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the new york knicks' pursuit of derek fisher to be their new coach will ramp up this week and is widely expected to result in the hiring of the 18-year veteran guard, according to nba coaching sources. sources told espn.com that new knicks president phil jackson has been fully focused on fisher since steve kerr unexpectedly decided to take the golden state warriors' job, when jackson and essentially the whole league believed kerr was bound for new york. one source close to the talks said monday that "things could take shape quickly in the early part of the week." the knicks, though, are approaching this serious stage of talks with a hint of trepidation after the seemingly inevitable hiring of kerr unraveled. "everyone felt that kerr was a done deal too," another source cautioned. "only phil knows." the knicks' main fear, sources say, is if fisher were to decide to keep playing. provided fisher opts for retirement, as most expect, new york is in prime position to hire the 39-year-old who has long been regarded as a natural leader. in addition to his role on five championship teams with the lakers, fisher served as president of the nba players association and has long been regarded by kobe bryant as his favorite all-time teammate. the consistent word since his arrival at madison square garden in march is that jackson was interested only in young coaching candidates he had worked with in the past and could mentor. fisher, like kerr, is a trusted former player under jackson whose longtime close relationship with the 11-time champion coach would suggest that he'll welcome jackson's presence on the court in training camp and at occasional practices. sources maintain that freedom is important to jackson, who wants to establish and maintain an on-the-floor role in his first stint as the lead decision-maker in the front office for a franchise. espn.com reported last month that jackson, after missing out on kerr, was essentially putting his search on hold until he could speak to fisher, who was still in the midst of oklahoma city's playoff run. jackson and the knicks were recently fined $25,000 by the league for tampering after jackson's public acknowledgment at a news conference that he had interest in hiring fisher.	aɪ ˈnɛvər θɔt haʊ ə ˈsɪmpəl ˈfoʊtəˌgræf æt ə ˈfæməli ˈbərθˌdeɪ kʊd ˈkæpʧər ðə ˈɛsəns əv ən ˈoʊpən ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən ənˈtɪl maɪ nis ˈrisəntli tərnd wən jɪr oʊld. moʊst ˈɔfən, ən ˈoʊpən ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən ɪz θɔt əv ɪn tərmz əv ə trəˈdɪʃənəl ˈklæsˌrum ˈsɛtɪŋ ər mɔr ˈrisəntli, ɪn tərmz əv ə (ˈmæsɪv ˈoʊpən ˈɔnˌlaɪn kɔrs). ðɪs weɪ, ə ˈtɛkstˌbʊk, ə ˈsɪləbəs, ər ən ɪnˈtaɪər kərˈɪkjələm ɪz mæpt aʊt ənd pərˈzɛnəd ɪn ən ˈɔrdərli weɪ ənd ə ˈtiʧər ər prəˈfɛsər ˌɪmˈpɑrts ˈnɑlɪʤ tɪ ˈjuˈɛs. bət ən ˈoʊpən ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən kən ˈɔlsoʊ teɪk ə mɔr pæθ ər ən ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt əˈproʊʧ tɪ ˈlərnɪŋ, səʧ ɛz wɪθ ˈdaʊnˌloʊdɪŋ ˈfoʊˌtoʊz. ɪt maɪt ɛnˈteɪl ˈtiʧɪŋ ə ˈsɪblɪŋ əˈbaʊt ˈoʊpən sɔrs waɪl ˈteɪkɪŋ ˈfoʊˌtoʊz æt ə ˈfæməli ˈgæðərɪŋ ər ˈhævɪŋ ə ˈfæməli dɪˈskəʃən əˈbaʊt ˈoʊpən sɔrs ənd haʊ tɪ juz ɪt. moʊst əv ˈjuˈɛs, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, stɪl tɛnd tɪ əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt ˈlərnɪŋ θru ən ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃən laɪk ˈɛˈmaɪˈti ər ən ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən laɪk ðə əˈmɛrɪkən ˈlaɪbrɛˌri əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən. ənd waɪl skulz, ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃənz, ər ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃənz kən ənd du prəˈvaɪd ˈfɔrməl ˌɪnˈstrəkʃən ər ˈtreɪnɪŋ ɪn ˈoʊpən sɔrs, ˈsəmˌtaɪmz ðə bɛst weɪ tɪ lərn əˈbaʊt ˈoʊpən sɔrs ɪz tɪ tiʧ ˈjɔrsɛlf ər ˈəðərz əˈbaʊt ɪt. wən weɪ tɪ əˈkɑmplɪʃ ðɪs ɪz tɪ lərn haʊ tɪ ˈdaʊnˌloʊd ˈfoʊˌtoʊz ər ˈvɪdioʊz ənd ðɛn ʃɛr ər poʊst ðɛm tɪ ən ˈoʊpən saɪt. wɪn maɪ sən tərnd wən jɪr oʊld ɪn 2006 wi hæd ə ˈdɪʤɪtəl ˈkæmərə ənd kʊd teɪk ənd ˈdaʊnˌloʊd ˈfoʊˌtoʊz ər ˈvɪdioʊz bət nɑt məʧ ɛls. wi ˈkʊdənt strim ðɛm ər poʊst ðɛm tɪ ən ˈoʊpən saɪt tɪ ʃɛr ðɛm ˈiðər, ər æt list aɪ doʊnt ˈriˌkɔl soʊ. wɪθ maɪ ˈnisɪz ˈrisənt ˈbərθˌdeɪ ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ simz tɪ hæv ʧeɪnʤd. ˈnɑlɪʤ əˈbaʊt ˈdaʊnˌloʊdɪŋ ˈfoʊˌtoʊz wɪθ ˈoʊpən sɔrs ˈsɔfˌwɛr həz ˈsədənli bɪˈkəm əˈveɪləbəl ənd ækˈsɛsəbəl. təˈdeɪ, ðɛr ər ˈmɛni weɪz tɪ strim ˈfoʊˌtoʊz ər ˈvɪdioʊz ðə ˈoʊpən sɔrs weɪ. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, taɪm ənd kənˈvinjəns wɪθ ˈæpəl ər ˈəðər prəˈpraɪəˌtɛri ˈsɪstəmz ˈɔfən prɪˈveɪl ənd ðə ˈoʊpən sɔrs weɪ gɪts ˈsaɪˌdlaɪnd ər ˌɪgˈnɔrd. fju ˈpipəl, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ maɪ ˈbrəðər, stɑp ənd kˈwɛʃən waɪ ˈæpəl dɪˈlɪbərətli meɪks ˈstrimɪŋ ˈfoʊˌtoʊz ər ˈvɪdioʊz soʊ kənˈvinjənt ənd ˈɛfərtləs. ðeɪ doʊnt kˈwɛʃən waɪ ðeɪ nid tɪ kənˈtɪnju tɪ baɪ ər ˈəpˈgreɪd ðɛr ˈprɑdəkts. wɪˈθaʊt ˈstɑpɪŋ tɪ θɪŋk ər ɪkˈspɛnd ˈɛnərʤi, ə ˈpərsən kən sɛnd ˈnumərəs ˈfoʊˌtoʊz ənd ˈvɪdioʊz wɪθ wən klɪk əv ə ˈbətən. fju ˈpipəl stɑp ənd kˈwɛʃən ðə ˌɪmˈpækt ˈæpəl ər ˈwɪndoʊz ˈɔpərˌeɪtɪŋ ˈsɪstəmz hæv ər haʊ ðeɪ hæv ˈɪnfɪlˌtreɪtɪd ˈɪntu ɑr ˈdeɪli lɪvz. ˌɪnˈstɛd, ˈmɛni kənˈtɪnju tɪ ʃɛl aʊt ˈməni fər ənˈnɛsəˌsɛri ˈəpˌgreɪdz ər ˈsɔfˌwɛr ˈproʊˌgræmz wɪˈθaʊt ˈriəˌlaɪzɪŋ ər ˈθɪŋkɪŋ əv ðə ˈoʊpən sɔrs weɪ. ˌpɛrəˈdɑksəkəli, ˈmɪljənz, ɪf nɑt ˈbɪljənz, əv ˈpipəl juz ˈdɪʤɪtəl tɛkˈnɑləʤi tɪ teɪk ˈfoʊˌtoʊz ər ˈvɪdioʊz ənd ˈdaʊnˌloʊd ðɛm wɪˈθaʊt ˈɛni ˈɛkspərt hɛlp ər ˈfɔrməl ˈtreɪnɪŋ ər ˌɪnˈstrəkʃən. jɛt ðiz seɪm ˈpipəl du nɑt sik aʊt ər əkˈwaɪər ðə ˌɪndɪˈspɛnsəbəl ˈnɑlɪʤ geɪnd frəm ˈjuzɪŋ ˈoʊpən sɔrs, ðoʊ noʊ ˈɛkspərt hɛlp ər ˈfɔrməl ˈtreɪnɪŋ ər ˈnidɪd tɪ geɪn ðɪs ˈnɑlɪʤ. soʊ wət ɪz ˈstɑpɪŋ soʊ ˈmɛni ˈpipəl frəm ˈjuzɪŋ ˈoʊpən sɔrs tɪ ˈdaʊnˌloʊd ðɛr ˈfoʊˌtoʊz ənd ˈvɪdioʊz? haʊ kən wi brɪʤ ðɪs dɪskəˈnɛkt bɪtˈwin səʧ ˈwaɪdˈsprɛd juz əv ˈdɪʤɪtəl tɛkˈnɑləʤi ənd ðə dɪˈzaɪər tɪ lərn ənd juz ˈoʊpən sɔrs? haʊ kən wi juz ə ˈsɪmpəl ˈfoʊtəˌgræf, ə ˈbərθˌdeɪ, ər ə ˈfæməli ˈgæðərɪŋ tɪ hɛlp ðə ˈprɔˌsɛs əv ˈlərnɪŋ ənd ˈjuzɪŋ ˈoʊpən sɔrs? pərˈhæps ðɪs kaɪnd əv "ˈoʊpən sɔrs ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən" kən bɪˈgɪn wɪθ wən dɪˈskəʃən, ənd ðɛn ˈmɛni dɪˈskəʃənz. aɪ ˈlərnɪd əˈbaʊt ˈoʊpən sɔrs ənd bɪˈkeɪm ən ˈædvəˌkeɪt. aɪ tɔt maɪ sən, maɪ ˈhəzbənd, maɪ ˈbrəðər, ənd hɪz ˈfæməli əˈbaʊt ˈoʊpən sɔrs. ɪts nɑt ˈrɑkət saɪəns, bət ɪt ɪz ˈpraɪsləs.
i never thought how a simple photograph at a family birthday could capture the essence of an open education until my niece recently turned one year old. most often, an open education is thought of in terms of a traditional classroom setting or more recently, in terms of a mooc (massive open online course). this way, a textbook, a syllabus, or an entire curriculum is mapped out and presented in an orderly way and a teacher or professor imparts knowledge to us. but an open education can also take a more associative path or an independent approach to learning, such as with downloading photos. it might entail teaching a sibling about open source while taking photos at a family gathering or having a family discussion about open source and how to use it. most of us, however, still tend to associate learning through an institution like mit or an organization like the american library association. and while schools, institutions, or organizations can and do provide formal instruction or training in open source, sometimes the best way to learn about open source is to teach yourself or others about it. one way to accomplish this is to learn how to download photos or videos and then share or post them to an open site. when my son turned one year old in 2006, we had a digital camera and could take and download photos or videos but not much else. we couldn't stream them or post them to an open site to share them either, or at least i don't recall so. with my niece's recent birthday everything seems to have changed. knowledge about downloading photos with open source software has suddenly become available and accessible. today, there are many ways to stream photos or videos the open source way. however, time and convenience with apple or other proprietary systems often prevail and the open source way gets sidelined or ignored. few people, including my brother, stop and question why apple deliberately makes streaming photos or videos so convenient and effortless. they don't question why they need to continue to buy or upgrade their products. without stopping to think or expend energy, a person can send numerous photos and videos with one click of a button. few people stop and question the impact apple or windows operating systems have or how they have infiltrated into our daily lives. instead, many continue to shell out money for unnecessary upgrades or software programs without realizing or thinking of the open source way. paradoxically, millions, if not billions, of people use digital technology to take photos or videos and download them without any expert help or formal training or instruction. yet these same people do not seek out or acquire the indispensable knowledge gained from using open source, though no expert help or formal training are needed to gain this knowledge. so what is stopping so many people from using open source to download their photos and videos? how can we bridge this disconnect between such widespread use of digital technology and the desire to learn and use open source? how can we use a simple photograph, a birthday, or a family gathering to help the process of learning and using open source? perhaps this kind of "open source education" can begin with one discussion, and then many discussions. i learned about open source and became an advocate. i taught my son, my husband, my brother, and his family about open source. it's not rocket science, but it is priceless.	tu mɔr; gɪt ðɛm hir! ˈəpˌdeɪt: ju kən ˈɔlsoʊ gɪt ðɛm æt ðə ˈwɛbˌsaɪt hir ənd hir. riˈmuv ˈmidi pɪʧ bɛndz ʤɪst riˈmuvz ˈmidi pɪʧ bɛndz, wɪʧ ɪz ˈprɪti ˈjusfəl ɪf ju bɛnd ə lɔt əv ˈpɪʧɪz., ɔn ðə ˈəðər hænd, ɪz, ɪn maɪ ˈhəmbəl əˈpɪnjən, ə ʤaɪənt lip fər ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən! ……ok*, maɪ əˈpɪnjən meɪ nɑt bi soʊ ˈhəmbəl. ɪt ɪz, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ˈvɛri kul, æt list tɪ ə nərd laɪk ˌmaɪˈsɛlf. ˈænəˌlaɪz ðə skeɪl ɪn ˈditeɪl ɪn ə ˈleɪtər poʊst, wɪθ mˈjuzɪkəl ɪgˈzæmpəlz ðət aɪ kriˈeɪtɪd ˈjuzɪŋ ðɪs ˈvɛri, bət fər naʊ, ˌɛnˈʤɔɪ kəmˈpoʊzɪŋ ɪn ˈkloʊsəst ˈkəzən! ˈnɔrməli ˈɔlsoʊ tɔk əˈbaʊt ðə ˈʧælənʤɪz aɪ feɪst wɪn ˈraɪtɪŋ ðiz, bət ˈɑnəstli, ɪt soʊ hɑrd. aɪ lʊkt æt ɪgˈzɪstɪŋ tɪ gɪt ən aɪˈdiə əv ðə ˈɪdiəmz, aɪ lʊkt æt ðə faɪl ɪn ə tɛkst ˈɛdɪtər tɪ si haʊ ðə skrɪpt wɑz stɔrd, ənd aɪ roʊt. aɪ wʊd, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, bi ˈvɛri glæd tɪ ˈænsər ˈɛni kˈwɛsʧənz əˈbaʊt ˈmænjəˌskrɪpt, ðə ˈlæŋgwɪʤ. bi əˈfreɪd tɪ æsk ɪn ðə ˈkɑmɛnts.
two more plugins; get them here! update: you can also get them at the sibelius website here and here. remove midi pitch bends just removes midi pitch bends, which is pretty useful if you bend a lot of pitches. offtonic 19-tet, on the other hand, is, in my humble opinion, a giant leap for microtonal composition! …ok, my opinion may not be so humble. it is, however, very cool, at least to a microtonal nerd like myself. i’ll analyze the 19-tet scale in detail in a later post, with musical examples that i created using this very plugin, but for now, enjoy composing in 12-tet’s closest microtonal cousin! normally i’d also talk about the challenges i faced when writing these plugins, but honestly, it wasn’t so hard. i looked at existing plugins to get an idea of the idioms, i looked at the .plg file in a text editor to see how the script was stored, and i wrote. i would, however, be very glad to answer any questions about manuscript, the plugin language. don’t be afraid to ask in the comments.	baɪ: ˈfɑloʊ ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk rɛpriˈzɛtətɪv. ˈædəm ʃɪf (ˈkælɪf.) həz dən 123 ˈnæʃənəl ˈtɛləˌvɪʒən ˈɪntərvˌjuz ˈtoʊtəlɪŋ mɔr ðən 14 aʊərz əv ɛr taɪm sɪns ˈʤænjuˌɛri, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ə ˈtrækɪŋ rɪˈpɔrt prəˈvaɪdɪd tɪ ðə waɪt haʊs. ðə rɪˈpɔrt kəmz ɔn ðə hilz əv ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈdɑnəld trəmp əˈtækɪŋ ʃɪf ɔn ˈmənˌdeɪ fər hɪz ˈfrikˌwɛnt ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən əˈpɪrənsəz. ðə væst məˈʤɔrəti əv ðɛm hæv bɪn ɔn ˈkeɪbəl ˈnɛtˌwərks ˈsiˈɛˈnɛn ənd msnbc, ˌɔlˈðoʊ ʃɪf həz ˈɔlsoʊ dən ˈɪntərvˌjuz ɔn fɑks nuz, ˈeɪˌbiˌsi, ˈsiˌbiˌɛs, ˈɛnˌbiˈsi, ˈkɑmədi ˈsɛntrəl, ənd ˈeɪʧbiˈoʊ. trəmp tweeted, "sˈlizi ˈædəm ʃɪf, ðə ˈtoʊtəli baɪəst ˈkɑŋgrəsmən ˈlʊkɪŋ ˈɪntu "ˈrəʃə," spɛnz ɔl əv hɪz taɪm ɔn ˈtɛləˌvɪʒən ˈpʊʃɪŋ ðə lɔs ɪkˈskjuz!" əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə rɪˈpɔrt, ʃɪf həz bɪn ɔn ˈtɛləˌvɪʒən fər 14 aʊərz, 8 ˈmɪnəts, 55 ˈsɛkəndz sɪns trəmp wɑz ˌɪˈnɔgərˌeɪtɪd. hi moʊst ˈrisəntli əˈpɪrd ɔn ðə ˈsiˌbiˌɛs ˈproʊˌgræm "feɪs ðə ˈneɪʃən" ɔn ˈsənˌdi. sˈlizi ˈædəm ʃɪf, ðə ˈtoʊtəli baɪəst ˈkɑŋgrəsmən ˈlʊkɪŋ ˈɪntu "ˈrəʃə," spɛnz ɔl əv hɪz taɪm ɔn ˈtɛləˌvɪʒən ˈpʊʃɪŋ ðə lɔs ɪkˈskjuz! ˈdɑnəld ʤeɪ. trəmp (@realdonaldtrump) ˌʤuˈlaɪ 24 2017 ʃɪf rɪˈspɑndɪd ɔn tˈwɪtər ðət trəmp wɔʧt ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən tu ˈɔfən ənd hɪz "ˈkɑmɛnts ənd ˈækʃənz ər bɪˈniθ ðə ˈdɪgnəti əv ðə ˈɔfəs." wɪθ rɪˈspɛkt ˈmɪstər. ˈprɛzɪdənt, ðə ˈprɑbləm ɪz haʊ ˈɔfən ju wɔʧ ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən, ənd ðət jʊr ˈkɑmɛnts ənd ˈækʃənz ər bɪˈniθ ðə ˈdɪgnəti əv ðə ˈɔfəs. ˈædəm ʃɪf (@repadamschiff) ˌʤuˈlaɪ 24 2017 ʃɪf, ðə ˈræŋkɪŋ ˈdɛməˌkræt ɔn ðə haʊs ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns kəˈmɪti, ˈɔfən dɪˈskəsɪz ðə ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən ˈɪntu ˈrəʃən ɪˈlɛkʃən ˌɪnərˈfɪrəns ənd ˌæləˈgeɪʃənz əv kəˈluʒən bɪtˈwin ðə trəmp kæmˈpeɪn ənd ðə ˈkrɛmlɪn. ðə waɪt haʊs ˈɔlsoʊ prəˈvaɪdɪd ə rɪˈpɔrt ðət sɛn. mɑrk ˈwɔrnər (di., va.), ðə ˈræŋkɪŋ ˈdɛməˌkræt ɔn ðə ˈsɛnɪt ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns kəˈmɪti, hæd dən 60 ˈɪntərvˌjuz ˈtoʊtəlɪŋ 5 aʊərz, 55 ˈmɪnəts ənd 13 ˈsɛkəndz əv ɛr taɪm sɪns trəmp tʊk ˈɔfəs. rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈnæʃənəl kəˈmɪti ˈʧɛrˌwʊmən ˈrɑnə ˈrɑmni məkˈdænjəl toʊld ðə ˈwɔʃɪŋtən fri ˈbikən ðət ənd ˈwɔrnərz əˈpɪrənsəz wər mɔr əˈbaʊt traɪɪŋ tɪ "bɪld ðɛr oʊn brænd" ðən prəˈvaɪdɪŋ ˈəpˌdeɪts ɔn ðɛr ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃənz. "ˈdɛməˌkræts ər ˈtrɪpɪŋ ˈoʊvər ðɛmˈsɛlvz tɪ si hu kən gɪt ðə moʊst ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən taɪm tɪ tɔk əˈbaʊt ðə ˈrəʃə ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən," ʃi sɛd ɪn ə ˈsteɪtmənt. "ɪt ɪz ˈʃɑkɪŋ ðət rɛpriˈzɛtətɪv. ʃɪf ənd sɛn. ˈwɔrnər hæv kəmˈbaɪnd fər mɔr ðən 180 ˈɪntərvˌjuz ənd ˈoʊvər 20 aʊərz əv ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən taɪm sɪns ˌɪˌnɔgjəˈreɪʃən deɪ." "mɔr ˈɔfən ðən nɑt, ðiz ˈɪntərvˌjuz sim tɪ bi mɔr əv ən ˈɛfərt tɪ bɪld ðɛr oʊn brænd ənd pʊʃ ðɛr oʊn ˈpɑrtəzən əˈʤɛndə ðən tɪ prəˈvaɪd ə ˈsəbstəntɪv ˈəpˌdeɪt ɔn ðə ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtɪv ˈprɔˌsɛs," məkˈdænjəl sɛd. "ˌɪnˈstɛd əv ˈrəʃɪŋ tɪ ðə ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən ˈkæmərəz ˈɛvəri deɪ, wi ɪnˈkərəʤ ðiz ˈdɛməˌkræts tɪ gɪt tɪ wərk ənd brɪŋ ðɪs ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən tɪ ə kloʊz soʊ wi kən gɪt bæk tɪ ˈfoʊkɪsɪŋ ɔn ˈɪʃuz ðət ˈmætər tɪ ðə əˈmɛrɪkən ˈpipəl." ˈɔfəs dɪd nɑt rɪˈspɑnd tɪ ə rɪkˈwɛst fər ˈkɑmɛnt. ˈəpˌdeɪt: p.m.: ðɪs ˈɑrtɪkəl ərˈɪʤənəli ˈsteɪtɪd ðə ˈdætə ɔn ʃɪf ənd ˈwɔrnər keɪm frəm ə waɪt haʊs ˈtrækɪŋ rɪˈpɔrt. ðə waɪt haʊs sɛd ðə ˈdætə keɪm frəm ə ˈtrækɪŋ rɪˈpɔrt prəˈvaɪdɪd tɪ ɪt.
by: follow @davidrutz democratic rep. adam schiff (calif.) has done 123 national television interviews totaling more than 14 hours of air time since january, according to a tracking report provided to the white house. the report comes on the heels of president donald trump attacking schiff on monday for his frequent tv appearances. the vast majority of them have been on cable networks cnn and msnbc, although schiff has also done interviews on fox news, abc, cbs, nbc, comedy central, and hbo. trump tweeted, "sleazy adam schiff, the totally biased congressman looking into "russia," spends all of his time on television pushing the dem loss excuse!" according to the report, schiff has been on television for 14 hours, 8 minutes, 55 seconds since trump was inaugurated. he most recently appeared on the cbs program "face the nation" on sunday. sleazy adam schiff, the totally biased congressman looking into "russia," spends all of his time on television pushing the dem loss excuse! donald j. trump (@realdonaldtrump) july 24, 2017 schiff responded on twitter that trump watched tv too often and his "comments and actions are beneath the dignity of the office." with respect mr. president, the problem is how often you watch tv, and that your comments and actions are beneath the dignity of the office. https://t.co/nvzydybnyw adam schiff (@repadamschiff) july 24, 2017 schiff, the ranking democrat on the house intelligence committee, often discusses the investigation into russian election interference and allegations of collusion between the trump campaign and the kremlin. the white house also provided a report that sen. mark warner (d., va.), the ranking democrat on the senate intelligence committee, had done 60 interviews totaling 5 hours, 55 minutes and 13 seconds of air time since trump took office. republican national committee chairwoman ronna romney mcdaniel told the washington free beacon that schiff's and warner's appearances were more about trying to "build their own brand" than providing updates on their investigations. "democrats are tripping over themselves to see who can get the most tv time to talk about the russia investigation," she said in a statement. "it is shocking that rep. schiff and sen. warner have combined for more than 180 interviews and over 20 hours of tv time since inauguration day." "more often than not, these interviews seem to be more of an effort to build their own brand and push their own partisan agenda than to provide a substantive update on the investigative process," mcdaniel said. "instead of rushing to the tv cameras every day, we encourage these democrats to get to work and bring this investigation to a close so we can get back to focusing on issues that matter to the american people." schiff's office did not respond to a request for comment. update: 5:14 p.m.: this article originally stated the data on schiff and warner came from a white house tracking report. the white house said the data came from a tracking report provided to it.	ə ˈfæməli əv fɔr ˈtʊrɪŋ sæn frænˈsɪskoʊ ɪn ə ˈmənˌdeɪ tʊk ə rɔŋ tərn ənd ˈɛndɪd əp ˈgɪtɪŋ ˈstrændɪd ˈhæfˈweɪ əˈkrɔs ðə beɪ brɪʤ, əˈθɔrətiz sɛd. ðə ˌkæləˈfɔrnjə ˈhaɪˌweɪ pəˈtroʊl rɪˈspɑndɪd əraʊnd 2 p.m. tɪ kɔlz əv ə ˈkɛrəˌvæn əv ˈʧəgɪŋ əˈlɔŋ sˈloʊli ɪn ðə lɛft leɪn əv ðə beɪ brɪʤ, ˈhɛdɪŋ təˈwɔrd ˈoʊklənd, sɛd ˈɔfɪsər maɪk ˈfərgəsən., wɪʧ ər ˈrɛntɪd aʊt tɪ ˈtʊrɪsts ənd ˈfiʧər ə ˈɑdiˌoʊ tʊr gaɪd ənd ðə ˈɪnʤən paʊər əv ə ˈskutər, ər nɑt əˈlaʊd tɪ goʊ ɔn ˈfriˌweɪz, sɛd ˈkəmpəˌni ˈfaʊndər ˈneɪθən. bət ðiz ˈfæməli ˈmɛmbərz tʊk ə rɔŋ tərn əp ən ənd faʊnd ðɛmˈsɛlvz ˈoʊvər ˈwɔtər, ˈfərgəsən sɛd. ˈɔfɪsərz faʊnd wən stɔld ɪn ðə lɛft leɪn əraʊnd ðə əv ðə brɪʤ, ˈfərgəsən sɛd. ðə ˈfɑðər əv ðə ˈfæməli hæd steɪd wɪθ ðə stɔld ˈviɪkəl ənd sɛnt hɪz waɪf ənd tu ˈʧɪldrən əˈhɛd ɪn ðə ˈəðər tu kɑz. ðeɪ stɑpt æt ðə toʊl ˈplɑzə. noʊ wən wɑz ˈɪnʤərd. wɑz dɪˈspæʧt tɪ pɪk əp ðə ˈpæsənʤərz, hu wər ʧɑrʤd ə 100 toʊ fi fər iʧ kɑr ðət hæd tɪ bi brɔt bæk tɪ sæn frænˈsɪskoʊ. nɑt frəm hir tourists,”,” ˈfərgəsən sɛd. ˈivɪn spik ˈɪŋlɪʃ. ðeɪ wər ˈvɛri kənfˈjuzd. ðeɪ hæd noʊ aɪˈdiə haʊ ðeɪ wund əp ɔn ðə bridge.”.” dɪˈpɛndɪŋ ɔn ðə ˈmɑdəl, ðə smɔl kɑz kən goʊ bɪtˈwin 30 ənd 45 maɪəlz pər aʊər, sɛd. ˌɪˈmæʤən ˈsəmˌwən wʊd dɪˈlɪbərətli du it,”,” sɛd. noʊ æst ɔl ðə taɪm ɪf ju kən goʊ ˈoʊvər ðə brɪʤ, soʊ ˈpipəl pərˈhæps wɔnt tɪ. bət wi sɪt ðɛm daʊn tɪ wɔʧ ə ˈseɪfti ˈbrifɪŋ ˈvɪdioʊ ðət sɪz noʊ ˈbrɪʤɪz ər freeways.”.” ˈfərgəsən wɑz lɛs səˈpraɪzd. ˈhæpənd tɪ mi, ˈhæpənd tɪ ˈsɛvərəl officers.”.” hi sɛd əv ˈfaɪndɪŋ ˈfriˌweɪ ɪkˈskərʒənz. ˈhæpənz sɔrt əv often.”*.”
a family of four touring san francisco in a gocar monday took a wrong turn and ended up getting stranded halfway across the bay bridge, authorities said. the california highway patrol responded around 2 p.m. to calls of a caravan of gocars chugging along slowly in the left lane of the bay bridge, heading toward oakland, said officer mike ferguson. gocars, which are rented out to tourists and feature a gps-enabled audio tour guide and the engine power of a scooter, are not allowed to go on freeways, said company founder nathan withrington. but these family members took a wrong turn up an onramp and found themselves over water, ferguson said. chp officers found one gocar stalled in the left lane around the s-curve of the bridge, ferguson said. the father of the family had stayed with the stalled vehicle and sent his wife and two children ahead in the other two cars. they stopped at the toll plaza. no one was injured. gocar was dispatched to pick up the passengers, who were charged a $100 tow fee for each car that had to be brought back to san francisco. “they’re not from here — they’re tourists,” ferguson said. “they don’t even speak english. they were very confused. they had no idea how they wound up on the bridge.” depending on the model, the small cars can go between 30 and 45 miles per hour, withrington said. “i can’t imagine someone would deliberately do it,” withrington said. “i know we’re asked all the time if you can go over the bridge, so people perhaps want to. but we sit them down to watch a safety briefing video that says no bridges or freeways.” ferguson was less surprised. “it’s happened to me, happened to several officers.” he said of finding gocar freeway excursions. “it happens sort of often.”	ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ɪn ˈskræntən, ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪnjə. əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd ˈkæstər ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ɔn ˈtuzˌdeɪ ˈpəblɪʃt ən ˈoʊpən ˈlɛtər tɪ wɛlz ˈfɑrˌgoʊ ˈkəstəmərz, sˈlæmɪŋ ðə bæŋks ˌɪˈligəl əˈkaʊnt ˈoʊpənɪŋz ənd ˈaʊˌtlaɪnɪŋ wət ʃʊd ˈhæpən nɛkst. ɪn ðə ˈlɛtər ˈpəblɪʃt ɔn hər ˈwɛbˌsaɪt, ðə ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni sɛd ʃi wɑz "ˈdipli dɪˈstərbd" baɪ ðə nuz ənd sɛd ðə bæŋk oʊd ɔl ɪts ˈkəstəmərz ə klɪr ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən. ˈərliər ɪn sɛpˈtɛmbər, ðə kənˈsumər ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl prəˈtɛkʃən ˈbjʊroʊ, ðə ˈɔfəs əv ðə ˈkɑmˌtroʊlər əv ðə ˈkərənsi, ənd ðə lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs ˈsɪti əˈtərni əˈkjuzd wɛlz ˈfɑrˌgoʊ əv ˈoʊpənɪŋ əˈkaʊnts ənd kəˈlɛktɪŋ fiz ɪn ˈkəstəmərz' neɪmz wɪˈθaʊt ðɛr ˈnɑlɪʤ ər kənˈsɛnt. ðə bæŋk ˈoʊpənd əp tɪ 2 ˈmɪljən səʧ dɪˈpɑzət ənd əˈkaʊnts, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə cfpb. "ðɛr ɪz ˈsɪmpli noʊ pleɪs fər ðɪs kaɪnd əv aʊˈtreɪʤəs bɪˈheɪvjər ɪn əˈmɛrɪkə," ˈklɪntən sɛd. wɛlz ˈfɑrˌgoʊ ˈsiˌiˈoʊ ʤɑn stəmpf wɪl ˈtɛstɪˌfaɪ ɪn ˈkɑŋgrəs ɔn ˈtuzˌdeɪ. "ˈivɪn ˈæftər əˈmɛrɪkənz spɛnt jɪrz ˈwərkɪŋ hɑrd tɪ rɪˈkəvər frəm ðə greɪt ˌriˈsɛʃən, ðə ˈkəlʧər əv mɪˈskɑndəkt ənd ˈrɛkləsnəs ðət prɪˈsidɪd ðət ˈkraɪsəs tu ˈɔfən pərˈsɪsts," ˈklɪntən sɛd. ˈklɪntən sɛd ʃi wʊd stɑp plænz baɪ "ˈdɑnəld trəmp, ðə rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈpɑrti, ənd wɔl strit ˈlɑbiɪsts" tɪ gɪt rɪd əv ðə cfpb. ɪn ən ˈɪntərvˌju wɪθ ˈrɔɪtərz ɪn meɪ, trəmp sɛd hi wʊd dɪsˈmænəl ˌrɛgjəˈleɪʃənz bɪˈkəz ðeɪ meɪd ɪt ˈhɑrdər fər bæŋks tɪ grænt loʊnz. ˈklɪntən ˈɔlsoʊ slæmd ðə 125 ˈmɪljən peɪaʊt tɪ wɛlz ˈfɑrˌgoʊ ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv ˈkɛri wɪn ʃi rɪˈtaɪrz æt ðə ɛnd əv ðə jɪr. ˈoʊvərˌsɔ ðə kəmˈjunɪti ˈbæŋkɪŋ dɪˈvɪʒən. ɪts riˌspɑnsəˈbɪlətiz ˌɪnˈkludɪd ðə ˈriˌteɪl ˈbæŋkɪŋ ənd ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz, wɪʧ wɑz ˈɪmplɪˌkeɪtɪd ɪn ðə ˌɪmˈprɑpərli ˈoʊpənd əˈkaʊnts. əˈnaʊnst ðə muv ɪn ˌʤuˈlaɪ, ˌbiˈfɔr nuz əv ðə ˈfrɔʤələnt əˈkaʊnts wɑz ˈpəblɪk. "ɪts hɑrd tɪ ˌɪˈmæʤən ðət tɔp ɪgˈzɛkjətɪvz wər ˌənəˈwɛr əv ə ˈprɑbləm ðət ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ˈθaʊzənz əv ðə fərmz ɪmˈplɔɪiz," ˈklɪntən sɛd, ˈædɪŋ ðət ˌkɑmpənˈseɪʃən ʃʊd teɪk ə hɪt ɪf ˈkəmpəˌniz peɪ juʤ faɪnz.
hillary clinton in scranton, pennsylvania. associated press/carolyn kaster hillary clinton on tuesday published an open letter to wells fargo customers, slamming the bank's illegal account openings and outlining what should happen next. in the letter published on her website, the democratic presidential nominee said she was "deeply disturbed" by the news and said the bank owed all its customers a clear explanation. earlier in september, the consumer financial protection bureau, the office of the comptroller of the currency, and the los angeles city attorney accused wells fargo of opening accounts and collecting fees in customers' names without their knowledge or consent. the bank opened up to 2 million such deposit and credit-card accounts, according to the cfpb. "there is simply no place for this kind of outrageous behavior in america," clinton said. wells fargo ceo john stumpf will testify in congress on tuesday. "even after americans spent years working hard to recover from the great recession, the culture of misconduct and recklessness that preceded that crisis too often persists," clinton said. clinton said she would stop plans by "donald trump, the republican party, and wall street lobbyists" to get rid of the cfpb. in an interview with reuters in may, trump said he would dismantle dodd-frank regulations because they made it harder for banks to grant loans. clinton also slammed the $125 million payout to wells fargo executive carrie tolstedt when she retires at the end of the year. tolstedt oversaw the community banking division. its responsibilities included the retail banking and credit-card operations, which was implicated in the improperly opened accounts. tolstedt announced the move in july, before news of the fraudulent accounts was public. "it's hard to imagine that top executives were unaware of a problem that involved thousands of the firm's employees," clinton said, adding that compensation should take a hit if companies pay huge fines.	ˈproʊˌtɛstərz ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ðə vænˈkuvər kləb. wɪn dɪk ˈʧeɪni spiks ɪn tərˈɑntoʊ ɔn ɑkˈtoʊbər 31 hi wɪl bi kənˈfrəntɪd baɪ ˈpipəl frəm ˈkænədə ənd ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts dɪˈmændɪŋ ðət ðə kəˈneɪdiən ˈgəvərnmənt ərˈɛst ənd ˈprɑsəˌkjut ɪm fər ˈtɔrʧər ənd ˈəðər kraɪmz. ˈpipəl θruaʊt ˈkænədə ər dɪˈmændɪŋ ðət ðə kəˈneɪdiən ˈgəvərnmənt ˈiðər bɑr ˈʧeɪni ər ərˈɛst ɪm ʃʊd hi ˈfɑloʊ θru wɪθ hɪz plænz tɪ bi ə ˈkiˌnoʊt ˈspikər æt ən ˈəpˌkəmɪŋ ˈkɑnfərəns ɪn tərˈɑntoʊ. ðeɪ ər ˌɪnˈsɪstɪŋ ðət kəˈneɪdiən ənd ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl lɔ ˌrikˈwaɪər ðət ˈʧeɪni bi ərˈɛstɪd ɪf hi kəmz tɪ ˈkænədə. ˈʧeɪni ˈkænsəld ə ˈsɪmələr ˈspikɪŋ ɛnˈgeɪʤmənt læst ˈeɪprəl ɪn tərˈɑntoʊ bɪˈkəz hi fɪrd ðə ˌmoʊbəlɪˈzeɪʃən əv ðə ˈpipəl. wɪn ˈʧeɪni wɑz ˈspikɪŋ mənθs ˈərliər ɪn vænˈkuvər hi wɑz kənˈfrəntɪd baɪ ˈæŋgri ˈdɛmənˌstreɪtərz dɪˈmændɪŋ ðət hi bi ˈprɑsɪˌkjutɪd. ˈθaʊzənz əv ˈpipəl wər ˈtɔrʧərd beɪst ɔn ənd ˌɪnˈstrəkʃənz tɪ ðə siaɪeɪ ənd ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri. ˈkɪdˌnæpɪŋz, rɛnˈdɪʃənz, ˈtɔrʧər ənd əˌsæsəˈneɪʃənz wər ˈsæŋkʃənd baɪ bʊʃ ənd ˈʧeɪni. ˈhənərdz əv ˈθaʊzənz əv ˌɪˈrækiz daɪd ˈnidləsli ənd ˈmɪljənz bɪˈkeɪm ˈrɛfˌjuʤiz. tɛnz əv ˈθaʊzənz əv juz. ˈsərvɪs ˈmɛmbərz ˈsəfərd ˈlaɪfˌʧeɪnʤɪŋ ˈɪnʤəriz ənd mɔr ðən wər kɪld.. ˈʧeɪni ʤoʊks əˈbaʊt ˈtɔrʧər ˈʧeɪni ɪz ə dɪˈspɪkəbəl ˈkɛrɪktər. hi əˈpɪrd ɔn ɑkˈtoʊbər 7 2013 æt ðə ˈplɑzə hoʊˈtɛl wɪθ ˈdɑnəld ˈrəmzˌfɛld ɪn ˈwɔʃɪŋtən, d.c., wɛr ðə tu əv ðɛm swɔpt ˈtɔrʧər ʤoʊks frəm ðə ˈpoʊdiəm, wɪθ ˈrəmzˌfɛld ðət ˈʧeɪni hæd ˈivɪn bɪn fɪʃ. ðiz əbˈsin dɪˈspleɪz əˈbaʊt ðɛr kraɪmz ər ən əˈfrənt tɪ juˈmænɪti. ɪt ɪz ˈkrɪtɪkəl ðət wi kənˈtɪnju tɪ ækt təˈgɛðər tɪ dɪˈmænd ˈgəvərnmənt əˈkaʊntəˌbɪlɪti. bʊʃ ənd ˈʧeɪni ˈkænɑt goʊ ˈɛniˌwɛr ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ər əraʊnd ðə wərld wɪˈθaʊt bi ˈʧælənʤd baɪ ðɪs ˈgræsˈruts ˈmuvmənt ðət ɪz dɪˈmændɪŋ ðət haɪ əˈfɪʃəlz hu kəˈmɪt ˈkrɪmənəl ækts bi ərˈɛstɪd ənd ˈprɑsɪˌkjutɪd. ðə ˌɪnˈdaɪt bʊʃ naʊ ˈmuvmənt ɪz ˈərʤɪŋ ɔl əv ɪts səˈpɔrtərz ənd frɛndz hu kən tɪ ʤɔɪn ər səˈpɔrt ðə ɑkˈtoʊbər 31 ˌdɛmənˈstreɪʃən ɪn tərˈɑntoʊ. ðə ˈproʊˌtɛst wɪl bɪˈgɪn æt æt ðə ˈmɛˌtroʊ tərˈɑntoʊ kənˈvɛnʃən ˈsɛnər, 255 frənt st. ˈdəbəlju tərˈɑntoʊ, ˈkænədə. ðə ˌɪnˈdaɪt bʊʃ naʊ ˈmuvmənt ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈʤɔɪnɪŋ wɪθ ˈθaʊzənz əv ˈpipəl ðɪs ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ, ɑkˈtoʊbər 26 ɪn ə mɑrʧ ɔn ðə juz. ˈkæpɪtəl dɪˈmændɪŋ ðət ðə ˈgəvərnmənt dɪsˈmænəl ðə ˈsikrɪt spaɪɪŋ ˈproʊˌgræm əˈgɛnst ðə ˈpipəl əv ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ənd ðə wərld. ɑkˈtoʊbər 26 ɪz ðə ˌænəˈvərsəri əv bʊʃ ˈsaɪnɪŋ ðə ˈpeɪtriət ækt ðət həz bɪn juzd tɪ kriˈeɪt ə sərˈveɪləns steɪt ðət ɪz dɪˈstrɔɪɪŋ ˈbeɪsɪk ˈpərsɪnəl ˈfridəmz ənd ðə raɪt tɪ ˈpraɪvəsi. bʊʃ ənd ˈʧeɪni ˈstɑrtɪd ðiz ˈproʊˌgræmz bət wi ðə ˈpipəl kən stɑp ðɛm. bət wi məst ækt. ʤɔɪn ˈjuˈɛs ðɪs ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ æt æm æt kəˈləmbəs ˈsərkəl ɪn frənt əv ˈjunjən ˈsteɪʃən ɪn ˈdaʊnˈtaʊn ˈwɔʃɪŋtən, d.c*. pliz kənˈtɪnju tɪ ʃoʊ jʊr səˈpɔrt wɪθ ən ˈərʤəntli ˈnidɪd doʊˈneɪʃən təˈdeɪ. frəm ɔl əv ˈjuˈɛs æt
protesters outside the vancouver club. when dick cheney speaks in toronto on october 31 he will be confronted by people from canada and the united states demanding that the canadian government arrest and prosecute him for torture and other crimes. people throughout canada are demanding that the canadian government either bar cheney or arrest him should he follow through with his plans to be a keynote speaker at an upcoming conference in toronto. they are insisting that canadian and international law require that cheney be arrested if he comes to canada. cheney canceled a similar speaking engagement last april in toronto because he feared the mobilization of the people. when cheney was speaking months earlier in vancouver he was confronted by angry demonstrators demanding that he be prosecuted. thousands of people were tortured based on cheney’s and bush’s instructions to the cia and military. kidnappings, renditions, torture and assassinations were sanctioned by bush and cheney. hundreds of thousands of iraqis died needlessly and millions became refugees. tens of thousands of u.s. service members suffered life-changing injuries and more than 5,000 were killed.. cheney jokes about torture cheney is a despicable character. he appeared on october 7, 2013, at the plaza hotel with donald rumsfeld in washington, d.c., where the two of them swapped torture jokes from the podium, with rumsfeld quipping that cheney had even been waterboarding fish. these obscene displays about their crimes are an affront to humanity. it is critical that we continue to act together to demand government accountability. bush and cheney cannot go anywhere in the united states or around the world without be challenged by this grassroots movement that is demanding that high officials who commit criminal acts be arrested and prosecuted. the indict bush now movement is urging all of its supporters and friends who can to join or support the october 31 demonstration in toronto. the protest will begin at 11:30am at the metro toronto convention center, 255 front st. w – toronto, canada. the indict bush now movement is also joining with thousands of people this saturday, october 26 in a march on the u.s. capital demanding that the government dismantle the secret spying program against the people of the united states and the world. october 26 is the 12th anniversary of bush signing the patriot act that has been used to create a surveillance state that is destroying basic personal freedoms and the right to privacy. bush and cheney started these programs but we the people can stop them. but we must act. join us this saturday at 11:30 am at columbus circle in front of union station in downtown washington, d.c. please continue to show your support with an urgently needed donation today. — from all of us at indictbushnow.org	ˈərliər təˈdeɪ ˈbrɪtən əˈmɛndɪd ɪts ˌjunəˈvərsəl ˌʤʊrɪsˈdɪkʃən lɔ tɪ ðə ɪkˈstɛnt ðət ˌɪzˈreɪli wɔr ˈkrɪmənəlz kən naʊ ˈɛnər ðə ˈkɪŋdəm wɪˈθaʊt rɪsk əv ərˈɛst. ˈbrɪtɪʃ æmˈbæsədər tɪ ˈɪzriəl ˈmæθju guld ˈʃeɪmləsli kɔld ˌɪzˈreɪli wɔr ˈkrɪmənəl livni, əˈgɛnst hum ən ərˈɛst ˈwɔrənt wɑz ˈɪʃud ɪn 2009 ənd toʊld hər ðət ðə kwin həz saɪnd ðə əˈmɛndmənt "tɪ ɪnˈʃʊr ðət ðə ˈʤəstɪs ˈsɪstəm kən noʊ ˈlɔŋgər bi əˈbjuzd fər pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈrizənz." ˌɪgnərˈeɪməs æmˈbæsədər guld ʃʊd noʊ ðət ˈpʊtɪŋ ə wɔr ˈkrɪmənəl bɪˈhaɪnd bɑrz ɪz nɑt ə pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈmætər, bət ən ˈɛθɪkəl nəˈsɛsɪti. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ðə əˈmɛndmənt əv ðə lɔ ɪz ʤɪst əˈnəðər ˈsɪmptəm əv ðə əv ˈligəl ˈsɪstəm ənd ˈkəlʧər. aɪ bɪˈliv ðət ðə ˈtaɪmɪŋ əv ðɪs səbˈmɪsɪv ˈdubiəs pəˈlɪtɪkəl dɪˈsɪʒən bi mɔr sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt. ðɪs wik ə ˈdɛkeɪd əˈgoʊ ðə ˈɪŋlɪʃ ˈspikɪŋ ˈɛmpaɪər əˈdɑptəd ðə oʊld fər ənd eye’’ (i.e*. 'ðə wɔr əˈgɛnst ˈtɛrər') ɛz ɪts nu əˈfɪʃəl ˌaɪdiəˈlɑʤɪkəl ˈmæntrə. hɛns, ɪt ɪz fɑr frəm biɪŋ səˈpraɪzɪŋ ðət ɪt ɪz naʊ ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ˈɔrdərz frəm ʤərˈusələm. ɪf ðə wɛst wɑz wəns əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd wɪθ ˈæθənz, ɪt ɪz ˈklɪrli ˈfɪkˌseɪtɪd baɪ ʤərˈusələm naʊ. ðɪs ɪz ˈsərtənli ə ˈtræʤədi, jɛt nɑt ə grik wən. ju kən naʊ nu bʊk ɔn ər
earlier today britain amended its universal jurisdiction law to the extent that israeli war criminals can now enter the kingdom without risk of arrest. british ambassador to israel matthew gould shamelessly called israeli war criminal tzipi livni, against whom an arrest warrant was issued in 2009, and told her that the queen has signed the amendment "to ensure that the uk’s justice system can no longer be abused for political reasons." ignoramus ambassador gould should know that putting a war criminal behind bars is not a political matter, but an ethical necessity. however, the amendment of the law is just another symptom of the zion-ification of uk legal system and culture. i believe that the timing of this submissive dubious political decision couldn’t be more significant. this week a decade ago the english speaking empire adopted the old testament’s ‘eye for and eye’ (i.e. 'the war against terror') as its new official ideological mantra. hence, it is far from being surprising that it is now following orders from jerusalem. if the west was once associated with athens, it is clearly fixated by jerusalem now. this is certainly a tragedy, yet not a greek one. you can now pre-order gilad atzmon's new book on amazon.com or amazon.co.uk	ən ˌɪnˈtɛləʤənt ˈskutər prəˈdust ɪn ɪz əˈməŋ ðə ˈfaɪnəlɪsts əv ðə ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən wɪʧ teɪks pleɪs ɪn lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs, ˈjuˈɛˈseɪ. ðə ˈskutər kɔld ˈprɑʤɛkt ɪz kriˈeɪtɪd baɪ ə tim fɔrmd əv də vriz, ˈfleɪviɪs balak*, ʤɔrʤ ənd ˈpævəl kɪs ɔl frəm ˈsɪti. ðə ˈskutər wɑz meɪd tɪ bi juzd wɪˈθɪn ðə ˈsɪti, ɪt həz noʊ ˈkɑnˌtækt ki ənd ɪt stɑrts baɪ ˈjuzɪŋ ə æp. ɛz wɛl, ðə ˈjuzər kən kənˈtroʊl ðə spid, ðə ˈtræfɪk ənd kən ʧɛk aʊt ðə ˈbætəri baɪ ˈjuzɪŋ ðə æp. ðə æp kəˈlɛkts ˈdætə frəm ðə ˈtræfɪk ən sɛndz ˈsɛtɪŋz fər ðə ˈskutər æp. wɪn ðə ˈskutər ɪz pɑrkt, ðə wilz blɑk ənd ɪf ɪt ɪz muvd ɪt sɛnd ən əˈlərt ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli tɪ ðə. ðə ˈskutər kən riʧ 25 ˈkɪləˌmitərz pər aʊər ənd həz ən əˈtɑnəmi əv 50 ˈkɪləˌmitərz. ɪt teɪks 3 aʊərz fər ðə ˈbætəri tɪ ʧɑrʤ. ə pɑrt əv ðə ˈskutər ɪz meɪd ɪn roʊˈmeɪniə ɪn ə ˈpraɪvət ˈfæktəri, ðə ˈskutər wɪl bi prəˈdust ɪn ˈsɪŋəˌpɔr. ðə ˈoʊnərz əv ðə dɪd nɑt wɔnt tɪ ˈproʊdus ɪt ɪn ˈʧaɪnə, du tɪ ðə fækt ðət ðeɪ ˈwɔntɪd ðɛr ˈprɑdəkt tɪ bi ˌɪnˈkludɪd ɪn ə ˈprimiəm ˈkætəˌgɔri. ðə ˈskutər kɔsts əraʊnd 1990 ˈdɔlərz ənd ˈkəstəmərz kən ʧuz ˌwəˈtɛvər ˈkələrz ðeɪ wɔnt. sɔrs:
an intelligent scooter produced in arad is among the finalists of the lacomotion competition which takes place in los angeles, usa. the scooter called project scooterson is created by a team formed of mihnea de vries, flavius balak, george poenaru and pavel kiss all from arad city. the scooter was made to be used within the city, it has no contact key and it starts by using a smartphone app. as well, the user can control the speed, the traffic and can check out the battery by using the app. the app collects data from the traffic an sends optimised settings for the scooter app. when the scooter is parked, the wheels block and if it is moved it send an alert immediately to the smartphone. the scooter can reach 25 kilometers per hour and has an autonomy of 50 kilometers. it takes 3 hours for the battery to charge. a part of the scooter is made in romania in a private factory, the scooter will be produced in singapore. the owners of the scooterson did not want to produce it in china, due to the fact that they wanted their product to be included in a premium category. the scooter costs around 1990 dollars and customers can choose whatever colors they want. source: greatnews aradon.ro	ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri əv steɪt ʤɑn ɛf. ˈkɛri əraɪvz æt ˈkɑbʊl ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˈɛrˌpɔrt ɔn ˈeɪprəl 9 fər ə deɪ əv ˈmitɪŋz wɪθ ˈæfˌgæn ˈlidərz. (ˈʤɑnəθən ernst/reuters) ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri əv steɪt ʤɑn ɛf. ˈkɛri ɔn ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ ərʤd ˈlidərz tɪ kˈwɑpərˌeɪt ənd ˈdɛmənˌstreɪt tɪ ˈdoʊnər ˈneɪʃənz ðət ðeɪ ər ˈkeɪpəbəl əv ˈmænəʤɪŋ ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri ənd ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl eɪd. ˈkɛri keɪm tɪ æfˈgænəˌstæn tɪ tɛl ðə tu pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈraɪvəlz hu ʃɛr paʊər ɪn ən əˈnizi ərˈeɪnʤmənt ðət ˈkɛri ˈbroʊkərd 18 mənθs əˈgoʊ ðət ðeɪ məst gɪt ðɛr ækt təˈgɛðər ˌbiˈfɔr ˈdoʊnər ˈkɑnfərənsəz ˈleɪtər ðɪs jɪr. rikˈwaɪərz ˈkrɛdəbəl institutions,”,” ˈkɛri sɛd, ˈstændɪŋ bɪˈhaɪnd ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈæftər ˈsɛpərˌeɪt ˈmitɪŋz wɪθ ɪm ənd ˈleɪtər wɪθ ənd ʧif ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv ˌæbˈdələ ˌæbˈdələ. ðən ðət, ɪt rikˈwaɪərz ˈpipəl frəm ˈdɪfərənt pəˈlɪtɪkəl, ˈɛθnɪk ənd ˌʤiəˈgræfɪk ˈfækʃənz tɪ bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ kəm təˈgɛðər ənd wərk fər ðə ˈkɑmən good.”.” ənd ˌæbˈdələ boʊθ kleɪm tɪ hæv wən ðə 2014 ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ɪˈlɛkʃən. baɪ ˈmɛni əˈkaʊnts, ðeɪ hæv ˈdɪfɪˌkəlti kəmˈjunəˌkeɪtɪŋ wɪθ iʧ ˈəðər, ənd ðə ˈgəvərnmənt ɪz ˈsteɪlˌmeɪtɪd ɔn ˈsɛvərəl ˈbeɪsɪk ˈɪʃuz. ˈminˌwaɪl, ðə səˈpoʊzd ˈjunɪti ˈgəvərnmənt ðeɪ hɛd həz groʊn ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋgli ˌənˈpɑpjələr ənd ənˈwərkəbəl ɛz ə ˈstəmbəlɪŋ ɪˈkɑnəmi ənd ə rɪˈzɪljənt ˈtælɪˌbæn fjuəl ə breɪn dreɪn əv ˈæfˌgæn ˈmaɪgrənts tɪ ˈjʊrəp. ðə ˈvɪzɪt tɪ ˈkɑbʊl wɑz ˈsɛkənd ˌənəˈnaʊnst stɑp ɪn tu deɪz, ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ə deɪ ɪn ˈbægdæd. ðə ədˈvæns ˈsikrəsi sərˈaʊndɪŋ ðiz ˈvɪzɪts ˌəndərˈskɔrz ðə priˈkɛriəs sɪˈkjʊrəti ənd pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˌɪnstəˈbɪlɪti ɪn ðə tu ˈkəntriz ðət ə ˌkoʊəˈlɪʃən ˌɪnˈveɪdɪd ˈæftər ðə sɛpt. 11 2001 ˈtɛrərɪst əˈtæks. [ˈkɛri əraɪvz ɪn ˈbægdæd ɪn ʃoʊ əv səˈpɔrt fər ˈgəvərnmənt] ɪn boʊθ ˈkəntriz, ðə ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri kənˈfrəntɪd ə blik pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈlænˌskeɪp bɪˈsɛt baɪ ˈstraɪkɪŋli ˈsɪmələr ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ənd sɪˈkjʊrəti ˈkraɪsiz. ɪn ˈbægdæd, ðə ˈgəvərnmənt ɪz pərˈpɛrɪŋ ən əˈfɛnsɪv tɪ ˈriˈteɪk ˈmoʊsəl frəm ðə ˌɪzˈlɑmɪk steɪt ənd ɪz ˈəndər ˈprɛʃər tɪ rut aʊt kərˈəpʃən ənd faɪnd ðə ˈməni tɪ fənd ˈbeɪsɪk ˈsərvɪsɪz. ɪn ˈkɑbʊl, ðə ˈʧælənʤɪz ər ˈivɪn ˈgreɪtər. ðə ˈpɑvərti reɪt həz ˈrɪzən tɪ 49 pərˈsɛnt ɛz ˈfɔrən trups hæv wɪθˈdrɔn, ˈlivɪŋ ˈθaʊzənz əv ˈæfˌgænz ˌənɛmˈplɔɪd. ðə ˈtælɪˌbæn ənd ˈbrænʧɪz əv ˌɪzˈlɑmɪk ˈmɪlətənt grups səʧ ɛz ðə ˌɪzˈlɑmɪk steɪt, sɛd tɪ bi ˈmoʊstli meɪd əp əv ˌdɪsəˈfɛktɪd ˈtælɪˌbæn ˈfaɪtərz, stɪl kənˈtroʊl pɑrts əv ðə ˈkəntriˌsaɪd. prəˈspɛktɪv pis tɔks hæv stɔld, ənd ðə ˈtælɪˌbæn həz ʃoʊn noʊ saɪn ɪt wɪl kəm tɪ ðə nɪˈgoʊʃiˌeɪtɪŋ ˈteɪbəl. ðə ˈfaɪtɪŋ bɪtˈwin ˈgəvərnmənt trups ənd ˌɪnˈsərʤənts həz lɛd tɪ ðə ˈkloʊʒər əv ˈhənərdz əv skulz ənd prəˈpɛld ən ˈɛksədəs əv ˈæfˌgænz ˈsikɪŋ ə ˈbɛtər laɪf ˈɛlsˌwɛr. ˈæfˌgænz ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt wən ɪn faɪv ˈmaɪgrənts ərˈaɪvɪŋ ɪn ˈjʊrəp, ˈsɛkənd ˈoʊnli tɪ ˈsɪriənz ɪn ˈnəmbər. ɪn hɪz ˈoʊpənɪŋ rɪˈmɑrks æt ə ˈmitɪŋ wɪθ ˈfɔrən ˈmɪnɪstər rəˈbɑni, ˈkɛri əˈdɑptəd ðə toʊn əv ə koʊʧ ˈʤɛntli ˈʧaɪdɪŋ ə tim wɪθ ə strɪŋ əv ˈlɔsɪz æt ɛnd. hi sɛd ðɛr wɑz noʊ taɪm tɪ spɛr, ˈsaɪtɪŋ tu ˈkrɪtɪkəl ˈmitɪŋz ˈleɪtər ðɪs jɪr. ˈneɪtoʊ ˈneɪʃənz mit ɪn ˈwɔrˌsɔ ɪn ˌʤuˈlaɪ tɪ dɪˈskəs sɪˈkjʊrəti əˈsɪstəns tɪ æfˈgænəˌstæn, ənd ə ˈbrəsəlz ˈkɑnfərəns ɔn dɪˈvɛləpmənt eɪd fər ðə ˈkəntri ɪz ˈskɛʤʊld fər ɑkˈtoʊbər. meɪk ðɛm ə səkˈsɛs, wi nid tɪ ˈmæksəˌmaɪz iʧ ənd ˈɛvəri deɪ bɪtˈwin naʊ ənd ðoʊz meetings,”,” ˈkɛri sɛd ɛz hi sæt ˌbiˈsaɪd rəˈbɑni ɪn ə lɑrʤ, ɔrˈneɪtli ˈdɛkərˌeɪtɪd rum æt ðə ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈpæləs, laɪnd wɪθ ɔɪl ˈpɔrtrəts əv ˈæfˌgæn ˈlidərz θru ðə ˈeɪʤɪz. nid tɪ meɪk ˈsərtən ðət ðə ˈgəvərnmənt əv ˈnæʃənəl ˈjunɪti ɪz duɪŋ ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ˈpɑsəbəl tɪ bi ˈjunəˌfaɪd ənd dɪˈlɪvər tɪ ðə ˈpipəl əv afghanistan,”,” ˈkɛri kənˈtɪnjud. iʧ hæv ə juʤ steɪk ɪn kənˈtɪnjuɪŋ jʊr ˈfɔrwərd momentum.”.” əˈpɪrd tɪ əˈgri, ˈtɛlɪŋ rɪˈpɔrtərz hi hoʊpt tɪ kəm tɪ ˈwɔrˌsɔ ənd ˈbrəsəlz wɪθ ə ˌkɑmpriˈhɛnsɪv rɪˈfɔrm ˈproʊˌgræm ðət wɪl ˈtərgət kərˈəpʃən. ˈædɪŋ tɪ ðə sɛns əv ˈərʤənsi ɪz ðə ˈprɑspɛkt əv ə dˈwɪndəlɪŋ juz. ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri ˈprɛzəns. ˈkərəntli, juz. trups sərv ɪn æfˈgænəˌstæn, ə ˈlɛvəl ˈprɛzɪdənt ˌoʊˈbɑmə wɔnts tɪ meɪnˈteɪn θru ðə ˈfaɪtɪŋ ˈsizən. bət hi həz sɛt ə goʊl əv baɪ ðə ɛnd əv hɪz tərm. dɪˈspaɪt ðə kənˈsərnz vɔɪst baɪ ˈkɛri, juz. əˈfɪʃəlz meɪnˈteɪn ðət æfˈgænəˌstæn həz meɪd straɪdz sɪns ðə juz. ˌɪnˈveɪʒən ɪn 2001 ˈkɛri ˈmɛnʃənd ðət wɪn hi keɪm tɪ æfˈgænəˌstæn ɛz ə ˈsɛnətər 14 jɪrz əˈgoʊ, ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɔl ðə ˈʧɪldrən ɪn skul wər bɔɪz. naʊ ˌwənˈθərd ər gərlz. rɛd mɔr: juz. trups ər bæk ɪn ˈrɛstɪv ˈæfˌgæn ˈprɑvɪns, ə jɪr ˈæftər wɪθˈdrɔəl ˈkɛri tɛlz ˌɪˈrɑn tɪ ʤɔɪn ˈɛfərts fər pis ɪn ˈjɛmən ənd ˈsɪriə ˈkɛri əraɪvz ɪn ˈʤɔrdən tɪ dɪˈskəs ˈsɪriən ˈsɪvəl wɔr, ˈbætəl wɪθ ˈaɪsəs
secretary of state john f. kerry arrives at kabul international airport on april 9 for a day of meetings with afghan leaders. (jonathan ernst/reuters) secretary of state john f. kerry on saturday urged afghan’s disputatious leaders to cooperate and demonstrate to donor nations that they are capable of managing military and financial aid. kerry came to afghanistan to tell the two political rivals — who share power in an uneasy arrangement that kerry brokered 18 months ago — that they must get their act together before donor conferences later this year. “democracy requires credible institutions,” kerry said, standing behind president ashraf ghani after separate meetings with him and later with ghani and chief executive abdullah abdullah. “more than that, it requires people from different political, ethnic and geographic factions to be able to come together and work for the common good.” ghani and abdullah both claim to have won the 2014 presidential election. by many accounts, they have difficulty communicating with each other, and the government is stalemated on several basic issues. meanwhile, the supposed unity government they head has grown increasingly unpopular and unworkable as a stumbling economy and a resilient taliban fuel a brain drain of afghan migrants to europe. the visit to kabul was kerry’s second unannounced stop in two days, following a day in baghdad. the advance secrecy surrounding these visits underscores the precarious security and political instability in the two countries that a u.s.-led coalition invaded after the sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. [kerry arrives in baghdad in show of support for government] in both countries, the secretary confronted a bleak political landscape beset by strikingly similar economic and security crises. in baghdad, the government is preparing an offensive to retake mosul from the islamic state and is under pressure to root out corruption and find the money to fund basic services. in kabul, the challenges are even greater. the country’s poverty rate has risen to 49 percent as foreign troops have withdrawn, leaving thousands of afghans unemployed. the taliban and branches of islamic militant groups such as the islamic state, said to be mostly made up of disaffected taliban fighters, still control parts of the countryside. prospective peace talks have stalled, and the taliban has shown no sign it will come to the negotiating table. the fighting between government troops and insurgents has led to the closure of hundreds of schools and propelled an exodus of afghans seeking a better life elsewhere. afghans represent one in five migrants arriving in europe, second only to syrians in number. in his opening remarks at a meeting with foreign minister salahuddin rabbani, kerry adopted the tone of a coach gently chiding a team with a string of losses at season’s end. he said there was no time to spare, citing two critical meetings later this year. nato nations meet in warsaw in july to discuss security assistance to afghanistan, and a brussels conference on development aid for the country is scheduled for october. “to make them a success, we need to maximize each and every day between now and those meetings,” kerry said as he sat beside rabbani in a large, ornately decorated room at the presidential palace, lined with oil portraits of afghan leaders through the ages. “we need to make certain that the government of national unity is doing everything possible to be unified and deliver to the people of afghanistan,” kerry continued. “we each have a huge stake in continuing your country’s forward momentum.” ghani appeared to agree, telling reporters he hoped to come to warsaw and brussels with a comprehensive reform program that will target corruption. adding to the sense of urgency is the prospect of a dwindling u.s. military presence. currently, 9,800 u.s. troops serve in afghanistan, a level president obama wants to maintain through the fighting season. but he has set a goal of 5,500 by the end of his term. despite the concerns voiced by kerry, u.s. officials maintain that afghanistan has made strides since the u.s. invasion in 2001. kerry mentioned that when he came to afghanistan as a senator 14 years ago, almost all the children in school were boys. now one-third are girls. read more: u.s. troops are back in restive afghan province, a year after withdrawal kerry tells iran to join efforts for peace in yemen and syria kerry arrives in jordan to discuss syrian civil war, battle with isis	fər fɔl 2015 əˈdidəs ˈaʊtˌdɔr ˈdeɪbjuz ðɛr fərst sɛt əv ˈhaɪkɪŋ buts wɪθ bust tɛkˈnɑləʤi. ðə buts ʤɔɪn ən ɪkˈspændɪd laɪn əv bust ˈloʊdɪd treɪl ˈrənərz. fərst əˈpɪrɪŋ ɪn əˈdidəs roʊd ˈrənɪŋ ʃuz, bust prəˈvaɪdz mɔr ˈɛnərʤi rɪˈtərn ðən ˈɛni ˈəðər ˈkʊʃənɪŋ məˈtɪriəl ɪn ðə minz ðə nu ˈhaɪkərz ənd treɪl ˈrənərz ər aɪˈdil fər ˌlɔŋˈdistəns ˈmaʊntən treɪlz ər rənz. ˈɛniˌwən? ə ˈkəpəl əv jɪrz əˈgoʊ, əˈdidəs ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ riˈθɪŋk məˈtɪriəl ənd kəmˈplitli skræpt ðə ˈstændərd ˈivə foʊm faʊnd ɪn moʊst ˈrənɪŋ ənd ˈhaɪkɪŋ ʃuz. ˌɪnˈstɛd, ðə ˈkəmpəˌni tʊk ə ˌθərməˈplæstɪk ˌpɑˌliˈʊrəˌθeɪn (tpu) məˈtɪriəl ənd kriˈeɪtɪd ə nu ˈkʊʃənɪŋ leɪər meɪd frəm ˈlɪtəl ˈplæstɪk ˈpɛbəlz fjuzd təˈgɛðər wɪθ stim ənd ˈprɛʃər. ðə rɪˈzəlt ɪz ə məˈtɪriəl ðət ɪz ənd ˈɔfərz ˈbɛtər ˈkʊʃənɪŋ ðən trəˈdɪʃənəl foʊmz. ðə nu bust ˈhaɪkɪŋ but kəˈlɛkʃən ˌɪnˈkludz tu staɪlz fər ˈəltəmət bust 200 ˈpɪkʧərd tɔp) ənd ə mɔr ˈərbən lʊk, ðə bust ˈərbən ˈhaɪkər 180 ðə ˈfɔrmər ɪz ə ˈwɔtərˌpruf ˈhaɪkɪŋ ʃu ˈloʊdɪd wɪθ ˌɪnsəˈleɪʃən fər wɔrmθ ənd ˈfiʧərɪŋ ə ˌkɑntəˈnɛnəl ˈrəbər fər ˈsupər grɪp ɪn ˈwɪntər kənˈdɪʃənz. ˈprɑbəˌbli ðə ˈkuləst nu treɪl ˈrənər ɪn ðə fɔl 2015 əˈdidəs ˈaʊtˌdɔr bust kəˈlɛkʃən ɪz ðə praɪm bust ˈlaɪtˈweɪt treɪl ˈrənər ˈjutəˌlaɪzɪŋ ə fʊl nɪt ˈəpər fər ˈædɪd ˈkəmfərt ənd fɪt. əˈdɪʃənəl ˈfiʧərz ˌɪnˈklud ˈdʊrəbəl lacing, ə prəˈtɛktɪv toʊ, ənd ə. ðə bust 200 ɪz ˈbeɪsɪkli ðə ˈwɔtərˌpruf ˈvərʒən əv ðə bust 160 du aʊt ðɪs spərɪŋ. əˈdidəs ˈædɪd ə ˈmɛmˌbreɪn tɪ kip jʊr fit wɔrm ənd draɪ, ɛz wɛl ɛz ə ˌkɑntəˈnɛnəl ˈrəbər fər grɪp ˈoʊvər wɛt təreɪn. ˈɛniˌwən aʊt ðɛr traɪd bust? wət du ju θɪŋk?
for fall 2015, adidas outdoor debuts their first set of hiking boots with boost technology. the boots join an expanded line of boost loaded trail runners. first appearing in adidas road running shoes, boost provides more energy return than any other cushioning material in the industry–this means the new hikers and trail runners are ideal for long-distance mountain trails or runs. pct anyone? a couple of years ago, adidas decided to rethink midsole material and completely scrapped the standard eva foam found in most running and hiking shoes. instead, the company took a thermoplastic polyurethane (tpu) material and created a new cushioning layer made from 2,500 little plastic pebbles fused together with steam and pressure. the result is a midsole material that is springy and offers better cushioning than traditional foams. the new boost hiking boot collection includes two styles for men–the terrex ultimate boost climaheat ($200, pictured top) and a more urban look, the boost urban hiker ($180). the former is a waterproof hiking shoe loaded with primaloft insulation for warmth and featuring a continental rubber outsole for super grip in winter conditions. probably the coolest new trail runner in the fall 2015 adidas outdoor boost collection is the adizero xt prime boost ($200)–a lightweight trail runner utilizing a full knit upper for added comfort and fit. additional features include durable ghilly lacing, a protective toe, and a lugged traxion outsole. the terrex boost gtx ($200) is basically the waterproof version of the terrex boost ($160) due out this spring. adidas added a gore-tex membrane to keep your feet warm and dry, as well as a continental rubber outsole for grip over wet terrain. anyone out there tried boost? what do you think?	evo* 2011 əˈtræktəd ˈoʊvər tu ˈmɪljən ˈɔnˌlaɪn vjuərz. ˈmɛni əv ðɛm wər ˈwɑʧɪŋ noʊə ˈsoʊlɪs, ən ˈgeɪmɪŋ ˈwəndərˌkɪnd, bit ðə ˈlɪvɪŋ snɔt aʊt əv ˈpipəl ɪn ˈmɑrvəl ˈvərsəz. ˈkæpkəm 3 noʊəz ˈtælənts hæv ɔˈrɛdi ˈlændɪd ɪm ə ˈgeɪmɪŋ ʤɑb. hi ʤɪst saɪnd ɔn ɛz ðə nuəst ˈmɛmbər əv ðə kəmˈpɛtɪtɪv ˈgeɪmɪŋ tim pʊt təˈgɛðər baɪ ðə ˈtrævəlɪŋ ˈsərkəs. "aɪ wɛnt wɪθ ɛz maɪ ˈspɑnsər bɪˈkəz ðeɪ trit mi gʊd, ðeɪ ər nis ˈpipəl, ðeɪ gɪv mi hoʊp ɪn maɪ fˈjuʧər, ənd ðeɪ bɪˈliv ɪn maɪ əˈbɪləˌti," sɪz noʊə. "aɪ laɪk ðɛr neɪm. ðeɪ ər nis tɪ mi, ənd maɪ dæd ɪz ˈkəmfərtəbəl wɪθ ðɛr ˈkɛrɪktər ənd maɪ ˈbrəðərz əˈpruv." nɑt ˈoʊnli wɪl noʊə gɪt peɪd tɪ pleɪ geɪmz ənd kəmˈpit ɪn ˈtərnəmənts əˈkrɔs ðə gloʊb, ðɪs dil ˌɪnˈkludz ə ˈkloʊðɪŋ laɪn. frəm wət wi ˌəndərˈstænd, səm əv ðə ˈkloʊðɪŋ dɪˈzaɪnz wɪl bi frəm noʊə hɪmˈsɛlf. ðɪs ˈkloʊðɪŋ laɪn wɪl bi ʃoʊɪŋ əp sun æt ðə ˈtrævəlɪŋ ˈsərkəs ˈwɛbˌsaɪt. aɪ doʊnt noʊ əˈbaʊt ju gaɪz, bət aɪ kænt weɪt tɪ si ðɪs kɪd kəmˈpit.
