was very little research in relation to adults and the factors of muscle tension and autonomic balance previous to his monograph.
Dr. Wenger decided to test 1,000 air force pilots, 500 navigators and 500 bombardiers in his research.
He used a number of uncontrolled variables that pilots might see while in a war scenario such as “humidity, barometric pressure, temperature, and time of day” to see their effects on muscle tension and autonomic balance.
Some of the measures he observed were measurements such as white blood count, blood sugar, finger temperature, height-weight ratio, oxygen consumption.
Wenger also compared different groups such as flight students to participants who were fatigued or suffered from psycho neuroticism.
"Studies of Autonomic Balance in Army Air Forces Personnel" is considered an internationally-known monograph within psychophysiology.
It placed him in a worthy and recognizable position within psychology and physiology.
Wenger’s research for the Army Air Forces helped to not only pave the way for a strong test battery for air force recruitments but also to solidify psychophysiology as a key division in psychology.
Wenger also contributed in the “...conceptualization of the role of the autonomic nervous system in emotional behavior.” Some prominent works associated with this topic were Emotion as visceral action: An extension of Lange’s theory, and Mechanical emotion.The second work is considered a response to the psychologist Boring which deals with Wenger’s perspective on viscero-affective behavior.
Both works paved the way for how modern researchers see the connection between emotions and the autonomic nervous system and helped create a foundation for psychophysiology and progressed further understanding of emotional behavior in humans.
During his time as a professor at UCLA, he helped mentor 30+ doctoral students, 15 post-doctorate mentees ”.
During the McCarthy era, teaching staff and research assistants were forced to sign a contract stating that they would remain loyal to the state.
Dr. Wenger took the initiative to persuade his fellow staff to sign the oath, especially students that needed state funding in order to allow them to stay at the university.
In protest of the forced oath of loyalty, Dr. Wenger stepped down from his position as chair of psychology; hence, showing his dedication to the scientific community.
Western slender bluetongue
The western slender bluetongue ("Cyclodomorphus celatus") is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae.
The species is endemic to the lower west coast coast and adjacent areas of Western Australia, including many offshore islands.
Rolon v. Kulwitzky
Rolon v. Kulwitzky (Court of Appeals of California, Second District, Division 4, B002051; March 20, 1984) was an unlawful discrimination case filed by Deborah Johnson and Zandra Rolón, a lesbian couple, against a Los Angeles restaurant, Papa Choux, after they were refused seating in a semi-private booth.
The lower court denied the plaintiffs a preliminary injunction in their action for unlawful discrimination, but the Court of Appeals reversed the lower court, holding that the restaurant engaged in prohibited discrimination.
On January 3, 1983, Deborah Johnson and Zandra Rolón arrived at Papa Choux restaurant in Los Angeles, having made a prior reservation.
The couple, both lesbian activists of color who had been involved in promoting LGBT rights in the area during the 1970s and 1980s, were kicking off their first full weekend together as a couple in honor of Martin Luther King's birthday, which had just been declared a national holiday.
Upon their arrival at the restaurant, the waiter hesitated to seat them, but allowed them into the semi-private "Romantic Booth" in the restaurant's "intimate room" as they requested.
However, the two women were not provided with menus, and after waiting for a while were confronted by the maitre d' and then the restaurant manager, who told them that they could not be served there, and that the booths were reserved for heterosexual couples only.
The exchange escalated to a shouting match, as the activists refused to vacate the booth and the restaurant employees maintaining that serving them was against the law.
The women eventually left, while writing down the names of the personnel involved.
They approached civil rights attorney Gloria Allred, who filed a suit for damages for violation of the Unruh Civil Rights Act, which protects against discrimination based on sex or sexual orientation by businesses, as well as a preliminary injunction prohibiting the restaurant from continuing with their discriminatory policy.
Allred told the press, “We intend to end this dinner discrimination and give Papa Choux’s their just desserts.”
The restaurant never denied the practice, and in several newspaper interviews, the manager, Walter Kulwitzky, and owner, Seymour Jacoby, were quoted as preferring to go to jail rather than obeying a court order to serve same-sex couples, should such an order be issued.
They went so far as to take out an advertisement in the Lost Angeles Times in June 1983, stating that serving any but mixed couples in the booths would "make a mockery of true romance".
The plaintiffs launched a boycott of the restaurant under the name "Stop Dining Discrimination", and protests were mounted in front of the restaurant, including a candlelight vigil in honor of Martin Luther King Jr. Day the following year.
California Superior Court Burt Geernaert, who heard the case, visited the restaurant in the course of the trial, at the end of which he denied the plaintiffs their injunction, ruling that Section 51 of the Civil Code, also known as the Unruh Civil Rights Act, only bars discrimination based on sex, not sexual orientation, and accepting the defendants' claim that the policy was geared to protect other diners from being exposed to behavior they might deem offensive.
However, the plaintiffs appealed, and the Court of Appeals of California, District 4, reversed the ruling.
