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In the 1820s and 1950s, a whole series of Komi grammars and dictionaries were published that used various Komi language recording systems, both Cyrillic (P.I.Savvaitov, A.M.Sjögren) and Latinized (M.A.Castren).
In the second half of the 19th century, on the basis of previously created grammars, two main systems for recording the Komi language developed.
So, in the works of G.S.Lytkin, in addition to standard Russian letters, the signs ӧ, j, the ligatures ԫ, ꚉ were used, and the softness of the consonants was indicated by a diacritic grave sign.
For a number of other authors, the softness of consonants was indicated by the addition of the sign j.
In the last years of the 19th century, the active publication of Alphabet book in the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak languages begins.
These primers were compiled by different authors and they used different versions of the Komi Cyrillic alphabet.
"The differences between the alphabets of the Komi primers of the XIX — early XX centuries from the modern alphabet":
Due to the lack of a standard alphabet and the insignificance of editions in the Komi language (about 60-70 books and brochures in Komi were published in 1813-1914), these alphabets did not receive significant distribution among the population.
In 1918, the sphere of use of the Komi language expanded significantly - teaching was introduced in schools, local newspapers began to publish separate articles in the Komi language, etc.
Under these conditions, the need arose to create a permanent alphabet and develop spelling norms.
In May – June 1918, a meeting of teachers was held in Ust-Sysolsk, at which teacher V.A.Molodtsov spoke and acquainted the meeting participants with their draft alphabet for the Komi language.
In August of the same year, at a meeting of teachers in Ust-Vym, Molodtsov's alphabet was approved.
The lack of necessary fonts did not immediately allow us to begin publishing printed materials in this alphabet, which is why until 1920 a modified Russian alphabet was used, compiled by A.A.Zember.
Molodtsov’s alphabet was based on the Cyrillic alphabet, but had a number of specific letters to indicate soft consonants and affricates.
Since 1921, an active book publishing began on this alphabet.
Despite the merits of this alphabet (strict phonemic, economical writing), it also had a number of drawbacks, the main of which was the complexity of the handwriting due to the special form of characters for soft consonants.
Back in 1924, Professor A.N.
Gren proposed translating the Komi script on a Latinized basis.
According to his design, the alphabet should include the following letters: A a, B b, D d, Dj dj, E e, G g, Zs zs, Dzs dzs, I i, J j, K k, L l, Lj lj, M m, N n, Nj nj, O o, Ö ö, P p, R r, S s, Sj sj, Sch sch, Cs cs, Csj csj, T t, Tj tj, U u, V v, Y y , Z z, Zj zj, Dz dz.
At that time, few supported Grena, but at that time an active process of the Latinization of writing began in the USSR, and soon this question was raised again.
In 1929, at the Komi Linguistic Conference of Glavnauki, a resolution was adopted on the need to switch to the Latinized alphabet, using the experience of Latinizing the Turkic scripts of the peoples of the USSR.
In September 1930, the Bureau of the Komi Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks) formally decided to translate the Komi script into Latin.
The alphabet itself was approved in November 1931, after which the transfer of paperwork, education and publishing to a new script began.
This process was generally completed in 1934.
The Latin Komi alphabet essentially became a transliteration of the youthful alphabet — it retained strict phonemicity, the designation of soft consonants by adding a “tail” to the letter, and special signs for affricates.
Thus, both the advantages and disadvantages of the previous letter were preserved.
The change in the political situation in the USSR in the mid-1930s led to the abandonment of the Latinized Komi alphabet — the country began the process of cyrillization.
Regarding the writing of Komi, this resulted in a rejection of the Latin alphabet in 1936.
Instead, Molodtsov’s alphabet was restored, but in 1938 it was replaced by a new version of the Cyrillic alphabet, much more similar to the Russian script.
For the Komi-Permyak language in May 1937, the district alphabetical commission approved the alphabet containing all 33 letters of the Russian alphabet and additional signs Җ җ, Ҙ ҙ, І і, Ӧ ӧ, Ӹ ӹ (the author of the project is V.I.Yakimov).
In July 1937, this version of the alphabet was discussed at the Leningrad branch of the Institute of Language and Writing, where it underwent some changes — Ә ә, Җ җ, Ҙ ҙ, І і, Ӵ ӵ became additional signs to the 33 letters of the Russian letter.
However, a few days later the Central Institute of Language and Writing in Moscow recommended replacing the signs Җ җ, Ҙ ҙ, Ӵ ӵ with digraphs "дж, дз, тш".
In the final version of the alphabet, the sign Ә ә was replaced by "Ӧ ӧ".
The modern alphabet for the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak languages was introduced in 1938.
It contains all the letters of the Russian alphabet, as well as the signs Ӧ ӧ and І і. Digraphs дж, дз and тш are used to indicate affricates.
Sometimes these digraphs are included in the alphabet, sometimes not.
The letter І і (“hard "І і"”) is used after the letters "д, з, л, н, с, т" to denote their hardness (before “ordinary” "И" they are soft).
The letter Ӧ ӧ denotes the non-labialized sound of the middle row of the middle rise.
The softness of the consonants is indicated by the soft sign following them.
"Modern Komi alphabet":
The Komi-Yazva language, long considered one of the dialects of the Komi-Permian language, received its original writing only in the early 2000s, when the first primer was published on it.
The alphabet of this publication includes all the letters of the Russian alphabet, the specific characters Ӧ ӧ, Ө ө, Ӱ ӱ, as well as digraphs дж, дч, тш.