evo 2011 attracted over two million online viewers. many of them were watching noah solis, an eight-year-old gaming wunderkind, beat the living snot out of people in marvel vs. capcom 3. noah's talents have already landed him a gaming job. he just signed on as the newest member of the competitive gaming team put together by the traveling circus. "i went with ttc as my sponsor because they treat me good, they are nice people, they give me hope in my future, and they believe in my ability," says noah. "i like their name. they are nice to me, and my dad is comfortable with their character and my brothers approve." not only will noah get paid to play games and compete in tournaments across the globe, this deal includes a clothing line. from what we understand, some of the clothing designs will be from noah himself. this clothing line will be showing up soon at the traveling circus website. i don't know about you guys, but i can't wait to see this kid compete.	ðə ˈfɑloʊɪŋ blɔg poʊst, ənˈlɛs ˈəðərˌwaɪz ˈnoʊtɪd, wɑz ˈrɪtən baɪ ə ˈmɛmbər əv kəmˈjunɪti. ðə θɔts ənd əˈpɪnjənz ɪkˈsprɛst ər ðoʊz əv ðə ˈraɪtər ənd nɑt ər ɪts ˈpɛrənt ˈkəmpəˌni. noʊt: ðɪs ˈɑrtɪkəl ɪz naʊ ˈaʊtˌdeɪtɪd, ɪf ju gɪt hir, ju ʃʊd rɛd ðə ˈəpˌdeɪtɪd ˈvərʒən: http://www.sebaslab.com/the-truth-behind-inversion-of-control-part-i-dependency-injection/ http://www.sebaslab.com/the-truth-behind-inversion-of-control-part-ii-inversion-of-control/ http://www.sebaslab.com/the-truth-behind-inversion-of-control-part-iii-entity-component-systems/ http://www.sebaslab.com/the-truth-behind-inversion-of-control-part-iv-dependency-inversion-principle/ http://www.sebaslab.com/the-truth-behind-inversion-of-control-part-v-drifting-away-from-ioc-containers/ ˈjunɪti ɪz ə ˈvɛri gʊd geɪm dɪˈvɛləpmənt tul, ˌɔlˈðoʊ waɪl aɪ laɪk moʊst əv ðə ˈfiʧərz (ənd trəst mi ɪt ɪz ˈvɛri hɑrd tɪ meɪk mi ˈhæpi), ðə koʊd ˈfreɪmˌwərk ɪz stɪl ˈɔkwərd tɪ juz. lɛt mi ɪkˈspleɪn waɪ aɪ seɪ ˈɔkwərd. ˈjunɪti ɪz bɔrn ɛz ˈræpɪd ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən dɪˈvɛləpmənt tul ənd du tɪ ɪts ˈneɪʧər, ɪt həz bɪn sun əˈdɑptəd baɪ ˈmɛni ““indie”” dɪˈvɛləpərz. ˌhaʊˈɛvər ˈjunɪti ɪz naʊ traɪɪŋ tɪ meɪk ə lip ˈfɔrwərd təˈwɔrd ðə ˈtrɪpəl ə dɪˈvɛləpmənt, bət waɪl ðə ˈkəmpəˌni ɪz ˈmeɪnli ˈfoʊkɪsɪŋ ɔn ˈædɪŋ nu ˈɛdɪtər ˈfiʧərz, ðɛr ˈmɛni nuz əˈbaʊt ðə ˈfreɪmˌwərk ˌɪtˈsɛlf, wɪʧ koʊd dɪˈzaɪn ɪz ˈkərəntli tu məʧ band”” ˈɔriˌɛntɪd. ðə kənˌsɪdərˈeɪʃənz ɪn ðɪs ˈɑrtɪkəl du nɑt ˈrɪli əˈplaɪ tɪ ˈsɪmpəl ˈprɑʤɛkts ər ˈprɑʤɛkts dɪˈvɛləpt baɪ wən ər tu ˈpərsənz. fər ðiz spɪˈsɪfɪk ˈkeɪsɪz, ˈjunɪti ɪz ˈpərˌfɪkt. ðə ˈɑrgjəmənts ɪn ðɪs ˈɑrtɪkəl əˈplaɪ ˌɪnˈstɛd tɪ ˈprɑʤɛkts dɪˈvɛləpt baɪ ə saɪz tim. aɪ wɪl nɑt tɔk əˈbaʊt ɔl ðə flɔz aɪ faʊnd, bət aɪ wɪl ˈfoʊkɪs ɔn spəˈsɪfɪkli wən, ðət ɪz haʊ ˈɔkwərd ɪz ˌɪnˈʤɛktɪŋ dɪˈpɛndənsiz ˌɪnˈsaɪd ˈjunɪti ˈɛntɪtiz. tɪ bi klɪr, ə dɪˈpɛndənsi ɪz dɪˈfaɪnd ɛz ən ˈɑbʤɛkt ˈnidɪd tɪ əˈnəðər ˈɑbʤɛkt tɪ ˈɛksəˌkjut ɪts koʊd. ɪf ə klæs ə nidz ðə ˈɪnstəns əv ə klæs bi tɪ ˈɛksəˌkjut ɪts koʊd, bi ɪz ə dɪˈpɛndənsi fər ə. ðə ˈprɑbləm ˈjunɪti ɪz beɪst ɔn ə ˈmɑdərn ˈkɑnsɛpt əv framework””. aʊt ðɛr ˈsɛvərəl əv ˈɛntɪti ˈfreɪmˌwərk ɪgˈzɪst ənd aɪ æm ˈivɪn kriˈeɪtɪŋ wən ˌmaɪˈsɛlf. ˈɛntɪti ˈfreɪmˌwərk ɪz ə ˈvɛri ˈpaʊərfəl ˈkɑnsɛpt ənd həz ˈmɛni ædˈvæntɪʤɪz: ˈpʊʃɪz ðə ˈjuzərz tɪ ˈfeɪvər ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən ˈoʊvər ˌɪnˈhɛrətəns, kip ðə ˈklæsɪz smɔl ənd klin ˈfoʊkɪsɪŋ ɔn ˈsɪŋgəl riˌspɑnsəˈbɪlətiz, prəˈmoʊts modularity. ðɪs ɪz ɪn ə ˈpərˌfɪkt world…… ɪn ˈjunɪti, ðə ər kɔld ənd ðə kəmˈpoʊnənts ər beɪst ɔn. ˈpərsənəli aɪ hæv səm ˈgoʊldən rulz aɪ wɔnt tɪ ˈfɑloʊ wɪn aɪ ˈɪmpləmənt fər: ʃʊd ˈɔlˌweɪz ˈɔpərˌeɪt ɔn ðə wɛr ðeɪ ər əˈtæʧt tɪ. ər riˈuzəbəl, ˈsɪŋgəl riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti ˈklæsɪz. ʃʊd nɑt bi kriˈeɪtɪd wɪˈθaʊt ə vju (ðət wʊd bi ə mɛʃ, kəˈlaɪdər ər ˈsəmθɪŋ ðət ɪz ˈrɪli ən ˈɛntɪti ɪn ðə geɪm, ðə ˈoʊnli ɪkˈsɛpʃənz ər fər ˈɛmti juzd ɛz ““folders”” ənd ˈəðər spɪˈsɪfɪk ˈkeɪsɪz aɪ wɪl ˈɪləˌstreɪt əˈnəðər taɪm). kən noʊ ˈəðər kəmˈpoʊnənts ɔn ðə seɪm ˈjuzɪŋ getcomponent. ðə bɪˈheɪvjər əv ə ʃʊd bi ɪkˈstɛndɪd ˈædɪŋ ˌɪnˈstɛd əv ˈædɪŋ ˈmɛθədz tɪ ə ˈsɪŋgəl. ðə ˈprɑbləm ɪz, ɛz ˈmɛni əv ju noʊ ɔˈrɛdi, ðət ˈjunɪti dɪz nɑt ˈrɪli əˈlaʊ tɪ ˈfɑloʊ moʊst əv ðiz rulz bɪˈkəz əv ðə weɪ ðə dɪˈpɛndənsiz məst bi sɑlvd. ɪn fækt wət ˈhæpənz ɪf ə kəmˈpoʊnənt nidz tɪ kəmˈjunəˌkeɪt wɪθ ˈəðər ˈklæsɪz? seɪ ðɛr ɪz ə ˈlɛvəl klæs ənd, fər səm ˈrizənz, ðɪs klæs məst noʊ ðə ˈmɑnstərz ðət ər stɪl əˈlaɪv. wɪn ə ˈmɑnstər daɪz, haʊ ɪz ɪt ˈpɑsəbəl tɪ kəmˈjunəˌkeɪt ðə fækt tɪ ðə ˈlɛvəl ˈɑbʤɛkt? ˈkərəntli ðɛr ər 3 ˈsɪmpəl səˈluʃənz tɪ ðɪs ˈprɑbləm: ˈlɛvəl ɪz ə kriˈeɪtɪd ˌɪnˈsaɪd ə ðət həz noʊ vju. ɔl ðə ˈmɑnstərz wɪl lʊk fər ðə ˈlɛvəl klæs ˈjuzɪŋ ðə kɔl ˌɪnˈsaɪd ðə stɑrt ər əˈweɪk ˈfəŋkʃənz. ˈlɛvəl ɪz ə ˈsɪŋgəltən. laɪk 1 bət ˈlɛvəl ɪz faʊnd θru. howbeit, aɪ ˈrɛkən ðɛr ər ˈprɑbləmz ɪn ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ɔl ðə θri ˈpɑsəbəl səˈluʃənz: rɔŋ wɪθ ðə fərst səˈluʃən breɪks maɪ ˈgoʊldən rulz, wɪʧ wʊd bi nɑt ə bɪg ˈɪʃu sɪns ðeɪ ər ˈæˌkʧuəli mɔr ˈgaɪˌdlaɪnz fər gʊd dɪˈzaɪn. ˌɪnˈstɛd ðə ril ˈprɑbləm ɪz ðə juz əv. ɪz wən əv ðə ɪgˈzæmpəl əv haʊ ˈɔkwərd ðə ˈjunɪti ˈfreɪmˌwərk ɪz fər bɪg ˈprɑʤɛkt dɪˈvɛləpmənt. wət ˈhæpənz ɪf ˈsəmˌwən ɪn ðə tim ˌdɪˈsaɪd tɪ riˈneɪm ðə? ʃʊd bi ˌɪmˈpoʊzd ðət ðə, wəns kriˈeɪtɪd, məst nɑt bi riˈneɪmd (ər dɪˈlitəd) ˌɛniˈmɔr? kən lɛd tɪ ˈsɛvərəl ˈɛrərz ðət ˈkænɑt bi kɔt ɪn kəmˈpaɪlɪŋ taɪm. ðɪs sɪˈnɛrioʊ kʊd bi ˈrɪli hɑrd tɪ ˈmænɪʤ wɪn ˈdəzənz ənd ˈdəzənz əv ər sərʧt θru ðɪs ˈfəŋkʃən. rɔŋ wɪθ ðə ˈsɪŋgəltən ˈsɪŋgəltən ɪz ə ˌkɑntrəˈvərʃəl ˈɑrgjəmənt sɪns ðə ˈpætərn həz bɪn ˌɪnˈvɛntɪd. aɪ æm ˈpərsənəli əˈgɛnst ðə juz əv ˈsɪŋgəltən. ˌhaʊˈɛvər ɪf ju æsk mi waɪ aɪ æm əˈgɛnst ðə ˈsɪŋgəltən aɪ wɪl nɑt ˈænsər ju wɪθ ðə ˈjuʒəwəl ˈænsərz (breɪk, dɪˈpɛndənsiz ˈhaɪdɪŋ, ˈmɛni ˈɪʃuz tɪ tɛst ðə koʊd θru ˈjunɪt tɛst, biɪŋ baʊnd tɪ ðə ˌɪmpləmɛnˈteɪʃən əv ə ˈsərvɪs ˌɪnˈstɛd əv ɪts æbˈstrækʃən), bət wɪθ ðə ˈhaɪnˌsaɪt əv ðə ˈpræktɪs: jʊr koʊd wɪl bɪˈkəm ə bɪg paɪl əv kræp ˈæftər ə waɪl. ðɪs ɪz bɪˈkəz ˈsɪŋgəltən dɪz nɑt ˌɪnˈvɑlv ˈɛni dɪˈzaɪn kənˈstrɪkʃən ðət, waɪl meɪk əˈpɛrəntli ðə ˈkoʊdər laɪf ˈiziər, wɪl meɪk ɪt ə hɛl ˈleɪtər ɔn, wɪn ðə ˈklæsɪz dɪˈzaɪn bɪˈkəmz ən ˌɪŋˌkɑmprəˈhɛnsɪbəl blɑb əv koʊd wɪˈθaʊt ə ˈstrəkʧərd floʊ. rɔŋ wɪθ ðə haʊ ʃʊd ðə ˈlɛvəl ˈɑbʤɛkt bi ˌɪnˈʤɛktɪd ˌɪnˈsaɪd ðə ˈmɑnstər klæs ðɛn? ðɛr ɪz ˈæˌkʧuəli ə θərd səˈluʃən ðət ɪz ˈkɔlɪŋ ðə ˈfəŋkʃən. bət, wət ɪz findobjectoftype? kʊd bi sin ɛz ə rɔŋ ˌɪmpləmɛnˈteɪʃən əv ðə ˈsərvɪs ˈloʊˌkeɪtər ˈpætərn, wɪθ ðə ˈdɪfərəns ðət ɪt ɪz nɑt ˈpɑsəbəl tɪ ˈæbˌstrækt ðə ˌɪmpləmɛnˈteɪʃən əv ðə ˈsərvɪs frəm ɪts ˈɪnərˌfeɪs. ðɪs ɪz əˈnəðər ˈprɑbləm əv ˈjunɪti ˈfreɪmˌwərk, ˈjunɪti simz tɪ heɪt ðə ˈkɑnsɛpt əv ˈɪnərˌfeɪs. ˈɪnərˌfeɪs ɪz ðə moʊst ˈpaʊərfəl ˈkɑnsɛpt æt ðə kɔr əv ˈɛvəri wɛl dɪˈzaɪnd koʊd. ˌɪnˈstɛd tɪ pʊʃ ðə tɪ juz ˈɪnərˌfeɪsɪz, ˈjunɪti ˈpʊʃɪz ðə ˈkoʊdər tɪ ˈjuzɪz, ˈivɪn wɪn ðə juz əv ɪz nɑt ˈnɛsəˌsɛri. ðə səˈluʃən ˈmeɪnli ðɛr ər 3 weɪz tɪ riˈzɑlv dɪˈpɛndənsiz: ˈjuzɪŋ ðə ˈsərvɪs ˈloʊˌkeɪtər ˈpætərn, ˌɪnˈʤɛktɪŋ dɪˈpɛndənsi ˈmænjuəli θru kənˈstrəktər ər ˈsɛtər ənd ˈjuzɪŋ ən ˌɪnˈvərʒən əv kənˈtroʊl kənˈteɪnər. aɪ du nɑt laɪk tɪ juz ðə ˈsərvɪs ˈloʊˌkeɪtər ˈpætərn bɪˈkəz ðə ˌɪtˈsɛlf ɪz ə ˈsɪŋgəltən (ər ə ˈstætɪk klæs) ənd ðɪs kʊd lɛd tɪ səm səˈvɪr ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃənz kəmˈpɛrd tɪ ðə kənˈteɪnər səˈluʃən. ˌhaʊˈɛvər ˈjuzɪŋ ən kənˈteɪnər ɪn ˈjunɪti ɪz nɑt ˈsɪmpəl bɪˈkəz ˈjunɪti dɪz nɑt ˈspɛsəˌfaɪ ə pleɪs wɛr ðə ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən kən bi ˌɪˈnɪʃəˌlaɪzd. ɪkˈspleɪn wət ən ˌɪnˈvərʒən əv kənˈtroʊl kənˈteɪnər ɪz nidz ˈprɑbəˌbli əˈnəðər ˈɑrtɪkəl, soʊ aɪ wɪl bi ˈsɪmpəl wɪθ ɪt. ən kənˈteɪnər ɪz ðət kənˈteɪnz ðə dɪˈpɛndənsiz ðət məst bi ˌɪnˈʤɛktɪd. ɪt ɪz kɔld bɪˈkəz ðə dɪˈzaɪn ɪz kriˈeɪtɪd ɪn səʧ ə weɪ ðət ðə ˈɑbʤɛkts ər ˈnɛvər kriˈeɪtɪd baɪ ðə ˈjuzər (ɪn fækt ju kən ˈɔlsoʊ fərˈgɛt ðə juz əv ðə nu ˈkiˌwərd), bət ðeɪ ər ˈlæzəli kriˈeɪtɪd baɪ ðə kənˈteɪnər wɪn ðeɪ ər rɪkˈwɛstɪd. ðɛr ər ˈsɛvərəl kənˈteɪnərz aʊt ðɛr, ə lɔt ˈrɪtən ɪn si# ɛz wɛl, bət ˈpræktɪkəli noʊ wən wərks ɪn ˈjunɪti ənd moʊst əv ɔl, ðeɪ ər dæm ˈkɑmpləˌkeɪtəd. fər ðiz ˈrizənz aɪ ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ kriˈeɪt ən kənˈteɪnər fər ˈjunɪti traɪɪŋ tɪ kip ɪt ɛz ˈsɪmpəl ɛz ˈpɑsəbəl. ˈæˌkʧuəli kriˈeɪtɪŋ ə ˈbeɪsɪk kənˈteɪnər ɪz ˈprɪti ˈstreɪtˈfɔrwərd ənd ˈɛvriˌbɑdi kən du ɪt, maɪ ˌɪmpləmɛnˈteɪʃən həz ʤɪst ə fju twiks ðət meɪks ɪt ˈsɪmpəl tɪ juz wɪθ ˈjunɪti ˈprɑʤɛkts. maɪ ɪkˈspɪriəns wɪθ ˈəðər kənˈteɪnərz ˌbiˈfɔr tɪ dɪˈskəs ðə ɪgˈzæmpəl aɪ bɪlt ɔn ˈpərpəs tɪ ʃoʊ ðə ˈfiʧərz əv ðə ˈfreɪmˌwərk, aɪ wɔnt tɪ ʃɛr wɪθ ju maɪ ɪkˈspɪriəns wɪθ ðə kənˈteɪnərz aɪ juzd ˌbiˈfɔr tɪ raɪt maɪn. ɛz pjʊr geɪm dɪˈvɛləpər, kənˈteɪnər wɑz ə wɪrd ˈkɑnsɛpt tɪ mi, ˌɔlˈðoʊ aɪ ˈprɑbəˌbli juzd ˌɪnˈvərʒən əv kənˈtroʊl wɪˈθaʊt noʊɪŋ wət ɪt wɑz ənd wət ɪt wɑz kɔld. wɪn aɪ wɑz ˌɪntrəˈdust tɪ ðə ˈkɑnsɛpt əv dɪˈpɛndənsi ˌɪnˈʤɛkʃən ənd ɔl ðə ˈprɑbləmz rɪˈleɪtɪd tɪ ɪt, ðə kənˈteɪnər wɑz əˈməŋ ðə moʊst juzd səˈluʃənz. waɪ, wɪn aɪ ˈʃɪftɪd frəm trəˈdɪʃənəl si++ ˈproʊˌgræmɪŋ tɪ geɪm dɪˈvɛləpmənt, aɪ ˈstɑrtɪd tɪ juz. ɪz ən kənˈteɪnər. ˈæftər aɪ juzd ɪt fər ə ˈkəpəl əv smɔl ˈpərsɪnəl ˈprɑʤɛkts, aɪ ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ əˈbændən ɪt. ðɪs ɪz bɪˈkəz ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli aɪ ˈɛndɪd əp kənˈvɪnsɪŋ ˌmaɪˈsɛlf ðət ˈmænjuəl dɪˈpɛndənsi ˌɪnˈʤɛkʃən θru ˈsɛtər ənd ˈgɛtərz wɑz ə ˈbɛtər ˈpræktɪs. ˌhaʊˈɛvər ˈæftər səm taɪm, wɪn aɪ muvd tɪ si#, aɪ ˈstɑrtɪd tɪ ɪkˈspɛrəmənt wɪθ ənd dɪˈskəs ðə ˈpræktɪsɪz wɪθ ɪts ˈɔθər. ɛz rɪˈzəlt əv ðiz dɪˈskəʃənz aɪ ˈriəˌlaɪzd ðət aɪ wɑz nɑt əˈpriʃiˌeɪtɪŋ ðə juz əv ən kənˈteɪnər bɪˈkəz aɪ dɪd nɑt ˌəndərˈstænd ɪts ˈprɪnsəpəlz. ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən rut ðə moʊst ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˈkɑnsɛpt tɪ ˌəndərˈstænd ɪz ðə ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən rut. ðə ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən rut ˈɔfən ˌkoʊɪnˈsaɪdz wɪθ ðə ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən ˈɛntri pɔɪnt, bət ɪn ˈpræktɪs ɪt ɪz ðə pleɪs wɛr ðə kənˈteɪnər məst bi ˌɪˈnɪʃəˌlaɪzd ˌbiˈfɔr ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ɛls stɑrts tɪ juz ɪt. sɪns ən ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən kʊd juz mɔr kənˈteɪnərz, ɪt kʊd hæv mɔr ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən ruts ɛz wɛl. ˈɑbʤɛkt græf wɪn jʊr ˈklæsɪz dɪˈzaɪn ɪz kriˈeɪtɪd (wɪˈθaʊt ˈjuzɪŋ), jʊr ˈklæsɪz stɑrt tɪ fɔrm ə græf əv dɪˈpɛndənsiz. seɪ ðət ðɛr ɪz ə klæs ə ənd ə klæs bi, ðɛn ðɛr ɪz ə klæs si ðət ˈjuzɪz ə ənd ə klæs di ðət ˈjuzɪz bi ənd si. ðɪs ˈwɔtərˌfɔl əv dɪˈpɛndənsiz ɪz kɔld ˈɑbʤɛkt græf. haʊ tɪ juz ən kənˈteɪnər naʊ, ɛz lɔŋ ɛz ðə ˈɑbʤɛkts du nɑt nid tɪ bi kriˈeɪtɪd ˈæftər ðə ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən həz bɪn ˌɪˈnɪʃəˌlaɪzd, ɔl ðə dɪˈpɛndənsiz kən bi sɑlvd raɪt æt ðə bɪˈgɪn əv jʊr ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən, wɪˈθɪn ðə ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən rut ˈkɑntɛkst. ðɪs ɪz ˈvɛri ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt tɪ ˌəndərˈstænd, ɪn fækt maɪ fərst ˈɛrər wɑz tɪ ˌɪnˈʤɛkt ðə kənˈteɪnər ˌɪtˈsɛlf ˌɪnˈsaɪd ðə ˈɑbʤɛkts tɪ bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ fɪl ðɛr dɪˈpɛndənsiz ðət aɪ juzd tɪ kriˈeɪt ɪkˈsplɪsətli ˈjuzɪŋ ðə nu ˈkiˌwərd. ðə rul ˌɪnˈstɛd ɪz ðət ðə kənˈteɪnər ʃʊd bi ɪkˈsplɪsətli juzd ˈoʊnli ɪn ðə ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən rut. ɪkˈsɛpʃənz, moʊst əv ðə taɪm, min ðət ðɛr ɪz ˈsəmθɪŋ rɔŋ ɪn ðə dɪˈzaɪn. ɪn ɑr ɪgˈzæmpəl ðə ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən rut lʊks laɪk ðɪs: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 vɔɪd kənˈteɪnər nu kənˈteɪnər baɪnd kənˈteɪnər baɪnd kənˈteɪnər baɪnd kənˈteɪnər baɪnd kənˈteɪnər baɪnd kənˈteɪnər wɪl nɑt bi juzd ɪn ˈɛni ˈəðər pɑrt əv ðə ɪgˈzæmpəl, ɪkˈsɛpt fər ðə ˈfæktəriz. ˈfæktəri ɪz ə ˈspɛʃəl keɪs ənd aɪ wɪl ɪkˈspleɪn ɪt ˈleɪtər. wət ɪz ˈhæpənɪŋ? ˌɪnˈsaɪd ðə ˈmɛθəd wi ər nɑt ˈsɪmpli ˈrɛʤɪstərɪŋ ðə ˈklæsɪz ˈɪntu ðə kənˈteɪnər, bət wi ər ˈæˌkʧuəli ˈsɛtɪŋ əp ðə floʊ əv ɑr dɪˈpɛndənsiz. dɪˈpɛndənsiz ðət ər sɑlvd ˈlæzəli (ðət minz ˈoʊnli wɪn rɪkˈwɛstɪd) θru ðə [ioc.inject]. ɪn ɑr keɪs, ðə ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən floʊ stɑrts frəm ðɪs ˈmɛθəd: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 vɔɪd kənˈteɪnər bɪld nu æd ˈæftər ðə ɪz bɪlt, ɪt wɪl hæv ðə dɪˈpɛndənsi ˌɪnˈʤɛktɪd bɪˈkəz ɪt həz bɪn dɪˈklɛrd laɪk ðɪs: [ioc.inject] ˈpəblɪk sɛt; ˈpraɪvət gɪt; ənd bɪˈkəz həz bɪn ˈpriviəsli ˈrɛʤɪstərd (ənd baʊnd tɪ ə ˈvælɪd ˌɪmpləmɛnˈteɪʃən) ˌɪnˈsaɪd ðə kənˈteɪnər. ɪn ðɪs spɪˈsɪfɪk keɪs ɪz ˈsɪmpəl tɪ ˌəndərˈstænd haʊ ðə dɪˈpɛndənsiz hæv bɪn ɪkˈsplɪsətli ˌɪnˈʤɛktɪd baɪ ðə kənˈteɪnər. ˌhaʊˈɛvər ðə kənˈteɪnər wɪl nɑt bi ɪkˈsplɪsətli juzd ˈɛniˌwɛr ɛls, soʊ ðə ˈəðər dɪˈpɛndənsiz wɪl bi ˌɪnˈʤɛktɪd θæŋks tɪ ðə ˈɑbʤɛkt græf. ðɪs minz ðət ɔn ɪts tərn wɪl hæv (ˌɔtəˈmætɪkli) ˌɪnˈʤɛktɪd ðə dɪˈpɛndənsiz: [ioc.inject] ˈpəblɪk sɛt; ˈpraɪvət gɪt; [ioc.inject] ˈpəblɪk sɛt; ˈpraɪvət gɪt; ɪf hæd səm dɪˈpɛndənsiz tu, ðeɪ wʊd hæv bɪn ˌɪnˈʤɛktɪd ɛz wɛl ənd soʊ on……. ɪn ə ˈkɑmpləˌkeɪtəd ˈprɑʤɛkt sɪˈnɛrioʊ ðɪs ˈsɪstəm ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli wɪl gɪv ðə ˌɪmˈprɛʃən ðət ðə [ioc.inject] bɪˈkəmz ə sɔrt əv ˈmæʤɪk ˈkiˌwərd ðət wʊd sɑlv ɔl ɑr dɪˈpɛndənsiz. əv kɔrs ðɛr ɪz ˈnəθɪŋ əv ˈmæʤɪk ənd, ˈdɪfərˈɛntli ðən ˈsɪŋgəltən kənˈteɪnərz, ɑr dɪˈpɛndənsiz wɪl bi kərˈɛktli ˌɪnˈʤɛktɪd ˈoʊnli ɪf ðeɪ ər pɑrt əv ðə ˈɑbʤɛkt græf. ðə ˈɑbʤɛkt græf ˌɪtˈsɛlf ɪz ðə meɪn ˈdɪfərəns bɪtˈwin ðə juz əv ən kənˈteɪnər ənd ə ˈsɪŋgəltən kənˈteɪnər. ðə dɪˈpɛndənsiz ər nɑt ˈskætərd wɪˈθaʊt ˈɛni kənˈdɪʃən əˈməŋ ðə ˈklæsɪz, bət ðeɪ məst ˈfɑloʊ ðə ˈɑbʤɛkt græf floʊ. ɪf, ˈjuzɪŋ ənd ˈsɪŋgəltən kənˈteɪnərz, jʊr koʊd stɑrts tɪ fil laɪk ə geɪm əv jinga, ðən ɪt ɪz ˈprɑbəˌbli ðə taɪm tɪ stɑrt tɪ lʊk æt ðə ˌɪnˈvərʒən əv kənˈtroʊl səˈluʃən. kənˈteɪnər ənd ðə ˈkiˌwərd nu ɪt ɪz kɔld ˌɪnˈvərʒən əv kənˈtroʊl bɪˈkəz ðə ˈprɪnsəpəl ɪz ðət ðə koʊd ʃʊd nɑt juz ðə ˈkiˌwərd nu æt ɔl. ðə kənˈtroʊl (əv ðə kriˈeɪʃən əv ðə ˈɑbʤɛkts) ɪz nɑt ˌɛniˈmɔr ɔn ðə ˈjuzər, bət ɔn ðə ˈfreɪmˌwərk ðət wɪl kriˈeɪt ənd ˌɪnˈʤɛkt ðə ˈɑbʤɛkts fər ɪm. ðə moʊst ˈpaʊərfəl ˈbɛnəfɪt bɪˈhaɪnd ðɪs ˈkɑnsɛpt ɪz ðət ðə koʊd wɪl nɑt rɪˈlaɪ ɔn ðə ˌɪmpləmɛnˈteɪʃən əv ðə ˈklæsɪz ˌɛniˈmɔr, bət ˈɔlˌweɪz ɔn ðɛr æbˈstrækʃənz (ɪf ˈɪnərˌfeɪsɪz ər juzd). riˈlaɪɪŋ ɔn ðə æbˈstrækʃən əv ðə ˈklæsɪz gɪvz ˈmɛni ˈbɛnəfɪts ðət kən bi ˈfʊli ˌəndərˈstʊd wɪn ˈpræktɪsɪz laɪk ənd ˈjunɪt ˈtɛstɪŋ ər ˈhɛvəli juzd. rəˈgɑrdləs ðiz ˈkɑnsɛpts, ʃʊd ˈɛniˌweɪ juz ˈɪnərˌfeɪsɪz tɪ kriˈeɪt klin ənd wɛl dɪˈzaɪnd koʊd. ɔl ðət sɛd, wən kʊd æsk: ɪf aɪ ʃʊd nɑt juz nu, haʊ ɪz ɪt ˈpɑsəbəl tɪ kriˈeɪt ˈɑbʤɛkts, waɪl ðə ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən ˈɛksəˌkjuts, laɪk fər ɪgˈzæmpəl ˈspɔnɪŋ ˈɑbʤɛkts ɪn maɪ wərld? maɪ ˈænsər ɪz tɪ juz ˈfæktəriz. ˈfæktəriz, ɪn maɪ dɪˈzaɪn, kən juz ðə kənˈteɪnər tɪ ˌɪnˈʤɛkt ðə ˈɑbʤɛkt ðət ðeɪ kriˈeɪt. jʊr klæs kʊd hæv ˈsəmθɪŋ laɪk: 1 2 3 4 5 6 ˈpəblɪk ˌɪnˈʤɛkt sɛt ˈpraɪvət gɪt vɔɪd æd kriˈeɪt ˌbiˈsaɪd, ɪf ju ˈwəndər waɪ jʊr klæs ʃʊd nɑt bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ kriˈeɪt ˈɑbʤɛkts ɔn ɪts oʊn, rɪˈmɛmbər ðət ðɪs ɪz nɑt ˈoʊvər ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrɪŋ, ðɪs ɪz ˌsɛpərˈeɪʃən əv kənˈsərnz. kriˈeɪtɪŋ ˈbʊləts ənd ˈhændəl ðɛm ər tu ˈdɪfərənt riˌspɑnsəˈbɪlətiz ənd riˈspɛktɪŋ ðə ˈɪnərˌfeɪs ˌsɛgrəˈgeɪʃən ˈprɪnsəpəl (pɑrt əv ðə ˈsɑləd ˈprɪnsəpəlz ðət ʃʊd bi jʊr ˈkoʊdɪŋ kəˈmændmənts) ɪz wən əv ðə moʊst ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt dɪˈzaɪn rul ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ nɑt hæv hjuˈmɔŋgəs ənd ˈklətərd ˈklæsɪz. kənˈteɪnər ənd ˈjunɪti ðə juz əv ən kənˈteɪnər, ˈsɪmələr tɪ ðə wən aɪ æm ʃoʊɪŋ ɪn ðɪs ˈɑrtɪkəl, wɪl hɛlp tɪ ʃɪft ðə ˈkoʊdɪŋ ˈpɛrəˌdaɪm frəm ən ˌɪnˈtɛnsɪv juz əv tɪ ðə juz əv ˈnɔrməl ˈklæsɪz ðət ˈɪmpləmənt ˈɪnərˌfeɪsɪz. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ɔn ɪts pjʊr fɔrm, ɪz ə ˈtoʊtəli ˈjusfəl tul ənd ɪts juz məst bi ɪnˈkərəʤd wɪn əˈproʊpriˌeɪt. stɪl ɑr nid dɪˈpɛndənsiz ðət məst bi ˌɪnˈʤɛktɪd. naʊ, ɪf ðə ər kriˈeɪtɪd θru ˈfæktəri, ɛz ɪt ʃʊd ˈhæpən moʊst əv ðə taɪmz, ðɛn ðə dɪˈpɛndənsiz wɪl bi sɑlvd θru ðə ˈɑbʤɛkt græf. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ɪf ər kriˈeɪtɪd ˌɪmˈplɪsətli, ðɛr dɪˈpɛndənsiz ˈkænɑt bi sɑlvd wɪˈθɪn ðə ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən rut bɪˈkəz əv ðə ˈneɪʧər əv ðə ˈjunɪti ˈfreɪmˌwərk. fər ˈɪnstəns, ɪn maɪ ɪgˈzæmpəl, ðə tərəts ər nɑt kriˈeɪtɪd (ðeɪ kʊd hæv bɪn ðoʊ), ɛz wɛl ɛz ðə ˈmɑnstərz ˈkaʊntər ʃoʊn ɔn ðə tɔp lɛft ˈkɔrnər. ðɛr ɪz noʊ ˈprɑpər weɪ tɪ faɪnd ə tɪ ðɪs ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃən. maɪ ˈpərsɪnəl səˈluʃən həz bɪn tɪ kriˈeɪt ən ɪkˈstɛnʃən ˈmɛθəd, kɔld ˌɪnˈʤɛkt, ðət kən bi juzd wɪθ skrɪpts. ðə ˈklæsɪz, kriˈeɪtɪd ˌɪmˈplɪsətli baɪ ðə ˈfreɪmˌwərk, ðət nid dɪˈpɛndənsi ˌɪnˈʤɛktɪd, juz ðə ɪkˈstɛnʃən ɪn ðɪs weɪ: 1 2 3 4 vɔɪd stɑrt ðɪs ˌɪnˈʤɛkt ˈæftər ðɪs ˈfəŋkʃən ɪz kɔld, ɔl ðə dɪˈpɛndənsiz wɪl bi ˌɪnˈʤɛktɪd. ðɛr ər kənˈdɪʃənz ðoʊ: ðə məst bi ɪn ə ˈhaɪˌrɑrki wɛr wən əv ðə ˈpɛrənt həz wən ˈvælɪd sɛt. ðə məst bi ˌɪˈnɪʃəˌlaɪzd ˌbiˈfɔr ðə ɪkˈstɛnʃən ˈmɛθəd ɪz juzd. ðɪs kən bi əˈʧivd ˈjuzɪŋ stɑrt ər ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ ðə skrɪpt ˌɛksəˈkjuʃən ˈɔrdər. kənˈteɪnər ənd (mvp, mvvm) kənˈteɪnər bɪˈkəm ˈɔlsoʊ ˈvɛri ˈjusfəl wɪn ˈpætərnz laɪk ˈmɑdəl vju kənˈtroʊlər (ər ðə mɔr ˈrisənt ˈmɑdəl, vju, ˈprɛzəntər ənd ˈmɑdəl, vju, viewmodel) ər juzd. ˌθiərˈɛtɪkəli ðə traɪæd ʃʊd nɑt bi noʊn ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ðə traɪæd ˌɪtˈsɛlf, sɪns ðə weɪ tɪ kəmˈjunəˌkeɪt ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ɪz tɪ juz ˈsərvɪsɪz ər kəˈmænd ˌɪnˈʤɛktɪd. ðə ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən əv ðɪs keɪs ɪz nɑt pɑrt əv ðə skoʊp əv ðɪs ˈɑrtɪkəl, soʊ ˈmeɪbi aɪ kʊd raɪt əˈbaʊt ɪt ɪn əˈnəðər wən. ˌhaʊˈɛvər ɪt ɪz ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪŋ tɪ ˈhaɪˌlaɪt haʊ aɪ ˈɔlsoʊ juz ðiz ˈpætərnz tɪ ənˈkəpəl ðə ˈdætə ðət wi wɔnt tɪ bi ˈɛdɪtɪd θru ðə ˈɛdɪtər ənd ðə ˈlɑʤɪk ðət məst juz ðɪs ˈdætə. ˈjuʒəwəli wət ˈhæpənz ɪz ðət, ʤɪst bɪˈkəz wi wɔnt tɪ lɛt ðə dɪˈzaɪnər ˈɛdət səm ˈpəblɪk ˈvɛriəbəlz əv ə klæs, ɪt bɪˈkəmz ə wɪˈθaʊt ˈɛni ˈəðər ˈrizən. ðə weɪ tɪ gɪt əraʊnd ðɪs ˈprɑbləm ɪz tɪ kriˈeɪt ə ðət ʤɪst ˈhændəlz ðɪs ˈdætə ənd soʊ bɪˈkəm ə sɔrt əv ˈmɑdəl. ðɪs ɪz wət ˈhæpənz ɪn ɑr ɪgˈzæmpəl wɪθ ðə klæs. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ˈpəblɪk klæs ˌɪnˈʤɛkt ˈpəblɪk ˈpraɪvət gɪt sɛt ˈpəblɪk vɔɪd stɑrt ðɪs ˌɪnˈʤɛkt ðɪs dɪˈstrɔɪ ðɪs waɪl ju kən ʧeɪnʤ ðə weɪ aɪ ˈɛkˌsplɔɪtəd ðə aɪˈdiə ɪn ˈsɛvərəl weɪz, ðə meɪn ˈkɑnsɛpt ɪz ðət ðə ɪz ˈtoʊtəli frəm ðə ˈlɑʤɪk (pathcontroller) ənd ɪt kʊd ˈivɪn bi dɪˈstrɔɪd sɪns ɪt ɪz nɑt ˈnidɪd fər ɑr ˈpərpəsɪz ˌɛniˈmɔr. kənˈteɪnər ənd ˈjunɪt tɛsts ˈɔfən kənˈteɪnər ɪz əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd tɪ ˈjunɪt tɛsts. ˌhaʊˈɛvər ðɛr ɪz nɑt ˈɛni dɪˈrɛkt lɪŋk bɪtˈwin ðə tu ˈpræktɪsɪz. ɪn fækt ˈvɛri ˈɔfən ˈjunɪt tɛsts du nɑt juz kənˈteɪnərz æt ɔl. ˌɪnˈstɛd ðə pɔɪnt ɪz ðət ðə juz əv ən kənˈteɪnər, əˈgɛnst ðə juz əv ˈstætɪk ˈklæsɪz, wɪl hɛlp ðə ˈkoʊdər tɪ raɪt ˈjunɪt tɛst ˈfrɛndli ˈklæsɪz. ɪn fækt ˈjunɪt tɛsts məst tɛst ˈoʊnli ðə koʊd əv ðə ˈtɛstɪŋ klæs ənd ˈnɛvər ɪts dɪˈpɛndənsiz. ˈjuzɪŋ dɪˈpɛndənsi ˌɪnˈʤɛkʃən wɪl meɪk ˈvɛri ˈsɪmpəl tɪ kriˈeɪt dəm tɪ ˌɪnˈʤɛkt ˈvælɪd dɪˈpɛndənsiz ðət ˈkænɑt ˈɛvər breɪk ər əˈfɛkt ðə tɛsts əv ðə meɪn klæs ˌɪtˈsɛlf. ðɪs kən ˈhæpən θæŋks tɪ ðə juz əv ˈɪnərˌfeɪsɪz, wɛr ðə bɪˈkəm ʤɪst wən ˈdɪfərənt (ˈɔfən ˈɛmti) juzd fər ðə skoʊp əv ðə tɛsts ˈoʊnli. ˈjunɪt ˈtɛstɪŋ ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ðə skoʊp əv ðɪs ˈɑrtɪkəl ənd ˈmeɪbi aɪ wɪl raɪt wən ɔn ˈpərpəs ɪn fˈjuʧər. kənˈkluʒən ˌbiˈfɔr tɪ kənˈklud, aɪ wɔnt tɪ kwoʊt tu ˈænsərz aɪ faʊnd ɔn ðət kʊd hɛlp tɪ sɑlv səm ˈəðər daʊts: frəm ðə ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt θɪŋ tɪ ˈriəˌlaɪz hir ɪz ðət ju kən (ənd ʃʊd) raɪt jʊr koʊd ɪn ə di-friendly, bət ˈmænər. ðɪs minz ðət ju ʃʊd ˈɔlˌweɪz pʊʃ ðə ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən əv dɪˈpɛndənsiz tɪ ə pɔɪnt wɛr ju ˈpɑsəbli dɪˈfər ɪt ˈɛni ˈlɔŋgər. ðɪs ɪz kɔld ðə ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən rut ənd ɪz ˈɔfən pleɪst ɪn nɪr ðə ˈɛntri pɔɪnt. ɪf ju dɪˈzaɪn jʊr ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən ɪn ðɪs weɪ, jʊr ʧɔɪs əv di kənˈteɪnər (ər noʊ di kənˈteɪnər) riˈvɑlvz əraʊnd ə ˈsɪŋgəl pleɪs ɪn jʊr ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən, ənd ju kən kˈwɪkli ʧeɪnʤ ˈstrætəʤi. ju kən ʧuz tɪ juz pur di ɪf ju ˈoʊnli hæv ə fju dɪˈpɛndənsiz, ər ju kən ʧuz tɪ juz ə ˌfʊlˈbloʊn di kənˈteɪnər. juzd ɪn ðɪs ˈfæʃən, ju wɪl hæv noʊ dɪˈpɛndənsi ɔn ˈɛni ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr di kənˈteɪnər, soʊ ðə ʧɔɪs bɪˈkəmz lɛs ˈkruʃəl ɪn tərmz əv maintainability. ə di kənˈteɪnər hɛlps ju ˈmænɪʤ complextity, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈɑbʤɛkt ˈlaɪfˌtaɪm. juzd laɪk dɪˈskraɪbd hir, ɪt du ˈɛniˌθɪŋ ju raɪt ɪn hænd, bət ɪt dɪz ɪt ˈbɛtər ənd mɔr səkˈsɪŋktli. ɛz səʧ, maɪ θˈrɛˌʃoʊld fər wɪn tɪ stɑrt ˈjuzɪŋ ə di kənˈteɪnər wʊd bi ˈprɪti loʊ. aɪ wʊd stɑrt ˈjuzɪŋ ə di kənˈteɪnər wəns aɪ gɪt pæst ə fju dɪˈpɛndənsiz. moʊst əv ðɛm ər ˈprɪti ˈizi tɪ gɪt ˈstɑrtɪd wɪθ ˈɛniˌweɪ. ənd frəm pjʊr ɪz ən aɪˈdil ðət kən ˈnɛvər bi əˈʧivd. ɪf ɔl dɪˈpɛndənsiz wər ˈhɪdən ðɛn ju hæv ðə nid fər di æt ɔl. θɪŋk əˈbaʊt ɪt ðɪs weɪ, ɪf ju ˈtruli hæv ˈpraɪvət ˈvæljuz ðət kən bi ˌɪnˈtərnəˌlaɪzd wɪˈθɪn ðə ˈɑbʤɛkt, seɪ fər ˈɪnstəns ðə ˈɪntəʤər ˈvælju əv ðə spid əv ə kɑr ˈɑbʤɛkt, ðɛn ju hæv noʊ ɪkˈstərnəl dɪˈpɛndənsi ənd noʊ nid tɪ ˌɪnˈvərt ər ˌɪnˈʤɛkt ðət dɪˈpɛndənsi. ðiz sɔrts əv ˌɪnˈtərnəl steɪt ˈvæljuz ðət ər ˈɑpərˌeɪtəd ɔn ˈpjʊrli baɪ ˈpraɪvət ˈfəŋkʃənz ər wət ju wɔnt tɪ ɛnˈkæpsəˌleɪt ˈɔlˌweɪz. bət ɪf ˈbɪldɪŋ ə kɑr ðət wɔnts ə ˈsərtən kaɪnd əv ˈɪnʤən ˈɑbʤɛkt ðɛn ju hæv ən ɪkˈstərnəl dɪˈpɛndənsi. ju kən ˈiðər ˌɪnˈstænʃiˌeɪt ðət ˈɪnʤən fər ˈɪnstəns nu gmoverheadcamengine() ˌɪnˈtərnəli wɪˈθɪn ðə kɑr kənˈstrəktər, prɪˈzərvɪŋ bət kriˈeɪtɪŋ ə məʧ mɔr ˌɪnˈsɪˌdiəs ˈkəplɪŋ tɪ ə ˈkɑnkrit klæs gmoverheadcamengine, ər ju kən ˌɪnˈʤɛkt ɪt, əˈlaʊɪŋ jʊr kɑr ˈɑbʤɛkt tɪ ˈɔpərˌeɪt (ənd məʧ mɔr ˌroʊˈbəstli) ɔn fər ɪgˈzæmpəl ən ˈɪnərˌfeɪs wɪˈθaʊt ðə ˈkɑnkrit dɪˈpɛndənsi. ˈwɛðər ju juz ən kənˈteɪnər ər ˈsɪmpəl di tɪ əˈʧiv ðɪs ɪz nɑt ðə pɔɪnt ðə pɔɪnt ɪz ðət gɑt ə kɑr ðət kən juz ˈmɛni kaɪnz əv ˈɛnʤənz wɪˈθaʊt biɪŋ ˈkəpəld tɪ ˈɛni əv ðɛm, ðəs ˈmeɪkɪŋ jʊr mɔr ˈflɛksəbəl ənd lɛs proʊn tɪ saɪd ˈifɛkts. di ɪz nɑt ə vaɪəˈleɪʃən əv, ɪt ɪz ə weɪ əv ˈmɪnəˌmaɪzɪŋ ðə ˈkəplɪŋ wɪn ɪz ˌnɛsəˈsɛrəli ˈbroʊkən ɛz ə ˈmætər əv kɔrs wɪˈθɪn ˈvərʧuəli ˈɛvəri up ˈprɑʤɛkt. ˌɪnˈʤɛktɪŋ ə dɪˈpɛndənsi ˈɪntu ən ˈɪnərˌfeɪs ɪkˈstərnəli ˈmɪnəˌmaɪzəz ˈkəplɪŋ saɪd ˈifɛkts ənd əˈlaʊz jʊr ˈklæsɪz tɪ rɪˈmeɪn ægˈnɑstɪk əˈbaʊt ˌɪmpləmɛnˈteɪʃən. ðə ɪgˈzæmpəl ðə ˈfreɪmˌwərk ənd ðə ɪgˈzæmpəl kən naʊ bi faʊnd ɔn (aɪ juz ˈoʊnli fər ˈtɛmpərˌɛri ər ˈpərsɪnəl ˈprɑʤɛkts) æt: https://github.com/sebas77/lightweight-ioc-container-for-unity3d*. ju ər ˈvɛri ˈwɛlkəm tɪ ˈmɑdəˌfaɪ ɪt ənd ʃɛr jʊr ˌɪmˈpruvmənts tɪ ðə ˈəðər ˈjuzərz. noʊt: ju kən æd mɔr tərəts ɪf ju wɔnt ˈjuzɪŋ ðə ˈɛdɪtər, θæŋks tɪ ðə ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ wɪl wərk wɪˈθaʊt ˈtəʧɪŋ koʊd. əˈbaʊt ðə ˈɔθər
the following blog post, unless otherwise noted, was written by a member of gamasutras community. the thoughts and opinions expressed are those of the writer and not gamasutra or its parent company. note: this article is now outdated, if you get here, you should read the updated version: http://www.sebaslab.com/ioc-container-for-unity3d-part-1/ http://www.sebaslab.com/ioc-container-for-unity3d-part-2/ http://www.sebaslab.com/the-truth-behind-inversion-of-control-part-i-dependency-injection/ http://www.sebaslab.com/the-truth-behind-inversion-of-control-part-ii-inversion-of-control/ http://www.sebaslab.com/the-truth-behind-inversion-of-control-part-iii-entity-component-systems/ http://www.sebaslab.com/the-truth-behind-inversion-of-control-part-iv-dependency-inversion-principle/ http://www.sebaslab.com/the-truth-behind-inversion-of-control-part-v-drifting-away-from-ioc-containers/ unity is a very good game development tool, although while i like most of the features (and trust me it is very hard to make me happy), the code framework is still awkward to use. let me explain why i say awkward. unity is born as rapid application development tool and due to its nature, it has been soon adopted by many “indie” developers. however unity is now trying to make a leap forward toward the triple a development, but while the company is mainly focusing on adding new editor features, there aren’t many news about the framework itself, which code design is currently too much “one-man band” oriented. the considerations in this article do not really apply to simple projects or projects developed by one or two persons. for these specific cases, unity is perfect. the arguments in this article apply instead to medium-big projects developed by a medium-big size team. i will not talk about all the flaws i found, but i will focus on specifically one, that is how awkward is injecting dependencies inside unity entities. to be clear, a dependency is defined as an object needed to another object to execute its code. if a class a needs the instance of a class b to execute its code, b is a dependency for a. the problem unity is based on a modern concept of “entity framework”. out there several implementations of entity framework exist and i am even creating one myself. entity framework is a very powerful concept and has many advantages: pushes the users to favor composition over inheritance, keep the classes small and clean focusing on single responsibilities, promotes modularity. this is in a perfect world… in unity, the entites are called gameobjects and the components are based on monobehaviour implementations. personally i have some golden rules i want to follow when i implement monobehaviours for gameobjects: monobehaviours should always operate on the gameobjects where they are attached to. monobehaviours are reusable, single responsibility classes. gameobjects should not be created without a view (that would be a mesh, collider or something that is really an entity in the game, the only exceptions are for empty gameobjects used as “folders” and other specific cases i will illustrate another time). monobehaviours can know other components on the same gameobject using getcomponent. the behaviour of a gameobject should be extended adding monobehaviours instead of adding methods to a single monobehaviour. the problem is, as many of you know already, that unity does not really allow to follow most of these rules because of the way the dependencies must be solved. in fact what happens if a component needs to communicate with other classes? let’s say there is a level class and, for some reasons, this class must know the monsters that are still alive. when a monster dies, how is it possible to communicate the fact to the level object? currently there are 3 simple solutions to this problem: level is a monobehaviour created inside a gameobject that has no view. all the monsters will look for the level class using the gameobject.find call inside the start or awake functions. level is a singleton. like 1, but level is found through object.findobjectoftype. howbeit, i reckon there are problems in following all the three possible solutions: what’s wrong with gameobject.find the first solution breaks my golden rules, which would be not a big issue since they are actually more guidelines for good design. instead the real problem is the use of gameobject.find. gameobject.find is one of the example of how awkward the unity framework is for big project development. what happens if someone in the team decide to rename the gameobject? should be imposed that the gameobjects, once created, must not be renamed (or deleted) anymore? gameobject.find can lead to several run-time errors that cannot be caught in compiling time. this scenario could be really hard to manage when dozens and dozens of gameobjects are searched through this function. what’s wrong with the singleton singleton is a controversial argument since the pattern has been invented. i am personally against the use of singleton. however if you ask me why i am against the singleton i will not answer you with the usual answers (break encapsulation, dependencies hiding, many issues to test the code through unit test, being bound to the implementation of a service instead of its abstraction), but with the hindsight of the practice: your code will become a big pile of crap after a while. this is because singleton does not involve any design constriction that, while make apparently the coder life easier, will make it a hell later on, when the classes design becomes an incomprehensible blob of code without a structured flow. what’s wrong with the object.findobjectoftype how should the level object be injected inside the monster class then? there is actually a third solution that is calling the function object.findobjectoftype. but, what is findobjectoftype? object.findobjectoftype could be seen as a wrong implementation of the service locator pattern, with the difference that it is not possible to abstract the implementation of the service from its interface. this is another problem of unity framework, unity seems to hate the concept of interface. interface is the most powerful concept at the core of every well designed code. instead to push the coders to use interfaces, unity pushes the coder to uses monobehaviour, even when the use of monobehaviour is not necessary. the solution mainly there are 3 ways to resolve dependencies: using the service locator pattern, injecting dependency manually through constructor or setter and using an inversion of control container. i do not like to use the service locator pattern because the slp itself is a singleton (or a static class) and this could lead to some severe limitations compared to the ioc container solution. however using an ioc container in unity is not simple because unity does not specify a place where the application can be initialized. explain what an inversion of control container is needs probably another article, so i will be simple with it. an ioc container is a…..container that contains the dependencies that must be injected. it is called ioc because the design is created in such a way that the objects are never created by the user (in fact you can also forget the use of the new keyword), but they are lazily created by the container when they are requested. there are several ioc containers out there, a lot written in c# as well, but practically no one works in unity and most of all, they are damn complicated. for these reasons i decided to create an ioc container for unity trying to keep it as simple as possible. actually creating a basic ioc container is pretty straightforward and everybody can do it, my implementation has just a few tweaks that makes it simple to use with unity projects. my experience with other ioc containers before to discuss the example i built on purpose to show the features of the framework, i want to share with you my experience with the ioc containers i used before to write mine. as pure game developer, ioc container was a weird concept to me, although i probably used inversion of control without knowing what it was and what it was called. when i was introduced to the concept of dependency injection and all the problems related to it, the ioc container was among the most used solutions. why, when i shifted from traditional c++ programming to actionscript game development, i started to use robotlegs. robotlegs is an actionscript ioc container. after i used it for a couple of small personal projects, i decided to abandon it. this is because eventually i ended up convincing myself that manual dependency injection through setter and getters was a better practice. however after some time, when i moved to c#, i started to experiment with ninject and discuss the practices with its author. as result of these discussions i realized that i was not appreciating the use of an ioc container because i did not understand its principles. composition root the most important concept to understand is the composition root. the composition root often coincides with the application entry point, but in practice it is the place where the ioc container must be initialized before everything else starts to use it. since an application could use more ioc containers, it could have more composition roots as well. object graph when your classes design is created (without using singletons), your classes start to form a graph of dependencies. let’s say that there is a class a and a class b, then there is a class c that uses a and a class d that uses b and c. this waterfall of dependencies is called object graph. how to use an ioc container now, as long as the objects do not need to be created after the application has been initialized, all the dependencies can be solved right at the begin of your application, within the composition root context. this is very important to understand, in fact my first error was to inject the container itself inside the objects to be able to fill their dependencies that i used to create explicitly using the new keyword. the rule instead is that the container should be explicitly used only in the composition root. exceptions, most of the time, mean that there is something wrong in the design. in our example the composition root looks like this: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 void setupcontainer ( ) { container = new ioc . unitycontainer ( ) ; container . bind < ioc . imonobehaviourfactory > ( ) . assingle < ioc . monobehaviourfactory > ( ) ; container . bind < imonsterfactory > ( ) . assingle < monsterfactory > ( ) ; container . bind < imonstersystem > ( ) . assingle < monstersystem > ( ) ; container . bind < pathcontroller > ( ) . assingle ( ) ; container . bind < monsterspawner > ( ) . assingle ( ) ; } container will not be used in any other part of the example, except for the factories. factory is a special case and i will explain it later. what is happening? inside the setupcontainer method we are not simply registering the classes into the container, but we are actually setting up the flow of our dependencies. dependencies that are solved lazily (that means only when requested) through the metatag [ioc.inject]. in our case, the application flow starts from this method: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 void startgame ( ) { monsterspawner spawner = container . build < monsterspawner > ( ) ; tickengine tickengine = new tickengine ( ) ; tickengine . add ( spawner ) ; } after the monsterspawner is built, it will have the dependency imonsterfactory injected because it has been declared like this: [ioc.inject] public imonsterfactory monsterfactory { set; private get; } and because imonsterfactory has been previously registered (and bound to a valid implementation) inside the container. in this specific case is simple to understand how the monsterspawner dependencies have been explicitly injected by the container. however the container will not be explicitly used anywhere else, so the other dependencies will be injected thanks to the object graph. this means that monsterfactory on its turn will have (automatically) injected the dependencies: [ioc.inject] public ioc.imonobehaviourfactory monobehaviourfactory { set; private get; } [ioc.inject] public imonstersystem monstersystem { set; private get; } if monstersystem had some dependencies too, they would have been injected as well and so on…. in a complicated project scenario this system eventually will give the impression that the [ioc.inject] metatag becomes a sort of magic keyword that would solve all our dependencies. of course there is nothing of magic and, differently than singleton containers, our dependencies will be correctly injected only if they are part of the object graph. the object graph itself is the main difference between the use of an ioc container and a singleton container. the dependencies are not scattered without any condition among the classes, but they must follow the object graph flow. if, using singletons and singleton containers, your code starts to feel like a game of jinga, than it is probably the time to start to look at the inversion of control solution. ioc container and the keyword new it is called inversion of control because the principle is that the code should not use the keyword new at all. the control (of the creation of the objects) is not anymore on the user, but on the framework that will create and inject the objects for him. the most powerful benefit behind this concept is that the code will not rely on the implementation of the classes anymore, but always on their abstractions (if interfaces are used). relying on the abstraction of the classes gives many benefits that can be fully understood when practices like refactoring and unit testing are heavily used. regardless these concepts, coders should anyway use interfaces to create clean and well designed code. all that said, one could ask: if i should not use new, how is it possible to create objects dynamically, while the application executes, like for example spawning objects in my world? my answer is to use factories. factories, in my design, can use the container to inject the object that they create. your class could have something like: 1 2 3 4 5 6 public [ ioc . inject ] ibulletfactory bulletfactory { set ; private get } void onbulletmustbecreated ( ) { add ( bulletfactory . create ( ) ) ; } beside, if you wonder why your class should not be able to create objects on its own, remember that this is not over engineering, this is separation of concerns. creating bullets and handle them are two different responsibilities and respecting the interface segregation principle (part of the solid principles that should be your coding commandments) is one of the most important design rule in order to not have humongous and cluttered classes. ioc container and unity the use of an ioc container, similar to the one i am showing in this article, will help to shift the coding paradigm from an intensive use of monobehaviour to the use of normal classes that implement interfaces. however monobehaviour, on its pure form, is a totally useful tool and its use must be encouraged when appropriate. still our monobehaviours need dependencies that must be injected. now, if the monobehaviours are created dynamically through factory, as it should happen most of the times, then the dependencies will be solved through the object graph. however, if monobehaviour are created implicitly, their dependencies cannot be solved within the composition root because of the nature of the unity framework. for instance, in my example, the turrets are not created dynamically (they could have been though), as well as the monsters counter shown on the top left corner. there is no proper way to find a workaround to this limitation. my personal solution has been to create an extension method, called inject, that can be used with monobehaviour scripts. the monobehavior classes, created implicitly by the framework, that need dependency injected, use the extension in this way: 1 2 3 4 void start ( ) { this . inject ( ) ; } after this function is called, all the dependencies will be injected. there are conditions though: the gameobject must be in a hierarchy where one of the parent gameobjects has one valid unitycontext monobehaviour set. the unitycontext must be initialized before the extension method is used. this can be achieved using start or changing the script execution order. ioc container and mvc (mvp, mvvm) ioc container become also very useful when patterns like model view controller (or the more recent model, view, presenter and model, view, viewmodel) are used. theoretically the triad should not be known outside the triad itself, since the way to communicate outside is to use services or command injected. the explanation of this case is not part of the scope of this article, so maybe i could write about it in another one. however it is interesting to highlight how i also use these patterns to uncouple the data that we want to be edited through the editor and the logic that must use this data. usually what happens is that, just because we want to let the designer edit some public variables of a class, it becomes a monobehaviour without any other reason. the way to get around this problem is to create a monobehaviour that just handles this data and so become a sort of model. this is what happens in our example with the pathmodel class. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 public class pathmodel : monobehaviour { [ ioc . inject ] public pathcontroller pathcontroller { private get ; set ; } public gameobject [ ] placeholders ; void start ( ) { this . inject ( ) ; pathcontroller . pathdto = this . placeholders ; gameobject . destroy ( this ) ; } } while you can change the way i exploited the idea in several ways, the main concept is that the monobehaviour is totally uncoupled from the logic (pathcontroller) and it could even be destroyed since it is not needed for our purposes anymore. ioc container and unit tests often ioc container is associated to unit tests. however there is not any direct link between the two practices. in fact very often unit tests do not use ioc containers at all. instead the point is that the use of an ioc container, against the use of static classes, will help the coder to write unit test friendly classes. in fact unit tests must test only the code of the testing class and never its dependencies. using dependency injection will make very simple to create dumb mockup to inject valid dependencies that cannot ever break or affect the tests of the main class itself. this can happen thanks to the use of interfaces, where the mockups become just one different (often empty) implementations used for the scope of the tests only. unit testing is also outside the scope of this article and maybe i will write one on purpose in future. conclusion before to conclude, i want to quote two answers i found on stackoverflow that could help to solve some other doubts: from http://stackoverflow.com/a/2551161 the important thing to realize here is that you can (and should) write your code in a di-friendly, but container-agnostic manner. this means that you should always push the composition of dependencies to a point where you possibly defer it any longer. this is called the composition root and is often placed in near the application’s entry point. if you design your application in this way, your choice of di container (or no di container) revolves around a single place in your application, and you can quickly change strategy. you can choose to use poor man’s di if you only have a few dependencies, or you can choose to use a full-blown di container. used in this fashion, you will have no dependency on any particular di container, so the choice becomes less crucial in terms of maintainability. a di container helps you manage complextity, including object lifetime. used like described here, it do anything you write in hand, but it does it better and more succinctly. as such, my threshold for when to start using a di container would be pretty low. i would start using a di container once i get past a few dependencies. most of them are pretty easy to get started with anyway. and from http://stackoverflow.com/a/2066827 pure encapsulation is an ideal that can never be achieved. if all dependencies were hidden then you have the need for di at all. think about it this way, if you truly have private values that can be internalized within the object, say for instance the integer value of the speed of a car object, then you have no external dependency and no need to invert or inject that dependency. these sorts of internal state values that are operated on purely by private functions are what you want to encapsulate always. but if you’re building a car that wants a certain kind of engine object then you have an external dependency. you can either instantiate that engine — for instance new gmoverheadcamengine() — internally within the car object’s constructor, preserving encapsulation but creating a much more insidious coupling to a concrete class gmoverheadcamengine, or you can inject it, allowing your car object to operate agnostically (and much more robustly) on for example an interface iengine without the concrete dependency. whether you use an ioc container or simple di to achieve this is not the point — the point is that you’ve got a car that can use many kinds of engines without being coupled to any of them, thus making your codebase more flexible and less prone to side effects. di is not a violation of encapsulation, it is a way of minimizing the coupling when encapsulation is necessarily broken as a matter of course within virtually every oop project. injecting a dependency into an interface externally minimizes coupling side effects and allows your classes to remain agnostic about implementation. the example the framework and the example can now be found on github (i use bitbucket only for temporary or personal projects) at: https://github.com/sebas77/lightweight-ioc-container-for-unity3d. you are very welcome to modify it and share your improvements to the other users. note: you can add more turrets if you want using the editor, thanks to the ioc everything will work without touching code. about the author	10th* ʤɛn ˈʃiˌhɑn kiˈmʊrə ənd hɪˈroʊʃi, ˈjəŋgər ˈbrəðər ər ðoʊz hu seɪ ðət ˈɑpərˌeɪtəd ɔn ə ˈdɪfərənt dɪˈmɛnʃən, bət sɪns aɪ keɪm tɪ ʤəˈpæn tu mənθs ˈæftər hi daɪd, aɪ ɪkˈspɪriəns tɛkˈnik ˈpərsənəli. bət aɪ æm glæd tɪ noʊ ðət ˈtruli exists.”.” ˈʤərnəl ˈɛdɪtər ˈstænli pranin, ɔn ˈvɪzɪtɪŋ, frəm dɪˈskəvərɪŋ maɪ 20 jɪrz wɪθ ˈsɛnˌseɪ ˈɔfən əˈkəmpənid hɪz ˈtiʧər, tɑˈkeɪdə, ɔn hɪz ˈtrævəlz ənd wɑz ə kənˈtɛmpərˌɛri əv ˈfaʊndər, hu wɑz ˈɔlsoʊ wən əv lɔŋ taɪm ˈstudənts. ˈjəŋgər ˈbrəðər, hɪˈroʊʃi wɑz bɔrn ɪn hoʊˈkaɪdoʊ ɪn 1909 (ˈmeɪˌʤi jɪr 42 hi dɪd nɑt hɪmˈsɛlf treɪn ɪn, bət hi wɑz reɪzd ɪn ən ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt ɪn wɪʧ boʊθ hɪz ˈfɑðər ənd hɪz ˈɛldər ˈbrəðər treɪnd ɪkˈstɛnsɪvli wɪθ tɑˈkeɪdə. kiˈmʊrə ɪz wən əv θri əv ˈstudənts tɪ hæv kəmˈplitɪd ðə ʤɛn ˈlɛvəl əv tɛkˈniks (ðə tɛkˈniks ɪn ðət ˈsɛnˌseɪ ˈlərnɪd frəm tɑˈkeɪdə wər ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzd ˈɪntu tɛn ˈlɛvəlz, ər ““gen”” bɔrn ɪn ˈtoʊkiˌoʊ ʤəˈpæn ɪn 1947 kiˈmʊrə ˈsɛnˌseɪ ɪz ə wɛl noʊn ˌmæθəməˈtɪʃən ənd prəˈfɛsər æt ˌsuˈkjubə ˌjunəˈvərsəti. hi ˈpəblɪʃt tu bʊks əˈbaʊt ðət hæv bɪn trænzˈleɪtəd ˈɪntu ˈɪŋlɪʃ (ðə ˈlætər wən ˈoʊnli ˈpɑrʃəli) paʊər ənd maɪ 20 jɪrz wɪθ ˈsɛnˌseɪ hi ˈɔlsoʊ hoʊldz ə ɪn ənd ə ɪn, wɪʧ hi ˈstədid ˈəndər ˌjɑmɑˈguʧi ðɪs ɪz pɑrt 1 əv ðə ˈɪŋlɪʃ trænzˈleɪʃən əv ən ˈɪntərvˌju kənˈdəktəd ɪn ˌʤæpəˈniz baɪ wɪθ hɪˈroʊʃi ənd kiˈmʊrə ðət ˈpriviəsli əˈpɪrd ɪn ðə ˈpɑpjələr ˈmɑrʃəl ɑrts ˈmægəˌzin ˈtiʧɪŋz monthly””) ɪn 2001 ju meɪ ˈɔlsoʊ bi ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd ɪn əˈnəðər ˈɪntərvˌju wɪθ kiˈmʊrə ˈsɛnˌseɪ ðət əˈpɪrd ɔn ðə blɔg ˈpriviəsli, ə tru ˈpɔrtrət əv trænˈspɛrənt paʊər ˈɪntərvˌju wɪθ kiˈmʊrə, pɑrt 1 ənd pɑrt 2 ˈdɛmənˌstreɪts ˈɪntərvˌju wɪθ hɪˈroʊʃi ənd ʤɛn ˈʃiˌhɑn kiˈmʊrə, pɑrt 1 ɪf ðə sid əv exist……: aɪ wʊd laɪk tɪ dɪˈskəs ə ˈnəmbər əv θɪŋz əˈlɔŋ ðə θim əv ənd aiki””. ɪt ɪz kloʊz tɪ θri jɪrz sɪns pæst əˈweɪ, bət aɪ stɪl fərˈgɛt ðə ˌɪmˈpækt ðət aɪ fɛlt əˈpɑn ˈhirɪŋ əv hɪz ˈpæsɪŋ. ˈleɪtər ɔn aɪ ˈlərnɪd əv ðə ðə ˈstɔri əv hɪz practice””, wɛr hi simd tɪ fɔrˈsi hɪz oʊn ˈpæsɪŋ ənd aɪ wɑz ˈivɪn mɔr ˈgreɪtli əˈstɑnɪʃt. power”” ˌʤæpəˈniz ənd ˈɪŋlɪʃ ɪˈdɪʃənz kiˈmʊrə: aɪ hæv ˈprɑməst (ðə ˈpəblɪʃɪŋ ˈkəmpəˌni) tɪ ˌɪnˈklud ðə ˈstɔri əv ðət læst ˈpræktɪs wɪn power”” ɪz riˈprɪntɪd. ˈsɛnˌseɪ, ðɛr wər ˈoʊnli faɪv ˈpipəl ðɛr æt ðə taɪm.: wɑz ðɛr səm kaɪnd əv ˈspɛʃəl instruction…….? kiˈmʊrə: aɪ noʊ əˈbaʊt ðət. (sˈmaɪlɪŋ) ðət ɪz, ˈivɪn ɪf ðət wər ðət keɪs, ðɪs ɪz nɑt ˈsəmθɪŋ ðət ju ər ˈeɪbəl tɪ du ʤɪst bɪˈkəz ju hæv rɪˈsivd ˌɪnˈstrəkʃən. ðət ɪz bɪˈkəz ɪt ɪz ˈsəmθɪŋ ðət məst kəm tɪ ə bɔɪl ˈoʊvər taɪm.: tɪ ə bɔɪl ˈoʊvər time…”…”? kiˈmʊrə: aɪ wɑz ˈɔfən toʊld ðɪs baɪ ˈsɛnˌseɪ waɪl hi wɑz stɪl ˈlɪvɪŋ. ““aiki, ju si, həz ə ‘‘seed’’. bɪˈkəz ðɪs sid ɪgˈzɪsts ðət ðət ɪt spraʊts ənd dɪˈvɛləps ˈræpədli. ðət ɪz waɪ wən kən ˌəndərˈstænd ˈwɛðər ˈsəmˌwən həz baɪ ðə dɪˈgri əv ðɛr progress.”.”.: sid əv aiki””? kiˈmʊrə: ɪn ˈəðər wərdz, ˈsəmˌwən wɪˈθaʊt kən gɪt tɪ ə ˈsərtən ˈlɪmɪtɪd ˌəndərˈstændɪŋ, bət ðɛr ðeɪ stɑp. wɪn wən həz ə bəd ˈimərʤɪz ˌɔtəˈmætɪkli, ənd ðət ˈræpədli məˈʧʊrz ənd kənˈtɪnjuz tɪ ʧeɪnʤ wɪθ greɪt ˈvɪgər. wɪn aɪ hæd ʤɪst ˈɛnərd ðə ˈsɛnˌseɪ ˈpɔɪntɪd tɪ wən əv ðə ənd toʊld mi ðət aɪ ʃʊd wɔʧ ðɛm ənd lərn sɪns ðeɪ hæd ʤɪst græspt. bət wən deɪ ˈæftər əˈbaʊt hæf ə jɪr hæd pæst aɪ wɑz toʊld həz noʊ, ɪf hi dɪd ðɛn hi wʊd bi kəmˈplitli ˈdɪfərənt baɪ now””, ənd ˈsɛnˌseɪ toʊld mi əˈbaʊt ðə əv aiki””.: aɪ si. bət frəm ðə pəˈzɪʃən əv wən hu ˌəndərˈstænd wət ɪz, wən stɑrts tɪ θɪŋk haʊ kən wən gɪt əˈhoʊld əv ðɪs seed?”?”. aɪ θɪŋk ðət ɪt ɪz ˈsəmθɪŋ ðət kən bi əbˈteɪnd ˈsɪmpli θru ɪgˈzərtɪŋ greɪt effort…… kiˈmʊrə: ɪn ɪt ɪz ˈdɪfəkəlt tɪ ˈprɑˌgrɛs wɪˈθaʊt ˈmitɪŋ ˈsəmˌwən hu ɔˈrɛdi həz ðə əˈbɪləˌti tɪ du ɪt. ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli wɪθ riˈleɪʃən tɪ, aɪ θɪŋk ðət ɪt ɪz ˌæbsəˈlutli ˌɪmˈpɑsəbəl. ɪt ɪz ˈnɛsəˌsɛri, ˌɪndɪˈspɛnsəbəl, tɪ teɪk ɪn ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən θru ðə ˈbɑdi. wəns wən ɪkˈspɪriənsɪz ðə sɛnˈseɪʃən əv səʧ ə ˈbɑdi aɪ θɪŋk ðət ðeɪ wɪl bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ græsp ðət ˌhaʊˈɛvər məʧ ðeɪ rɛd bʊks ər wɔʧ ˈvɪdioʊz ðɛr ɪz noʊ weɪ ðət ðeɪ wʊd bi ˈkeɪpəbəl əv ˌəndərˈstændɪŋ wɪˈθaʊt ðət.: wɪˈθaʊt dɪˈrɛkli ɪkˈspɪriənsɪŋ ðə tɛkˈniks əv ˈsəmˌwən hu ɔˈrɛdi həz ðə əˈbɪləˌti ɪt ɪz ˌɪmˈpɑsəbəl tɪ ˈmæstər. kiˈmʊrə: wət aɪ bɪˈliv. ˈlivɪŋ əˈsaɪd ə ˈʤinjəs laɪk tɑˈkeɪdə ˈsɛnˌseɪ, wɪˈθaʊt ðə ˈfilɪŋ əv ɪt ˈæˌkʧuəli biɪŋ dən tɪ ðɛm wən wɪl nɑt ˌəndərˈstænd. bɪˈkəz ɪt ɪz ˈdɪfəkəlt ˈivɪn ɪf wən rɪˈsivz səʧ tɛkˈniks ˈmɛni taɪmz. bɪˈkəz ˈoʊvər ə ˈpɪriəd əv tˈwɛnti jɪrz aɪ hæd səʧ tɛkˈniks dən tɪ mi ˈθaʊzənz əv taɪmz. ɪt məst bi prɪˈzərvd!: ɪn əˈpɪrəns aɪ θɪŋk ðət ðɛr ər tɛkˈniks ðət əˈpɪr tɪ bi. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ɪt ɪz ˈdɪfəkəlt fər ˈjuˈɛs tɪ dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃ ðɛm frəm ðoʊz tɛkˈniks dən wɪθ ril. kiˈmʊrə: ɛz ˈlɛvəl ˈraɪzɪz ðeɪ kəm tɪ ˌəndərˈstænd ðə ˈdɪfərəns. wɪn aɪ fərst ˈɛnərd ðə əv kɔrs aɪ wɑz θroʊn baɪ ˈsɛnˌseɪ, bət ˈɔlsoʊ baɪ ðə. aɪ wɑz θroʊn wɪθ ə ˈsɪŋgəl ˈfɪŋgər. aɪ θɔt ðeɪ ðeɪ ˈsɛnˌseɪ ənd ðə) wər boʊθ strɔŋ bət aɪ ˌəndərˈstænd ðə ˈdɪfərəns ɪn ðɛr strɛŋθ. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ˈæftər kənˈdɪʃənɪŋ ˌmaɪˈsɛlf fər θri jɪrz ðɛr wɑz ə ðət əˈplaɪ tɛkˈniks wɪn aɪ rɪˈzɪstɪd. ənd ðət wɑz ˈrɪli strɔŋ! ˈivɪn soʊ, ˈæftər faɪv jɪrz hæd pæst tɛkˈniks bɪˈkeɪm kəmˈplitli ˌɪnɪˈfɛktɪv. ɪt ʤɪst ðət ˈpərsən, tɛkˈniks bɪˈkeɪm ˌɪnɪˈfɛktɪv. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ʤɪst wɪθ ˈsɛnˌseɪ aɪ wʊd bi θroʊn ˈɛvəri wɪʧ weɪ (əv kɔrs, ðət ˈhæpən tɪ ʤɪst mi). æt fərst aɪ θɔt ˌɪnˈsaɪd ˌmaɪˈsɛlf, ðət ər ðət strɔŋ flaɪ (wɪn θroʊn) laɪk məst bi ə laɪ! ðeɪ məst bi ˈhoʊldɪŋ bæk fər sensei.”.”. (ˈlæfɪŋ): ˈnɔrməl, ɪt? kiˈmʊrə: ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ɛz aɪ kənˈtɪnjud tɪ bi θroʊn, ənd ɛz aɪ bɪˈkəm ˈstrɔŋgər, aɪ ˈsədənli keɪm tɪ ˌəndərˈstænd ɪz ˈsəmθɪŋ ɛˈsɛnʃəl əˈbaʊt tɛkˈnik ðət ɪz kəmˈplitli different!”!”. ðət tʊk mi faɪv jɪrz, tɪ bɪˈkəm ˈklɪrli əˈwɛr ðət ˈsɛnˌseɪ hæd. ɛz aɪ sɛd ˌbiˈfɔr, wɪn aɪ wɑz wik aɪ hæd səˈspɪʃənz ðət hu wər soʊ strɔŋ kʊd bi θroʊn əraʊnd laɪk ðət, bət ˌɔlˈðoʊ ðə ˈnɛvər ˈbætɪd ən aɪ noʊ ˈmætər wət aɪ traɪd, ðeɪ rɪˈzɪst ˈsɛnˌseɪ æt ɔl ənd wər ʤɪst tɔst əˈbaʊt. aɪ rɪˈmeɪn ˌənəˈwɛr ðət ðoʊz wər ˈæˌkʧuəli biɪŋ ˈhændəld laɪk ðət.: ənd soʊ, bɪˈkeɪm ˈdɛdəkeɪtəd tɪ ˈgræspɪŋ? kiˈmʊrə: aɪ fɛlt ˌɪnˈstɪŋktɪvˌli ðət ɪf aɪ sɛd ɪt aʊt laʊd ðət ˈnoʊˌbɑˌdi wʊd bɪˈliv mi. ðət ɪz, ˌhaʊˈɛvər wən traɪz tɪ ɪkˈspleɪn ðə əv tɛkˈniks, ðeɪ fɑr sərˈpæs ˈkɑmən sɛns. fər ˈsəmˌwən laɪk mi hu ɪz ˈtreɪnɪŋ bət ˈkænɑt ˈivɪn ˈdupləˌkeɪt ə ˈsɪŋgəl θɪŋ, əˈspɛʃəli ɪn ðə ˈkɑrənt eɪʤ, ˈnoʊˌbɑˌdi wʊd bɪˈliv mi, wʊd ðeɪ? ˈɛnibədi kən tɔk əˈbaʊt ɪt, bət ðət wɑʃ ɪn. ə ˈmætər əv ˈwɛðər ju kən ər ˈkænɑt du ɪt, ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt. fər ðət ˈrizən, ɪf aɪ bɪˈkeɪm ˈkeɪpəbəl əv ˈdɛmənˌstreɪtɪŋ ɪt aɪ wʊd bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ seɪ tɛkˈniks wər fɑr ənd əˈweɪ ˈgreɪtər ðɛn mine””, ənd hæv ə ˈplætˌfɔrm tɪ spik frəm. aɪ θɔt ðət ðɛn aɪ wʊd ˈsərtənli bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ kəmˈjunəˌkeɪt haʊ ˌɪnˈkrɛdəbəl ˈsɛnˌseɪ wɑz.: soʊ ðɪs wɑz ðə fɔrs ˈdraɪvɪŋ jʊr ˈtreɪnɪŋ ˈɪntu ðoʊz ˈθaʊzənz əv ˌrɛpəˈtɪʃənz? kiˈmʊrə: ðət ðɛr wər ə lɔt əv ˌrɛpəˈtɪʃənz (ɪmˈbɛrəst smaɪl), ˈsərtənli ðə keɪs. əˈlaʊɪŋ ðə ˈstudənts tɪ ““experiment””!: ˈsərtənli ðɛr ər ˈlɛvəlz ɪn ˈlərnɪŋ. kiˈmʊrə: wəns wən riʧt ə ˈsərtən ˈlɛvəl ˈsɛnˌseɪ wʊd ʧɛk ðə ˈstudənts (ðɪs ˈoʊnli əˈplaɪd tɪ ˈspɛʃəl ˈpipəl) ənd gɪv ðɛm səm ədˈvaɪs. ɪt wɑz sɛd ɪn ə weɪ ðət ə ˈnɔrməl ˈpərsən ˈnoʊtɪs, bət ðət ðə ˈəpər ˈlɛvəl ˈpipəl wʊd ˌəndərˈstænd. ˈsɛnˌseɪ wʊd ˈkɛrfəli əbˈzərv ðoʊz ðət wər ˈwərkɪŋ ˈsɪriəsli ənd seɪ ˈsəmθɪŋ tɪ ðɛm.: wɑz ðə ədˈvaɪs ˈsəmθɪŋ ðət wən hæd tɪ bi əv ə ˈfɛrli haɪ ˈlɛvəl tɪ ˌəndərˈstænd? kiˈmʊrə: əˈbɪləˌti tɪ ˌəndərˈstænd ɪz ˈdɪfərənt. ˌhaʊˈɛvər məʧ wən traɪz tɪ gɪv ən ˈɔrəl ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən ðɛr ər səm ˈæˌspɛkts ðət ər ˈdɪfəkəlt. ˈivɪn ɪf wən ˈjuzɪz ðə seɪm wərdz tɪ ɪkˈspleɪn, iʧ ˈpərsən wɪl teɪk ɪt ðɛr oʊn weɪ dɪˈpɛndɪŋ əˈpɑn ðə ˌsəpəˈzɪʃənz ənd ˈʤəʤmənt əv ðɛr oʊn ɪkˈspɪriəns, soʊ ɪf wən dɪz nɑt hæv ðə faʊnˈdeɪʃən fər ən ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən ər ðeɪ meɪk ən ˈɛrər ðɛn noʊ ˈmætər haʊ məʧ wən ɪkˈspleɪnz ɪn wərdz ðeɪ wɪl nɑt bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ ˌkɑmpriˈhɛnd, ɪt wɪl bi bɪɔnd ðɛr ˌɪˌmæʤəˈneɪʃən. ɪn wən sɛns, wərdz ər ən ɪkˈstrimli ˌɪnkənˈvinjənt minz əv trænzˈmɪʃən, bɪˈkəz əˈspɛʃəli ɪn ðə ɪkˈspɪriəns əv ðə ˈɛriəz ðət ˈkænɑt bi ɪkˈsprɛst ɪn wərdz ər kwaɪt lɑrʤ. ðɛr ɪz noʊ weɪ ˈəðər ðən ˈæˌkʧuəli ɪkˈspɪriənsɪŋ ðə tɛkˈniks.: ju min ɪz believing”” kiˈmʊrə: ˌhaʊˈɛvər, tɪ spik ˈtruθfəli, ˈivɪn siɪŋ ɪz noʊ gʊd. ˌhaʊˈɛvər məʧ wən traɪz tɪ əbˈzərv frəm ðə ˈaʊtˈsaɪd, ɪn ðə ɛnd wən ˈkænɑt ˌəndərˈstænd wət ɪt filz laɪk wɪˈθaʊt ɪkˈspɪriənsɪŋ ɪt dɪˈrɛkli. ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli ɪn ðə keɪs əv tɛkˈnik, ðɛr ɪz ə kəmˈplitli ˈdɪfərənt ˈfilɪŋ wɪn wən rɪˈsivz ðɛm dɪˈrɛkli.: bət ˈivɪn ɪf wən lərnz θru ðɛr ˈbɑdi aɪ θɪŋk ðət ðɛr məst stɪl bi ə ˈprɔˌsɛs əv traɪəl ənd ˈɛrər. ˈnɔrməl tɪ ɪkˈspɛkt ðət ðɛr ər ˈpipəl hu wɪl θɪŋk wərk, soʊ nɛkst taɪm traɪ ˈsəmθɪŋ different.”.” ər goʊz əˈgɛnst wət aɪ wɑz tɔt, aɪ ˈwəndər haʊ ˈsɛnˌseɪ wʊd ˈhændəl this.”.”, ɪt? kiˈmʊrə: ju meɪ θɪŋk ɪt səˈpraɪzɪŋ, bət ˈsɛnˌseɪ pərˈmɪtɪd ə lɔt əv ɪkˌspɛrəmənˈteɪʃən ənd traɪəl ənd ˈɛrər. tɪ steɪt ɪt ɪn ðə ɪkˈstrim, wən wɑz əˈlaʊd tɪ traɪ ˈɛniˌθɪŋ.: wət? ˈɛniˌθɪŋ wɑz ˌoʊˈkeɪ? kiˈmʊrə: fər ðət ˈrizən, aɪ traɪd ˈmɛni ˈdɪfərənt ˈmɛθədz. ˈɔlˌweɪz əˈbaʊt eɪt ˈdɪfərənt wənz.: ðət ˈmɛni? kiˈmʊrə: θæŋks tɪ ðət ˈsɛnˌseɪ wəns sɛd ˈɔlˌweɪz traɪz ə lɔt əv ˈdɪfərənt things””. (ˈlæfɪŋ) kiˈmʊrə ˈdɛmənˌstreɪts wɪθ ðə ˈɪntərvˌjuər, kiˈmʊrə ˈsɛnˌseɪ θɔt aɪ rɛst maɪ hænd ˈlaɪtli laɪk ðɪs (ðɛn work….)”….)” ənd traɪd ɪt ɔn ðə rɪˈzəlt wɑz ɛz ʃoʊn əˈbəv: fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, wət kaɪnd əv θɪŋz dɪd ju traɪ? kiˈmʊrə: ɛˈsɛnʃəli, aɪ wʊd seɪ ˈhæpənz ɪf aɪ du this?”?”, ðɪs wərk ðɛn nɛkst taɪm traɪ ðə opposite.”.”. wəns aɪ θɔt ɪf aɪ græsp ˈlaɪtli ðɛn ðə tɛkˈnik work?”?”, soʊ aɪ traɪd leɪɪŋ maɪ hænd ˈsɔftli ɔn hænd. ˈdɪfəkəlt tɪ ɪkˈspleɪn ɪn wərdz, aɪ traɪd tɪ ˈrɛplɪˌkeɪt wət ˈsɛnˌseɪ ʃoʊd mi æt ðət taɪm. si ˈfoʊˌtoʊ əˈbəv.: ˌɪnˈkrɛdəbəl. kiˈmʊrə: ðɪs wɑz dən tɪ mi. ðɪs wɑz əˈbaʊt θri jɪrz ˈæftər aɪ ˈɛnərd ðə ˈhæpi ðət aɪ wɑz ˈeɪbəl tɪ ˈɪməˌteɪt ɪt. (sˈmaɪlɪŋ) ðɪs kaɪnd əv θɪŋ ˈhæpənd ˈmɛni taɪmz, aɪ wɑz əbˈzɔrbd baɪ ˈsɛnˌseɪ. ɪt wɑz ˈrɪli ˌɪnˈkrɛdəbəl! kənˈtɪnjud ɪn pɑrt 2 wɪθ mɔr frəm hɪˈroʊʃi ənd ə dɪˈskəʃən əv ˌɪnərˈækʃənz wɪθ ˈfaʊndər ueshiba…*… ˈpəblɪʃt baɪ: ˈkrɪstəfər li ˌhɑnəˈlulu, haɪ