The appellate court held that the Unruh Civil Rights Act does prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation, and that Chapter IV, article 12, of the Los Angeles Municipal Code specifically prohibits such discrimination in the provision of services by businesses.
The court also rejected the defendants/respondents' central argument about protecting other diners, as the lesbian couple was offered service in the open seating area, where they could be seen by all restaurant patrons, and were only denied service in the private booth.
The restaurant petitioned the California Supreme Court, which declined to hear the case, leaving the appellate decision to stand.
Johnson and Rolón returned to the lower court to get the requested injunction, which was issued, as well as their damages of $250 each (the amount of the requisite municipal fine).
The defendants were also required to pay the plaintiff's attorney's fees for the legal action surrounding the case, which amounted to nearly $30,000.
Rather than comply with the law and serve same-sex couples in the romantic booths, the restaurant decided to eliminate the intimate seating area altogether.
The owner published additional ads and contacted the press, announcing an event to close the controversial section of the restaurant, which he called a "Wake for Romance", to mark the “death” of “true romantic dining.” The event included funeral wreaths, an open bar, and a funeral director was contracted to conduct a ceremony; however, he never showed up on the day.
Gloria Allred was also invited, and declined to attend.
The legal significance of the case was that it was the first instance in which a court held that California’s civil rights bill includes a prohibition of discrimination by businesses on the basis of sexual orientation.
The case has been cited as a precedent in other cases on LGBT discrimination, including before the United States Supreme Court.
The high-profile court challenge also made national news, bringing attention to the impact of prejudice on ordinary people.
Since then, the case has been included in school, university and law school curricula and books about civil rights and LGBT history.
Acropyga exsanguis
Acropyga exsanguis is a species of ant in the subfamily Formicinae.
It lives in underground nests in Mexico, Central and South America.
Over 450 ant species have been collected at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica, including several species of "Acropyga".
These are small, stocky ants less than long, and "A. exsanguis" is not easy to distinguish from related species.
The dorsal surface is rather more densely covered in short hairs than is the case with "Acropyga keira", another species found at La Selva.
This neotropical ant is known from Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela and Argentina.
It occurs at altitudes up to about , typical habitats including wet or moist lowland rainforest, mesophyll forest and montane wet forest.
It lives in colonies underground and this subterranean existence means it is poorly represented in ant surveys; it has been found most often by sifting through leaf litter, but has occasionally been observed under stones or visiting bait.
The fact that it is much more common than might be expected from survey results is shown by the vast swarms of males that were seen twice in 1991 at La Selva Biological Station during the wet season.
This ant lives underground in a large, diffuse nest.
The ants move the nest upwards and downwards according to the conditions of the soil, descending deeper when the ground becomes dry.
The nests have multiple queens, either because they were founded by several newly-mated reproductives, or because they have recruited further queens since their foundation.
This ant lives in symbiosis with several species of mealybug which live in its nest.
These include "Geococcus coffeae", "Rhizoecus coffeae", "Pseudorhizoecus proximus", "Rhizoecus caladii", and "Rhizoecus falcifer", and on several occasions, queens have been observed setting off on their nuptial flight carrying a fertilised female mealybug.
Athletics at the 1987 Summer Universiade – Women's 400 metres
The women's 400 metres event at the 1987 Summer Universiade was held at the Stadion Maksimir in Zagreb on 13 and 15 July 1987.
Helmi (surname)
Delirium (Lena Philipsson song)
"Delirium" is a song by Swedish singer Lena Philipsson from her ninth studio album "Det gör ont en stund på natten men inget på dan " (2004).
It was released as the album's second single on 7 July 2004 through Columbia and Sony Music.
Written by Thomas "Orup" Eriksson and produced by Anders Hansson, "Delirium" is a disco and power pop song with synthesizer and guitar instrumentation and schlager influences.
The song received generally positive reviews from music critics, some of whom praised its catchiness.
"Delirium" was Philipsson's third consecutive top-five entry of 2004 on the Sverigetopplistan singles chart, peaking at number five.
The song also attained top-ten positions on the Svensktoppen and Trackslistan charts.
The song was ranked at number 32 on the 2004 year-end chart of Sverigetopplistan.
"Delirium" was written by Thomas "Orup" Eriksson for Lena Philipsson's studio album "Det gör ont en stund på natten men inget på dan" (2004).
Philipsson enlisted Orup to write the entirety of the album's music and lyrics.
The two started working on the record after she won Melodifestivalen 2004 with "Det gör ont", which advanced her to the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 in Istanbul, Turkey, where she finished fifth in the final.
In an interview for "Aftonbladet", Philipsson described "Delirium" as a "contrast" to "Det gör ont" and lauded Orup's songwriting.
She elaborated in a later interview, "I really like this one and I've listened to it a lot so I'm starting to get a little tired of it.
I think it's so typical of Orup to come up with the title 'Delirium' ...
I smiled the first time I heard it.