The later Russian-Komi-Yazvin dictionary contains an alphabet that has, in addition to the 33 Russian letters І і, Ӧ ӧ, Ө ө, Ӱ ӱ.
Moreover, affricates are indicated by combinations of letters "дз, дж, тш" (they are not considered separate letters in this edition) and the letter "ч".
Publications in the of the Komi language use standard Komi writing.
Erev
Erev is a 1983 novel by Eli Schechtman.
Erev(novel) was written in USSR and contained four parts.
The full Erev written and published in Israel in 1983 contain seven parts.
The novel deals with the lives of Jews in Russia from the beginning of the twentieth century until the end of World War II.
"Erev" was the first Yiddish-language novel published in the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin, and the central work of Schechtman's literary career.
Its first four parts were serialised in "Sovetish Heymland" from 1962 and were published in censored form as a book in Moscow in 1965.The full Yiddish text of "Erev" was published in Israel in seven parts in 1983.
The novel was translated into Russian by and appeared in 2005.
A French translation (by ) appeared in 2018.
The novel tells the story of a Jewish family in Eastern Europe over four centuries, from its escape from a blood libel in medieval Germany to Russia in the early twentieth century.
It explores the fate of Yiddish culture during the 20th century – beginning at the end of the Russo-Japanese War – and ending at the end of World War II and the creation of Israel through the history of the Boiar family.
The novel paints a rich and intricate gallery of characters confronted with continuous persecutors whose ideology varies from Czarism to Stalinism and Nazism.
The Boiar family, although decimated by the violent upheavals of the era, never gave up fighting for their spiritual and physical survival.
Gennady Estraikh has described "Erev" as "one of the most accomplished novels in postwar Yiddish literature".
Writing in the "Jewish Quarterly" in 1978, Elias Schulman argued that "If Soviet Yiddish literature could still produce a novel of the stature and quality of
"Erev" and [Nathan] Zabare's two-part masterpiece ["Unter der heyser zun fun Provans" and its sequel "S'iz nokh groys der tog"], we can assuredly assume that Russian Jewry has not yet exhausted its resources, and that Soviet Yiddish culture can yet be revived."
Eli Schechtman
Tsunenobu
Tsunenobu (written: , or ) is a masculine Japanese given name.
Notable people with the name include:
Jaron Morgan
Jaron Morgan (born 27 September 1995) is an Australian cricketer.
He made his Twenty20 debut on 15 January 2020, for the Perth Scorchers in the 2019–20 Big Bash League season.
Prior to his T20 debut, he was named as the captain of Australia's squad for the 2014 Under-19 Cricket World Cup.
Born in Johannesburg, Morgan and his family moved to Perth at the age of two.
Coining press
A coining press is a manually operated machine that allows coins to be minted from planchets.
Although it was very popular for centuries, nowadays, it has not been used for some time for it has been outdated by more modern machines.
Each die press can have different shapes and mainly different accessories (to collect the coin already minted or others).
The basic elements are listed below.
The minting of a coin with an coining press was performed in a single operation.
The body was placed on the lower matrix (called the pile and with the negative on one of the faces of the coin) and the upper matrix (called the piece with the negative on the other side of the coin) was lowered by means of the press of coining (of inercy wheel or balls; also called grinder).
The bit rate and kinetic energy allowed the two sides of the body to be shaped.
It was a cold deformation of the metal.
Desired and controlled deformation (conformation / conforming).
Similarly as it used to be done in the early "times of the hammer":
""After this the "flam" were distributed to the moneyers to have the impressions put on them.
Each moneyer had two irons or puncheons, one of which was callcd the "pile” and the other the “ trussell” The "pile” was from seven to eight inches long, and was firmly fixed in a block of wood (called "ceppeau ' in the French Ordonnances).
On the pile” was engraved one side of the coin, and on the " trussell,” the other.
The “flan "being placed on the “pile" the " trussell" was applied to the upper side of it by means of a twisted wand, or by the hand, and the moneyer then struck the end of the puncheon with the hammer until the impression was produced on the "flan.”"
It is noteworthy that the piece went down without turning, pushed by a threaded bar that did rotate.
This involved a threaded / torsion bar joint that allowed rotation and an anti-torsion system.
Wergeland (crater)
Wergeland is a crater on Mercury.
Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1976, after the Norwegian poet Henrik Arnold Wergeland.
The peak-ring basin Chekhov is to the west of Wergeland.
Babrak Khan
Babrak Khan (died ) was a Zadran chieftain who was the father of Saad Akbar Babrak, the person who assassinated the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaqat Ali Khan, as well as the father of Mazrak Zadran, a rebel leader during the Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1946.
In 1898, Babrak had under him five companies of Zadran Khasadars, whom he maintained on a contract system with emir Abdur Rahman Khan, but these were subsequently disbanded and their place taken by regular troops.
According to Ludwig Adamec, he took part in quelling the Khost rebellion of 1912, even though the Zadran tribe (which he was supposedly chief of) was fighting against the Afghan government, according to the "Britannica Year book 1913".
Zadrans burnt his tower in 1913.
In 1917, he headed a deputation of leading Zadran Maliks which visited the Nazim of Khost with a view to making peace with the British.
He also tried to restrain Zadrans from troubling the Tochi border.
In March 1919, Babrak left for Kabul with Sayyid Musa Shah Mandozai to offer allegiance to Amanullah Khan.
In May, he despatched messengers to Miranshah and Sherani to summon Maliks.