10th gen shihan tatsuo kimura and hiroshi sagawa, yukiyoshi sagawa sohan’s younger brother “there are those who say that morihei ueshiba operated on a different dimension, but since i came to japan two months after he died, i couldn’t experience ueshiba sensei’s technique personally. but i am glad to know that aiki truly exists.” – aikido journal editor stanley pranin, on visiting yukiyoshi sagawa, from discovering aiki my 20 years with yukiyoshi sagawa sensei yukiyoshi sagawa often accompanied his teacher, daito-ryu chuku-no-so sokaku takeda, on his travels and was a contemporary of aikido founder morihei ueshiba, who was also one of sokaku takeda’s long time students. yukiyoshi sagawa’s younger brother, hiroshi sagawa (佐川廣) was born in shimo-yubetsu hokkaido in 1909 (meiji year 42). he did not himself train in daito-ryu, but he was raised in an environment in which both his father and his elder brother trained extensively with sokaku takeda. tatsuo kimura (木村達雄) is one of three of yukiyoshi sagawa sohan’s students to have completed the 10th gen level of techniques (the techniques in sagawa dojo that sagawa sensei learned from sokaku takeda were organized into ten levels, or “gen” / 元). born in tokyo japan in 1947, kimura sensei is a well known mathematician and professor at tsukuba university. he published two books about sagawa sohan (宗範) that have been translated into english (the latter one only partially) – “transparent power (透明な力)” and “discovering aiki my 20 years with yukiyoshi sagawa sensei (合気修得への道―佐川幸義先生に就いた二十年)”. he also holds a third-dan in kendo and a fifth-dan in aikido, which he studied under seigo yamaguchi (山口清吾). this is part 1 of the english translation of an interview conducted in japanese by kuni azumi (安積邦) with hiroshi sagawa and tatsuo kimura that previously appeared in the popular martial arts magazine gekkan hiden (月刊秘伝 / “secret teachings monthly”) in 2001. you may also be interested in another interview with kimura sensei that appeared on the aikido sangenkai blog previously – “yukiyoshi sagawa’s aiki, a true portrait of transparent power – interview with tatsuo kimura, part 1 and part 2. yukiyoshi sagawa sohan demonstrates aiki interview with hiroshi sagawa and 10th gen shihan tatsuo kimura, part 1 if the seed of aiki doesn’t exist… azumi: i would like to discuss a number of things along the theme of “yukiyoshi sagawa and aiki”. it is close to three years since sagawa sohan passed away, but i still can’t forget the impact that i felt upon hearing of his passing. later on i learned of the the story of his “final practice”, where he seemed to foresee his own passing and i was even more greatly astonished. “transparent power” (透明な力) – japanese and english editions kimura: i have promised (the publishing company) to include the story of that last practice when “”transparent power” is reprinted. ….including sensei, there were only five people there at the time. azumi: was there some kind of special instruction….? kimura: i don’t know about that. (smiling) that is, even if that were that case, this is not something that you are able to do just because you have received instruction. that is because it is something that must come to a boil over time. azumi: “come to a boil over time…”? kimura: i was often told this by sagawa sensei while he was still living. “aiki, you see, aiki has a ‘seed’. it’s because this seed exists that that it sprouts and develops rapidly. that is why one can understand whether someone has aiki by the degree of their progress.”. azumi: “a seed of aiki”? kimura: in other words, someone without aiki can get to a certain limited understanding, but there they stop. when one has aiki a bud emerges automatically, and that rapidly matures and continues to change with great vigor. when i had just entered the dojo sagawa sensei pointed to one of the sempai and told me that i should watch them and learn since they had just grasped aiki. but one day after about half a year had passed i was told “he has no aiki, if he did then he would be completely different by now”, and sensei told me about the “seed of aiki”. azumi: i see. but from the position of one who doesn’t understand what aiki is, one starts to think “then how can one get ahold of this seed?”. i can’t think that it is something that can be obtained simply through exerting great effort… kimura: in bujutsu it is difficult to progress without meeting someone who already has the ability to do it. particularly with relation to aiki, i think that it is absolutely impossible. it is necessary, indispensable, to take in information through the body. once one experiences the sensation of such a body i think that they will be able to grasp that however much they read books or watch videos there is no way that they would be capable of understanding without that. azumi: without directly experiencing the techniques of someone who already has the ability it is impossible to master aiki. kimura: that’s what i believe. leaving aside a genius like takeda sensei, without the feeling of it actually being done to them one will not understand. because it is difficult even if one receives such techniques many times. because over a period of twenty years i had such techniques done to me thousands of times. yukiyoshi sagawa’s aiki bojutsu it must be preserved! azumi: in appearance i think that there are techniques that appear to be aiki. however, it is difficult for us to distinguish them from those techniques done with real aiki. kimura: as one’s level rises they come to understand the difference. when i first entered the dojo of course i was thrown by sagawa sensei, but also by the sempai. i was thrown with a single finger. i thought they they (sagawa sensei and the sempai) were both strong – but i didn’t understand the difference in their strength. however, after conditioning myself for three years there was a sempai that couldn’t apply techniques when i resisted. and that sempai was really strong! even so, after five years had passed techniques became completely ineffective. it wasn’t just that person, everyone’s techniques became ineffective. however, just with sagawa sensei i would be thrown every which way (of course, that didn’t happen to just me). at first i thought inside myself, “sempai that are that strong wouldn’t fly (when thrown) like that…it must be a lie! they must be holding back for sensei.”. (laughing) azumi: that’s normal, isn’t it? kimura: however, as i continued to be thrown, and as i become stronger, i suddenly came to understand – “there is something essential about sagawa sensei’s technique that is completely different!”. that took me five years, to become clearly aware that sagawa sensei had aiki. as i said before, when i was weak i had suspicions that sempai who were so strong could be thrown around like that, but although the sempai never batted an eye no matter what i tried, they couldn’t resist sagawa sensei at all and were just tossed about. i couldn’t remain unaware that those sempai were actually being handled like that. azumi: and so, became dedicated to grasping aiki? kimura: i felt instinctively that if i said it out loud that nobody would believe me. that is, however one tries to explain the magnificence of sagawa sensei’s techniques, they far surpass common sense. for someone like me who is training but cannot even duplicate a single thing, especially in the current age, nobody would believe me, would they? anybody can talk about it, but that won’t wash in budo. it’s a matter of whether you can or cannot do it, that’s what’s important. for that reason, if i became capable of demonstrating it i would be able to say “sagawa sensei’s techniques were far and away greater then mine”, and have a platform to speak from. i thought that then i would certainly be able to communicate how incredible sagawa sensei was. azumi: so this was the force driving your training into those thousands of repetitions? kimura: well…say that there were a lot of repetitions (embarrassed smile), that’s certainly the case. allowing the students to “experiment”! sagawa: certainly there are levels in learning aiki. kimura: once one reached a certain level sagawa sensei would check the students (this only applied to special people) and give them some advice. it was said in a way that a normal person wouldn’t notice, but that the upper level people would understand. sagawa sensei would carefully observe those that were working seriously and say something to them. azumi: was the advice something that one had to be of a fairly high level to understand? kimura: everybody’s ability to understand is different. however much one tries to give an oral explanation there are some aspects that are difficult. even if one uses the same words to explain, each person will take it their own way depending upon the suppositions and judgement of their own experience, so if one does not have the foundation for an explanation or they make an error then no matter how much one explains in words they will not be able to comprehend, it will be beyond their imagination. in one sense, words are an extremely inconvenient means of transmission, because especially in the experience of budo the areas that cannot be expressed in words are quite large. there is no way other than actually experiencing the techniques. azumi: you mean “seeing is believing” (百聞は一見にしかず)? kimura: however, to speak truthfully, even seeing is no good. however much one tries to observe from the outside, in the end one cannot understand what it feels like without experiencing it directly. particularly in the case of sagawa sensei’s technique, there is a completely different feeling when one receives them directly. azumi: but even if one learns through their body i think that there must still be a process of trial and error. it’s normal to expect that there are people who will think “that didn’t work, so next time i’ll try something different.” or “this goes against what i was taught, i wonder how sensei would handle this.”, isn’t it? kimura: you may think it surprising, but sagawa sensei permitted a lot of experimentation and trial and error. to state it in the extreme, one was allowed to try anything. azumi: what? anything was okay? kimura: for that reason, i tried many different methods. always about eight different ones. azumi: that many? kimura: thanks to that sensei once said “kimura-kun always tries a lot of different things”. (laughing) tatsuo kimura demonstrates with the interviewer, kuni azumi kimura sensei thought “if i rest my hand lightly like this (then aiki won’t work….)” and tried it on yukiyoshi sagawa sohan – the result was as shown above azumi: for example, what kind of things did you try? kimura: essentially, i would say “what happens if i do this?”, “if this doesn’t work then next time i’ll try the opposite.”. once i thought “perhaps if i grasp lightly then the technique won’t work?”, so i tried laying my hand softly on sagawa sensei’s hand. it’s difficult to explain in words, i tried to replicate what sagawa sensei showed me at that time. *see photo above. azumi: that’s incredible. kimura: this was done to me. this was about three years after i entered the dojo….but i’m happy that i was able to imitate it. (smiling) this kind of thing happened many times, i was absorbed by sagawa sensei. it was really incredible! continued in part 2, with more from hiroshi sagawa and a discussion of yukiyoshi sagawa’s interactions with aikido founder morihei ueshiba… published by: christopher li – honolulu, hi	ˈweɪkɪŋ ðə rɛd: ʤɪst hu ɪgˈzæktli ɪz goʊɪŋ tɪ bi fɪt ənd əˈveɪləbəl tɪ pleɪ ɪn dɪˈfɛns ɔn ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ? ər ðɛr fɪrz ðət ðə 2 ˈlɔsɪz tɪ ˈfɪli ənd ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ ər ˈhɑrbɪŋərz əv mɔr woʊz tɪ kəm ˌbiˈfɔr ðə wərld kəp breɪk? ðə blu ˈtɛstəmənt: ðə wənz ðət ər aʊt fər ʃʊr ər mæt ˈbɛsələr, aɪk opara, ˈlɔrəns ənd ˈɛrɪk, noʊ ˈgɪtɪŋ əraʊnd ˈɛni əv ðoʊz fɔr. ɪts ˈhaɪli ənˈlaɪkli ˈkɑlɪn wɪl bi pleɪɪŋ ɛz hil stɪl bi aʊt wɪθ ə ˈhæmˌstrɪŋ ˈɪnʤəri. ðɛrz ˈɔlsoʊ noʊ wərd ɔn ˈwɛðər ˈjəri ˈroʊzəl wɪl bi fɪt tɪ pleɪ ɔn ˈfraɪˌdeɪ, əm goʊɪŋ tɪ əˈsum ðət hi ɪz. ɪf ðæts ðə keɪs, aɪ θɪŋk ˈroʊzəl wɪl muv bæk tɪ bɪˈkəz ðæts wɛr hi pleɪd ɪn hɪz deɪz ɪn speɪn ənd aɪ ˈɔlsoʊ si ʧæns maɪərz ˈmuvɪŋ ˈoʊvər tɪ sɪns hi həz ɪkˈspɪriəns pleɪɪŋ ðɛr frəm ˈkɑlɪʤ. ðɪs minz ˌɪˈgɔr wɪl ˈlaɪkli pleɪ raɪt bæk wɪθ biɪŋ ðə ˈoʊnli ˈnɔrməl dɪˈfɛndər. ɛz fər ðə ˈlɔsɪz əm nɑt tu ˈwərid. wɪθ ə ˈfiʧərɪŋ ə 17 jɪr oʊld, hɛld ə ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ tim ðət ˈhæzənt bɪn ʃət aʊt ðɪs jɪr tɪ tu goʊlz ɔn ˈpɛnəltiz. ðə əˈfɛns wɑz stɪl ˈeɪbəl tɪ rən ðə geɪm ənd ɪt wərkt wɛl ˈivɪn wɪn wɑz sɛnt ɔf. fər ðə nɛkst ˈkəpəl əv ˈmæʧɪz ɪts goʊɪŋ tɪ bi ˈdɪfəkəlt wɪˈθaʊt ɑr ˈpraɪˌmɛri dɪˈfɛndərz bət ðə ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ mæʧ ˈæˌkʧuəli geɪv mi hoʊp ˈrəðər ðən dɪˈskərɪʤɪŋ mi. ðeɪ kən stɪl skɔr, ðeɪ kən stɪl hoʊld əˈfɛnsɪz ənd ðeɪ kən stɪl bi ə gʊd tim. wtr: dɑm dwaɪər ʤɪst kips ɔn ˈkipɪŋ ˈklɔdiˌoʊ ˈbilər aʊt əv ðə fərst tim. ɪz ðət goʊɪŋ tɪ kənˈtɪnju, ənd ɪf soʊ, ər deɪz wɪθ ˈkænzəs ˈnəmbərd? tbt: ɪts ˈvɛri hɑrd tɪ seɪ ʤɪst bɪˈkəz wi hæv noʊ aɪˈdiə wət ˈmaɪndˌsɛt ɪz ənd wi ˈɔlsoʊ hæv noʊ aɪˈdiə wət ðə frənt ˈɔfəs ɪz ˈplænɪŋ fər ˈbilər. ˈlɑʤɪk wʊd seɪ jɛs bɪˈkəz dwaɪər həz bɪn pleɪɪŋ ɔn əˈnəðər ˈlɛvəl sɪns læst ˈsəmər, ðɛr ɪz ə gʊd ˈsɛnər ˈfɔrwərd bɪˈhaɪnd ˈbilər ɪn tɪ stɛp ɪn hɪz pleɪs ənd ɪt ˈdəzənt meɪk ə hoʊl lɔt əv sɛns tɪ kip ə ˈdɛzɪgˌneɪtɪd pleɪər ɔn ðə bɛnʧ. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ɪf dwaɪər kənˈtɪnjuz tɪ ʃaɪn ɪn ðɛrz ə gʊd ʧæns hi kʊd bi pɪkt əp baɪ ə tim əˈbrɔd, wɪʧ wʊd əˈlaʊ ˈbilər tɪ stɛp bæk ɪn ənd bɪˈkəm ðə meɪn ˈtərgət fər ˈspɔrtɪŋ ˈkænzəs ˈsɪti wəns əˈgɛn. ɪts ɔl ə ˈmætər əv haʊ wɛl dwaɪər pleɪz ənd ɪf hi geɪnz ˈɪntəˌrɛst ˈaʊtˈsaɪd əv ðə juz. ɪf nɑt, ðɛn ˈbilər meɪ faɪnd hɪmˈsɛlf aʊt əv ə pleɪs. wtr: kənˈgræts ɔn ðət hoʊl kəp θɪŋ. wət ər fænz ˌɛkspɛkˈteɪʃənz fər ðɪs ˈsizən ɪn ðə lig ənd ðə ccl? wɪl ðə kləb bi traɪɪŋ tɪ ˈsɪriəsli kəmˈpit ɪn boʊθ ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃənz? tbt: ˌæbsəˈlutli. ðə kləbz aɪˈdiə ɪz tɪ bi ə prɛˈmɪr kləb boʊθ ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑli ənd dəˈmɛstɪkli. ðɪs jɪr ðeɪ ər goʊɪŋ tɪ traɪ ənd du ˈbɛtər ɪn ðə ˈʧæmpiənz lig grup steɪʤ tɪ gɪt ə ˈbɛtər sid kəm nɛkst spərɪŋ ˈæftər ˈfleɪmɪŋ aʊt əˈgɛnst kruz ðɪs jɪr ɛz ə 7 sid. ɪt woʊnt bi ðə prɛˈmɪr ˈstɑrtɪŋ ʃi bət ɪt ʃʊd stɪl bi ə strɔŋ skwɑd pleɪɪŋ ðiz ˈmæʧɪz, ɛz wɛl ɛz ðə ˈjuˈɛs ˈoʊpən kəp ˈmæʧɪz. fər ðə ˈsizən, ðə goʊl ɪz tɪ wɪn ɛz ˈmɛni ˈtroʊfiz ɛz ˈpɑsəbəl. waɪl ˈwɪnɪŋ ðə səˈpɔrtərz ʃild woʊnt ˈmætər ɪn ðə kəp pleɪɔfs, ɪts stɪl ə ˈtroʊfi ənd ən ˌɔtəˈmætɪk ˈɛntrəns ˈɪntu ðə ˈʧæmpiənz lig. ˈwɪnɪŋ ðə ˈkɑnfərəns ɪz ən ˈɛntrəns tɪ ðə ˈʧæmpiənz lig, ɛz ɪz ðə kəp. ðə goʊl ɪz tɪ kənˈtɪnju tɪ gɪt bæk tɪ ðə ˈʧæmpiənz lig ˈɛvəri jɪr ənd tɪ kənˈtɪnju tɪ bɪld ðə brænd. ðə ˈoʊnli weɪ tɪ du ðət ɪz tɪ du wɛl dəˈmɛstɪkli. ˈlaɪˌnəp priˈdɪkʃən: ˈkrɑnbərg , maɪərz, ˈroʊzəl, mɑrˈtinɛz, nagamura, sɑd, dywer, ˈzɪzoʊ. tbt: haʊ ˈdɪfərənt ɪz ðə tim wɪˈθaʊt ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl pleɪərz? ər wi goʊɪŋ tɪ si ˈsɪmələr ˈtæktɪks tɪ wət wi sɔ əˈgɛnst fər ðə rɛst əv ðə taɪm wɪn ðə ˌɪntərˈnæʃənəlz ər gɔn? wtr: ˈrɪli ðɛrz ˈoʊnli wən bɪg ˈdɪfərəns. dɪˈfoʊ ɪz ˈmɪrli ɔn ˈstændˈbaɪ soʊ ˈdəzənt ˈivɪn hæv tɪ əˈtɛnd kæmp soʊ hiz stɪl əraʊnd ənd goʊɪŋ baɪ ðə ˈlɪmɪtɪd ˈɛvədəns əv wən geɪm simz tɪ bi pərˈdəktɪvli traɪɪŋ tɪ pruv ə pɔɪnt ˈrəðər ðən ˈsəlkɪŋ, wɪʧ ɪz gʊd nuz. ˈʤulioʊ ˈsizər? wɛl, ɪt wɑz kaɪnd əv fən tɪ seɪ 'heɪ ðæts brəˈzɪlz ˈstɑrtɪŋ ˈgoʊli ɪn goʊl fər ˈjuˈɛs', ənd ˈɪtəl bi fən tɪ si tərˈɑntoʊz neɪm əˈtæʧt tɪ ə brəˈzɪl pleɪər θruaʊt ðə wərld kəp, bət ðət sɔrt əv ˈkæʒəwəl fæn ˈmɑrkətɪŋ ənd ˈwərldˈwaɪd brænd əˈwɛrnəs wərk ɪz ˈrɪli wət hiz hir fər, hi woʊnt bi mɪst tu məʧ ɔn ðə pɪʧ. ʤoʊ dən ˈoʊˈkeɪ ɪn ðə geɪmz hiz pleɪd ənd ˈsizər ˈnɛvər ˈrɪli stʊd aʊt ɛz biɪŋ wərθ ðə ˈɛkstrə əv kæp speɪs ˈsədənli θroʊn æt ðə ˈgoʊli pəˈzɪʃən wɪn hi bɪˈkeɪm əˈveɪləbəl. ɪts ənˈlaɪkli hil bi bæk ˈæftər ðə wərld kəp, soʊ ðət kæp speɪs seɪvd kən bi ˈbɛtər spɛnt ɔn ðə rɛst əv ðə tim. ðə wən bɪg ˈdɪfərəns ðoʊ ˈrɪli ɪz ə bɪg wən ənd əv kɔrs ðæts ˈmaɪkəl ˈbrædli. ðə fərst fju geɪmz əv ðə ˈsizən ˌbiˈfɔr hi pɪkt əp ə ˈmaɪnər ˈɪnʤəri, hi wɑz ˌɪˈmɛns, ən ˌɪnərˈsɛpʃən ənd ˈtækəlɪŋ məˈʃin, wɪθ ðə geɪm sɛns tɪ spɑt kwɪk ˈkaʊntər əˈtæk ˌɑpərˈtunətiz ənd ðə skɪl tɪ pʊl ɔf ðə ˈnɛsəˌsɛri ˈpæsɪz. hi ˈhæzənt bɪn ɛz ˈifɛktɪv sɪns ˈkəmɪŋ bæk, bət ðɪs goʊl əˈgɛnst vænˈkuvər ʃoʊd wət hiz ˈkeɪpəbəl əv. ðə fɔrˈmeɪʃən woʊnt ˈrɪli ʧeɪnʤ wɪˈθaʊt ˈbrædli, bət kaɪl ˈbɛkər ɪz ə pur ˌɪməˈteɪʃən, wɪˈθaʊt ðə draɪv ənd kwɪk ˈθɪŋkɪŋ tɪ kriˈeɪt ənd ˌɛkˈsplɔɪt ˈtərˌnoʊvərz. ɛz fər ˈtæktɪks, wət wɑz sin əˈgɛnst nu jɔrk ɪz ˈvɛri ˈsɪmələr tɪ wət wiv sin ɔl jɪr ˈrɪli, ənd ɪts ɔl əˈbaʊt ˈtərˌnoʊvərz. dɪˈfoʊ ɪz ðə aɪˈdil mæn tɪ hæv ˈmeɪkɪŋ rənz tɪ gɪt ɔn ðə ɛnd əv ˈpæsɪz wɪn θɪŋz ər ə bɪt ənd ðæts baɪ fɑr ðə meɪn weɪ ər θˈrɛtənɪŋ. ɪf ðə ˌɑpəˈzɪʃən ər sɛt ənd priˈpɛrd, ðɛn ðɛr ˈdəzənt sim tɪ bi ðə ˌɪˌmæʤəˈneɪʃən tɪ praɪ ə tim ˈoʊpən θru ðə ˈmɪdəl, soʊ ˌɪnˈstɛd ɪts traɪ ənd əˈtæk frəm waɪd, ˈʤɛnərəli ðə ˈwɪŋərz ˈkətɪŋ ɪn wɪθ fʊl bæks ˈoʊvərˌlæpɪŋ. ðɛrz ˈvɛri ˈlɪtəl ˈsətəlti ər ˈpeɪʃəns tɪ ðə əˈtæk, ənd ðæts lɛd tɪ rɪˈpitɪdli ˈgɪtɪŋ kɪld ɪn pəˈzɛʃən stæts, ənd soʊ fɑr ˈoʊnli 9 goʊlz ɪn 8 lig geɪmz, nɑt ˈrɪli ðə rɪˈtərnz ju maɪt hoʊp fər gɪv ðə ɔf ˈsizən ˈaʊˌtleɪ, ðoʊ ˈɪnʤəriz ənd ə ˈwɪrdli təf ˈskɛʤʊl ər ˈvælɪd kənˈtrɪbjətərz tɪ ðət. aɪ ˈwʊdənt ɪkˈspɛkt tɪ si ˈɛniˌθɪŋ ˈdɪfərənt ɔn ˈfraɪˌdeɪ. tbt: tərˈɑntoʊ həz ˈoʊnli pleɪd eɪt geɪmz soʊ fɑr ðɪs ˈsizən, wɪʧ lidz tɪ ə loʊər pɔɪnt ˈtoʊtəl. beɪst ɔn ðə ˈskɛʤʊl əˈhɛd, wɛr du ju si tərˈɑntoʊ ˈɛndɪŋ əp wɪn ðeɪ kæʧ əp tɪ ðə rɛst əv ðə lig ɪn geɪmz pleɪd? wtr: ɔn ə pɔɪnts pər geɪm ˈbeɪsɪs, hæv wɪʧ ɪz gʊd fər ɪn ðə lig soʊ ˈmɪrli kip ðət əp ənd wɪl bi ˌɔˈlraɪt. ɛz aɪ ˈmɛnʃənd ˈərliər, ɪts bɪn ə ˈvɛri təf stɑrt soʊ fɑr, hæv ɔˈrɛdi pleɪd 3 əv ðɛr 4 ˈwɛstərn əˈweɪ geɪmz fər ðə jɪr, ənd hæv ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˈɔlˌweɪz bɪn əp əˈgɛnst ən ɪn fɔrm tim. siˈætəl ənd əˈweɪ ər ˈɔlˌweɪz təf, ðeɪ gɑt ˈdæləs əˈweɪ wɪn ðeɪ wər ənd kəˈləmbəs əˈweɪ wɪn ðeɪ wər nu ˈɪŋglənd ənd ˌkɑlərˈɑdoʊ boʊθ keɪm tɪ tərˈɑntoʊ əˈmɪd ðɛr hɑt striks ɛz wɛl. prɪˈzuməbli ðət sɔrt əv θɪŋ wɪl ˈivɪn ˌɪtˈsɛlf aʊt ˈoʊvər ðə ˈsizən, soʊ ðoʊ θɪŋz ˈhævənt lʊkt ɔl ðət ˌɪmˈprɛsɪv, tɪ hæv 12 pɔɪnts ɔˈrɛdi ˈɪzənt ə bæd rɪˈzəlt. əv kɔrs ðoʊz geɪmz ɪn hænd hæv gɑt tɪ bi pleɪd, soʊ θɪŋz ər goʊɪŋ tɪ gɪt ˈvɛri ˈbɪzi frəm ˌʤuˈlaɪ ˈɑnwərdz, əˈspɛʃəli ɪf ðeɪ bit ˌməntriˈɔl ənd kˈwɑləˌfaɪ fər ðə ccl, wɪʧ wɪl brɪŋ ˈfərðər ˈʧælənʤɪz. ˈðɛrəl bi təf ˈmoʊmənts fər ʃʊr, bət aɪ θɪŋk hæv ɪˈnəf tɪ ɛnd əp ˈrəfli ər ɪn ðə pleɪɔfs, ðɛn ˈɛniˌθɪŋ kən ˈhæpən. tbt: naʊ ðət hi həz bɪn ˈgɪvɪn səm tɔɪz tɪ pleɪ wɪθ, haʊ du ju reɪt ʤɑb ɛz ˈmænɪʤər, ər ɪz ɪt stɪl tɪ ˈərli tɪ tɛl? wtr: stɪl tu ˈərli tɪ tɛl, əˈspɛʃəli wɪθ ˈɪnʤəriz ˈkɔzɪŋ ə bɪt əv ˈhævək, bət maɪ feɪθ ɪz ˈdɛfənətli dɪˈmɪnɪʃɪŋ. ə lɔt əv ˈpipəlz feɪθ ˌdɪsəˈpɪrd læst ˈsizən bət aɪ wɑz ˈwɪlɪŋ tɪ gɪv ɪm ə pæs, hid koʊʧt ə pur skwɑd ˈɪntu ə tim ðət ˈrɪli kət daʊn ðə goʊlz əˈgɛnst wɪʧ wɑz əˈbaʊt ɛz məʧ ɛz aɪ kʊd hæv ɪkˈspɛktɪd ˈrɪli. ðə nu tɔɪz əv kɔrs hæv drəˈmætɪkəli ʧeɪnʤd ˌɛkspɛkˈteɪʃənz ənd soʊ fɑr ɪt lʊks laɪk ˈnɛlsən ˈdəzənt ˈrɪli noʊ wət tɪ du wɪθ ðɛm, ɪts ɔl lʊkt ˈvɛri ˈsɪmələr tɪ 2013, əˈspɛʃəli wɪn wi hæv ðə bɔl. ə bɪt tu sloʊ, ə bɪt tu ənɪˈmæˌʤɪnətɪv, ə bɪt tu prɪˈdɪktəbəl ənd wɪθ ˈvɛri ˈlɪtəl ˌvɛriˈeɪʃən. ˈfræŋkli ˈvɛri ənɪnˈspaɪrɪŋ ənd ə bɪt dəl. ðə nu tɔɪz hɛlp tɪ meɪk ðət wərk əv kɔrs, ənd ˈkaʊntər əˈtæk ɪz ˈvɛri gʊd, bət ɪts ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɛz ɪf ðæts ɔl ðɛr ɪz. aɪ kænt ˌɪˈmæʤən ɪts ɪgˈzæktli wət tɪm hæd ɪn maɪnd wɪn ˈbrɪŋɪŋ ɪn ðə 'ˈblədi bɪg dil', əˈspɛʃəli ɛz ðə rɪˈnud ɪnˈθuziˌæzəm əv fænz simz tɪ ˈdrɪftɪŋ əˈweɪ əˈgɛn, ðɛr ˌɪˌmæʤəˈneɪʃən uncaptured. æt ðə prɛs ˈkɑnfərəns əˈnaʊnsɪŋ dɪˈfoʊ ənd ˈbrædli, æst 'waɪ kænt wi bi greɪt?' ðə ˈərli ˈænsər tɪ ðət wʊd bi, bɪˈkəz əv raɪən ˈnɛlsən. soʊ fɑr ɪn ˈpəblɪk ˈmænɪʤmənt həz bɪn ˈnəθɪŋ bət səˈpɔrtɪv əv ˈnɛlsən, bət ɪf rɪˈzəlts doʊnt kəm ɛz ɪkˈspɛktɪd, ðə ˈbɔrɪŋ ənd ˌpɛsəˈmɪstɪk staɪl əv pleɪ ˈɪzənt ˈrɪli goʊɪŋ tɪ hɛlp ɪm kip hɪz ʤɑb. tɪ səm əp, əm bɪˈkəmɪŋ lɛs ənd lɛs ˌɪmˈprɛst, bət ˈdɛfənətli tu ˈərli tɪ tɛl. ˈlaɪˌnəp priˈdɪkʃən (raɪt tɪ lɛft) bendik*; blum, ˈkɔldwɛl, ˈhæglənd, ˈmɔroʊ; reɪ, ˈwɔrnər, ˈbɛkər, ˈʤæksən; dɪˈfoʊ, gɪlˈbɛrˌtoʊ θæŋks tɪ bɛn, ənd fər ðə vju əv ˈfraɪˌdeɪz geɪm, hɛd ɔn ˈoʊvər tɪ ðə blu ˈtɛstəmənt.
waking the red: just who exactly is going to be fit and available to play in defence on saturday? are there fears that the 2 losses to philly and chicago are harbingers of more woes to come before the world cup break? the blue testament: the ones that are out for sure are matt besler, ike opara, lawrence olum and erik palmer-brown, no getting around any of those four. it's highly unlikely aurelien collin will be playing as he'll still be out with a hamstring injury. there's also no word on whether uri rosell will be fit to play on friday, i'm going to assume that he is. if that's the case, i think rosell will move back to centerback because that's where he played in his days in spain and i also see chance myers moving over to centerback since he has experience playing there from college. this means igoriao will likely play right back with sinovic being the only normal defender. as for the losses i'm not too worried. with a 3-5-2 featuring a 17 year old centerback, skc held a chicago team that hasn't been shut out this year to two goals on penalties. the offense was still able to run the game and it worked well even when palmer-brown was sent off. for the next couple of matches it's going to be difficult without our primary defenders but the chicago match actually gave me hope rather than discouraging me. they can still score, they can still hold offenses and they can still be a good team. wtr: dom dwyer just keeps on keeping claudio bieler out of the first team. is that going to continue, and if so, are bieler's days with kansas numbered? tbt: it's very hard to say just because we have no idea what bieler's mindset is and we also have no idea what the front office is planning for bieler. logic would say yes because dwyer has been playing on another level since last summer, there is a good center forward behind bieler in cj sapong to step in his place and it doesn't make a whole lot of sense to keep a designated player on the bench. however, if dwyer continues to shine in mls there's a good chance he could be picked up by a team abroad, which would allow bieler to step back in and become the main target for sporting kansas city once again. it's all a matter of how well dwyer plays and if he gains interest outside of the u.s. if not, then bieler may find himself out of a place. wtr: congrats on that whole mls cup thing. what are fans expectations for this season in the league and the ccl? will the club be trying to seriously compete in both competitions? tbt: absolutely. the club's idea is to be a premier club both internationally and domestically. this year they are going to try and do better in the champion's league group stage to get a better seed come next spring after flaming out against cruz azul this year as a 7 seed. it won't be the premier starting xi but it should still be a strong squad playing these matches, as well as the us open cup matches. for the season, the goal is to win as many trophies as possible. while winning the supporters shield won't matter in the mls cup playoffs, it's still a trophy and an automatic entrance into the champions league. winning the conference is an entrance to the champions league, as is the mls cup. the goal is to continue to get back to the champions league every year and to continue to build the brand. the only way to do that is to do well domestically. lineup prediction: kronberg -iao, myers, rosell, sinovic - martinez, nagamura, feilhaber - saad, dywer, zizzo. * * * * * * tbt: how different is the team without the international players? are we going to see similar tactics to what we saw against nyrb for the rest of the time when the internationals are gone? wtr: really there's only one big difference. jermain defoe is merely on standby so doesn't even have to attend camp so he's still around and going by the limited evidence of one game seems to be productively trying to prove a point rather than sulking, which is good news.io cesar? well, it was kind of fun to say 'hey that's brazil's starting goalie in goal for us', and it'll be fun to see toronto's name attached to a brazil player throughout the world cup, but that sort of casual fan marketing and worldwide brand awareness work is really what he's here for, he won't be missed too much on the pitch. joe bendik's done ok in the games he's played and cesar never really stood out as being worth the extra 200k of cap space suddenly thrown at the goalie position when he became available. it's unlikely he'll be back after the world cup, so that cap space saved can be better spent on the rest of the team. the one big difference though really is a big one and of course that's michael bradley. the first few games of the season before he picked up a minor injury, he was immense, an interception and tackling machine, with the game sense to spot quick counter attack opportunities and the skill to pull off the necessary passes. he hasn't been as effective since coming back, but this goal against vancouver showed what he's capable of. the formation won't really change without bradley, but kyle bekker is a poor imitation, without the drive and quick thinking to create and exploit turnovers. as for tactics, what was seen against new york is very similar to what we've seen all year really, and it's all about turnovers. jermain defoe is the ideal man to have making runs to get on the end of passes when things are a bit disorganised and that's by far the main way tfc are threatening. if the opposition are set and prepared, then there doesn't seem to be the imagination to pry a team open through the middle, so instead it's try and attack from wide, generally the wingers cutting in with full backs overlapping. there's very little subtlety or patience to the attack, and that's led to tfc repeatedly getting killed in possession stats, and so far only 9 goals in 8 league games, not really the returns you might hope for give the off season outlay, though injuries and a weirdly tough schedule are valid contributors to that. i wouldn't expect to see anything different on friday. tbt: toronto has only played eight games so far this season, which leads to a lower point total. based on the schedule ahead, where do you see toronto ending up when they catch up to the rest of the league in games played? wtr: on a points per game basis, tfc have 1.5, which is good for 6th in the league so merely keep that up and we'll be alright. as i mentioned earlier, it's been a very tough start so far, tfc have already played 3 of their 4 western away games for the year, and have almost always been up against an in form team. seattle and rsl away are always tough, they got dallas away when they were 4-1-1 and columbus away when they were 3-0-0. new england and colorado both came to toronto amid their hot streaks as well. presumably that sort of thing will even itself out over the season, so though things haven't looked all that impressive, to have 12 points already isn't a bad result. of course those games in hand have got to be played, so things are going to get very busy fromy onwards, especially if they beat montreal and qualify for the ccl, which will bring further challenges. there'll be tough moments for sure, but i think tfc have enough starpower to end up roughly 3rd or 4th in the playoffs, then anything can happen. tbt: now that he has been given some toys to play with, how do you rate nelsen's job as manager, or is it still to early to tell? wtr: still too early to tell, especially with injuries causing a bit of havoc, but my faith is definitely diminishing. a lot of people's faith disappeared last season but i was willing to give him a pass, he'd coached a poor squad into a competitiveish team that really cut down the goals against which was about as much as i could have expected really. the new toys of course have dramatically changed expectations and so far it looks like nelsen doesn't really know what to do with them, it's all looked very similar to 2013 tfc, especially when we have the ball. a bit too slow, a bit too unimaginative, a bit too predictable and with very little variation. frankly very uninspiring and a bit dull. the new toys help to make that work of course, and tfc's counter attack is very good, but it's almost as if that's all there is. i can't imagine it's exactly what tim leiweke had in mind when bringing in the 'bloody big deal', especially as the renewed enthusiasm of fans seems to drifting away again, their imagination uncaptured. at the press conference announcing defoe and bradley, leiweke asked 'why can't we be great?' the early answer to that would be, because of ryan nelsen. so far in public management has been nothing but supportive of nelsen, but if results don't come as expected, the boring and pessimistic style of play isn't really going to help him keep his job. to sum up, i'm becoming less and less impressed, but definitely too early to tell. lineup prediction (right to left) bendik; bloom, caldwell, hagglund, morrow; rey, warner, bekker, jackson; defoe, gilberto thanks to ben, and for the skc view of friday's game, head on over to the blue testament.	ðə haʊs; bɪl ə gɛst 16th, 2015 229 ˈnɛvər ə nɑt ə ˈmɛmbər əv jɛt? saɪn əp ɪt ˈmɛni kul ˈfiʧərz! tɛkst "wi hæd hɪt ə bəmp ənd aɪ hæd ˈfɑlən aʊt ðə ˈwɪndoʊ əv ðə ˈskaɪˌlaɪn ðət biˈɑŋkə wɑz ˈdraɪvɪŋ." ðɪs ɪz ɔl aɪ kʊd θɪŋk əv ɛz tɪ ən ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən əv wət ˈhæpənd ənd waɪ aɪ wɑz ɔn fʊt. bət mɔr ðən ðət maɪ maɪnd wɑz ˌɪnˈveɪdɪd baɪ ðə θɔt əv ˈrəʃənz ˈfɑloʊɪŋ maɪ teɪl, ɪn ðɛr kɑz, ˈrɛdi tɪ faɪər. ʃɪt. maɪ ˈɛkstrə ˈmægəˌzinz wər bæk ɪn ðə ˈskaɪˌlaɪn, ənd aɪ hæd noʊ minz əv ˈgɪtɪŋ bæk tɪ biˈɑŋkə. aɪ ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ teɪk ðə mæg ˈkərəntli ɪn ðə 552 tɪ ʧɛk haʊ məʧ ʤus aɪ hæd lɛft. tu, fɔr, sɪks, eɪt, naɪn. aɪ ˈkaʊntɪd əˈgɛn ʤɪst tɪ bi ʃʊr, ənd ðə seɪm ˈnəmbər keɪm əp. ə ˈsɪŋkɪŋ ˈfilɪŋ ɪn maɪ ˈstəmək əroʊz, wɪn aɪ ˈriəˌlaɪzd aɪ wɑz ˈoʊnli ɪn ðə ˈæliˌweɪ əv ðə strit aɪ hæd ʤɪst ˈfɑlən ˈɪntu, ənd aɪ kʊd hir ðə ˈrɛvɪŋ əv ən ˈɪnʤən ˈkloʊzɪŋ ɪn ɔn maɪ pəˈzɪʃən. aɪ hɪd ɛz bɛst ɛz aɪ kʊd bɪˈhaɪnd ə ˈdəmpstər ənd ˈrɛgjəˌleɪtɪd maɪ brɛθ tɪ kip maɪ nɔɪz daʊn. ðɪs wɑz ɔl ʤɪst ˌbiˈfɔr aɪ hərd ðə kɑr pʊl əp. ðə ˈɪnʤən stɑpt ˈrɛvɪŋ, ənd ðə kɑr dɔrz ˈoʊpənd, əˈlaʊɪŋ mi tɪ hir tu ər θri ˈrəʃənz ˈspikɪŋ æt iʧ ˈəðər ɪn ə ˈlæŋgwɪʤ aɪ doʊnt ˌəndərˈstænd. ðeɪ wər ˈwɔkɪŋ təˈwɔrd maɪ pəˈzɪʃən. aɪ pʊt ðə ˈmægəˌzin bæk ˈɪntu ðə 552 ənd rɪˈmɛmbərd ðət aɪ hæd tɛn raʊnz ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ wət wɑz ɔˈrɛdi ˈʧeɪmbərd. aɪ nu ðeɪ hərd mi, ənd aɪ ˈweɪtɪd wɪθ maɪ gən əp. wən pɑpt hɪz hɛd əraʊnd ðə ˈkɔrnər ənd aɪ faɪərd ə bərst ˈɪntu ɪm, ənd hɪz ˈbɑdi ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli fɛl lɪmp ənd hɪt ðə graʊnd. ðət wɑz laɪk, wət? θri ʃɑts? ˈmeɪbi fɔr? ˌɔˈlraɪt. sɪks ər ˈsɛvən raʊnz ər lɛft. aɪ poʊk maɪ ˈraɪfəl aʊt frəm bɪˈhaɪnd ðə ˈdəmpstər ənd faɪər tu ʃɑts, ðɛn poʊkt maɪ hɛd aʊt tɪ gɪt ˈbɛtər eɪm æt ðə ˈʤəmpi ˈmɑbstər hu aɪ hɪt ɪn ðə fʊt. aɪ ʃɑt ɪm wəns ɪn ðə hɛd, ənd laɪk ðə wən ˌbiˈfɔr ɪm, ðə ˈmɑbstər fɛl lɪmp ˌɪnstənˈtæniəsli. maɪ ˈbɑdi gru sˈwɛti ɛz ə weɪv əv juˈfɔriə wɛnt əˈkrɔs mi. aɪ kɪld ðɛm ənd əm nɑt dɛd. greɪt. ˌhaʊˈɛvər aɪ ˈnidɪd tɪ bi ɔn fʊt ənd aʊt əv hir. aɪ hæd ræn tu tɪ θri blɑks ˌbiˈfɔr ˈfaɪndɪŋ ə baɪk, wɪʧ aɪ ˈblæstɪd ðə lɑk ɔf əv, ənd tʊk ðə baɪk. ˈæftər əˈbaʊt 10 ˈmɪnəts əv ˈbaɪkɪŋ, aɪ hæd riʧt wɛr aɪ ˈnidɪd tɪ bi, ənd aɪ tɔst maɪ ˈraɪfəl ˈɪntu ðə bæk əv ðə ˈskaɪˌlaɪn tɪ kip ˈpipəl frəm siɪŋ ɪt, ənd ʧeɪnʤd maɪ kloʊðz tɪ maɪ ˈnɔrməl wɛr. aɪ wɑz ˈgritɪd baɪ ˈræzmɪs ənd biˈɑŋkə, ənd aɪ ˌɪgˈnɔrd wət ðeɪ hæd tɪ seɪ tɪ mi ənd rɪˈmeɪnd blæŋk ɪn ðə feɪs fər ə ˈsɛkənd, tɪ teɪk ɪn ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ðət hæd ˈhæpənd ðət deɪ. nɑt tu ˈmɪnəts ˈleɪtər, ˈkinən hæd ˈdrɪvən əp tɪ ðə gərɑʒ. hi wɛnt tɪ ən ɪn ənd aʊt ˈbərgər bɪtˈwin ˈgɪtɪŋ əˈweɪ frəm ðə ˈmɑfiə ənd ˈgɪtɪŋ hir. wət ə fuckin' gaɪ. ˈræzmɪs hæd sɛd wət wi wər ɔl ˈθɪŋkɪŋ wɪn wɪn ˈkinən gɑt aʊt əv ðə kɑr, "ju wɛnt tɪ ˈfəkɪŋ ɪn ənd aʊt ˈbərgər?" ˈoʊnli tɪ bi mɛt wɪθ ðə rɪˈplaɪ əv, "jæ." "ju sim tɪ əv dən ˈprɪti wɛl," biˈɑŋkə sɪz siɪŋ ðə læk əv ˈdæmɪʤ kənˈsɪdərɪŋ ðə ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃən, "haʊ dɪd ju ˈmænɪʤ ðət?" "ɔl ðə gaɪz ðət ʧeɪst mi wər pur ˈfəkɪŋ ʃɑts." ˈkinən ˈænsərz. "heɪ, aɪ gɑt səm stəf ɪn ðə kɑr." ˈkinən kənˈtɪnjuz ɛz hi wɔks bæk tɪ ðə kɑr. aɪ ˈʧəkəld fər ə ˈsɛkənd æt ðə weɪ ˈkinən wɑz ˈæktɪŋ, "wət, dɪd ju fərˈgɛt jʊr fraɪz tɪ goʊ wɪθ ðə drɪŋk?" "noʊ, aɪ hæd ðoʊz ɔn ðə weɪ." aɪ ˈpɑndərd ˌɪnˈtərnəli ðə aɪˈdiə əv wɛr ðə fək ənd ˈlukə wər, ˌbiˈfɔr ˈfaɪnəli ˈspikɪŋ aʊt əˈbaʊt ɪt. rɑ peɪst ˈdætə "wi hæd hɪt ə bəmp ənd aɪ hæd ˈfɑlən aʊt ðə ˈwɪndoʊ əv ðə ˈskaɪˌlaɪn ðət biˈɑŋkə wɑz ˈdraɪvɪŋ." ðɪs ɪz ɔl aɪ kʊd θɪŋk əv ɛz tɪ ən ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən əv wət ˈhæpənd ənd waɪ aɪ wɑz ɔn fʊt. bət mɔr ðən ðət maɪ maɪnd wɑz ˌɪnˈveɪdɪd baɪ ðə θɔt əv ˈrəʃənz ˈfɑloʊɪŋ maɪ teɪl, ɪn ðɛr kɑz, ˈrɛdi tɪ faɪər. ʃɪt. maɪ ˈɛkstrə ˈmægəˌzinz wər bæk ɪn ðə ˈskaɪˌlaɪn, ənd aɪ hæd noʊ minz əv ˈgɪtɪŋ bæk tɪ biˈɑŋkə. aɪ ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ teɪk ðə mæg ˈkərəntli ɪn ðə 552 tɪ ʧɛk haʊ məʧ ʤus aɪ hæd lɛft. tu, fɔr, sɪks, eɪt, naɪn. aɪ ˈkaʊntɪd əˈgɛn ʤɪst tɪ bi ʃʊr, ənd ðə seɪm ˈnəmbər keɪm əp. ə ˈsɪŋkɪŋ ˈfilɪŋ ɪn maɪ ˈstəmək əroʊz, wɪn aɪ ˈriəˌlaɪzd aɪ wɑz ˈoʊnli ɪn ðə ˈæliˌweɪ əv ðə strit aɪ hæd ʤɪst ˈfɑlən ˈɪntu, ənd aɪ kʊd hir ðə ˈrɛvɪŋ əv ən ˈɪnʤən ˈkloʊzɪŋ ɪn ɔn maɪ pəˈzɪʃən. aɪ hɪd ɛz bɛst ɛz aɪ kʊd bɪˈhaɪnd ə ˈdəmpstər ənd ˈrɛgjəˌleɪtɪd maɪ brɛθ tɪ kip maɪ nɔɪz daʊn. ðɪs wɑz ɔl ʤɪst ˌbiˈfɔr aɪ hərd ðə kɑr pʊl əp. ðə ˈɪnʤən stɑpt ˈrɛvɪŋ, ənd ðə kɑr dɔrz ˈoʊpənd, əˈlaʊɪŋ mi tɪ hir tu ər θri ˈrəʃənz ˈspikɪŋ æt iʧ ˈəðər ɪn ə ˈlæŋgwɪʤ aɪ doʊnt ˌəndərˈstænd. ðeɪ wər ˈwɔkɪŋ təˈwɔrd maɪ pəˈzɪʃən. aɪ pʊt ðə ˈmægəˌzin bæk ˈɪntu ðə 552 ənd rɪˈmɛmbərd ðət aɪ hæd tɛn raʊnz ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ wət wɑz ɔˈrɛdi ˈʧeɪmbərd. aɪ nu ðeɪ hərd mi, ənd aɪ ˈweɪtɪd wɪθ maɪ gən əp. wən pɑpt hɪz hɛd əraʊnd ðə ˈkɔrnər ənd aɪ faɪərd ə bərst ˈɪntu ɪm, ənd hɪz ˈbɑdi ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli fɛl lɪmp ənd hɪt ðə graʊnd. ðət wɑz laɪk, wət? θri ʃɑts? ˈmeɪbi fɔr? ˌɔˈlraɪt. sɪks ər ˈsɛvən raʊnz ər lɛft. aɪ poʊk maɪ ˈraɪfəl aʊt frəm bɪˈhaɪnd ðə ˈdəmpstər ənd faɪər tu ʃɑts, ðɛn poʊkt maɪ hɛd aʊt tɪ gɪt ˈbɛtər eɪm æt ðə ˈʤəmpi ˈmɑbstər hu aɪ hɪt ɪn ðə fʊt. aɪ ʃɑt ɪm wəns ɪn ðə hɛd, ənd laɪk ðə wən ˌbiˈfɔr ɪm, ðə ˈmɑbstər fɛl lɪmp ˌɪnstənˈtæniəsli. maɪ ˈbɑdi gru sˈwɛti ɛz ə weɪv əv juˈfɔriə wɛnt əˈkrɔs mi. aɪ kɪld ðɛm ənd əm nɑt dɛd. greɪt. ˌhaʊˈɛvər aɪ ˈnidɪd tɪ bi ɔn fʊt ənd aʊt əv hir. aɪ hæd ræn tu tɪ θri blɑks ˌbiˈfɔr ˈfaɪndɪŋ ə baɪk, wɪʧ aɪ ˈblæstɪd ðə lɑk ɔf əv, ənd tʊk ðə baɪk. ˈæftər əˈbaʊt 10 ˈmɪnəts əv ˈbaɪkɪŋ, aɪ hæd riʧt wɛr aɪ ˈnidɪd tɪ bi, ənd aɪ tɔst maɪ ˈraɪfəl ˈɪntu ðə bæk əv ðə ˈskaɪˌlaɪn tɪ kip ˈpipəl frəm siɪŋ ɪt, ənd ʧeɪnʤd maɪ kloʊðz tɪ maɪ ˈnɔrməl wɛr. aɪ wɑz ˈgritɪd baɪ ˈræzmɪs ənd biˈɑŋkə, ənd aɪ ˌɪgˈnɔrd wət ðeɪ hæd tɪ seɪ tɪ mi ənd rɪˈmeɪnd blæŋk ɪn ðə feɪs fər ə ˈsɛkənd, tɪ teɪk ɪn ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ðət hæd ˈhæpənd ðət deɪ. nɑt tu ˈmɪnəts ˈleɪtər, ˈkinən hæd ˈdrɪvən əp tɪ ðə gərɑʒ. hi wɛnt tɪ ən ɪn ənd aʊt ˈbərgər bɪtˈwin ˈgɪtɪŋ əˈweɪ frəm ðə ˈmɑfiə ənd ˈgɪtɪŋ hir. wət ə fuckin*' gaɪ. ˈræzmɪs hæd sɛd wət wi wər ɔl ˈθɪŋkɪŋ wɪn wɪn ˈkinən gɑt aʊt əv ðə kɑr, "ju wɛnt tɪ ˈfəkɪŋ ɪn ənd aʊt ˈbərgər?" ˈoʊnli tɪ bi mɛt wɪθ ðə rɪˈplaɪ əv, "jæ." "ju sim tɪ əv dən ˈprɪti wɛl," biˈɑŋkə sɪz siɪŋ ðə læk əv ˈdæmɪʤ kənˈsɪdərɪŋ ðə ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃən, "haʊ dɪd ju ˈmænɪʤ ðət?" "ɔl ðə gaɪz ðət ʧeɪst mi wər pur ˈfəkɪŋ ʃɑts." ˈkinən ˈænsərz. "heɪ, aɪ gɑt səm stəf ɪn ðə kɑr." ˈkinən kənˈtɪnjuz ɛz hi wɔks bæk tɪ ðə kɑr. aɪ ˈʧəkəld fər ə ˈsɛkənd æt ðə weɪ ˈkinən wɑz ˈæktɪŋ, "wət, dɪd ju fərˈgɛt jʊr fraɪz tɪ goʊ wɪθ ðə drɪŋk?" "noʊ, aɪ hæd ðoʊz ɔn ðə weɪ." aɪ ˈpɑndərd ˌɪnˈtərnəli ðə aɪˈdiə əv wɛr ðə fək ənd ˈlukə wər, ˌbiˈfɔr ˈfaɪnəli ˈspikɪŋ aʊt əˈbaʊt ɪt.
the frat house; bill a guest jul 16th, 2015 229 never a guest229never not a member of pastebin yet? sign up , it unlocks many cool features! rawdownloadcloneembedreportprint text 3.14 kb "we had hit a bump and i had fallen out the window of the skyline that bianca was driving." this is all i could think of as to an explanation of what happened and why i was on foot. but more than that my mind was invaded by the thought of russians following my tail, in their cars, ready to fire. shit. my extra magazines were back in the skyline, and i had no means of getting back to bianca. i decided to take the mag currently in the 552 to check how much juice i had left. two, four, six, eight, nine. i counted again just to be sure, and the same number came up. a sinking feeling in my stomach arose, when i realized i was only in the alleyway of the street i had just fallen into, and i could hear the revving of an engine closing in on my position. i hid as best as i could behind a dumpster and regulated my breath to keep my noise down. this was all just before i heard the car pull up. the engine stopped revving, and the car doors opened, allowing me to hear two or three russians speaking at each other in a language i don't understand. they were walking toward my position. i put the magazine back into the 552 and remembered that i had ten rounds including what was already chambered. i knew they heard me, and i waited with my gun up. one popped his head around the corner and i fired a burst into him, and his body immediately fell limp and hit the ground. that was like, what? three shots? maybe four? alright. six or seven rounds are left. i poke my rifle out from behind the dumpster and fire two shots, then poked my head out to get better aim at the jumpy mobster who i hit in the foot. i shot him once in the head, and like the one before him, the mobster fell limp instantaneously. my body grew sweaty as a wave of euphoria went across me. i killed them and i'm not dead. great. however i needed to be on foot and out of here. i had ran two to three blocks before finding a bike, which i blasted the lock off of, and took the bike. after about 10 minutes of biking, i had reached where i needed to be, and i tossed my rifle into the back of the skyline to keep people from seeing it, and changed my clothes to my normal wear. i was greeted by rasmus and bianca, and i ignored what they had to say to me and remained blank in the face for a second, to take in everything that had happened that day. not two minutes later, keenan had driven up to the garage. he went to an in and out burger between getting away from the mafia and getting here. what a fuckin' guy. rasmus had said what we were all thinking when when keenan got out of the car, "you went to fucking in and out burger?" only to be met with the reply of, "yeah." "you seem to of done pretty well," bianca says seeing the lack of damage considering the situation, "how did you manage that?" "all the guys that chased me were poor fucking shots." keenan answers. "hey, i got some stuff in the car." keenan continues as he walks back to the car. i chuckled for a second at the way keenan was acting, "what, did you forget your fries to go with the drink?" "no, i had those on the way." ... i pondered internally the idea of where the fuck mitis and luca were, before finally speaking out about it. raw paste data "we had hit a bump and i had fallen out the window of the skyline that bianca was driving." this is all i could think of as to an explanation of what happened and why i was on foot. but more than that my mind was invaded by the thought of russians following my tail, in their cars, ready to fire. shit. my extra magazines were back in the skyline, and i had no means of getting back to bianca. i decided to take the mag currently in the 552 to check how much juice i had left. two, four, six, eight, nine. i counted again just to be sure, and the same number came up. a sinking feeling in my stomach arose, when i realized i was only in the alleyway of the street i had just fallen into, and i could hear the revving of an engine closing in on my position. i hid as best as i could behind a dumpster and regulated my breath to keep my noise down. this was all just before i heard the car pull up. the engine stopped revving, and the car doors opened, allowing me to hear two or three russians speaking at each other in a language i don't understand. they were walking toward my position. i put the magazine back into the 552 and remembered that i had ten rounds including what was already chambered. i knew they heard me, and i waited with my gun up. one popped his head around the corner and i fired a burst into him, and his body immediately fell limp and hit the ground. that was like, what? three shots? maybe four? alright. six or seven rounds are left. i poke my rifle out from behind the dumpster and fire two shots, then poked my head out to get better aim at the jumpy mobster who i hit in the foot. i shot him once in the head, and like the one before him, the mobster fell limp instantaneously. my body grew sweaty as a wave of euphoria went across me. i killed them and i'm not dead. great. however i needed to be on foot and out of here. i had ran two to three blocks before finding a bike, which i blasted the lock off of, and took the bike. after about 10 minutes of biking, i had reached where i needed to be, and i tossed my rifle into the back of the skyline to keep people from seeing it, and changed my clothes to my normal wear. i was greeted by rasmus and bianca, and i ignored what they had to say to me and remained blank in the face for a second, to take in everything that had happened that day. not two minutes later, keenan had driven up to the garage. he went to an in and out burger between getting away from the mafia and getting here. what a fuckin' guy. rasmus had said what we were all thinking when when keenan got out of the car, "you went to fucking in and out burger?" only to be met with the reply of, "yeah." "you seem to of done pretty well," bianca says seeing the lack of damage considering the situation, "how did you manage that?" "all the guys that chased me were poor fucking shots." keenan answers. "hey, i got some stuff in the car." keenan continues as he walks back to the car. i chuckled for a second at the way keenan was acting, "what, did you forget your fries to go with the drink?" "no, i had those on the way." ... i pondered internally the idea of where the fuck mitis and luca were, before finally speaking out about it.	nu ˈmɛdəˌkɛr ˈwɔrnɪŋ: rul ˈʧeɪnʤɪz ˈkəmɪŋ nu ˈmɛdəˌkɛr ˈwɔrnɪŋ: θri taʊnz ɪn ˌwaɪˈoʊmɪŋ hæv bɪn pleɪst ˌɪnˈsaɪd ən əˈmɛrɪkə ˈɪndiən ˌrɛzərˈveɪʃən bɪˈkəz ðə ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl prəˈtɛkʃən ˈeɪʤənsi ˌɪgˈnɔrd ən ækt əv ˈkɑŋgrəs ənd ˌjunəˈlætərəli ə ˈneɪtɪv əˈmɛrɪkən ˈbaʊndəri muv, wɪʧ həz ˈaʊˌtreɪʤd ðə ˈgəvərnər ənd tɔp ˌpɑləˈtɪʃənz, pəˈtɛnʃəli ʃɪfts ˌʤʊrɪsˈdɪkʃən fər pəˈlisɪŋ, ˈtæksɪŋ ənd ˈəðər ˈsərvɪsɪz tɪ ˈɪndiən əˈgɛn ðə ˌoʊˈbɑmə ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən θɪŋks ɪt kən ˌɪgˈnɔr ðə lɔ əv ðə lænd wɪn ɪt suts ðɛr əˈʤɛndə," sɛd ˌwaɪˈoʊmɪŋ rɪˈpəblɪkən sɛn. ʤɑn ˌbɑˈrɑsoʊ ɪn ə ˈsteɪtmənt tɪ tɪ ðə ˌrɛzərˈveɪʃən ˈbaʊndəriz wər ˈligəli meɪd ɪn ðə ˈərli 1900s. ðiz ˈbaʊndəriz ʃʊd bi ˈfɑloʊd baɪ ɔl ˈpɑrtiz ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ðə ənd ˈəðər ˈeɪʤənsiz wɪˈθɪn ðə ˈkɑntrəˌvərsi bɪˈgæn ɪn dɪˈsɛmbər 2008 wɪn ðə ˈnɔrðərn ərˈæpəˌhoʊ ənd ˈistərn ʃoʊˈʃoʊni traɪbz səbˈmɪtəd ə rɪkˈwɛst fər ˈfɛdərəl fəndz tɪ ˈmɑnətər ɛr kˈwɑləti ɔn ɪts lænd, ˈjuzɪŋ ə klin ɛr ækt prəˈvɪʒən ðət ˈpərˌmɪts ˈneɪtɪv əˈmɛrɪkən traɪbz tɪ faɪl ˌæpləˈkeɪʃənz ɛz steɪts ənd tɪ dɪˈlɪniˌeɪt ˈtraɪbəl ˈbaʊndəriz ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ rɪˈsiv haɪər ˈlɛvəlz əv wɪnd ˈrɪvər ˈɪndiən ˌrɛzərˈveɪʃən ɪz hoʊm tɪ boʊθ traɪbz, ɛz wɛl ɛz ˌwaɪˈoʊmɪŋz ˈoʊnli fɔr kəˈsinoʊz. æt skwɛr maɪəlz ˈlɑrʤər ðən ˈdɛləˌwɛr ɪt ɪz ðə ˈneɪtɪv əˈmɛrɪkən ˌrɛzərˈveɪʃən ɪn ðə ˈkəntri, ənd həz mɔr ðən ˈneɪtɪv əˈmɛrɪkən ɪn 1868 ɪt ɪz ðə ˈbɛriəl saɪt fər sacagawea, ðə ˈɪndiən kəmˈpænjən əv ˈərli ɪkˈsplɔrərz ˈmɛrɪˌwɛðər luɪs ənd ˈwɪljəm 1905 ˈkɑŋgrəs ˈæktɪd tɪ rɪˈdus ðə saɪz əv ðə wɪnd ˈrɪvər ˌrɛzərˈveɪʃən baɪ ˈoʊpənɪŋ ɪt əp tɪ baɪ non-indians, ə dɪˈsɪʒən əˈfərmd ɪn ˈsəbsəkwənt kɔrt ˈrulɪŋz, ənd dɪˈtərmənd ðət ðə taʊnz wɛr ðə ˈhoʊmstɛdərz ˈsɛtəld wər nɑt pɑrt əv ðə dɪˈsɪʒən tɪ grænt "steɪt ˈstætəs" tɪ ðə tu traɪbz fər ðə ˈpərpəs əv ˈmɑnətərɪŋ ɛr kˈwɑləti ˈoʊvərˌtərnd ðoʊz kənˈgrɛʃənəl ʤun 2009 ˈʤɛnərəl brus ˈsɔlzbərg sɛnt ə ˈlɛtər tɪ ðə ˈreɪzɪŋ kənˈsərnz əˈbaʊt ə pəˈtɛnʃəl ˈbaʊndəri bɪˈlivz ðət ðə traɪbz' prəˈpoʊzd ɪkˈstɪriər ˈbaʊndəriz əv ðə wɪnd ˈrɪvər ˈɪndiən ˌrɛzərˈveɪʃən ər ˌɪˈnækjərət. ðə ˈbaʊndəriz, ɛz prəˈpoʊzd, ˌɪnˈklud lændz wɪʧ wər ˈsidɪd baɪ ðə traɪbz baɪ kənˈgrɛʃənəl ækt ɪn 1905 ənd nɑt rɪˈstɔrd tɪ ðə traɪbz baɪ ˈsəbsəkwənt ækts əv rɪˈpəblɪkən gəv. mæt mid roʊt ə ˈlɛtər tɪ ɪn ˈɔgəst ˌriəˈsərtɪŋ ðə steɪts ˌɑpəˈzɪʃən tɪ ðə ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən, ˈɑrgjuɪŋ ðət ɪf ɪt wɑz əˈpruvd ɪt wʊd hæv "ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃənz fər ˈkrɪmənəl lɔ, ˈsɪvəl lɔ, ˈwɔtər lɔ, ənd tækˈseɪʃən, ənd wʊd ˈɔlsoʊ teɪk əˈweɪ ðə ˈvɔɪsɪz əv ðə ˈsɪtɪzənz ɪn ˈkɪˌnɪr,, ənd pəˈvɪljən," ðə taʊnz ˌɪmˈpæktɪd baɪ ðə ˈækʃən. waɪl ðə kənˈkludɪd ɪts æˈnælɪsɪs əv ðə rɪkˈwɛst ɪn 2011 ðə ˈeɪʤənsi dɪd nɑt riˈlis ə dɪˈsɪʒən ənˈtɪl dɪˈsɛmbər, ˈsteɪtɪŋ ðət ðə wɪnd ˈrɪvər ˈɪndiən ˌrɛzərˈveɪʃən wʊd naʊ ˌɪnˈklud, ˈkɪˌnɪr, ənd pəˈvɪljən. gəv. mid riˈæktɪd kˈwɪkli hæv æst ðə [ˌwaɪˈoʊmɪŋ] əˈtərni ˈʤɛnərəl tɪ ˈʧælənʤ ðɪs dɪˈsɪʒən ənd dɪˈfɛnd ðə ɪgˈzɪstɪŋ ˈbaʊndəriz əv ðə kənˈgrɛʃənəl ˌdɛləˈgeɪʃən ˈɔlsoʊ weɪd ɪn wɪθ ə ˈlɛtər tɪ ðə, ˈkrɪtɪˌsaɪzɪŋ ðə dɪˈsɪʒən fər ˈoʊvərˌtərnɪŋ "ə lɔ ðət həz bɪn ˈgəvərnɪŋ lænd ənd riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪps fər mɔr ðən 100 rɛpriˈzɛtətɪv. ˈsɪnθiə ənd sɛnz. ˌbɑˈrɑsoʊ ənd maɪk enzi, ɔl rɪˈpəblɪkənz, sɛd ðeɪ wər kənˈsərnd əˈbaʊt ðə pəˈtɛnʃəl ˈprɛsɪdənt "tɪ ˈɔltər ˈsɪvəl ənd ˈkrɪmənəl ˌʤʊrɪsˈdɪkʃən ɪn ðə ˈɛriə" ðət ˈækʃən kʊd ɪz ə taʊn əv ˈoʊvər ˈrɛzɪdənts, waɪl ˈkɪˌnɪr ənd pəˈvɪljən ər kəmˈjunɪtiz wɪθ ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃənz ˈnəmbərɪŋ ɪn ðə ˈhənərdz. ɪz pərˈsɛnt waɪt ənd pərˈsɛnt ˈneɪtɪv əˈmɛrɪkən, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə 2010 ˈsɛnsəs. ɛz ə rɪˈzəlt əv ðə ˈækʃən ʤoʊn ˈɛvənz, dɪˈrɛktər əv ðə ˌwaɪˈoʊmɪŋ dɪˈpɑrtmənt əv ˈwərkˌfɔrs ˈsərvɪsɪz, sɛd ðə steɪt meɪ noʊ ˈlɔŋgər hæv ˌʤʊrɪsˈdɪkʃən tɪ ˈkɑndəkt ˈɑdəts tɪ si ɪf ˈbɪznɪsɪz kəmˈplaɪ wɪθ ˈwərkər ˌkɑmpənˈseɪʃən ənd ˌənɪmˈplɔɪmənt lɔz, ðə ˈkæspər ˌriˈpɔrtəd. ˈəðər steɪt əˈfɪʃəlz toʊld ðə ˈnuzˌpeɪpər ðət riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti fər ˈimərʤənsi ˈsərvɪsɪz wʊd ʃɪft tɪ ðə traɪbz, ənd ðə steɪt wʊd ɛnd ɪts ˌɪnˈspɛkʃənz əv ˈlidərz hæv bɪn ˈkrɪtɪkəl əv ðə ˈgəvərnərz pəˈtɪʃən tɪ steɪ ðə dɪˈsɪʒən. ɪn ə ˈlɛtər sɛnt tɪ ðə meɪər əv ðə ˈnɔrðərn ərˈæpəˌhoʊ ˈbɪznɪs ˈkaʊnsəl sɛd ðeɪ ˈwɔntɪd tɪ mit tɪ dɪˈskəs tæks ˈɪʃuz, ɛz wɛl ɛz ˈmætərz rɪˈleɪtɪd tɪ lɔ ɛnˈfɔrsmənt, ə klɪr saɪn ðeɪ si dɪˈsɪʒən ˈriʧɪŋ bɪɔnd ðə ˈmɑnətərɪŋ əv ɛr dɪd nɑt mit wɪθ ðə ˈgəvərnər ənd dɪd nɑt gɪv ˈjuˈɛs ə hɛdz əp ðət ðɪs dɪˈsɪʒən wɑz coming,”*,” ˈrɛni məˈkeɪ, ˈspoʊksmən fər gəv. mid, toʊld ˈwivər, ˈsɪti ədˈmɪnɪˌstreɪtər, toʊld: "wi dɪd nɑt noʊ ˈɛniˌθɪŋ ənˈtɪl wi rɛd əˈbaʊt ɪt ɪn ðə nuz ənd ˈstɑrtɪd ˈgɪtɪŋ kɔlz frəm ðə ˈmidiə fər ðɛr həz nɑt bɪn tu məʧ ˈaʊtˌkraɪ bɪˈkəz ˈrɛzɪdənts hæv lɪvd θru ˈsɛvərəl kɔrt ˈkeɪsɪz, ðɛr ɪz ə lɔt əv ənˈsərtənti əˈbaʊt wət ðɪs ˈrɪli hæv ˈgɔtən kɔlz frəm ˈneɪtɪv əˈmɛrɪkənz seɪɪŋ, 'wi peɪd ɑr seɪlz tæks, naʊ wi wɔnt ɑr ˈməni bæk,' ər seɪɪŋ ðeɪ wər ˈfaɪnəli goʊɪŋ tɪ gɪt ðɛr lænd dɪd nɑt rɪˈspɑnd tɪ kɔlz frəm fər ˈkɑmɛnt.
new medicare warning: obamacare rule changes coming new medicare warning: three towns in wyoming have been placed inside an america indian reservation because the environmental protection agency ignored an act of congress and unilaterally redrew a native american reservation's boundary line.the move, which has outraged the state’s governor and top politicians, potentially shifts jurisdiction for policing, taxing and other services to indian tribes."once again the obama administration thinks it can ignore the law of the land when it suits their agenda," said wyoming republican sen. john barrasso in a statement to newsmax."changes to the reservation boundaries were legally made in the early 1900s. these boundaries should be followed by all parties including the epa and other agencies within the administration."the controversy began in december 2008 when the northern arapaho and eastern shoshone tribes submitted a request for federal funds to monitor air quality on its land, using a clean air act provision that permits native american tribes to file applications as states and to delineate tribal boundaries in order to receive higher levels of funding.the wind river indian reservation is home to both tribes, as well as wyoming's only four casinos. at 3,532 square miles larger than delaware it is the seventh-largest native american reservation in the country, and has more than 10,000 native american inhabitants.established in 1868, it is the burial site for sacagawea, the indian companion of early 19th-century explorers meriwether lewis and william clark.in 1905, congress acted to reduce the size of the wind river reservation by opening it up to homesteading by non-indians, a decision affirmed in subsequent court rulings, and determined that the towns where the homesteaders settled were not part of the reservation.epa's decision to grant "state status" to the two tribes for the purpose of monitoring air quality overturned those congressional actions.in june 2009, then-attorney general bruce salzburg sent a letter to the epa raising concerns about a potential boundary change."wyoming believes that the tribes' proposed exterior boundaries of the wind river indian reservation are inaccurate. the boundaries, as proposed, include lands which were ceded by the tribes by congressional act in 1905 and not restored to the tribes by subsequent acts of congress."wyoming republican gov. matt mead wrote a letter to epa in august reasserting the state's opposition to the application, arguing that if it was approved it would have "implications for criminal law, civil law, water law, and taxation, and would also take away the voices of the citizens in kinnear, riverton, and pavillion," the towns impacted by the epa's action. while the epa concluded its analysis of the request in 2011, the agency did not release a decision until december, stating that the wind river indian reservation would now include riverton, kinnear, and pavillion. gov. mead reacted quickly : “i have asked the [wyoming] attorney general to challenge this decision and defend the existing boundaries of the reservation."wyoming's congressional delegation also weighed in with a letter to the epa, criticizing the decision for overturning "a law that has been governing land and relationships for more than 100 years."wyoming rep. cynthia lummis and sens. barrasso and mike enzi, all republicans, said they were concerned about the potential precedent "to alter civil and criminal jurisdiction in the area" that epa's action could establish.riverton is a town of over 10,000 residents, while kinnear and pavillion are communities with populations numbering in the hundreds. riverton is 83.5 percent white and 10.4 percent native american, according to the 2010 census. as a result of the epa action , joan evans, director of the wyoming department of workforce services, said the state may no longer have jurisdiction to conduct audits to see if riverton businesses comply with worker compensation and unemployment laws, the casper star-tribune reported. other state officials told the newspaper that responsibility for emergency services would shift to the tribes, and the state would end its inspections of restaurants.tribal leaders have been critical of the governor's petition to stay the decision. in a letter sent to the mayor of riverton , the northern arapahoe business council said they wanted to meet to discuss tax issues, as well as matters related to law enforcement, a clear sign they see epa's decision reaching beyond the monitoring of air quality."the epa did not meet with the governor and did not give us a heads up that this decision was coming,” renny mackay, spokesman for gov. mead, told newsmax.steven weaver, riverton's city administrator, told newsmax: "we did not know anything until we read about it in the news and started getting calls from the media for comment."while there has not been too much outcry because residents have lived through several court cases, there is a lot of uncertainty about what this really means."we have gotten calls from native americans saying, 'we paid our sales tax, now we want our money back,' or saying they were finally going to get their land back.the epa did not respond to calls from newsmax for comment.	ðə ˈoʊnli ˈmɑdərn ˈprɛzɪdənt hu ˈraɪvəld ˈdɑnəld trəmp ɪn hɪz læk əv ˌprɛpərˈeɪʃən fər ˈgloʊbəl ˈlidərˌʃɪp wɑz ˈhɛri ˈtrumən. boʊθ mɛn tʊk ˈɔfəs wɪθ ˈlɪtəl ˈnɑlɪʤ əv ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˈprɑbləmz ðeɪ wər əˈbaʊt tɪ feɪs, ənd wɪθ ˈwəriz æt hoʊm ənd əˈbrɔd ðət ðeɪ əp tɪ ðə ʤɑb. preɪ gɑd aɪ kən ˈmɛʒər əp tɪ ðə task,”,” ˈtrumən sɛd raɪt ˈæftər ˈfræŋklɪn dɛθ ənd ðə ʃɑk əv ˈteɪkɪŋ ðə oʊθ əv ˈɔfəs. trəmp bi ˈjumən ɪf hi hæd ə ˈsɪmələr prɛr ɪn ə ˈkɔrnər əv hɪz maɪnd ɔn ʤæn. 20 naʊ, ɪn wən əv ðoʊz ˈkjʊriəs raɪmz əv ˈhɪstəri, trəmp ˈfeɪsɪz ə ˈsɪmələr ˈʧælənʤ tɪ ɪn kənˈfrəntɪŋ nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə. ˈtrumən wɛnt tɪ wɔr ɪn 1950 tɪ rɪˈvərs ə nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriən ˌɪnˈveɪʒən əv ðə saʊθ. trəmp ɪz naʊ ˈpɛrələsli kloʊz tɪ ˈkɑnflɪkt ɪn hɪz əˈtɛmpt tɪ hɔlt nɔrθ dɪˈfaɪənt ˈnukliər ˈproʊˌgræm. wət kən ˈɑkjəpənt əv ðə waɪt haʊs lərn frəm ˈtrumən? ðə məˈzʊriən hæd ˈmɛni kˈwɑlətiz naʊ ˈsɛləˌbreɪtɪd baɪ hɪˈstɔriənz, bət ˈfoʊkɪs ɔn hɪz ˈpərsɪnəl ˈkɛrɪktər. ˈtrumən ɪgˈzɪbətəd wət ɪn ðoʊz deɪz wər kɔld ˈmænli ˈvərʧuz kwaɪət ˈlidərˌʃɪp, ˌfaɪˈdɛləti tɪ hɪz bɪˈlifs, ə dɪsˈdeɪn fər ˈpəblɪk ˌbrægəˈdoʊʃiˌoʊ. hi ˈnɛvər tʊk ˈkrɛdɪt fər θɪŋz hi əˈkɑmplɪʃt. hi ˈnɛvər bleɪmd ˈəðərz fər hɪz mɪˈsteɪks. ˈprɛzɪdənt trəmp ɪz ˈɑbviəsli ə ˈrædɪkli ˈdɪfərənt ˈpərsən frəm ˈtrumən. ə ʃoʊi nu ˈjɔrkər, wɛr ˈtrumən wɑz ə məˈzʊri fɑrm bɔɪ. wɛr trəmp meɪd hɪz neɪm ɛz ə ˈnɔɪzi kəˈsinoʊ taɪˈkun ənd ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən stɑr, ðə ˈtrumən ˈɔlˌweɪz kɛpt hɪz kɑrdz kloʊz. (ˌeɪdriˈænə ˈwɔʃɪŋtən poʊst) wət ðiz tu ˈprɛzɪˌdɛnts hæv ɪn ˈkɑmən ɪz ðə ɪkˈspɪriəns əv ˈkəmɪŋ ˈɪntu ðə ˈoʊvəl ˈɔfəs ˈfeɪsɪŋ ˈwaɪdˈsprɛd daʊts. wət ˈtrumən ˈtiʧɪz ˈjuˈɛs ɪz ðət ˈkɛrɪktər kaʊnts, əˈspɛʃəli fər ə ˈprɛzɪdənt wɪθ loʊ ˌɪˈnɪʃəl ˌpɑpjəˈlɛrəti ˈreɪtɪŋz. ɔn ˈfɔrən ˈpɑləsi, trəmp həz ʃoʊn ə ˌflɛksəˈbɪləti ənd ˈprægməˌtɪzəm ðət ˌkɑntrəˈdɪkt səm əv hɪz ɪnˈflæməˌtɔri kæmˈpeɪn ˈrɛtərɪk. hi hæd əˈkjuzd ˈʧaɪnə əv ““raping”” ðə əˈmɛrɪkən ɪˈkɑnəmi, fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, bət ɛz ˈprɛzɪdənt, hi ˈɛvədəntli ˈriəˌlaɪzd ðət hi ˈnidɪd hɛlp ɔn nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə ənd ˈəðər ˈɪʃuz ənd drɑpt hɪz kleɪmz ðət ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ wɑz ə manipulator.”.” ˈrəʃə pəˈzɪʃən simz tɪ bi ɪˈvɑlvɪŋ, tu. ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə kæmˈpeɪn, hi wɑz ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˈfɔnɪŋ ɪn hɪz preɪz fər ˈprɛzɪdənt vˈlædəmɪr ˈputɪn, ənd ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtərz proʊbd fər ˈhɪdən kəˈnɛkʃənz tɪ ˈkoʊvərt ˈhækɪŋ əv ðə 2016 kæmˈpeɪn. naʊ trəmp həz ˈteɪkən ə toʊn təˈwɔrd ˈputɪn. ðɛr hæv bɪn ˈsɪmələr ʃɪfts ɔn mɔr mənˈdeɪn ˈɪʃuz, səʧ ɛz ðə bæŋk ənd ðə ˈtɛnjər əv ˈfɛdərəl rɪˈzərv ʧɛr ˈʤænɪt ɛl. ˈjɛlən. nu pəˈzɪʃənz sim raɪt tɪ mi. bət bɪˈkəz ðeɪ ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt rɪˈvərsəlz frəm ˈərliər vjuz, ðeɪ reɪz ðə kˈwɛʃən əv wət ðɪs mæn ˈrɪli bɪˈlivz. haʊ dɪz ə ˌpɑləˈtɪʃən bɪˈkəm mɔr ˈtrəstˌwərði? noʊ ˈfɔrmjələ; ɪt məst bi ərnd. bət trəmp wʊd hɛlp hɪmˈsɛlf ɪf hi ɪgˈzɪbətəd mɔr əv ðə ˈvərʧuz ðət ˈtrumən ɪmˈbɑdid. trəmp ʃʊd stɑp ˈbleɪmɪŋ ˈəðərz, fər ˈstɑrtərz. hi ʃʊd ˈnɛvər əˈgɛn seɪ ðət ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑmə ɪz ðə kɔz əv hɪz ˈdɪfɪˌkəltiz ɪn ˈsɪriə, ər ˈɛniˌwɛr ɛls. ˈʃɪftɪŋ bleɪm saʊnz pəˈlɪtɪkəl, bət ɪt ˈɔlsoʊ saʊnz wik. ˈsɪmələrli, trəmp ʃʊd ˈnɛvər əˈgɛn məˈlaɪn hɪz ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri kəˈmændərz, ɛz hi dɪd ˈæftər ðə dɛθ əv ˈneɪvi sil ˈwɪljəm ““ryan”” oʊənz, wɪn trəmp sɛd ðət ˈʤɛnərəlz lɔst ryan.”.” səʧ ˈsteɪtmənts ər ðə ˈɑpəzɪt əv ˈlidərˌʃɪp. trəmp ʃʊd stɑp ˈteɪkɪŋ ˈkrɛdɪt fər θɪŋz hi du (ənd ˈivɪn fər θɪŋz hi dɪd əˈkɑmplɪʃ). ðiz boʊsts ˈoʊnli dɪˈmɪnɪʃ ɪm. gʊd ðət hi həz ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd ðət ˈneɪtoʊ ˌɑbsəˈlit ˌɛniˈmɔr, bət ˈfulɪʃli veɪn tɪ teɪk ˈkrɛdɪt fər ɪt. ðə seɪm ɪz tru wɪθ ʤɑb geɪnz frəm dɪˈsɪʒənz baɪ juz. ˈkəmpəˌniz tɪ kip plænts ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts. ðə kˈwɪkər trəmp ɪz tɪ kleɪm ˈpərsɪnəl ˈkrɛdɪt, ðə ɪt simz. ˈtæksɪz ˈprɛzənt əˈnəðər ɪgˈzæmpəl əv haʊ trəst ɪz wən ənd lɔst. ðə mæn ˈrənɪŋ fər ˈprɛzɪdənt maɪt ˈrɛfˌjuz tɪ riˈlis hɪz tæks rɪˈtərnz, bət ðə waɪz ʧif ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv, ˈnɛvər. wɪn ˈprɛzɪˌdɛnts ɪnˈkaʊnər ˈdɪfɪˌkəlti, ðeɪ nid ˈpəblɪk ˈkɑnfədɛns. dɪˈvaɪsɪv ˈtæktɪks ðət meɪ wərk ɪn ə kæmˈpeɪn, ər əˈtɛmpts tɪ ʃɪft riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti tɪ ˈəðərz, kən bi ˈruənəs. ˈtrumən ɪz rɪˈmɛmbərd ɛz ə greɪt ˈprɛzɪdənt bɪˈkəz hi ˈoʊvərˈkeɪm ə ˈhɪstəri əv ˈpərsɪnəl ˈfeɪljər, ɛz ə ˈfɑrmər ənd ə haberdasher, tɪ dɪˈvɛləp ðə wən bɑnd ˌɪndɪˈspɛnsəbəl fər ə ˈprɛzɪdənt, wɪʧ ɪz ðət ɪn ə ˈkraɪsəs, ˈpipəl bɪˈlivd ɪm. ˈtrumən wɑz grivd baɪ nɔrθ ˌɪnˈveɪʒən ɪn 1950 ðə wɔr wɛnt ˈbædli, hɪz ˌpɑpjəˈlɛrəti ˈpləmətɪd, hɪz kəˈmændər, ʤɛn. ˈdəgləs məˈkɑrθər, dɪˈfaɪd ɪm. bət ðə ˈpəblɪk stək wɪθ ˈtrumən fər ə ˈsɪmpəl ˈrizən: hi hæd bɪlt ə ˈrɛzəvˌwɑr əv ðə trəst ðət ɪz ɛˈsɛnʃəl fər ə səkˈsɛsfəl ˈlidər. rɛd mɔr frəm ˈdeɪvɪd ˈɑrˌkaɪv, ˈfɑloʊ ɪm ɔn tˈwɪtər ər səbˈskraɪb tɪ hɪz ˈəpˌdeɪts ɔn ˈfeɪsˌbʊk.
the only modern president who rivaled donald trump in his lack of preparation for global leadership was harry truman. both men took office with little knowledge of the international problems they were about to face, and with worries at home and abroad that they weren’t up to the job. “i pray god i can measure up to the task,” truman said right after franklin roosevelt’s death and the shock of taking the oath of office. trump wouldn’t be human if he hadn’t had a similar prayer in a corner of his mind on jan. 20. now, in one of those curious rhymes of history, trump faces a similar challenge to truman’s in confronting north korea. truman went to war in 1950 to reverse a north korean invasion of the south. trump is now perilously close to conflict in his attempt to halt north korea’s defiant nuclear program. what can today’s occupant of the white house learn from truman? the missourian had many qualities now celebrated by historians, but let’s focus on his personal character. truman exhibited what in those days were called manly virtues — quiet leadership, fidelity to his beliefs, a disdain for public braggadocio. he never took credit for things he hadn’t accomplished. he never blamed others for his mistakes. president trump is obviously a radically different person from truman. he’s a showy new yorker, where truman was a low-key missouri farm boy. where trump made his name as a noisy casino tycoon and tv star, the poker-playing truman always kept his cards close. (adriana usero/the washington post) what these two presidents have in common is the experience of coming into the oval office facing widespread doubts. what truman teaches us is that character counts, especially for a president with low initial popularity ratings. on foreign policy, trump has shown a flexibility and pragmatism that contradict some of his inflammatory campaign rhetoric. he had accused china of “raping” the american economy, for example, but as president, he evidently realized that he needed beijing’s help on north korea and other issues and dropped his claims that beijing was a “currency manipulator.” trump’s russia position seems to be evolving, too. during the campaign, he was almost fawning in his praise for president vladimir putin, and investigators probed for hidden connections to russia’s covert hacking of the 2016 campaign. now trump has taken a warier tone toward putin. there have been similar shifts on more mundane issues, such as the export-import bank and the tenure of federal reserve chair janet l. yellen. trump’s new positions seem right to me. but because they represent reversals from earlier views, they raise the question of what this man really believes. how does a politician become more trustworthy? there’s no formula; it must be earned. but trump would help himself if he exhibited more of the virtues that truman embodied. trump should stop blaming others, for starters. he should never again say that barack obama is the cause of his difficulties in syria, or anywhere else. shifting blame sounds political, but it also sounds weak. similarly, trump should never again malign his military commanders, as he did after the death of navy seal william “ryan” owens, when trump said that “the generals . . . lost ryan.” such statements are the opposite of leadership. trump should stop taking credit for things he didn’t do (and even for things he did accomplish). these boasts only diminish him. it’s good that he has decided that nato isn’t obsolete anymore, but he’s foolishly vain to take credit for it. the same is true with job gains from decisions by u.s. companies to keep plants in the united states. the quicker trump is to claim personal credit, the phonier it seems. trump’s taxes present another example of how trust is won and lost. the man running for president might refuse to release his tax returns, but the wise chief executive, never. when presidents encounter difficulty, they need public confidence. divisive tactics that may work in a campaign, or attempts to shift responsibility to others, can be ruinous. truman is remembered as a great president because he overcame a history of personal failure, as a farmer and a haberdasher, to develop the one bond that’s indispensable for a president, which is that in a crisis, people believed him. truman was grieved by north korea’s invasion in 1950. the war went badly, his popularity plummeted, his commander, gen. douglas macarthur, defied him. but the public stuck with truman for a simple reason: he had built a reservoir of the trust that is essential for a successful leader. read more from david ignatius’s archive, follow him on twitter or subscribe to his updates on facebook.	fər jɪrz, ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri lɪv faɪər ˈɛksərˌsaɪzɪz hæv rɪˈlaɪd ɔn ˈiðər ˈsteɪʃəˌnɛri ər ˈtɑrgəts bət ðeɪ doʊnt ˈrɪli ˈsɪmjəˌleɪt ˈɛnəmi ʤɪst sɪt ðɛr, ˈweɪtɪŋ tɪ bi ʃɑt. ðiz ˈtɑrgəts, ˈnuli dɪˈvɛləpt fər ðə juz. mərˈin kɔrz doʊnt; ðeɪ muv, bɪˈheɪv, ənd riækt ʤɪst laɪk ril kəmˈbætənts. wɛl, kəmˈbætənts hu raɪd ˈskutərz. [ˈpɑrtnər id="gizmodo"] jɛs, æt fərst glæns ðə smɑrt ˈtɑrgəts, ɛz ðeɪ ər kɔld, lʊk laɪk ˈmænəkɪnz ɔn segways—because, wɛl, ðeɪ ər. bət ðeɪ ər ˈɔlsoʊ soʊ məʧ mɔr: ɔˈtɑnəməs, ˈproʊˌgræməbəl, ənd rɪˈspɑnsɪv. ðə seɪm ˈproʊˌgræmɪŋ ˈprɑsɛsəz ðət kənˈtroʊl ðə eɪaɪ ɪn, seɪ, ˈɛni əv ðə ˈsplɪntər sɛl ˈɛnəmi gɑrdz muv əˈlɔŋ sɛt pæθs bət ər stɪl smɑrt ɪˈnəf tɪ ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪt ðə saʊnz əv ðɛr ˈkɑmˌrædz biɪŋ ðə ˈmuvmənts əv ðiz ˈdəmiz. ˈjuzɪŋ ə ˈlæpˌtɑp ənd ə prəˈpraɪəˌtɛri gui, ðə ˌɪnˈstrəktər kən kriˈeɪt ənd rən ˈtreɪnɪŋ ðə spid, ˈtrævəl ˈpætərn, ənd ˌækˌsɛlərˈeɪʃən ənd ˈstɑpɪŋ əˈməŋ ˈəðər ˈvɛriəbəlz. ðə ˈdəmiz ðɛmˈsɛlvz kəm ɪn tu vərˈaɪətiz: ðə ənd ðə ðeɪ boʊθ stænd tɔl ənd muv ˈrəfli ɛz fæst ɛz ˈpipəl ˈɛmˈpiˈeɪʧ. ðə ɪz bɪlt dɪˈrɛkli ɔn ən ˈɑrmərd ˈplætˌfɔrm. ɪt kən tərn ɪn taɪt ˈsərkəlz ənd linz ˈfɔrwərd wɪn ɪt ækˈsɛlərˌeɪts, ʤɪst laɪk ə ˈjumən. wɪn ə kɪl ʃɑt ɪz ˈrɛʤɪstərd, ðə wɪl drɔp ɪts ˈdəmi ənd ðə ˈəðər ɪn ðə ɔl ˈskætər fər ˈkəvər, kˈwɪkli riˈæktɪŋ ðə ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃən. ðə ɪz ðə ˈvərʒən. ɪt həz fɔr wilz ənd ə ˈstrɔŋgər ˈmoʊtər tɪ hɛlp ɪt paʊər ˈoʊvər dərt, ˈgrævəl, græs, ənd brəʃ. ən ˈgipiˈɛs ˈjunɪt ənd ˈleɪzər reɪnʤ ˈfaɪndər meɪk ʃʊr ðə ˈdəzənt goʊ ˈbɛrəlɪŋ ˈhɛdˈfərst ˈɪntu triz. ˈɑbviəsli dɪˈzaɪnd fər ˈaʊtˌdɔr juz ənd ˈlɑrʤər ˈkæləbər ʃɑt, ðə həz ˈɛkstrə ˈɑrmər ˈpleɪtɪŋ ðət kən wɪθˈstænd ənd raʊnz. ɪts hɪt ˈsɛnsər kən ˌdɪfərˈɛnʧiˌeɪt bɪtˈwin ʃɑts tɪ ðə hɛd, spaɪn ənd ˈbɑdi. ə sɛt əv eɪt əv ðiz dɪˈvaɪsɪz hæv ʤɪst bɪn dɪˈlɪvərd tɪ kˈwɑntɪkoʊ ɪn vərˈʤɪnjə fər lɪv ˈfaɪərrɪŋ ˈɛksərˌsaɪzɪz. ðeɪ wər dɪˈvɛləpt baɪ ðə ɔˈstreɪljən fərm ˈmɛrəˌθɑn ˈtɑrgəts ənd əˈpruvd baɪ ðə ˈjuˈɛs ˈfɔrən kəmˈpærətɪv ˈtɛstɪŋ (fct) ˈproʊˌgræm, ɪˈvæljuˌeɪts tɛkˈnɑləʤiz ðət kʊd pruv ˈjusfəl tɪ ˈjuˈɛs dɪˈfɛns ˈfɔrsɪz. ðɛr kɔst? 57 ˈmɪljən. [ðə ˈrɛʤɪstər ˈmɛrəˌθɑn targets.pdf*] ˈfoʊˌtoʊ:
for years, military live fire exercises have relied on either stationary or pop-out targets but they don't really simulate enemy movements—they just sit there, waiting to be shot. these targets, newly developed for the u.s. marine corps don't; they move, behave, and react just like real combatants. well, combatants who ride segway scooters. [partner id="gizmodo"] yes, at first glance the smart targets, as they are called, look like mannequins on segways—because, well, they are. but they are also so much more: autonomous, programmable, and responsive. the same programming processes that control the ai in, say, any of the splinter cell series—where enemy guards move along set paths but are still smart enough to investigate the sounds of their comrades being pistol-whipped—controls the movements of these dummies. using a laptop and a proprietary gui, the instructor can create and run training scenarios—dictating the dummy's speed, travel pattern, and acceleration and stopping among other variables. the dummies themselves come in two varieties: the two-wheeled t20 and the four-wheeled t40. they both stand 5-foot 11-inches tall and move roughly as fast as people run—7-11 mph. the t20 is built directly on an armored segway platform. it can turn in tight circles and leans forward when it accelerates, just like a human. when a kill shot is registered, the t20 will drop its dummy and the other t20's in the area—being networked—will all scatter for cover, quickly reacting the changing situation. the t40 is the off-road version. it has four wheels and a stronger motor to help it power over dirt, gravel, grass, and brush. an on-board gps unit and laser range finder make sure the t40 doesn't go barreling headfirst into trees. obviously designed for outdoor use and larger caliber shot, the t40 has extra armor plating that can withstand 5.56mm and 7.62mm fmj rounds. its hit sensor can differentiate between shots to the head, spine and body. a set of eight of these devices have just been delivered to quantico in virginia for live firing exercises. they were developed by the australian firm marathon targets and approved by the us foreign comparative testing (fct) program, evaluates market-ready technologies that could prove useful to us defense forces. their cost? $57 million. [the register - marathon targets.pdf] photo: usmc	×* ˈdæləs ˈpæstər ərˈɛstɪd fər θɛft əv əp tɪ ˈdæləs (cbsnews) haɪ ɛnd ˈʃɑpɪŋ spriz, ˈpərsɪnəl kɑr ˈpeɪmənts ənd ˌənɪkˈspleɪnd hoʊˈtɛl rum ˈrɛntəlz. ðeɪ ər əˈməŋ ðə ˌæləˈgeɪʃənz meɪd əˈgɛnst ˈdæləs ˈpæstər weɪd ˈdeɪvɪs, əˈkjuzd əv ˈfənəlɪŋ hæf ə ˈmɪljən ˈdɔlərz ɪn ʧərʧ ˈməni tɪ hɪz oʊn ˈpɑkət. ˈlaɪˈflɔŋ ʧərʧ ˈmɛmbər ˈɛrɪkə ˈwɪljəmz sɛd ðə lɑks wər ʧeɪnʤd ɔn ðə dɔrz tɪ ˈməŋər ˈævəˌnu ˈbæptɪst ʧərʧ wɪn ˈmɛmbərz bɪˈgæn ˈwəndərɪŋ waɪ ðə haʊs əv ˈwərʃɪp wɑz ˈrənɪŋ aʊt əv ˈməni. wɑz broʊk, ðə ʧərʧ wɑz ʤɪst flæt broke,”,” sɛd ˈmɛmbər ˈrɪʧərd, hu ɪgˈzæmənd ˈfaɪˌnænsɪz ˌɪnˈsaɪd ðə hɪˈstɔrɪkəli blæk ʧərʧ læst jɪr ənd sɪz wət hi faʊnd wɑz ˌənɪˈmæʤɪnəbəl. wər ˈlɪkər ˈpərʧəsɪz ən hoʊˈtɛl steɪz ənd ˈʃɑpɪŋ spri æt ˈnimən ˈmɑrkəs ənd ˈkædəˌlæk rɪˈpɛrz ɪt wɑz disheartening,”,” sɛd. ənd əˈθɔrətiz əˈkjuz ˈpæstər ˈdeɪvɪs əv ˈfənəlɪŋ ɛz məʧ ɛz tɪ ə ˈpərsɪnəl əˈkaʊnt frəm ə ʧərʧ əˈnuɪti fənd hi səˈpoʊzd tɪ hæv ˈækˌsɛs tɪ. hi wɑz ˌɪnˈdaɪtɪd læst wik fər ˈfɛləni θɛft ənd həz bɪn riˈlist ɔn ə bɑnd. θɪŋk hi həz lɔst hɪz weɪ aɪ θɪŋk æt wən pɔɪnt hi meɪ bɪn ə mæn əv god,”,” sɛd ˈɛrɪkə ˈwɪljəmz. ˈwɪljəmz sɛd ðə dɪˈplitɪd fənd wɑz mɛnt fər rɪˈpɛrz tɪ ðə ʧərʧ ənd ˈproʊˌgræmz tɪ hɛlp ˈæˌdɪkts ənd ðə ˈnidi. bət ə jɪr ˌbiˈfɔr hɪz ərˈɛst, ˈdeɪvɪs, hu wɑz haɪərd ɪn 1998 dɪˈnaɪd ðə ˌæləˈgeɪʃənz ɪn ə ˈlɛtər tɪ ðə ˌkɑŋgrəˈgeɪʃən seɪɪŋ, æm nɑt ˈgɪlti əv kəˈmɪtɪŋ ˈɛni kraɪm. aɪ hæv nɑt ˈbroʊkən ˈɛni laws,”,” roʊt w.c. ˈdeɪvɪs, ˈsinjər ˈpæstər. ˈmɛmbərz sɛd ðə ˈpæstər ðɛn muvd ˈɪntu ðə ʧərʧ ənd ʧeɪnʤd ðə lɑks tɪ draɪv əˈweɪ hɪz ˈkrɪtɪks hu hæv bɪn ˈmitɪŋ fər mənθs æt ə fˈjunərəl hoʊm waɪl ˈdeɪvɪs wɑz stɪl ˈpriʧɪŋ hir læst ˈsənˌdi (mɑr. 26 tɪ ə ˈhændˌfʊl əv lɔɪəl səˈpɔrtərz. bət hi ˈfeɪsɪz ə ˈsɪvəl ˈlɔˌsut frəm ðoʊz ˈlɔŋˌtaɪm ˈmɛmbərz hu wɔnt tɪ draɪv ɪm frəm ðə ˈpʊlpɪt soʊ ðeɪ kən rɪˈtərn. ˈpərsɪnəl goʊl ɪz ðət wi gɪt bæk ɪn ðɪs ʧərʧ baɪ ˈistər ðɪs year,”*,” sɛd ˈwɪljəmz.