At an early age he was nicknamed Gus.

Wenger died at the age of 75 due to heart failure.

Wenger graduated from the University of Michigan by the late 1920’s with a BA degree.

After working a few years in his family business, he pursued a Doctorate in educational psychology first at the University of Michigan and received his degree from the University of Iowa by 1935.

Wenger worked as a research assistant at the University of Chicago where he examined children with abnormal mental health problems, working with his colleague F. N. Freeman on a test battery that was used within a longitudinal study that focused on mental development.

By 1938, he was assigned as chair of the Department of Psychophysiology at the Samuel S. Fels Research Institute.

Wenger also was offered an Assistant Professor position at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio.

In 1944, he was asked by J.P. Guliford to work for the Santa Ana Army Air Force Team as a research assistant.

During this time, he assisted in developing a test battery to help choose affective Army Air Force recruits.

He finally joined the Department of Psychology at University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1945 where he worked until his retirement in the mid-70’s.

Dr. Wenger made significant strides in the fields of human development and psychophysiology.

Dr. Wenger was well known for blending psychology and physiology in his research which at the time was fairly uncommon.

He contributed his own original work in psychophysiology when he published Studies of Autonomic Balance in Army Air Forces Personnel in 1948.

After spending a significant amount of time at the Santa Ana Army Air Base working on a test battery with colleague J.P. Guilford, he was able to conduct his own personal research (which led to the creation of "Studies of Autonomic Balance in Army Air Forces Personnel").

The monograph was a part of the Aviation Psychology Program of the Army Air Forces.

What sparked interest in conducting this research was the examination of a previous study done at the Fels Research Institute of Antioch College in 1941.

In this previous study, researchers examined child participants and how certain environmental factors affected their autonomic nervous system and system of skeletal musculature.

Neither of these factors were reasonably measured to an adequate level before it was put on hold due to World War II escalating; however, researchers saw a great deal of promise and potential in future tests.

After the war concluded, psychologists working for the Army Air Forces (Dr. Wenger included) reexamined the study that was done at the Fels Research Institute.

They believed that this study could be applied to the Army Air Forces as a way to rule out unqualified recruits.

It was already known by pilot instructors that excess tension in a pilot’s muscles can lead to adverse effects upon their ability to fly a plane.

Instructors also understood that a pilot needs to have stable emotions and immense concentration especially when maneuvering in a dangerous environment such as a warzone.

There was very little research in relation to adults and the factors of muscle tension and autonomic balance previous to his monograph.

Dr. Wenger decided to test 1,000 air force pilots, 500 navigators and 500 bombardiers in his research.

He used a number of uncontrolled variables that pilots might see while in a war scenario such as “humidity, barometric pressure, temperature, and time of day” to see their effects on muscle tension and autonomic balance.

Some of the measures he observed were measurements such as white blood count, blood sugar, finger temperature, height-weight ratio, oxygen consumption.

Wenger also compared different groups such as flight students to participants who were fatigued or suffered from psycho neuroticism.

"Studies of Autonomic Balance in Army Air Forces Personnel" is considered an internationally-known monograph within psychophysiology.

It placed him in a worthy and recognizable position within psychology and physiology.

Wenger’s research for the Army Air Forces helped to not only pave the way for a strong test battery for air force recruitments but also to solidify psychophysiology as a key division in psychology.