In the 1820s and 1950s, a whole series of Komi grammars and dictionaries were published that used various Komi language recording systems, both Cyrillic (P.I.Savvaitov, A.M.Sjögren) and Latinized (M.A.Castren).

In the second half of the 19th century, on the basis of previously created grammars, two main systems for recording the Komi language developed.

So, in the works of G.S.Lytkin, in addition to standard Russian letters, the signs ӧ, j, the ligatures ԫ, ꚉ were used, and the softness of the consonants was indicated by a diacritic grave sign.

For a number of other authors, the softness of consonants was indicated by the addition of the sign j.

In the last years of the 19th century, the active publication of Alphabet book in the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak languages begins.

These primers were compiled by different authors and they used different versions of the Komi Cyrillic alphabet.

"The differences between the alphabets of the Komi primers of the XIX — early XX centuries from the modern alphabet":

Due to the lack of a standard alphabet and the insignificance of editions in the Komi language (about 60-70 books and brochures in Komi were published in 1813-1914), these alphabets did not receive significant distribution among the population.

In 1918, the sphere of use of the Komi language expanded significantly - teaching was introduced in schools, local newspapers began to publish separate articles in the Komi language, etc.

Under these conditions, the need arose to create a permanent alphabet and develop spelling norms.

In May – June 1918, a meeting of teachers was held in Ust-Sysolsk, at which teacher V.A.Molodtsov spoke and acquainted the meeting participants with their draft alphabet for the Komi language.

In August of the same year, at a meeting of teachers in Ust-Vym, Molodtsov's alphabet was approved.

The lack of necessary fonts did not immediately allow us to begin publishing printed materials in this alphabet, which is why until 1920 a modified Russian alphabet was used, compiled by A.A.Zember.

Molodtsov’s alphabet was based on the Cyrillic alphabet, but had a number of specific letters to indicate soft consonants and affricates.

Since 1921, an active book publishing began on this alphabet.

Despite the merits of this alphabet (strict phonemic, economical writing), it also had a number of drawbacks, the main of which was the complexity of the handwriting due to the special form of characters for soft consonants.

Back in 1924, Professor A.N.

Gren proposed translating the Komi script on a Latinized basis.