× dallas pastor arrested for theft of up to $500k dallas (cbsnews) — high end shopping sprees, personal car payments and unexplained hotel room rentals. they are among the allegations made against dallas pastor wade davis, who’s accused of funneling half a million dollars in church money to his own pocket. lifelong church member erica williams said the locks were changed on the doors to munger avenue baptist church when members began wondering why the 123-year-old house of worship was running out of money. “it was broke, the church was just flat broke,” said member richard greagor, who examined finances inside the historically black church last year and says what he found was unimaginable. “there were liquor purchases an in-town hotel stays and shopping spree at neiman marcus and cadillac repairs it was disheartening,” said greagor. greagor and authorities accuse pastor davis of funneling as much as $500,000 to a personal account from a church annuity fund he wasn’t supposed to have access to. he was indicted last week for felony theft and has been released on a $10,000 bond. “i think he has lost his way … i think at one point he may been a man of god,” said erica williams. williams said the depleted fund was meant for repairs to the church and programs to help addicts and the needy. but a year before his arrest, davis, who was hired in 1998, denied the allegations in a letter to the congregation saying, “i am not guilty of committing any crime. i have not broken any laws,” wrote w.c. davis, senior pastor. members said the pastor then moved into the church and changed the locks to drive away his critics who have been meeting for months at a funeral home while davis was still preaching here last sunday (mar. 26) to a handful of loyal supporters. but he faces a civil lawsuit from those longtime members who want to drive him from the pulpit so they can return. “my personal goal is that we get back in this church by easter this year,” said williams.	ðə ˈraɪtər ənd ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl æl həz bɪn ˈəndər ˈmidiə əˈtæk ɪn hɪz ˈneɪtɪv ˈiʤɪpt bɪˈkəz əv ðə ˌpəblɪˈkeɪʃən əv ə ˈhibru trænzˈleɪʃən əv ə ˈnɑvəl əv hɪz ɪn ˈɪzriəl læst wik. ðə ˈraɪtər, hu əˈpoʊzɪz ˈɛni kaɪnd əv ˌnɔrməlɪˈzeɪʃən, həz lɔŋ rɪfˈjuzd tɪ hæv hɪz wərk trænzˈleɪtəd ˈɪntu ˈhibru, ənd hi kənˈdɛmd ðə trænzˈleɪʃən ɛz əˈnɔθərˌaɪzd. ˈfɑloʊ ɔn ˈfeɪsˌbʊk ənd tˈwɪtər ɪn 2002 æl pɛnd ðə ˈnɑvəl "ðə ˈbɪldɪŋ", ɪn wɪʧ hi ˌriˈkaʊnts ðə ˈmɛni ɪlz əv ɪˈʤɪpʃən soʊˈsaɪɪti ˈbreɪvli ənd ˈoʊpənli, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈrɛfərənsɪz tɪ kərˈəpʃən ənd ˈsɛkʃuəl hərˈæsmənt. ðə ˈnɑvəl ɪz wən əv ðə moʊst səkˈsɛsfəl ɪn ðə ˈærəb wərld, ənd ɪt həz sɪns bɪn əˈdæptɪd ˈɪntu ə fɪlm ənd ə ˈtɛləˌvɪʒən ˈsɪriz. fər jɪrz, æl rɪfˈjuzd tɪ ˈpərˌmɪt hɪz ˈnɑvəlz trænzˈleɪʃən ˈɪntu ˈhibru, dɪˈspaɪt ɪts ˌpəblɪˈkeɪʃən ɪn ˈdəzənz əv ˈəðər ˈlæŋgwɪʤɪz. ɪn ɑkˈtoʊbər əv 2010 fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, ðə ˈsɛnər fər ˈrisərʧ ənd ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən, ə ʤərˈusələm nɑnˈprɑfət θɪŋk tæŋk, əˈnaʊnst ðət ðeɪ hæd trænzˈleɪtəd ðə bʊk wɪˈθaʊt ðə ˈɔθərz pərˈmɪʃən ɪn ən əˈtɛmpt tɪ ˈwaɪdən ˈkəlʧərəl ˌəndərˈstændɪŋ bɪtˈwin ðə ˈpipəlz. æl (ˈfoʊˌtoʊ: gettyimages) æl dəbd ðə trænzˈleɪʃən ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl "θɛft." hi ˈfərðər θˈrɛtənd tɪ su ðə ˌɪzˈreɪli trænzˈleɪtərz bɪˈkəz əv hɪz ˌɑpəˈzɪʃən tɪ ˈkəlʧərəl riˈleɪʃənz wɪθ ˈɪzriəl. læst wik, ðə bʊk wɑz ˈpəblɪʃt baɪ ðə ˈængləˌfoʊn ˈpəblɪʃɪŋ haʊs ˈtoʊbi wɪθ əˈsɪstəns frəm ðə ˌɪzˈreɪli ˈpəblɪʃɪŋ ˈkəmpəˌni dvir. æl, huz əˈgrɛsɪvli stæns ɪz wɛl noʊn, ˈpəblɪʃt ə lɑˈkɑnɪk dɪˈnaɪəl ɔn hɪz tˈwɪtər əˈkaʊnt, wɪʧ faʊnd ɪts weɪ ˈɪntu ðə ɪˈʤɪpʃən ˈmidiə. ðə twit kleɪmz ðət ðə ˈnɑvələst həz "nɑt æt ˈɛni taɪm saɪnd ən əˈgrimənt wɪθ ən ˌɪzˈreɪli ˈpəblɪʃər tɪ ˈpəblɪʃ hɪz wərks." dɪˈspaɪt ðɪs dɪˈnaɪəl, ɪˈʤɪpʃən ˌpɑrləmɛnˈtɛriən ənd ˈmidiə ˌpərsəˈnælɪti muˈstɑfə juzd hɪz ˈplætˌfɔrm ɔn ˈθərzˌdeɪ tɪ ˈstrɔŋli əˈtæk æl fər ðə trænzˈleɪʃən. ˈhibru trænzˈleɪʃən əv "ðə ˈbɪldɪŋ" "ðə ˌɪzˈreɪliz ər ˈpreɪzɪŋ æl ənd ðə ˈhibru trænzˈleɪʃən əv hɪz bʊk," sɛd. "ɪf ju hæv ə drɔp əv ˈpeɪtriəˌtɪzəm, ðɛn ju wʊd seɪ ðət ðɛr ɪz noʊ ˈɑnər ɪn jʊr ˈhævɪŋ bɪn trænzˈleɪtəd. bət ju ˈhævənt sɛd ðət, ənd ju ər əˈbændənɪŋ ðə ɪˈʤɪpʃən ˈpipəl, ðə ɪˈʤɪpʃən ˈɑrmi ənd ðə ɪˈʤɪpʃən pəˈlis. ju ənd jʊr ɪlk. bət wi hæv 90 ˈmɪljən ˌpeɪtriˈɑtɪk ɪˈʤɪpʃənz, ɔl əv hum səˈpɔrt dɪˈfɛndɪŋ ənd ˈfaɪtɪŋ fər ðə ˈhoʊmˌlænd." ɪz ðə seɪm ˈmɛmbər əv ˈpɑrləmɛnt ðət lɛd ðə məˈlɪʃəs əˈtæk əˈgɛnst ˈfɔrmər ˈtɑfɪk okasha*, hu mɛt wɪθ ðə ˌɪzˈreɪli æmˈbæsədər ɪn ˈkaɪroʊ ənd wɑz ˈsəbsəkwəntli ˈaʊstɪd frəm ðə ˈpɑrləmɛnt. əˈnəðər ˈtɛləˌvɪʒən ˈprɛzəntər hu əˈtækt ðə ˈɔθər ɪn ə lɪv ˈbrɔdˌkæst wɑz ˈteɪmər ɑˈmin: "hi ˈdæmɪʤd ˈiʤɪpt ənd pʊt hɪz hænd ɪn ˈɪzriəlz." ɑˈmin əˈkjuzd æl əv laɪɪŋ ənd ˈhævɪŋ saɪnd ə ˈkɑnˌtrækt wɪθ ən ˌɪzˈreɪli ˈkəmpəˌni ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts tɪ hæv hɪz bʊk trænzˈleɪtəd tɪ ˈhibru. "meɪ ˈɑlə kərs ˈɪzriəl. ɪt ʧoʊz ðɪs ˈnɑvəl tɪ hərt ˈiʤɪpt wɪθ ðə ˈkɛrɪktərz ðət əˈpɪr ɪn ðə bʊk, wɪʧ dilz wɪθ ˌhoʊmoʊˌsɛkʃuˈæləˌti, ˌprɑstəˈtuʃən, drəgz, ənd kərˈəpʃən." ˈfərðər ˈmidiə ˌpərsəˈnælɪtiz ənd ən əˈpɪnjən pis ɪn ðə ˈnuzˌpeɪpər æl ɛl kənˈdɛmd æl, ˌɪgˈnɔrɪŋ hɪz dɪˈnaɪəl.
the writer and intellectual alaa al aswany has been under media attack in his native egypt because of the publication of a hebrew translation of a novel of his in israel last week. the writer, who opposes any kind of normalization, has long refused to have his work translated into hebrew, and he condemned the translation as unauthorized. follow ynetnews on facebook and twitter in 2002, al aswany penned the novel "the yacoubian building", in which he recounts the many ills of egyptian society bravely and openly, including references to corruption and sexual harassment. the novel is one of the most successful in the arab world, and it has since been adapted into a film and a television series. for years, al aswany refused to permit his novel's translation into hebrew, despite its publication in dozens of other languages. in october of 2010, for example, the then-israel/palestine center for research and information, a jerusalem nonprofit think tank, announced that they had translated the book without the author's permission in an attempt to widen cultural understanding between the peoples. alaa al aswany (photo: gettyimages) al aswany dubbed the translation intellectual "theft." he further threatened to sue the israeli translators because of his opposition to cultural relations with israel. last week, the book was published by the anglophone publishing house toby with assistance from the israeli publishing company kinneret zmora dvir. al aswany, whose aggressively anti-israel stance is well known, published a laconic denial on his twitter account, which found its way into the egyptian media. the tweet claims that the novelist has "not at any time signed an agreement with an israeli publisher to publish his works." despite this denial, egyptian parliamentarian and media personality mustafa bakri used his platform on thursday to strongly attack al aswany for the translation. hebrew translation of "the yacoubian building" "the israelis are praising alaa al aswany and the hebrew translation of his book," said bakri. "if you have a drop of patriotism, then you would say that there is no honor in your having been translated. but you haven't said that, and you are abandoning the egyptian people, the egyptian army and the egyptian police. you and your ilk. but we have 90 million patriotic egyptians, all of whom support defending and fighting for the homeland." bakri is the same member of parliament that led the malicious attack against former mp tawfiq okasha, who met with the israeli ambassador in cairo and was subsequently ousted from the parliament. another television presenter who attacked the author in a live broadcast was tamer amin: "he damaged egypt and put his hand in israel's." amin accused al aswany of lying and having signed a contract with an israeli company in the united states to have his book translated to hebrew. "may allah curse israel. it chose this novel to hurt egypt with the characters that appear in the book, which deals with homosexuality, prostitution, drugs, and corruption." further media personalities and an opinion piece in the newspaper al youm el sabea condemned al aswany, ignoring his denial.	kˈwɔrtərˌbæk ˈkɑrzən ˈpɑmər ənd ˈʤɛnərəl ˈmænɪʤər ˈrɛʤi məˈkɛnzi θɪŋk ðə ˈreɪdərz ər əˈhɛd əv ˈskɛʤʊl ɛz ðeɪ kloʊzd ə ˈmændəˌtɔri ˈθərzˌdeɪ. koʊʧ ˈdɛnɪs ˈælən bɪˈlivz hɪz tim ɪz raɪt əˈbaʊt wɛr hi ɪkˈspɛktɪd ɪt tɪ bi. ɪgˈzæktli wət ðə ˈreɪdərz hæv ɪz ˈdɪfəkəlt tɪ dɪˈsərn, ˈgɪvɪn ðə riˈstrɪkʃənz ɔn ˈkɑnˌtækt ənd ðə fækt ðət ðeɪ hæv ˈɪnstɪˌtutɪd nu ˈsɪstəmz ɔn əˈfɛns ənd dɪˈfɛns. ðeɪ wɪl hæv ə ˈbɛtər aɪˈdiə wɪn ðə tim rɪˈpɔrts tɪ ˈtreɪnɪŋ kæmp ðə ˈnæpə ˈmɛriət ɔn ˌʤuˈlaɪ 29 ənd həz ɪts fərst ˈpræktɪs ðə ˈfɑloʊɪŋ deɪ. æt ðət taɪm, ˈpɑmər, məˈkɛnzi ənd ˈælən ðə θri ki ˈfɪgjərz ɛz ðə ˈreɪdərz trænˈzɪʃən ˈɪntu ðə ˈdeɪvɪs ˈɪrə wɪl dɪˈtərmən haʊ məʧ wɑz rɪˈteɪnd frəm ˈsɛvərəl wiks əv ənd ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzd tim ækˈtɪvɪtiz. ˈɔlˌweɪz ən ˈɔnˌgoʊɪŋ ˈprɔˌsɛs, bət aɪ θɪŋk fər ðə moʊst pɑrt ˌɪnˈstɔld ˈrɪli hu wi ər ənd wət wi are,”,” ˈælən sɛd. ˈpɑmər həz ˈteɪkən tɪ ə ˈsɪstəm ðət kɔlz fər mɔr rollouts, ənd ˈneɪkəd ˈbuˌtlɛgz ˈæftər ˈmeɪnli biɪŋ ə ˈpæsər. kənˈsərnz ðət hi maɪt nɑt bi ˈmoʊbəl ɪˈnəf tɪ ˈɛksəˌkjut ðə ˈsɪstəm hæv bɪn ˈlɑrʤli əˈliviˌeɪtɪd, ənd ðə nu staɪl həz bɪn ə ˈwɛlkəm ˈʧælənʤ. ə kəmˈplitli nu əˈfɛns, ˈrɪli noʊ ˌsɪməˈlɛrətiz tɪ ˈɛniˌθɪŋ dən ˌbiˈfɔr, bət aɪ ləv ɔl ðə buts ənd ənd ənd keepers,”,” ˈpɑmər sɛd. ɪkˈsaɪtɪd tɪ du ðət, ənd ˈrɪli ɔl ðoʊz θɪŋz ər goʊɪŋ tɪ hɛlp ðə ˈrənɪŋ geɪm, ənd ðə mɔr ðə ˈrənɪŋ geɪm muvz ðə ʧeɪnz, ðə ˈbɛtər ˈɛvriˌwən ɛls ɪz ɔn ðə ɪnˈtaɪər team.”.” ðə græsp ðə ˈreɪdərz hæv əv ðɛr nu ˈsɪstəmz livz ˈpɑmər ɪnˈkərəʤd. weɪt fər camp,”,” hi sɛd. gɑt ə lɔt əv gʊd wərk ɪn, ənd ju ˈnɛvər noʊ wət tɪ ɪkˈspɛkt ɛz ˈkəmɪŋ aʊt əv ðə læst ˈæftər otas. aɪ spik fər ˈɛvriˌbɑdi, bət ˈdɛfənətli ˈplɛzəntli səˈpraɪzd wɪθ wɛr wi are.”.” ˈælən θɪŋks ðə kˈwɔrtərˌbæk həz ˈsəmθɪŋ tɪ pruv ˈæftər θroʊɪŋ 13 ˈtəʧˌdaʊn ˈpæsɪz ənd 16 ˌɪnərˈsɛpʃənz ɪn 10 geɪmz læst ˈsizən. wɔnts tɪ pruv hi stɪl bɪˈlɔŋz ɪn ðɪs lig ənd kən pleɪ æt ən ɪˈlit level,”,” ˈælən sɛd. wɪθ ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ɛls ɔl əˈbaʊt jʊr ˈmaɪndˌsɛt, ənd hɪz maɪnd ɪz ɪn ðə raɪt pleɪs raɪt now.”.” məˈkɛnzi ənd ˈælən wər plizd ðə ˈreɪdərz hæd noʊ ˈsɪriəs ˈɪnʤəriz ˈdʊrɪŋ ækˈtɪvɪtiz. pleɪərz hu hæv sæt aʊt ˈrisəntli waɪd rɪˈsivər dɪˈnæriəs mʊr (ˈhæmˌstrɪŋ), ˈlaɪnˌbækər ˈɛrən ˈkəri (niz) ənd ˈsɛnər wɪzniˈɛfski əˈməŋ ˈəðərz ər ɪkˈspɛktɪd tɪ bi ˈrɛdi fər kæmp. waɪd rɪˈsivərz ˈkraɪnər ənd rɑd ˈstritər, ə pɪk ənd ən fri ˈeɪʤənt, rɪˈspɛktɪvli, hæv ə ʧæns fər sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt pleɪɪŋ taɪm wɪθ ˈfərðər dɪˈvɛləpmənt. dɪˈfɛnsɪv ɛnd deɪv ˈtɑlɪfsən, ə fri ˈeɪʤənt frəm ðə nu jɔrk ʤaɪənts, sɛd ˈælən həz strɛst ðə ˌɪmˈpɔrtəns əv rɪˈdusɪŋ ˈpɛnəltiz ənd ˈwɪnɪŋ ðə ˈtərˌnoʊvər ˈbætəl, ˈjuzɪŋ slaɪdz ɛz ˈvɪʒəwəl eɪdz tɪ ɛnˈhæns ðə ˈmɛsɪʤ. gɪv ɪt lɪp ˈsərvɪs du ɪt justice,”,” ˈtɑlɪfsən sɛd. ˈnəmbər əv ˈpɛnəltiz ðɪs tim hæd wɑz ənˈril. tɪ goʊ ɔn tɔp əv ðət, kaɪnd əv impressive.”.” ˈpɑmər ɪz ðə ˈleɪtəst ˈreɪdər tɪ ɪkˈsprɛs ˈwəndərmənt æt ðə kəmˈplɛksɪti əv ðə dɪˈfɛns. dɪˈfɛns həz ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ˈɛvəri ˈpɑsəbəl ˈkəvərɪʤ, ˈɛvəri alignment,”,” hi sɛd. ˈdɪfəkəlt) ʤɪst ˈgɪtɪŋ tɪ noʊ ɑr əˈfɛns ənd haʊ tɪ ˈɛksəˌkjut əˈgɛnst ˈɛvəri lʊk ɪn ðə bʊk, ˈɛvəri lʊk ju kʊd ˈpɑsəbli si frəm ˈɛvəri dɪˈfɛns əˈkrɔs ðə ɪnˈtaɪər ˈɛˌnɛˈfɛl. ɑr dɪˈfɛns dɪz ə lot.”*.”
quarterback carson palmer and general manager reggie mckenzie think the raiders are ahead of schedule as they closed a three-day mandatory minicamp thursday. coach dennis allen believes his team is right about where he expected it to be. exactly what the raiders have is difficult to discern, given the restrictions on offseason contact and the fact that they have instituted new systems on offense and defense. they will have a better idea when the team reports to training camp the napa marriott on july 29 and has its first practice the following day. at that time, palmer, mckenzie and allen — the three key figures as the raiders transition into the post-al davis era — will determine how much was retained from several weeks of minicamps and organized team activities. “it’s always an ongoing process, but i think for the most part we’ve installed really who we are and what we are,” allen said. palmer has taken to a system that calls for more rollouts, half-rolls and naked bootlegs after mainly being a dropback passer. concerns that he might not be mobile enough to execute the system have been largely alleviated, and the new style has been a welcome challenge. “it’s a completely new offense, there’s really no similarities to anything i’ve done before, but i love all the boots and play-actions and nakeds and keepers,” palmer said. “i’m excited to do that, and really all those things are going to help the running game, and the more the running game moves the chains, the better everyone else is on the entire team.” the grasp the raiders have of their new systems leaves palmer encouraged. “i can’t wait for camp,” he said. “we got a lot of good work in, and you never know what to expect as you’re coming out of the last minicamp after otas. i can’t speak for everybody, but i’m definitely pleasantly surprised with where we are.” allen thinks the quarterback has something to prove after throwing 13 touchdown passes and 16 interceptions in 10 games last season. “he wants to prove he still belongs in this league and can play at an elite level,” allen said. “as with everything else all about your mindset, and his mind is in the right place right now.” mckenzie and allen were pleased the raiders had no serious injuries during offseason activities. players who have sat out recently — wide receiver denarius moore (hamstring), linebacker aaron curry (knees) and center stefen wisniewski among others — are expected to be ready for camp. wide receivers juron criner and rod streater, a fifth-round pick and an undrafted free agent, respectively, have a chance for significant playing time with further development. defensive end dave tollefson, a free agent from the new york giants, said allen has stressed the importance of reducing penalties and winning the turnover battle, using slides as visual aids to enhance the message. “to give it lip service doesn’t do it justice,” tollefson said. “the number of penalties this team had was unreal. to go 8-8 on top of that, kind of impressive.” palmer is the latest raider to express wonderment at the complexity of the team’s defense. “our defense has everything — every possible coverage, every alignment,” he said. “(it’s difficult) just getting to know our offense and how to execute against every look in the book, every look you could possibly see from every defense across the entire nfl. our defense does a lot.”	‘‘it* ˈteɪstɪd ˈvɛri məˈtælɪk ənd ʃi sɛd ɪf aɪ hæv əˈnəðər ʧaɪld goʊ ðə hoʊl hɑg ənd hæv ə sɪt daʊn mil, hæf ˈʤoʊkɪŋ ˈrɪli. wɪn hæd maɪ ˈsɛkənd ˈdɔtər ˈnɛli ənd tɑm sɛd hi wɑz ˈlʊkɪŋ fər ˈrɛsəpiz aɪ wɔrnd maɪ meɪt hi wɑz serious.’.’ ðə pləˈsɛntə ˈkɑkˌteɪlz (ˈpɪkʧər: ˈmænˌʧɛstər ˈivnɪŋ nuz) ðə pləˈsɛntə wɑz frid ɪn ˈənjən ənd ˈgɑrlɪk wɪθ lɑts əv ˈsizənɪŋ. hi ðɛn meɪd ə ˈstrɔˌbɛri ˈdækəri pʊt səm ˈpɛpər ɪn ɪt ənd ˈblɛndɪd ðə pləˈsɛntə ˈɪntu ðə drɪŋk. əˈmændə kənˈtɪnjud: wɑz dɪˈlɪʃəs. ɪt ʤɪst ˈteɪstɪd laɪk ˈstrɔˌbɛri daiquiri.’.’ rɪˈkɔlɪŋ ðə drɪŋk ˈæftər ðə fərst ˈbeɪbi wɑz bɔrn, tɑm sɛd: fərst taɪm aɪ ʤɪst ˈblɛndɪd ɪt ənd dræŋk ɪt ənd ɪt wɑz ˈprɪti grɪm tɪ bi ˈɑnəst ju kʊd ʤɪst teɪst ðə bləd ənd ɪt wɑz ənd fatty.’.’ əˈmændə ənd tɑm ˈmædək wɪθ ˈʧɪldrən ˈælɪs, θri, ənd ˈnɛli, ˈsɛvən mənθs (ˈpɪkʧər: ˈmænˌʧɛstər ˈivnɪŋ nuz) hi kənˈtɪnjud: ˈsɛkənd taɪm raʊnd aɪ θɔt raɪt, du ɪt ˈprɑpərli soʊ aɪ ˈstɑrtɪd ˈlʊkɪŋ ɔn ðə ˈɪntərˌnɛt fər aɪˈdiəz. əv ðɛm wər kwaɪt ˈkɑmpləˌkeɪtəd wɪθ loʊdz əv soʊ aɪ ʤɪst θɔt wɛl maɪ ˈfeɪvərɪt fud ɪz ˈpitsə soʊ ʤɪst kʊk ɪt əp wɪθ səm ˈənjən ənd ˈgɑrlɪk. aɪ ˈteɪstɪd ə bɪt ɔn ɪts oʊn ɪt hæd ə ˈsɪmələr teɪst ənd ˈtɛksʧər tɪ ˈlɪvər bət ɛz sun ɛz aɪ pʊt ðə ˈgɑrlɪk ənd ˈənjən wɪθ ɪt, ɪt wɑz lovely.’.’ ənd hi sɛd nɑt ɔl hɪz frɛndz wər ˌɪmˈprɛst. frɛndz θɔt aɪ wɑz ə ˈwɪrdoʊ fər ˈitɪŋ ɪt bət noʊ ˈdɪfərənt tɪ ˈitɪŋ ˈsəmθɪŋ laɪk blæk pudding,’,’ hi sɛd. list ju noʊ wɛr kəm frəm ənd ju gɪt mɔr ɔrˈgænɪk ðən jʊr placenta.’.’
‘it tasted very metallic and she said if i have another child we’d go the whole hog and have a sit down meal, half joking really. ‘but when we’d had my second daughter nellie and tom said he was looking for recipes i warned my mate he was serious.’ the placenta cocktails (picture: manchester evening news) the placenta was fried in onion and garlic with lots of seasoning. he then made a strawberry daiquiri put some pepper in it and blended the placenta into the drink. amanda continued: ‘it was delicious. it just tasted like strawberry daiquiri.’ recalling the drink after the couple’s first baby was born, tom said: ‘the first time i just blended it and drank it and it was pretty grim to be honest – you could just taste the blood and it was gristly and fatty.’ amanda and tom maddock with children alice, three, and nellie, seven months (picture: manchester evening news) he continued: ‘the second time round i thought right, let’s do it properly so i started looking on the internet for ideas. ‘some of them were quite complicated with loads of faffing so i just thought well my favourite food is pizza so i’ll just cook it up with some onion and garlic. ‘when i tasted a bit on its own it had a similar taste and texture to liver but as soon as i put the garlic and onion with it, it was lovely.’ and he said not all his friends were impressed. ‘some friends thought i was a weirdo for eating it but it’s no different to eating something like black pudding,’ he said. ‘at least you know where it’s come from and you don’t get more organic than your wife’s placenta.’	ˈleɪtər ðɪs ˌæftərˈnun aɪl bi ˈhɛdɪŋ tɪ ˈʤərməni tɪ bɪˈgɪn ə ˈwiˌkɪnd əv ˈkəvərɪʤ əv wən ˈfræŋkfərt ðə læst ˈmeɪʤər 2 ˈtʊrnəmənt ˌbiˈfɔr ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl. ɪts ˈʃeɪpɪŋ əp tɪ bi ˈrɪli ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ. ðə sin ɪz ɪn gʊd ʃeɪp, wɪθ ˈvɛrid ənd ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ pleɪ ˈkəmɪŋ frəm ə brɔd reɪnʤ əv timz. eɪt əv ðoʊz teams—alliance,, mousesports,, klaʊd 9 ˈivəl ˈʤinjəsɪz, ˈgeɪmɪŋ ənd bi kəmˈpitɪŋ ɪn ˈfræŋkfərt fər ə praɪz pul əv ˈoʊvər aɪ sæt daʊn wɪθ ˈfɛloʊ nərd ˈjɑnʊʃ ərˈbænski tɪ goʊ ˈoʊvər ɑr priˈdɪkʃənz fər ðə ɪˈvɛnt. krɪs: hæv meɪd ə lɔt əv nɔɪz əˈbaʊt ˈhævɪŋ ɔl θri praɪər ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˈʧæmpiənz æt ðə ənd əˈlaɪəns, hu rɪˈsivd ˌɔtəˈmætɪk ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃənz, ənd hu əraɪvd θru ðə ʧaɪˈniz kˈwɑləˌfaɪər. aɪ θɪŋk ðə ˈstɔri əv wən wɪl, æt list ɪn pɑrt, bi əˈbaʊt wɪʧ timz goʊ ˈɔˈlaʊt fər ðət ənd wɪʧ hoʊld ɔn tɪ ˈsəmθɪŋ ɪn ədˈvæns əv əˈlaɪəns ər ˈbrɪŋɪŋ ɪn ˈwɪntər ɛz ðɛr koʊʧ fər ðɪs ˈtʊrnəmənt, wɪʧ səˈʤɛsts ðət ðɛr ˈsəmər kæmˈpeɪn ɪz ˈprɑpərli ˈəndər weɪ. ðeɪ meɪd ə ˈkɑnfədənt rɪˈtərn tɪ fɔrm æt ənd ɪf ðeɪ kən meɪnˈteɪn ðət peɪs hir ðɛn aɪ θɪŋk ðeɪ hæv ə ʃɑt æt ˈteɪkɪŋ ðə hoʊl maɪ pɪk aʊt əv ðə rɪˈtərnɪŋ ˈʧæmpiənz. ðə greɪt θɪŋ əˈbaʊt kəmˈpɛtɪtɪv æt ðə ˈmoʊmənt, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ɪz ðət ɪt ˈɪzənt ˈdɑməˌneɪtəd baɪ wən ər tu timz. ˈjɑnʊʃ: əˈlaɪəns hæd ə rəf pæʧ ˈərliər ɪn ðə jɪr, bət ˈrisəntli ðeɪ hæv ˈstɑrtɪd tɪ lʊk laɪk ðə tim ðət wən soʊ kənˈvɪnsɪŋli, ə ˈwəriɪŋ ˈprɑspɛkt fər ðə ˈəðər timz. ɛz ˈɛvər, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, kən ˈnɛvər bi ˈkaʊntɪd aʊt. ðeɪ hæv pleɪd wɛl θruaʊt ðə jɪr, boʊθ ˈɔnˌlaɪn ənd ɔn læn, ənd əm ʃʊr wi kən ɪkˈspɛkt ðə ˈfræŋkfərt kraʊd tɪ gɪt bɪˈhaɪnd ðɛm. ər əp əˈgɛnst ɪn ðə fərst raʊnd, ðoʊ, ənd ðɪs ˈtæləntɪd ˈlaɪˌnəp hæv ˈpruvən ðeɪ kən bit ˈɛni tim ɪn. aɪ ˈwʊdənt bi səˈpraɪzd ɪf ðeɪ trit ðɪs ɛz ə draɪ rən fər krɪs: ˈɪtəl bi ˈrɪli ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪŋ tɪ si haʊ du. ɪf ðeɪ kip tɪ ðə fɔrm ðeɪv bɪn ɔn ˈrisəntli ðɛn ðə ˈtʊrnəmənt ɪz ðɛrz tɪ luz, ɛz fɑr ɛz əm ˈvɪktəri ˈoʊvər ɪn ðə ˈwɛstərn ˈʧælənʤ əˈtɛsts tɪ ðɛr ˈdɑmənəns, ənd ˈɑrgjuəbli ðeɪv hæd ə ˈgreɪtər ˌɪmˈpækt ɔn ðə ðən ˈɛni ˈəðər tim ɪn ðə læst jɪr. ɔn ðə ˈəðər hænd, əm ˈprɪti ʃʊr ðɪs ɪz ˈmeɪsənz fərst læn əv ðɪs ˈhɑrdli simd tɪ bi ðə taɪp tɪ gɪt drægd daʊn baɪ nərvz ɪn ðə pæst, bət ɪts ˈhɑrdli ˈtrɪviəl tɪ faɪnd ˈjɔrsɛlf ɪn frənt əv ə ˈsteɪdiəm fʊl əv ˈpipəl ə fju mənθs ˈɪntu jʊr proʊ kərɪr. wət du ju meɪk əv klaʊd ˈʧænsɪz? ðɛr rən əv ˈfɪnɪʃɪz ɪn ðə læst ˈkəpəl əv mənθs səˈʤɛsts ðət ðɛr ənˈlaɪkli tɪ wɪn ðə hoʊl θɪŋ, bət ðeɪv ˈpruvən ðət ðeɪ kən bit ˈɛnibədi ɔn ə gʊd deɪ. aɪ ˈwʊdənt bi səˈpraɪzd tɪ si ðɛm ˈfɪnɪʃ haɪ. ˈjɑnʊʃ: klaʊd 9 doʊnt læk fər ˈtælənt, bət kænt sim tɪ klɪnʧ ðə wɪn wɪn ɪt ˈrɪli ˈmætərz. ðɛr ˈfɑrmɪŋ staɪl meɪ hæv bɪˈkəm ə bɪt prɪˈdɪktəbəl ənd kʊd bi ˈpənɪʃt baɪ ðə tɔp timz. goʊɪŋ əp əˈgɛnst əˈlaɪəns soʊ ˈərli wɪl bi ə təf ˈʧælənʤ, bət ɪf ðeɪ kən wɪn ðət mæʧ ðeɪ hæv ə ˈsɑləd ʃɑt æt ˈteɪkɪŋ ðə ˈtʊrnəmənt. aɪ θɪŋk ðeɪ wɔnt ə bɪg wɪn æt ðɪs pɔɪnt, ənd ˈgɪtɪŋ wən wɪl bust ðɛr ˈkɑnfədɛns noʊ ɛnd. ər maɪ 'dɑrk hɔrs' pɪk, ɛz ðeɪv ˈstɑrtɪd tɪ lʊk ˈrɪli ˈdeɪnʤərəs ɪn ðə læst fju mənθs, bət hæv jɛt tɪ pruv ðət ðeɪv gɑt wət ɪt teɪks tɪ wɪn æt ðə haɪəst ˈlɛvəl. ɪt wɪl bi ə təf fərst raʊnd ˈmæʧəp əˈgɛnst ə rɪˈsərʤənt. du ju θɪŋk ðɛl gɪt pæst ðə ʧaɪˈniz ˈʧæmpiənz? krɪs: ju kænt kaʊnt aʊt, bət aɪ əˈgri ðət ɪts ə təf ˈmæʧəp. ðət sɛd ɪf du bit ðə ʧaɪˈniz tim ðɛn ðeɪ kʊd du wɛl ˈfʊli ˈkeɪpəbəl əv ənˈsitɪŋ ðə bɛst ˈwɛstərn timz, ənd pleɪɪŋ ɪn frənt əv ə hoʊm kraʊd ʃʊd ɪnˈʃʊr gʊd pərˈfɔrmənsɪz frəm ˈfɑtə ənd pɑz. ˈfeɪsɪŋ əˈlaɪəns ər ɪn ðə ˈsɛmaɪz ɪz ˈnɛvər goʊɪŋ tɪ bi ˈizi, maɪnd. wət ər jʊr θɔts ɔn ˈvərsəz ˈgeɪmɪŋ ɪn ðə? ər kənˈtɪnjuɪŋ ðɛr rən wɪθ ˌɛkˈskæləbər ˈstændɪŋ ɪn fər ˈɪrə, wɪʧ həz bɪn goʊɪŋ fænˈtæstɪkli fər ðɛm. ðeɪv gɑt ˌɪnˈkrɛdəbəl ˌvərsəˈtɪləti ənd kənˈtroʊl ənd aɪd ɪkˈspɛkt ðɛm tɪ du wɛl ɪn frənt əv ə hoʊm kraʊd. læst naɪts nuz əˈbaʊt ðɛm biɪŋ pəˈtɛnʃəli əˈneɪbəl tɪ kəmˈpit ɪn kʊd min ðeɪ ˈdəbəl daʊn ɔn ðɛr ˈɛfərts hir. ˈjɑnʊʃ: ər rɪˈnaʊnd fər ðɛr ˈsteɪbəl ˈrɑstər soʊ aɪ wɑz ˈwərid haʊ ðeɪ wʊd du wɪˈθaʊt ˈɪrə, bət ɪt simz tɪ bi goʊɪŋ wɛl soʊ fɑr. ðɛr ər ə greɪt tim ənd dɪˈzərv ə wɪn, bət ðeɪ wɪl nid lək ɔn ðɛr saɪd ɪf ðə ˈəðər bɪg timz pleɪ ðɛr bɛst. wɪl bi pleɪɪŋ ˈgeɪmɪŋ fərst ðoʊ, wɪʧ ɪz ə geɪm ðeɪ kən wɪn. ər ə strɔŋ tim, bət laɪk klaʊd 9 ðeɪ ʤɪst kænt sim tɪ wɪn ˈtərnəmənts. du hæv sylar, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ən ˌɪnˈtɪmɪˌdeɪtɪŋ ˈkɛri ðət həz hæd ə fju stænd aʊt pərˈfɔrmənsɪz ˈrisəntli ənd kʊd meɪk ə bɪg ˌɪmˈpækt. ər ðɛr ˈɛni pleɪərz ju ər ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli ˈlʊkɪŋ ˈfɔrwərd tɪ siɪŋ pleɪ? krɪs: aɪ laɪk ˈwɑʧɪŋ ənd aɪd laɪk tɪ si rən ɪm ɔn ðə əˈgɛn. ˈəðərˌwaɪz, ɪts ɔl əˈbaʊt ðə səˈpɔrt ənd fər, ənd fər əˈlaɪəns, ənd fər. aɪ ləv mi səm roʊˈteɪʃənz. haʊ du ju θɪŋk wɪl du? bit ðɛm ˈhændəli ə fju deɪz əˈgoʊ dɪˈspaɪt ˈgɪtɪŋ ə ˈkəmfərtəbəl sɛt əv ˈhɪroʊz ɪn ðə fərst pək, enchantress, ðət ˈdəzənt boʊd ˈbrɪljəntli fər ðɛm ɪn ðə æt. wi kʊd si ðɛm nɑkt aʊt ˈvɛri ˈərli. ɔn ðə ˈəðər hænd, ðɛr. ˈkəmɪŋ bæk frəm ə ˌdɪsədˈvænɪʤ ɪz wət ðeɪ du. ɪf ˈsɪtɪŋ ɔn ən strat*, ðɪs ɪz wɪn wɪl si ɪt. ˈjɑnʊʃ: əm nɑt tu ˈwərid əˈbaʊt tɪ bi ˈɑnəst. ðɛr wən əv ðə bɛst læn timz ənd hæv soʊ məʧ ɪkˈspɪriəns pleɪɪŋ ɪn haɪ ˈprɛʃər ˈmæʧɪz. ɪts tru ðət ðeɪ ˈhævənt lʊkt ðɛr bɛst ɪn ðə læst fju ˈtərnəmənts, ənd wɪl goʊ ˈɪntu ðə ˈmæʧəp wɪθ ə lɔt əv ˈkɑnfədɛns, bət ər baʊnd tɪ pʊt əp ə gʊd faɪt. ɛz ju seɪ, ər noʊn fər ˈkəmɪŋ bæk frəm bɪˈhaɪnd ənd ˈsəmˌhaʊ ˈfaɪndɪŋ ə weɪ tɪ wɪn, wɪʧ ʃʊd meɪk fər ə θˈrɪlɪŋ mæʧ. ɪts ə waɪd ˈoʊpən ˈtʊrnəmənt ənd kən bit ɔl ðə timz pleɪɪŋ, soʊ aɪ lʊk ˈfɔrwərd tɪ siɪŋ ðɛm teɪk tɪ ðə steɪʤ. ʧɛk bæk təˈmɑˌroʊ fər mɔr ˈkəvərɪʤ frəm wən.
later this afternoon i'll be heading to germany to begin a weekend of coverage of esl one frankfurt , the last major dota 2 tournament before the international. it's shaping up to be really exciting. the scene is in good shape, with varied and exciting play coming from a broad range of teams. eight of those teams—alliance, na'vi, mousesports, fnatic, cloud 9, evil geniuses, vici gaming and invictus gaming—will be competing in frankfurt for a crowd-boosted prize pool of over $200,000. i sat down with fellow dota nerd janusz urbanski to go over our predictions for the event. chris: esl have made a lot of noise about having all three prior international champions at the tournament—na'vi and alliance, who received automatic invitations, and ig who arrived through the chinese qualifier. i think the story of esl one will, at least in part, be about which teams go all-out for that prizepool and which hold on to something in advance of ti4. alliance are bringing in winter as their coach for this tournament, which suggests that their summer campaign is properly under way. they made a confident return to form at dreamleague and if they can maintain that pace here then i think they have a shot at taking the whole thing—they're my pick out of the returning champions. the great thing about competitive dota at the moment, however, is that it isn't dominated by one or two teams. janusz: alliance had a rough patch earlier in the year, but recently they have started to look like the team that won ti3 so convincingly, a worrying prospect for the other teams. as ever, however, na'vi can never be counted out. they have played well throughout the year, both online and on lan, and i'm sure we can expect the frankfurt crowd to get behind them. na'vi are up against eg in the first round, though, and this talented eg lineup have proven they can beat any team in esl. i wouldn't be surprised if they treat this as a dry run for ti4. chris: it'll be really interesting to see how eg do. if they keep to the form they've been on recently then the tournament is theirs to lose, as far as i'm concerned—their 3-0 victory over na'vi in the d2l western challenge attests to their dominance, and arguably they've had a greater impact on the metagame than any other team in the last year. on the other hand, i'm pretty sure this is mason's first lan of this scale—he's hardly seemed to be the type to get dragged down by nerves in the past, but it's hardly trivial to find yourself in front of a stadium full of people a few months into your pro career. what do you make of cloud 9's chances? their run of second-place finishes in the last couple of months suggests that they're unlikely to win the whole thing, but they've proven that they can beat anybody on a good day. i wouldn't be surprised to see them finish high. janusz: cloud 9 don't lack for talent, but can't seem to clinch the win when it really matters. their farming style may have become a bit predictable and could be punished by the top teams. going up against alliance so early will be a tough challenge, but if they can win that match they have a solid shot at taking the tournament. i think they want a big win at this point, and getting one will boost their confidence no end. mouz are my 'dark horse' pick, as they've started to look really dangerous in the last few months, but have yet to prove that they've got what it takes to win at the highest level. it will be a tough first round matchup against a resurgent ig. do you think they'll get past the chinese ti2 champions? chris: you can't count mouz out, but i agree that it's a tough matchup. that said if mouz do beat the chinese team then they could do well overall—they're fully capable of unseating the best western teams, and playing in front of a home crowd should ensure good performances from fata and pas. facing alliance or c9 in the semis is never going to be easy, mind. what are your thoughts on fnatic versus vici gaming in the quarterfinals? fnatic are continuing their run with excalibur standing in for era, which has been going fantastically for them. they've got incredible versatility and control and i'd expect them to do well in front of a home crowd. last night's news about them being potentially unable to compete in ti4 could mean they double down on their efforts here. janusz: fnatic are renowned for their stable roster so i was worried how they would do without era, but it seems to be going well so far. they're are a great team and deserve a win, but they will need luck on their side if the other big teams play their best. fnatic will be playing vici gaming first though, which is a game they can win. vg are a strong team, but like cloud 9 they just can't seem to win tournaments. vg do have sylar, however, an intimidating carry that has had a few stand out performances recently and could make a big impact. are there any players you are particularly looking forward to seeing play? chris: i like watching hann1 and i'd like to see fnatic run him on the offlane again. otherwise, it's all about the support pairings—zai and ppd for eg, akke and egm for alliance, puppey and kuroky for na'vi. i love me some rotations. how do you think na'vi will do? eg beat them handily a few days ago despite na'vi getting a comfortable set of heroes in the first game—dendi puck, puppey enchantress, xboct lycan—and that doesn't bode brilliantly for them in the quarterfinals at esl. we could see them knocked out very early. on the other hand, they're na'vi. coming back from a disadvantage is what they do. if puppey's sitting on an eg-beating strat, this is when we'll see it. janusz: i'm not too worried about na'vi to be honest. they're one of the best lan teams and have so much experience playing in high pressure matches. it's true that they haven't looked their best in the last few tournaments, and eg will go into the matchup with a lot of confidence, but na'vi are bound to put up a good fight. as you say, na'vi are known for coming back from behind and somehow finding a way to win, which should make for a thrilling match. it's a wide open tournament and na'vi can beat all the teams playing, so i look forward to seeing them take to the stage. check back tomorrow for more coverage from esl one.	ðə ˈjuˈɛˈseɪ ˈsaɪkəlɪŋ ˈnæʃənəl ˈʧæmpiənˌʃɪps ər ˈteɪkɪŋ pleɪs ðɪs wik ɪn ˈrɪvərˌsaɪd pɑrk əˈlɔŋˈsaɪd ðə kəˈnɛtəkət ˈrɪvər. wət ðə hɛk ɪz? ðiz ˈbaɪsɪkəl ˈreɪsɪz ˈfiʧər hɪlz, məd, ənd ˈəðər ˈɑbstəkəlz. fər ɛz məʧ ˈroʊlɪŋ ɛz ju maɪt si, ˈɔlsoʊ ˈɔkwərd ˈtɪpɪŋ ˈoʊvər, ˈtrɪpɪŋ, ənd sˈlaɪdɪŋ. ˈbɪtər koʊld dɪz nɑt ˈkænsəl ðə ˈreɪsɪz. reɪn ənd snoʊ ˈiðər. ˈθərzdiz træk kənˈdɪʃənz ˌɪnˈkludɪd hɑrd rəts rɪˈzəltɪŋ frəm ˈfroʊzən məd. ˈkræʃɪŋ ɔn ðət dɪz nɑt ˈtɪkəl. ˈθərzˌdeɪ ˈɔlsoʊ ˈfiʧərd eɪt ɪˈvɛnts, moʊst əv wɪʧ wər dɪˈvaɪdɪd baɪ eɪʤ reɪnʤ. hir ər ə fju ˈhaɪˌlaɪts: 60 ðə 60 ɪˈvɛnt ræŋkt ˈwɪnərz baɪ ənd ˈʤuli ˈlɑˌkhɑrt əv dunstable, mɑ pleɪst fərst ɪn ðə ˈlætər ˈkætəˌgɔri. krɪˈstinə ˈpərkɪnz (bɪb 18 əv ˈænənˌdeɪl, hæd ðə bɛst taɪm əv ɔl θri sub-groups. pɑrt əv ðə kɔrs ɪz ɔn ðə daɪk, soʊ ˈreɪsərz hæd tɪ raɪd, pʊʃ, ər ˈkɛri ðɛr baɪks əp ɪt. ˈkɪmbərli ʧæns (əˈbəv) əv tʊk ðə goʊld ɪn ˈwɪmən ˈmæstərz ruθ ˈʃərmən (bɪˈloʊ) əv ˈspɛnsər, ræŋkt ɪn ðə seɪm ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən. ɪˈvɛnts kənˈtɪnju ɔn ˈfraɪˌdeɪ, ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ, ənd ˈsənˌdi. ðə ˈraɪdər rɪˈzəlts ər ˈpoʊstɪd ɔn ðə ˈjuˈɛˈseɪ ˈsaɪkəlɪŋ ˈwɛbˌsaɪt. seɪv seɪv seɪv seɪv seɪv seɪv seɪv
the usa cycling cyclocross national championships are taking place this week in hartford’s riverside park alongside the connecticut river. what the heck is cyclocross? these off-road bicycle races feature hills, mud, and other obstacles. for as much rolling as you might see, also awkward tipping over, tripping, and sliding. bitter cold does not cancel the races. rain and snow doesn’t either. thursdays track conditions included hard ruts resulting from frozen mud. crashing on that does not tickle. thursday also featured eight women’s events, most of which were divided by age range. here are a few highlights: 60+ the 60+ event ranked winners by 60-64, 65-69, and 75-79. julie lockhart of dunstable, ma placed first in the latter category. christina perkins (bib #18) of annandale, nj had the best time of all three sub-groups. part of the course is on the dike, so racers had to ride, push, or carry their bikes up it. 35-39 55-59 kimberly chance (above) of dallas,texas took the gold in thursday’s cx women masters 55-59. ruth sherman (below) of spencer, ny ranked 4th in the same competition. cyclocross events continue on friday, saturday, and sunday. the rider results are posted on the usa cycling website. save save save save save save save	ɪn ˈɛpɪˌsoʊd θri əv ðə ˈklæsɪk ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈkɑmədi ðə jəŋ wənz, ə sin wɛr wən kɑp tɛlz əˈnəðər hæd ə bəst əp ðɪs ˈmɔrnɪŋ wɪθ m’lady”” bɪˈkəz hi ˌɪnˈsəltɪd ðə poʊp. ə bɪt ˈstupɪd, ju noʊ catholic,”,” ðə ˈəðər sɪz. ““yeah, aɪ noʊ ˈkæθlɪk. aɪ noʊ ðə poʊp was,”,” kəmz ðə rɪˈplaɪ. ðə sin ðɛn kəts əˈweɪ tɪ ə ˈfoʊtəˌgræf əv ðə pɛr əˈbəv ə ˈgɑrdiən ˈhɛˌdlaɪn: ˈaɪˈkju shocker””. bət ˈivɪn ɪn ən eɪʤ wɛr ril laɪf ɪz bɪˈkəmɪŋ ˌɪmˈpɑsəbəl tɪ satirise, ju hæv meɪd ðə ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ˌkɑnfrənˈteɪʃən frəm læst ˈwiˌkɪnd əp. ə kˈwinzˌlænd kɑp hu aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪz hɪmˈsɛlf ɛz ˈsinjər ˈkɑnstəbəl ˈrɪʧərd paʊər əˈproʊʧɪz ə mæn ˈmaɪndɪŋ hɪz oʊn ˈbɪznɪs ɪn ə kɑr pɑrk ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ə ˈhɑrdˌwɛr stɔr. ðə mæn, hu ɪz ˈsəfərɪŋ frəm ə ˈhɛvi koʊld, ʤɪst ˈhæpənz tɪ bi ðə ˈloʊkəl pəˈlis rɪˈpɔrtər fər ðə ˈeɪˌbiˌsi, ʤɑʃ. ˈeɪˌbiˌsi ˈʤərnəlɪst ʤɑʃ dɪˈtɛnʃən æt biɪŋ ɪgˈzæmənd baɪ pəˈlis rɛd mɔr ““mate, ðə fækt ðət gɑt ˈpɪnˌpɔɪnt aɪz ənd ˈlʊkɪŋ dɪˈrɛkli ˈɪntu ðə sən ənd nɑt du tɪ ðə ˈsənˌlaɪt, aɪ bɪˈliv ju tɪ bi ˈəndər ðə ˈɪnfluəns əv ə ˈdeɪnʤərəs drug,”,” hi sɪz, ˌbiˈfɔr dɪˈteɪnɪŋ ɪm. wɪn ˈproʊˌtɛsts, ðə ˈkɑlig rɪˈplaɪz ˈfəkɪŋ meɪt, ɪf wi hæv həŋ ˈɔntu ju meɪt, floʊt ɔf ˈɪntu ˈfəkɪŋ ˈaʊtər space.”.” ˈrɛkərdz ənd poʊsts ðə ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ ɔn tˈwɪtər, wɛr ɪt ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli goʊz ˈvaɪrəl ˈtrɛndɪŋ ˈnæʃənəli ənd meɪks ˈhɛˌdlaɪnz. hi ɪz sun riˈlist wɪˈθaʊt ʧɑrʤ ənd goʊz bæk tɪ ˈbɪldɪŋ ə rɪˈteɪnɪŋ wɔl æt hoʊm. ðə kˈwinzˌlænd pəˈlis ˈsərvɪs sɪz ɪt ɪz ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtɪŋ ðə bɪˈheɪvjər əv ðə ˈɔfɪsərz kənˈsərnd. ðɛn dɪˈlits ðə ˈfʊtɪʤ ənd dɪˈklaɪnz tɪ pərˈsu ðə ˈmætər. ðət ɪz ə ˈmætər fər ɪm. bət ðɛr ər ə ˈnəmbər əv pɔɪnts tɪ bi meɪd hir. ðə fərst riˈækʃən, bɪɔnd ðə shocker”” əv ən ˈɔfɪsər hu bɪˈlivz ˈpjupəlz ʃʊd ˌdaɪˈleɪt wɪn ˈlʊkɪŋ æt ðə sən, ɪz ˌfæsəˈneɪʃən æt wət ˈhæpənz wɪn ðə sərˈveɪləns steɪt ɪz tərnd əˈpɑn ˌɪtˈsɛlf. wɪn ðə ˈsɛkənd ˈɔfɪsər swɛrz, paʊər riˈmaɪndz ɪm hi ɪz biɪŋ rɪˈkɔrdɪd nɑt ˈoʊnli baɪ bət paʊər, tu, hu həz ə ˈkæmərə ˈplænɪd ɔn hɪz ˈjunəˌfɔrm. wi hir ə ˈgrəntɪd əˈpɑləˌʤi. ðə ˈlɛsən hir ɪz ə riˈmaɪndər əv jʊr ˈligəl raɪt tɪ ˈrɛkərd ˈɛni əntəˈwɔrd ˌɪnərˈækʃən ju meɪ hæv wɪθ lɔ ɛnˈfɔrsmənt. nɑt ˈɔfən wi si səʧ ˈneɪkəd pəˈlis hɑˈstɪləti, ənd ˌɪˈnɛptɪˌtud, ˌɪtˈsɛlf biɪŋ pəˈlist baɪ ˈsəmˌwən wɪθ ðə ˈprɛzəns əv maɪnd tɪ ˈrɛkərd, ˈʧælənʤ ənd dɪˈsɛməˌneɪt ɪt, lɛt əˈloʊn baɪ ˈsəmˌwən hu rɪˈpɔrts ɔn pəˈlis ənd kɔrt prəˈsidɪŋz fər ə ˈlɪvɪŋ. ðə ˈsɛkənd riˈækʃən ɪz mɔr ˈtrəbəlɪŋ, ənd həz bɪn ˈpɔɪntɪd aʊt baɪ ðə mɑrk ˈkoʊlvɪn. nɑt ðət ðə pɪkt ɔn ðə guy”” ə waɪt pəˈlis ˈʤərnəlɪst hu noʊz hɪz raɪts. haʊ dɪz ˈɛni ˈmɛmbər əv ðə fɔrs θɪŋk əˈproʊpriˌeɪt tɪ bɪˈheɪv ɪn səʧ ə kənˈtɛmpʧuəs ˈmænər təˈwɔrdz ˈɛni ˈmɛmbər əv ðə ˈpəblɪk? tɪ dɪˈteɪn, ðə pəˈlis ˈnidɪd ə suspicion”” ðət hæd kəˈmɪtɪd ə kraɪm, ər wɑz əˈbaʊt tɪ. ˈrizənəbəl səˈspɪʃənz kən bi ˈdɪfəkəlt tɪ dɪˈfaɪn, bət ˈdaʊtfəl prɪˈzumɪŋ ə mæn tɪ bi ““pinned”” bɪˈkəz hɪz ˈpjupəlz feɪld tɪ ˌdaɪˈleɪt ɪn dɪˈrɛkt ˈsənˌlaɪt wʊd ˌɪmˈprɛs ˈɛni ˈmæʤɪˌstreɪt. wət həz bɪn sɛd əv ðə ˈbrɔdər ˈkɑntɛkst ˈoʊnli meɪks ɪt wərs. ˌæləˈgeɪʃənz hæv bɪn meɪd ðət ðə officers’’ səˈspɪʃənz wər əraʊzd bɪˈkəz wɑz ˈsitɪd kloʊz tɪ ə grup əv jəŋ ˌɪnˈdɪʤənəs ˈpipəl. paʊər əˈpɛrəntli æst ɪf hi wɑz wɪθ ðɛm, ˌbiˈfɔr ˈtərnɪŋ hɪz əˈtɛnʃən tɪ ðə juθs ənd kˈwɛsʧənɪŋ ˈwɛðər ðə kɑr ðeɪ wər ˈtrævəlɪŋ ɪn wɑz ˈstoʊlən. tu dəm ˈɔfɪsərz, ər ə ˈwaɪdər ˈprɑbləm? ðə ˈpɑpjələr apples”” ˈθɪri ɪz ənˈlaɪkli tɪ flaɪ wɪθ ðə ˌɪnˈdɪʤənəs kəmˈjunɪti, fər hum səʧ ˌloʊˈlɛvəl hərˈæsmənt ɪz ə ˌdɪsprəˈpɔrʃənətli haɪ ˌriˈæləˌti. tˈwɛntiˌfaɪv jɪrz ˈæftər ðə rɔɪəl kəˈmɪʃən ˈɪntu ˌæbərˈɪʤənəl dɛθs ɪn ˈkəstədi, ðə rɪsk əv ˌɪnˈdɪʤənəs ɔˈstreɪljənz biɪŋ ˌɪmˈprɪzənd rɪˈmeɪnz 13 taɪmz haɪər ðən fər ðə ˈʤɛnərəl ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən. əv kɔrs, ðət ɪz ə ˈnæʃənəl ˈprɑbləm, nɑt ˈlɪmɪtɪd tɪ kˈwinzˌlænd. ɪn ðə weɪk əv ðə əˈnaʊnsmɛnt əv əˈnəðər rɔɪəl kəˈmɪʃən ˈɪntu ðə əˈbjuz əv juθs æt dɑn deɪl dɪˈtɛnʃən ˈsɛntər ɪn ˈdɑrwɪn wɪʧ hæd bɪn ˌriˈpɔrtəd ɔn fər jɪrz ˌbiˈfɔr ðə ˈɪmɪʤ əv ˈdɪlən ˈvɑlər ɪn ə spɪt hʊd spɑrkt ˈnæʃənəl rɪˈvəlʃən ðɛr hæv bɪn ˈmɛni kɔlz fər ɪts riˈmɪt tɪ bi ˈwaɪdənd bɪɔnd ðə ˈnɔrðərn ˈbɔrdərz. kən ðə lɔ kəm tɪ ðə ˈrɛskju əv əˈbjuzd əˈsaɪləm ˈsikərz ənd ˈrɛfˌjuʤiz? ˈrɪʧərd ˈæklənd rɛd mɔr ðə həz lʊkt ˈɪntu ɪts oʊn ˈkəlʧər ɪn ə ˈsɪriz əv rəvˈjuz ɪn ðə læst 12 mənθs ˈæftər ˈwaɪdˈsprɛd ˌæləˈgeɪʃənz əv ɪkˈsɛsɪv fɔrs, ˈbʊliɪŋ ənd ˌɪnəˈproʊpriɪt bɪˈheɪvjər ɔn ðə goʊld koʊst, ənˈfɔrʧənətli ˈbəkɪŋ ən ˈoʊvərˌɔl ˈsteɪtˌwaɪd rɪˈdəkʃən ɪn kəmˈpleɪnts. əˈnəðər ˌrivˈju lʊkt æt haʊ tɪ ˈvaɪələnt ˌkɑnfrənˈteɪʃənz, ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ə ˈsɪriz əv ˈfeɪtəl pəˈlis ˈʃutɪŋz bɪtˈwin 2013 ənd 2014 wət ˈhæpənd tɪ baɪ ˈkɑntræst wɑz ˈpɛˌti, ˈivɪn rɪˈdɪkjələs, ənd meɪd ðə ˈɔfɪsərz kənˈsərnd lʊk laɪk fulz. kˈwinzˌlænd prɛˈmɪr ɪkˈsprɛst hər kənˈsərnz ənd riˈmaɪndɪd ðə fɔrs əv ɪts ˌɑbləˈgeɪʃən tɪ trit ɔl ˈmɛmbərz əv ðə ˈpəblɪk wɪθ rɪˈspɛkt, ˌbiˈfɔr ækˈnɑlɪʤɪŋ ðət ˈɔfɪsərz hæd ə ˈdɪfəkəlt ʤɑb tɪ du ˈsɛnəmənts kˈwɪkli ˈɛkoʊd baɪ. noʊ wən daʊts pəˈlisɪŋ ɪz ə təf gɪg. bət ɪn ə ˈkəlʧər wɛr ɔn crime”” ˈtɔkˌbæk ˈrɛtərɪk rulz, ˈsɪvəl ˈlɪbərˌtiz hæv bɪn ˈstɛdəli ɪˈroʊdɪd, sərˈveɪləns ɪz ɛnˈdɔrst baɪ boʊθ ˈmeɪʤər ˈpɑrtiz ɛz ðə praɪs wi peɪ fər sɪˈkjʊrəti, ənd ˈreɪʃəl ˈproʊˌfaɪlɪŋ ɪz əˈfɪʃəli fraʊnd əˈpɑn bət ənəˈfɪʃəli vjud ɛz ˈkɔʃəˌnɛri, ðə sɪˈkjʊrəti ˌæpərˈætəs əv ðə steɪt kən ˈoʊnli bi ɛmˈboʊldənd. wət ˈhæpənd æt dɑn deɪl ʃoʊz wɛr ðət kən ɛnd. wət ˈhæpənd tɪ ʤɑʃ gɪvz ðə rɛst əv ˈjuˈɛs ə glɪmps ˈɪntu wɛr ɪt bɪˈgɪnz.
in episode three of the classic british comedy the young ones, a scene where one cop tells another had a “heavy bust up this morning with m’lady” because he insulted the pope. “that’s a bit stupid, you know she’s catholic,” the other says. “yeah, i know she’s catholic. i know the pope was,” comes the reply. the scene then cuts away to a photograph of the pair above a guardian headline: “police iq shocker”. but even in an age where real life is becoming impossible to satirise, you couldn’t have made the following confrontation from last weekend up. a queensland cop who identifies himself as senior constable richard power approaches a man minding his own business in a car park outside a hardware store. the man, who is suffering from a heavy cold, just happens to be the local police reporter for the abc, josh bavas. abc journalist josh bavas's detention at bunnings being examined by police read more “mate, the fact that got pinpoint eyes and looking directly into the sun and they’re not dilating due to the sunlight, i believe you to be under the influence of a dangerous drug,” he says, before detaining him. when bavas protests, the officer’s colleague replies “oh fucking mate, if we hadn’t have hung onto you mate, you’d float off into fucking outer space.” bavas records and posts the exchange on twitter, where it immediately goes viral – #dickpower trending nationally – and makes headlines. he is soon released without charge and goes back to building a retaining wall at home. the queensland police service says it is investigating the behaviour of the officers concerned. bavas then deletes the footage and declines to pursue the matter. that is a matter for him. but there are a number of points to be made here. the first reaction, beyond the “iq shocker” of an officer who believes pupils should dilate when looking at the sun, is fascination at what happens when the surveillance state is turned upon itself. when the second officer swears, power reminds him he is being recorded – not only by bavas but power, too, who has a camera planted on his uniform. we hear a grunted apology. the lesson here is a reminder of your legal right to record any untoward interaction you may have with law enforcement. not often we see such naked police hostility, and ineptitude, itself being policed by someone with the presence of mind to record, challenge and disseminate it, let alone by someone who reports on police and court proceedings for a living. the second reaction is more troubling, and has been pointed out by the abc’s mark colvin. not that the wallopers picked on the “wrong guy” – a white police journalist who knows his rights. how does any member of the force think appropriate to behave in such a contemptuous manner towards any member of the public? to detain bavas, the police needed a “reasonable suspicion” that bavas had committed a crime, or was about to. reasonable suspicions can be difficult to define, but doubtful presuming a man to be “pinned” because his pupils failed to dilate in direct sunlight would impress any magistrate. what has been said of the situation’s broader context only makes it worse. allegations have been made that the officers’ suspicions were aroused because bavas was seated close to a group of young indigenous people. power apparently asked bavas if he was with them, before turning his attention to the youths and questioning whether the car they were travelling in was stolen. two dumb officers, or a wider problem? the popular “bad apples” theory is unlikely to fly with the indigenous community, for whom such low-level harassment is a disproportionately high reality. twenty-five years after the royal commission into aboriginal deaths in custody, the risk of indigenous australians being imprisoned remains 13 times higher than for the general population. of course, that is a national problem, not limited to queensland. in the wake of the announcement of another royal commission into the abuse of youths at don dale detention centre in darwin – which had been reported on for years before the image of dylan voller in a spit hood sparked national revulsion – there have been many calls for its remit to be widened beyond the northern territory’s borders. can the law come to the rescue of abused asylum seekers and refugees? \| richard ackland read more the qps has looked into its own culture in a series of reviews in the last 12 months after widespread allegations of excessive force, bullying and inappropriate behaviour centred on the gold coast, unfortunately bucking an overall statewide reduction in complaints. another review looked at how to de-escalate violent confrontations, following a series of fatal police shootings between 2013 and 2014. what happened to bavas by contrast was petty, even ridiculous, and made the officers concerned look like fools. queensland premier annastacia palaszczuk expressed her concerns and reminded the force of its obligation to treat all members of the public with respect, before acknowledging that officers had a difficult job to do – sentiments quickly echoed by bavas. no one doubts policing is a tough gig. but in a culture where “tough on crime” talkback rhetoric rules, civil liberties have been steadily eroded, surveillance is endorsed by both major parties as the price we pay for security, and racial profiling is officially frowned upon but unofficially viewed as cautionary, the security apparatus of the state can only be emboldened. what happened at don dale shows where that can end. what happened to josh bavas gives the rest of us a glimpse into where it begins.	kloʊz ə lʊk æt ðə ˈnəmbərz ənd ˈækəˌleɪdz əv stɑr waɪd rɪˈsivər ˈmaɪkəl ˈgæləp. ˈkɛvɪn ˈlaɪtəl stɑr waɪd rɪˈsivər ˈmaɪkəl ˈgæləp lidz ðə ˈneɪʃən ɪn rɪˈsivɪŋ jɑrdz wɪθ 948 (ˈfoʊˌtoʊ: rɑn təˈdeɪ spɔrts) ə bəm ˈæŋkəl, ə smɔl ˈkɑlɪʤ ɪn ˈkænzəs ənd səm brɔt ˈmaɪkəl ˈgæləp tɪ. ˌbiˈfɔr ðə rɪˈsivɪŋ geɪm læst wik. ˌbiˈfɔr ðə ˈnæʃənəl haɪp. ˌbiˈfɔr ðə tɔk əv haʊ haɪ hi kʊd ʃut əp ðə ˈɛˌnɛˈfɛl dræft bɔrdz. ˌbiˈfɔr ɔl əv ðət, ðɛr wɑz ə lɔŋ roʊd ðət lɛd ˈgæləp tɪ bɪˈkəm ðə nɛkst ræmz stɑr. wɑz ə hɛk əv ə groʊɪŋ pattern,”,” sɛd mæt, hu koʊʧt ˈgæləp æt mənˈroʊ ˈɛriə haɪ skul ɪn ˈʤɔrʤə. ˈgæləp wɑz ə stɑr ɪn ðə ˈpaʊərˌhaʊs mənˈroʊ ˈɛriə ˈproʊˌgræm, bət ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli meɪk ðə dɪˈvɪʒən aɪ ʤəmp bɪˈkəz əv loʊ tɛst skɔrz. ɔf hi wɛnt tɪ ˈbətlər ˈkaʊnti kəmˈjunɪti ˈkɑlɪʤ fɑr əˈweɪ ɪn ðə smɔl taʊn əv ɛl dɔˈrɑdoʊ, ˈkænzəs. sɛd əˈbaʊt 80 pərˈsɛnt əv ðə pleɪərz hi sɛndz tɪ ˈʤunjər ˈkɑlɪʤɪz, əˈspɛʃəli ɪn ðə ˌmɪdˈwɛst, fər wən ˈrizən ər əˈnəðər ɛnd əp ˈbaʊnsɪŋ bæk hoʊm. nɑt ˈgæləp. wɪn ˈmuvɪŋ ɔf tɪ ˈbətlər, hi dɪˈtərmənd wɑz nɑt goʊɪŋ tɪ lɛt hɪz ˈfʊtˌbɔl ˈstɔri bloʊ əˈweɪ ɪn ˈkænzəs. ˌɪnˈstɛd hi həz bloʊn əp. ðə ˈsinjər rɪˈsivər lidz ðə ˈneɪʃən ɪn rɪˈsivɪŋ jɑrdz 948 ənd sɛd noʊ səʧ θɪŋ ɛz ə bɔl wɪn θroʊn tɪ ɪm ˈprɪti məʧ laɪk pleɪɪŋ waɪd rɪˈsivər fər mi. ju noʊ ðət bɔl aɪ wɑz seɪɪŋ? maɪn. gɑt tɪ goʊ aʊt ðɛr ənd gɪt it,”,” ˈgæləp sɛd əv ˈʤunjər ˈkɑlɪʤ. wi hæv ˈtutərɪŋ, weɪts, ˈskɛʤʊld. əp ðɛr ʤɪst ˈgɪvɪn ə ˈskɛʤʊl ənd gɑt tɪ du ɪt. gɑt tɪ groʊ up.”.” ˈlaɪtəl: ˈgæləp ʃaɪnz θru mək əv ˈfrəˌstreɪtɪŋ ˈfʊtˌbɔl wɪn hi flæʃt hɪz pəˈtɛnʃəl hɪz ˈfrɛʃmən jɪr. ˈgæləp ˈbɔlɪŋ raɪt away,”,” ɛz sɛd. hi hæd 780 jɑrdz ənd 11 ˈtəʧˌdaʊnz. ðɛn keɪm ðə dɪˈzæstrəs ˈsɑfˌmɔr ˈsizən. ˈgæləp ˈsəfərd ən ˈæŋkəl ˈɪnʤəri ðət ˈlɪmɪtɪd ɪm tɪ fɔr geɪmz ənd 74 rɪˈsivɪŋ jɑrdz. ˈdʊrɪŋ praɪm taɪm fər di timz tɪ faɪnd ˈʤunjər ˈkɑlɪʤ stɑrz, ˈgæləp wɑz ˈsaɪˌdlaɪnd. ɪt kɛpt skulz ɪn sɛk ˈtɛrɪˌtɔri əˈweɪ, sɛd. ɪn ˈʤænjuˌɛri əv 2016 hi stɪl hæd noʊ aɪˈdiə wət hɪz nɛkst stɛp wɑz wɪn ə haɪ skul koʊʧ kɔld tɪ ʧɛk ɔn ɪm. ər ju duɪŋ? wɛr ər ju going?’”?’” ˈgæləp sɛd hɪz koʊʧ æst. hæv noʊ clue,”,” hi rɪˈspɑndɪd. ðə koʊʧ sɛd ““well, goʊɪŋ tɪ kɔl ju bæk ɪn əˈbaʊt 15 minutes.”.” bət ðə nɛkst taɪm foʊn ræŋ, ɪt hɪz haɪ skul koʊʧ. ɪt wɑz ˌkɑlərˈɑdoʊ steɪt maɪk ˈboʊboʊ, hu hæd rɪˈkrutɪd ˈgæləp waɪl ðə əˈfɛnsɪv koʊˈɔrdəˌneɪtər æt ˈʤɔrʤə. gɑt ə kɔl frəm ə haɪ skul koʊʧ ðət sɛd ‘‘hey, ˈmaɪkəl ˈgæləp ɪz aʊt ðɛr ənd ˈlʊkɪŋ fər səm pleɪs tɪ go.’.’ aɪ pʊld əp hɪz fɪlm, kɔld hɪz ˈʤunjər ˈkɑlɪʤ koʊʧ tɪ æsk əˈbaʊt ɪm, nɑt ʤɪst ɛz ə pleɪər bət ɛz ə person,”,” ˈboʊboʊ sɛd. ʧɛkt aʊt, gɑt ɪm ɔn ðə foʊn ðət naɪt ənd ˈɔfərd ɪm ə scholarship.”.” mɔr: ˈmaɪkəl ˈgæləp ˈgɑrnərɪŋ ˈnæʃənəl ˌrɛkɪgˈnɪʃən fər pərˈfɔrməns sun ˈæftər, ˈgæləp wɑz ɔn ə rɪˈkrutɪŋ ˈvɪzɪt wɪθ ˈfɛloʊ ˈʤɔrʤə ˈneɪtɪv ənd ˈʤunjər ˈkɑlɪʤ pleɪər ˈdɛtrɪk klɑrk, hu spɛnt ðə ɪnˈtaɪər trɪp traɪɪŋ tɪ kənˈvɪns ˈgæləp ðeɪ ʃʊd boʊθ bɪˈkəm ræmz. bət ðə dil wɑz sild æt ðə ɛnd əv ðə ˈvɪzɪt, ðə ˈsənˌdi ˈmɔrnɪŋ ˈmitɪŋ wɪθ ˈboʊboʊ. ˈsənˌdi ˈmɔrnɪŋ aɪ tɔkt tɪ ðə hɛd koʊʧ ənd wət hi toʊld mi wɑz ‘‘a.j. grin pleɪd ɪn ðə seɪm spɑt aɪ wɔnt tɪ pʊt ju in.’.’ aɪ hərd ðət ənd ðət wɑz it,”,” sɛd ˈgæləp, ə rɪˈkrut hu hæd ˈɔfərz aʊt əv ˈbətlər frəm ˈkænzəs steɪt, ənd nu ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ. hɪz fərst jɪr æt ˈgæləp wɑz wɛst ənd hæd jɑrdz ənd 14 ˈtəʧˌdaʊnz, ˈsɛkənd moʊst ɪn ə ˈsizən ɪn skul ˈhɪstəri). hɪz ˈsɛkənd ənd ˈfaɪnəl ˈsizən ɪz ˈʃeɪpɪŋ əp tɪ bi ˈivɪn ˈbɛtər, wɪθ ˈgæləp ɔn peɪs tɪ breɪk ðə fər jɑrdz sɛt baɪ ˈhɪgɪnz ɪn 2014 ˈhæpənɪŋ bɪˈkəz əv ə dɪˌtərməˈneɪʃən tɪ nɑt lɛt ə sɛt əv ənˈfɔrʧənət ˈsərkəmˌstænsɪz dɪˈreɪl hɪz kərɪr. ə stɑr hu faʊnd hɪz pæθ ɪn ðə ˈkænzəs. hi wɛnt tɪ ˈkænzəs ɪz wɪn hi ˈrɪli məˈtjʊrd ənd gru əp, əˈspɛʃəli θru hɪz injury,”,” sɛd. wɑz ɪt. hi meɪd hɪz decision.”.” ræmz: ˈstivənz, ˈgæləp ˈʧeɪsɪŋ ˈrɛkərd rən əv ˈgreɪsən, ˈhɪgɪnz ə treɪt hi ˈlərnɪd groʊɪŋ əp ɛz ðə ˈjəŋgəst əv eɪt ˈʧɪldrən, sɪks əv hum ər əˈdɑptəd. hi ˈlərnɪd tɪ teɪk riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti ənd gɪt θɪŋz dən. ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ geɪm æt nu ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ p.m., ðɛr ər faɪv geɪmz lɛft ɪn kərɪr, pləs ə ˈpɑsəbəl ˈkɑnfərəns ˈtaɪtəl geɪm ənd ə boʊl. ˈʃʊrli bi pleɪɪŋ ɪn ðə ˈɛˌnɛˈfɛl nɛkst ˈsizən, wɪθ prɑˈʤɛkʃənz ˈkərəntli ˈpleɪsɪŋ ɪm ˈɛniˌwɛr frəm ə θərd- tɪ pɪk. bət hu ˈrɪli noʊz? ˈɛniˌθɪŋ simz ˈpɑsəbəl. si ɪm naʊ, tɪ si wət duɪŋ, ʤi, ʤɪst amazing,”,” sɛd. meɪks ˈɛvriˌbɑdi praʊd hir. hi meɪks mənˈroʊ proud.”.” ˈfɑloʊ spɔrts rɪˈpɔrtər ˈkɛvɪn ˈlaɪtəl æt ənd æt facebook.com/kevinslytle. laɪɛl: fænz' ˈərli ˈɛksət ə ˈnæʃənəl ɪmˈbɛrəsmənt tɪ ˈmaɪkəl ˈgæləp faɪl jɪr: ˈsinjər pəˈzɪʃən: waɪd rɪˈsivər ˈnoʊtəbəl: lidz ðə ˈneɪʃən wɪθ 948 rɪˈsivɪŋ 263 rɪˈsivɪŋ jɑrdz ɪn ə wɪn ˈoʊvər nəˈvɑdə læst wik, tu ʃaɪ əv ə skul 14 rɪˈsivɪŋ ˈtəʧˌdaʊnz ɛz ə ˈʤunjər ræŋkt ˈsɛkənd ɪn skul ˈhɪstəri ənd wɑz eɪθ ɪn ə wɛst ɑnərˈi ɛz ə neɪmd ðɪs wik ɛz ən əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd prɛs ˈmɪdˈsizən all-american.
