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Although the phenomenon is most often associated with the Ottonian emperors (and is therefore sometimes also called the Ottonian System), since emperor Otto I introduced the system in the Holy Roman Empire in the 10th century, the practice of appointing celibate Catholic clerics in worldly governing positions had already existed during the Carolingian Empire, and in Ottonian times also occurred in France and England.
The system worked as long as the emperors and kings could control the appointment of the bishops.
The Ottonians even managed to control the bishops of Rome, who were in the process of achieving papal primacy inside Western Christendom.
The popes, however, managed to strengthen their position in the 11th and 12th century during the Investiture Controversy, and seized indirect control of the appointment of bishops in the Holy Roman Empire with the 1122 Concordat of Worms.
Initially, a system was introduced where local cathedral chapters elected the new bishop, and their choice had to be confirmed by the metropolitan bishop.
In the 14th century, the Holy See began to reserve the appointment of certain bishops to itself, after which the popes gradually laid claim to the exclusive right to appoint all bishops everywhere.
This enabled them to appoint their confidants, thus nullifying the emperors' advantages and thus interest in maintaining and enlarging the Imperial Church System.
Although some prince-bishoprics would continue to exist until the French Revolution or even the German mediatisation (1803), they gradually declined in number and power in subsequent centuries.
List of fellows of IEEE Power Electronics Society
The Fellow grade of membership is the highest level of membership, and cannot be applied for directly by the member – instead the candidate must be nominated by others.
This grade of membership is conferred by the IEEE Board of Directors in recognition of a high level of demonstrated extraordinary accomplishment.
Bullen's African Lion Safari Park
Bullen's African Lion Safari Park was the name of several open-range safari parks in Australia:
Holt, Ohio
Holt is an unincorporated community in Knox Township, Jefferson County, Ohio, United States.
It is located about west of New Somerset at the intersection of County Highway 53 and Township Road 218, at .
The Mitchell's Salt Works Post Office was established on July 20, 1848.
The name was changed to Holt Post Office on May 9, 1892, and the branch was discontinued on November 30, 1907.
Mail service is now handled through the Hammondsville branch.
Sex, Explained
Sex, Explained is an American documentary limited series produced by Vox.
The series, along with "The Mind, Explained", is a spin-off of the television series "Explained".
Episodes of the show explore various topics around the subject of sex, seeking to explain nuances and trends.
The series is narrated by Janelle Monáe and debuted on Netflix on January 2, 2020.
Reviews for "Sex, Explained" have been generally positive.
"The Daily Beast"s Jordan Julian said, "Though by no means a substitute for comprehensive sex ed, the Janelle Monáe-narrated series provides adults with a valuable supplement to whatever knowledge they may (or may not) have gleaned from school and experience."
Ashlie D. Stevens of "Salon" described the series as an "entertaining and informative start to some more adult-oriented sex education."
Stevens also noted how the series reflected the strength of the "Explained" series, saying, "But "Sex, Explained" excels in finding a voice that is smarter than it is steamy, which isn't a surprise if you've watched the "Explained" Netflix series that preceded it."
Jerry Nissen
Jerry Nissen (c. 1884 – April 18, 1954) was an American football player and coach.
He served as the head football coach at the University of Montana from 1915 to 1917, compiling a record of 7–7–3.
Nissen was also the head basketball coach at Montana from 1914 to 1918, tallying a mark of 21–16.
Nissen played college football at Washington State University.
He was an assistant football coach at the University of Idaho from 1908 to 1909 and at his alma mater, Washington State, in 1913.
After leaving coaching, Nissen worked as an inspector for the Washington State Department of Highways, retiring around 1951.
He died at the age of 69, on April 18, 1954, in Seattle, Washington, following a long illness.
Tiegbe Bamba
Tiegbe Bamba (born 21 Jan, 1991) is a professional Franco-Ivorian Basketball player.
He plays for the Ivory Coast national basketball team.
Bamba started playing for the Limoges Under 21 Basketball club in the Pro A French U21 basketball league at the age of 19.
In 2015, He played for the Châlons-Reims in the French Jeep Elite league where he avearaged 2.5points.
He moved to the greek side PSYHIKO ATHENS where he averaged 6.7 points he moved to the Romanian division A league side TIMBA TIMISOARA where he averaged 9.2 points per game.
In the same season, he moved to the French LNB STB Le Havre where he averaged 4.5 points.
HE later moved to the C'Chartres Basket where he avaraged 9.5points.
For the 2019/2020 season, He moved to the Aix Maurienne Savoie Basket
Bamba represents the Ivory Coast national basketball team.
He participated at 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup where he averaged 6 points.
Fallout (Australian TV series)
Fallout is an upcoming Australian television drama series set to screen on ABC in 2020.
The series is inspired by true events of British nuclear bomb tests in the 1950s at remote Maralinga, in outback South Australia.
Major Leo Carmichael, an Australian Army Engineer and WWII hero, has to keep the base functioning smoothly.
Testing the most dangerous weapon in the world is no easy task with Commanding Officer, who is not fit for purpose, new meteorologist Dr Eva Lloyd-George, who starts asking questions, and the federal government and press watching his every move.
On the land at Maralinga, which is deemed by officials as "uninhabited", Leo is faced with the arrival of a family of Indigenous Australians who are curious about the giant clouds that explode occasionally.
The six part series is filmed in South Australia.
French distributor and production company APC Studios has helped fund the project and picked up worldwide distribution.
Mousesack
David Gillespie (author)
David Gillespie is a former lawyer who has written several books about health, psychology and education although he admits to no qualifications in nutrition or dietetics, psychology or education.