According to his design, the alphabet should include the following letters: A a, B b, D d, Dj dj, E e, G g, Zs zs, Dzs dzs, I i, J j, K k, L l, Lj lj, M m, N n, Nj nj, O o, Ö ö, P p, R r, S s, Sj sj, Sch sch, Cs cs, Csj csj, T t, Tj tj, U u, V v, Y y , Z z, Zj zj, Dz dz.

At that time, few supported Grena, but at that time an active process of the Latinization of writing began in the USSR, and soon this question was raised again.

In 1929, at the Komi Linguistic Conference of Glavnauki, a resolution was adopted on the need to switch to the Latinized alphabet, using the experience of Latinizing the Turkic scripts of the peoples of the USSR.

In September 1930, the Bureau of the Komi Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks) formally decided to translate the Komi script into Latin.

The alphabet itself was approved in November 1931, after which the transfer of paperwork, education and publishing to a new script began.

This process was generally completed in 1934.

The Latin Komi alphabet essentially became a transliteration of the youthful alphabet — it retained strict phonemicity, the designation of soft consonants by adding a “tail” to the letter, and special signs for affricates.

Thus, both the advantages and disadvantages of the previous letter were preserved.

The change in the political situation in the USSR in the mid-1930s led to the abandonment of the Latinized Komi alphabet — the country began the process of cyrillization.

Regarding the writing of Komi, this resulted in a rejection of the Latin alphabet in 1936.

Instead, Molodtsov’s alphabet was restored, but in 1938 it was replaced by a new version of the Cyrillic alphabet, much more similar to the Russian script.

For the Komi-Permyak language in May 1937, the district alphabetical commission approved the alphabet containing all 33 letters of the Russian alphabet and additional signs Җ җ, Ҙ ҙ, І і, Ӧ ӧ, Ӹ ӹ (the author of the project is V.I.Yakimov).

In July 1937, this version of the alphabet was discussed at the Leningrad branch of the Institute of Language and Writing, where it underwent some changes — Ә ә, Җ җ, Ҙ ҙ, І і, Ӵ ӵ became additional signs to the 33 letters of the Russian letter.

However, a few days later the Central Institute of Language and Writing in Moscow recommended replacing the signs Җ җ, Ҙ ҙ, Ӵ ӵ with digraphs "дж, дз, тш".

In the final version of the alphabet, the sign Ә ә was replaced by "Ӧ ӧ".

The modern alphabet for the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak languages was introduced in 1938.

It contains all the letters of the Russian alphabet, as well as the signs Ӧ ӧ and І і. Digraphs дж, дз and тш are used to indicate affricates.

Sometimes these digraphs are included in the alphabet, sometimes not.

The letter І і (“hard "І і"”) is used after the letters "д, з, л, н, с, т" to denote their hardness (before “ordinary” "И" they are soft).

The letter Ӧ ӧ denotes the non-labialized sound of the middle row of the middle rise.

The softness of the consonants is indicated by the soft sign following them.

"Modern Komi alphabet":

The Komi-Yazva language, long considered one of the dialects of the Komi-Permian language, received its original writing only in the early 2000s, when the first primer was published on it.

The alphabet of this publication includes all the letters of the Russian alphabet, the specific characters Ӧ ӧ, Ө ө, Ӱ ӱ, as well as digraphs дж, дч, тш.

The later Russian-Komi-Yazvin dictionary contains an alphabet that has, in addition to the 33 Russian letters І і, Ӧ ӧ, Ө ө, Ӱ ӱ.

Moreover, affricates are indicated by combinations of letters "дз, дж, тш" (they are not considered separate letters in this edition) and the letter "ч".

Publications in the of the Komi language use standard Komi writing.

Erev

Erev is a 1983 novel by Eli Schechtman.

Erev(novel) was written in USSR and contained four parts.

The full Erev written and published in Israel in 1983 contain seven parts.

The novel deals with the lives of Jews in Russia from the beginning of the twentieth century until the end of World War II.

"Erev" was the first Yiddish-language novel published in the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin, and the central work of Schechtman's literary career.

Its first four parts were serialised in "Sovetish Heymland" from 1962 and were published in censored form as a book in Moscow in 1965.The full Yiddish text of "Erev" was published in Israel in seven parts in 1983.

The novel was translated into Russian by and appeared in 2005.

A French translation (by ) appeared in 2018.