close a look at the numbers and accolades of csu star wide receiver michael gallup. kevin lytle csu star wide receiver michael gallup leads the nation in receiving yards with 948. (photo: ron chenoy/usa today sports) a bum ankle, a small college in kansas and some well-timed name-dropping brought michael gallup to csu. before the 263-yard receiving game last week. before the national hype. before the talk of how high he could shoot up the nfl draft boards. before all of that, there was a long road that led gallup to become the next rams star. “it was a heck of a growing pattern,” said matt fligg, who coached gallup at monroe area high school in georgia. gallup was a star in the powerhouse monroe area program, but immediately make the division i jump because of low test scores. off he went to butler county community college far away in the small town of el dorado, kansas. fligg said about 80 percent of the players he sends to junior colleges, especially in the midwest, for one reason or another end up bouncing back home. not gallup. when moving off to butler, he determined was not going to let his football story blow away in kansas. instead he has blown up. the senior 6-foot-1, 200-pound receiver leads the nation in receiving yards (948) and said there’s no such thing as a 50-50 ball when thrown to him . “it’s pretty much like playing wide receiver for me. you know that 50-50 ball i was saying? it’s mine. you’ve got to go out there and get it,” gallup said of junior college. “here we have tutoring, weights, everything’s scheduled. up there you’re just given a schedule and you’ve got to do it. you’ve got to grow up.” lytle: gallup shines through muck of frustrating csu football win he flashed his potential his freshman year. gallup “started balling right away,” as fligg said. he had 780 yards and 11 touchdowns. then came the disastrous sophomore season. gallup suffered an ankle injury that limited him to four games and 74 receiving yards. during prime time for di teams to find junior college stars, gallup was sidelined. it kept schools in sec territory away, fligg said. in january of 2016, he still had no idea what his next step was when a high school coach called to check on him. “’what are you doing? where are you going?’” gallup said his coach asked. “i have no clue,” he responded. the coach said “well, i’m going to call you back in about 15 minutes.” but the next time gallup’s phone rang, it wasn’t his high school coach. it was colorado state university’s mike bobo, who had recruited gallup while the offensive coordinator at georgia. “i got a call from a high school coach that said ‘hey, michael gallup is out there and he’s looking for some place to go.’ i pulled up his film, called his junior college coach to ask about him, not just as a player but as a person,” bobo said. “everything checked out, got him on the phone that night and offered him a scholarship.” more: csu's michael gallup garnering national recognition for near-record performance soon after, gallup was on a recruiting visit with fellow georgia native and junior college player detrich clark, who spent the entire trip trying to convince gallup they should both become rams. but the deal was sealed at the end of the visit, the sunday morning meeting with bobo. “that sunday morning i talked to the head coach and what he told me was ‘a.j. green played in the same spot i want to put you in.’ i heard that and that was it,” said gallup, a 3-star recruit who had offers out of butler from kansas state, unlv and new mexico. his first year at csu gallup was first-team all-mountain west and had 1,272 yards and 14 touchdowns, second most in a season in school history). his second and final season is shaping up to be even better, with gallup on pace to break the single-season school-record for yards (1,750) set by rashard higgins in 2014. it’s happening because of a single-minded determination to not let a set of unfortunate circumstances derail his career. a csu star who found his path in the middle-of-nowhere kansas. “when he went to kansas is when he really matured and grew up, especially through his injury,” fligg said. “kansas was it. he made his decision.” rams: csu's stevens, gallup chasing record run of grayson, higgins it’s a trait he learned growing up as the youngest of eight children, six of whom are adopted. he learned to take responsibility and get things done. including friday’s game at new mexico (8:15 p.m., espn2), there are five games left in gallup’s csu career, plus a possible conference title game and a bowl. he’ll surely be playing in the nfl next season, with projections currently placing him anywhere from a third- to sixth-round pick. but who really knows? anything seems possible. “to see him now, to see what he’s doing, gee, it’s just amazing,” fligg said. “he makes everybody proud here. he makes monroe proud.” follow sports reporter kevin lytle at twitter.com/kevin_lytle and at facebook.com/kevinslytle. lyell: fans' early exit a national embarrassment to csu michael gallup file year: senior position: wide receiver notable: leads the nation with 948 receiving yards…had 263 receiving yards in a win over nevada last week, two shy of a single-game school record…his 14 receiving touchdowns as a junior ranked second in school history and was eighth in fbs…was a first-team all-mountain west honoree as a junior…was named this week as an associated press midseason second-team all-american.	ðə ˈprɑʤɛkt ˈgutənbərg əv ðə ˈʤɛnəlˌmɛnz bʊk əv ˈɛtəkət ənd ˈmænjuəl əv pəˈlaɪtnəs, baɪ ˈsisəl bi. ˈhɑrtli ðɪs ɪz fər ðə juz əv ˈɛniˌwən ˈɛniˌwɛr æt noʊ kɔst ənd wɪθ ˈɔlˌmoʊst noʊ riˈstrɪkʃənz ˌwətsoʊˈɛvər. ju meɪ ˈkɑpi ɪt, gɪv ɪt əˈweɪ ər ɪt ˈəndər ðə tərmz əv ðə ˈprɑʤɛkt ˈgutənbərg ˈlaɪsəns ˌɪnˈkludɪd wɪθ ðɪs ər ˈɔnˌlaɪn æt ˈtaɪtəl: ðə ˈʤɛnəlˌmɛnz bʊk əv ˈɛtəkət ənd ˈmænjuəl əv pəˈlaɪtnəs biɪŋ ə kəmˈplit gaɪd fər ə ˈʤɛnəlˌmənz ˈkɑndəkt ɪn ɔl hɪz riˈleɪʃənz təˈwɔrdz soʊˈsaɪɪti ˈɔθər: ˈsisəl bi. ˈhɑrtli riˈlis deɪt: mɑrʧ 28 2012 39293 ˈlæŋgwɪʤ: ˈɪŋlɪʃ ˈkɛrɪktər sɛt ɛnˈkoʊdɪŋ: stɑrt əv ðɪs ˈprɑʤɛkt ˈgutənbərg bʊk əv ˈɛtəkət prəˈdust baɪ ˈʤuljə ˈmɪlər, s.d., ənd ðə ˈɔnˌlaɪn dɪˈstrɪbjətəd ˈpruˌfridɪŋ tim æt (ðɪs faɪl wɑz prəˈdust frəm ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈʤɛnərəsli meɪd əˈveɪləbəl baɪ ðə ˈɪntərˌnɛt ˈlaɪbrɛˌriz.) ðə bʊk əv ˈɛtəkət, ənd ˈmænjuəl əv pəˈlaɪtnəs; biɪŋ ə kəmˈplit gaɪd fər ə ˈkɑndəkt ɪn ɔl hɪz riˈleɪʃənz təˈwɔrdz soʊˈsaɪɪti. kənˈteɪnɪŋ rulz fər ðə ˈɛtəkət tɪ bi əbˈzərvd ɪn ðə strit, æt ˈteɪbəl, ɪn ðə bɔl rum, ˈivnɪŋ ˈpɑrti, ənd ˈmɔrnɪŋ kɔl; wɪθ fʊl dɪˈrɛkʃɪnz fər pəˈlaɪt ˌkɔrəˈspɑndəns, drɛs, ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən, ˈmænli ˈɛksərˌsaɪzɪz, ənd əˈkɑmplɪʃmənts. frəm ðə bɛst frɛnʧ, ˈɪŋlɪʃ, ənd əˈmɛrɪkən əˈθɔrətiz. baɪ ˈsisəl bi. ˈhɑrtli. ˈbɔstən: ʤi. ˈdəbəlju. ˌkɑˈtrɛl, ˈpəblɪʃər, 36 cornhill. ˈɛnərd əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə ækt əv ˈkɑŋgrəs, ɪn ðə jɪr 1860 baɪ ʤi. ʤi. ˈɛvənz, ɪn ðə ˈɔfəs əv ðə ˈdɪstrɪkt kɔrt fər ðə ˈistərn ˈdɪstrɪkt əv ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪnjə. 3 ˌɪntrəˈdəkʃən. [skɪp tɪ ˈteɪbəl əv ˈkɑntɛnts] mæn wɑz nɑt ˌɪnˈtɛndɪd tɪ lɪv laɪk ə bɛr ər ə ˈhərmət, əˈpɑrt frəm ˈəðərz əv hɪz oʊn ˈneɪʧər, ənd, fəˈlɑsəfi ənd ˈrizən wɪl iʧ əˈgri wɪθ mi, ðət mæn wɑz bɔrn fər ənd faɪndz hɪz tru dɪˈlaɪt ɪn soʊˈsaɪɪti. soʊˈsaɪɪti ɪz ə wərd ˈkeɪpəbəl əv ˈmɛni ˈminɪŋz, ənd juzd hir ɪn iʧ ənd ɔl əv ðɛm. soʊˈsaɪɪti, pɑr ˈɛksələns; ðə wərld æt lɑrʤ; ðə ˈlɪtəl klik tɪ wɪʧ hi ɪz baʊnd baɪ ˈərli taɪz; ðə kəmˈpænjənˌʃɪp əv frɛndz ər ˈrɛlətɪvz; ˈivɪn soʊˈsaɪɪti tɛt ə tɛt wɪθ wən dɪr ˈsɪmpəˌθaɪzɪŋ soʊl, ər ˈplɛzənt steɪts fər ə mæn tɪ bi ɪn. ˈteɪkɪŋ ðə wərd ɪn ɪts moʊst ɪkˈstɛndɪd vju, ɪt ɪz ðə wərld; bət ɪn ðə laɪt wi wɪʃ tɪ ˌɪmˈprɛs ɪn ɑr bʊk ɪt ɪz ðə sˈmɔlər wərld əv ðə ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ, ˈplɛzənt ˈɪnərˌkɔrs əv iʧ ˈsɪti ər taʊn ɪn wɪʧ ɑr ˈridər meɪ ʧæns tɪ əˈbaɪd. ðɪs soʊˈsaɪɪti, kəmˈpoʊzd, ɛz ɪt ɪz, əv ˈmɛni ˈvɛriɪŋ ˈneɪʧərz ənd ˈɛləmənts, wɛr iʧ ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl məst səbˈmɪt tɪ mərʤ hɪz oʊn aɪˈdɛntəˌti ˈɪntu ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəl hoʊl, wɪʧ meɪks ðə wərd ənd steɪt, ɪz dɪˈvaɪdɪd ənd ˌsəbdɪˈvaɪdɪd ˈɪntu ˈvɛriəs klɪks, ənd həz ə ˈpæˌstaɪm fər ˈɛvəri ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃən, greɪv ər geɪ; ənd wɪθ iʧ dɪˈvɪʒən ˈraɪzɪz əp ə nu sɛt əv fɔrmz ənd ˈsɛrəˌmoʊniz tɪ bi ɪf ju wɪʃ tɪ glaɪd daʊn ðə ˈkɑrənt əv pəˈlaɪt laɪf, sˈmuðli ənd ˈplɛzəntli. ðə jəŋ mæn hu meɪks hɪz fərst ˈɛntrəns ˈɪntu ðə wərld əv soʊˈsaɪɪti, ʃʊd noʊ haʊ tɪ ʧuz hɪz frɛndz, ənd nɛkst haʊ tɪ ˈkɑndəkt hɪmˈsɛlf təˈwɔrdz ðɛm. ɪkˈspɪriəns ɪz, əv kɔrs, ðə bɛst gaɪd, bət æt fərst ˈstɑrtɪŋ ðɪs məst kəm ˈsɛkənd hænd, frəm ən ˈoʊldər frɛnd, ər frəm bʊks. ə ʤuˈdɪʃəs frɛnd ɪz ðə bɛst gaɪd; bət haʊ ɪz ðə jəŋ mæn tɪ noʊ hum tɪ ʧuz? wɪn æt hoʊm ðɪs frɛnd ɪz ˈizəli səˈlɛktɪd; bət ɪn ðɪs ˈkəntri, wɛr iʧ bərd livz ðə ˈpɛrənt nɛst ɛz sun ɛz hɪz wɪŋz wɪl bɛr ɪm ˈseɪfli əp, ðɛr ər bət fju hu steɪ əˈməŋst ðə frɛndz æt hoʊm. nɛkst ðɛn kəmz ðə ˌɪnˈstrəkʃən frəm bʊks. tru ə bʊk wɪl nɑt ˈfʊli səˈplaɪ ðə pleɪs ˈiðər əv ɪkˈspɪriəns ər ˈfrɛndli ədˈvaɪs, stɪl ɪt meɪ bi meɪd ˈjusfəl, ənd, ˈkɛrfəli ˈrɪtən frəm ðə ɪkˈspɪriəns əv hɛdz groʊn greɪ ɪn soʊˈsaɪɪti, wɪθ ˈoʊnli wɛl ɔˈθɛntəˌkeɪtəd rulz, ɪt wɪl bi ə gaɪd nɑt tɪ bi dɪˈspaɪzd baɪ ðə jəŋ ˈæspərənt fər ˈfeɪvər ɪn pəˈlaɪt ənd rɪˈfaɪnd ˈsərkəlz. ju goʊ ˈɪntu soʊˈsaɪɪti frəm mɪkst ˈmoʊtɪvz; ˈpɑrtli fər ˈplɛʒər, ˌrɛkriˈeɪʃən ˈæftər ðə fəˈtigz əv jʊr ˈdeɪli ˈdutiz, ənd ˈpɑrtli ðət ju meɪ bɪˈkəm noʊn. ɪn ə rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈkəntri wɛr wən ˌɑpərˈtunətiz fər ˈraɪzɪŋ ər ɛz gʊd ɛz ðoʊz əv əˈnəðər, æmˈbɪʃən wɪl lɛd ˈɛvəri ˈraɪzɪŋ mæn ˈɪntu soʊˈsaɪɪti. ju meɪ sɛt ɪt daʊn ɛz ə rul, ðət ɛz ju trit ðə wərld, soʊ ðə wərld wɪl trit ju. ˈkɛri ˈɪntu ðə ˈsərkəlz əv soʊˈsaɪɪti ə rɪˈfaɪnd, ˈpɑlɪʃt ˈmænər, ənd ən ˈeɪmiəbəl dɪˈzaɪər tɪ pliz, ənd ɪt wɪl mit ju wɪθ sˈmaɪlɪŋ greɪs, ənd lɛd ju ˈfɔrwərd ˈplɛzəntli əˈlɔŋ ðə ˈflaʊəri pæθs; goʊ, ɔn ðə ˈkɑntrɛri, wɪθ ə brəsk, rud ˈmænər, ˈstɑrtlɪŋ ɔl ðə ˈsɪlki ˈsɔftnəs ˌbiˈfɔr wɪθ kət ənd θrəst rɪˈmɑrks, ˈkɛriɪŋ ˈoʊnli ðə hɑrd ˌriˈæləˌtiz əv laɪf ɪn jʊr hænd, ənd ju wɪl faɪnd soʊˈsaɪɪti ɑrmd tɪ mit ju, ʃoʊɪŋ ˈoʊnli ʃɑrp ˈkɔrnərz ənd ˈθɔrni ˈpleɪsɪz fər jʊr ˈbləndərɪŋ ˈfʊtˌstɛps tɪ ˈstəmbəl əˈgɛnst. ju wɪl faɪnd ɪn ˈɛvəri ˈsərkəl ðət ˈɛtəkət hoʊldz səm sweɪ; hər rul ɪz dɪˈspɑtɪk ɪn səm ˈpleɪsɪz, ɪn ˈəðərz maɪld, ənd ˈizəli sɛt əˈsaɪd. jʊr fərst ˈlɛsən ɪn soʊˈsaɪɪti wɪl bi tɪ ˈstədi wɛr ʃi reɪnz səˈprim, ɪn hər kraʊn ənd ˈhoʊldɪŋ hər ˈsɛptər, ənd wɛr ʃi ˈoʊnli glaɪdz ɪn wɪθ ə ˈʤɛnəl hɪnt ər soʊ, ənd ˈtɪmədli stɛps aʊt ɪf rɪˈbjukt; ənd lɛt jʊr ˈkɑndəkt bi ˈgəvərnd baɪ ðə rɪˈzəlt əv jʊr ˌɑbzərˈveɪʃənz. ju wɪl sun bɪˈkəm fəˈmɪljər wɪθ ðə saɪnz, ənd tɛl ɔn jʊr fərst ˈɛntrəns ˈɪntu ə rum ˈwɛðər kɪd gləvz ənd ˈɛkskwəzət ˈfɪnɪʃ əv ˈmænər wɪl bi əˈproʊpriˌeɪt, ər ˈwɛðər ɪt ɪz ““hail, ˈfɛloʊ, wɛl met”” wɪθ ðə ˈɪnˌmeɪts. rɪˈmɛmbər, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ə ˈʤɛnəlmən ˈɔlˌweɪz ə gentleman,”,” ənd bi ʃʊr ðət ju kən soʊ ˈkɛri aʊt ðə rul, ðət ɪn jʊr moʊst ˈkɛrlɛs, ʤɔɪəs ˈmoʊmənts, wɪn friɪst frəm ðə rɪˈstreɪnts əv ˈɛtəkət, ju kən stɪl bi ˌrɛkəgˈnaɪzəbəl ɛz ə ˈʤɛnəlmən baɪ ˈɛvəri ækt, wərd, ər lʊk. əˈvɔɪd tu greɪt ə rɪˈstreɪnt əv ˈmænər. ˈstɪfnəs ɪz nɑt pəˈlaɪtnəs, ənd, waɪl ju əbˈzərv ˈɛvəri rul, ju meɪ əˈpɪr tɪ hid nən. tɪ meɪk jʊr pəˈlaɪtnəs pɑrt əv ˈjɔrsɛlf, ˌɪnˈsɛpərəbəl frəm ˈɛvəri ˈækʃən, ɪz ðə haɪt əv ˈʤɛnəlmənli ˈɛləgəns ənd ˈfɪnɪʃ əv ˈmænər. 6 7 10 11 bʊk əv ˈɛtəkət. ˈʧæptər aɪ. ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən. wən əv ðə fərst rulz fər ə gaɪd ɪn pəˈlaɪt ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən, ɪz tɪ əˈvɔɪd pəˈlɪtɪkəl ər rɪˈlɪʤəs dɪˈskəʃənz ɪn ˈʤɛnərəl soʊˈsaɪɪti. səʧ dɪˈskəʃənz lɛd ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˌɪnˈvɛriəbli tɪ ˈɪrəˌteɪtɪŋ ˈdɪfərənsɪz əv əˈpɪnjən, ˈɔfən tɪ ˈoʊpən kˈwɔrəlz, ənd ə ˈkulnəs əv ˈfilɪŋ wɪʧ maɪt hæv bɪn əˈvɔɪdɪd baɪ ˈdrɑpɪŋ ðə dɪˈsteɪstfəl ˈsəbʤɪkt ɛz sun ɛz mɑrkt ˈdɪfərənsɪz əv əˈpɪnjən əroʊz. ɪt ɪz bət wən aʊt əv ˈmɛni ðət kən dɪˈskəs ˈiðər pəˈlɪtɪkəl ər rɪˈlɪʤəs ˈdɪfərənsɪz, wɪθ ˈkændər ənd ˈʤəʤmənt, ənd jɛt soʊ fɑr kənˈtroʊl hɪz ˈlæŋgwɪʤ ənd ˈtɛmpər ɛz tɪ əˈvɔɪd ˈiðər ˈgɪvɪŋ ər ˈteɪkɪŋ. ɪn ðɛr pleɪs, ɪn ˈsərkəlz wɪʧ hæv mɛt fər səʧ dɪˈskəʃənz, ɪn ə ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən, ɪn ə smɔl ˈpɑrti əv ˈʤɛnəlmɪn wɛr iʧ ɪz ˈrɛdi tɪ ˈlɪsən tɪ ðə ˈəðərz, ˈpɑləˌtɪks meɪ bi dɪˈskəst wɪθ ˈpərˌfɪkt prəˈpraɪəti, bət ɪn ðə, æt ðə dinner-table, ər ɪn ðə soʊˈsaɪɪti əv ˈleɪdiz, ðiz ˈtɑpɪks ər bɛst əˈvɔɪdɪd. ɪf ju ər drɔn ˈɪntu səʧ ə dɪˈskəʃən wɪˈθaʊt ˌɪnˈtɛndɪŋ tɪ bi soʊ, bi ˈkɛrfəl ðət jʊr ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl dɪz nɑt lɛd ju ˈɪntu ˈlæŋgwɪʤ ənd ˈækʃənz ˌənbɪˈkəmɪŋ ə ˈʤɛnəlmən. ˈlɪsən tɪ ðoʊz huz əˈpɪnjənz du nɑt əˈgri wɪθ jʊrz, ənd kip jʊr ˈtɛmpər. ə mæn ɪn ə ˈpæʃən ˈsisɪz tɪ bi ə ˈʤɛnəlmən. ˈivɪn ɪf kənˈvɪnst ðət jʊr əˈpoʊnənt ɪz ˈətərli rɔŋ, jild ˈgreɪsfəli, dɪˈklaɪn ˈfərðər dɪˈskəʃən, ər tərn ðə ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən, bət du nɑt dɪˈfɛnd jʊr oʊn əˈpɪnjən ənˈtɪl ju bɪˈkəm ˈæŋgri, ər mɔr ɪkˈsaɪtɪd ðən ɪz bɪˈkəmɪŋ tɪ ə ˈʤɛnəlmən. ˈmɛni ðɛr ər hu, ˈgɪvɪŋ ðɛr əˈpɪnjən, nɑt ɛz ən əˈpɪnjən bət ɛz ə lɔ, wɪl dɪˈfɛnd ðɛr pəˈzɪʃən baɪ səʧ ˈfreɪzɪz, ɛz: ““well, ɪf aɪ wər ˈprɛzɪdənt, ər ˈgəvərnər, aɪ would,”,” waɪl baɪ ðə wɔrmθ əv ðɛr ˈɑrgjəmənt ðeɪ pruv ðət ðeɪ ər ˈətərli əˈneɪbəl tɪ ˈgəvərn ðɛr oʊn ˈtɛmpər, ðeɪ wɪl ɪnˈdɛvər tɪ pərsˈweɪd ju ðət ðeɪ ər ˈpərfəktli ˈkɑmpətɪnt tɪ teɪk ʧɑrʤ əv ðə ˈgəvərnmənt əv ðə ˈneɪʃən. rɪˈteɪn, ɪf ju wɪl, ə fɪkst pəˈlɪtɪkəl əˈpɪnjən, jɛt du nɑt pəreɪd ɪt əˈpɑn ɔl ɔˈkeɪʒənz, ənd, əˈbəv ɔl, du nɑt ɪnˈdɛvər tɪ fɔrs ˈəðərz tɪ əˈgri wɪθ ju. ˈlɪsən ˈkɑmli tɪ ðɛr aɪˈdiəz əˈpɑn ðə seɪm ˈsəbʤɪkts, ənd ɪf ju ˈkænɑt əˈgri, ˈdɪfər pəˈlaɪtli, ənd waɪl jʊr əˈpoʊnənt meɪ sɛt ju daʊn ɛz ə bæd ˌpɑləˈtɪʃən, lɛt ɪm bi əˈblaɪʤd tɪ ədˈmɪt ðət ju ər ə ˈʤɛnəlmən. wɪt ənd ər tu ˈhaɪli ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˌɪnˈgridiənts ɪn ðə ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən əv ə mæn ɪn pəˈlaɪt soʊˈsaɪɪti, jɛt ə ˈstreɪnɪŋ fər ˈifɛkt, ər fɔrst wɪt, ɪz ɪn ɪkˈsɛsɪvli bæd teɪst. ðɛr ɪz noʊ wən mɔr ˌɪnsəˈpɔrtəbəl ɪn soʊˈsaɪɪti ðən ðə ˌɛvərˈlæstɪŋ ˈtɔkərz hu ˈskætər pənz, witticisms, ənd ʤoʊks wɪθ soʊ prəfˈjus ə hænd ðət ðeɪ bɪˈkəm ɛz ˈtaɪərsəm ɛz ə ˈkɑmɪk ˈnuzˌpeɪpər, ənd huz laʊd læf ðɛr oʊn wɪt draʊnz ˈəðər ˈvɔɪsɪz wɪʧ maɪt spik ˈmætər mɔr ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪŋ. ðə ˈrɪli ˈwɪti mæn dɪz nɑt ʃaʊər fɔrθ hɪz wɪt soʊ ˌɪndɪˈskrɪmənəˌtli; hɪz ʧɑrm kənˈsɪsts ɪn ˈwildɪŋ hɪz ˈpaʊərfəl ˈwɛpən ˈdɛləkətli ənd ˈizəli, ənd ˈmeɪkɪŋ iʧ ˈhaɪli ˈpɑlɪʃt kəm ɪn ðə raɪt pleɪs ənd ˈmoʊmənt tɪ bi effectual. waɪl ril wɪt ɪz ə moʊst dɪˈlaɪtfəl gɪft, ənd ɪts juz ə moʊst ˈʧɑrmɪŋ əˈkɑmplɪʃmənt, ɪt ɪz, laɪk ˈmɛni ˈəðər braɪt ˈwɛpənz, ˈdeɪnʤərəs tɪ juz tu ˈɔfən. ju meɪ wund wɛr ju mɛnt ˈoʊnli tɪ əmˈjuz, ənd rɪˈmɑrks wɪʧ ju min ˈoʊnli ɪn fər ˈʤɛnərəl ˌæpləˈkeɪʃənz, meɪ bi kənˈstrud ˈɪntu ˈpərsɪnəl əˈfrənts, soʊ, ɪf ju hæv ðə gɪft, juz ɪt ˈwaɪzli, ənd nɑt tu ˈfrili. ðə moʊst ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˈrɛkwəzət fər ə gʊd ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃənəl paʊər ɪz ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən, ənd, baɪ ðɪs ɪz mɛnt, nɑt ˈmɪrli ðə ˈmætər ju meɪ stɔr ɪn jʊr ˈmɛməri frəm ˌɑbzərˈveɪʃən ər bʊks, ðoʊ ðɪs ɪz əv væst ˌɪmˈpɔrtəns, bət ɪt ˈɔlsoʊ ˌɪnˈkludz ðə dɪˈvɛləpɪŋ əv ðə ˈmɛntəl paʊərz, ənd, əˈbəv ɔl, ðə ˌkɑmpriˈhɛnʃən. ən ˈɪŋlɪʃ ˈraɪtər sɪz, mæn ʃʊd bi ˈeɪbəl, ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ ˈɛnər ˈɪntu ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən, tɪ kæʧ ˈræpədli ðə ˈminɪŋ əv ˈɛniˌθɪŋ ðət ɪz ədˈvænst; fər ˈɪnstəns, ðoʊ ju noʊ ˈnəθɪŋ əv saɪəns, ju ʃʊd nɑt bi əˈblaɪʤd tɪ stɛr ənd bi ˈsaɪlənt, wɪn ə mæn hu dɪz ˌəndərˈstænd ɪt ɪz ɪkˈspleɪnɪŋ ə nu ˌdɪˈskəvri ər ə nu ˈθɪri; ðoʊ ju hæv nɑt rɛd ə wərd əv ˈblækˌstoʊn, jʊr ˌkɑmpriˈhɛnsɪv paʊərz ʃʊd bi səˈfɪʃəntli əˈkjut tɪ ɪˈneɪbəl ju tɪ teɪk ɪn ðə ˈsteɪtmənt ðət meɪ bi meɪd əv ə ˈrisənt kɔz; ðoʊ ju meɪ nɑt hæv rɛd səm ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr bʊk, ju ʃʊd bi ˈkeɪpəbəl əv əˈpriʃiˌeɪtɪŋ ðə ˈkrɪtɪˌsɪzəm wɪʧ ju hir əv ɪt. wɪˈθaʊt səʧ ɪˈnəf, ənd ˈizəli baɪ əˈtɛnʃən ənd ˈpræktɪs, jɛt tu ˈsɛldəm mɛt wɪθ ɪn ˈʤɛnərəl ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən wɪʧ dɪˈpɑrts frəm ðə moʊst ˈɔrdəˌnɛri ˈtɑpɪks ˈkænɑt bi meɪnˈteɪnd wɪˈθaʊt ðə rɪsk əv ˈlæpsɪŋ ˈɪntu ə ˈlɛkʧər; wɪθ səʧ paʊər, soʊˈsaɪɪti bɪˈkəmz ˌɪnˈstrəktɪv ɛz wɛl ɛz əmˈjuzɪŋ, ənd ju hæv noʊ rɪˈmɔrs æt ən ɛnd æt ˈhævɪŋ ˈweɪstɪd θri ər fɔr aʊərz ɪn ˈbæntər, ər ˈplætɪˌtudz. ðɪs fəˈsɪlɪti əv ˌkɑmpriˈhɛnʃən ˈɔfən ˈstɑrtəlz ˈjuˈɛs ɪn səm ˈwɪmən, huz ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən wi noʊ tɪ hæv bɪn pur, ənd huz ˈrɛdɪŋ ɪz ˈlɪmɪtɪd. ɪf ðeɪ dɪd nɑt ˈræpədli rɪˈsiv jʊr aɪˈdiəz, ðeɪ kʊd nɑt, ˈðɛrˌfɔr, bi fɪt kəmˈpænjənz fər ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl mɛn, ənd ɪt ɪz, pərˈhæps, ðɛr ˈkɑnʃəsnəs əv ə dɪˈfɪʃənsi wɪʧ lidz ðɛm tɪ peɪ ðə mɔr əˈtɛnʃən tɪ wət ju seɪ. ɪt ɪz ðɪs wɪʧ meɪks ˈmɛrid ˈwɪmən soʊ məʧ mɔr əˈgriəbəl tɪ mɛn əv θɔt ðən jəŋ ˈleɪdiz, ɛz ə rul, kən bi, fər ðeɪ ər əˈkəstəmd tɪ ðə soʊˈsaɪɪti əv ə ˈhəzbənd, ənd ðə ˈɛfərt tɪ bi ə kəmˈpænjən tɪ hɪz maɪnd həz ðə ˈhæbət əv əˈtɛnʃən ənd ˈrɛdi reply.”.” ðə seɪm ˈɔθər sɪz: lɛs ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ɪz ðə ˌkəltɪˈveɪʃən əv teɪst. ɪf ɪt ɪz ˈtaɪərsəm ənd ˈdɛdənɪŋ tɪ bi wɪθ ˈpipəl hu ˈkænɑt ˌəndərˈstænd, ənd wɪl nɑt ˈivɪn əˈpɪr tɪ bi ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd ɪn jʊr ˈbɛtər θɔts, ɪt ɪz ˈɔlˌmoʊst riˈpəlsɪv tɪ faɪnd ə mæn ˌɪnˈsɛnsəbəl tɪ ɔl ˈbjuti, ənd ˌɪˈmuvəbəl baɪ ˈɛni ˈhɔrər. ðə ˈprɛzənt deɪ ən əkˈweɪntəns wɪθ ɑrt, ˈivɪn ɪf ju hæv noʊ ləv fər ɪt, ɪz ə saɪn quââ nɑn əv gʊd soʊˈsaɪɪti. mˈjuzɪk ənd ˈpeɪnɪŋ ər ˈsəbʤɪkts wɪʧ wɪl bi dɪˈskəst ɪn ˈɛvəri dɪˈrɛkʃɪn əraʊnd ju. ɪt ɪz ˈoʊnli ɪn bæd soʊˈsaɪɪti ðət ˈpipəl goʊ tɪ ðə ˈɑprə, ˈkɑnsərts, ənd ˈmɪrli bɪˈkəz ɪt ɪz ðə ˈfæʃən, ər tɪ ðeɪ hæv bɪn ðɛr; ənd ɪf ju kənˈfɛst tɪ səʧ ə ˈwiknəs ɪn ˈrɪli gʊd soʊˈsaɪɪti, ju wʊd bi ˈʤəstli ˈvoʊtɪd ə ˈpəpi. fər ðɪs, tu, səm bʊk ˈnɑlɪʤ ɪz ˌɪndɪˈspɛnsəbəl. ju ʃʊd æt list noʊ ðə neɪmz əv ðə mɔr ˈsɛləˌbreɪtɪd ˈɑrtɪsts, kəmˈpoʊzərz, ˈɑrkəˌtɛkts, ˈskəlptərz, ənd soʊ fɔrθ, ənd ʃʊd bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ əˈprɑksəˌmeɪt ðɛr ˈsɛvərəl skulz. tu, ju ʃʊd noʊ ˈprɪti ˈækjərətli ðə prəˌnənsiˈeɪʃən əv ˈsɛləˌbreɪtɪd neɪmz, ər, ɪf nɑt, teɪk kɛr nɑt tɪ juz ðɛm. ɪt wɪl ˈnɛvər du tɪ bi ˈɪgnərənt əv ðə neɪmz ənd əˈprɑksəˌmeɪt ˈeɪʤɪz əv greɪt kəmˈpoʊzərz, əˈspɛʃəli ɪn lɑrʤ ˈsɪtiz, wɛr mˈjuzɪk ɪz soʊ ˈhaɪli əˈpriʃiˌeɪtɪd ənd soʊ ˈkɑmən ə θim. ɪt wɪl bi ˌdɪˈsaɪdədli ɪf ju tɔk əv ðə nu ˈɑprə giovanni,’,’ ər ‘‘trovatore,’,’ ər ər ˈɪgnərənt hu kəmˈpoʊzd ‘‘fidelio,’,’ ənd ɪn wət ˈɑprə əˈkər səʧ ˈkɑmən ˈpisɪz ɛz loʊ dice,’,’ ər segreto.’.’ aɪ du nɑt seɪ ðət ðiz ˈtraɪfəlz ər ˌɪndɪˈspɛnsəbəl, ənd wɪn ə mæn həz ˈbɛtər ˈnɑlɪʤ tɪ ˈɔfər, əˈspɛʃəli wɪθ ˈʤinjəs ər ‘‘cleverness’’ tɪ bæk ɪt, hi wɪl nɑt ˈoʊnli bi ˈpɑrdənd fər ən ˈɪgnərəns əv ðɛm, bət kən ˈivɪn teɪk ə haɪ toʊn, ənd prəˈfɛs ˌɪnˈdɪfərəns ər kənˈtɛmpt əv ðɛm. bət, æt ðə seɪm taɪm, səʧ ˈɪgnərəns stæmps ən ˈɔrdəˌnɛri mæn, ənd ˈhɪndərz ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən. ɔn ðə ˈəðər hænd ðə bɛst soʊˈsaɪɪti wɪl nɑt ɪnˈdʊr dilettantism, ənd, ˌwəˈtɛvər ðə ˈnɑlɪʤ ə mæn meɪ pəˈzɛs əv ˈɛni ɑrt, hi məst nɑt dɪˈspleɪ ɪt soʊ ɛz tɪ meɪk ðə ˈɪgnərəns əv ˈəðərz ˈpeɪnfəl tɪ ðɛm. bət ðɪs əˈplaɪz tɪ ˈɛvəri ˈtɑpɪk. tɪ hæv ˈoʊnli wən ər tu ˈsəbʤɪkts tɪ ˈkɑnvərs ɔn, ənd tɪ ˈdɪskɔrs ˈrəðər ðən tɔk ɔn ðɛm, ɪz ˈɔlˌweɪz, ˈwɛðər ðə θim bi ˈlɪtərəʧər ər ˈhɔrsˌflɛʃ. ðə ˈʤɛnəlmən wɪl ˈprɑbəˌbli dɪˈnaʊns ðə ˈfɔrmər ɛz ə ‘‘bore,’,’ ənd kɔl ˈjuˈɛs fər dˈwɛlɪŋ ɔn ɪt; bət ɪf, ɛz ɪz tu ˈɔfən ðə keɪs, hi kən gɪv ˈjuˈɛs ˈnəθɪŋ mɔr ˈʤɛnərəl ðən ðə dɪˈskəʃən əv ðə ‘‘points’’ əv ə hɔrs ðət, pərˈhæps, wi hæv ˈnɛvər sin, hi ɪz ɛz greɪt ə ɪn hɪz weɪ. pleɪz ə lɛs kənˈspɪkjuəs pɑrt ɪn gʊd soʊˈsaɪɪti bɪˈkəz ɪts ər tu ˈrizənəbəl tɪ bi mɪr reasoners. ə dɪˈspjuˈteɪʃən ɪz ˈɔlˌweɪz ˈdeɪnʤərəs tɪ ˈtɛmpər, ənd ˈtidiəs tɪ ðoʊz hu ˈkænɑt fil ɛz ˈigər ɛz ðə disputants; ə dɪˈskəʃən, ɔn ðə ˈəðər hænd, ɪn wɪʧ ˈɛvəri ˈbɑdi həz ə ʧæns əv ˈsteɪtɪŋ ˈæmɪkəbli ənd hɪz ər hər əˈpɪnjən, məst bi əv ˈfrikˌwɛnt əˈkərəns. bət tɪ ˈkəltəˌveɪt ðə ˈrizən, ˌbiˈsaɪdz ɪts haɪ ˈmɔrəl ˈvælju, həz ðə ædˈvæntɪʤ əv ɪˈneɪbəlɪŋ wən tɪ rɪˈplaɪ ɛz wɛl ɛz əˈtɛnd tɪ ðə əˈpɪnjənz əv ˈəðərz. ˈnəθɪŋ ɪz mɔr ˈtidiəs ər ˌdɪsˈhɑrtnɪŋ ðən ə pərˈpɛʧuəl, ‘‘yes, ʤɪst so,’,’ ənd ˈnəθɪŋ mɔr. ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən məst ˈnɛvər bi ˌwənˈsaɪdəd. ðɛn, əˈgɛn, ðə ˈrizən ɪˈneɪbəlz ˈjuˈɛs tɪ səˈpɔrt ə ˈfænsi ər ən əˈpɪnjən, wɪn wi ər æst waɪ wi θɪŋk soʊ. tɪ rɪˈplaɪ, noʊ, bət stɪl aɪ θɪŋk so,’,’ ɪz ˈsɪli ənd ˈtidiəs. ðɛr ɪz ə pɑrt əv ɑr ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən soʊ ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ənd soʊ nɪˈglɛktɪd ɪn ɑr skulz ənd ˈkɑlɪʤɪz, ðət ɪt ˈkænɑt bi tu ˈhaɪli ˌɪmˈprɛst ɔn ðə jəŋ mæn hu prəˈpoʊzɪz tɪ ˈɛnər soʊˈsaɪɪti. aɪ min ðət wɪʧ wi lərn fərst əv ɔl θɪŋz, jɛt ˈɔfən hæv nɑt ˈlərnɪd ˈfʊli wɪn dɛθ ˈizɪz ˈjuˈɛs əv ðə ɑrt əv ˈspikɪŋ ɑr oʊn ˈlæŋgwɪʤ. wət kən grik ənd ˈlætən, frɛnʧ ənd ˈʤərmən bi fər ˈjuˈɛs ɪn ɑr laɪf, ɪf wi hæv nɑt əkˈwaɪərd ðɪs? wi ər ˈɔfən ɪnˈkərəʤd tɪ reɪz ə læf æt ˈdɔktər ˈsɪnˌtæks ənd ðə ˈtɪrəni əv bət wi meɪ bi ˈsərtən ðət mɔr ˌmɪsəndərˈstændɪŋz, ənd, ˈðɛrˌfɔr, mɔr ˈdɪfɪˌkəltiz əraɪz bɪtˈwin mɛn ɪn ðə ˈɪnərˌkɔrs frəm ə wɔnt əv grəˈmætɪkəl priˈsɪʒən ðən frəm ˈɛni ˈəðər kɔz. ɪt wɑz wəns ðə ˈfæʃən tɪ nɪˈglɛkt ˈgræmər, ɛz ɪt naʊ ɪz wɪθ ˈsərtən ˈpipəl tɪ raɪt illegibly, ənd, ɪn ðə deɪz əv goʊθ, ə mæn θɔt hɪmˈsɛlf ə ˈʤinjəs ɪf hi kʊd spɛl ˈbædli. ənd ˈækjərəsi məst bɪˈgɪn ɪn ðə ˈvɛri ˈaʊtˌsɛt; ənd ɪf wi nɪˈglɛkt ðɛm ɪn ˈgræmər, wi ʃæl ˈskɛrsli əkˈwaɪər ðɛm ɪn ɪkˈsprɛsɪŋ ɑr θɔts. bət sɪns ðɛr ɪz noʊ soʊˈsaɪɪti wɪˈθaʊt ˌɪnərˈʧeɪnʤ əv θɔt, ənd sɪns ðə bɛst soʊˈsaɪɪti ɪz ðət ɪn wɪʧ ðə bɛst θɔts ər ɪn ðə bɛst ənd moʊst ˌkɑmpriˈhɛnsəbəl ˈmænər, ɪt ˈfɑloʊz ðət ə ˈprɑpər moʊd əv ɪkˈsprɛsɪŋ ɑrˈsɛlvz ɪz ˌɪndɪˈspɛnsəbəl ɪn gʊd soʊˈsaɪɪti. ɑrt əv ɪkˈsprɛsɪŋ θɔts ˈnitli ənd ˈsutəbli ɪz wən wɪʧ, ɪn ðə nɪˈglɛkt əv ˈrɛtərɪk ɛz ə ˈstədi, wi məst ˈpræktɪs fər ɑrˈsɛlvz. ðə θɔt wɛl pʊt ɪz mɔr ˈjusfəl ɪn ə ˈsoʊʃəl pɔɪnt əv vju, ðən ðə moʊst ˈbrɪljənt aɪˈdiə ˈʤəmbəld aʊt. wət ɪz wɛl ɪkˈsprɛst ɪz ˈizəli sizd, ənd ˈðɛrˌfɔr ˈrɛdəli rɪˈspɑndɪd tɪ; ðə moʊst poʊˈɛtɪk ˈfænsi meɪ bi lɔst tɪ ðə ˈhirər, ɪf ðə ˈlæŋgwɪʤ wɪʧ kənˈveɪz ɪt ɪz əbˈskjʊr. spiʧ ɪz ðə gɪft wɪʧ dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃɪz mæn frəm ˈænəməlz, ənd meɪks soʊˈsaɪɪti ˈpɑsəbəl. hi həz bət ə pur əˌpriʃiˈeɪʃən əv hɪz haɪ ˈprɪvɪlɪʤ ɛz ə ˈjumən biɪŋ, hu nɪˈglɛkts tɪ ˈkəltəˌveɪt, greɪt gɪft əv speech.’.’ aɪ æm nɑt ˈraɪtɪŋ fər mɛn əv ˈʤinjəs, bət fər ˈɔrdəˌnɛri biɪŋz, aɪ æm raɪt tɪ steɪt ðət ən ˌɪndɪˈspɛnsəbəl pɑrt əv ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən ɪz ə ˈnɑlɪʤ əv ðə ˈlɪtərəʧər əv ðə ˈɪŋlɪʃ ˈlæŋgwɪʤ. bət haʊ tɪ rɛd, ɪz, soʊˈsaɪɪti mɔr ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ðən wət wi rɛd. ðə mæn hu teɪks əp ˈnəθɪŋ bət ə ˈnuzˌpeɪpər, bət ridz ɪt tɪ θɪŋk, tɪ dɪˈdəkt kənˈkluʒənz frəm ɪts ˈprɛməsəz, ənd fɔrm ə ˈʤəʤmənt ɔn ɪts əˈpɪnjənz, ɪz mɔr ˈfɪtɪd fər soʊˈsaɪɪti ðən hi, hu ˈhævɪŋ ɔl ðə ˈkɑrənt ˈlɪtərəʧər ənd dɪˈvoʊtɪŋ hɪz hoʊl taɪm tɪ ɪts pərˈuzəl, sˈwɑloʊz ɪt ɔl wɪˈθaʊt daɪˈʤɛsʧən. ɪn fækt, ðə maɪnd məst bi ˈtritɪd laɪk ðə ˈbɑdi, ənd ˌhaʊˈɛvər greɪt ɪts ˈæpəˌtaɪt, ɪt wɪl sun fɔl ˈɪntu bæd hɛlθ ɪf ɪt ˈgɔrʤɪz, bət dɪz nɑt ˈrumɪˌneɪt. æt ðə seɪm taɪm ən əkˈweɪntəns wɪθ ðə bɛst ˈkɑrənt ˈlɪtərəʧər ɪz ˈnɛsəˌsɛri tɪ ˈmɑdərn soʊˈsaɪɪti, ənd ɪt ɪz nɑt səˈfɪʃənt tɪ hæv rɛd ə bʊk wɪˈθaʊt biɪŋ ˈeɪbəl tɪ pæs ə ˈʤəʤmənt əˈpɑn ɪt. ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən ɔn ˈlɪtərəʧər ɪz ˌɪmˈpɑsəbəl, wɪn jʊr rɪˈspɑndənt kən ˈoʊnli seɪ, ‘‘yes. aɪ laɪk ðə bʊk, bət aɪ ˈrɪli noʊ why.’.’ əkˈweɪntəns wɪθ oʊld ˈɪŋlɪʃ ˈlɪtərəʧər ɪz nɑt pərˈhæps ˌɪndɪˈspɛnsəbəl, bət ɪt gɪvz ə mæn greɪt ædˈvæntɪʤ ɪn ɔl kaɪnz əv soʊˈsaɪɪti, ənd ɪn səm hi ɪz æt ə ˈkɑnstənt lɔs wɪˈθaʊt ɪt. ðə seɪm meɪ bi sɛd əv ˈfɔrən ˈlɪtərəʧər, wɪʧ ɪn ðə ˈprɛzənt deɪ ɪz ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɛz məʧ dɪˈskəst ɛz ɑr oʊn; bət, ɔn ðə ˈəðər hænd, ən əkˈweɪntəns wɪθ hoʊm ənd ˈfɔrən ˈpɑləˌtɪks, wɪθ ˈkɑrənt ˈhɪstəri, ənd ˈsəbʤɪkts əv ˈpæsɪŋ ˈɪntəˌrɛst, ɪz ˌæbsəˈlutli ˈnɛsəˌsɛri; ənd ə ˈpərsən əv səˈfɪʃənt ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns tɪ ʤɔɪn ɪn gʊd soʊˈsaɪɪti, ˈkænɑt dɪˈspɛns wɪθ hɪz ˈdeɪli ˈnuzˌpeɪpər, hɪz ˈlɪtərˌɛri ˈʤərnəl, ənd ðə ˈprɪnsəpəl rəvˈjuz ənd ˈmægəˌzinz. ðə ˈʧipnəs əv ˈɛvəri kaɪnd əv ˈlɪtərəʧər, ðə fəˈsɪlɪtiz əv ɑr wɛl stɔrd ˈsərkjəˌleɪtɪŋ ˈlaɪbrɛˌriz, ɑr ˈpəblɪk ˈrɛdɪŋ rumz, ənd ˈnumərəs ˈɛksələnt ˈlɛkʧərz ɔn ˈɛvəri ˈpɑsəbəl ˈsəbʤɪkt, liv noʊ ɪkˈskjuz tɪ pur ər rɪʧ fər ən ˈɪgnərəns əv ˈɛni əv ðə ˈtɑpɪks dɪˈskəst ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl soʊˈsaɪɪti. ju meɪ fərˈgɛt jʊr ˈlætən, grik, frɛnʧ, ˈʤərmən, ənd ˌmæθəˈmætɪks, bət ɪf ju ˈfrikˌwɛnt gʊd ˈkəmpəˌni, ju wɪl ˈnɛvər bi əˈlaʊd tɪ fərˈgɛt ðət ju ər ə ˈsɪtɪzən əv ðə world.”.” ə mæn əv ril ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns ənd ˈkəltəˌveɪtɪd maɪnd, ɪz ˈʤɛnərəli ˈmɑdəst. hi meɪ fil wɪn ɪn ˈɛvəri deɪ soʊˈsaɪɪti, ðət ɪn ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl hi ɪz əˈbəv ðoʊz əraʊnd ɪm; bət hi wɪl nɑt sik tɪ meɪk hɪz kəmˈpænjənz fil ðɛr ˌɪnfɪriˈɔrɪˌti, nɔr traɪ tɪ dɪˈspleɪ ðɪs ædˈvæntɪʤ ˈoʊvər ðɛm. hi wɪl dɪˈskəs wɪθ fræŋk sɪmˈplɪsɪti ðə ˈtɑpɪks ˈstɑrtɪd baɪ ˈəðərz, ənd ɪnˈdɛvər tɪ əˈvɔɪd ˈstɑrtɪŋ səʧ ɛz ðeɪ wɪl nɑt fil ˌɪnˈklaɪnd tɪ dɪˈskəs. ɔl ðət hi sɪz wɪl bi mɑrkt baɪ pəˈlaɪtnəs ənd ˈdɛfərəns tɪ ðə ˈfilɪŋz ənd əˈpɪnjənz əv ˈəðərz. lɑ sɪz, greɪt ʧɑrm əv ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən kənˈsɪsts lɛs ɪn ðə dɪˈspleɪ əv oʊn wɪt ənd ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns, ðən ɪn ðə paʊər tɪ drɔ fɔrθ ðə ˈrisɔrsɪz əv ˈəðərz; hi hu livz ju ˈæftər ə lɔŋ ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən, plizd wɪθ hɪmˈsɛlf ənd ðə pɑrt hi həz ˈteɪkən ɪn ðə ˈdɪskɔrs, wɪl bi jʊr ˈwɔrməst ædˈmaɪrər. mɛn du nɑt kɛr tɪ ædˈmaɪr ju, ðeɪ wɪʃ ju tɪ bi plizd wɪθ ðɛm; ðeɪ du nɑt sik fər ˌɪnˈstrəkʃən ər ˈivɪn əmˈjuzmənt frəm jʊr ˈdɪskɔrs, bət ðeɪ du wɪʃ ju tɪ bi meɪd əkˈweɪnɪd wɪθ ðɛr ˈtælənts ənd paʊərz əv ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən; ənd ðə tru mæn əv ˈʤinjəs wɪl ˈdɛləkətli meɪk ɔl hu kəm ɪn ˈkɑnˌtækt wɪθ ɪm, fil ðə ˈɛkskwəzət ˌsætɪsˈfækʃən əv noʊɪŋ ðət ðeɪ hæv əˈpɪrd tɪ advantage.”.” ˈhævɪŋ ədˈmɪtəd ðə əˈbəv tɪ bi ən fækt, ju wɪl ˈɔlsoʊ si ðət ɪt ɪz ɛz greɪt ən tɪ ˈlɪsən wɪθ ən ɛr əv ˈɪntəˌrɛst ənd əˈtɛnʃən, ɛz ɪt ɪz tɪ spik wɛl. tɪ bi ə gʊd ˈlɪsənər ɪz ɛz ˌɪndɪˈspɛnsəbəl ɛz tɪ bi ə gʊd ˈtɔkər, ənd ɪt ɪz ɪn ðə ˈkɛrɪktər əv ˈlɪsənər ðət ju kən moʊst ˈrɛdəli dɪˈtɛkt ðə mæn hu ɪz əˈkəstəmd tɪ gʊd soʊˈsaɪɪti. ˈnəθɪŋ ɪz mɔr ɪmˈbɛrəsɪŋ tɪ ˈɛni wən hu ɪz ˈspikɪŋ, ðən tɪ pərˈsiv saɪnz əv ˈwɪrinəs ər ˌɪnəˈtɛnʧən ɪn ðə ˈpərsən hum hi ˈæˈdrɛsɪz. ˈnɛvər ˌɪntərˈəpt ˈɛni wən hu ɪz ˈspikɪŋ; ɪt ɪz kwaɪt ɛz rud tɪ səˈplaɪ ə neɪm ər deɪt əˈbaʊt wɪʧ əˈnəðər ˈhɛzəˌteɪts, ənˈlɛs ju ər æst tɪ du soʊ. əˈnəðər groʊs briʧ əv ˈɛtəkət, ɪz tɪ ænˈtɪsəˌpeɪt ðə pɔɪnt əv ə ˈstɔri wɪʧ əˈnəðər ˈpərsən ɪz riˈsaɪtɪŋ, ər tɪ teɪk ɪt frəm hɪz lɪps tɪ ˈfɪnɪʃ ɪt ɪn jʊr oʊn ˈlæŋgwɪʤ. səm ˈpərsənz plid ɛz ən ɪkˈskjuz fər ðɪs briʧ əv ˈɛtəkət, ðət ðə wɑz ˈspɔɪlɪŋ ə gʊd ˈstɔri baɪ ə bæd ˈmænər, bət ðɪs dɪz nɑt mɛnd ðə ˈmætər. ɪt ɪz ˈʃʊrli rud tɪ gɪv ə mæn tɪ ˌəndərˈstænd ðət ju du nɑt kənˈsɪdər ɪm ˈkeɪpəbəl əv ˈfɪnɪʃɪŋ ən ˈænɪkˌdoʊt ðət hi həz kəˈmɛnst. ɪt ɪz tɪ pʊt ɔn ən ɛr əv ˈwɪrinəs ˈdʊrɪŋ ə lɔŋ spiʧ frəm əˈnəðər ˈpərsən, ənd kwaɪt ɛz rud tɪ lʊk æt ə wɔʧ, rɛd ə ˈlɛtər, flərt ðə livz əv ə bʊk, ər ɪn ˈɛni ˈəðər ˈækʃən ʃoʊ ðət ju ər taɪərd əv ðə ˈspikər ər hɪz ˈsəbʤɪkt. ɪn ə ˈʤɛnərəl ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən, ˈnɛvər spik wɪn əˈnəðər ˈpərsən ɪz ˈspikɪŋ, ənd ˈnɛvər traɪ baɪ ˈreɪzɪŋ jʊr oʊn vɔɪs tɪ draʊn ðət əv əˈnəðər. ˈnɛvər əˈsum ən ɛr əv haughtiness, ər spik ɪn ə ˌdɪktəˈtɔriəl ˈmænər; lɛt jʊr ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən bi ˈɔlˌweɪz ˈeɪmiəbəl ənd fræŋk, fri frəm ˈɛvəri ˌæfɛkˈteɪʃən. 21 pʊt ˈjɔrsɛlf ɔn ðə seɪm ˈlɛvəl ɛz ðə ˈpərsən tɪ hum ju spik, ənd ˈəndər ˈpɛnəlti əv biɪŋ kənˈsɪdərd ə pəˈdæntɪk ˈɪˌdiət, rɪˈfreɪnɪŋ frəm ɪkˈspleɪnɪŋ ˈɛni ɪkˈsprɛʃən ər wərd ðət ju meɪ juz. ˈnɛvər, ənˈlɛs ju ər rɪkˈwɛstɪd tɪ du soʊ, spik əv jʊr oʊn ˈbɪznɪs ər prəˈfɛʃən ɪn soʊˈsaɪɪti; tɪ kənˈfaɪn jʊr ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən ɪnˈtaɪərli tɪ ðə ˈsəbʤɪkt ər pərˈsut wɪʧ ɪz jʊr oʊn ˌspɛʃiˈælɪti ɪz ənd ˈvəlgər. meɪk ðə ˈsəbʤɪkt fər ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən sut ðə ˈkəmpəˌni ɪn wɪʧ ju ər pleɪst. ʤɔɪəs, laɪt ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən wɪl bi æt taɪmz ɛz məʧ aʊt əv pleɪs, ɛz ə ˈsərmən wʊd bi æt ə ˈdænsɪŋ ˈpɑrti. lɛt jʊr ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən bi greɪv ər geɪ ɛz suts ðə taɪm ər pleɪs. ɪn ə dɪˈspjut, ɪf ju ˈkænɑt ˈrɛkənˌsaɪl ðə ˈpɑrtiz, wɪθˈdrɔ frəm ðɛm. ju wɪl ˈʃʊrli meɪk wən ˈɛnəmi, pərˈhæps tu, baɪ ˈteɪkɪŋ ˈiðər saɪd, ɪn ən ˈɑrgjəmənt wɪn ðə ˈspikərz hæv lɔst ðɛr ˈtɛmpər. ˈnɛvər ɪn ˈɛvəri deɪ ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən, ənˈlɛs ju wɪʃ tɪ bi mɪˈsteɪkən fər ə fɪθ reɪt kəˈmidiən. ˈnɛvər æsk ˈɛni wən hu ɪz kənˈvərsɪŋ wɪθ ju tɪ rɪˈpit hɪz wərdz. ˈnəθɪŋ ɪz ˈrudər ðən tɪ seɪ, mi, wɪl ju rɪˈpit ðət dɪd nɑt hir ju æt first,”,” ənd ðəs ˌɪmˈplaɪ ðət jʊr əˈtɛnʃən wɑz ˈwɑndərɪŋ wɪn hi fərst spoʊk. ˈnɛvər, ˈdʊrɪŋ ə ˈʤɛnərəl ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən, ɪnˈdɛvər tɪ ˈkɑnsənˌtreɪt ðə əˈtɛnʃən ˈhoʊli əˈpɑn ˈjɔrsɛlf. ɪt ɪz kwaɪt ɛz rud tɪ ˈɛnər ˈɪntu ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən wɪθ wən əv ə grup, ənd ɪnˈdɛvər tɪ drɔ ɪm aʊt əv ðə ˈsərkəl əv ˈʤɛnərəl ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən tɪ tɔk wɪθ ju əˈloʊn. ˈnɛvər ˈlɪsən tɪ ðə ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən əv tu ˈpərsənz hu hæv ðəs wɪθˈdrɔn frəm ə grup. ɪf ðeɪ ər soʊ ju ðət ju ˈkænɑt əˈvɔɪd ˈhirɪŋ ðɛm, ju meɪ, wɪθ ˈpərˌfɪkt prəˈpraɪəti, ʧeɪnʤ jʊr sit. meɪk jʊr oʊn ʃɛr ɪn ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən ɛz ˈmɑdəst ənd brif ɛz ɪz kənˈsɪstənt wɪθ ðə ˈsəbʤɪkt ˈəndər kənˌsɪdərˈeɪʃən, ənd əˈvɔɪd lɔŋ ˈspiʧɪz ənd ˈtidiəs ˈstɔriz. ɪf, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, əˈnəðər, ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli ən oʊld mæn, tɛlz ə lɔŋ ˈstɔri, ər wən ðət ɪz nɑt nu tɪ ju, ˈlɪsən rɪˈspɛktfəli ənˈtɪl hi həz ˈfɪnɪʃt, ˌbiˈfɔr ju spik əˈgɛn. spik əv ˈjɔrsɛlf bət ˈlɪtəl. jʊr frɛndz wɪl faɪnd aʊt jʊr ˈvərʧuz wɪˈθaʊt ˈfɔrsɪŋ ju tɪ tɛl ðɛm, ənd ju meɪ fil ˈkɑnfədənt ðət ɪt ɪz ˈikwəli ənˈnɛsəˌsɛri tɪ ɪkˈspoʊz jʊr fɔlts ˈjɔrsɛlf. ɪf ju səbˈmɪt tɪ ˈflætəri, ju məst ˈɔlsoʊ səbˈmɪt tɪ ðə ˌɪmpjəˈteɪʃən əv ˈfɑli ənd self-conceit. ɪn ˈspikɪŋ əv jʊr frɛndz, du nɑt kəmˈpɛr ðɛm, wən wɪθ əˈnəðər. spik əv ðə ˈmɛrɪts əv iʧ wən, bət du nɑt traɪ tɪ ˈhaɪtən ðə ˈvərʧuz əv wən baɪ kənˈtræstɪŋ ðɛm wɪθ ðə ˈvaɪsɪz əv əˈnəðər. noʊ ˈmætər haʊ əbˈsərd ər ðə ˈænɪkˌdoʊts ðət meɪ bi toʊld ɪn jʊr ˈprɛzəns, ju məst ˈnɛvər gɪv ˈɛni saɪn əv ˌɪnkrəˈdulɪti. ðeɪ meɪ bi tru; ənd ˈivɪn ɪf fɔls, gʊd ˈbridɪŋ ˈfɔrsɪz ju tɪ hir ðɛm wɪθ pəˈlaɪt əˈtɛnʃən, ənd ðə əˈpɪrəns əv bɪˈlif. tɪ ʃoʊ baɪ wərd ər saɪn ˈɛni ˈtoʊkən əv ˌɪnkrəˈdulɪti, ɪz tɪ gɪv ðə laɪ tɪ ðə ˈnɛreɪtər, ənd ðət ɪz ən ˌɪnˈsəlt. əˈvɔɪd, ɪn ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən ɔl ˈsəbʤɪkts wɪʧ kən ˈɪnʤər ðə ˈæbsənt. ə ˈʤɛnəlmən wɪl ˈnɛvər ər ˈlɪsən tɪ ˈkæləmni. nid aɪ seɪ ðət noʊ ˈʤɛnəlmən wɪl ˈɛvər sɔɪl hɪz maʊθ wɪθ ən oʊθ. əˈbəv ɔl, tɪ swɛr ɪn ə ər ˌbiˈfɔr ˈleɪdiz ɪz nɑt ˈoʊnli ˌɪnˈdɛlɪkət ənd ˈvəlgər ɪn ɪkˈstrim, bət ə ˈʃɑkɪŋ ˈɪgnərəns əv ðə rulz əv pəˈlaɪt soʊˈsaɪɪti ənd gʊd ˈbridɪŋ. fər ə lɔŋ taɪm ðə wərld həz əˈdɑptəd ə ˈsərtən fɔrm əv spiʧ wɪʧ ɪz juzd ɪn gʊd soʊˈsaɪɪti, ənd wɪʧ ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ ˈɔfən, ɪz jɛt wən əv ðə dɪˈstɪŋktɪv mɑrks əv ə ˈʤɛnəlmən. ə wərd ər ˈivɪn ə freɪz wɪʧ həz bɪn juzd əˈməŋ ðə moʊst rɪˈfaɪnd ˈsərkəlz, wɪl, ˈsəmˌtaɪmz, baɪ ə ˈsədən frik əv ˈfæʃən, frəm biɪŋ ˈkɛrɪkəˌʧərd ɪn ə fɑrs ər sɔŋ, ər frəm səm ˈəðər kɔz, goʊ ɪnˈtaɪərli aʊt əv juz. ˈnəθɪŋ bət həˈbɪʧuəl ˈɪnərˌkɔrs wɪθ ˈpipəl əv rəˈfaɪnmənt ənd ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən, ənd ˈmɪŋgəlɪŋ ɪn ˈʤɛnərəl soʊˈsaɪɪti, wɪl tiʧ ə ˈʤɛnəlmən wət wərdz tɪ juz ənd wət tɪ əˈvɔɪd. jɛt ðɛr ər səm wərdz wɪʧ ər naʊ ɪnˈtaɪərli aʊt əv pleɪs ɪn ə ˈpɑrlər. əˈvɔɪd ə staɪl; səm mɛn, ˌbiˈfɔr ˈspikɪŋ, wɪl weɪv ðɛr hænz ɛz ɪf kəˈmændɪŋ ˈsaɪləns, ənd, ˈhævɪŋ səkˈsidɪd ɪn əbˈteɪnɪŋ ðə əˈtɛnʃən əv ðə ˈkəmpəˌni, wɪl spik ɪn ə toʊn, ənd staɪl, ˈpərfəktli ˈsutəbəl fər ðə ˈθiətər ər ˈlɛkʧər rum, bət ɪnˈtaɪərli aʊt əv pleɪs ɪn ə ˈpɑrlər. səʧ mɛn ɪnˈtaɪərli dɪˈfit ðə ˈɑbʤɛkt əv soʊˈsaɪɪti, fər ðeɪ rɪˈzɛnt ˌɪntərˈəpʃən, ənd, ɛz ðɛr tɔk floʊz ɪn ə ˈkɑnstənt strim, noʊ wən ɛls kən spik wɪˈθaʊt ˌɪntərˈəptɪŋ ðə ˈpɑmpəs ˈɪˌdiət hu ðəs ɪnˈdɛvərz tɪ ɪnˈgroʊs ðə ɪnˈtaɪər əˈtɛnʃən əv ðə ˈsərkəl əraʊnd ɪm. ðɪs ˈkɛrɪktər wɪl bi mɛt wɪθ ˈkɑnstəntli, ənd ˈʤɛnərəli ʤɔɪnz tɪ ðə ˈəðər ˌdɪsəˈgriəbəl treɪts ən ˈigəˌtɪzəm ɛz ˈtaɪərsəm ɛz ɪt ɪz. ðə mæn bɪˈkəmz ˈtidiəs ənd wɪn hi ɪnˈdɛvərz tɪ ɪnˈgroʊs ɪnˈtaɪərli ðə əˈtɛnʃən əv ðə ˈkəmpəˌni ɪn wɪʧ hi ʃʊd teɪk ə mɔr ˈmɑdəst pɑrt. əˈvɔɪd sɛt ˈfreɪzɪz, ənd juz kwoʊˈteɪʃənz bət ðeɪ ˈsəmˌtaɪmz meɪk ə ˈvɛri ˈpikənt əˈdɪʃən tɪ ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən, bət wɪn ðeɪ bɪˈkəm ə ˈkɑnstənt ˈhæbət, ðeɪ ər ɪkˈsidɪŋli ˈtidiəs, ənd ɪn bæd teɪst. əˈvɔɪd ˈpɛdəntri; ɪt ɪz ə mɑrk, nɑt əv ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns, bət stuˈpɪdɪˌti. spik jʊr oʊn ˈlæŋgwɪʤ kərˈɛktli; æt ðə seɪm taɪm du nɑt bi tu greɪt ə ˈstɪkələr fər ˈfɔrməl kərˈɛktnəs əv ˈfreɪzɪz. ˈnɛvər ˈnoʊtɪs ɪt ɪf ˈəðərz meɪk mɪˈsteɪks ɪn ˈlæŋgwɪʤ. tɪ ˈnoʊtɪs baɪ wərd ər lʊk səʧ ˈɛrərz ɪn ðoʊz əraʊnd ju, ɪz ɪkˈsɛsɪvli. ˈvəlgər ˈlæŋgwɪʤ ənd slæŋ, ðoʊ ɪn ˈkɑmən, ənˈfɔrʧənətli tu ˈkɑmən juz, ər ˌənbɪˈkəmɪŋ ɪn ˈɛni wən hu priˈtɛndz tɪ bi ə ˈʤɛnəlmən. ˈmɛni əv ðə wərdz hərd naʊ ɪn ðə ˈpɑrlər ənd, dəraɪv ðɛr ˈɔrəʤən frəm ˈsɔrsəz wɪʧ ə ˈʤɛnəlmən wʊd ˈhɛzəˌteɪt tɪ ˈmɛnʃən ˌbiˈfɔr ˈleɪdiz, jɛt hi wɪl meɪk ˈdeɪli juz əv ðə əˈfɛnsɪv wərd ər freɪz. ɪf ju ər ə prəˈfɛʃənəl ər ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk mæn, əˈvɔɪd ðə juz əv ˈtɛknɪkəl tərmz. ðeɪ ər ɪn bæd teɪst, bɪˈkəz ˈmɛni wɪl nɑt ˌəndərˈstænd ðɛm. ɪf, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ju ˌənˈkɑnʃəsli juz səʧ ə tərm ər freɪz, du nɑt ðɛn kəˈmɪt ðə stɪl ˈgreɪtər ˈɛrər əv ɪkˈspleɪnɪŋ ɪts ˈminɪŋ. noʊ wən wɪl θæŋk ju fər ðəs ˌɪmˈplaɪɪŋ ðɛr ˈɪgnərəns. ɪn kənˈvərsɪŋ wɪθ ə ˈfɔrənər hu spiks ˌɪmˈpərfɪkt ˈɪŋlɪʃ, ˈlɪsən wɪθ strɪkt əˈtɛnʃən, jɛt du nɑt səˈplaɪ ə wərd, ər freɪz, ɪf hi ˈhɛzəˌteɪts. əˈbəv ɔl, du nɑt baɪ ə wərd ər ˈʤɛsʧər ʃoʊ ˌɪmˈpeɪʃəns ɪf hi meɪks ˈpɔzɪz ər ˈbləndərz. ɪf ju ˌəndərˈstænd hɪz ˈlæŋgwɪʤ, seɪ soʊ wɪn ju fərst spik tɪ ɪm; ðɪs ɪz nɑt ˈmeɪkɪŋ ə dɪˈspleɪ əv jʊr oʊn ˈnɑlɪʤ, bət ɪz ə ˈkaɪndnəs, ɛz ə wɪl bi plizd tɪ hir ənd spik hɪz oʊn ˈlæŋgwɪʤ wɪn ɪn ə streɪnʤ ˈkəntri. bi ˈkɛrfəl ɪn soʊˈsaɪɪti ˈnɛvər tɪ pleɪ ðə pɑrt əv bəˈfun, fər ju wɪl sun bɪˈkəm noʊn ɛz ðə ““funny”” mæn əv ðə ˈpɑrti, ənd noʊ ˈkɛrɪktər ɪz soʊ ˈpɛrələs tɪ jʊr ˈdɪgnəti ɛz ə ˈʤɛnəlmən. ju leɪ ˈjɔrsɛlf ˈoʊpən tɪ boʊθ ˈsɛnʃər ənd ˈrɪdəˌkjul, ənd ju meɪ fil ʃʊr ðət, fər ˈɛvəri ˈpərsən hu læfs wɪθ ju, tu ər ˈlæfɪŋ æt ju, ənd fər wən hu ædˈmaɪrz ju, tu wɪl wɔʧ jʊr ˈæntɪks wɪθ ˈsikrɪt kənˈtɛmpt. əˈvɔɪd ˈboʊstɪŋ. tɪ spik əv jʊr ˈməni, kəˈnɛkʃənz, ər ðə ˈləgʒəriz æt jʊr kəˈmænd ɪz ɪn ˈvɛri bæd teɪst. ɪt ɪz kwaɪt ɛz tɪ boʊst əv jʊr ˈɪntəməsi wɪθ dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃt ˈpipəl. ɪf ðɛr neɪmz əˈkər ˈnæʧərəli ɪn ðə kɔrs əv ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən, ɪt ɪz ˈvɛri wɛl; bət tɪ bi ˈkɑnstəntli kˈwoʊtɪŋ, frɛnd, gəv. c——,”——,” ər ˈɪnɪmət frɛnd, ðə president,”,” ɪz ˈpɑmpəs ənd ɪn bæd teɪst. waɪl rɪfˈjuzɪŋ ðə pɑrt əv ˈʤɛstər ˈjɔrsɛlf, du nɑt, baɪ stɪf ˈmænərz, ər koʊld, kənˈtɛmpʧuəs lʊks, ɪnˈdɛvər tɪ ʧɛk ðə ˈɪnəsənt mərθ əv ˈəðərz. ɪt ɪz ɪn ɪkˈsɛsɪvli bæd teɪst tɪ dræg ɪn ə greɪv ˈsəbʤɪkt əv ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən wɪn ˈplɛzənt, ˈbæntərɪŋ tɔk ɪz goʊɪŋ ɔn əraʊnd ju. ʤɔɪn ɪn ˈplɛzəntli ənd fərˈgɛt jʊr ˈgreɪvər θɔts fər ðə taɪm, ənd ju wɪl wɪn mɔr ˌpɑpjəˈlɛrəti ðən ɪf ju ʧɪl ðə ˈmɛri ˈsərkəl ər tərn ðɛr ˈɪnəsənt tɪ greɪv dɪˈskəʃənz. wɪn θroʊn ˈɪntu ðə soʊˈsaɪɪti əv ˈlɪtərˌɛri ˈpipəl, du nɑt kˈwɛʃən ðɛm əˈbaʊt ðɛr wərks. tɪ spik ɪn tərmz əv ˌædmərˈeɪʃən əv ˈɛni wərk tɪ ðə ˈɔθər ɪz ɪn bæd teɪst; bət ju meɪ gɪv ˈplɛʒər, ɪf, baɪ ə kwoʊˈteɪʃən ðɛr ˈraɪtɪŋz, ər ə ˈhæpi ˈrɛfərəns tɪ ðɛm, ju pruv ðət ju hæv rɛd ənd əˈpriʃiˌeɪtɪd ðɛm. ɪt ɪz ɪkˈstrimli rud ənd pəˈdæntɪk, wɪn ɪnˈgeɪʤd ɪn ˈʤɛnərəl ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən, tɪ meɪk kwoʊˈteɪʃənz ɪn ə ˈfɔrən ˈlæŋgwɪʤ. tɪ juz ˈfreɪzɪz wɪʧ ədˈmɪt əv ə ˈdəbəl ˈminɪŋ, ɪz ungentlemanly, ənd, ɪf əˈdrɛst tɪ ə ˈleɪdi, ðeɪ bɪˈkəm ˈpɑzətɪvli ˌɪnˈsəltɪŋ. ɪf ju faɪnd ju ər bɪˈkəmɪŋ ˈæŋgri ɪn ə ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən, ˈiðər tərn tɪ əˈnəðər ˈsəbʤɪkt ər kip ˈsaɪləns. ju meɪ ˈətər, ɪn ðə hit əv ˈpæʃən, wərdz wɪʧ ju wʊd ˈnɛvər juz ɪn ə ˈkɑmər ˈmoʊmənt, ənd wɪʧ ju wʊd ˈbɪtərli rɪˈpɛnt wɪn ðeɪ wər wəns sɛd. tɔk əv roʊps tɪ ə mæn huz ˈfɑðər wɑz hanged”” ɪz ə ˈvəlgər bət ˈpɑpjələr ˈprɑvərb. əˈvɔɪd ˈkɛrfəli ˈsəbʤɪkts wɪʧ meɪ bi kənˈstrud ˈɪntu ˌpərsəˈnælɪtiz, ənd kip ə strɪkt rɪˈzərv əˈpɑn ˈfæməli ˈmætərz. əˈvɔɪd, ɪf ju kən, siɪŋ ðə ˈskɛlətən ɪn jʊr ˈklɑzət, bət ɪf ɪt ɪz pərˈeɪdɪd fər jʊr ˈspɛʃəl ˈbɛnəfɪt, rɪˈgɑrd ɪt ɛz ə ˈseɪkrɪd ˈkɑnfədɛns, ənd ˈnɛvər bɪˈtreɪ jʊr ˈnɑlɪʤ tɪ ə θərd ˈpɑrti. ɪf ju hæv ˈtrævəld, ˌɔlˈðoʊ ju wɪl ɪnˈdɛvər tɪ ˌɪmˈpruv jʊr maɪnd ɪn səʧ ˈtrævəl, du nɑt bi ˈkɑnstəntli ˈspikɪŋ əv jʊr journeyings. ˈnəθɪŋ ɪz mɔr ˈtaɪərsəm ðən ə mæn hu kəˈmɛnsəz ˈɛvəri freɪz wɪθ, aɪ wɑz ɪn paris,”,” ər, ˈɪtəli aɪ saw——.”——.” wɪn ˈæskɪŋ kˈwɛsʧənz əˈbaʊt ˈpərsənz hu ər nɑt noʊn tɪ ju, ɪn ə, əˈvɔɪd ˈjuzɪŋ ˈæʤɪktɪvz; ər ju meɪ ɪnkˈwaɪər əv ə ˈməðər, ɪz ðət ˈɔkwərd, ˈəgli girl?”?” ənd bi ˈænsərd, ““sir, ðət ɪz maɪ daughter.”.” 27 əˈvɔɪd ˈgɑsəp; ɪn ə ˈwʊmən ɪt ɪz detestable, bət ɪn ə mæn ɪt ɪz ˈətərli dɪˈspɪkəbəl. du nɑt ˈɔfər əˈsɪstəns ər ədˈvaɪs ɪn ˈʤɛnərəl soʊˈsaɪɪti. ˈnoʊˌbɑˌdi wɪl θæŋk ju fər ɪt. ˈrɪdəˌkjul ənd ˈpræktɪkəl ˈʤoʊkɪŋ ər boʊθ mɑrks əv ə ˈvəlgər maɪnd ənd loʊ ˈbridɪŋ. əˈvɔɪd ˈflætəri. ə ˈdɛləkət ˈkɑmpləmɛnt ɪz pərˈmɪsəbəl ɪn ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən, bət ˈflætəri ɪz brɔd, kɔrs, ənd tɪ ˈsɛnsəbəl ˈpipəl, dɪsˈgəstɪŋ. ɪf ju ˈflætər jʊr suˈpɪriərz, ðeɪ wɪl dɪˈstrəst ju, ˈθɪŋkɪŋ ju hæv səm ˈsɛlfɪʃ ɛnd; ɪf ju ˈflætər ˈleɪdiz, ðeɪ wɪl dɪˈspaɪz ju, ˈθɪŋkɪŋ ju hæv noʊ ˈəðər ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən. ə ˈleɪdi əv sɛns wɪl fil mɔr ˈkɑmpləˌmɛntɪd ɪf ju ˈkɑnvərs wɪθ hər əˈpɑn ˌɪnˈstrəktɪv, haɪ ˈsəbʤɪkts, ðən ɪf ju ˈæˌdrɛs tɪ hər ˈoʊnli ðə ˈlæŋgwɪʤ əv ˈkɑmpləmɛnt. ɪn ðə ˈlætər keɪs ʃi wɪl kənˈklud ðət ju kənˈsɪdər hər ˌɪnˈkeɪpəbəl əv dɪˈskəsɪŋ haɪər ˈsəbʤɪkts, ənd ju ˈkænɑt ɪkˈspɛkt hər tɪ bi plizd æt biɪŋ kənˈsɪdərd ˈmɪrli ə ˈsɪli, veɪn ˈpərsən, hu məst bi ˈflætərd ˈɪntu gʊd ˈhjumər. əˈvɔɪd ðə ˈivəl əv ˈgɪvɪŋ ˈətərəns tɪ ˌɪnˈfleɪtɪd ɪkˈsprɛʃənz ənd rɪˈmɑrks ɪn ˈkɑmən ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən. ɪt ɪz ə ˈsəmˈwət ənˈgreɪtfəl tæsk tɪ tɛl ðoʊz hu wʊd ʃrɪŋk frəm ðə ˌɪmpjəˈteɪʃən əv ə ˈfælsˌhʊd ðət ðeɪ ər ɪn ðə ˈdeɪli ˈhæbət əv ˈətərɪŋ ənˈtruθs; ənd jɛt, ɪf aɪ pərˈsid, noʊ ˈəðər kɔrs ðən ðɪs kən bi ˈteɪkən baɪ mi. ɪt ɪz əv noʊ juz tɪ əˈdɑpt hæf ˈmɛʒərz; pleɪn ˈspikɪŋ seɪvz ə dil əv ˈtrəbəl. ðə ɪgˈzæmpəlz əˈbaʊt tɪ bi ˈgɪvɪn baɪ mi əv ɪgˈzæʤərˌeɪtɪd ɪkˈsprɛʃənz, ər ˈoʊnli ə fju əv ðə ˈmɛni ðət ər ˈkɑnstəntli ɪn juz. ˈwɛðər ju kən əkˈwɪt ˈjɔrsɛlvz ðə ʧɑrʤ əv ɔˈkeɪʒənəˌli ˈjuzɪŋ ðɛm, aɪ ˈkænɑt tɛl; bət aɪ dɛr nɑt əˈfərm fər ˌmaɪˈsɛlf ðət aɪ æm ˌɔltəˈgɛðər ˈgɪltlɪs. wɑz kɔt ɪn ðə wɛt læst naɪt, ðə reɪn keɪm daʊn ɪn torrents.”.” moʊst əv ˈjuˈɛs hæv bɪn aʊt ɪn ˈhɛvi reɪnz; bət ə ˈtɔrənt əv ˈwɔtər ˈpɔrɪŋ daʊn frəm ðə skaɪz wʊd ə ˈlɪtəl səˈpraɪz ˈjuˈɛs, ˈæftər ɔl. æm wɛt tɪ ðə skɪn, ənd hæv nɑt ə draɪ θrɛd əˈpɑn me.”.” wɛr ðiz ɪkˈsprɛʃənz ər wəns juzd kərˈɛktli, ðeɪ ər juzd tˈwɛnti taɪmz ɪn ˌɑpəˈzɪʃən tɪ ðə truθ. traɪd tɪ ˈoʊvərˌteɪk ɪm, bət ɪn veɪn; fər hi ræn laɪk lightning.”.” ðə ˈsɛləˌbreɪtɪd ˈreɪsˌhɔrs ɪˈklɪps ɪz sɛd tɪ hæv rən ə maɪl ɪn ə ˈmɪnət, bət pur ɪˈklɪps ɪz lɛft ˈsædli bɪˈhaɪnd baɪ ðɪs ɪkˈsprɛʃən. kɛpt mi ˈstændɪŋ aʊt ɪn ðə koʊld soʊ lɔŋ, aɪ θɔt aɪ ʃʊd hæv ˈweɪtɪd fər ever.”.” ðɛr ɪz nɑt ə ˈpɑrtɪkəl əv ˌprɑbəˈbɪləˌti ðət səʧ ə θɔt kʊd hæv bɪn fər wən ˈmoʊmənt ˌɛnərˈteɪnd. aɪ keɪm əˈkrɔs ðə ˈkɑmən, ðə wɪnd wɑz ɛz kin ɛz ə razor.”.” ðɪs ɪz ˈsərtənli ə ˈvɛri kin rɪˈmɑrk, bət ðə wərst əv ɪt ɪz ðət ɪts fɑr ɪkˈsidz ɪts kərˈɛktnəs. wɛnt tɪ ðə ˈmitɪŋ, bət hæd hɑrd wərk tɪ gɪt ɪn; fər ðə pleɪs wɑz ˈkraʊdɪd tɪ suffocation.”.” ɪn ðɪs keɪs, ɪn ˈʤəstɪs tɪ ðə vərˈæsɪti əv ðə relater, ɪt ɪz ˈnɛsəˌsɛri tɪ səˈpoʊz ðət səkˈsɛsfəl minz hæd bɪn juzd fər hɪz rɪˈkəvəri. məst hæv bɪn ə faɪn saɪt; aɪ wʊd hæv ˈgɪvɪn ðə wərld tɪ hæv sin it.”.” fɑnd ɛz moʊst əv ˈjuˈɛs ər əv sight-seeing, ðɪs wʊd bi baɪɪŋ ˈplɛʒər æt ə praɪs ˌɪnˈdid; bət ɪt ɪz ən ˈizi θɪŋ tɪ ˈprɑfər tɪ pɑrt wɪθ ðət wɪʧ wi du nɑt pəˈzɛs. meɪd mi kwaɪt loʊ ˈspɪrɪtəd; maɪ hɑrt fɛlt ɛz ˈhɛvi ɛz lead.”.” wi moʊst əv ˈjuˈɛs noʊ wət ə ˈhɛvi hɑrt ɪz; bət lɛd ɪz baɪ noʊ minz ðə moʊst kərˈɛkt ˈmɛtəfɔr tɪ juz ɪn ˈspikɪŋ əv ə ˈhɛvi hɑrt. kʊd ˈhɑrdli faɪnd maɪ weɪ, fər ðə naɪt wɑz ɛz dɑrk ɛz pitch.”.” aɪ æm əˈfreɪd wi hæv ɔl ɪn ɑr tərn ðə skaɪ ɪn ðɪs ˈmænər; pɪʧ ɪz ˈmɛni ʃeɪdz ˈdɑrkər ðən ðə ˈdɑrkəst naɪt wi hæv ˈɛvər noʊn. hæv toʊld ɪm əv ðət fɔlt ˈfɪfti taɪmz over.”.” faɪv taɪmz wʊd, ɪn ɔl ˌprɑbəˈbɪləˌti, bi məʧ ˈnɪrər ðə fækt ðən ˈfɪfti. ˈnɛvər kloʊzd maɪ aɪz ɔl naɪt long.”.” ɪf ðɪs bi tru, ju ˈæktɪd ənˈwaɪzli; fər hæd ju kloʊzd jʊr aɪz, ju maɪt, pərˈhæps, hæv ˈfɑlən əsˈlip, ənd ˌɛnˈʤɔɪd ðə ˈblɛsɪŋ əv rɪˈfrɛʃɪŋ sˈləmbər; ɪf ɪt bi nɑt tru, ju ˈæktɪd mɔr ənˈwaɪzli stɪl, baɪ ˈsteɪtɪŋ ðət ɛz ə fækt wɪʧ ɪz ˌɔltəˈgɛðər ənˈtru. ɪz ɛz tɔl ɛz ə church-spire.”.” aɪ hæv mɛt wɪθ səm tɔl ˈfɛloʊz ɪn maɪ taɪm, ðoʊ ðə spaɪr əv ə ʧərʧ ɪz ˈsəmˈwət ˈtɔlər ðən ðə ˈtɔlɪst əv ðɛm. meɪ baɪ ə fɪʃ æt ðə ˈmɑrkɪt ɛz bɪg ɛz ə ˈʤæˌkæs, fər faɪv shillings.”.” aɪ ˈsərtənli hæv maɪ daʊts əˈbaʊt ðɪs ˈmætər; bət ɪf ɪt bi ˈrɪli tru, ðə ˈmɑrkɪt ˈpipəl məst bi ˌɪnˈdid tɪ sɛl səʧ lɑrʤ ˈfɪʃɪz fər soʊ ˈlɪtəl ˈməni. wɑz soʊ fæt hi kʊd ˈhɑrdli kəm ɪn æt ðə door.”.” moʊst ˈlaɪkli ðə ˈdɪfɪˌkəlti hir əˈludəd tɪ wɑz ˈnɛvər fɛlt baɪ ˈɛni wən bət ðə relater; səˈpoʊzɪŋ ɪt tɪ bi ðə mæn məst hæv bɪn ˈvɛri brɔd ər ðə dɔr ˈvɛri ˈnɛroʊ. seɪ so!—why, ɪt wɑz ɪˈnəf tɪ kɪl him!”!” ðə fækt ðət ɪt dɪd nɑt kɪl ɪm ɪz ə səˈfɪʃənt rɪˈplaɪ tɪ ðɪs ənˈfaʊndɪd ˌɑbzərˈveɪʃən; bət noʊ rɪˈmɑrk kən bi tu əbˈsərd fər ən ənˈbraɪdəld təŋ. ðəs maɪt aɪ rən ɔn fər ən aʊər, ənd ˈæftər ɔl liv məʧ ənˈsɛd ɔn ðə ˈsəbʤɪkt əv ɪgˈzæʤərˌeɪtɪd ɪkˈsprɛʃənz. wi ər ˈhirɪŋ kənˈtɪnjuəli ðə kəmˈpɛrəsənz, ɛz sʊt, waɪt ɛz snoʊ, hɑt ɛz faɪər, koʊld ɛz aɪs, ʃɑrp ɛz ə ˈnidəl, dəl ɛz ə door-nail, laɪt ɛz ə ˈfɛðər, ˈhɛvi ɛz lɛd, stɪf ɛz ə ˈpoʊkər, ənd ˈkrʊkəd ɛz ə crab-tree,”,” ɪn ˈkeɪsɪz wɛr səʧ ɪkˈsprɛʃənz ər kwaɪt aʊt əv ˈɔrdər. ðə ˈpræktɪs əv ɪkˈsprɛsɪŋ ɑrˈsɛlvz ɪn ðɪs ˌɪnˈfleɪtɪd ənd ˈθɔtləs weɪ, ɪz mɔr ˈmɪsʧəvəs ðən wi ər əˈwɛr əv. ɪt ˈsərtənli lidz ˈjuˈɛs tɪ ˈsækrəˌfaɪs truθ; tɪ mɪsˌrɛprəˈzɛnt wət wi min ˈfeɪθfəli tɪ dɪˈskraɪb; tɪ ˈwaɪtən ɑr oʊn ˈkɛrɪktərz, ənd ˈsəmˌtaɪmz tɪ ˈblækən ðə ˌrɛpjəˈteɪʃən əv ə ˈneɪbər. ðɛr ɪz ən ɪn spiʧ ɛz wɛl ɛz ɪn ˈækʃən, ðət wi ɔt tɪ straɪv hɑrd tɪ əˈteɪn. ðə ˈpjʊrɪti əv truθ ɪz ˈsəlid, ənd ðə ˈstændərd əv ˌɪnˈtɛgrəti ɪz loʊərd, baɪ ˌɪnkərˈɛkt ˌɑbzərˈveɪʃənz. lɛt ˈjuˈɛs rɪˈflɛkt əˈpɑn ðɪs ˈmætər ˈfrili ənd ˈfeɪθfəli. lɛt ˈjuˈɛs ləv truθ, ˈfɑloʊ truθ, ənd ˈpræktɪs truθ ɪn ɑr θɔts, ɑr wərdz, ənd ɑr didz. 31 ˈʧæptər ii. pəˈlaɪtnəs. ril pəˈlaɪtnəs ɪz ðə ˈaʊtwərd ɪkˈsprɛʃən əv ðə moʊst ˈʤɛnərəs ˌɪmˈpəlsɪz əv ðə hɑrt. ɪt ɛnˈfɔrsɪz unselfishness, bəˈnɛvələns, ˈkaɪndnəs, ənd ðə ˈgoʊldən rul, ˈəntu ˈəðərz ɛz ju wʊd ˈəðərz ʃʊd du ˈəntu you.”.” ðəs ɪts fərst ˈprɪnsəpəl ɪz ləv fər ðə ˈneɪbər, ˈləvɪŋ ɪm ɛz ˈjɔrsɛlf. wɪn ɪn soʊˈsaɪɪti ɪt wʊd ˈɔfən bi ɪkˈsidɪŋli ˈdɪfəkəlt tɪ ˌdɪˈsaɪd haʊ tɪ trit ðoʊz hu ər ˈpərsənəli ˌdɪsəˈgriəbəl tɪ ˈjuˈɛs, ɪf ɪt wər nɑt fər ðə rulz əv pəˈlaɪtnəs, ənd ðə ˈlɪtəl fɔrˈmælətiz ənd pɔɪnts əv ˈɛtəkət wɪʧ ðiz rulz ɛnˈfɔrs. ðiz ˈɛvədənsəz əv pəˈlaɪt ˈbridɪŋ du nɑt pruv hɪˈpɑkrəsi, ɛz ju meɪ trit jʊr moʊst ˈbɪtər ˈɛnəmi wɪθ ˈpərˌfɪkt ˈkərtəsi, ənd jɛt meɪk noʊ ˌproʊˌtɛˈsteɪʃənz əv ˈfrɛndʃɪp. ɪf pəˈlaɪtnəs ɪz bət ə mæsk, ɛz ˈmɛni fəˈlɑsəfərz tɛl ˈjuˈɛs, ɪt ɪz ə mæsk wɪʧ wɪl wɪn ləv ənd ˌædmərˈeɪʃən, ənd ɪz ˈbɛtər wɔrn ðən kæst əˈsaɪd. ɪf ju wɛr ɪt wɪθ ðə sɪnˈsɪr dɪˈzaɪər tɪ gɪv ˈplɛʒər tɪ ˈəðərz, ənd meɪk ɔl ðə ˈlɪtəl ˈmitɪŋz əv laɪf pæs ɔf sˈmuðli ənd agreeably, ɪt wɪl sun sis tɪ bi ə mæsk, bət ju wɪl faɪnd ðət ðə ˈmænər wɪʧ ju æt fərst pʊt ɔn tɪ gɪv ˈplɛʒər, həz bɪˈkəm ˈnæʧərəl tɪ ju, ənd wɛˈrɛvər ju əˈsumd ə ˈvərʧu tɪ pliz ˈəðərz, ju wɪl faɪnd ðə ˈvərʧu bɪˈkəmɪŋ həˈbɪʧuəl ənd ˈfaɪnəli ˈnæʧərəl, ənd pɑrt əv ˈjɔrsɛlf. du nɑt lʊk əˈpɑn ðə rulz əv ˈɛtəkət ɛz dɪˈsɛpʃənz. ðeɪ ər ʤɪst ɛz ˈɔfən ˈviɪkəlz fər ðə ɪkˈsprɛʃən əv sɪnˈsɪr ˈfilɪŋ, ɛz ðeɪ ər ðə mæsk tɪ kənˈsil ə wɔnt əv ɪt. ju wɪl ɪn soʊˈsaɪɪti mit wɪθ mɛn hu reɪl əˈgɛnst pəˈlaɪtnəs, ənd kɔl ɪt dɪˈsit ənd hɪˈpɑkrəsi. wɔʧ ðiz mɛn wɪn ðeɪ hæv ən ˈɑbʤɛkt tɪ geɪn, ər ər dɪˈzaɪrəs əv ˈmeɪkɪŋ ə ˈfeɪvərəbəl ˌɪmˈprɛʃən, ənd si ðɛm ˈtæsɪtli, bət ˌənˈkɑnʃəsli, ədˈmɪt ðə paʊər əv ˈkərtəsi, baɪ ˈdrɑpɪŋ fər ðə taɪm, ðɛr ˈənˈkuθ weɪz, tɪ əˈfɛkt ðə pəˈlaɪtnəs, ðeɪ ˈɔfənˌtaɪmz du nɑt fil. pæs ˈoʊvər ðə ˈdifɛkts əv ˈəðərz, bi ˈprudənt, dɪˈskrit, æt ðə ˈprɑpər taɪm rɪˈzərvd, jɛt æt ˈəðər taɪmz fræŋk, ənd trit ˈəðərz wɪθ ðə seɪm ˈʤɛnəl ˈkərtəsi ju wʊd wɪʃ ɪkˈstɛndɪd tɪ ˈjɔrsɛlf. tru pəˈlaɪtnəs ˈnɛvər ɪmˈbærəsɪz ˈɛni wən, bɪˈkəz ɪts fərst ˈɑbʤɛkt ɪz tɪ pʊt ɔl æt ðɛr iz, waɪl ɪt livz tɪ ɔl ˈpərˌfɪkt ˈfridəm əv ˈækʃən. ju məst mit ˈrudnəs frəm ˈəðərz baɪ ˈpərˌfɪkt pəˈlaɪtnəs ənd ˈpɑlɪʃ əv ˈmænər ɔn jʊr oʊn pɑrt, ənd ju wɪl ðəs ʃeɪm ðoʊz hu hæv bɪn ənˈsɪvəl tɪ ju. ju wɪl mɔr ˈrɛdəli meɪk ðɛm bləʃ baɪ jʊr ˈkərtəsi, ðən ɪf ju mɛt ðɛr ˈrudnəs baɪ ɪl ˈmænərz ɔn jʊr oʊn pɑrt. waɪl ə ˈfeɪvər meɪ bi ˈdəbəld ɪn ˈvælju, baɪ ə ˈfræŋkli ˈkərtiəs ˈmænər əv ˈgrænɪŋ ɪt, ə rɪfˈjuzəl wɪl luz hæf ɪts ˈbɪtərnəs ɪf jʊr ˈmænər ʃoʊz pəˈlaɪt rɪˈgrɛt æt jʊr ˌɪnəˈbɪlɪti tɪ əˈblaɪʤ ɪm hu æsks ðə ˈfeɪvər æt jʊr hænd. pəˈlaɪtnəs meɪ bi ɪkˈstɛndɪd tɪ ðə loʊəst ənd ənd ju wɪl ˈnɛvər baɪ ðəs ɪkˈstɛndɪŋ ɪt dɪˈtrækt frəm jʊr oʊn ˈdɪgnəti. ə ˈʤɛnəlmən meɪ ənd wɪl trit hɪz wɪθ rɪˈspɛkt ənd ˈkərtəsi, ənd hɪz wɪθ ˈplɛzənt affability, jɛt prɪˈzərv ˈpərfəktli hɪz oʊn pəˈzɪʃən. tɪ ˈrɪli ˈmɛrət ðə neɪm əv ə pəˈlaɪt, ˈfɪnɪʃt ˈʤɛnəlmən, ju məst bi pəˈlaɪt æt ɔl taɪmz ənd ˈəndər ɔl ˈsərkəmˌstænsɪz. ðɛr ɪz ə ˈdɪfərəns bɪtˈwin pəˈlaɪtnəs ənd ˈɛtəkət. ril pəˈlaɪtnəs ɪz in-born, ənd meɪ ɪgˈzɪst ɪn ðə ˈsævɪʤ, waɪl ˈɛtəkət ɪz ðə ˈaʊtwərd ɪkˈsprɛʃən əv pəˈlaɪtnəs rɪˈdust tɪ ðə rulz ˈkɑrənt ɪn gʊd soʊˈsaɪɪti. ə mæn meɪ bi pəˈlaɪt, ˈrɪli soʊ ɪn hɑrt, jɛt ʃoʊ ɪn ˈɛvəri ˈmuvmənt ən ˈɪgnərəns əv ðə rulz əv ˈɛtəkət, ənd əˈfɛnd əˈgɛnst ðə lɔz əv soʊˈsaɪɪti. ju meɪ faɪnd ɪm wɪθ hɪz ˈɛlˌboʊz əˈpɑn ðə ˈteɪbəl, ər ˈtɪltɪŋ hɪz ʧɛr ɪn ə ˈpɑrlər. ju meɪ si ɪm kəˈmɪt ˈɛvəri aʊər groʊs ˈbriʧɪz əv ˈɛtəkət, jɛt ju wɪl ˈnɛvər hir ɪm ˌɪnˈtɛnʃənəli ˈətər wən wərd tɪ wund əˈnəðər, ju wɪl si ðət hi həˈbɪʧuəli ɪnˈdɛvərz tɪ meɪk ˈəðərz ˈkəmfərtəbəl, ˈʧuzɪŋ fər ðɛm ðə ˈiziəst sits, ər ðə ˈdɪʃɪz, ənd ˈpʊtɪŋ sɛlf ɪnˈtaɪərli əˈsaɪd tɪ kənˈtrɪbjut tɪ ðə ˈplɛʒər əv ɔl əraʊnd ɪm. səʧ ə mæn wɪl lərn, baɪ ˈkɑnˌtækt wɪθ rɪˈfaɪnd soʊˈsaɪɪti, ðət hɪz ˈɪgnərəns əv ðə rulz wɪʧ ˈgəvərn ɪt, meɪk ɪm, æt taɪmz, ˌdɪsəˈgriəbəl, ənd frəm ðə seɪm ˈmoʊtɪv wɪʧ prɑmpts ɪm tɪ meɪk ə ˈsækrəˌfaɪs əv ˈkəmfərt fər ðə seɪk əv ˈəðərz, hi wɪl wɔʧ ənd lərn kˈwɪkli, ˈɔlˌmoʊst baɪ ˈɪnstɪŋkt, wɛr hi əˈfɛndz əˈgɛnst gʊd ˈbridɪŋ, drɔp wən baɪ wən hɪz ˈɛrərz ɪn ˈɛtəkət, ənd bɪˈkəm ˈtruli ə ˈʤɛnəlmən. ɔn ðə ˈəðər hænd, ju wɪl mit ˈkɑnstəntli, ɪn ðə bɛst soʊˈsaɪɪti, mɛn huz ˈpɑlɪʃ əv ˈmænər ɪz hu wɪl pərˈfɔrm tɪ ðə pɔɪnt ðə ˈnaɪsɪtiz əv gʊd ˈbridɪŋ, hu ˈnɛvər kəˈmɪt ðə list ækt ðət ɪz ˈfɔrbɪdən baɪ ðə ˈstrɪktəst rulz əv ˈɛtəkət; jɛt ˈəndər ɔl ðɪs mæsk əv ˈʃɪvəlri, ˈgæləntri, ənd pəˈlaɪtnəs wɪl ˈkɛri ə koʊld, ˈsɛlfɪʃ hɑrt; wɪl, wɪθ ə swit smaɪl, ˈgreɪsfəl boʊ, ənd ˈɛləgənt ˈlæŋgwɪʤ, wund ˈdipli ðə ˈfilɪŋz əv ˈəðərz, ənd waɪl ˈpæsɪŋ ɪn soʊˈsaɪɪti fər ˈmɑdəlz əv ˈkərtəsi ənd ˈɛləgəns əv ˈmænər, bi ɪn ˈfilɪŋ ɛz kruəl ənd ˈbɑrbərəs ɛz ðə ˈsævɪʤ. soʊ aɪ wʊd seɪ tɪ ju, ˈkəltəˌveɪt jʊr hɑrt. ˈʧɛrɪʃ ðɛr ðə ˈkrɪsʧɪn ˈgreɪsɪz, ləv fər ðə ˈneɪbər, unselfishness, ˈʧɛrɪti, ənd ˈʤɛnəlnəs, ənd ju wɪl bi ˈtruli ə ˈʤɛnəlmən; æd tɪ ðiz ðə ˈgreɪsfəl fɔrmz əv ˈɛtəkət, ənd ju ðɛn bɪˈkəm ə ˈpərˌfɪkt ˈʤɛnəlmən. ˈɛtəkət ɪgˈzɪsts ɪn ˈɛvəri ˈkɔrnər əv ðə noʊn wərld, frəm ðə ˈsævɪʤɪz ɪn ðə waɪldz əv ˈæfrɪkɑ, hu dɛr nɑt, əˈpɑn ˈpɛnəlti əv dɛθ, əˈproʊʧ ðɛr ˈbɑrbərəs ˈrulərz wɪˈθaʊt ˈsərtən fɔrmz ənd ˈsɛrəˌmoʊniz, tɪ ðə moʊst rɪˈfaɪnd ˈsərkəlz əv ˈjʊrəp, wɛr ˈʤɛnəl ˈʃɪvəlri ənd ə ˈkəltəˌveɪtɪd maɪnd səˈʤɛst ɪts rulz. ɪt həz ɪgˈzɪstəd ɪn ɔl ˈeɪʤɪz, ənd ðə ˈstrɪnʤənsi əv ɪts lɔz ɪn səm ˈkəntriz həz ˈgɪvɪn raɪz tɪ boʊθ ˈludəkrəs ənd ˈtræʤɪk ˈɪnsədənts. ɪn ˈkəntriz wɛr ˈrɔɪəlti rulz ðə ˈɛtəkət, ɪt ˈɔfən ˈhæpənz ðət praɪd wɪl blaɪnd ðoʊz hu meɪk ðə rulz, ənd ðə rɪˈzəlts ər ˈɔfən ˈfeɪtəl. bɪˈlivɪŋ ðət ðə seɪm ˈdɛfərəns wɪʧ ðɛr ræŋk ˈɔθərˌaɪzd ðɛm tɪ dɪˈmænd, wɑz ˈɔlsoʊ du tɪ ðɛm ɛz ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəlz, ðə rɪˈzəlt əv səʧ ən aɪˈdiə wɑz ən ˈɛtəkət ɛz veɪn ənd ˈjusləs ɛz ɪt wɑz əbˈsərd. fər ən ɪgˈzæmpəl aɪ wɪl gɪv ən ˈænɪkˌdoʊt: kɪŋz əv speɪn, ðə ˈpraʊdəst ənd əv kɪŋz əv ðə ərθ, meɪd ə rul əv ˈɛtəkət ɛz ˈstupɪd ɛz ɪt wɑz ˈjusləs. ɪt wɑz ə fɔlt ˈpənɪʃəbəl baɪ dɛθ tɪ təʧ ðə fʊt əv ðə kwin, ənd ðə ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl hu ðəs əˈfɛndɪd, noʊ ˈmætər ˈəndər wət ˈsərkəmˌstænsɪz, wɑz ˈɛksəˌkjutɪd ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli. jəŋ kwin əv speɪn, waɪf əv ˈʧɑrəlz ðə ˈsɛkənd, wɑz ˈraɪdɪŋ ɔn ˈhɔrsˌbæk ɪn ðə mɪst əv hər əˈtɛndənts. ˈsədənli ðə hɔrs rɪrd ənd θru ðə kwin frəm ðə ˈsædəl. hər fʊt rɪˈmeɪnd ɪn ðə stərəp, ənd ʃi wɑz drægd əˈlɔŋ ðə graʊnd. ən ˌɪˈmɛns kraʊd stʊd ˈlʊkɪŋ æt ðɪs ˈspɛktəkəl, bət noʊ wən dɛrd, fər hɪz laɪf, tɪ əˈtɛmpt tɪ ˈrɛskju ðə pur ˈwʊmən. ʃi wʊd hæv daɪd, hæd nɑt tu jəŋ frɛnʧ ˈɔfɪsərz, ˈɪgnərənt əv ðə ˈstupɪd lɔ wɪʧ ˈpɛrəˌlaɪzd ðə ˈspænjərdz, sprəŋ ˈfɔrwərd ənd seɪvd hər. wən stɑpt ðə hɔrs, ənd waɪlst hi hɛld ðə ˈbraɪdəl, hɪz kəmˈpænjən dɪsɪnˈgeɪʤd frəm ɪts ˈpeɪnfəl pəˈzɪʃən ðə fʊt əv ðə jəŋ kwin, hu wɑz, baɪ ðɪs taɪm, ˌɪnˈsɛnsəbəl frəm fɪr ənd ðə ˈbruzɪz wɪʧ ʃi hæd ɔˈrɛdi rɪˈsivd. ðeɪ wər ˈɪnstəntli ərˈɛstɪd, ənd waɪl ðə kwin wɑz ˈkɛrid ɔn ə ˈlɪtər tɪ ðə ˈpæləs, hər jəŋ ˈʧæmpiənz wər mɑrʧt ɔf, əˈkəmpənid baɪ ə strɔŋ gɑrd, tɪ ˈprɪzən. ðə nɛkst deɪ, sɪk ənd ˈfibəl, ðə kwin wɑz əˈblaɪʤd tɪ liv hər bɛd, ənd ɔn hər niz ˌbiˈfɔr ðə kɪŋ, plid fər ðə ˈpɑrdən əv ðə tu ˈfrɛnʧmɛn; ənd hər prɛr wɑz ˈoʊnli ˈgrænɪd əˈpɑn kənˈdɪʃən ðət ðə ɑˈdeɪʃəs ˈfɔrənərz lɛft speɪn immediately.”.” ðɛr ɪz noʊ ˈkəntri ɪn ðə wərld wɛr ðə əbˈsərdətiz əv ˈɛtəkət ər ˈkɛrid tɪ soʊ greɪt ə lɛŋθ ɛz ɪn speɪn, bɪˈkəz ðɛr ɪz noʊ ˈneɪʃən wɛr ðə noʊˈbɪləti ər praʊd. ðə ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ˈænɪkˌdoʊt, wɪʧ ˈɪləˌstreɪts ðɪs, wʊd sim ˌɪnˈkrɛdəbəl wər ɪt nɑt ə hɪˈstɔrɪkəl fækt: ðə θərd, kɪŋ əv speɪn, wɑz sɪk, ənd biɪŋ ˈeɪbəl tɪ sɪt əp, wɑz ˈkɛrfəli pleɪst ɪn ən ɑrm ʧɛr wɪʧ stʊd ˈɑpəzɪt tɪ ə lɑrʤ faɪər, wɪn ðə wʊd wɑz paɪld əp tɪ ən ɪˈnɔrmɪs haɪt. ðə hit sun bɪˈkeɪm ˌɪnˈtɑlərəbəl, ənd ðə ˈkɔrtiərz rɪˈtaɪrd frəm əraʊnd ðə kɪŋ; bət, ɛz ðə duk d’ussede, ðə faɪər fər ðə kɪŋ, wɑz nɑt ˈprɛzənt, ənd ɛz noʊ wən ɛls hæd ðə raɪt tɪ təʧ ðə faɪər, ðoʊz ˈprɛzənt dɛrd nɑt əˈtɛmpt tɪ dɪˈmɪnɪʃ ðə hit. ðə grænd ˈʧeɪmbərlɪn wɑz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈæbsənt, ənd hi əˈloʊn wɑz ˈɔθərˌaɪzd tɪ təʧ ðə footstool. ðə pur kɪŋ, tu ɪl tɪ raɪz, ɪn veɪn ˌɪmˈplɔrd ðoʊz əraʊnd ɪm tɪ muv hɪz ʧɛr, noʊ wən dɛrd təʧ ɪt, ənd wɪn ðə grænd ˈʧeɪmbərlɪn əraɪvd, ðə kɪŋ hæd ˈfeɪntɪd wɪθ ðə hit, ənd ə fju deɪz ˈleɪtər hi daɪd, ˈlɪtərəli ˈroʊstɪd tɪ death.”.” æt ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɔl taɪmz, ənd ɪn ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɔl ˈpleɪsɪz, gʊd ˈbridɪŋ meɪ bi ʃoʊn; ənd wi θɪŋk ə gʊd ˈsərvɪs wɪl bi dən baɪ ˈpɔɪntɪŋ aʊt ə fju pleɪn ənd ˈsɪmpəl ˈɪnstənsɪz ɪn wɪʧ ɪt stændz əˈpoʊzd tɪ ˈhæbəts ənd ˈmænərz, wɪʧ, ðoʊ ˌɪmˈprɑpər ənd ˌdɪsəˈgriəbəl, ər nɑt ˈvɛri ənˈkɑmən. ɪn ðə fəˈmɪljər ˈɪnərˌkɔrs əv soʊˈsaɪɪti, ə mæn wɪl bi noʊn baɪ ðə ˈdɛlɪkəsi ənd ˈdɛfərəns wɪθ wɪʧ hi bɪˈheɪvz təˈwɔrdz ˈfiˌmeɪlz. ðət mæn wʊd dɪˈzərvədli bi lʊkt əˈpɑn ɛz ˈvɛri dɪˈfɪʃənt ɪn ˈprɑpər rɪˈspɛkt ənd ˈfilɪŋ, hu ʃʊd teɪk ˈɛni ˈfɪzɪkəl ædˈvæntɪʤ əv wən əv ðə ˈwikər sɛks, ər ˈɔfər ˈɛni ˈpərsɪnəl slaɪt təˈwɔrdz hər. ˈwʊmən lʊks, ənd ˈprɑpərli lʊks, fər prəˈtɛkʃən tɪ mæn. ɪt ɪz ðə ˈprɑvɪns əv ðə ˈhəzbənd tɪ ʃild waɪf frəm ˈɪnʤəri; əv ðə ˈfɑðər tɪ prəˈtɛkt ðə ˈdɔtər; ðə ˈbrəðər həz ðə seɪm ˈduti tɪ pərˈfɔrm təˈwɔrdz ðə ˈsɪstər; ənd, ɪn ˈʤɛnərəl, ˈɛvəri mæn ʃʊd, ɪn ðɪs sɛns, bi ðə ˈʧæmpiən ənd ðə ˈləvər əv ˈɛvəri ˈwʊmən. nɑt ˈoʊnli ʃʊd hi bi ˈrɛdi tɪ prəˈtɛkt, bət dɪˈzaɪrəs tɪ pliz, ənd ˈwɪlɪŋ tɪ ˈsækrəˌfaɪs məʧ əv hɪz oʊn ˈpərsɪnəl iz ənd ˈkəmfərt, ɪf, baɪ duɪŋ soʊ, hi kən ˌɪnˈkris ðoʊz əv ˈɛni ˈfiˌmeɪl ɪn huz ˈkəmpəˌni hi meɪ faɪnd hɪmˈsɛlf. ˈpʊtɪŋ ðiz ˈprɪnsəpəlz ˈɪntu ˈpræktɪs, ə mæn, ɪn hɪz oʊn haʊs, wɪl bi kaɪnd ənd rɪˈspɛktfəl ɪn hɪz bɪˈheɪvjər tɪ ˈɛvəri ˈfiˌmeɪl əv ðə ˈfæməli. hi wɪl nɑt juz təˈwɔrdz ðɛm hɑrʃ ˈlæŋgwɪʤ, ˈivɪn ɪf kɔld əˈpɑn tɪ ɪkˈsprɛs ˌdɪsætɪsˈfækʃən wɪθ ðɛr ˈkɑndəkt. ɪn ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən, hi wɪl əbˈsteɪn frəm ˈɛvəri əˈluʒən wɪʧ wʊd pʊt ˈmɑdəsti tɪ ðə bləʃ. hi wɪl, ɛz məʧ ɛz ɪn hɪz paʊər, ˈlaɪtən ðɛr ˈleɪbərz baɪ ˈʧɪrfəl ənd ˈvɑləntɛri əˈsɪstəns. hi wɪl jild tɪ ðɛm ˈɛvəri ˈlɪtəl ædˈvæntɪʤ wɪʧ meɪ əˈkər ɪn ðə ˈrɛgjələr ruˈtin əv dəˈmɛstɪk moʊst ˈkəmfərtəbəl sit, ɪf ðɛr bi ə ˈdɪfərəns; ðə ˈwɔrməst pəˈzɪʃən baɪ ðə ˈfaɪərˌsaɪd; ðə ˈnaɪsɪst slaɪs frəm ðə ˈfæməli ʤɔɪnt, ənd soʊ ɔn. ɪn ə ˈpəblɪk əˈsɛmbli əv ˈɛni kaɪnd, ə mæn wɪl peɪ rɪˈgɑrd tɪ ðə ˈfilɪŋz ənd ˈwɪʃɪz əv ðə ˈfiˌmeɪlz baɪ hum hi ɪz sərˈaʊndɪd. hi wɪl nɑt sɪˈkjʊr ðə bɛst sit fər hɪmˈsɛlf, ənd liv ðə ˈwɪmən foʊk tɪ teɪk kɛr əv ðɛmˈsɛlvz. hi wɪl nɑt bi ˈsitɪd æt ɔl, ɪf ðə ˈmitɪŋ bi ˈkraʊdɪd, ənd ə ˈsɪŋgəl ˈfiˌmeɪl əˈpɪr unaccommodated. gʊd ˈbridɪŋ wɪl kip ə ˈpərsən frəm ˈmeɪkɪŋ laʊd ənd ˈstɑrtlɪŋ ˈnɔɪzɪz, frəm ˈpʊʃɪŋ pæst əˈnəðər ɪn ˈɛnərɪŋ ər goʊɪŋ aʊt əv ə rum; frəm ˌɑstənˈteɪʃəsli ˈjuzɪŋ ə frəm ˈhɔkɪŋ ənd ˈspɪtɪŋ ɪn ˈkəmpəˌni; frəm ˈfɪʤətɪŋ ˈɛni pɑrt əv ðə ˈbɑdi; frəm ˈskræʧɪŋ ðə hɛd, ər ˈpɪkɪŋ ðə tiθ wɪθ fɔrk ər wɪθ ˈfɪŋgər. ɪn ʃɔrt, ɪt wɪl dɪˈrɛkt ɔl hu ˈstədi ɪts rulz tɪ əbˈsteɪn frəm ˈɛvəri ˈpərsɪnəl ækt wɪʧ meɪ gɪv peɪn ər tɪ ˈfilɪŋz. æt ðə seɪm taɪm, ɪt wɪl ɪˈneɪbəl ðɛm tɪ bɛr məʧ wɪˈθaʊt ˈteɪkɪŋ. ɪt wɪl tiʧ ðɛm wɪn tɪ spik ənd wɪn tɪ bi ˈsaɪlənt, ənd haʊ tɪ bɪˈheɪv wɪθ du rɪˈspɛkt tɪ ɔl. baɪ əˈtɛnʃən tɪ ðə rulz əv gʊd ˈbridɪŋ, ənd mɔr əˈspɛʃəli tɪ ɪts ˈlidɪŋ ˈprɪnsəpəlz, ˈpurɪst mæn wɪl bi ɛnˈtaɪtəld tɪ ðə ˈkɛrɪktər əv ə ˈʤɛnəlmən, ənd baɪ ˌɪnəˈtɛnʧən tɪ ðɛm, ðə moʊst ˈwɛlθi ˈpərsən wɪl bi ɛˈsɛnʃəli ˈvəlgər. vəlˈgɛrɪti ˈsɪgnəˌfaɪz ər əv ˈmænər, ənd ɪz nɑt ˌnɛsəˈsɛrəli əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd wɪθ ˈpɑvərti ər əv kənˈdɪʃən. ðəs ən ˈɑpərətɪv meɪ bi ə ˈʤɛnəlmən, ənd ˈwərði əv ɑr ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr ɛˈstim; waɪl ən ˈɑpjələnt ˈmərʧənt meɪ bi ˈoʊnli ə ˈvəlgər klaʊn, wɪθ hum ɪt ɪz ˌɪmˈpɑsəbəl tɪ bi ɔn tərmz əv ˈfrɛndli intercourse.”