Wenger also contributed in the “...conceptualization of the role of the autonomic nervous system in emotional behavior.” Some prominent works associated with this topic were Emotion as visceral action: An extension of Lange’s theory, and Mechanical emotion.The second work is considered a response to the psychologist Boring which deals with Wenger’s perspective on viscero-affective behavior.

Both works paved the way for how modern researchers see the connection between emotions and the autonomic nervous system and helped create a foundation for psychophysiology and progressed further understanding of emotional behavior in humans.

During his time as a professor at UCLA, he helped mentor 30+ doctoral students, 15 post-doctorate mentees ”.

During the McCarthy era, teaching staff and research assistants were forced to sign a contract stating that they would remain loyal to the state.

Dr. Wenger took the initiative to persuade his fellow staff to sign the oath, especially students that needed state funding in order to allow them to stay at the university.

In protest of the forced oath of loyalty, Dr. Wenger stepped down from his position as chair of psychology; hence, showing his dedication to the scientific community.

Western slender bluetongue

The western slender bluetongue ("Cyclodomorphus celatus") is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae.

The species is endemic to the lower west coast coast and adjacent areas of Western Australia, including many offshore islands.

Rolon v. Kulwitzky

Rolon v. Kulwitzky (Court of Appeals of California, Second District, Division 4, B002051; March 20, 1984) was an unlawful discrimination case filed by Deborah Johnson and Zandra Rolón, a lesbian couple, against a Los Angeles restaurant, Papa Choux, after they were refused seating in a semi-private booth.

The lower court denied the plaintiffs a preliminary injunction in their action for unlawful discrimination, but the Court of Appeals reversed the lower court, holding that the restaurant engaged in prohibited discrimination.

On January 3, 1983, Deborah Johnson and Zandra Rolón arrived at Papa Choux restaurant in Los Angeles, having made a prior reservation.

The couple, both lesbian activists of color who had been involved in promoting LGBT rights in the area during the 1970s and 1980s, were kicking off their first full weekend together as a couple in honor of Martin Luther King's birthday, which had just been declared a national holiday.

Upon their arrival at the restaurant, the waiter hesitated to seat them, but allowed them into the semi-private "Romantic Booth" in the restaurant's "intimate room" as they requested.

However, the two women were not provided with menus, and after waiting for a while were confronted by the maitre d' and then the restaurant manager, who told them that they could not be served there, and that the booths were reserved for heterosexual couples only.

The exchange escalated to a shouting match, as the activists refused to vacate the booth and the restaurant employees maintaining that serving them was against the law.

The women eventually left, while writing down the names of the personnel involved.

They approached civil rights attorney Gloria Allred, who filed a suit for damages for violation of the Unruh Civil Rights Act, which protects against discrimination based on sex or sexual orientation by businesses, as well as a preliminary injunction prohibiting the restaurant from continuing with their discriminatory policy.

Allred told the press, “We intend to end this dinner discrimination and give Papa Choux’s their just desserts.”

The restaurant never denied the practice, and in several newspaper interviews, the manager, Walter Kulwitzky, and owner, Seymour Jacoby, were quoted as preferring to go to jail rather than obeying a court order to serve same-sex couples, should such an order be issued.

They went so far as to take out an advertisement in the Lost Angeles Times in June 1983, stating that serving any but mixed couples in the booths would "make a mockery of true romance".

The plaintiffs launched a boycott of the restaurant under the name "Stop Dining Discrimination", and protests were mounted in front of the restaurant, including a candlelight vigil in honor of Martin Luther King Jr. Day the following year.

California Superior Court Burt Geernaert, who heard the case, visited the restaurant in the course of the trial, at the end of which he denied the plaintiffs their injunction, ruling that Section 51 of the Civil Code, also known as the Unruh Civil Rights Act, only bars discrimination based on sex, not sexual orientation, and accepting the defendants' claim that the policy was geared to protect other diners from being exposed to behavior they might deem offensive.

However, the plaintiffs appealed, and the Court of Appeals of California, District 4, reversed the ruling.

The appellate court held that the Unruh Civil Rights Act does prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation, and that Chapter IV, article 12, of the Los Angeles Municipal Code specifically prohibits such discrimination in the provision of services by businesses.

The court also rejected the defendants/respondents' central argument about protecting other diners, as the lesbian couple was offered service in the open seating area, where they could be seen by all restaurant patrons, and were only denied service in the private booth.

The restaurant petitioned the California Supreme Court, which declined to hear the case, leaving the appellate decision to stand.