Some of his claims have been criticized as both misleading and dangerous by qualified dietitians and eminent bodies such as the Australian National Heart Foundation.
Gillespie has published and promoted a number of books in the self-help genre.
"Sweet Poison, Why Sugar Makes Us Fat" is Gillespie's first book which tells the story of how and why he stopped eating sugar.
This was followed by the publication of "The Sweet Poison Quit Plan," the 'how to' supplement to "Sweet Poison"; "The Sweet Poison Quit Plan Cookbook," "a" supplementary book of recipes for sweets made with dextrose instead of fructose and "The No Sugar Recipe Book", which is a re-publication of the cookbook under a different title.
Several "Sugar Free Shopper's Guides" were first published in 2014 and updated in 2016"," for the Australian, North American and British markets.
Following the commercial success of his anti-sugar books, Gillespie published "Toxic Oil: Why Vegetable Oil Will Kill You And How To Save Yourself" which examines what he believes are the dangers of eating vegetable oil.
Gillespie has also written several books about food and dieting that combine his beliefs.
"Big Fat Lies: How The Diet Industry Is Making You Sick, Fat & Poor" which combines Gillespie's views on sugar and polyunsaturated oils; "Eat Real Food" laying out Gillespie's arguments for why you should eat fresh, not processed food and "Eat Real Food Cookbook," the supplementary cookbook for "Eat Real Food."
In 2017 Gillespie published "Taming Toxic People: The science of identifying and dealing with psychopaths at work and home" in which he claims to examine the scientific research on psychopaths and attempts to understand how they operate and how best to deal with them.
With six children to educate, Gillespie has also turned his attention to schooling in Australia and in 2014 published his opinions in "Free Schools: How to get a great education without paying a fortune."
Gillespie has researched and written a series of books about diet and other issues on the basis of his personal experience and conclusions from reading.
In the introduction to "Big Fat Lies" he states "I'm just a lawyer who's worried about my health and the health of my family".
He flaunts his lack of specific training in many interviews with statements such as: "I’m not a nutritionist or doctor or a biochemist or any of that sort of stuff.
So, I’m phenomenally unqualified to talk to anybody about any of that stuff, but because I’m a lawyer it’s not gonna stop me."
His knowledge of psychology and education is also through personal research reading.
However, psychological researchers studying how evidence is processed identify this "thinking like a lawyer," as cherry-picking which pieces of information to pay attention to "in order to reach conclusions that they want to be true."
Psychological researcher Matthew Hornsey points out that "The problem is not about whether they are exposed to information, but about whether the information is processed in a balanced way."
Much criticism of Gillespie's arguments cite his of use qualitative language, his stance of declaring foods "good and bad" or using terms such as "toxic" or "poison".The "typical modern" meals Gillespie describes are recognized by qualified dietitians as unhealthy but these experts maintain that a balanced diet as identified in scientific studies is the recommended diet rather than the extremes that Gillespie suggests.
Dietitian Karen Inge comments "Put simply, there are no bad foods per se.
There are some that lack nutritional integrity but consumed occasionally, in small quantities as a celebratory food or treat, they would have no long-lasting negative effects on our health...But there are poorly balanced diets.
There are diets that have excessively large portions of foods and drinks that contribute too many kilojoules – whether the source is sugar, fat, protein or alcohol."
When Rosemary Stanton, a well known Australian dietitian, was asked to comment on Gillespie's attitude to food, she said "I really think common sense would set us off on the right path.
If you're overweight you're eating too much food and it should be less junk food.
And this is really far more important than finding a scapegoat.
Whether that scapegoat be a particular kind of sugar, a particular kind of fat or the glycemic index."
The National Heart Foundation of Australian has released a statement disagreeing with Gillespie's claims around vegetable oils and including a strong health warning.
"There is no single cause of chronic diseases, including heart disease.
However there is scientific consensus that replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat, in particular polyunsaturated fat, reduces your risk of heart disease.
The Heart Foundation believes that to say otherwise is dangerous, misleading and wrong.
Following such advice is fraught with risk and if followed could lead to the rapid development of serious health conditions."
With reference to Gillespie's attitude to sugar Stanton says: "It makes very good sense to cut down on food such as sugar where you have no nutrients present rather than cutting down on foods such as fruit and I would absolutely differ with David Gillespie here because there are lots of studies showing when people eat a bit more fruit, and I am talking about fruit not juice, that is correlated with a lower risk of weight gain."
Gillespie bases his analysis in his book "Taming Toxic People" on "available research, personal experience and observations, as well as stories of psychopaths and their victims".
Most studies he has examined involve male prison inmates.As with his other books he claims no expertise in his subject.
The term "psychopath" is not defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) .
Gillespie says describing someone as a psychopath "is really just a shorthand way of saying a person that completely lacks empathy."
He uses as examples of "the possible behaviour of psychopaths" the behaviour of figures as diverse as Mother Teresa, Caligula, Donald Trump, Lance Armstrong, Winston Churchill and Jesus while admitting the tests used are not scientific.
Critics warn that the "pop-science, tick-a-box nature [of the assessment means provided] means that it could apply to a non-psychopath whom the reader just doesn’t happen to like.
Similarly, the statement that as many as 1 in 80 in the general population and 1 in 5 in senior executive ranks could be psychopaths calls for challenge."
"Free Schools" is a book about the Australian Education system.
In the book Gillespie looks at how Australia came to have current the school system and then provides a guide to finding the best school.
The key finding of the book is that "there is no correlation between how much you pay and the quality of education".
Gillespie argues that there are two critical factors in identifying the best school; the quality of the teachers and the quality of the leadership team and that these can be found in any part of the Australian school system.