.” ðə ˈfɑloʊɪŋ rɪˈmɑrks əˈpɑn ðə əv ə gentleman”” baɪ brʊk ər soʊ ˈædmərəbəl ðət aɪ nid meɪk noʊ əˈpɑləˌʤi fər kˈwoʊtɪŋ ðɛm ɪnˈtaɪər. hi sɪz; ɪz noʊ tərm, ɪn ɑr ˈlæŋgwɪʤ, mɔr ˈkɑmən ðən ðət əv ‘‘gentleman;’;’ ənd, wɛˈnɛvər ɪt ɪz hərd, ɔl əˈgri ɪn ðə ˈʤɛnərəl aɪˈdiə əv ə mæn səm weɪ ˈɛləˌveɪtɪd əˈbəv ðə ˈvəlgər. jɛt, pərˈhæps, noʊ tu ˈlɪvɪŋ ər prɪˈsaɪsli əˈgrid riˈspɛktɪŋ ðə kˈwɑlətiz ðeɪ θɪŋk ˈrɛkwəzət fər ˈkɑnstəˌtutɪŋ ðɪs ˈkɛrɪktər. wɪn wi hir ðə ˈɛpəˌθɛts əv ə gentleman,’,’ ˈprɪti gentleman,’,’ əv ə gentleman,’,’ ‘‘gentlemanlike,’,’ əv ə əv ə gentleman,’,’ ənd soʊ fɔrθ; ɔl ðiz ˈdɪfərənt ˌæpəˈleɪʃənz məst ˌɪnˈtɛnd ə pɪˌkjuliˈɛrəti ˈænɛkst tɪ ðə aɪˈdiəz əv ðoʊz hu ɪkˈsprɛs ðɛm; ðoʊ noʊ tu əv ðɛm, ɛz aɪ sɛd, meɪ əˈgri ɪn ðə kənˈstɪʧuənt kˈwɑlətiz əv ðə ˈkɛrɪktər ðeɪ hæv fɔrmd ɪn ðɛr oʊn maɪnd. ðɛr hæv bɪn ˈleɪdiz hu dimd ˈfæʃənəbəl drɛs ə ˈvɛri ˈkæpɪtəl ˌɪnˈgridiənt ɪn ðə ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən ˈʤɛnəlmən. ə ˈsərtən ˈizi əkˈwaɪərd baɪ loʊ ˈpipəl, baɪ ˈkæʒəwəli biɪŋ kənˈvərsənt ɪn haɪ laɪf, həz pæst ə mæn ˈkɑrənt θru ˈmɛni ˈkəmpəˌniz ˈʤɛnəlmən. ɪn ˈtævərnz ənd ˈbrɑθəlz, hi hu ɪz ðə moʊst əv ə ˈbʊli ɪz ðə moʊst ˈʤɛnəlmən. ənd ðə highwayman, ɪn hɪz ˈmænər əv ˈteɪkɪŋ jʊr pərs, meɪ ˌhaʊˈɛvər bi əˈlaʊd tɪ əv ðə ˈʤɛnəlmən. ˈpleɪtoʊ, əˈməŋ ðə fəˈlɑsəfərz, wɑz moʊst əv ə mæn əv fashion;’;’ ənd ˈðɛrˌfɔr əˈlaʊd, æt ðə kɔrt əv ˈsɪrəˌkjuz, tɪ moʊst əv ə ˈʤɛnəlmən. bət ˈsɪriəsli, aɪ ˌæprɪˈhɛnd ðət ðɪs ˈkɛrɪktər ɪz ˈprɪti məʧ əˈpɑn ðə ˈmɑdərn. ɪn ɔl ˈeɪnʧənt ər dɛd ˈlæŋgwɪʤɪz wi hæv noʊ tərm, ˈɛni weɪ ˈædəkˌweɪt, wɛrˈbaɪ wi meɪ ɪkˈsprɛs ɪt. ɪn ðə ˈhæbəts, ˈmænərz, ənd ˈkɛrɪktərz əv oʊld ˈspɑrtɑ ənd oʊld roʊm, wi faɪnd ən ænˈtɪpəθi tɪ ɔl ðə ˈɛləmənts əv ˈmɑdərn ʤɛnˈtɪlɪti. əˈməŋ ðiz rud ənd ˈpipəl, ju rɛd əv fəˈlɑsəfərz, əv ˈɔrətərz, əv ˈpeɪtriəts, ˈhɪroʊz, ənd demigods; bət ju ˈnɛvər hir əv ˈɛni ˈkɛrɪktər soʊ ˈɛləgənt ɛz ðət ˈprɪti ˈʤɛnəlmən. ðoʊz ˈneɪʃənz, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, bɪˈkeɪm rɪˈfaɪnd ˈɪntu wət ðɛr ˈænˌsɛstərz wʊd hæv kɔld kərˈəpʃən; wɪn ˈləgʒəri ˌɪntrəˈdust, ənd ˈfæʃən geɪv ə ˈsæŋkʃən tɪ ˈsərtən ˈsaɪənsɪz, wɪʧ ˈsɪnɪks wʊd hæv ˈbrændɪd wɪθ ðə ɪl ˈmænərd ˌæpəˈleɪʃənz əv ˈdrəŋkənnəs, ˈʧitɪŋ, laɪɪŋ, &si.; ðə prækˈtɪʃənərz əˈsumd ðə nu ˈtaɪtəl əv ˈʤɛnəlmɪn, tɪl səʧ ˈʤɛnəlmɪn bɪˈkeɪm ɛz ɛz stɑrz ɪn ðə milky-way, ənd lɔst dɪˈstɪŋkʃən ˈmɪrli baɪ ðə ˈkɑnfluəns əv ðɛr ˈləstər. ɛz ðə sɛd kˈwɑlətiz wər faʊnd tɪ bi əv ˈrɛdi ˌækwəˈzɪʃən, ənd əv ˈizi dɪˈsɛnt tɪ ðə ˈpɑpjələs frəm ðɛr ˈbɛtərz, æmˈbɪʃən ʤəʤd ɪt ˈnɛsəˌsɛri tɪ æd ˈfərðər mɑrks ənd fər ˈsɛvərɪŋ ðə ˈʤɛnərəl hərd frəm ðə ˈnoʊblər ˈʤɛnəlmɪn. ““accordingly, ɪf ðə wər əbˈzərvd tɪ hæv ə prəˈpɛnsɪti tɪ rɪˈlɪʤən, ðɛr suˈpɪriərz əˈfɛktɪd ə dɪsˈdeɪn əv səʧ ˈvəlgər ˈprɛʤədɪsɪz; ənd ə ˈfridəm ðət kæst ɔf ðə rɪˈstreɪnts əv ˌmɔˈræləˌti, ənd ə kərɪʤ ðət spərnd æt ðə fɪr əv ə gɑd, wər əˈkaʊntɪd ðə dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃɪŋ ə ˈʤɛnəlmən. ðə ˈpɑpjələs, ɛz ɪn ˈʧaɪnə, wər ˌɪnˈdəstriəs ənd ˌɪnˈʤinjəs, ðə grandees, baɪ ðə lɛŋθ əv ðɛr neɪlz ənd ðə ˈkræmpɪŋ əv ðɛr lɪmz, geɪv ˈɛvədəns ðət tru ˈdɪgnəti wɑz əˈbəv ˈleɪbər ənd juˈtɪləti, ənd ðət tɪ bi bɔrn tɪ noʊ ɛnd wɑz ðə ə ˈʤɛnəlmən. ðə ˈkɑmən sɔrt, baɪ ðɛr ˈkɑndəkt, dɪˈklɛrd ə rɪˈspɛkt fər ðə ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃənz əv ˈsɪvəl soʊˈsaɪɪti ənd gʊd ˈgəvərnmənt; ðɛr ˈbɛtərz dɪˈspaɪzd səʧ pjusəˈlænəməs kənˈfɔrməti, ənd ðə ˈmæʤɪˌstreɪts peɪd bɪˈkəmɪŋ rɪˈgɑrd tɪ ðə dɪˈstɪŋkʃən, ənd əˈlaʊd əv ðə suˈpɪriər ˈlɪbərˌtiz ənd ə ˈʤɛnəlmən. ðə loʊər sɛt ʃoʊ ə sɛns əv ˈkɑmən ˈɑnəsti ənd ˈkɑmən ˈɔrdər; ðoʊz hu wʊd ˈfɪgjər ɪn ðə wərld, θɪŋk ɪt ˌɪnˈkəmbənt tɪ ˈdɛmənˌstreɪt ðət tɪ, ˈkɑmən ˈmænərz, ˈkɑmən ˈɛkwəti, ər ˈɛni ˈkɑmən, ɪz kwaɪt bɪˈniθ ðə əˈtɛnʃən ər ə ˈʤɛnəlmən. ““now, ɛz ˈəndərlɪŋz ər ˈɛvər æmˈbɪʃəs əv ˈɪməˌteɪtɪŋ ənd ˌjuˈsərpɪŋ ðə ˈmænərz əv ðɛr suˈpɪriərz; ənd ɛz ðɪs steɪt əv mɔrˈtæləti ɪz ˈɪnsədənt tɪ pərˈpɛʧuəl ʧeɪnʤ ənd ˌrɛvəˈluʃən, ɪt meɪ ˈhæpən, ðət wɪn ðə ˈpɑpjələs, baɪ ɪnˈkroʊʧɪŋ ɔn ðə ˈprɑvɪns əv ʤɛnˈtɪlɪti, hæv əraɪvd tɪ ðɛr ni pləs ˈəltrə əv ˈɪnsələns, irreligion, &si.; ðə ˈʤɛntri, ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ bi əˈgɛn dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃt, meɪ əˈsum ðə ˈsteɪʃən ðət ðɛr hæd fɔrˈseɪkən, ənd, ˌhaʊˈɛvər rɪˈdɪkjələs ðə ˌsəpəˈzɪʃən meɪ əˈpɪr æt ˈprɛzənt, juˈmænɪti, ˈɛkwəti, juˈtɪləti,, ənd ˈpaɪəti, meɪ ɪn taɪm kəm tɪ bi ðə dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃɪŋ ə ˈʤɛnəlmən. əˈpɪrz ðət ðə moʊst ˈʤɛnərəl aɪˈdiə wɪʧ ˈpipəl hæv fɔrmd əv ə ˈʤɛnəlmən, ɪz ðət əv ə ˈpərsən əv ˈfɔrʧən əˈbəv ðə ˈvəlgər, ənd ɛmˈbɛlɪʃt baɪ ˈmænərz ðət ər ˈfæʃənəbəl ɪn haɪ laɪf. ɪn ðɪs keɪs, ˈfɔrʧən ənd ˈfæʃən ər ðə tu kənˈstɪʧuənt ˌɪnˈgridiənts ɪn ðə ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən əv ˈmɑdərn ˈʤɛnəlmɪn; fər ˌwəˈtɛvər ðə ˈfæʃən meɪ bi, ˈwɛðər ˈmɔrəl ər ˌɪˈmɔrəl, fər ər əˈgɛnst ˈrizən, raɪt ər rɔŋ, ɪt ɪz ˈikwəli ðə ˈduti əv ə ˈʤɛnəlmən tɪ kənˈfɔrm. ənd jɛt aɪ ˌæprɪˈhɛnd, ðət tru ʤɛnˈtɪlɪti ɪz ˌɔltəˈgɛðər ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt əv ˈfɔrʧən ər ˈfæʃən, əv taɪm, ˈkəstəmz, ər əˈpɪnjənz əv ˈɛni kaɪnd. ðə ˈvɛri seɪm kˈwɑlətiz ðət ˈkɑnstəˌtutəd ə ˈʤɛnəlmən, ɪn ðə fərst eɪʤ əv ðə wərld, ər ˈpərmɑˌnɛnˌtli, ˌɪnˈvɛriəbli, ənd ˈnɛsəˌsɛri tɪ ðə ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃən əv ðə seɪm ˈkɛrɪktər tɪ ðə ɛnd əv taɪm. wɑz ðə ˈfaɪnəst ˈʤɛnəlmən əv hum wi rɛd ɪn ˈhɪstəri, ənd dɑn kiˈhoʊti ðə ˈfaɪnəst ˈʤɛnəlmən wi əv ɪn ˈroʊmæns; ɛz wɑz frəm ðə ˈtɛnər əv ðɛr ˈprɪnsəpəlz ənd ˈækʃənz. taɪm ˈæftər ðə ˈbætəl əv ˈkrɛsi, ˈɛdwərd ðə θərd əv ˈɪŋglənd, ənd ˈɛdwərd ðə blæk prɪns, ðə mɔr ðən ɛr əv hɪz rɪˈnaʊn, prɛst ʤɑn kɪŋ əv fræns tɪ ˌɪnˈdəlʤ ðɛm wɪθ ðə ˈplɛʒər əv hɪz ˈkəmpəˌni æt ˈləndən. ʤɑn wɑz dɪˈzaɪrəs əv ɛmˈbreɪsɪŋ ðə ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃən, ənd əˈkɔrdɪŋli leɪd ðə prəˈpoʊzəl ˌbiˈfɔr hɪz ˈpɑrləmɛnt æt ˈpɛrɪs. ðə ˈpɑrləmɛnt əˈbʤɛktəd, ðət ðə ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃən hæd bɪn meɪd wɪθ ən ˌɪnˈsɪˌdiəs dɪˈzaɪn əv ˈsizɪŋ hɪz ˈpərsən, ˈðɛrˈbaɪ tɪ meɪk ðə ˈʧipər ənd ˈiziər ˌækwəˈzɪʃən əv ðə kraʊn, tɪ wɪʧ ˈɛdwərd æt ðət taɪm priˈtɛndɪd. bət ʤɑn rɪˈplaɪd, wɪθ səm wɔrmθ, ðət hi wɑz ˈkɑnfədənt hɪz ˈbrəðər ˈɛdwərd, ənd mɔr əˈspɛʃəli hɪz jəŋ ˈkəzən, wər tu məʧ əv ðə ˈʤɛnəlmən, tɪ trit ɪm ɪn ðət ˈmænər. hi dɪd nɑt seɪ tu məʧ əv ðə kɪŋ, əv ðə ˈhɪroʊ, ər əv ðə seɪnt, bət tu məʧ əv ðə ˈʤɛnəlmən tɪ bi ˈgɪlti əv ˈɛni baseness. ˈsikwəl ˈvɛrəˌfaɪd ðɪs əˈpɪnjən. æt ðə ˈbætəl əv kɪŋ ʤɑn wɑz meɪd ˈprɪzənər, ənd sun ˈæftər kənˈdəktəd baɪ ðə blæk prɪns tɪ ˈɪŋglənd. ðə prɪns ˈɛnərd ˈləndən ɪn traɪəmf, əˈmɪd ðə θrɔŋ ənd əv ˈmɪljənz əv ðə ˈpipəl. bət ðɛn ðɪs ˈrəðər əˈpɪrd tɪ bi ðə traɪəmf əv ðə frɛnʧ kɪŋ ðən ðət əv hɪz ˈkɑŋkərər. ʤɑn wɑz ˈsitɪd ɔn ə praʊd stid, ˈrɔɪəli roʊbd, ənd əˈtɛndəd baɪ ə ˈnumərəs ənd ˈgɔrʤəs treɪn əv ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ noʊˈbɪləti; waɪl hɪz ˈkɑŋkərər ɪnˈdɛvərd, ɛz məʧ ɛz ˈpɑsəbəl, tɪ ˌdɪsəˈpɪr, ənd roʊd baɪ hɪz saɪd ɪn pleɪn əˈtaɪər, ənd ˈsitɪd ɔn ə ˈlɪtəl ˈaɪrɪʃ ˈhɑbi. 43 ˈɛrəˌstɑtəl ənd ðə ˈkrɪtɪks dəraɪvd ðɛr rulz fər ˈɛpɪk ˈpoʊətri ənd ðə səˈblaɪm frəm ə poʊəm wɪʧ ˈhoʊmər hæd ˈrɪtən lɔŋ ˌbiˈfɔr ðə rulz wər fɔrmd, ər lɔz ɪˈstæblɪʃt fər ðə ˈpərpəs: ðəs, frəm ðə dɪˈminər ənd ˌɪˈneɪt ˈprɪnsəpəlz əv ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr ˈʤɛnəlmɪn, ɑrt həz ˈbɑˌroʊd ənd ˈɪnstɪˌtutɪd ðə ˈmɛni moʊdz əv bɪˈheɪvjər, wɪʧ ðə wərld həz əˈdɑptəd, ˈəndər ðə ˈtaɪtəl əv gʊd ˈmænərz. kˈwɑləti əv ə ˈʤɛnəlmən ɪz ðət əv ˈʧɛrɪti tɪ ðə pur; ənd ðɪs ɪz ˈdɛləkətli ɪn ðə əˈkaʊnt wɪʧ dɑn kiˈhoʊti gɪvz, tɪ hɪz fæst frɛnd ˈsɑnkoʊ pancha, əv ðə bət jɛt mɔr paɪəs seɪnt ˈmɑrtɪn. ɔn ə deɪ, sɛd ðə dɑn, seɪnt ˈmɑrtɪn mɛt ə pur mæn hæf ˈneɪkəd, ənd ˈteɪkɪŋ hɪz kloʊk frəm hɪz ˈʃoʊldərz, hi dɪˈvaɪdɪd, ənd geɪv ɪm ðə wən hæf. naʊ, tɛl mi æt wət taɪm əv ðə jɪr ðɪs ˈhæpənd. wɑz aɪ ə ˈwɪtnəs? kwoʊθ, ˈsɑnkoʊ; haʊ ðə ˈvɛnʤəns ʃʊd aɪ noʊ ɪn wət jɪr ər wət taɪm əv ðə jɪr ɪt ˈhæpənd? ðaʊ ˈsɑnkoʊ, riˈʤɔɪnd ðə naɪt, ˈɛniˌθɪŋ wɪˈθɪn ði əv ðə ˈsɛnəmənt əv seɪnt ˈmɑrtɪn, ðaʊ məst əˈʃʊrədli hæv noʊn ðət ðɪs ˈhæpənd ɪn ˈwɪntər; fər, hæd ɪt bɪn ˈsəmər, seɪnt ˈmɑrtɪn wʊd hæd ˈgɪvɪn ðə hoʊl kloʊk. ˌkɛrɪktərˈɪstɪk əv ðə tru ˈʤɛnəlmən, ɪz ə ˈdɛlɪkəsi əv bɪˈheɪvjər təˈwɔrd ðət sɛks hum ˈneɪʧər həz ɛnˈtaɪtəld tɪ ðə prəˈtɛkʃən, ənd ˈkɑnsəkˌwɛntli ɛnˈtaɪtəld tɪ ðə ˈtɛndərnəs, əv mæn. seɪm gentleman-errant, ˈɛnərɪŋ ˈɪntu ə wʊd ɔn ə ˈivnɪŋ, faʊnd hɪmˈsɛlf ɛnˈtæŋgəld əˈməŋ nɛts əv grin θrɛd ðət, hir ənd ðɛr, həŋ frəm tri tɪ tri; ənd kənˈsivɪŋ ɪt səm ˈmætər əv conjuration, pʊʃt ˈfɔrwərd tɪ breɪk θru ðə ɛnˈʧæntmənt. səm ˈbjutəfəl wɪθ ə kraɪ, ənd ɪm tɪ spɛr ðə ˈɪmpləmənts əv ðɛr ˈɪnəsənt ˌrɛkriˈeɪʃən. ðə naɪt, səˈpraɪzd ənd ʧɑrmd baɪ ðə ˈvɪʒən, ˈkriʧərz! maɪ ˈprɑvɪns ɪz tɪ prəˈtɛkt, nɑt tɪ ˈɪnʤər; tɪ sik ɔl minz əv ˈsərvɪs, bət ˈnɛvər əv, mɔr əˈspɛʃəli tɪ ˈɛni əv jʊr sɛks ənd əˈpɛrənt. jʊr ˈprɪti nɛts teɪk əp bət ə smɔl pis əv ˈfeɪvərd graʊnd; bət, dɪd ðeɪ ðə wərld, aɪ wʊd sik aʊt nu wərldz, wɛrˈbaɪ aɪ maɪt wɪn ə ˈpæsɪʤ, ˈrəðər ðən breɪk ðɛm. ˈvɛri ˈləvli bət gərlz hæd ə kɔz, əv səm ˈkɑnsəkwəns, dɪˈpɛndɪŋ æt ˌwɛstˈmɪnstər, ðət rikˈwaɪərd ðɛr ˈpərsɪnəl əˈpɪrəns. ðeɪ wər riˈleɪʃənz əv sər ˈʤoʊzəf jeckel, ənd, ɔn ðɪs trɪˈmɛndəs əˈkeɪʒən, rɪkˈwɛstɪd hɪz ˈkəmpəˌni ənd ˈkaʊntənəns æt ðə kɔrt. sər ˈʤoʊzəf əˈtɛndəd əˈkɔrdɪŋli; ənd ðə kɔz biɪŋ ˈoʊpənd, ðə ʤəʤ dɪˈmændɪd ˈwɛðər hi wɑz tɪ ɪnˈtaɪtəl ðoʊz ˈleɪdiz baɪ ðə dɪˌnɔməˈneɪʃən əv spinsters. ‘‘no, maɪ lord,’,’ sɛd sər ˈʤoʊzəf; ər ˈlɪliz əv ðə ˈvæli, ðeɪ tɔɪl nɑt, ˈniðər du ðeɪ spɪn, jɛt ju si ðət noʊ ˈmɑˌnɑrk, ɪn ɔl hɪz ˈglɔri, wɑz ˈɛvər əreɪd laɪk wən əv these.’.’ ˈvɛri pɪˈkjuljər ˌkɛrɪktərˈɪstɪk əv ə ˈʤɛnəlmən ɪz, ðə ˈgɪvɪŋ pleɪs ənd ˈjildɪŋ tɪ ɔl wɪθ hum hi həz tɪ du. əv ðɪs wi hæv ə ˈʃaɪnɪŋ ənd əˈfɛktɪŋ ˈɪnstəns ɪn ˈeɪbrəˌhæm, pərˈhæps ðə moʊst əˈkɑmplɪʃt ˈkɛrɪktər ðət meɪ bi faʊnd ɪn ˈhɪstəri, ˈwɛðər ˈseɪkrɪd ər proʊˈfeɪn. ə kənˈtɛnʃən hæd ərˈɪzən bɪtˈwin ðə ˈhərdzmɪn əv ˈeɪbrəˌhæm ənd ðə ˈhərdzmɪn əv hɪz ˈnɛfju, lɔt, ðə prəˈpraɪəti əv ðə ˈpæsʧər əv ðə lændz wɛˈrɪn ðeɪ dwɛld, ðət kʊd naʊ skɛrs kənˈteɪn ðə əˈbəndəns əv ðɛr ˈkætəl. ənd ðoʊz ˈsərvənts, ɛz ɪz ˌjunəˈvərsəli ðə keɪs, hæd rɪˈspɛktɪvli ɪnˈdɛvərd tɪ ˈkɪndəl ənd ɪnˈfleɪm ðɛr ˈmæstərz wɪθ ðɛr oʊn ˈpæʃənz. wɪn ˈeɪbrəˌhæm, ɪn ˈkɑnsəkwəns əv ðɪs, pərˈsivd ðət ðə ˈkaʊntənəns əv lɔt bɪˈgæn tɪ ʧeɪnʤ təˈwɔrd ɪm, hi kɔld, ənd ˈʤɛnərəsli wɪθ ɪm ɛz followeth: ðɛr bi noʊ straɪf, aɪ preɪ ði, bɪtˈwin mi ənd ði, ər bɪtˈwin maɪ ˈhərdzmɪn ənd ðaɪ ˈhərdzmɪn; fər wi bi ˈbrɛðrən. ɪf ɪt bi ðaɪ dɪˈzaɪər tɪ ˈsɛpərˌeɪt ˌðaɪˈsɛlf frəm mi, ɪz nɑt ðə hoʊl lænd ˌbiˈfɔr ði? ɪf ðaʊ wɪlt teɪk ðə lɛft hænd, ðɛn wɪl aɪ goʊ tɪ ðə raɪt; ər ɪf ðaʊ dɪˈpɑrt tɪ ðə raɪt hænd, ðɛn aɪ wɪl goʊ tɪ ðə left.’.’ ˈkæpɪtəl kˈwɑləti əv ðə tru ˈʤɛnəlmən ɪz, ðət əv ˈfilɪŋ hɪmˈsɛlf kənˈsərnd ənd ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd ɪn ˈəðərz. ˈnɛvər wɑz ðɛr soʊ bəˈnɛvələnt, soʊ əˈfɛktɪŋ, soʊ pəˈθɛtɪk ə pis əv ˈɔrəˌtɔri ɪgˈzɪbətəd əˈpɑn ərθ, ɛz ðət əv ˈplidɪŋ wɪθ gɑd fər əˈvərtɪŋ ðə ˈʤəʤmənts ðət ðɛn ˈoʊvər ˈsɔdəm. bət ðə ˈmætər ɪz ɔˈrɛdi soʊ ˈʤɛnərəli ˈsɛləˌbreɪtɪd, ðət aɪ æm kənˈstreɪnd tɪ rɪˈfər maɪ ˈridər tɪ ðə ˈpæsɪʤ æt fʊl; sɪns ðə sˈmɔləst məst dɪˈdəkt frəm ɪts ˈbjutiz, ənd ðət ˈnəθɪŋ kən bi ˈædɪd tɪ ðə ˌðɛˈrəv. ““honor, əˈgɛn, ɪz sɛd, ɪn ˈskrɪpʧər, pɪˈkjuljərli tɪ dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃ ðə ˈkɛrɪktər əv ə ˈʤɛnəlmən; wɛr ɪt ɪz ˈrɪtən əv sechem, ðə sən əv ˈhæmər, hi wɑz mɔr ˈɑnərəbəl ðən ɔl ðə haʊs əv hɪz father.’.’ hɛns ɪt meɪ bi ˌɪnˈfərd, ðət ˈjumən ˈɛksələns, ər ˈjumən amiableness, dɔθ nɑt soʊ məʧ kənˈsɪst ɪn ə ˈfridəm frəm ˈfreɪlti ɛz ɪn ɑr rɪˈkəvəri frəm ɑr əv ɑr oʊn trænzˈgrɛʃənz, ənd ɑr dɪˈzaɪər əv atoning, baɪ ɔl ˈpɑsəbəl minz, ðə ˈɪnʤəriz wi hæv dən, ənd ðə wi hæv ˈgɪvɪn. hɪˈrɪn, ˈðɛrˌfɔr, meɪ kənˈsɪst ðə ˈvɛri ˈsɪŋgjələr dɪˈstɪŋkʃən wɪʧ ðə greɪt əˈpɔsəl meɪks bɪtˈwin hɪz ˌɛstəˈmeɪʃən əv ə ʤɪst ənd əv ə gʊd mæn. ə ʤɪst ər ˈraɪʧəs man,’,’ sɪz hi, wʊd grəʤ tɪ daɪ; bət fər ə gʊd mæn wən wʊd ˈivɪn dɛr tɪ die.’.’ hir ðə ʤɪst mæn ɪz səˈpoʊzd tɪ əˈdhɪr ˈstrɪktli tɪ ðə rul əv raɪt ər ˈɛkwəti, ənd tɪ ɪgˈzækt frəm ˈəðərz ðə seɪm ˈmɛʒər ðət hi ɪz ˈsætɪsˌfaɪd tɪ ˈmɛtə; bət ðə gʊd mæn, ðoʊ ɔˈkeɪʒənəˌli hi meɪ fɔl ʃɔrt əv ˈʤəstɪs, həz, ˈprɑpərli ˈspikɪŋ, noʊ ˈmɛʒər tɪ hɪz bəˈnɛvələns, hɪz ˈʤɛnərəl prəˈpɛnsɪti ɪz tɪ gɪv mɔr ðən ðə du. ðə ʤɪst mæn kənˈdɛmz, ənd ɪz dɪˈzaɪrəs əv ˈpənɪʃɪŋ ðə əv ðə laɪn priˈskraɪbd tɪ hɪmˈsɛlf; bət ðə gʊd mæn, ɪn ðə sɛns əv hɪz oʊn fɔlz ənd ˈfeɪlɪŋz, gɪvz ˈlætəˌtud, ˌɪnˈdəlʤəns, ənd ˈpɑrdən tɪ ˈəðərz; hi ˈʤəʤɪz, hi kənˈdɛmz noʊ wən seɪv hɪmˈsɛlf. ðə ʤɪst mæn ɪz ə strim ðət ˈdiviˌeɪts nɑt tɪ ðə raɪt ər lɛft frəm ɪts əˈpɔɪntɪd ˈʧænəl, ˈniðər ɪz swɛld baɪ ðə fləd əv ˈpæʃən əˈbəv ɪts bæŋks; bət ðə hɑrt əv ðə gʊd mæn, ðə mæn əv ˈɑnər, ðə ˈʤɛnəlmən, ɪz ɛz ə læmp ˈlaɪtɪd baɪ ðə brɛθ əv gɑd, ənd nən seɪv gɑd hɪmˈsɛlf kən sɛt ˈlɪmɪts tɪ ðə ˈɛfləks ər ˌðɛˈrəv. ““again, ðə ˈʤɛnəlmən ˈnɛvər ˈɛni suˈpɪriər ˈɛksələns, bət groʊz hɪmˈsɛlf mɔr ˈɛksələnt, baɪ biɪŋ ðə ædˈmaɪrər, prəˈmoʊtər, ənd ˈləvər ˌðɛˈrəv. sɔl sɛd tɪ hɪz sən ˈʤɑnəθən, sən əv ðə pərˈvərs, rɪˈbɛljəs ˈwʊmən, du nɑt aɪ noʊ ðət ðaʊ hæst ˈʧoʊzən ðə sən əv ˈʤɛsi tɪ ðaɪn oʊn kənfˈjuʒən? fər ɛz lɔŋ ɛz ðə sən əv ˈʤɛsi əˈpɑn ðə graʊnd, ðaʊ ʃælt nɑt bi nɔr ðaɪ ˈkɪŋdəm; sɛnd ənd fɛʧ ɪm ˈəntu mi, fər hi ʃæl ˈʃʊrli die.’.’ hir ˈɛvəri ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪŋ ˈmoʊtɪv ðət kən ˈpɑsəbli bi kənˈsivd tɪ hæv ən ˈɪnfluəns ɔn mæn, juˈnaɪtɪd tɪ ərʤ ˈʤɑnəθən tɪ ðə dɪˈstrəkʃən əv ˈdeɪvɪd; hi wʊd ˈðɛrˈbaɪ hæv oʊˈbeɪd hɪz kɪŋ, ənd ˈpæsəˌfaɪd ə ˈfɑðər hu wɑz ɪnˈreɪʤd əˈgɛnst ɪm. hi wʊd ˈðɛrˈbaɪ hæv riˈmuvd ðə ˈoʊnli ˈluməˌnɛri ðət ðɛn ɪˈklɪpst ðə ˈbraɪtnəs əv hɪz oʊn əˈʧivmənts. ənd hi sɔ, ɛz hɪz ˈfɑðər sɛd, ðət ðə dɛθ əv ˈdeɪvɪd əˈloʊn kʊd ɪˈstæblɪʃ ðə ˈkɪŋdəm ɪn hɪmˈsɛlf ənd hɪz pɑˈstɛrəti. bət ɔl ðoʊz kənˌsɪdərˈeɪʃənz wər əv noʊ əˈveɪl tɪ meɪk ˈʤɑnəθən swərv frəm ˈɑnər, tɪ sˈlækən ðə bændz əv hɪz feɪθ, ər kul ðə wɔrmθ əv hɪz ˈfrɛndʃɪp. oʊ ˈʤɑnəθən! ðə ˈsækrəˌfaɪs wɪʧ ðaʊ ðɛn tɪ ˈvərʧu, wɑz ˌɪnˈkɑmpərəbli mɔr ˌɪˈləstriəs ɪn ðə saɪt əv gɑd ənd hɪz ˈeɪnʤəlz ðən ɔl ðə ˈsəbsəkwənt ˈglɔriz tɪ wɪʧ ˈdeɪvɪd əˈteɪnd. wət ə kraʊn wɑz ðaɪn, ‘‘jonathan, wɪn ðaʊ sleɪn ɪn ðaɪ haɪ places!’!’ əv ˈtɑrsəs hæd bɪn ə mæn əv ˈbɪgətri, bləd, ənd ˈvaɪələns; ˈmeɪkɪŋ ˈhævək, ənd ˈbriðɪŋ aʊt ənd sˈlɔtər, əˈgɛnst ɔl hu wər nɑt əv hɪz oʊn sɛkt ənd pərsˈweɪʒən. bət, wɪn ðə ˈspɪrɪt əv ðət ˈɪnfənt, hu leɪd hɪmˈsɛlf ɪn ðə ˈmeɪnʤər əv ˈjumən flɛʃ, keɪm əˈpɑn ɪm, hi əkˈwaɪərd ə nu hɑrt ənd ə nu ˈneɪʧər; ənd hi ˈɔfərd hɪmˈsɛlf ə ˈwɪlɪŋ ˈsəbʤɪkt tɪ ɔl ðə ˈsəfərɪŋz ənd ˌpərsəˈkjuʃəns wɪʧ hi hæd brɔt əˈpɑn ˈəðərz. frəm ðət taɪm, ɪgˈzɛmpləˌfaɪd ɪn hɪz oʊn ˈpərsən, ɔl ðoʊz kˈwɑlətiz əv ðə ˈʤɛnəlmən, wɪʧ hi ˈæftərwərdz ˈspɛsəˌfaɪz ɪn hɪz ˈsɛləˌbreɪtɪd dɪˈskrɪpʃən əv ðət ˈʧɛrɪti, wɪʧ, ɛz hi sɪz, əˈloʊn wɪn ˈfɛstəs kraɪd wɪθ ə laʊd vɔɪs, ‘‘paul, ðaʊ ɑrt ˌbiˈsaɪd ˌðaɪˈsɛlf, məʧ ˈlərnɪŋ dɔθ meɪk ði mad;’;’ pɔl strɛʧt ðə hænd, ənd ˈænsərd, æm nɑt mæd, moʊst ˈnoʊbəl ˈfɛstəs, bət spik fɔrθ ðə wərdz əv truθ ənd soberness. fər ðə kɪŋ əv ðiz θɪŋz, ˌbiˈfɔr hum ˈɔlsoʊ aɪ spik ˈfrili; fər aɪ æm pərsˈweɪdɪd ðət nən əv ðiz θɪŋz ər ˈhɪdən frəm ɪm. kɪŋ əˈgrɪpə, ðaʊ ðə ˈprɑfəts? aɪ noʊ ðət ðaʊ believest.’.’ ðɛn əˈgrɪpə sɛd ˈəntu pɔl, ðaʊ mi tɪ bi ə christian.’.’ ənd pɔl sɛd, wʊd tɪ gɑd ðət nɑt ˈoʊnli ðaʊ, bət ˈɔlsoʊ ɔl ðət hir mi ðɪs deɪ, wər nɑt ˈoʊnli ˈɔlˌmoʊst bət ˌɔltəˈgɛðər səʧ ɛz aɪ ðiz bonds.’.’ hir, wɪθ wət ən ˌɪˈnɪmətəbəl ˈɛləgəns dɪd ðɪs mæn, ɪn hɪz oʊn ˈpərsən, æt wəns səm əp ðə ˈɔrətər, ðə seɪnt, ənd ðə ˈʤɛnəlmən! ðiz ˈɪnstənsɪz, maɪ frɛnd, ju məst hæv sin ðət ðə ˈkɛrɪktər, ər ˈrəðər kˈwɑləti əv ə ˈʤɛnəlmən, dɪz nɑt, ɪn ˈɛni dɪˈgri, dɪˈpɛnd ɔn ˈfæʃən ər moʊd, ɔn ˈsteɪʃən ər əˈpɪnjən; ˈniðər ˈʧeɪnʤɪz wɪθ ˈkəstəmz, ˈklaɪmɪt, ər ˈeɪʤɪz. bət, ɛz ðə ˈspɪrɪt əv gɑd kən əˈloʊn ˌɪnˈspaɪr ɪt ˈɪntu mæn, soʊ ɪt ɪz, ɛz gɑd ɪz ðə seɪm, ˈjɛstərˌdeɪ, to-day, ənd forever.”.” ɪn kənˈkludɪŋ ðɪs ˈʧæptər aɪ wʊd seɪ: ðə ˈkɑmən ˈækʃənz ənd trænˈzækʃənz əv laɪf, ðɛr ɪz ə waɪd dɪˈstɪŋkʃən bɪtˈwin ðə ənd ðə. ɪf ə ˈpərsən əv ðə ˈlætər sɔrt bi ɪn ə suˈpɪriər kənˈdɪʃən ɪn laɪf, hɪz ˈkɑndəkt təˈwɔrdz ðoʊz bɪˈloʊ ɪm, ər dɪˈpɛndənt əˈpɑn ɪm, ɪz mɑrkt baɪ haughtiness, ər baɪ ˌkɑndəˈsɛnʃən. ɪn ðə ˈkəmpəˌni əv hɪz ˈikwəlz ɪn ˈsteɪʃən ənd ˈsərkəmˌstænsɪz, ən mæn ˈiðər ənd kˈwɔrəlsəm, ər əˈfɛnsɪvli fəˈmɪljər. hi dɪz nɑt kənˈsɪdər ðət: mæn hu heɪlz ju tɑm ər ʤæk, ənd pruvz, baɪ θəmps əˈpɑn jʊr bæk, haʊ hi jʊr ˈmɛrət, ɪz səʧ ə frɛnd, ðət wən hæd nid bi ˈvɛri məʧ ə frɛnd ˌɪnˈdid, tɪ ˈpɑrdən ər tɪ bɛr it.’.’ ɪf ə mæn vɔɪd əv gʊd ˈbridɪŋ hæv tɪ trænˈzækt ˈbɪznɪs wɪθ ə suˈpɪriər ɪn wɛlθ ər ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃən, ɪt ɪz mɔr ðən ˈlaɪkli ðət hi wɪl bi ˈnidləsli ˈhəmbəl, ˌənɪnˈtɛnʃənəli ˈɪnsələnt, ər, æt ˈɛni reɪt, ˈmɪzərəbli ɪmˈbɛrəst. ɔn ðə ˈkɑntrɛri, ə ˈpərsən wɪl ˌɪnˈstɪŋktɪvˌli əˈvɔɪd ɔl ðiz ˈɛrərz., hi wɪl spik ˈkaɪndli ənd considerately, soʊ ɛz tɪ rɪˈliv ðɛm frəm ˈɛni ˈfilɪŋ əv biɪŋ bɪˈniθ ɪm ɪn ˈsərkəmˌstænsɪz. tɪ ˈikwəlz, hi wɪl bi pleɪn, ˌənəˈfɛktɪd, ənd ˈkərtiəs. tɪ suˈpɪriərz, hi wɪl noʊ haʊ tɪ ʃoʊ bɪˈkəmɪŋ rɪˈspɛkt, wɪˈθaʊt dɪˈsɛndɪŋ tɪ ər ˈminnəs. ɪn ʃɔrt, hi wɪl ækt ə ˈmænli, ˌɪnəˈfɛnsɪv, ənd əˈgriəbəl pɑrt, ɪn ɔl ðə ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃənz ɪn laɪf ɪn wɪʧ hi meɪ bi placed.’”.’” 50 ˈʧæptər iii. ˈteɪbəl ˈɛtəkət. ɪt meɪ sim ə ˈvɛri ˈsɪmpəl θɪŋ tɪ it jʊr milz, jɛt ðɛr ɪz noʊ əˈkeɪʒən əˈpɑn wɪʧ ðə ˈʤɛnəlmən, ənd ðə, ˈvəlgər mæn ər mɔr ˈstrɔŋli kənˈtræstəd, ðən wɪn æt ðə ˈteɪbəl. ðə rulz aɪ ʃæl gɪv fər ˈteɪbəl ˈɛtəkət wɪn ɪn ˈkəmpəˌni wɪl əˈplaɪ ˈikwəli wɛl fər ðə hoʊm ˈsərkəl, wɪθ ðə ɪkˈsɛpʃən əv səm fju pɔɪnts, ˈrɛdəli dɪˈsərnəbəl, wɪʧ meɪ bi oʊˈmɪtɪd æt jʊr oʊn ˈteɪbəl. ə mæn, rɪˈsivɪŋ ən ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃən tɪ daɪn wɪθ ə frɛnd ʃʊd rɪˈplaɪ tɪ ɪt ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli, ˈwɛðər hi ækˈsɛpts ər dɪˈklaɪnz ɪt. hi ʃʊd bi ˈpəŋkʧuəl tɪ ðə aʊər neɪmd ɪn ðə ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃən, faɪv ər tɛn ˈmɪnəts ˈərliər ɪf kənˈvinjənt, bət nɑt wən ˈɪnstənt ˈleɪtər. hi məst ˈnɛvər, ənˈlɛs hi həz ˈpriviəsli æst pərˈmɪʃən tɪ du soʊ, teɪk wɪθ ɪm ˈɛni frɛnd nɑt neɪmd ɪn hɪz ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃən. hɪz hoʊst ənd ˈhoʊstəs hæv ðə ˈprɪvɪlɪʤ əv ˌɪnˈvaɪtɪŋ hum ðeɪ wɪl, ənd ɪt ɪz ən tɪ fɔrs ðɛm tɪ ɪkˈstɛnd ðɛr ˌhɑspəˈtæləti, ɛz ðeɪ məst du ɪf ju ˌɪntrəˈdus ə frɛnd æt ðɛr oʊn haʊs. spik, ɔn ˈɛnərɪŋ ðə ˈpɑrlər əv jʊr frɛnd, fərst tɪ ðə ˈhoʊstəs, ðɛn tɪ ðə hoʊst. wɪn ˈdɪnər ɪz əˈnaʊnst, ðə hoʊst ər ˈhoʊstəs gɪv ðə ˈsɪgnəl fər ˈlivɪŋ ðə, ənd ju wɪl ˈprɑbəˌbli bi rɪkˈwɛstɪd tɪ ˈɛskɔrt wən əv ðə ˈleɪdiz tɪ ðə ˈteɪbəl. ˈɔfər tɪ hər jʊr lɛft ɑrm, ənd æt ðə ˈteɪbəl weɪt ənˈtɪl ʃi ɪz ˈsitɪd, ˌɪnˈdid weɪt ənˈtɪl ˈɛvəri ˈleɪdi ɪz ˈsitɪd, ˌbiˈfɔr ˈteɪkɪŋ jʊr oʊn pleɪs. ɪn ˈlivɪŋ ðə ˈpɑrlər ju wɪl pæs aʊt fərst, ənd ðə ˈleɪdi wɪl ˈfɑloʊ ju, stɪl ˈhoʊldɪŋ jʊr ɑrm. æt ðə dɔr əv ðə dining-room, ðə ˈleɪdi wɪl drɔp jʊr ɑrm. pæs ɪn, ðɛn weɪt ɔn wən saɪd əv ðə ˈɛntrəns tɪl ʃi ˈpæsɪz ju, tɪ hər pleɪs æt ðə ˈteɪbəl. ɪf ðɛr ər noʊ ˈleɪdiz, ju meɪ goʊ tɪ ðə ˈteɪbəl wɪθ ˈɛni ˈʤɛnəlmən hu stændz nɪr ju, ər wɪθ hum ju meɪ bi kənˈvərsɪŋ wɪn ˈdɪnər ɪz əˈnaʊnst. ɪf jʊr kəmˈpænjən ɪz ˈoʊldər ðən ˈjɔrsɛlf, ɪkˈstɛnd tɪ ɪm ðə seɪm ˈkərtəsi wɪʧ ju wʊd juz təˈwɔrdz ə ˈleɪdi. ðɛr ər ə ˈθaʊzənd ˈlɪtəl pɔɪnts tɪ bi əbˈzərvd ɪn jʊr ˈkɑndəkt æt ˈteɪbəl wɪʧ, waɪl ðeɪ ər nɑt ˌæbsəˈlutli ˈnɛsəˌsɛri, ər jɛt dɪˈstɪŋktɪv mɑrks əv ə mæn. ɪf, wɪn æt hoʊm, ju ˈpræktɪs həˈbɪʧuəli ðə ˈkərtəsiz əv ðə ˈteɪbəl, ðeɪ wɪl sɪt əˈpɑn ju ˈizəli wɪn əˈbrɔd; bət ɪf ju nɪˈglɛkt ðɛm æt hoʊm, ju wɪl juz ðɛm ˈɔkwərdli wɪn ɪn ˈkəmpəˌni, ənd ju wɪl faɪnd ˈjɔrsɛlf ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪzd ɛz ə mæn hu həz manners,”,” ˈoʊnli wɪn əˈbrɔd. aɪ hæv sin mɛn hu it sup, ər ʧud ðɛr fud, ɪn soʊ ˈnɔɪzi ə ˈmænər ɛz tɪ bi hərd frəm wən ɛnd əv ðə ˈteɪbəl tɪ ðə ˈəðər; fɪl ðɛr maʊðz soʊ fʊl əv fud, ɛz tɪ θˈrɛtən ˌsəfəˈkeɪʃən ər ˈʧoʊkɪŋ; juz ðɛr oʊn naɪf fər ðə ˈbətər, ənd sɔlt; pʊt ðɛr ˈfɪŋgərz ɪn ðə ˈʃʊgər boʊl; ənd kəˈmɪt ˈəðər fɔlts kwaɪt ɛz ˈmɑnstrəs, jɛt ˈpərfəktli ˌənˈkɑnʃəs ðət ðeɪ wər duɪŋ ˈɛniˌθɪŋ tɪ əˈtrækt əˈtɛnʃən. traɪ tɪ sɪt ˈizəli ənd ˈgreɪsfəli, bət æt ðə seɪm taɪm əˈvɔɪd ˈkraʊdɪŋ ðoʊz ˌbiˈsaɪd ju. fɑr frəm ˈitɪŋ wɪθ əv ˌwəˈtɛvər ˈdɛlɪkəsiz wɪʧ meɪ bi əˈpɑn ðə ˈteɪbəl, ənd wɪʧ ər ˈɔfən sərvd ɪn smɔl kˈwɑntətiz, pɑrˈteɪk əv ðɛm bət ˈspɛrɪŋli, ənd dɪˈklaɪn ðɛm wɪn ˈɔfərd ðə ˈsɛkənd taɪm. ˈmɛni mɛn æt ðɛr oʊn ˈteɪbəl hæv ˈlɪtəl pɪˈkjuljər ˈnoʊʃənz, wɪʧ ə gɛst dɪz wɛl tɪ rɪˈspɛkt. səm wɪl fil hərt, ˈivɪn əˈfɛndɪd, ɪf ju dɪˈklaɪn ə dɪʃ wɪʧ ðeɪ ˌrɛkəˈmɛnd; waɪl ˈəðərz ɪkˈspɛkt ju tɪ it ɪˈnɔrməsli, ɛz ɪf ðeɪ fɪrd ju dɪd nɑt əˈpriʃiˌeɪt ðɛr ˌhɑspəˈtæləti ənˈlɛs ju ˈteɪstɪd əv ˈɛvəri dɪʃ əˈpɑn ðə ˈteɪbəl. traɪ tɪ peɪ rɪˈspɛkt tɪ səʧ wɪmz æt ðə ˈteɪbəl əv ˈəðərz, bət əˈvɔɪd ˈhævɪŋ ˈɛni səʧ ˈnoʊʃənz wɪn prɪˈzaɪdɪŋ ˈoʊvər jʊr oʊn bɔrd. əbˈzərv ə strɪkt soʊˈbraɪəti; ˈnɛvər drɪŋk əv mɔr ðən wən kaɪnd əv waɪn, ənd pɑrˈteɪk əv ðət ˈspɛrɪŋli. ðə staɪl əv ˈsərvɪŋ ˈdɪnər ɪz ˈdɪfərənt æt ˈdɪfərənt ˈhaʊsɪz; ɪf ðɛr ər ˈmɛni ˈsərvənts ðeɪ wɪl brɪŋ ju jʊr pleɪt fɪld, ənd ju məst kip ɪt. ɪf ju hæv ðə kɛr əv ə ˈleɪdi, si ðət ʃi həz wət ʃi dɪˈzaɪərz, ˌbiˈfɔr ju gɪv jʊr oʊn ˈɔrdər tɪ ðə ˈweɪtər; bət ɪf ðɛr ər bət fju dəˈmɛstɪks, ənd ðə ˈdɪʃɪz ər əˈpɑn ðə ˈteɪbəl, ju meɪ wɪθ ˈpərˌfɪkt prəˈpraɪəti hɛlp ðoʊz nɪr ju, frəm ˈɛni dɪʃ wɪˈθɪn jʊr riʧ. ɪf jʊr hoʊst ər ˈhoʊstəs ˈpæsɪz ju ə pleɪt, kip ɪt, əˈspɛʃəli ɪf ju hæv ˈʧoʊzən ðə fud əˈpɑn ɪt, fər ˈəðərz hæv ˈɔlsoʊ ə ʧɔɪs, ənd baɪ ˈpæsɪŋ ɪt, ju meɪ gɪv ˈneɪbər ˈdɪʃɪz dɪˈsteɪstfəl tɪ ɪm, ənd teɪk ˈjɔrsɛlf ðoʊz wɪʧ hi wʊd məʧ prɪˈfər. ɪf ɪn ðə livz əv jʊr ˈsæləd, ər ɪn ə pleɪt əv frut ju faɪnd ə wərm ər ˈɪnˌsɛkt, pæs jʊr pleɪt tɪ ðə ˈweɪtər, wɪˈθaʊt ˈɛni ˈkɑmɛnt, ənd hi wɪl brɪŋ ju əˈnəðər. bi ˈkɛrfəl tɪ əˈvɔɪd ðə ɪkˈstrimz əv ˈglətəni ər ˈoʊvər æt ˈteɪbəl. tɪ it ɪˈnɔrməsli ɪz dɪsˈgəstɪŋ; bət ɪf ju it tu ˈspɛrɪŋli, jʊr hoʊst meɪ θɪŋk ðət ju dɪˈspaɪz hɪz fɛr. wɔʧ ðət ðə ˈleɪdi hum ju ɛˈskɔrtɪd tɪ ðə ˈteɪbəl ɪz wɛl hɛlpt. lɪft ənd ʧeɪnʤ hər pleɪt fər hər, pæs hər brɛd, sɔlt, ənd ˈbətər, gɪv hər ˈɔrdərz tɪ ðə ˈweɪtər, ənd peɪ hər ˈɛvəri əˈtɛnʃən ɪn jʊr paʊər. ˌbiˈfɔr ˈteɪkɪŋ jʊr pleɪs æt ˈteɪbəl, weɪt ənˈtɪl jʊr pleɪs ɪz ˈpɔɪntɪd aʊt tɪ ju, ənˈlɛs ðɛr ər kɑrdz ˈbɛrɪŋ ðə neɪmz əv ðə gɛsts əˈpɑn ðə pleɪts; ɪn ðə ˈlætər keɪs, teɪk ðə pleɪs ðəs mɑrkt fər ju. pʊt jʊr ˈnæpkɪn əˈpɑn jʊr læp, ˈkəvərɪŋ jʊr niz. ɪt ɪz aʊt əv deɪt, ənd naʊ lʊkt əˈpɑn ɛz ə ˈvəlgər ˈhæbət tɪ pʊt jʊr ˈnæpkɪn əp ˈoʊvər jʊr brɛst. sɪt ˈniðər tu nɪr nɔr tu fɑr frəm ðə ˈteɪbəl. ˈnɛvər hɪʧ əp jʊr ər ɛz ɪf ju wər goʊɪŋ tɪ wɑʃ jʊr hænz. səm mɛn du ðɪs həˈbɪʧuəli, bət ɪt ɪz ə saɪn əv ˈvɛri bæd ˈbridɪŋ. ˈnɛvər tɪp jʊr ʧɛr, ər laʊnʤ bæk ɪn ɪt ˈdʊrɪŋ ˈdɪnər. ɔl ər aʊt əv pleɪs, ənd ɪn bæd teɪst æt ðə ˈteɪbəl. əˈvɔɪd ˈmeɪkɪŋ ðɛm. ˈkɑnvərs ɪn ə loʊ toʊn tɪ jʊr ˈneɪbər, jɛt nɑt wɪθ ˈɛni ɛr əv ɪf ˈəðərz ər ɪnˈgeɪʤd ɪn ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən; ɪf, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ðə ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən ɪz əˈvɔɪd kənˈvərsɪŋ. du nɑt reɪz jʊr vɔɪs tu məʧ; ɪf ju ˈkænɑt meɪk ðoʊz æt səm ˈdɪstəns frəm ju hir ju wɪn ˈspikɪŋ ɪn ə ˈmɑdərˌeɪt toʊn, kənˈfaɪn jʊr rɪˈmɑrks tɪ ðoʊz nɪr ju. ɪf ju wɪʃ fər ə naɪf, pleɪt, ər ˈɛniˌθɪŋ frəm ðə saɪd ˈteɪbəl, ˈnɛvər ˈæˌdrɛs ðoʊz ɪn əˈtɛndəns ɛz ““waiter!”!” ɛz ju wʊd æt ə hoʊˈtɛl ər ˈrɛˌstrɑnt, bət kɔl wən əv ðɛm baɪ neɪm; ɪf ju ˈkænɑt du ðɪs, meɪk ɪm ə saɪn wɪˈθaʊt ˈspikɪŋ. ənˈlɛs ju ər rɪkˈwɛstɪd tɪ du soʊ, ˈnɛvər səˈlɛkt ˈɛni ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr pɑrt əv ə dɪʃ; bət, ɪf jʊr hoʊst æsks ju wət pɑrt ju prɪˈfər, neɪm səm pɑrt, ɛz ɪn ðɪs keɪs ðə ˌɪnsɪˈvɪlɪti wʊd kənˈsɪst ɪn ˈmeɪkɪŋ jʊr hoʊst ʧuz ɛz wɛl ɛz kɑrv fər ju. ˈnɛvər bloʊ jʊr sup ɪf ɪt ɪz tu hɑt, bət weɪt ənˈtɪl ɪt kulz. ˈnɛvər reɪz jʊr pleɪt tɪ jʊr lɪps, bət it wɪθ jʊr spun. ˈnɛvər təʧ ˈiðər jʊr naɪf ər jʊr fɔrk ənˈtɪl ˈæftər ju hæv ˈfɪnɪʃt ˈitɪŋ jʊr sup. liv jʊr spun ɪn jʊr sup pleɪt, ðət ðə ˈsərvənt meɪ riˈmuv ðɛm boʊθ. ˈnɛvər teɪk sup twaɪs. ɪn ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ jʊr pleɪt, ər ˈpæsɪŋ ɪt ˈdʊrɪŋ ˈdɪnər, riˈmuv jʊr naɪf ənd fɔrk, ðət ðə pleɪt əˈloʊn meɪ bi ˈteɪkən, bət ˈæftər ju hæv ˈfɪnɪʃt jʊr ˈdɪnər, krɔs ðə naɪf ənd fɔrk ɔn ðə pleɪt, ðət ðə ˈsərvənt meɪ teɪk ɔl əˈweɪ, ˌbiˈfɔr ˈbrɪŋɪŋ ju klin wənz fər dɪˈzərt. du nɑt baɪt jʊr brɛd frəm ðə roʊl ər slaɪs, nɔr kət ɪt wɪθ jʊr naɪf; breɪk ɔf smɔl ˈpisɪz ənd pʊt ðiz ɪn jʊr maʊθ wɪθ jʊr ˈfɪŋgərz. æt ˈdɪnər du nɑt pʊt ˈbətər ɔn jʊr brɛd. ˈnɛvər dɪp ə pis əv brɛd ˈɪntu ðə ˈgreɪvi ər prɪˈzərvz jʊr pleɪt ənd ðɛn baɪt ɪt, bət ɪf ju wɪʃ tɪ it ðɛm təˈgɛðər, breɪk ðə brɛd ˈɪntu smɔl ˈpisɪz, ənd ˈkɛri ðiz tɪ jʊr maʊθ wɪθ jʊr fɔrk. juz ˈɔlˌweɪz ðə salt-spoon, sugar-tongs, ənd ˈbətər naɪf; tɪ juz jʊr oʊn naɪf, spun, ər ˈfɪŋgərz, ə ˈʃɑkɪŋ wɔnt əv good-breeding. ˈnɛvər ˈkrɪtɪˌsaɪz ˈɛni dɪʃ ˌbiˈfɔr ju. ɪf ə dɪʃ ɪz dɪˈsteɪstfəl tɪ ju, dɪˈklaɪn ɪt, bət meɪk noʊ rɪˈmɑrks əˈbaʊt ɪt. ɪt ɪz ˈsɪkənɪŋ ənd dɪsˈgəstɪŋ tɪ ɪkˈspleɪn æt ə ˈteɪbəl haʊ wən ˈɑrtɪkəl meɪks ju sɪk, ər waɪ səm ˈəðər dɪʃ həz bɪˈkəm dɪˈsteɪstfəl tɪ ju. aɪ hæv sin ə ˈtɛmptɪŋ dɪʃ goʊ frəm ə ˈteɪbəl ənˈtəʧt, bɪˈkəz wən əv ðə ˈkəmpəˌni toʊld ə moʊst dɪsˈgəstɪŋ ˈænɪkˌdoʊt əˈbaʊt ˈfaɪndɪŋ ˈvərmɪn sərvd ɪn ə ˈsɪmələr dɪʃ. noʊ wɪt ɪn ðə nɛˈreɪʃən kən ɪkˈskjuz soʊ ˈpælpəbli ən ˈɛrər əv pəˈlaɪtnəs. ˈnɛvər pʊt boʊnz, ər ðə sidz əv frut əˈpɑn ðə ˈteɪbəlˌklɔθ. pʊt ðɛm əˈpɑn ðə ɛʤ əv jʊr pleɪt. ˈnɛvər juz jʊr naɪf fər ˈɛni ˈpərpəs bət tɪ kət jʊr fud. ɪt ɪz nɑt mɛnt tɪ bi pʊt ɪn jʊr maʊθ. jʊr fɔrk ɪz ˌɪnˈtɛndɪd tɪ ˈkɛri ðə fud frəm jʊr pleɪt tɪ jʊr maʊθ, ənd noʊ ˈʤɛnəlmən ˈɛvər its wɪθ hɪz naɪf. ɪf ðə mit ər fɪʃ əˈpɑn jʊr pleɪt ɪz tu rɛr ər tu well-done, du nɑt it ɪt; gɪv fər ən ɪkˈskjuz ðət ju prɪˈfər səm ˈəðər dɪʃ ˌbiˈfɔr ju; bət ˈnɛvər tɛl jʊr hoʊst ðət hɪz kʊk həz meɪd ðə dɪʃ uneatable. ˈnɛvər spik wɪn ju hæv ˈɛniˌθɪŋ ɪn jʊr maʊθ. ˈnɛvər paɪl ðə fud ɔn jʊr pleɪt ɛz ɪf ju wər ˈstɑrvɪŋ, bət teɪk ə ˈlɪtəl æt ə taɪm; ðə ˈdɪʃɪz wɪl nɑt rən əˈweɪ. ˈnɛvər juz jʊr oʊn naɪf ənd fɔrk tɪ hɛlp ˈjɔrsɛlf ər ˈəðərz. ðɛr ɪz ˈɔlˌweɪz wən ˌbiˈfɔr ðə dɪʃ æt ˈɛvəri ˈteɪbəl, ənd ju ʃʊd juz ðət. ɪt ɪz ə gʊd plæn tɪ əˈkəstəm ˈjɔrsɛlf tɪ ˈjuzɪŋ jʊr fɔrk wɪθ ðə lɛft hænd, wɪn ˈitɪŋ, ɛz ju ðəs əˈvɔɪd ðə ˈɔkwərdnəs əv ˈkɑnstəntli ˈpæsɪŋ ðə fɔrk frəm jʊr lɛft hænd tɪ jʊr raɪt, ənd bæk əˈgɛn, wɪn ˈkətɪŋ jʊr fud ənd ˈitɪŋ ɪt. ˈnɛvər pʊt frut ər ɪn jʊr ˈpɑkət tɪ ˈkɛri ðɛm frəm ðə ˈteɪbəl. du nɑt kət frut wɪθ ə stil naɪf. juz ə ˈsɪlvər wən. ˈnɛvər it soʊ fæst ɛz tɪ ˈhəri ðə ˈəðərz æt ðə ˈteɪbəl, nɔr soʊ sˈloʊli ɛz tɪ kip ðɛm ˈweɪtɪŋ. ɪf ju du nɑt teɪk waɪn, ˈnɛvər kip ðə ˈbɑtəl ˈstændɪŋ ˌbiˈfɔr ju, bət pæs ɪt ɔn. ɪf ju du teɪk ɪt, pæs ɪt ɔn ɛz sun ɛz ju hæv fɪld jʊr glæs. ɪf ju wɪʃ tɪ riˈmuv ə fɪʃ boʊn ər frut sid frəm jʊr maʊθ, ˈkəvər jʊr lɪps wɪθ jʊr hænd ər ˈnæpkɪn, ðət ˈəðərz meɪ nɑt si ju riˈmuv ɪt. ɪf ju wɪʃ tɪ juz jʊr ˈhæŋkərʧɪf, ənd hæv nɑt taɪm tɪ liv ðə ˈteɪbəl, tərn jʊr hɛd əˈweɪ, ənd ɛz kˈwɪkli ɛz ˈpɑsəbəl pʊt ðə ˈhæŋkərʧɪf ɪn jʊr ˈpɑkət əˈgɛn. ˈɔlˌweɪz waɪp jʊr maʊθ ˌbiˈfɔr ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ, ɛz ˈnəθɪŋ ɪz mɔr ðən tɪ gris jʊr glæs wɪθ jʊr lɪps. ɪf ju ər ˌɪnˈvaɪtɪd tɪ drɪŋk wɪθ ə frɛnd, ənd du nɑt drɪŋk waɪn, boʊ, reɪz jʊr glæs əv ˈwɔtər ənd drɪŋk wɪθ ɪm. du nɑt prəˈpoʊz tɪ teɪk waɪn wɪθ jʊr hoʊst; ɪt ɪz hɪz ˈprɪvɪlɪʤ tɪ ˌɪnˈvaɪt ju. 57 du nɑt pʊt jʊr glæs ˈəpˈsaɪd daʊn ɔn ðə ˈteɪbəl tɪ ˈsɪgnəˌfaɪ ðət ju du nɑt wɪʃ tɪ drɪŋk ˈɛni mɔr; ɪt ɪz səˈfɪʃənt tɪ ˈrɛfˌjuz ˈfərmli. du nɑt bi pərsˈweɪdɪd tɪ təʧ əˈnəðər drɔp əv waɪn ˈæftər jʊr oʊn ˈprudəns wɔrnz ju ðət ju hæv ˈteɪkən ɪˈnəf. əˈvɔɪd ˈɛni ɛr əv ˈmɪstəri wɪn ˈspikɪŋ tɪ ðoʊz nɛkst ju; ɪt ɪz ənd ɪn ɪkˈsɛsɪvli bæd teɪst. ɪf ju wɪʃ tɪ spik əv ˈɛni wən, ər tɪ ˈɛni wən æt ðə ˈteɪbəl, kɔl ðɛm baɪ neɪm, bət ˈnɛvər pɔɪnt ər meɪk ə ˈsɪgnəl wɪn æt ˈteɪbəl. wɪn ˈteɪkɪŋ ˈkɔfi, ˈnɛvər pɔr ɪt ˈɪntu jʊr ˈsɔsər, bət lɛt ɪt kul ɪn ðə kəp, ənd drɪŋk frəm ðət. ɪf æt ə ˈpɑrti, ˈnɛvər æsk ˈɛni wən tɪ sɪŋ ər tɛl ə ˈstɔri; jʊr hoʊst əˈloʊn həz ðə raɪt ðəs tɪ kɔl əˈpɑn hɪz gɛsts. ɪf ˌɪnˈvaɪtɪd ˈjɔrsɛlf tɪ sɪŋ, ənd ju fil səˈfɪʃəntli ʃʊr ðət ju wɪl gɪv ˈplɛʒər, kəmˈplaɪ ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli wɪθ ðə rɪkˈwɛst. ɪf, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ju ˈrɛfˌjuz, rɪˈmeɪn fərm ɪn jʊr rɪfˈjuzəl, ɛz tɪ jild ˈæftər wəns rɪfˈjuzɪŋ ɪz ə briʧ əv ˈɛtəkət. wɪn ðə ər pæst, dɪp jʊr ˈfɪŋgərz ˈɪntu ðɛm ənd ðɛn waɪp ðɛm əˈpɑn jʊr ˈnæpkɪn. ˈnɛvər liv ðə ˈteɪbəl tɪl ðə ˈmɪstrəs əv ðə haʊs gɪvz ðə ˈsɪgnəl. ɔn ˈlivɪŋ ðə ˈteɪbəl pʊt jʊr ˈnæpkɪn ɔn ðə ˈteɪbəl, bət du nɑt foʊld ɪt. ˈɔfər jʊr ɑrm tɪ ðə ˈleɪdi hum ju ɛˈskɔrtɪd tɪ ðə ˈteɪbəl. ɪt ɪz ɪkˈsɛsɪvli rud tɪ liv ðə haʊs ɛz sun ɛz ˈdɪnər ɪz ˈoʊvər. rɪˈspɛkt tɪ jʊr ˈhoʊstəs əˈblaɪʤɪz ju tɪ steɪ ɪn ðə æt list ən aʊər. 58 ɪf ðə ˈleɪdiz wɪθˈdrɔ, ˈlivɪŋ ðə ˈʤɛnəlmɪn, ˈæftər ˈdɪnər, raɪz wɪn ðeɪ liv ðə ˈteɪbəl, ənd rɪˈmeɪn ˈstændɪŋ ənˈtɪl ðeɪ hæv lɛft ðə rum. aɪ gɪv, frəm ə ˈrisənt ˈɪŋlɪʃ wərk, səm ˈhjumərəsli ˈrɪtən dɪˈrɛkʃɪnz fər ˈteɪbəl ˈɛtəkət, ənd, ˌɔlˈðoʊ ðeɪ ər səm əv ðɛm ˌrɛpəˈtɪʃənz əv wət aɪ hæv ɔˈrɛdi ˈgɪvɪn, ðeɪ wɪl bi faʊnd tɪ kənˈteɪn ˈmɛni ˈjusfəl hɪnts: naʊ kəm tɪ ˈhæbəts æt ˈteɪbəl, wɪʧ ər ˈvɛri ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt. ˌhaʊˈɛvər əˈgriəbəl ə mæn meɪ bi ɪn soʊˈsaɪɪti, ɪf hi əˈfɛndz ər dɪsˈgəsts baɪ hɪz ˈteɪbəl treɪts, hi wɪl sun bi ˈskaʊtəd frəm ɪt, ənd ˈʤəstli soʊ. ðɛr ər səm brɔd rulz fər bɪˈheɪvjər æt ˈteɪbəl. wɛˈnɛvər ðɛr ɪz ə ˈsərvənt tɪ hɛlp ju, ˈnɛvər hɛlp ˈjɔrsɛlf. ˈnɛvər pʊt ə naɪf ˈɪntu jʊr maʊθ, nɑt ˈivɪn wɪθ ʧiz, wɪʧ ʃʊd bi ˈitən wɪθ ə fɔrk. ˈnɛvər juz ə spun fər ˈɛniˌθɪŋ bət ˈlɪkwɪdz. ˈnɛvər təʧ ˈɛniˌθɪŋ ˈɛdəbəl wɪθ jʊr ˈfɪŋgərz. wər, ənˈdaʊtɪdli, ə ˈleɪtər ˌɪnˈvɛnʃən ðən ˈfɪŋgərz, bət, ɛz wi ər nɑt ˈkænəbəlz, aɪ æm ˌɪnˈklaɪnd tɪ θɪŋk ðeɪ wər ə gʊd wən. ðɛr ər səm fju θɪŋz wɪʧ ju meɪ teɪk əp wɪθ jʊr ˈfɪŋgərz. ðəs ən ˈɛpɪˌkjʊr wɪl it ˈivɪn ˌmækərˈoʊni wɪθ hɪz ˈfɪŋgərz; ənd ɛz ˈsəkɪŋ əˈspɛrəgəs ɪz mɔr ˈplɛzənt ðən ʧuɪŋ ɪt, ju meɪ, ɛz ən ˈɛpɪˌkjʊr, teɪk ɪt əp oʊ naturel. bət boʊθ ðiz θɪŋz ər ˈʤɛnərəli ˈitən wɪθ ə fɔrk. brɛd ɪz, əv kɔrs, ˈitən wɪθ ðə ˈfɪŋgərz, ənd ɪt wʊd bi əbˈsərd tɪ kɑrv ɪt wɪθ jʊr naɪf ənd fɔrk. ɪt məst, ɔn ðə ˈkɑntrɛri, ˈɔlˌweɪz bi ˈbroʊkən wɪn nɑt ˈbətərd, ənd ju ʃʊd ˈnɛvər pʊt ə slaɪs əv draɪ brɛd tɪ jʊr maʊθ tɪ baɪt ə pis ɔf. moʊst frɛʃ frut, tu, ɪz ˈitən wɪθ ðə ˈnæʧərəl prɔŋz, bət wɪn ju hæv pild ən ˈɔrɪnʤ ər ˈæpəl, ju ʃʊd kət ɪt wɪθ ðə eɪd əv ðə fɔrk, ju kən səkˈsid ɪn ˈbreɪkɪŋ ɪt. ˌæprəˈpoʊ əv wɪʧ, aɪ meɪ hɪnt ðət noʊ ˈɛpɪˌkjʊr ˈɛvər jɛt pʊt ə naɪf tɪ ən ˈæpəl, ənd ðət ən ˈɔrɪnʤ ʃʊd bi pild wɪθ ə spun. bət ðə ɑrt əv ˈpilɪŋ ən ˈɔrɪnʤ soʊ ɛz tɪ hoʊld ɪts oʊn ʤus, ənd ɪts oʊn ˈʃʊgər tu, ɪz wən ðət kən ˈskɛrsli bi tɔt ɪn ə bʊk. ““however, lɛt ˈjuˈɛs goʊ tɪ ˈdɪnər, ənd aɪ wɪl sun tɛl ju ˈwɛðər ju ər ə mæn ər nɑt; ənd hir lɛt mi ˈprɛmɪs ðət wət ɪz gʊd ˈmænərz fər ə smɔl ˈdɪnər ɪz gʊd ˈmænərz fər ə lɑrʤ wən, ənd vaɪs versââ. naʊ, ðə fərst θɪŋ ju du ɪz tɪ sɪt daʊn. stɑp, sər! preɪ du nɑt kræm ˈjɔrsɛlf ˈɪntu ðə ˈteɪbəl ɪn ðət weɪ; noʊ, nɔr sɪt ə jɑrd frəm ɪt, laɪk ðət. haʊ ˈgreɪsləs, ˌɪnkənˈvinjənt, ənd ɪn ðə weɪ əv ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən! waɪ, dɪr mi! ju ər ˈpɑzətɪvli ˈpʊtɪŋ jʊr ˈɛlˌboʊz ɔn ðə ˈteɪbəl, ənd naʊ ju hæv gɑt jʊr hænz ˈfəmbəlɪŋ əˈbaʊt wɪθ ðə spunz ənd fɔrks, ənd naʊ ju ər ˈnɪrli ˈnɑkɪŋ maɪ nu hɑk ˈglæsɪz ˈoʊvər. ju teɪk jʊr hænz daʊn, sər? ju lərn ðət ɪn ðə ˈnərsəri? jʊr ˈmɑmə seɪ tɪ ju, pʊt jʊr hænz əˈbəv ðə ˈteɪbəl ɪkˈsɛpt tɪ kɑrv ər eat?’?’ oʊ! bət kəm, noʊ ˈnɑnsɛns, sɪt əp, ɪf ju pliz. aɪ hæv jʊr faɪn hɛd əv hɛr ˈfɔrmɪŋ ə saɪd dɪʃ ɔn maɪ ˈteɪbəl; ju məst nɑt ˈbɛri jʊr feɪs ɪn ðə pleɪt, ju keɪm tɪ ʃoʊ ɪt, ənd ɪt ɔt tɪ bi əˈlaɪv. wɛl, bət ðɛr ɪz noʊ əˈkeɪʒən tɪ θroʊ jʊr hɛd bæk laɪk ðət, ju lʊk laɪk ən ˈɔldərmən, sər, ˈæftər ˈdɪnər. preɪ, laʊnʤ ɪn ðət sˈlipi weɪ. ju ər hir tɪ it, drɪŋk, ənd bi ˈmɛri. ju kən slip wɪn ju gɪt hoʊm. ““well, ðɛn, aɪ səˈpoʊz ju kən si jʊr gɑt nən, ˌɪnˈdid! ˈvɛri ˈlaɪkli, ɪn maɪ haʊs. ju meɪ bi ʃʊr ðət aɪ ˈnɛvər sɪt daʊn tɪ ə mil wɪˈθaʊt ˈnæpkɪnz. aɪ wɔnt tɪ meɪk maɪ ˈteɪbəlˌklɔθs ənˈfɪt fər juz, ənd aɪ wɔnt tɪ meɪk maɪ ˈtraʊzərz unwearable. wɛl, naʊ, wi ər ɔl ˈsitɪd, ju kən ənˈfoʊld ɪt ɔn jʊr niz; noʊ, noʊ; tək ɪt ˈɪntu jʊr laɪk ən ˈɔldərmən; ənd wət! wət ɔn ərθ du ju min baɪ ˈwaɪpɪŋ jʊr ˈfɔrhɛd wɪθ ɪt? du ju teɪk ɪt fər ə taʊəl? wɛl, ˈnɛvər maɪnd, aɪ æm kənˈsoʊld ðət ju dɪd nɑt goʊ ˈfɑrðər, ənd juz ɪt ɛz ə pocket-handkerchief. soʊ tɔk əˈweɪ tɪ ðə ˈleɪdi ɔn jʊr raɪt, ənd weɪt tɪl sup ɪz ˈhændɪd tɪ ju. baɪ ðə weɪ, ðət ˈweɪtɪŋ ɪz ðə moʊst ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt pɑrt əv ˈteɪbəl ˈmænərz, ənd, ɛz məʧ ɛz ˈpɑsəbəl, ju ʃʊd əˈvɔɪd ˈæskɪŋ fər ˈɛniˌθɪŋ ər ˈhɛlpɪŋ ˈjɔrsɛlf frəm ðə ˈteɪbəl. jʊr sup ju it wɪθ ə noʊ wət ɛls ju kʊd it ɪt ðɛn ɪt məst bi wən əv gʊd saɪz. jɛs, ðət wɪl du, bət aɪ bɛg ju wɪl nɑt meɪk ðət ˈoʊdiəs nɔɪz ɪn ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ jʊr sup. ɪt ɪz ˈlaʊdər ðən ə dɔg ˈlæpɪŋ ˈwɔtər, ənd ə kæt wʊd bi kwaɪt ʤɛnˈtil tɪ ɪt. ðɛn ju nid nɑt skreɪp əp ðə pleɪt ɪn ðət weɪ, nɔr ˈivɪn tɪlt ɪt tɪ gɪt ðə læst drɔp. aɪ ʃæl bi ˈhæpi tɪ sɛnd ju səm mɔr; bət aɪ məst ʤɪst rɪˈmɑrk, ðət ɪt ɪz nɑt ðə ˈkəstəm tɪ teɪk tu ˈhɛlpɪŋz əv sup, ənd ɪt ɪz ˈlaɪəbəl tɪ kip ˈəðər ˈpipəl ˈweɪtɪŋ, wɪʧ, wəns fər ɔl, ɪz ə ˈsɛlfɪʃ ənd ˌɪnˈtɑlərəbəl ˈhæbət. bət ju hir ðə ˈsərvənt ˈɔfərɪŋ ju ˈʃɛri? aɪ wɪʃ ju wʊd əˈtɛnd, fər maɪ ˈsərvənts hæv kwaɪt ɪˈnəf tɪ du, ənd weɪt ɔl ðə ˈivnɪŋ waɪl ju ˈfɪnɪʃ ðət ˈvɛri maɪld ˈstɔri tɪ mɪs ˈgɑgəlz. kəm, liv ðət əˈloʊn. aɪ hæd ðə waɪn pʊt ɔn ðə ˈteɪbəl tɪ fɪl əp; ðə ˈsərvənts wɪl hænd ɪt dɪˈrɛkli, ər, wi ər ə smɔl ˈpɑrti, aɪ wɪl tɛl ju tɪ hɛlp ˈjɔrsɛlf; bət, preɪ, du nɑt bi soʊ officious. (ðɛr, aɪ hæv sɛnt ɪm səm ˌtərˈboʊ tɪ kip ɪm kwaɪət. aɪ dɪˈklɛr hi ˈkænɑt meɪk əp hɪz maɪnd.) ju ər ˈkipɪŋ maɪ ˈsərvənt əˈgɛn, sər. wɪl ju, ər wɪl ju nɑt, du ˌtərˈboʊ? ɪgˈzæmɪn ɪt ɪn ðət weɪ; ɪt ɪz kwaɪt frɛʃ, aɪ əˈʃʊr ju; teɪk ər dɪˈklaɪn ɪt. ɑ, ju teɪk ɪt, bət ðət ɪz noʊ ˈrizən waɪ ju ʃʊd teɪk əp ə naɪf tu. fɪʃ, aɪ rɪˈpit məst ˈnɛvər bi təʧt wɪθ ə naɪf. teɪk ə fɔrk ɪn ðə raɪt ənd ə smɔl pis əv brɛd ɪn ðə lɛft hænd. gʊd, but——? oʊ! ðət ɪz əˈtroʊʃəs; əv kɔrs ju məst nɑt sˈwɔloʊ ðə boʊnz, bət ju ʃʊd ˈrəðər du soʊ ðən spɪt ðɛm aʊt ɪn ðət weɪ. pʊt əp jʊr ˈnæpkɪn laɪk ðɪs, ənd lænd ðə sɛd boʊn ɔn jʊr pleɪt. rəb jʊr hɛd ɪn ðə sɔs, maɪ gʊd mæn, nɔr goʊ əˈbaʊt ˈæftər ðə ər ˈɔɪstərz ðɛˈrɪn. oʊ! haʊ ˈhɔrəd! aɪ dɪˈklɛr jʊr maʊθ wɑz waɪd ˈoʊpən ənd fʊl əv fɪʃ. smɔl ˈpisɪz, aɪ biˈsiʧ ju; ənd wəns fər ɔl, ˌwəˈtɛvər ju it, kip jʊr maʊθ ʃət, ənd ˈnɛvər əˈtɛmpt tɪ tɔk wɪθ ɪt fʊl. naʊ ju hæv gɑt ə pâtéé. ˈʃʊrli ju ər nɑt ˈteɪkɪŋ tu ɔn jʊr pleɪt. ðɛr ɪz ˈplɛnti əv ˈdɪnər tɪ kəm, ənd wən ɪz kwaɪt ɪˈnəf. oʊ! dɪr mi, ju ər ˌɪnˈkɑrəʤəbəl. wət! ə naɪf tɪ kət ðət laɪt, ˈbrɪtəl ˈpeɪstri? noʊ, nɔr ˈfɪŋgərz, ˈnɛvər. nɔr ə ɛz bæd. teɪk jʊr fɔrk, sər, jʊr fɔrk; ənd, naʊ ju hæv ˈitən, əˈblaɪʤ mi baɪ ˈwaɪpɪŋ jʊr maʊθ ənd ˈməˌstæʃ wɪθ jʊr ˈnæpkɪn, fər ðɛr ɪz ə bɪt əv ðə ˈpeɪstri ˈhæŋɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈlætər, ənd ˈlʊkɪŋ ˈvɛri ˌdɪsəˈgriəbəl. wɛl, ju kən ˈrɛfˌjuz ə dɪʃ ɪf ju laɪk. ðɛr ɪz noʊ ˈpɑzətɪv nəˈsɛsɪti fər ju tɪ teɪk ˈvɛnəsən ɪf ju wɔnt ɪt. bət, æt ˈɛni reɪt, du nɑt bi ɪn ðət tərˈɪfɪk ˈhəri. ju ər nɑt goʊɪŋ ɔf baɪ ðə nɛkst treɪn. weɪt fər ðə sɔs ənd weɪt fər ˈvɛʤtəbəlz; bət ˈwɛðər ju it ðɛm ər nɑt, du nɑt bɪˈgɪn ˌbiˈfɔr ˈɛvriˌbɑdi ɛls. ˈʃʊrli ju məst teɪk maɪ ˈteɪbəl fər ðət əv ə ˈreɪlˌweɪ refreshment-room, fər ju hæv ˈfɪnɪʃt ˌbiˈfɔr ðə ˈpərsən aɪ hɛlpt fərst. fæst ˈitɪŋ ɪz bæd fər ðə daɪˈʤɛsʧən, maɪ gʊd sər, ənd nɑt ˈvɛri gʊd ˈmænərz ˈiðər. wət! ər ju traɪɪŋ tɪ it mit wɪθ ə fɔrk əˈloʊn? oʊ! ɪt ɪz sweetbread, aɪ bɛg jʊr ˈpɑrdən, ju ər kwaɪt raɪt. lɛt mi gɪv ju ə ðət kən bi kət wɪˈθaʊt ə naɪf, ʃʊd bi kət wɪθ ə fɔrk əˈloʊn. it jʊr ˈvɛʤtəbəlz, ˈðɛrˌfɔr, wɪθ ə fɔrk. noʊ, ðɛr ɪz noʊ nəˈsɛsɪti tɪ teɪk ə spun fər piz; ə fɔrk ɪn ðə raɪt hænd wɪl du. wət! dɪd aɪ ˈrɪli si ju pʊt jʊr naɪf ˈɪntu jʊr maʊθ? ðɛn aɪ məst gɪv ju əp. wəns fər ɔl, ənd ˈɛvər, ðə naɪf ɪz tɪ kət, nɑt tɪ hɛlp wɪθ. preɪ, du nɑt mənʧ ɪn ðət ˈnɔɪzi ˈmænər; ʧu jʊr fud wɛl, bət ˈsɔftli. it sˈloʊli. hæv ju nɑt hərd ðət nəˈpoʊljən lɔst ðə ˈbætəl əv baɪ ˈitɪŋ tu fæst? ɪt ɪz ə fækt ðoʊ. hɪz heɪst kɔzd ˌɪndaɪˈʤɛsʧən, wɪʧ meɪd ɪm ˌɪnˈkeɪpəbəl əv əˈtɛndɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈditeɪlz əv ðə ˈbætəl. ju si ju ər ðə læst ˈpərsən ˈitɪŋ æt ˈteɪbəl. sər, aɪ wɪl nɑt əˈlaʊ ju tɪ spik tɪ maɪ ˈsərvənts ɪn ðət weɪ. ɪf ðeɪ ər soʊ riˈmɪs ɛz tɪ əˈblaɪʤ ju tɪ æsk fər ˈɛniˌθɪŋ, du ɪt ˈʤɛntli, ənd ɪn ə loʊ toʊn, ənd θæŋk ə ˈsərvənt ʤɪst ɛz məʧ ɛz ju wʊd hɪz ˈmæstər. tɛn tɪ wən hi ɪz ɛz gʊd ə mæn; ənd bɪˈkəz hi ɪz jʊr ˌɪnˈfɪriər ɪn pəˈzɪʃən, ɪz ðə ˈvɛri ˈrizən ju ʃʊd trit ɪm. oʊ! ɪt ɪz əv noʊ juz tɪ æsk mi tɪ teɪk waɪn; fɑr frəm mi, ɪt ˈoʊnli meɪk mi mɔr ˈæŋgri, fər aɪ tɛl ju ðə ˈkəstəm ɪz kwaɪt gɔn aʊt, ɪkˈsɛpt ɪn ə fju ˈkəntri ˈvɪlɪʤɪz, ənd æt ə mess-table. nɔr nid ju æsk ðə ˈleɪdi tɪ du soʊ. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ðɛr ɪz ðɪs ˌkɑnsəˈleɪʃən, ɪf ju ʃʊd æsk ˈɛni wən tɪ teɪk waɪn wɪθ ju, hi ər ʃi ˈkænɑt ˈrɛfˌjuz, soʊ ju hæv jʊr oʊn weɪ. pərˈhæps nɛkst ju wɪl bi ˈæskɪŋ mi tɪ hɑb ənd nob, ər ɪn ðə frɛnʧ ˈfæʃən wɪθ ɑrmz ɪnˈsərkəld. ɑ! ju noʊ, pərˈhæps, ðət wɪn ə ˈleɪdi ɪn ðət weɪ wɪθ ju, ju hæv ə raɪt tɪ ˈfɪnɪʃ ɔf wɪθ ə kɪs. ˈvɛri ˈlaɪkli, ˌɪnˈdid! bət ɪt ɪz ðə ˈkəstəm ɪn fəˈmɪljər ˈsərkəlz ɪn fræns, bət ðɛn wi ər nɑt ˈfrɛnʧmɛn. wɪl ju əˈtɛnd tɪ jʊr ˈleɪdi, sər? ju dɪd nɑt kəm ˈmɪrli tɪ it, bət tɪ meɪk ˈjɔrsɛlf əˈgriəbəl. sɪt ɛz gləm ɛz ðə ˈmɛmˌnɑn æt θibz; tɔk ənd bi ˈplɛzənt. naʊ, ju hæv səm ˈpʊdɪŋ. noʊ knife—no, noʊ. ə spun ɪf ju laɪk, bət ˈbɛtər stɪl, ə fɔrk. jɛs, aɪs rikˈwaɪərz ə spun; ðɛr ɪz ə smɔl wən ˈhændɪd ju, teɪk ðət. ‘‘no.’.’ ðɪs ɪz ðə fɔrθ taɪm waɪn həz bɪn ˈhændɪd tɪ ju, ənd aɪ æm ʃʊr ju hæv hæd ɪˈnəf. dɪˈklaɪn ðɪs taɪm ɪf ju pliz. dɪˈklaɪn ðət dɪʃ tu. ər ju goʊɪŋ tɪ it əv ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ðət ɪz ˈhændɪd? aɪ ˈpɪti ju ɪf ju du. noʊ, ju məst nɑt æsk fər mɔr ʧiz, ənd ju məst it ɪt wɪθ jʊr fɔrk. breɪk ðə rəsk wɪθ jʊr ˈfɪŋgərz. gʊd. ju ər ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ ə glæs əv oʊld pɔrt. du nɑt kwɑf ɪt daʊn æt ə gəlp ɪn ðət weɪ. ˈnɛvər drɪŋk ə hoʊl əv ˈɛniˌθɪŋ æt wəns. ““well, hir ɪz ðə waɪn ənd dɪˈzərt. teɪk wɪˈʧɛvər waɪn ju laɪk, bət rɪˈmɛmbər ju məst kip tɪ ðət, ənd nɑt ʧeɪnʤ əˈbaʊt. ˌbiˈfɔr ju goʊ əp stɛrz aɪ wɪl ju ə glæs əv ˈʃɛri ˈæftər jʊr claret, bət ˈəðərˌwaɪz drɪŋk əv wən waɪn ˈoʊnli. ju min tɪ seɪ ju ər ˈhɛlpɪŋ ˈjɔrsɛlf tɪ waɪn ˌbiˈfɔr ðə ˈleɪdiz. æt list, ˈɔfər ɪt tɪ ðə wən nɛkst tɪ ju, ənd ðɛn pæs ɪt ɔn, ˈʤɛntli, nɑt wɪθ ə pʊʃ laɪk ðət. du nɑt drɪŋk soʊ fæst; ju wɪl ˈhəri mi ɪn ˈpæsɪŋ ðə decanters, ɪf aɪ si ðət jʊr glæs ɪz ˈɛmti. ju nid nɑt it dɪˈzərt tɪl ðə ˈleɪdiz ər gɔn, bət ˈɔfər ðɛm ˌwəˈtɛvər ɪz ˈnɪrəst tɪ ju. ənd naʊ ðeɪ ər gɔn, drɔ jʊr ʧɛr nɪr maɪn, ənd aɪ wɪl traɪ ənd tɔk mɔr ˈplɛzəntli tɪ ju. ju wɪl kəm aʊt ˈædmərəbli æt jʊr nɛkst ˈdɪnər wɪθ ɔl maɪ ˈtiʧɪŋ. wət! ju ər ɪkˈsaɪtɪd, ju ər ˈtɔkɪŋ laʊd tɪ ðə ˈkərnəl. ˈnɑnsɛns. kəm ənd tɔk ˈizəli tɪ mi ər tɪ jʊr ˈnɪrəst ˈneɪbər. ðɛr, drɪŋk ˈɛni mɔr waɪn, fər aɪ si ju ər ˈgɪtɪŋ roʊˈmæntɪk. ju əˈblaɪʤ mi tɪ meɪk ə muv. ju hæv hæd ɪˈnəf əv ðoʊz ˈwɔlˌnəts; ju ər ˈkipɪŋ mi, maɪ dɪr sər. soʊ naʊ tɪ ˈkɔfi [wən kəp] ənd ti, wɪʧ aɪ bɛg ju wɪl nɑt pɔr ˈɪntu jʊr ˈsɔsər tɪ kul. wɛl, ðə ˈdɪnər həz dən ju gʊd, ənd mi tu. lɛt ˈjuˈɛs bi ˈeɪmiəbəl tɪ ðə ˈleɪdiz, bət nɑt tu məʧ so.”.” ““champ, ʧæmp; smæk, smæk; smæk, smæk; ʧæmp, ɪz wən θɪŋ tɪ noʊ haʊ tɪ meɪk ə ˈpʊdɪŋ, ənd əˈnəðər tɪ noʊ haʊ tɪ it ɪt wɪn meɪd. ənˈmərsɪfəl ənd ˈmɑnstrəs ər ðə ˈnɔɪzɪz wɪθ wɪʧ səm ˈpərsənz əˈkəmpəni ðə eating—no, ðə dɪˈvaʊərɪŋ əv ðə fud fər wɪʧ, wi trəst, ðeɪ ər ˈθæŋkfəl. tɪ sɪt daʊn wɪθ ə ˈkəmpəˌni əv səʧ ɪz laɪk ˈʤɔɪnɪŋ hərd əv swaɪn feeding.’.’ ˈsoʊbərli, æt noʊ taɪm, ˈprɑbəˌbli, ər ðə rulz əv gʊd ˈbridɪŋ lɛs rɪˈgɑrdɪd ðən æt time,’,’ ənd æt noʊ pleɪs ɪz ə dɪˈpɑrʧər ðiz rulz mɔr ˈnoʊtəsəbəl ðən æt ˈteɪbəl. səm ˈpərsənz nɔ æt ə krəst ɛz dɔgz nɔ ə boʊn, ˈrætəl naɪvz ənd spunz əˈgɛnst ðɛr tiθ ɛz ðoʊ ˈæŋʃəs tɪ pruv wɪʧ ɪz ðə ˈhɑrdər, ənd skreɪp ðɛr pleɪts wɪθ ən ˈɛnərʤi ənd ˌpərsəˈvɪrəns wɪʧ wʊd bi ˈvɛri kəˈmɛndəbəl ɪf bɪˈstoʊd əˈpɑn ˈɛni ˈɑbʤɛkt wərθ ðə ˈtrəbəl. ˈəðərz, ɪn dɪˈfaɪəns əv ðə oʊld ˈnərsəri rhyme—— məst nɑt dɪp, aɪ wɪʃ, maɪ spun ər ˈfɪŋgər ɪn ðə dish;’;’ ər pərˈpɛʧuəli ˈhɛlpɪŋ ðɛmˈsɛlvz ɪn ðɪs ˈvɛri ˈstreɪtˈfɔrwərd ənd ˌənsəˈfɪstɪˌkeɪtɪd ˈmænər. əˈnəðər, wɪθ ə maʊθ fʊl əv fud tɪ meɪk hɪz tiθ ənd təŋ pərˈfɔrm ðə ˈdəbəl ˈduti əv ʧuɪŋ ənd ˈtɔkɪŋ æt ðə seɪm taɪm. əˈnəðər, kwaɪt ɪn ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri staɪl, ɪn ðə ˈɪntərvəlz əv ˈkræmɪŋ, meɪks hɪz naɪf ənd fɔrk kip gɑrd ˈoʊvər ðə ˈʤɛləsli wɔʧt pleɪt, biɪŋ hɛld ˈəˌpraɪt ɔn ˈiðər saɪd ɪn ðə klɛnʧt fɪst, laɪk ðə ˈməskət əv ə rɑ rɪˈkrut. ənd əˈnəðər, ɛz ˈɔfən ɛz ˈlɛʒər sərvz, hɪz pleɪt frəm lɛft tɪ raɪt, ənd frəm raɪt tɪ lɛft, ər raʊnd ənd raʊnd, ənˈtɪl ðə ˈpeɪnfəl ˌɑpərˈeɪʃən əv ˈfidɪŋ ɪz ˈoʊvər. ɪz, wi noʊ, səʧ ə θɪŋ ɛz biɪŋ nis ðən wise.’.’ ɪt ɪz kwaɪt ˈpɑsəbəl tɪ bi fæˈstɪdiəs. bət ðɛr ər ˈɔlsoʊ səʧ ˈmætərz ɛz ˈdisənsi ənd gʊd ˈɔrdər; ənd ɪt ˈʃʊrli ɪz ˈbɛtər tɪ ɛr ɔn ðə raɪt ðən ɔn ðə rɔŋ saɪd əv gʊd breeding.”.” 66 ˈʧæptər iv. ˈɛtəkət ɪn ðə strit. ə ˈʤɛnəlmən wɪl bi ˈɔlˌweɪz pəˈlaɪt, ɪn ðə ˈpɑrlər, dining-room, ənd ɪn ðə strit. ðɪs læst klɔz wɪl əˈspɛʃəli ˌɪnˈklud ˈkərtəsi təˈwɔrdz ˈleɪdiz, noʊ ˈmætər wət meɪ bi ðɛr eɪʤ ər pəˈzɪʃən. ə mæn hu wɪl əˈnɔɪ ər ˌɪnˈsəlt ə ˈwʊmən ɪn ðə strit, loʊərz hɪmˈsɛlf tɪ ə brut, noʊ ˈmætər ˈwɛðər hi əˈfɛndz baɪ lʊk, wərd, ər ˈʤɛsʧər. ðɛr ər ˈsɛvərəl ˈlɪtəl fɔrmz əv ˈɛtəkət, ˈgɪvɪn bɪˈloʊ, ðə əbˈzərvəns əv wɪʧ wɪl mɑrk ðə ˈʤɛnəlmən ɪn ðə strit. wɪn ˈwɔkɪŋ wɪθ ə ˈleɪdi, ər wɪθ ə ˈʤɛnəlmən hu ɪz ˈoʊldər ðən ˈjɔrsɛlf, gɪv ðɛm ðə ˈəpər saɪd əv ðə ˈpeɪvmənt, ðət ɪz, ðə saɪd ˈnɪrəst ðə haʊs. wɪn ˈwɔkɪŋ əˈloʊn, ənd ju si ˈɛni wən ˈkəmɪŋ təˈwɔrdz ju ɔn ðə seɪm saɪd əv ðə strit, gɪv ðə ˈəpər pɑrt əv ðə ˈpeɪvmənt, ɛz ju tərn əˈsaɪd, tɪ ə mæn hu meɪ ˈkɛri ə ˈhɛvi ˈbəndəl, tɪ ə prist ər ˈklərʤiˌmæn, tɪ ə ˈwʊmən, ər tɪ ˈɛni ˈɛldərli ˈpərsən. ɪn ə kraʊd ˈnɛvər ˈrudli pʊʃ əˈsaɪd ðoʊz hu ˌɪmˈpid jʊr ˈprɑˌgrɛs, bət weɪt ˈpeɪʃəntli ənˈtɪl ðə weɪ ɪz klɪr. ɪf ju ər ˈhərid baɪ ˈbɪznɪs əv ˌɪmˈpɔrtəns ər ən ɛnˈgeɪʤmənt, ju wɪl faɪnd ðət ə fju ˈkərtiəs wərdz ˈoʊpən ðə weɪ ˌbiˈfɔr ju mɔr kˈwɪkli ðən ðə moʊst ˈvaɪələnt ˈpʊʃɪŋ ənd laʊd ˈtɔkɪŋ. ɪf əˈblaɪʤd tɪ krɔs ə plæŋk, ər ˈnɛroʊ pæθ, lɛt ˈɛni ˈleɪdi ər oʊld ˈpərsən hu meɪ ˈɔlsoʊ bi ˈpæsɪŋ, prɪˈsid ju. ɪn keɪs ðə weɪ ɪz sˈlɪpəri ər ɪn ˈɛni weɪ ənˈseɪf, ju meɪ, wɪθ ˈpərˌfɪkt prəˈpraɪəti, ˈɔfər tɪ əˈsɪst ˈiðər ə ˈleɪdi ər ˈɛldərli ˈpərsən ɪn ˈkrɔsɪŋ ɪt. du nɑt smoʊk ɪn ðə strit ənˈtɪl ˈæftər dɑrk, ənd ðɛn riˈmuv jʊr sɪˈgɑr frəm jʊr maʊθ, ɪf ju mit ə ˈleɪdi. bi ˈkɛrfəl əˈbaʊt jʊr drɛs. ju kən ˈnɛvər noʊ hum ju meɪ mit, soʊ ɪt ɪz bɛst tɪ ˈnɛvər liv ðə haʊs ˈəðərˌwaɪz ðən. braɪt ˈkələrz, ənd məʧ ˈʤuəlri ər boʊθ ˌənbɪˈkəmɪŋ tɪ ə ˈʤɛnəlmən ɪn ðə strit. əˈvɔɪd ˈtəʧɪŋ ˈɛni wən wɪθ jʊr ˈɛlˌboʊz ɪn ˈpæsɪŋ, ənd du nɑt swɪŋ jʊr ɑrmz ɛz ju wɔk. bi ˈkɛrfəl wɪn ˈwɔkɪŋ wɪθ ər nɪr ə ˈleɪdi, nɑt tɪ pʊt jʊr fʊt əˈpɑn hər drɛs. ɪn ˈkɛriɪŋ ən ˈəmˌbrɛlə, hoʊld ɪt soʊ ðət ju kən si ðə weɪ klɪr ˌbiˈfɔr ju; əˈvɔɪd ˈstraɪkɪŋ jʊr ˈəmˌbrɛlə əˈgɛnst ðoʊz wɪʧ pæs ju; ɪf ju ər ˈwɔkɪŋ wɪθ ə ˈleɪdi, lɛt ðə ˈəmˌbrɛlə ˈkəvər hər ˈpərfəktli, bət hoʊld ɪt soʊ ðət ju wɪl nɑt təʧ hər ˈbɑnət. ɪf ju hæv ðə kɛr əv tu ˈleɪdiz, lɛt ðɛm ˈkɛri ðə ˈəmˌbrɛlə bɪtˈwin ðɛm, ənd wɔk ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ˈjɔrsɛlf. ˈnəθɪŋ kən bi mɔr əbˈsərd ðən fər ə ˈʤɛnəlmən tɪ wɔk bɪtˈwin tu ˈleɪdiz, ˈhoʊldɪŋ ðə ˈəmˌbrɛlə hɪmˈsɛlf; waɪl, ɪn ðɪs weɪ, hi ɪz ˈpərfəktli prəˈtɛktɪd, ðə ˈleɪdiz rɪˈsiv əˈpɑn ðɛr ˈdrɛsɪz ənd ðə ˈlɪtəl strimz əv ˈwɔtər wɪʧ rən frəm ðə pɔɪnts əv ðə ˈəmˌbrɛlə. ɪn keɪs əv ə ˈsədən fɔl əv reɪn, ju meɪ, wɪθ prəˈpraɪəti, ˈɔfər jʊr ˈəmˌbrɛlə tɪ ə ˈleɪdi hu ɪz wɪθ wən. ɪf ʃi ækˈsɛpts ɪt, ənd æsks jʊr ˈæˌdrɛs tɪ rɪˈtərn ɪt, liv ɪt wɪθ hər; ɪf ʃi ˈhɛzəˌteɪts, ənd dɪz nɑt wɪʃ tɪ dɪˈpraɪv ju əv ðə juz əv ɪt, ju meɪ ˈɔfər tɪ əˈkəmpəni hər tɪ hər ˌdɛstɪˈneɪʃən, ənd ðɛn, du nɑt ˈoʊpən ə ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən; lɛt jʊr ˈmænər bi rɪˈspɛktfəl, ənd wɪn ju liv hər, lɛt hər θæŋk ju, əˈʃʊr hər əv ðə ˈplɛʒər ɪt həz ˈgɪvɪn ju tɪ bi əv ˈsərvɪs, boʊ, ənd liv hər. ɪn ˈmitɪŋ ə ˈleɪdi frɛnd, weɪt fər hər tɪ boʊ tɪ ju, ənd ɪn rɪˈtərnɪŋ hər salutation, riˈmuv jʊr hæt. tɪ ə ˈʤɛnəlmən ju meɪ boʊ, ˈmɪrli ˈtəʧɪŋ jʊr hæt, ɪf hi ɪz əˈloʊn ər wɪθ əˈnəðər ˈʤɛnəlmən; bət ɪf hi həz ə ˈleɪdi wɪθ ɪm, reɪz jʊr hæt ɪn boʊɪŋ tɪ ɪm. ɪf ju stɑp tɪ spik tɪ ə ˈleɪdi, hoʊld jʊr hæt ɪn jʊr hænd, ənˈtɪl ʃi livz ju, ənˈlɛs ʃi rɪkˈwɛsts ju tɪ ˌriˈpleɪs ɪt. wɪθ ə ˈʤɛnəlmən ju meɪ ˌriˈpleɪs ɪt ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli. ˈnɛvər ʤɔɪn ə ˈleɪdi hum ju meɪ mit, wɪˈθaʊt fərst ˈæskɪŋ hər pərˈmɪʃən tɪ du soʊ. ɪf ju stɑp tɪ ˈkɑnvərs wɪθ ˈɛni wən ɪn ðə strit, stænd nɪr ðə ˈhaʊsɪz, ðət ju meɪ nɑt ˌɪnərˈfɪr wɪθ ˈəðərz hu ər ˈpæsɪŋ. ju meɪ boʊ tɪ ə ˈleɪdi hu ɪz ˈsitɪd æt ə ˈwɪndoʊ, ɪf ju ər ɪn ðə strit; bət ju məst nɑt boʊ frəm ə ˈwɪndoʊ tɪ ə ˈleɪdi ɪn ðə strit. du nɑt stɑp tɪ ʤɔɪn ə kraʊd hu ər kəˈlɛktəd raʊnd ə strit ʃoʊ, ər strit ˈmərʧənt, ənˈlɛs ju wɪʃ tɪ pæs fər ə ˈkəntrimən ˈteɪkɪŋ ə ˈhɑlɪˌdeɪ ɪn ðə ˈsɪti. ɪf ju stɑp ˈɛni wən tɪ ɪnkˈwaɪər jʊr oʊn weɪ, ər ɪf ju ər kɔld əˈpɑn tɪ dɪˈrɛkt əˈnəðər, riˈmuv jʊr hæt waɪl ˈæskɪŋ ər ˈænsərɪŋ ðə kˈwɛʃən. 69 ɪf ju si ə ˈleɪdi ˈlivɪŋ ə ˈkɛrəʤ ənəˈtɛndɪd, ər ˈhɛzəˌteɪtɪŋ æt ə bæd ˈkrɔsɪŋ, ju meɪ, wɪθ prəˈpraɪəti, ˈɔfər jʊr hænd ər ɑrm tɪ əˈsɪst hər, ənd ˈhævɪŋ sin hər ˈseɪfli əˈpɑn ðə ˈpeɪvmənt, boʊ, ənd pæs ɔn. ɪn ə kɑr ər ˈɑmnəbəs, wɪn ə ˈleɪdi ˈwɪʃɪz tɪ gɪt aʊt, stɑp ðə kɑr fər hər, pæs əp hər fɛr, ənd ɪn ən ˈɑmnəbəs əˈlaɪt ənd əˈsɪst hər ɪn ˈgɪtɪŋ aʊt, boʊɪŋ ɛz ju liv hər. bi ˈʤɛnəl, ˈkərtiəs, ənd kaɪnd tɪ ˈʧɪldrən. ðɛr ɪz noʊ ˈʃʊrər ˈtoʊkən əv ə loʊ, ˈvəlgər maɪnd, ðən tɪ ˈlɪtəl wənz hum ju meɪ mit ɪn ðə strits. ə tru ˈʤɛnəlmən ˈnɛvər stɑps tɪ kənˈsɪdər wət meɪ bi ðə pəˈzɪʃən əv ˈɛni ˈwʊmən hum ɪt ɪz ɪn hɪz paʊər tɪ eɪd ɪn ðə strit. hi wɪl əˈsɪst ən ˈaɪrɪʃ wɪθ hər lɑrʤ ˈbæskət ər ˈbəndəl ˈoʊvər ə ˈkrɔsɪŋ, ər ˈkɛri ˈoʊvər ðə ˈlɪtəl ˈʧɑrʤɪz əv ə dɪˈstrɛst ˈnigroʊ nərs, wɪθ ðə seɪm ˈʤɛnəl ˈkərtəsi wɪʧ hi wʊd ɪkˈstɛnd təˈwɔrd ðə ˈleɪdi hu wɑz ˈstɛpɪŋ frəm hər ˈpraɪvət ˈkɛrəʤ. ðə tru ˈspɪrɪt əv ˈʃɪvəlri meɪks ðə ˈkərtəsi du tɪ ðə sɛks, nɑt tɪ ðə pəˈzɪʃən əv ðə ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl. wɪn ju ər ˈɛskɔrtɪŋ ə ˈleɪdi ɪn ðə strit, pəˈlaɪtnəs dɪz nɑt ˌæbsəˈlutli ˌrikˈwaɪər ju tɪ ˈkɛri hər ˈbəndəl ər parasol, bət ɪf ju ər ˈgælənt ju wɪl du soʊ. ju məst ˈrɛgjəˌleɪt jʊr wɔk baɪ hərz, ənd nɑt fɔrs hər tɪ kip əp wɪθ jʊr ˈɔrdəˌnɛri peɪs. wɔʧ ðət ju du nɑt lɛd hər ˈɪntu ˈɛni bæd ˈpleɪsɪz, ənd əˈsɪst hər ˈkɛrfəli ˈoʊvər iʧ ˈkrɔsɪŋ, ər wɛt pleɪs ɔn ðə ˈpeɪvmənt. ɪf ju ər ˈwɔkɪŋ ɪn ðə ˈkəntri, ənd pæs streamlet, ˈɔfər jʊr hænd tɪ əˈsɪst jʊr kəmˈpænjən ɪn ˈkrɔsɪŋ. ɪf ju pæs ˈoʊvər ə fɛns, ənd ʃi rɪfˈjuzɪz jʊr əˈsɪstəns ɪn ˈkrɔsɪŋ ɪt, wɔk ˈfɔrwərd, ənd du nɑt lʊk bæk, ənˈtɪl ʃi ʤɔɪnz ju əˈgɛn. ðə bɛst weɪ tɪ əˈsɪst ə ˈleɪdi ˈoʊvər ə fɛns, ɪz tɪ stænd ˈjɔrsɛlf əˈpɑn ðə ˈəpər reɪl, ənd waɪl ˈjuzɪŋ wən hænd tɪ kip ə ˈstɛdi pəˈzɪʃən, stup, ˈɔfər hər ðə ˈəðər, ənd wɪθ ə fərm, ˈstɛdi græsp, hoʊld hər hænd ənˈtɪl ʃi stændz ˌbiˈsaɪd ju; ðɛn lɛt hər goʊ daʊn ɔn ðə ˈəðər saɪd fərst, ənd ˈfɑloʊ hər wɪn ʃi ɪz seɪf əˈpɑn ðə graʊnd. ɪn ˈstɑrtɪŋ fər ə wɔk wɪθ ə ˈleɪdi, ənˈlɛs ʃi ɪz ə ˈstreɪnʤər ɪn ðə pleɪs təˈwɔrdz hum ju ækt ɛz gaɪd, lɛt hər səˈlɛkt jʊr ˌdɛstɪˈneɪʃən. wɛr ðɛr ər ˈsɛvərəl ˈleɪdiz, ənd ju ər rikˈwaɪərd tɪ ˈɛskɔrt wən əv ðɛm, səˈlɛkt ðə ˈɛldərli, ər ðoʊz huz ˈpərsɪnəl əˈpɪrəns wɪl ˈprɑbəˌbli meɪk ðɛm list ˈlaɪkli tɪ bi sɔt baɪ ˈəðərz. ju wɪl ˈprɑbəˌbli bi riˈpeɪd baɪ ˈfaɪndɪŋ ðɛm ˈvɛri ˌɪnˈtɛləʤənt, ənd wɪθ ə fənd əv ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən. ɪf ðɛr ər mɔr ˈleɪdiz ðən ˈʤɛnəlmɪn, ju meɪ ˈɔfər ən ɑrm tɪ tu, wɪθ səm ʤɛst əˈbaʊt ðə ˈdɪfɪˌkəlti əv ˈʧuzɪŋ, ər ðə ˈdəbəl ˈɑnər ju ˌɛnˈʤɔɪ. ˈɔfər jʊr sit ɪn ˈɛni ˈpəblɪk kənˈveɪəns, tɪ ə ˈleɪdi hu ɪz ˈstændɪŋ. ɪt ɪz ˈɔfən kwaɪt ɛz greɪt ə ˈkaɪndnəs ənd mɑrk əv ˈkərtəsi tɪ teɪk ə ʧaɪld ɪn jʊr læp. wɪn wɪθ ə ˈleɪdi ju məst peɪ hər ɪkˈspɛnsɪz ɛz wɛl ɛz jʊr oʊn; ɪf ʃi ˈɔfərz tɪ ʃɛr ðə ɪkˈspɛns, dɪˈklaɪn ənˈlɛs ʃi ˌɪnˈsɪsts əˈpɑn ɪt, ɪn ðə ˈlætər keɪs jild ˈgreɪsfəli. ˈmɛni ˈleɪdiz, hu hæv noʊ ˈbrəðər ər ˈfɑðər, ənd ər dɪˈpɛndənt əˈpɑn ðɛr ˈʤɛnəlmɪn frɛndz fər ˈɛskɔrt, meɪk ɪt ə rul tɪ bi ˈəndər noʊ pɛˈkjuniˌɛri ˌɑbləˈgeɪʃənz ðɛm, ənd ju wɪl, ɪn səʧ ə keɪs, əˈfɛnd mɔr baɪ ˌɪnˈsɪstɪŋ əˈpɑn jʊr raɪt tɪ teɪk ðət ɪkˈspɛns, ðən baɪ kˈwaɪətli ˈpɑkətɪŋ jʊr ˈdɪgnəti ənd ðɛr kæʃ təˈgɛðər. aɪ noʊ ˈmɛni ˈʤɛnəlmɪn wɪl kraɪ aʊt æt maɪ əˈsərʃən; bət aɪ hæv əbˈzərvd ðɪs ˈmætər, ənd noʊ ˈmɛni ˈleɪdiz hu wɪl sɪnˈsɪrli əˈgri wɪθ mi ɪn maɪ əˈpɪnjən. ɪn ə ˈkɛrəʤ ˈɔlˌweɪz gɪv ðə bæk sit tɪ ðə ˈleɪdi ər ˈleɪdiz əˈkəmpəniɪŋ ju. ɪf ju hæv bət wən ˈleɪdi wɪθ ju, teɪk ðə sit ˈɑpəzɪt tɪ hər, ənˈlɛs ʃi ˌɪnˈvaɪts ju tɪ sɪt ˌbiˈsaɪd hər, ɪn wɪʧ keɪs əkˈsɛpt hər ˈɔfər. ˈnɛvər pʊt jʊr ɑrm əˈkrɔs ðə sit, ər əraʊnd hər, ɛz ˈmɛni du ɪn ˈraɪdɪŋ. ɪt ɪz ən, ənd ɪf ʃi ɪz ə ˈleɪdi əv rəˈfaɪnmənt, ʃi wɪl rɪˈzɛnt ɪt ɛz səʧ. ɪf ju ˈɔfər ə sit ɪn jʊr ˈkɛrəʤ tɪ ə ˈleɪdi, ər əˈnəðər ˈʤɛnəlmən hum ju meɪ mit æt ə ˈpɑrti ər ˈpɪkˌnɪk, teɪk ðɛm hoʊm, ˌbiˈfɔr ju draɪv tɪ jʊr oʊn ˌdɛstɪˈneɪʃən, noʊ ˈmætər haʊ məʧ ju meɪ hæv tɪ draɪv aʊt əv jʊr oʊn weɪ. bi ðə læst tɪ ˈɛnər ðə ˈkɛrəʤ, ðə fərst tɪ liv ɪt. ɪf ju hæv ˈleɪdiz wɪθ ju, ˈɔfər ðɛm jʊr hænd tɪ əˈsɪst ðɛm ɪn ˈɛnərɪŋ ənd alighting, ənd ju ʃʊd teɪk ðə ɑrm əv ən oʊld ˈʤɛnəlmən tɪ əˈsɪst ɪm. ɪf ˈɔfərd ə sit ɪn ðə ˈkɛrəʤ əv ə ˈʤɛnəlmən frɛnd, stænd əˈsaɪd fər ɪm tɪ gɪt ɪn fərst, bət ɪf hi weɪts fər ju, boʊ ənd teɪk jʊr sit ˌbiˈfɔr hi dɪz. wɪn ˈdraɪvɪŋ ə ˈleɪdi ɪn ə ˈviɪkəl, ju ʃʊd əˈsɪst hər tɪ ˈɛnər ðə ˈkɛrəʤ, si ðət hər drɛs ɪz nɑt ɪn ˈdeɪnʤər əv ˈtəʧɪŋ ðə wilz, ənd ðət hər ʃɔl, parasol, ənd fæn, ər wɛr ʃi kən riʧ ðɛm, ˌbiˈfɔr ju teɪk jʊr oʊn sit. ɪf ʃi ˈwɪʃɪz tɪ stɑp, ənd ju rɪˈmeɪn wɪθ ðə ˈhɔrsɪz, ju ʃʊd əˈlaɪt ʃi dɪz, əˈsɪst hər ɪn alighting*, ənd əˈgɛn əˈlaɪt tɪ hɛlp hər tɪ hər sit wɪn ʃi rɪˈtərnz, ˈivɪn ɪf ju kip waɪ