Johnson and Rolón returned to the lower court to get the requested injunction, which was issued, as well as their damages of $250 each (the amount of the requisite municipal fine).

The defendants were also required to pay the plaintiff's attorney's fees for the legal action surrounding the case, which amounted to nearly $30,000.

Rather than comply with the law and serve same-sex couples in the romantic booths, the restaurant decided to eliminate the intimate seating area altogether.

The owner published additional ads and contacted the press, announcing an event to close the controversial section of the restaurant, which he called a "Wake for Romance", to mark the “death” of “true romantic dining.” The event included funeral wreaths, an open bar, and a funeral director was contracted to conduct a ceremony; however, he never showed up on the day.

Gloria Allred was also invited, and declined to attend.

The legal significance of the case was that it was the first instance in which a court held that California’s civil rights bill includes a prohibition of discrimination by businesses on the basis of sexual orientation.

The case has been cited as a precedent in other cases on LGBT discrimination, including before the United States Supreme Court.

The high-profile court challenge also made national news, bringing attention to the impact of prejudice on ordinary people.

Since then, the case has been included in school, university and law school curricula and books about civil rights and LGBT history.

Acropyga exsanguis

Acropyga exsanguis is a species of ant in the subfamily Formicinae.

It lives in underground nests in Mexico, Central and South America.

Over 450 ant species have been collected at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica, including several species of "Acropyga".

These are small, stocky ants less than long, and "A. exsanguis" is not easy to distinguish from related species.

The dorsal surface is rather more densely covered in short hairs than is the case with "Acropyga keira", another species found at La Selva.

This neotropical ant is known from Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela and Argentina.

It occurs at altitudes up to about , typical habitats including wet or moist lowland rainforest, mesophyll forest and montane wet forest.

It lives in colonies underground and this subterranean existence means it is poorly represented in ant surveys; it has been found most often by sifting through leaf litter, but has occasionally been observed under stones or visiting bait.

The fact that it is much more common than might be expected from survey results is shown by the vast swarms of males that were seen twice in 1991 at La Selva Biological Station during the wet season.

This ant lives underground in a large, diffuse nest.

The ants move the nest upwards and downwards according to the conditions of the soil, descending deeper when the ground becomes dry.

The nests have multiple queens, either because they were founded by several newly-mated reproductives, or because they have recruited further queens since their foundation.

This ant lives in symbiosis with several species of mealybug which live in its nest.

These include "Geococcus coffeae", "Rhizoecus coffeae", "Pseudorhizoecus proximus", "Rhizoecus caladii", and "Rhizoecus falcifer", and on several occasions, queens have been observed setting off on their nuptial flight carrying a fertilised female mealybug.

Athletics at the 1987 Summer Universiade – Women's 400 metres

The women's 400 metres event at the 1987 Summer Universiade was held at the Stadion Maksimir in Zagreb on 13 and 15 July 1987.

Helmi (surname)

Delirium (Lena Philipsson song)

"Delirium" is a song by Swedish singer Lena Philipsson from her ninth studio album "Det gör ont en stund på natten men inget på dan " (2004).

It was released as the album's second single on 7 July 2004 through Columbia and Sony Music.

Written by Thomas "Orup" Eriksson and produced by Anders Hansson, "Delirium" is a disco and power pop song with synthesizer and guitar instrumentation and schlager influences.

The song received generally positive reviews from music critics, some of whom praised its catchiness.

"Delirium" was Philipsson's third consecutive top-five entry of 2004 on the Sverigetopplistan singles chart, peaking at number five.

The song also attained top-ten positions on the Svensktoppen and Trackslistan charts.

The song was ranked at number 32 on the 2004 year-end chart of Sverigetopplistan.

"Delirium" was written by Thomas "Orup" Eriksson for Lena Philipsson's studio album "Det gör ont en stund på natten men inget på dan" (2004).

Philipsson enlisted Orup to write the entirety of the album's music and lyrics.

The two started working on the record after she won Melodifestivalen 2004 with "Det gör ont", which advanced her to the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 in Istanbul, Turkey, where she finished fifth in the final.

In an interview for "Aftonbladet", Philipsson described "Delirium" as a "contrast" to "Det gör ont" and lauded Orup's songwriting.

She elaborated in a later interview, "I really like this one and I've listened to it a lot so I'm starting to get a little tired of it.

I think it's so typical of Orup to come up with the title 'Delirium' ...

I smiled the first time I heard it.