The novel tells the story of a Jewish family in Eastern Europe over four centuries, from its escape from a blood libel in medieval Germany to Russia in the early twentieth century.

It explores the fate of Yiddish culture during the 20th century – beginning at the end of the Russo-Japanese War – and ending at the end of World War II and the creation of Israel through the history of the Boiar family.

The novel paints a rich and intricate gallery of characters confronted with continuous persecutors whose ideology varies from Czarism to Stalinism and Nazism.

The Boiar family, although decimated by the violent upheavals of the era, never gave up fighting for their spiritual and physical survival.

Gennady Estraikh has described "Erev" as "one of the most accomplished novels in postwar Yiddish literature".

Writing in the "Jewish Quarterly" in 1978, Elias Schulman argued that "If Soviet Yiddish literature could still produce a novel of the stature and quality of

"Erev" and [Nathan] Zabare's two-part masterpiece ["Unter der heyser zun fun Provans" and its sequel "S'iz nokh groys der tog"], we can assuredly assume that Russian Jewry has not yet exhausted its resources, and that Soviet Yiddish culture can yet be revived."

Eli Schechtman

Tsunenobu

Tsunenobu (written: , or ) is a masculine Japanese given name.

Notable people with the name include:

Jaron Morgan

Jaron Morgan (born 27 September 1995) is an Australian cricketer.

He made his Twenty20 debut on 15 January 2020, for the Perth Scorchers in the 2019–20 Big Bash League season.

Prior to his T20 debut, he was named as the captain of Australia's squad for the 2014 Under-19 Cricket World Cup.

Born in Johannesburg, Morgan and his family moved to Perth at the age of two.

Coining press

A coining press is a manually operated machine that allows coins to be minted from planchets.

Although it was very popular for centuries, nowadays, it has not been used for some time for it has been outdated by more modern machines.

Each die press can have different shapes and mainly different accessories (to collect the coin already minted or others).

The basic elements are listed below.

The minting of a coin with an coining press was performed in a single operation.

The body was placed on the lower matrix (called the pile and with the negative on one of the faces of the coin) and the upper matrix (called the piece with the negative on the other side of the coin) was lowered by means of the press of coining (of inercy wheel or balls; also called grinder).

The bit rate and kinetic energy allowed the two sides of the body to be shaped.

It was a cold deformation of the metal.

Desired and controlled deformation (conformation / conforming).

Similarly as it used to be done in the early "times of the hammer":

""After this the "flam" were distributed to the moneyers to have the impressions put on them.

Each moneyer had two irons or puncheons, one of which was callcd the "pile” and the other the “ trussell” The "pile” was from seven to eight inches long, and was firmly fixed in a block of wood (called "ceppeau ' in the French Ordonnances).

On the pile” was engraved one side of the coin, and on the " trussell,” the other.

The “flan "being placed on the “pile" the " trussell" was applied to the upper side of it by means of a twisted wand, or by the hand, and the moneyer then struck the end of the puncheon with the hammer until the impression was produced on the "flan.”"

It is noteworthy that the piece went down without turning, pushed by a threaded bar that did rotate.

This involved a threaded / torsion bar joint that allowed rotation and an anti-torsion system.

Wergeland (crater)

Wergeland is a crater on Mercury.

Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1976, after the Norwegian poet Henrik Arnold Wergeland.

The peak-ring basin Chekhov is to the west of Wergeland.

Babrak Khan

Babrak Khan (died ) was a Zadran chieftain who was the father of Saad Akbar Babrak, the person who assassinated the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaqat Ali Khan, as well as the father of Mazrak Zadran, a rebel leader during the Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1946.

In 1898, Babrak had under him five companies of Zadran Khasadars, whom he maintained on a contract system with emir Abdur Rahman Khan, but these were subsequently disbanded and their place taken by regular troops.

According to Ludwig Adamec, he took part in quelling the Khost rebellion of 1912, even though the Zadran tribe (which he was supposedly chief of) was fighting against the Afghan government, according to the "Britannica Year book 1913".

Zadrans burnt his tower in 1913.

In 1917, he headed a deputation of leading Zadran Maliks which visited the Nazim of Khost with a view to making peace with the British.

He also tried to restrain Zadrans from troubling the Tochi border.

In March 1919, Babrak left for Kabul with Sayyid Musa Shah Mandozai to offer allegiance to Amanullah Khan.

In May, he despatched messengers to Miranshah and Sherani to summon Maliks.