the project gutenberg ebook of the gentlemen's book of etiquette and manual of politeness, by cecil b. hartley this ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. you may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the project gutenberg license included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license title: the gentlemen's book of etiquette and manual of politeness being a complete guide for a gentleman's conduct in all his relations towards society author: cecil b. hartley release date: march 28, 2012 [ebook #39293] language: english character set encoding: utf-8 * start of this project gutenberg ebook book of etiquette * produced by julia miller, s.d., and the online distributed proofreading team at http://www.pgdp.net (this file was produced from images generously made available by the internet archive/american libraries.) the gentlemen’s book of etiquette, and manual of politeness; being a complete guide for a gentleman’s conduct in all his relations towards society. containing rules for the etiquette to be observed in the street, at table, in the ball room, evening party, and morning call; with full directions for polite correspondence, dress, conversation, manly exercises, and accomplishments. from the best french, english, and american authorities. by cecil b. hartley. boston: g. w. cottrell, publisher, 36 cornhill. entered according to the act of congress, in the year 1860, by g. g. evans, in the clerk’s office of the district court for the eastern district of pennsylvania. {3} introduction. [skip to table of contents] man was not intended to live like a bear or a hermit, apart from others of his own nature, and, philosophy and reason will each agree with me, that man was born for sociability and finds his true delight in society. society is a word capable of many meanings, and used here in each and all of them. society, par excellence; the world at large; the little clique to which he is bound by early ties; the companionship of friends or relatives; even society tete a tete with one dear sympathizing soul, are pleasant states for a man to be in. taking the word in its most extended view, it is the world; but in the light we wish to impress in our book it is the smaller world of the changing, pleasant intercourse of each city or town in which our reader may chance to abide. this society, composed, as it is, of many varying natures and elements, where each individual must submit to merge his own identity into the universal whole, which makes the word and state, is divided and subdivided into various cliques, and has a pastime for every disposition, grave or gay; and with each division rises up a new set of forms and ceremonies to be observed{4} if you wish to glide down the current of polite life, smoothly and pleasantly. the young man who makes his first entrance into the world of society, should know how to choose his friends, and next how to conduct himself towards them. experience is, of course, the best guide, but at first starting this must come second hand, from an older friend, or from books. a judicious friend is the best guide; but how is the young man to know whom to choose? when at home this friend is easily selected; but in this country, where each bird leaves the parent nest as soon as his wings will bear him safely up, there are but few who stay amongst the friends at home. next then comes the instruction from books. true a book will not fully supply the place either of experience or friendly advice, still it may be made useful, and, carefully written from the experience of heads grown gray in society, with only well authenticated rules, it will be a guide not to be despised by the young aspirant for favor in polite and refined circles. you go into society from mixed motives; partly for pleasure, recreation after the fatigues of your daily duties, and partly that you may become known. in a republican country where one man’s opportunities for rising are as good as those of another, ambition will lead every rising man into society. you may set it down as a rule, that as you treat the world, so the world will treat you. carry into the circles of society a refined, polished manner, and an amiable desire to please, and it will meet you with smiling grace, and lead you forward pleasantly along the flowery paths; go, on the contrary, with a brusque, rude manner, startling all the silky softness before you{5} with cut and thrust remarks, carrying only the hard realities of life in your hand, and you will find society armed to meet you, showing only sharp corners and thorny places for your blundering footsteps to stumble against. you will find in every circle that etiquette holds some sway; her rule is despotic in some places, in others mild, and easily set aside. your first lesson in society will be to study where she reigns supreme, in her crown and holding her sceptre, and where she only glides in with a gentle hint or so, and timidly steps out if rebuked; and let your conduct be governed by the result of your observations. you will soon become familiar with the signs, and tell on your first entrance into a room whether kid gloves and exquisite finish of manner will be appropriate, or whether it is “hail, fellow, well met” with the inmates. remember, however, “once a gentleman always a gentleman,” and be sure that you can so carry out the rule, that in your most careless, joyous moments, when freest from the restraints of etiquette, you can still be recognizable as a gentleman by every act, word, or look. avoid too great a restraint of manner. stiffness is not politeness, and, while you observe every rule, you may appear to heed none. to make your politeness part of yourself, inseparable from every action, is the height of gentlemanly elegance and finish of manner. {6} {7} {10} {11} gentlemen’s book of etiquette. chapter i. conversation. one of the first rules for a guide in polite conversation, is to avoid political or religious discussions in general society. such discussions lead almost invariably to irritating differences of opinion, often to open quarrels, and a coolness of feeling which might have been avoided by dropping the distasteful subject as soon as marked differences of opinion arose. it is but one out of many that can discuss either political or religious differences, with candor and judgment, and yet so far control his language and temper as to avoid either giving or taking offence. in their place, in circles which have met for such discussions, in a tête à tête conversation, in a small party of gentlemen where each is ready courteously to listen to the others, politics may be discussed with perfect propriety, but in the drawing-room, at the dinner-table, or in the society of ladies, these topics are best avoided. if you are drawn into such a discussion without intending to be so, be careful that your individual opinion{12} does not lead you into language and actions unbecoming a gentleman. listen courteously to those whose opinions do not agree with yours, and keep your temper. a man in a passion ceases to be a gentleman. even if convinced that your opponent is utterly wrong, yield gracefully, decline further discussion, or dextrously turn the conversation, but do not obstinately defend your own opinion until you become angry, or more excited than is becoming to a gentleman. many there are who, giving their opinion, not as an opinion but as a law, will defend their position by such phrases, as: “well, if i were president, or governor, i would,” &c.—and while by the warmth of their argument they prove that they are utterly unable to govern their own temper, they will endeavor to persuade you that they are perfectly competent to take charge of the government of the nation. retain, if you will, a fixed political opinion, yet do not parade it upon all occasions, and, above all, do not endeavor to force others to agree with you. listen calmly to their ideas upon the same subjects, and if you cannot agree, differ politely, and while your opponent may set you down as a bad politician, let him be obliged to admit that you are a gentleman. wit and vivacity are two highly important ingredients in the conversation of a man in polite society, yet a straining for effect, or forced wit, is in excessively bad taste. there is no one more insupportable in society than the everlasting talkers who scatter puns, witticisms, and jokes with so profuse a hand that they become as tiresome as a comic newspaper, and whose loud laugh at{13} their own wit drowns other voices which might speak matter more interesting. the really witty man does not shower forth his wit so indiscriminately; his charm consists in wielding his powerful weapon delicately and easily, and making each highly polished witticism come in the right place and moment to be effectual. while real wit is a most delightful gift, and its use a most charming accomplishment, it is, like many other bright weapons, dangerous to use too often. you may wound where you meant only to amuse, and remarks which you mean only in for general applications, may be construed into personal affronts, so, if you have the gift, use it wisely, and not too freely. the most important requisite for a good conversational power is education, and, by this is meant, not merely the matter you may store in your memory from observation or books, though this is of vast importance, but it also includes the developing of the mental powers, and, above all, the comprehension. an english writer says, “a man should be able, in order to enter into conversation, to catch rapidly the meaning of anything that is advanced; for instance, though you know nothing of science, you should not be obliged to stare and be silent, when a man who does understand it is explaining a new discovery or a new theory; though you have not read a word of blackstone, your comprehensive powers should be sufficiently acute to enable you to take in the statement that may be made of a recent cause; though you may not have read some particular book, you should be capable of appreciating the criticism which you hear of it. without such power—simple enough, and easily attained{14} by attention and practice, yet too seldom met with in general society—a conversation which departs from the most ordinary topics cannot be maintained without the risk of lapsing into a lecture; with such power, society becomes instructive as well as amusing, and you have no remorse at an evening’s end at having wasted three or four hours in profitless banter, or simpering platitudes. this facility of comprehension often startles us in some women, whose education we know to have been poor, and whose reading is limited. if they did not rapidly receive your ideas, they could not, therefore, be fit companions for intellectual men, and it is, perhaps, their consciousness of a deficiency which leads them to pay the more attention to what you say. it is this which makes married women so much more agreeable to men of thought than young ladies, as a rule, can be, for they are accustomed to the society of a husband, and the effort to be a companion to his mind has engrafted the habit of attention and ready reply.” the same author says: “no less important is the cultivation of taste. if it is tiresome and deadening to be with people who cannot understand, and will not even appear to be interested in your better thoughts, it is almost repulsive to find a man insensible to all beauty, and immovable by any horror. “in the present day an acquaintance with art, even if you have no love for it, is a sine quâ non of good society. music and painting are subjects which will be discussed in every direction around you. it is only in bad society that people go to the opera, concerts, and art-exhibitions merely because it is the fashion, or to say{15} they have been there; and if you confessed to such a weakness in really good society, you would be justly voted a puppy. for this, too, some book knowledge is indispensable. you should at least know the names of the more celebrated artists, composers, architects, sculptors, and so forth, and should be able to approximate their several schools. “so too, you should know pretty accurately the pronunciation of celebrated names, or, if not, take care not to use them. it will never do to be ignorant of the names and approximate ages of great composers, especially in large cities, where music is so highly appreciated and so common a theme. it will be decidedly condemnatory if you talk of the new opera ‘don giovanni,’ or rossini’s ‘trovatore,’ or are ignorant who composed ‘fidelio,’ and in what opera occur such common pieces as ‘ciascun lo dice,’ or ‘il segreto.’ i do not say that these trifles are indispensable, and when a man has better knowledge to offer, especially with genius or ‘cleverness’ to back it, he will not only be pardoned for an ignorance of them, but can even take a high tone, and profess indifference or contempt of them. but, at the same time, such ignorance stamps an ordinary man, and hinders conversation. on the other hand the best society will not endure dilettantism, and, whatever the knowledge a man may possess of any art, he must not display it so as to make the ignorance of others painful to them. but this applies to every topic. to have only one or two subjects to converse on, and to discourse rather than talk on them, is always ill-bred, whether the theme be literature or horseflesh. the gentleman jockey{16} will probably denounce the former as a ‘bore,’ and call us pedants for dwelling on it; but if, as is too often the case, he can give us nothing more general than the discussion of the ‘points’ of a horse that, perhaps, we have never seen, he is as great a pedant in his way. “reason plays a less conspicuous part in good society because its frequenters are too reasonable to be mere reasoners. a disputation is always dangerous to temper, and tedious to those who cannot feel as eager as the disputants; a discussion, on the other hand, in which every body has a chance of stating amicably and unobtrusively his or her opinion, must be of frequent occurrence. but to cultivate the reason, besides its high moral value, has the advantage of enabling one to reply as well as attend to the opinions of others. nothing is more tedious or disheartening than a perpetual, ‘yes, just so,’ and nothing more. conversation must never be one-sided. then, again, the reason enables us to support a fancy or an opinion, when we are asked why we think so. to reply, ‘i don’t know, but still i think so,’ is silly and tedious. “but there is a part of our education so important and so neglected in our schools and colleges, that it cannot be too highly impressed on the young man who proposes to enter society. i mean that which we learn first of all things, yet often have not learned fully when death eases us of the necessity—the art of speaking our own language. what can greek and latin, french and german be for us in our every-day life, if we have not acquired this? we are often encouraged to raise a laugh at doctor syntax and the tyranny of grammar,{17} but we may be certain that more misunderstandings, and, therefore, more difficulties arise between men in the commonest intercourse from a want of grammatical precision than from any other cause. it was once the fashion to neglect grammar, as it now is with certain people to write illegibly, and, in the days of goethe, a man thought himself a genius if he could spell badly. “precision and accuracy must begin in the very outset; and if we neglect them in grammar, we shall scarcely acquire them in expressing our thoughts. but since there is no society without interchange of thought, and since the best society is that in which the best thoughts are interchanged in the best and most comprehensible manner, it follows that a proper mode of expressing ourselves is indispensable in good society. “the art of expressing one’s thoughts neatly and suitably is one which, in the neglect of rhetoric as a study, we must practice for ourselves. the commonest thought well put is more useful in a social point of view, than the most brilliant idea jumbled out. what is well expressed is easily seized, and therefore readily responded to; the most poetic fancy may be lost to the hearer, if the language which conveys it is obscure. speech is the gift which distinguishes man from animals, and makes society possible. he has but a poor appreciation of his high privilege as a human being, who neglects to cultivate, ‘god’s great gift of speech.’ “as i am not writing for men of genius, but for ordinary beings, i am right to state that an indispensable part of education is a knowledge of the literature of the english language. but how to read, is, for{18} society more important than what we read. the man who takes up nothing but a newspaper, but reads it to think, to deduct conclusions from its premises, and form a judgment on its opinions, is more fitted for society than he, who having all the current literature and devoting his whole time to its perusal, swallows it all without digestion. in fact, the mind must be treated like the body, and however great its appetite, it will soon fall into bad health if it gorges, but does not ruminate. at the same time an acquaintance with the best current literature is necessary to modern society, and it is not sufficient to have read a book without being able to pass a judgment upon it. conversation on literature is impossible, when your respondent can only say, ‘yes. i like the book, but i really don’t know why.’ “an acquaintance with old english literature is not perhaps indispensable, but it gives a man great advantage in all kinds of society, and in some he is at a constant loss without it. the same may be said of foreign literature, which in the present day is almost as much discussed as our own; but, on the other hand, an acquaintance with home and foreign politics, with current history, and subjects of passing interest, is absolutely necessary; and a person of sufficient intelligence to join in good society, cannot dispense with his daily newspaper, his literary journal, and the principal reviews and magazines. the cheapness of every kind of literature, the facilities of our well stored circulating libraries, our public reading rooms, and numerous excellent lectures on every possible subject, leave no excuse to poor or rich for an ignorance of any of the topics discussed in{19} intellectual society. you may forget your latin, greek, french, german, and mathematics, but if you frequent good company, you will never be allowed to forget that you are a citizen of the world.” a man of real intelligence and cultivated mind, is generally modest. he may feel when in every day society, that in intellectual acquirements he is above those around him; but he will not seek to make his companions feel their inferiority, nor try to display this advantage over them. he will discuss with frank simplicity the topics started by others, and endeavor to avoid starting such as they will not feel inclined to discuss. all that he says will be marked by politeness and deference to the feelings and opinions of others. la bruyere says, “the great charm of conversation consists less in the display of one’s own wit and intelligence, than in the power to draw forth the resources of others; he who leaves you after a long conversation, pleased with himself and the part he has taken in the discourse, will be your warmest admirer. men do not care to admire you, they wish you to be pleased with them; they do not seek for instruction or even amusement from your discourse, but they do wish you to be made acquainted with their talents and powers of conversation; and the true man of genius will delicately make all who come in contact with him, feel the exquisite satisfaction of knowing that they have appeared to advantage.” having admitted the above to be an incontestable fact, you will also see that it is as great an accomplishment{20} to listen with an air of interest and attention, as it is to speak well. to be a good listener is as indispensable as to be a good talker, and it is in the character of listener that you can most readily detect the man who is accustomed to good society. nothing is more embarrassing to any one who is speaking, than to perceive signs of weariness or inattention in the person whom he addresses. never interrupt any one who is speaking; it is quite as rude to officiously supply a name or date about which another hesitates, unless you are asked to do so. another gross breach of etiquette, is to anticipate the point of a story which another person is reciting, or to take it from his lips to finish it in your own language. some persons plead as an excuse for this breach of etiquette, that the reciter was spoiling a good story by a bad manner, but this does not mend the matter. it is surely rude to give a man to understand that you do not consider him capable of finishing an anecdote that he has commenced. it is ill-bred to put on an air of weariness during a long speech from another person, and quite as rude to look at a watch, read a letter, flirt the leaves of a book, or in any other action show that you are tired of the speaker or his subject. in a general conversation, never speak when another person is speaking, and never try by raising your own voice to drown that of another. never assume an air of haughtiness, or speak in a dictatorial manner; let your conversation be always amiable and frank, free from every affectation. {21} put yourself on the same level as the person to whom you speak, and under penalty of being considered a pedantic idiot, refraining from explaining any expression or word that you may use. never, unless you are requested to do so, speak of your own business or profession in society; to confine your conversation entirely to the subject or pursuit which is your own speciality is low-bred and vulgar. make the subject for conversation suit the company in which you are placed. joyous, light conversation will be at times as much out of place, as a sermon would be at a dancing party. let your conversation be grave or gay as suits the time or place. in a dispute, if you cannot reconcile the parties, withdraw from them. you will surely make one enemy, perhaps two, by taking either side, in an argument when the speakers have lost their temper. never gesticulate in every day conversation, unless you wish to be mistaken for a fifth rate comedian. never ask any one who is conversing with you to repeat his words. nothing is ruder than to say, “pardon me, will you repeat that sentence—i did not hear you at first,” and thus imply that your attention was wandering when he first spoke. never, during a general conversation, endeavor to concentrate the attention wholly upon yourself. it is quite as rude to enter into conversation with one of a group, and endeavor to draw him out of the circle of general conversation to talk with you alone. never listen to the conversation of two persons who have thus withdrawn from a group. if they are so near{22} you that you cannot avoid hearing them, you may, with perfect propriety, change your seat. make your own share in conversation as modest and brief as is consistent with the subject under consideration, and avoid long speeches and tedious stories. if, however, another, particularly an old man, tells a long story, or one that is not new to you, listen respectfully until he has finished, before you speak again. speak of yourself but little. your friends will find out your virtues without forcing you to tell them, and you may feel confident that it is equally unnecessary to expose your faults yourself. if you submit to flattery, you must also submit to the imputation of folly and self-conceit. in speaking of your friends, do not compare them, one with another. speak of the merits of each one, but do not try to heighten the virtues of one by contrasting them with the vices of another. no matter how absurd are the anecdotes that may be told in your presence, you must never give any sign of incredulity. they may be true; and even if false, good breeding forces you to hear them with polite attention, and the appearance of belief. to show by word or sign any token of incredulity, is to give the lie to the narrator, and that is an unpardonable insult. avoid, in conversation all subjects which can injure the absent. a gentleman will never calumniate or listen to calumny. need i say that no gentleman will ever soil his mouth with an oath. above all, to swear in a drawing-room or before ladies is not only indelicate and vulgar in the{23} extreme, but evinces a shocking ignorance of the rules of polite society and good breeding. for a long time the world has adopted a certain form of speech which is used in good society, and which changing often, is yet one of the distinctive marks of a gentleman. a word or even a phrase which has been used among the most refined circles, will, sometimes, by a sudden freak of fashion, from being caricatured in a farce or song, or from some other cause, go entirely out of use. nothing but habitual intercourse with people of refinement and education, and mingling in general society, will teach a gentleman what words to use and what to avoid. yet there are some words which are now entirely out of place in a parlor. avoid a declamatory style; some men, before speaking, will wave their hands as if commanding silence, and, having succeeded in obtaining the attention of the company, will speak in a tone, and style, perfectly suitable for the theatre or lecture room, but entirely out of place in a parlor. such men entirely defeat the object of society, for they resent interruption, and, as their talk flows in a constant stream, no one else can speak without interrupting the pompous idiot who thus endeavors to engross the entire attention of the circle around him. this character will be met with constantly, and generally joins to the other disagreeable traits an egotism as tiresome as it is ill-bred. the wittiest man becomes tedious and ill-bred when he endeavors to engross entirely the attention of the company in which he should take a more modest part. avoid set phrases, and use quotations but rarely.{24} they sometimes make a very piquant addition to conversation, but when they become a constant habit, they are exceedingly tedious, and in bad taste. avoid pedantry; it is a mark, not of intelligence, but stupidity. speak your own language correctly; at the same time do not be too great a stickler for formal correctness of phrases. never notice it if others make mistakes in language. to notice by word or look such errors in those around you, is excessively ill-bred. vulgar language and slang, though in common, unfortunately too common use, are unbecoming in any one who pretends to be a gentleman. many of the words heard now in the parlor and drawing-room, derive their origin from sources which a gentleman would hesitate to mention before ladies, yet he will make daily use of the offensive word or phrase. if you are a professional or scientific man, avoid the use of technical terms. they are in bad taste, because many will not understand them. if, however, you unconsciously use such a term or phrase, do not then commit the still greater error of explaining its meaning. no one will thank you for thus implying their ignorance. in conversing with a foreigner who speaks imperfect english, listen with strict attention, yet do not supply a word, or phrase, if he hesitates. above all, do not by a word or gesture show impatience if he makes pauses or blunders. if you understand his language, say so when you first speak to him; this is not making a display of your own knowledge, but is a kindness, as a foreigner{25} will be pleased to hear and speak his own language when in a strange country. be careful in society never to play the part of buffoon, for you will soon become known as the “funny” man of the party, and no character is so perilous to your dignity as a gentleman. you lay yourself open to both censure and ridicule, and you may feel sure that, for every person who laughs with you, two are laughing at you, and for one who admires you, two will watch your antics with secret contempt. avoid boasting. to speak of your money, connections, or the luxuries at your command is in very bad taste. it is quite as ill-bred to boast of your intimacy with distinguished people. if their names occur naturally in the course of conversation, it is very well; but to be constantly quoting, “my friend, gov. c——,” or “my intimate friend, the president,” is pompous and in bad taste. while refusing the part of jester yourself, do not, by stiff manners, or cold, contemptuous looks, endeavor to check the innocent mirth of others. it is in excessively bad taste to drag in a grave subject of conversation when pleasant, bantering talk is going on around you. join in pleasantly and forget your graver thoughts for the time, and you will win more popularity than if you chill the merry circle or turn their innocent gayety to grave discussions. when thrown into the society of literary people, do not question them about their works. to speak in terms of admiration of any work to the author is in bad taste; but you may give pleasure, if, by a quotation from{26} their writings, or a happy reference to them, you prove that you have read and appreciated them. it is extremely rude and pedantic, when engaged in general conversation, to make quotations in a foreign language. to use phrases which admit of a double meaning, is ungentlemanly, and, if addressed to a lady, they become positively insulting. if you find you are becoming angry in a conversation, either turn to another subject or keep silence. you may utter, in the heat of passion, words which you would never use in a calmer moment, and which you would bitterly repent when they were once said. “never talk of ropes to a man whose father was hanged” is a vulgar but popular proverb. avoid carefully subjects which may be construed into personalities, and keep a strict reserve upon family matters. avoid, if you can, seeing the skeleton in your friend’s closet, but if it is paraded for your special benefit, regard it as a sacred confidence, and never betray your knowledge to a third party. if you have traveled, although you will endeavor to improve your mind in such travel, do not be constantly speaking of your journeyings. nothing is more tiresome than a man who commences every phrase with, “when i was in paris,” or, “in italy i saw——.” when asking questions about persons who are not known to you, in a drawing-room, avoid using adjectives; or you may enquire of a mother, “who is that awkward, ugly girl?” and be answered, “sir, that is my daughter.” {27} avoid gossip; in a woman it is detestable, but in a man it is utterly despicable. do not officiously offer assistance or advice in general society. nobody will thank you for it. ridicule and practical joking are both marks of a vulgar mind and low breeding. avoid flattery. a delicate compliment is permissible in conversation, but flattery is broad, coarse, and to sensible people, disgusting. if you flatter your superiors, they will distrust you, thinking you have some selfish end; if you flatter ladies, they will despise you, thinking you have no other conversation. a lady of sense will feel more complimented if you converse with her upon instructive, high subjects, than if you address to her only the language of compliment. in the latter case she will conclude that you consider her incapable of discussing higher subjects, and you cannot expect her to be pleased at being considered merely a silly, vain person, who must be flattered into good humor. avoid the evil of giving utterance to inflated expressions and remarks in common conversation. it is a somewhat ungrateful task to tell those who would shrink from the imputation of a falsehood that they are in the daily habit of uttering untruths; and yet, if i proceed, no other course than this can be taken by me. it is of no use to adopt half measures; plain speaking saves a deal of trouble. the examples about to be given by me of exaggerated expressions, are only a few of the many that are constantly in use. whether you can acquit yourselves of{28} the charge of occasionally using them, i cannot tell; but i dare not affirm for myself that i am altogether guiltless. “i was caught in the wet last night, the rain came down in torrents.” most of us have been out in heavy rains; but a torrent of water pouring down from the skies would a little surprise us, after all. “i am wet to the skin, and have not a dry thread upon me.” where these expressions are once used correctly, they are used twenty times in opposition to the truth. “i tried to overtake him, but in vain; for he ran like lightning.” the celebrated racehorse eclipse is said to have run a mile in a minute, but poor eclipse is left sadly behind by this expression. “he kept me standing out in the cold so long, i thought i should have waited for ever.” there is not a particle of probability that such a thought could have been for one moment entertained. “as i came across the common, the wind was as keen as a razor.” this is certainly a very keen remark, but the worst of it is that its keenness far exceeds its correctness. “i went to the meeting, but had hard work to get in; for the place was crowded to suffocation.” in this case, in justice to the veracity of the relater, it is necessary to suppose that successful means had been used for his recovery. “it must have been a fine sight; i would have given the world to have seen it.” fond as most of us are of sight-seeing, this would be buying pleasure at a dear{29} price indeed; but it is an easy thing to proffer to part with that which we do not possess. “it made me quite low spirited; my heart felt as heavy as lead.” we most of us know what a heavy heart is; but lead is by no means the most correct metaphor to use in speaking of a heavy heart. “i could hardly find my way, for the night was as dark as pitch.” i am afraid we have all in our turn calumniated the sky in this manner; pitch is many shades darker than the darkest night we have ever known. “i have told him of that fault fifty times over.” five times would, in all probability, be much nearer the fact than fifty. “i never closed my eyes all night long.” if this be true, you acted unwisely; for had you closed your eyes, you might, perhaps, have fallen asleep, and enjoyed the blessing of refreshing slumber; if it be not true, you acted more unwisely still, by stating that as a fact which is altogether untrue. “he is as tall as a church-spire.” i have met with some tall fellows in my time, though the spire of a church is somewhat taller than the tallest of them. “you may buy a fish at the market as big as a jackass, for five shillings.” i certainly have my doubts about this matter; but if it be really true, the market people must be jackasses indeed to sell such large fishes for so little money. “he was so fat he could hardly come in at the door.” most likely the difficulty here alluded to was never felt by any one but the relater; supposing it to be otherwise,{30} the man must have been very broad or the door very narrow. “you don’t say so!—why, it was enough to kill him!” the fact that it did not kill him is a sufficient reply to this unfounded observation; but no remark can be too absurd for an unbridled tongue. thus might i run on for an hour, and after all leave much unsaid on the subject of exaggerated expressions. we are hearing continually the comparisons, “black as soot, white as snow, hot as fire, cold as ice, sharp as a needle, dull as a door-nail, light as a feather, heavy as lead, stiff as a poker, and crooked as a crab-tree,” in cases where such expressions are quite out of order. the practice of expressing ourselves in this inflated and thoughtless way, is more mischievous than we are aware of. it certainly leads us to sacrifice truth; to misrepresent what we mean faithfully to describe; to whiten our own characters, and sometimes to blacken the reputation of a neighbor. there is an uprightness in speech as well as in action, that we ought to strive hard to attain. the purity of truth is sullied, and the standard of integrity is lowered, by incorrect observations. let us reflect upon this matter freely and faithfully. let us love truth, follow truth, and practice truth in our thoughts, our words, and our deeds. {31} chapter ii. politeness. real politeness is the outward expression of the most generous impulses of the heart. it enforces unselfishness, benevolence, kindness, and the golden rule, “do unto others as you would others should do unto you.” thus its first principle is love for the neighbor, loving him as yourself. when in society it would often be exceedingly difficult to decide how to treat those who are personally disagreeable to us, if it were not for the rules of politeness, and the little formalities and points of etiquette which these rules enforce. these evidences of polite breeding do not prove hypocrisy, as you may treat your most bitter enemy with perfect courtesy, and yet make no protestations of friendship. if politeness is but a mask, as many philosophers tell us, it is a mask which will win love and admiration, and is better worn than cast aside. if you wear it with the sincere desire to give pleasure to others, and make all the little meetings of life pass off smoothly and agreeably, it will soon cease to be a mask, but you will find that the manner which you at first put on to give pleasure, has become natural to you, and wherever you have{32} assumed a virtue to please others, you will find the virtue becoming habitual and finally natural, and part of yourself. do not look upon the rules of etiquette as deceptions. they are just as often vehicles for the expression of sincere feeling, as they are the mask to conceal a want of it. you will in society meet with men who rail against politeness, and call it deceit and hypocrisy. watch these men when they have an object to gain, or are desirous of making a favorable impression, and see them tacitly, but unconsciously, admit the power of courtesy, by dropping for the time, their uncouth ways, to affect the politeness, they oftentimes do not feel. pass over the defects of others, be prudent, discreet, at the proper time reserved, yet at other times frank, and treat others with the same gentle courtesy you would wish extended to yourself. true politeness never embarrasses any one, because its first object is to put all at their ease, while it leaves to all perfect freedom of action. you must meet rudeness from others by perfect politeness and polish of manner on your own part, and you will thus shame those who have been uncivil to you. you will more readily make them blush by your courtesy, than if you met their rudeness by ill manners on your own part. while a favor may be doubled in value, by a frankly courteous manner of granting it, a refusal will lose half its bitterness if your manner shows polite regret at your inability to oblige him who asks the favor at your hand. politeness may be extended to the lowest and meanest,{33} and you will never by thus extending it detract from your own dignity. a gentleman may and will treat his washerwoman with respect and courtesy, and his boot-black with pleasant affability, yet preserve perfectly his own position. to really merit the name of a polite, finished gentleman, you must be polite at all times and under all circumstances. there is a difference between politeness and etiquette. real politeness is in-born, and may exist in the savage, while etiquette is the outward expression of politeness reduced to the rules current in good society. a man may be polite, really so in heart, yet show in every movement an ignorance of the rules of etiquette, and offend against the laws of society. you may find him with his elbows upon the table, or tilting his chair in a parlor. you may see him commit every hour gross breaches of etiquette, yet you will never hear him intentionally utter one word to wound another, you will see that he habitually endeavors to make others comfortable, choosing for them the easiest seats, or the daintiest dishes, and putting self entirely aside to contribute to the pleasure of all around him. such a man will learn, by contact with refined society, that his ignorance of the rules which govern it, make him, at times, disagreeable, and from the same unselfish motive which prompts him to make a sacrifice of comfort for the sake of others, he will watch and learn quickly, almost by instinct, where he offends against good breeding, drop one by one his errors in etiquette, and become truly a gentleman. on the other hand, you will meet constantly, in the best society, men whose polish of manner is exquisite,{34} who will perform to the minutest point the niceties of good breeding, who never commit the least act that is forbidden by the strictest rules of etiquette; yet under all this mask of chivalry, gallantry, and politeness will carry a cold, selfish heart; will, with a sweet smile, graceful bow, and elegant language, wound deeply the feelings of others, and while passing in society for models of courtesy and elegance of manner, be in feeling as cruel and barbarous as the veriest savage. so i would say to you, cultivate your heart. cherish there the christian graces, love for the neighbor, unselfishness, charity, and gentleness, and you will be truly a gentleman; add to these the graceful forms of etiquette, and you then become a perfect gentleman. etiquette exists in every corner of the known world, from the savages in the wilds of africa, who dare not, upon penalty of death, approach their barbarous rulers without certain forms and ceremonies, to the most refined circles of europe, where gentle chivalry and a cultivated mind suggest its rules. it has existed in all ages, and the stringency of its laws in some countries has given rise to both ludicrous and tragic incidents. in countries where royalty rules the etiquette, it often happens that pride will blind those who make the rules, and the results are often fatal. believing that the same deference which their rank authorized them to demand, was also due to them as individuals, the result of such an idea was an etiquette as vain and useless as it was absurd. for an example i will give an anecdote: “the kings of spain, the proudest and vainest of all{35} kings of the earth, made a rule of etiquette as stupid as it was useless. it was a fault punishable by death to touch the foot of the queen, and the individual who thus offended, no matter under what circumstances, was executed immediately. “a young queen of spain, wife of charles the second, was riding on horseback in the midst of her attendants. suddenly the horse reared and threw the queen from the saddle. her foot remained in the stirrup, and she was dragged along the ground. an immense crowd stood looking at this spectacle, but no one dared, for his life, to attempt to rescue the poor woman. she would have died, had not two young french officers, ignorant of the stupid law which paralyzed the spaniards, sprung forward and saved her. one stopped the horse, and whilst he held the bridle, his companion disengaged from its painful position the foot of the young queen, who was, by this time, insensible from fear and the bruises which she had already received. they were instantly arrested, and while the queen was carried on a litter to the palace, her young champions were marched off, accompanied by a strong guard, to prison. the next day, sick and feeble, the queen was obliged to leave her bed, and on her knees before the king, plead for the pardon of the two frenchmen; and her prayer was only granted upon condition that the audacious foreigners left spain immediately.” there is no country in the world where the absurdities of etiquette are carried to so great a length as in spain, because there is no nation where the nobility are so{36} proud. the following anecdote, which illustrates this, would seem incredible were it not a historical fact: “philip the third, king of spain, was sick, and being able to sit up, was carefully placed in an arm chair which stood opposite to a large fire, when the wood was piled up to an enormous height. the heat soon became intolerable, and the courtiers retired from around the king; but, as the duke d’ussede, the fire stirrer for the king, was not present, and as no one else had the right to touch the fire, those present dared not attempt to diminish the heat. the grand chamberlain was also absent, and he alone was authorized to touch the king’s footstool. the poor king, too ill to rise, in vain implored those around him to move his chair, no one dared touch it, and when the grand chamberlain arrived, the king had fainted with the heat, and a few days later he died, literally roasted to death.” at almost all times, and in almost all places, good breeding may be shown; and we think a good service will be done by pointing out a few plain and simple instances in which it stands opposed to habits and manners, which, though improper and disagreeable, are not very uncommon. in the familiar intercourse of society, a well-bred man will be known by the delicacy and deference with which he behaves towards females. that man would deservedly be looked upon as very deficient in proper respect and feeling, who should take any physical advantage of one of the weaker sex, or offer any personal slight towards her. woman looks, and properly looks, for protection to man. it is the province of the husband to shield the{37} wife from injury; of the father to protect the daughter; the brother has the same duty to perform towards the sister; and, in general, every man should, in this sense, be the champion and the lover of every woman. not only should he be ready to protect, but desirous to please, and willing to sacrifice much of his own personal ease and comfort, if, by doing so, he can increase those of any female in whose company he may find himself. putting these principles into practice, a well-bred man, in his own house, will be kind and respectful in his behaviour to every female of the family. he will not use towards them harsh language, even if called upon to express dissatisfaction with their conduct. in conversation, he will abstain from every allusion which would put modesty to the blush. he will, as much as in his power, lighten their labors by cheerful and voluntary assistance. he will yield to them every little advantage which may occur in the regular routine of domestic life:—the most comfortable seat, if there be a difference; the warmest position by the winter’s fireside; the nicest slice from the family joint, and so on. in a public assembly of any kind, a well-bred man will pay regard to the feelings and wishes of the females by whom he is surrounded. he will not secure the best seat for himself, and leave the women folk to take care of themselves. he will not be seated at all, if the meeting be crowded, and a single female appear unaccommodated. good breeding will keep a person from making loud and startling noises, from pushing past another in entering or going out of a room; from ostentatiously using a pocket-handkerchief;{38} from hawking and spitting in company; from fidgeting any part of the body; from scratching the head, or picking the teeth with fork or with finger. in short, it will direct all who study its rules to abstain from every personal act which may give pain or offence to another’s feelings. at the same time, it will enable them to bear much without taking offence. it will teach them when to speak and when to be silent, and how to behave with due respect to all. by attention to the rules of good breeding, and more especially to its leading principles, “the poorest man will be entitled to the character of a gentleman, and by inattention to them, the most wealthy person will be essentially vulgar. vulgarity signifies coarseness or indelicacy of manner, and is not necessarily associated with poverty or lowliness of condition. thus an operative artizan may be a gentleman, and worthy of our particular esteem; while an opulent merchant may be only a vulgar clown, with whom it is impossible to be on terms of friendly intercourse.” the following remarks upon the “character of a gentleman” by brooke are so admirable that i need make no apology for quoting them entire. he says; “there is no term, in our language, more common than that of ‘gentleman;’ and, whenever it is heard, all agree in the general idea of a man some way elevated above the vulgar. yet, perhaps, no two living are precisely agreed respecting the qualities they think requisite for constituting this character. when we hear the epithets of a ‘fine gentleman,’ ‘a pretty gentleman,’ ‘much of a gentleman,’ ‘gentlemanlike,’ ‘something of a gentleman,’{39} ‘nothing of a gentleman,’ and so forth; all these different appellations must intend a peculiarity annexed to the ideas of those who express them; though no two of them, as i said, may agree in the constituent qualities of the character they have formed in their own mind. there have been ladies who deemed fashionable dress a very capital ingredient in the composition of—a gentleman. a certain easy impudence acquired by low people, by casually being conversant in high life, has passed a man current through many companies for—a gentleman. in taverns and brothels, he who is the most of a bully is the most of—a gentleman. and the highwayman, in his manner of taking your purse, may however be allowed to have—much of the gentleman. plato, among the philosophers, was ‘the most of a man of fashion;’ and therefore allowed, at the court of syracuse, to be—the most of a gentleman. but seriously, i apprehend that this character is pretty much upon the modern. in all ancient or dead languages we have no term, any way adequate, whereby we may express it. in the habits, manners, and characters of old sparta and old rome, we find an antipathy to all the elements of modern gentility. among these rude and unpolished people, you read of philosophers, of orators, of patriots, heroes, and demigods; but you never hear of any character so elegant as that of—a pretty gentleman. “when those nations, however, became refined into what their ancestors would have called corruption; when luxury introduced, and fashion gave a sanction to certain sciences, which cynics would have branded with the ill mannered appellations of drunkenness, gambling,{40} cheating, lying, &c.; the practitioners assumed the new title of gentlemen, till such gentlemen became as plenteous as stars in the milky-way, and lost distinction merely by the confluence of their lustre. wherefore as the said qualities were found to be of ready acquisition, and of easy descent to the populace from their betters, ambition judged it necessary to add further marks and criterions for severing the general herd from the nobler species—of gentlemen. “accordingly, if the commonalty were observed to have a propensity to religion, their superiors affected a disdain of such vulgar prejudices; and a freedom that cast off the restraints of morality, and a courage that spurned at the fear of a god, were accounted the distinguishing characteristics—of a gentleman. “if the populace, as in china, were industrious and ingenious, the grandees, by the length of their nails and the cramping of their limbs, gave evidence that true dignity was above labor and utility, and that to be born to no end was the prerogative—of a gentleman. “if the common sort, by their conduct, declared a respect for the institutions of civil society and good government; their betters despised such pusillanimous conformity, and the magistrates paid becoming regard to the distinction, and allowed of the superior liberties and privileges—of a gentleman. “if the lower set show a sense of common honesty and common order; those who would figure in the world, think it incumbent to demonstrate that complaisance to inferiors, common manners, common equity, or any thing{41} common, is quite beneath the attention or sphere—of a gentleman. “now, as underlings are ever ambitious of imitating and usurping the manners of their superiors; and as this state of mortality is incident to perpetual change and revolution, it may happen, that when the populace, by encroaching on the province of gentility, have arrived to their ne plus ultra of insolence, irreligion, &c.; the gentry, in order to be again distinguished, may assume the station that their inferiors had forsaken, and, however ridiculous the supposition may appear at present, humanity, equity, utility, complaisance, and piety, may in time come to be the distinguishing characteristics—of a gentleman. “it appears that the most general idea which people have formed of a gentleman, is that of a person of fortune above the vulgar, and embellished by manners that are fashionable in high life. in this case, fortune and fashion are the two constituent ingredients in the composition of modern gentlemen; for whatever the fashion may be, whether moral or immoral, for or against reason, right or wrong, it is equally the duty of a gentleman to conform. and yet i apprehend, that true gentility is altogether independent of fortune or fashion, of time, customs, or opinions of any kind. the very same qualities that constituted a gentleman, in the first age of the world, are permanently, invariably, and indispensably necessary to the constitution of the same character to the end of time. “hector was the finest gentleman of whom we read in history, and don quixote the finest gentleman we read{42} of in romance; as was instanced from the tenor of their principles and actions. “some time after the battle of cressy, edward the third of england, and edward the black prince, the more than heir of his father’s renown, pressed john king of france to indulge them with the pleasure of his company at london. john was desirous of embracing the invitation, and accordingly laid the proposal before his parliament at paris. the parliament objected, that the invitation had been made with an insidious design of seizing his person, thereby to make the cheaper and easier acquisition of the crown, to which edward at that time pretended. but john replied, with some warmth, that he was confident his brother edward, and more especially his young cousin, were too much of the gentleman, to treat him in that manner. he did not say too much of the king, of the hero, or of the saint, but too much of the gentleman to be guilty of any baseness. “the sequel verified this opinion. at the battle of poictiers king john was made prisoner, and soon after conducted by the black prince to england. the prince entered london in triumph, amid the throng and acclamations of millions of the people. but then this rather appeared to be the triumph of the french king than that of his conqueror. john was seated on a proud steed, royally robed, and attended by a numerous and gorgeous train of the british nobility; while his conqueror endeavored, as much as possible, to disappear, and rode by his side in plain attire, and degradingly seated on a little irish hobby. {43} “as aristotle and the critics derived their rules for epic poetry and the sublime from a poem which homer had written long before the rules were formed, or laws established for the purpose: thus, from the demeanor and innate principles of particular gentlemen, art has borrowed and instituted the many modes of behaviour, which the world has adopted, under the title of good manners. “one quality of a gentleman is that of charity to the poor; and this is delicately instanced in the account which don quixote gives, to his fast friend sancho pancha, of the valorous but yet more pious knight-errant saint martin. on a day, said the don, saint martin met a poor man half naked, and taking his cloak from his shoulders, he divided, and gave him the one half. now, tell me at what time of the year this happened. was i a witness? quoth, sancho; how the vengeance should i know in what year or what time of the year it happened? hadst thou sancho, rejoined the knight, anything within thee of the sentiment of saint martin, thou must assuredly have known that this happened in winter; for, had it been summer, saint martin would had given the whole cloak. “another characteristic of the true gentleman, is a delicacy of behaviour toward that sex whom nature has entitled to the protection, and consequently entitled to the tenderness, of man. “the same gentleman-errant, entering into a wood on a summer’s evening, found himself entangled among nets of green thread that, here and there, hung from tree to tree; and conceiving it some matter of purposed{44} conjuration, pushed valorously forward to break through the enchantment. hereupon some beautiful shepherdesses interposed with a cry, and besought him to spare the implements of their innocent recreation. the knight, surprised and charmed by the vision, replied,—fair creatures! my province is to protect, not to injure; to seek all means of service, but never of offence, more especially to any of your sex and apparent excellences. your pretty nets take up but a small piece of favored ground; but, did they inclose the world, i would seek out new worlds, whereby i might win a passage, rather than break them. “two very lovely but shamefaced girls had a cause, of some consequence, depending at westminster, that indispensably required their personal appearance. they were relations of sir joseph jeckel, and, on this tremendous occasion, requested his company and countenance at the court. sir joseph attended accordingly; and the cause being opened, the judge demanded whether he was to entitle those ladies by the denomination of spinsters. ‘no, my lord,’ said sir joseph; ‘they are lilies of the valley, they toil not, neither do they spin, yet you see that no monarch, in all his glory, was ever arrayed like one of these.’ “another very peculiar characteristic of a gentleman is, the giving place and yielding to all with whom he has to do. of this we have a shining and affecting instance in abraham, perhaps the most accomplished character that may be found in history, whether sacred or profane. a contention had arisen between the herdsmen of abraham and the herdsmen of his nephew, lot, respecting{45} the propriety of the pasture of the lands wherein they dwelled, that could now scarce contain the abundance of their cattle. and those servants, as is universally the case, had respectively endeavored to kindle and inflame their masters with their own passions. when abraham, in consequence of this, perceived that the countenance of lot began to change toward him, he called, and generously expostulated with him as followeth: ‘let there be no strife, i pray thee, between me and thee, or between my herdsmen and thy herdsmen; for we be brethren. if it be thy desire to separate thyself from me, is not the whole land before thee? if thou wilt take the left hand, then will i go to the right; or if thou depart to the right hand, then i will go to the left.’ “another capital quality of the true gentleman is, that of feeling himself concerned and interested in others. never was there so benevolent, so affecting, so pathetic a piece of oratory exhibited upon earth, as that of abraham’s pleading with god for averting the judgments that then impended over sodom. but the matter is already so generally celebrated, that i am constrained to refer my reader to the passage at full; since the smallest abridgment must deduct from its beauties, and that nothing can be added to the excellences thereof. “honor, again, is said, in scripture, peculiarly to distinguish the character of a gentleman; where it is written of sechem, the son of hamor, ‘that he was more honorable than all the house of his father.’ “from hence it may be inferred, that human excellence, or human amiableness, doth not so much consist in a freedom from frailty as in our recovery from lapses,{46} our detestation of our own transgressions, and our desire of atoning, by all possible means, the injuries we have done, and the offences we have given. herein, therefore, may consist the very singular distinction which the great apostle makes between his estimation of a just and of a good man. ‘for a just or righteous man,’ says he, ‘one would grudge to die; but for a good man one would even dare to die.’ here the just man is supposed to adhere strictly to the rule of right or equity, and to exact from others the same measure that he is satisfied to mete; but the good man, though occasionally he may fall short of justice, has, properly speaking, no measure to his benevolence, his general propensity is to give more than the due. the just man condemns, and is desirous of punishing the transgressors of the line prescribed to himself; but the good man, in the sense of his own falls and failings, gives latitude, indulgence, and pardon to others; he judges, he condemns no one save himself. the just man is a stream that deviates not to the right or left from its appointed channel, neither is swelled by the flood of passion above its banks; but the heart of the good man, the man of honor, the gentleman, is as a lamp lighted by the breath of god, and none save god himself can set limits to the efflux or irradiations thereof. “again, the gentleman never envies any superior excellence, but grows himself more excellent, by being the admirer, promoter, and lover thereof. saul said to his son jonathan, ‘thou son of the perverse, rebellious woman, do not i know that thou hast chosen the son of jesse to thine own confusion? for as long as the son of jesse liveth upon the ground, thou shalt not be established,{47} nor thy kingdom; wherefore send and fetch him unto me, for he shall surely die.’ here every interesting motive that can possibly be conceived to have an influence on man, united to urge jonathan to the destruction of david; he would thereby have obeyed his king, and pacified a father who was enraged against him. he would thereby have removed the only luminary that then eclipsed the brightness of his own achievements. and he saw, as his father said, that the death of david alone could establish the kingdom in himself and his posterity. but all those considerations were of no avail to make jonathan swerve from honor, to slacken the bands of his faith, or cool the warmth of his friendship. o jonathan! the sacrifice which thou then madest to virtue, was incomparably more illustrious in the sight of god and his angels than all the subsequent glories to which david attained. what a crown was thine, ‘jonathan, when thou wast slain in thy high places!’ “saul of tarsus had been a man of bigotry, blood, and violence; making havoc, and breathing out threatenings and slaughter, against all who were not of his own sect and persuasion. but, when the spirit of that infant, who laid himself in the manger of human flesh, came upon him, he acquired a new heart and a new nature; and he offered himself a willing subject to all the sufferings and persecutions which he had brought upon others. “saul from that time, exemplified in his own person, all those qualities of the gentleman, which he afterwards specifies in his celebrated description of that charity, which, as he says, alone endureth forever.{48} when festus cried with a loud voice, ‘paul, thou art beside thyself, much learning doth make thee mad;’ paul stretched the hand, and answered, ‘i am not mad, most noble festus, but speak forth the words of truth and soberness. for the king knoweth of these things, before whom also i speak freely; for i am persuaded that none of these things are hidden from him. king agrippa, believest thou the prophets? i know that thou believest.’ then agrippa said unto paul, ‘almost thou persuadest me to be a christian.’ and paul said, ‘i would to god that not only thou, but also all that hear me this day, were not only almost but altogether such as i am,—except these bonds.’ here, with what an inimitable elegance did this man, in his own person, at once sum up the orator, the saint, and the gentleman! “from these instances, my friend, you must have seen that the character, or rather quality of a gentleman, does not, in any degree, depend on fashion or mode, on station or opinion; neither changes with customs, climate, or ages. but, as the spirit of god can alone inspire it into man, so it is, as god is the same, yesterday, to-day, and forever.” in concluding this chapter i would say: “in the common actions and transactions of life, there is a wide distinction between the well-bred and the ill-bred. if a person of the latter sort be in a superior condition in life, his conduct towards those below him, or dependent upon him, is marked by haughtiness, or by unmannerly condescension. in the company of his equals in station and circumstances, an ill-bred man is{49} either captious and quarrelsome, or offensively familiar. he does not consider that: ‘the man who hails you tom or jack, and proves, by thumps upon your back, how he esteems your merit, is such a friend, that one had need be very much a friend indeed, to pardon or to bear it.’ “and if a man void of good breeding have to transact business with a superior in wealth or situation, it is more than likely that he will be needlessly humble, unintentionally insolent, or, at any rate, miserably embarrassed. on the contrary, a well-bred person will instinctively avoid all these errors. ‘to inferiors, he will speak kindly and considerately, so as to relieve them from any feeling of being beneath him in circumstances. to equals, he will be plain, unaffected, and courteous. to superiors, he will know how to show becoming respect, without descending to subserviency or meanness. in short, he will act a manly, inoffensive, and agreeable part, in all the situations in life in which he may be placed.’” {50} chapter iii. table etiquette. it may seem a very simple thing to eat your meals, yet there is no occasion upon which the gentleman, and the low-bred, vulgar man are more strongly contrasted, than when at the table. the rules i shall give for table etiquette when in company will apply equally well for the home circle, with the exception of some few points, readily discernible, which may be omitted at your own table. a well-bred man, receiving an invitation to dine with a friend should reply to it immediately, whether he accepts or declines it. he should be punctual to the hour named in the invitation, five or ten minutes earlier if convenient, but not one instant later. he must never, unless he has previously asked permission to do so, take with him any friend not named in his invitation. his host and hostess have the privilege of inviting whom they will, and it is an impertinence to force them to extend their hospitality, as they must do if you introduce a friend at their own house. speak, on entering the parlor of your friend, first to the hostess, then to the host. when dinner is announced, the host or hostess will{51} give the signal for leaving the drawing-room, and you will probably be requested to escort one of the ladies to the table. offer to her your left arm, and at the table wait until she is seated, indeed wait until every lady is seated, before taking your own place. in leaving the parlor you will pass out first, and the lady will follow you, still holding your arm. at the door of the dining-room, the lady will drop your arm. pass in, then wait on one side of the entrance till she passes you, to her place at the table. if there are no ladies, you may go to the table with any gentleman who stands near you, or with whom you may be conversing when dinner is announced. if your companion is older than yourself, extend to him the same courtesy which you would use towards a lady. there are a thousand little points to be observed in your conduct at table which, while they are not absolutely necessary, are yet distinctive marks of a well-bred man. if, when at home, you practice habitually the courtesies of the table, they will sit upon you easily when abroad; but if you neglect them at home, you will use them awkwardly when in company, and you will find yourself recognized as a man who has “company manners,” only when abroad. i have seen men who eat soup, or chewed their food, in so noisy a manner as to be heard from one end of the table to the other; fill their mouths so full of food, as to threaten suffocation or choking; use their own knife for the butter, and salt; put their fingers in the sugar bowl; and commit other faults quite as monstrous, yet seem{52} perfectly unconscious that they were doing anything to attract attention. try to sit easily and gracefully, but at the same time avoid crowding those beside you. far from eating with avidity of whatever delicacies which may be upon the table, and which are often served in small quantities, partake of them but sparingly, and decline them when offered the second time. many men at their own table have little peculiar notions, which a guest does well to respect. some will feel hurt, even offended, if you decline a dish which they recommend; while others expect you to eat enormously, as if they feared you did not appreciate their hospitality unless you tasted of every dish upon the table. try to pay respect to such whims at the table of others, but avoid having any such notions when presiding over your own board. observe a strict sobriety; never drink of more than one kind of wine, and partake of that sparingly. the style of serving dinner is different at different houses; if there are many servants they will bring you your plate filled, and you must keep it. if you have the care of a lady, see that she has what she desires, before you give your own order to the waiter; but if there are but few domestics, and the dishes are upon the table, you may with perfect propriety help those near you, from any dish within your reach. if your host or hostess passes you a plate, keep it, especially if you have chosen the food upon it, for others have also a choice, and by passing it, you may give your{53} neighbor dishes distasteful to him, and take yourself those which he would much prefer. if in the leaves of your salad, or in a plate of fruit you find a worm or insect, pass your plate to the waiter, without any comment, and he will bring you another. be careful to avoid the extremes of gluttony or over daintiness at table. to eat enormously is disgusting; but if you eat too sparingly, your host may think that you despise his fare. watch that the lady whom you escorted to the table is well helped. lift and change her plate for her, pass her bread, salt, and butter, give her orders to the waiter, and pay her every attention in your power. before taking your place at table, wait until your place is pointed out to you, unless there are cards bearing the names of the guests upon the plates; in the latter case, take the place thus marked for you. put your napkin upon your lap, covering your knees. it is out of date, and now looked upon as a vulgar habit to put your napkin up over your breast. sit neither too near nor too far from the table. never hitch up your coat-sleeves or wristbands as if you were going to wash your hands. some men do this habitually, but it is a sign of very bad breeding. never tip your chair, or lounge back in it during dinner. all gesticulations are out of place, and in bad taste at the table. avoid making them. converse in a low tone to your neighbor, yet not with any air of secresy if others are engaged in tête-à-tête conversation; if, however, the conversation is general,{54} avoid conversing tête-à-tête. do not raise your voice too much; if you cannot make those at some distance from you hear you when speaking in a moderate tone, confine your remarks to those near you. if you wish for a knife, plate, or anything from the side table, never address those in attendance as “waiter!” as you would at a hotel or restaurant, but call one of them by name; if you cannot do this, make him a sign without speaking. unless you are requested to do so, never select any particular part of a dish; but, if your host asks you what part you prefer, name some part, as in this case the incivility would consist in making your host choose as well as carve for you. never blow your soup if it is too hot, but wait until it cools. never raise your plate to your lips, but eat with your spoon. never touch either your knife or your fork until after you have finished eating your soup. leave your spoon in your soup plate, that the servant may remove them both. never take soup twice. in changing your plate, or passing it during dinner, remove your knife and fork, that the plate alone may be taken, but after you have finished your dinner, cross the knife and fork on the plate, that the servant may take all away, before bringing you clean ones for dessert. do not bite your bread from the roll or slice, nor cut it with your knife; break off small pieces and put these in your mouth with your fingers. at dinner do not put butter on your bread. never dip a piece of bread into the gravy or preserves upon{55} your plate and then bite it, but if you wish to eat them together, break the bread into small pieces, and carry these to your mouth with your fork. use always the salt-spoon, sugar-tongs, and butter knife; to use your own knife, spoon, or fingers, evinces a shocking want of good-breeding. never criticize any dish before you. if a dish is distasteful to you, decline it, but make no remarks about it. it is sickening and disgusting to explain at a table how one article makes you sick, or why some other dish has become distasteful to you. i have seen a well-dressed tempting dish go from a table untouched, because one of the company told a most disgusting anecdote about finding vermin served in a similar dish. no wit in the narration can excuse so palpably an error of politeness. never put bones, or the seeds of fruit upon the tablecloth. put them upon the edge of your plate. never use your knife for any purpose but to cut your food. it is not meant to be put in your mouth. your fork is intended to carry the food from your plate to your mouth, and no gentleman ever eats with his knife. if the meat or fish upon your plate is too rare or too well-done, do not eat it; give for an excuse that you prefer some other dish before you; but never tell your host that his cook has made the dish uneatable. never speak when you have anything in your mouth. never pile the food on your plate as if you were starving, but take a little at a time; the dishes will not run away. never use your own knife and fork to help either{56} yourself or others. there is always one before the dish at every well-served table, and you should use that. it is a good plan to accustom yourself to using your fork with the left hand, when eating, as you thus avoid the awkwardness of constantly passing the fork from your left hand to your right, and back again, when cutting your food and eating it. never put fruit or bon-bons in your pocket to carry them from the table. do not cut fruit with a steel knife. use a silver one. never eat so fast as to hurry the others at the table, nor so slowly as to keep them waiting. if you do not take wine, never keep the bottle standing before you, but pass it on. if you do take it, pass it on as soon as you have filled your glass. if you wish to remove a fish bone or fruit seed from your mouth, cover your lips with your hand or napkin, that others may not see you remove it. if you wish to use your handkerchief, and have not time to leave the table, turn your head away, and as quickly as possible put the handkerchief in your pocket again. always wipe your mouth before drinking, as nothing is more ill-bred than to grease your glass with your lips. if you are invited to drink with a friend, and do not drink wine, bow, raise your glass of water and drink with him. do not propose to take wine with your host; it is his privilege to invite you. {57} do not put your glass upside down on the table to signify that you do not wish to drink any more; it is sufficient to refuse firmly. do not be persuaded to touch another drop of wine after your own prudence warns you that you have taken enough. avoid any air of mystery when speaking to those next you; it is ill-bred and in excessively bad taste. if you wish to speak of any one, or to any one at the table, call them by name, but never point or make a signal when at table. when taking coffee, never pour it into your saucer, but let it cool in the cup, and drink from that. if at a gentleman’s party, never ask any one to sing or tell a story; your host alone has the right thus to call upon his guests. if invited yourself to sing, and you feel sufficiently sure that you will give pleasure, comply immediately with the request. if, however, you refuse, remain firm in your refusal, as to yield after once refusing is a breach of etiquette. when the finger-glasses are passed, dip your fingers into them and then wipe them upon your napkin. never leave the table till the mistress of the house gives the signal. on leaving the table put your napkin on the table, but do not fold it. offer your arm to the lady whom you escorted to the table. it is excessively rude to leave the house as soon as dinner is over. respect to your hostess obliges you to stay in the drawing-room at least an hour. {58} if the ladies withdraw, leaving the gentlemen, after dinner, rise when they leave the table, and remain standing until they have left the room. i give, from a recent english work, some humorously written directions for table etiquette, and, although they are some of them repetitions of what i have already given, they will be found to contain many useful hints: “we now come to habits at table, which are very important. however agreeable a man may be in society, if he offends or disgusts by his table traits, he will soon be scouted from it, and justly so. there are some broad rules for behavior at table. whenever there is a servant to help you, never help yourself. never put a knife into your mouth, not even with cheese, which should be eaten with a fork. never use a spoon for anything but liquids. never touch anything edible with your fingers. “forks were, undoubtedly, a later invention than fingers, but, as we are not cannibals, i am inclined to think they were a good one. there are some few things which you may take up with your fingers. thus an epicure will eat even macaroni with his fingers; and as sucking asparagus is more pleasant than chewing it, you may, as an epicure, take it up au naturel. but both these things are generally eaten with a fork. bread is, of course, eaten with the fingers, and it would be absurd to carve it with your knife and fork. it must, on the contrary, always be broken when not buttered, and you should never put a slice of dry bread to your mouth to bite a piece off. most fresh fruit, too, is eaten with the natural prongs, but when you have peeled an orange or apple, you should cut it with the aid of the fork, unless{59} you can succeed in breaking it. apropos of which, i may hint that no epicure ever yet put a knife to an apple, and that an orange should be peeled with a spoon. but the art of peeling an orange so as to hold its own juice, and its own sugar too, is one that can scarcely be taught in a book. “however, let us go to dinner, and i will soon tell you whether you are a well-bred man or not; and here let me premise that what is good manners for a small dinner is good manners for a large one, and vice versâ. now, the first thing you do is to sit down. stop, sir! pray do not cram yourself into the table in that way; no, nor sit a yard from it, like that. how graceless, inconvenient, and in the way of conversation! why, dear me! you are positively putting your elbows on the table, and now you have got your hands fumbling about with the spoons and forks, and now you are nearly knocking my new hock glasses over. can’t you take your hands down, sir? you learn that in the nursery? your mamma say to you, ‘never put your hands above the table except to carve or eat?’ oh! but come, no nonsense, sit up, if you please. i can’t have your fine head of hair forming a side dish on my table; you must not bury your face in the plate, you came to show it, and it ought to be alive. well, but there is no occasion to throw your head back like that, you look like an alderman, sir, after dinner. pray, don’t lounge in that sleepy way. you are here to eat, drink, and be merry. you can sleep when you get home. “well, then, i suppose you can see your napkin.{60} got none, indeed! very likely, in my house. you may be sure that i never sit down to a meal without napkins. i don’t want to make my tablecloths unfit for use, and i don’t want to make my trousers unwearable. well, now, we are all seated, you can unfold it on your knees; no, no; don’t tuck it into your waistcoat like an alderman; and what! what on earth do you mean by wiping your forehead with it? do you take it for a towel? well, never mind, i am consoled that you did not go farther, and use it as a pocket-handkerchief. so talk away to the lady on your right, and wait till soup is handed to you. by the way, that waiting is the most important part of table manners, and, as much as possible, you should avoid asking for anything or helping yourself from the table. your soup you eat with a spoon—i don’t know what else you could eat it with—but then it must be one of good size. yes, that will do, but i beg you will not make that odious noise in drinking your soup. it is louder than a dog lapping water, and a cat would be quite genteel to it. then you need not scrape up the plate in that way, nor even tilt it to get the last drop. i shall be happy to send you some more; but i must just remark, that it is not the custom to take two helpings of soup, and it is liable to keep other people waiting, which, once for all, is a selfish and intolerable habit. but don’t you hear the servant offering you sherry? i wish you would attend, for my servants have quite enough to do, and can’t wait all the evening while you finish that very mild story to miss goggles. come, leave that decanter alone. i had the wine put on the table to fill up; the servants will hand it directly, or, as{61} we are a small party, i will tell you to help yourself; but, pray, do not be so officious. (there, i have sent him some turbot to keep him quiet. i declare he cannot make up his mind.) you are keeping my servant again, sir. will you, or will you not, do turbot? don’t examine it in that way; it is quite fresh, i assure you; take or decline it. ah, you take it, but that is no reason why you should take up a knife too. fish, i repeat must never be touched with a knife. take a fork in the right and a small piece of bread in the left hand. good, but—? oh! that is atrocious; of course you must not swallow the bones, but you should rather do so than spit them out in that way. put up your napkin like this, and land the said bone on your plate. don’t rub your head in the sauce, my good man, nor go progging about after the shrimps or oysters therein. oh! how horrid! i declare your mouth was wide open and full of fish. small pieces, i beseech you; and once for all, whatever you eat, keep your mouth shut, and never attempt to talk with it full. “so now you have got a pâté. surely you are not taking two on your plate. there is plenty of dinner to come, and one is quite enough. oh! dear me, you are incorrigible. what! a knife to cut that light, brittle pastry? no, nor fingers, never. nor a spoon—almost as bad. take your fork, sir, your fork; and, now you have eaten, oblige me by wiping your mouth and moustache with your napkin, for there is a bit of the pastry hanging to the latter, and looking very disagreeable. well, you can refuse a dish if you like. there is no positive necessity for you to take venison if you don’t{62} want it. but, at any rate, do not be in that terrific hurry. you are not going off by the next train. wait for the sauce and wait for vegetables; but whether you eat them or not, do not begin before everybody else. surely you must take my table for that of a railway refreshment-room, for you have finished before the person i helped first. fast eating is bad for the digestion, my good sir, and not very good manners either. what! are you trying to eat meat with a fork alone? oh! it is sweetbread, i beg your pardon, you are quite right. let me give you a rule,—everything that can be cut without a knife, should be cut with a fork alone. eat your vegetables, therefore, with a fork. no, there is no necessity to take a spoon for peas; a fork in the right hand will do. what! did i really see you put your knife into your mouth? then i must give you up. once for all, and ever, the knife is to cut, not to help with. pray, do not munch in that noisy manner; chew your food well, but softly. eat slowly. have you not heard that napoleon lost the battle of leipsic by eating too fast? it is a fact though. his haste caused indigestion, which made him incapable of attending to the details of the battle. you see you are the last person eating at table. sir, i will not allow you to speak to my servants in that way. if they are so remiss as to oblige you to ask for anything, do it gently, and in a low tone, and thank a servant just as much as you would his master. ten to one he is as good a man; and because he is your inferior in position, is the very reason you should treat him courteously. oh! it is of no use to ask me to take wine; far from pacifying me, it will{63} only make me more angry, for i tell you the custom is quite gone out, except in a few country villages, and at a mess-table. nor need you ask the lady to do so. however, there is this consolation, if you should ask any one to take wine with you, he or she cannot refuse, so you have your own way. perhaps next you will be asking me to hob and nob, or trinquer in the french fashion with arms encircled. ah! you don’t know, perhaps, that when a lady trinques in that way with you, you have a right to finish off with a kiss. very likely, indeed! but it is the custom in familiar circles in france, but then we are not frenchmen. will you attend to your lady, sir? you did not come merely to eat, but to make yourself agreeable. don’t sit as glum as the memnon at thebes; talk and be pleasant. now, you have some pudding. no knife—no, no. a spoon if you like, but better still, a fork. yes, ice requires a spoon; there is a small one handed you, take that. “say ‘no.’ this is the fourth time wine has been handed to you, and i am sure you have had enough. decline this time if you please. decline that dish too. are you going to eat of everything that is handed? i pity you if you do. no, you must not ask for more cheese, and you must eat it with your fork. break the rusk with your fingers. good. you are drinking a glass of old port. do not quaff it down at a gulp in that way. never drink a whole glassful of anything at once. “well, here is the wine and dessert. take whichever wine you like, but remember you must keep to that, and not change about. before you go up stairs i will allow{64} you a glass of sherry after your claret, but otherwise drink of one wine only. you don’t mean to say you are helping yourself to wine before the ladies. at least, offer it to the one next to you, and then pass it on, gently, not with a push like that. do not drink so fast; you will hurry me in passing the decanters, if i see that your glass is empty. you need not eat dessert till the ladies are gone, but offer them whatever is nearest to you. and now they are gone, draw your chair near mine, and i will try and talk more pleasantly to you. you will come out admirably at your next dinner with all my teaching. what! you are excited, you are talking loud to the colonel. nonsense. come and talk easily to me or to your nearest neighbor. there, don’t drink any more wine, for i see you are getting romantic. you oblige me to make a move. you have had enough of those walnuts; you are keeping me, my dear sir. so now to coffee [one cup] and tea, which i beg you will not pour into your saucer to cool. well, the dinner has done you good, and me too. let us be amiable to the ladies, but not too much so.” “champ, champ; smack, smack; smack, smack; champ, champ;—it is one thing to know how to make a pudding, and another to know how to eat it when made. unmerciful and monstrous are the noises with which some persons accompany the eating—no, the devouring of the food for which, we trust, they are thankful. to sit down with a company of such masticators is like joining ‘a herd of swine feeding.’ soberly, at no time, probably, are the rules of good breeding less regarded than at ‘feeding time,’ and at no place is a departure from{65} these rules more noticeable than at table. some persons gnaw at a crust as dogs gnaw a bone, rattle knives and spoons against their teeth as though anxious to prove which is the harder, and scrape their plates with an energy and perseverance which would be very commendable if bestowed upon any object worth the trouble. others, in defiance of the old nursery rhyme— ‘i must not dip, howe’er i wish, my spoon or finger in the dish;’ are perpetually helping themselves in this very straightforward and unsophisticated manner. another, with a mouth full of food contrives to make his teeth and tongue perform the double duty of chewing and talking at the same time. another, quite in military style, in the intervals of cramming, makes his knife and fork keep guard over the jealously watched plate, being held upright on either side in the clenched fist, like the musket of a raw recruit. and another, as often as leisure serves, fidgets his plate from left to right, and from right to left, or round and round, until the painful operation of feeding is over. “there is, we know, such a thing as being ‘too nice’—‘more nice than wise.’ it is quite possible to be fastidious. but there are also such inconsiderable matters as decency and good order; and it surely is better to err on the right than on the wrong side of good breeding.” {66} chapter iv. etiquette in the street. a gentleman will be always polite, in the parlor, dining-room, and in the street. this last clause will especially include courtesy towards ladies, no matter what may be their age or position. a man who will annoy or insult a woman in the street, lowers himself to a brute, no matter whether he offends by look, word, or gesture. there are several little forms of etiquette, given below, the observance of which will mark the gentleman in the street. when walking with a lady, or with a gentleman who is older than yourself, give them the upper side of the pavement, that is, the side nearest the house. when walking alone, and you see any one coming towards you on the same side of the street, give the upper part of the pavement, as you turn aside, to a man who may carry a heavy bundle, to a priest or clergyman, to a woman, or to any elderly person. in a crowd never rudely push aside those who impede your progress, but wait patiently until the way is clear. if you are hurried by business of importance or an engagement, you will find that a few courteous words will{67} open the way before you more quickly than the most violent pushing and loud talking. if obliged to cross a plank, or narrow path, let any lady or old person who may also be passing, precede you. in case the way is slippery or in any way unsafe, you may, with perfect propriety, offer to assist either a lady or elderly person in crossing it. do not smoke in the street until after dark, and then remove your cigar from your mouth, if you meet a lady. be careful about your dress. you can never know whom you may meet, so it is best to never leave the house otherwise than well-dressed. bright colors, and much jewelry are both unbecoming to a gentleman in the street. avoid touching any one with your elbows in passing, and do not swing your arms as you walk. be careful when walking with or near a lady, not to put your foot upon her dress. in carrying an umbrella, hold it so that you can see the way clear before you; avoid striking your umbrella against those which pass you; if you are walking with a lady, let the umbrella cover her perfectly, but hold it so that you will not touch her bonnet. if you have the care of two ladies, let them carry the umbrella between them, and walk outside yourself. nothing can be more absurd than for a gentleman to walk between two ladies, holding the umbrella himself; while, in this way, he is perfectly protected, the ladies receive upon their dresses and cloaks the little streams of water which run from the points of the umbrella. in case of a sudden fall of rain, you may, with perfect{68} propriety, offer your umbrella to a lady who is unprovided with one. if she accepts it, and asks your address to return it, leave it with her; if she hesitates, and does not wish to deprive you of the use of it, you may offer to accompany her to her destination, and then, do not open a conversation; let your manner be respectful, and when you leave her, let her thank you, assure her of the pleasure it has given you to be of service, bow, and leave her. in meeting a lady friend, wait for her to bow to you, and in returning her salutation, remove your hat. to a gentleman you may bow, merely touching your hat, if he is alone or with another gentleman; but if he has a lady with him, raise your hat in bowing to him. if you stop to speak to a lady, hold your hat in your hand, until she leaves you, unless she requests you to replace it. with a gentleman you may replace it immediately. never join a lady whom you may meet, without first asking her permission to do so. if you stop to converse with any one in the street, stand near the houses, that you may not interfere with others who are passing. you may bow to a lady who is seated at a window, if you are in the street; but you must not bow from a window to a lady in the street. do not stop to join a crowd who are collected round a street show, or street merchant, unless you wish to pass for a countryman taking a holiday in the city. if you stop any one to enquire your own way, or if you are called upon to direct another, remove your hat while asking or answering the question. {69} if you see a lady leaving a carriage unattended, or hesitating at a bad crossing, you may, with propriety, offer your hand or arm to assist her, and having seen her safely upon the pavement, bow, and pass on. in a car or omnibus, when a lady wishes to get out, stop the car for her, pass up her fare, and in an omnibus alight and assist her in getting out, bowing as you leave her. be gentle, courteous, and kind to children. there is no surer token of a low, vulgar mind, than unkindness to little ones whom you may meet in the streets. a true gentleman never stops to consider what may be the position of any woman whom it is in his power to aid in the street. he will assist an irish washerwoman with her large basket or bundle over a crossing, or carry over the little charges of a distressed negro nurse, with the same gentle courtesy which he would extend toward the lady who was stepping from her private carriage. the true spirit of chivalry makes the courtesy due to the sex, not to the position of the individual. when you are escorting a lady in the street, politeness does not absolutely require you to carry her bundle or parasol, but if you are gallant you will do so. you must regulate your walk by hers, and not force her to keep up with your ordinary pace. watch that you do not lead her into any bad places, and assist her carefully over each crossing, or wet place on the pavement. if you are walking in the country, and pass any{70} streamlet, offer your hand to assist your companion in crossing. if you pass over a fence, and she refuses your assistance in crossing it, walk forward, and do not look back, until she joins you again. the best way to assist a lady over a fence, is to stand yourself upon the upper rail, and while using one hand to keep a steady position, stoop, offer her the other, and with a firm, steady grasp, hold her hand until she stands beside you; then let her go down on the other side first, and follow her when she is safe upon the ground. in starting for a walk with a lady, unless she is a stranger in the place towards whom you act as guide, let her select your destination. where there are several ladies, and you are required to escort one of them, select the elderly, or those whose personal appearance will probably make them least likely to be sought by others. you will probably be repaid by finding them very intelligent, and with a fund of conversation. if there are more ladies than gentlemen, you may offer an arm to two, with some jest about the difficulty of choosing, or the double honor you enjoy. offer your seat in any public conveyance, to a lady who is standing. it is often quite as great a kindness and mark of courtesy to take a child in your lap. when with a lady you must pay her expenses as well as your own; if she offers to share the expense, decline unless she insists upon it, in the latter case yield gracefully. many ladies, who have no brother or father, and are dependent upon their gentlemen friends for escort, make it a rule to be under no pecuniary obligations to{71} them, and you will, in such a case, offend more by insisting upon your right to take that expense, than by quietly pocketing your dignity and their cash together. i know many gentlemen will cry out at my assertion; but i have observed this matter, and know many ladies who will sincerely agree with me in my opinion. in a carriage always give the back seat to the lady or ladies accompanying you. if you have but one lady with you, take the seat opposite to her, unless she invites you to sit beside her, in which case accept her offer. never put your arm across the seat, or around her, as many do in riding. it is an impertinence, and if she is a lady of refinement, she will resent it as such. if you offer a seat in your carriage to a lady, or another gentleman whom you may meet at a party or picnic, take them home, before you drive to your own destination, no matter how much you may have to drive out of your own way. be the last to enter the carriage, the first to leave it. if you have ladies with you, offer them your hand to assist them in entering and alighting, and you should take the arm of an old gentleman to assist him. if offered a seat in the carriage of a gentleman friend, stand aside for him to get in first, but if he waits for you, bow and take your seat before he does. when driving a lady in a two-seated vehicle, you should assist her to enter the carriage, see that her dress is not in danger of touching the wheels, and that her shawl, parasol, and fan, are where she can reach them, before you take your own seat. if she wishes to stop, and you remain with the horses, you should alight before{72} she does, assist her in alighting, and again alight to help her to her seat when she returns, even if you keep y	tərˈɑntoʊ ˈʤɔrʤioʊ ɪz ˈfeɪsɪŋ nu ˌæləˈgeɪʃənz ˈæftər ˈsiˌbiˈsi nuz ˈlərnɪd hi wɑz ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ə ˈfənˌdreɪzər ɪn ˈwʊdˌbrɪʤ læst naɪt. əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈsɪti əv tərˈɑntoʊz ˈkɑndəkt rulz, ər ˈfɔrbɪdən frəm ˈfənˌdreɪsɪŋ ˈaʊtˈsaɪd əv ɪˈlɛkʃən kæmˈpeɪnz soʊ kˈwɛsʧənz rɪˈmeɪn əˈbaʊt ðə ˈpərpəs əv ðə ˈfənˌdreɪzər. ˈsiˌbiˈsi nuz həz əbˈteɪnd ˈfoʊˌtoʊz frəm ðə ɪˈvɛnt æt ðə ˈbæŋkwət hɔl ˈkɑnfərəns ˈsɛntər, wɪʧ wɑz əˈtɛndəd baɪ ˈsɛvərəl ˈhənərd ˈpipəl, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈbɪznɪs ˈpipəl ənd ˈsɪti hɔl ˈlɑbiɪsts. ən ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃən tɪ ðə ˈfənˌdreɪzər əbˈteɪnd baɪ ˈsiˌbiˈsi nuz sɪz nidz ðə ˈməni tɪ hɛlp ɪm "kip əp ðə gʊd faɪt" æt ˈsɪti hɔl ɔn bɪˈhæf əv meɪər rɑb fɔrdz ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən. ðə ˈlɛtər, sɛnt aʊt baɪ ðə sən ˈmaɪkəl, sɪz ʧɛks ər tɪ bi meɪd ˈpeɪəbəl tɪ ðə ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzər, rɛd ˈvɛlvət ɪˈvɛnts ɪŋk. ðə ˈlɛtər goʊz ɔn tɪ seɪ ðət ˈɛni ˌkɑntrəˈbjuʃənz "wɪl nɑt bi ɪn ˈɛni weɪ ə ˈkɑnflɪkt." "wi hæv əbˈteɪnd ˈligəl (ˈkaʊnsəl) ənd əˈpɪnjən tɪ hɛlp gaɪd maɪ ˈfɑðər θru ðɪs ˈfənˌdreɪsɪŋ ˈprɔˌsɛs ənd ɪˈlɪməˌneɪt ˈɛni ˈpɑsəbəl ˈkɑnflɪkts ər koʊd əv ˈkɑndəkt ˈɪʃuz." rɪˈtərn kɔlz tɪ ˈsiˌbiˈsi nuz fər ˈkɑmɛnt. 'loʊn wʊlf' ə fɔrd əˈfɪʃəl sɛd ˈθərzˌdeɪ ðət ɪz ɪn noʊ weɪ pɑrt əv ðə meɪərz ˈɪnər ˈsərkəl ənd rɪˈfərd tɪ ɪm ɛz ə "loʊn wʊlf." ˈərliər ðɪs wik, simd tɪ mɑk fɔrd ˈoʊvər ˌæləˈgeɪʃənz ðət ə ˈvɪdioʊ ɪgˈzɪsts ʃoʊɪŋ ðə meɪər sˈmoʊkɪŋ kræk koʊˈkeɪn. ˈsiˌbiˈsi nuz həz nɑt sin ðə ˈvɪdioʊ ənd həz nɑt bɪn ˈeɪbəl tɪ ˈvælədeɪt ˈɛni əv ðə kleɪmz biɪŋ meɪd. "ˈɛniˌwən gɑt ə paɪp?" hi sɛd tɪ ə θrɔŋ əv rɪˈpɔrtərz ˈweɪtɪŋ ˈaʊtˈsaɪd fɔrdz ˈɔfəs. "kænt ˈɛniˌwən teɪk ə ʤoʊk?" tərˈɑntoʊ ˈsɪti ˈʤɔrʤioʊ ˈpoʊzɪz wɪθ ˈænθɔˌni puˈlɑnoʊ æt ə ˈfənˌdreɪzər ɪn ˈwʊdˌbrɪʤ, ont., ɔn ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ naɪt. (ˈænθɔˌni æt list tu tʊk ˈɪʃu ˈæftər ˈlərnɪŋ əˈbaʊt ˈpraɪsi ˈfənˌdreɪzər. "ˈfənˌdreɪzərz ər proʊˈhɪbətəd baɪ ˈsɪti ənˈtɪl ˈæftər ðə ˌnɑməˈneɪʃən ˈpɪriəd, wɪʧ wʊd bi ˈʤænjuˌɛri 2014 sɛd coun. ʤɑʃ matlow. "soʊ ɪt ɪz ˌæbsəˈlutli əˈgɛnst ðə rulz tɪ ə ˈsɪŋgəl ˈpɛni." coun. ʤoʊ sɛd ðə ˈfənˌdreɪzər wɑz ə kəmˈplit briʧ əv ðə koʊd əv ˈkɑndəkt ˈgəvərnɪŋ ɪˈlɛktɪd ˈsɪti əˈfɪʃəlz. "ɪf hi ɪz əˈlaʊd tɪ du ðɪs, ɪt wɪl ˈoʊpən ðə ˈflədˌgeɪts fər ə ˈnəmbər əv seɪɪŋ, 'wɛl, aɪ wɔnt tɪ ɔgˈmɛnt maɪ ˈɪnˌkəm, aɪ kən kraɪ pur,' hi sɛd. mjuˈnɪsəpəl lɔ ˈɛkspərt ʤɑn sɛd həz səm ɪkˈspleɪnɪŋ tɪ du ˈoʊvər ðə ˈməni reɪzd æt læst naɪts ˈfənˌdreɪzər. "ðə hoʊl pɔɪnt ɪz ðət ju hæv tɪ bi ˈɛθɪkəl əˈbaʊt θɪŋz," sɛd. ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl woʊz ˈərliər ðɪs jɪr, ə ˈsiˌbiˈsi nuz ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən rɪˈvild ðət hæd rɪˈsivd ɪn ˈmɔrgɪʤ loʊnz frəm ə pɛr əv ril ɛˈsteɪt ˌɪnˈvɛstərz ˈæftər hi hɛlpt ðɛm gɪt pərˈmɪʃən tɪ pleɪs ˈbɪlˌbɔrdz nɛkst tɪ ˈhaɪˌweɪ 401 ðə ˈɪʃud ə ˈsteɪtmənt ɪn ðə weɪk əv ðə ˌrɛvəˈleɪʃənz, seɪɪŋ ðə loʊnz wər "əv ə ˈpərsɪnəl ˈbɪznɪs ˈmætər" ənd ˌɪnˈvɑlvd "ə ˈkəmpəˌni oʊnd ənd ˈɑpərˌeɪtəd baɪ maɪ naʊ ˈɛksˈwaɪf." swɔrn ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl ˈsteɪtmənts, səbˈmɪtəd tɪ kɔrt ənd əbˈteɪnd baɪ ˈsiˌbiˈsi nuz, ʃoʊ ðət hi wɑz ə 50 pər sɛnt ˈʃɛˌrhoʊldər əv ðə tu ˈkəmpəˌniz ðət rɪˈsivd ðə ˈmɔrgɪʤ loʊnz. ˈkərəntli oʊz ðə ˈsɪti əv tərˈɑntoʊ mɔr ðən ɪn ˈligəl ənd əˈkaʊnɪŋ ɪkˈspɛnsɪz ˈstɛmɪŋ frəm ən ˈɔdɪt əv hɪz 2006 ɪˈlɛkʃən kæmˈpeɪn ˈfaɪˌnænsɪz. ˈəndər ə dil wɪθ ðə ˈsɪti, ðə fərst ˌɪnˈstɔlmənt əv ɪz du ʤun 8 æt ðə seɪm taɪm, kɔrt ˈdɑkjəmənts səˈʤɛst ðə hu dɪˈklɛrd ˈbæŋkrəptsi ɪn 1997 ɪz ˈfeɪsɪŋ ə kæʃ krənʧ. swɔrn ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl ˈsteɪtmənts hi səbˈmɪtəd ɪn ɑkˈtoʊbər ɛz pɑrt əv hɪz dɪˈvɔrs lɪst mɔr dɛts ðən ˈæˌsɛts, ənd ˈnɪrli ə jɪr ɪn ˈpərsɪnəl ɪkˈspɛnsɪz əˈgɛnst hɪz ˈsɪti ˈsæləri əv ðə ˈsteɪtmənts seɪ həz ˈbɑˌroʊd frəm wən əv hɪz sənz ənd muvd bæk ɪn wɪθ hɪz ˈɛldərli ˈpɛrənts æt wən pɔɪnt læst jɪr.
toronto councillor giorgio mammoliti is facing new allegations after cbc news learned he was involved in a $5,000-a-table fundraiser in woodbridge last night. according to the city of toronto's conduct rules, councillors are forbidden from fundraising outside of election campaigns — so questions remain about the purpose of the fundraiser. cbc news has obtained photos from the event at the royalton banquet hall & conference centre, which was attended by several hundred people, including business people and city hall lobbyists. an invitation to the fundraiser obtained by cbc news says mammoliti needs the money to help him "keep up the good fight" at city hall on behalf of mayor rob ford's administration. the letter, sent out by the councillor’s son michael mammoliti, says cheques are to be made payable to the event’s organizer, red velvet events inc. the letter goes on to say that any contributions "will not be in any way a conflict." "we have obtained legal (counsel) and opinion to help guide my father through this fundraising process and eliminate any possible conflicts or code of conduct issues." mammoliti didn’t return calls to cbc news for comment. 'lone wolf' a ford official said thursday that mammoliti is in no way part of the mayor's inner circle and referred to him as a "lone wolf." earlier this week mammoliti, seemed to mock ford over allegations that a video exists showing the mayor smoking crack cocaine. cbc news has not seen the video and has not been able to validate any of the claims being made. "anyone got a pipe?" he said to a throng of reporters waiting outside ford's office. "can't anyone take a joke?" toronto city councillor giorgio mammoliti poses with anthony pullano at a fundraiser in woodbridge, ont., on wednesday night. (anthony pullano/facebook ) at least two councillors took issue after learning about mammoliti’s pricey fundraiser. "fundraisers are prohibited by city councillors until after the nomination period, which would be january 2014," said coun. josh matlow. "so it is absolutely against the rules to fundraise a single penny." coun. joe mihevc said the fundraiser was a complete breach of the code of conduct governing elected city officials. "if he is allowed to do this, it will open the floodgates for a number of councillors saying, 'well, i want to augment my income, i can cry poor,' " he said. municipal law expert john mascarin said mammoliti has some explaining to do over the money raised at last night's fundraiser. "the whole point is that you have to be ethical about things," mascarin said. financial woes earlier this year, a cbc news investigation revealed that mammoliti had received $275,000 in mortgage loans from a pair of real estate investors after he helped them get permission to place billboards next to highway 401. the councillor issued aatement in the wake of the revelations, saying the loans were "of a personal business matter" and involved "a company owned and operated by my now ex-wife." mammoliti's sworn financialatements, submitted to court and obtained by cbc news, show that he was a 50 per cent shareholder of the two companies that received the mortgage loans. mammoliti currently owes the city of toronto more than $52,000 in legal and accounting expensesemming from an audit of his 2006 election campaign finances. under a deal with the city, the first installment of $11,978 is due june 8. at the same time, court documents suggest the councillor — who declared bankruptcy in 1997 — is facing a cash crunch. sworn financialatements he submitted in october as part of his divorce list more debts than assets, and nearly $175,000 a year in personal expenses against his city salary of $106,000. theatements say mammoliti has borrowed $100,000 from one of his sons and moved back in with his elderly parents at one point last year.	rɪˈkɑrdoʊ baɪ ˈdəbəlju ə ˈmæsɪv groʊθ ɪn ðə ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən əv kwəˈbɛk θru ðə kənˌtɪnjuˈeɪʃən əv haɪ fərˈtɪlɪti reɪts wɪθ ˈziroʊ ˈfræŋkəˌfoʊn ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən, ənd ˈmɪnəməl ərˈaɪvəl əv ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəlz. ən ˌɪnˈtərnəl maɪˈgreɪʃən əv nu ˈɪŋgləndərz ənd ˈlɔɪəlɪsts frəm səm ˈriʤənz əv ˈbrɪtɪʃ nɔrθ əˈmɛrɪkə tɪ ˈəðər ˈriʤənz əv ˈbrɪtɪʃ nɔrθ əˈmɛrɪkə, ˈprɪnsɪpli tɪ ˈəpər ˈkænədə ənd ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə. boʊθ nu ˈɪŋgləndərz ənd ˈlɔɪəlɪsts wər lɔŋ ɪˈstæblɪʃt ˈneɪtɪv bɔrn ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈsɛtələrz ɪn ðə əˈmɛrɪkən ˈkɑləniz, nɑt ˈɪməgrənts. ðə ərˈaɪvəl əv ˈɪməgrənts frəm ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ aɪlz (wɪθ ðə ɪkˈsɛpʃən əv səm waɪts frəm ˈʤərməni) ʃʊd ˈɔlsoʊ bi aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪd ɛz ˈmuvmənt baɪ ˌɪnˈtərnəl ˈmaɪgrənts, frəm ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ aɪlz tɪ ˈəðər ˈbrɪtɪʃ lændz. haɪ fərˈtɪlɪti ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən groʊθ ɪn kwəˈbɛk ðə ˌɪnˈtərnəl maɪˈgreɪʃən əv nu ˈɪŋgləndərz ənd ˈlɔɪəlɪsts ˈɪməgrənts frəm ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ aɪlz kənˈkluʒən ˈsɔrsəz j.m., ə ˈhɪstəri əv ðə kəˈneɪdiən ˈpipəlz ˈɑksfərd, 2011 fɔrθ ɪˈdɪʃən ˈɑksfərd, 2011 fɔrθ ɪˈdɪʃən j.m., ˈkænədəz dɪˈvərs ˈpipəlz ˈeɪˌbiˌsi ˈklioʊ, 2003 ˈeɪˌbiˌsi ˈklioʊ, 2003 j.m.s. ˈkɛrlɛs, ˈkænədə: ə ˈstɔri əv ˈʧælənʤ ˈmɑrtənz prɛs, 1965 ˈmɑrtənz prɛs, 1965 ɑr. ˈdəgləs ˈfrænsɪs, ˈrɪʧərd ʤoʊnz, ənd ˈdɑnəld bi. smɪθ, ˈɔrəʤɪnz: kəˈneɪdiən ˈhɪstəri tɪ kənˌfɛdərˈeɪʃən ˈhɑrˌkɔrt, 2000 fɔrθ ɪˈdɪʃən ˈhɑrˌkɔrt, 2000 fɔrθ ɪˈdɪʃən ðə kəˈneɪdiən ɪnˌsaɪkləˈpidiə, ˈlɔɪəlɪsts ˈrisərʧ ðə kəˈneɪdiən ˈsɛtəlmənt ˈhɪstəri. i hæv sin ðət əp ənˈtɪl ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈkɑŋkwɛst əv nu fræns ɪn 1763 ðə væst məˈʤɔrəti əv kəˈneɪdiənz wər francophones, kˈwɛbɛkˌwɑ ənd, bɔrn ɪn ðə sɔɪl əv nɔrθ əˈmɛrɪkə. ðə ˈtoʊtəl ˈnəmbər əv ˈɪməgrənts hu keɪm tɪ kwəˈbɛk ənd əˈkeɪdiə, frəm ðə fərst ˈsɛtəlmənts ˈsæmjul ʃæmˈpleɪn ɪˈstæblɪʃt ɪn ðə fərst ˈdɛkeɪd əv ðə ənˈtɪl 1763 wɑz ˈvɛri smɔl. ɪn kwəˈbɛk, ˈoʊnli ˈɪməgrənts əraɪvd ˈdʊrɪŋ ðɪs ɪnˈtaɪər ˈpɪriəd (frəm 1608 tɪ 1759 ɪn əˈkeɪdiə, ə fju ˈhənərd ˈsɛtələrz əraɪvd ɪn ðə fərst hæf əv ðə ˈsɛvənˈtinθ ˈsɛnʧəri, ənd ðɛˈræftər ɪt wɑz ðə haɪ fərˈtɪlɪti reɪts əv ðət ɛnˈʤɛndərd ə ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən əv ˈrəfli baɪ ðə 1750s. haʊ əˈbaʊt ðə roʊl əv ˈɪməgrənts frəm "dɪˈvərs" ˈpleɪsɪz ˈæftər ðə ˈkɑŋkwɛst? wɑz nɑt ðə ˈkænədə ðət ˈimərʤd ˈæftər ðə ˈkɑŋkwɛst, ɪn ɑnˈtɛrioʊ ənd ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə, kriˈeɪtɪd baɪ ərˈaɪvəl əv ˈɪməgrənts "frəm ˈmɛni ˈɛθnɪk ˈbækˌgraʊndz", ɛz ˈstændərd ˈkɑlɪʤ ˈtɛkstˌbʊks rɪˈlɪʤəsli ˌɪnˈfɔrm ðɛr ˈstudənts ju bɪˈliv ðɛm. ðə ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən taɪm laɪn frəm 1760 tɪ 1815 wɪʧ ɪz ðə ˈsəbʤɪkt əv ðɪs ˈɑrtɪkəl, ənd wɪʧ ˌɪnˈkludz ðə ˈlɔɪəlɪsts ɛz ðə ˈprɪnsəpəl nu ˈsɛtələrz ɪn ˈkænədə, kən ˈoʊnli bi ˈkætəgərˌaɪzd ɛz ə ˈpɪriəd əv "ˈmɛni nu dɪˈvərs ˈɪməgrənts" θru ðə məˌnɪpjəˈleɪʃən əv ðɪs ˈpɪriəd ˈæˌkʧuəli ˈwɪtnəst ˈɪŋlɪʃ ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən ɪn nu ˈnəmbərd ˈoʊnli əˈbaʊt 500 ɪn 1765 wɪn ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈkɑŋkərd kwəˈbɛk ðeɪ ænˈtɪsəˌpeɪtɪd ðət sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt ˈfæməliz wʊd muv frəm ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ əˈmɛrɪkən ˈkɑləniz tɪ ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ kəˈneɪdiən ˈkɑləniz. ðeɪ hoʊpt ðət ɪn ðɪs weɪ kwəˈbɛk wʊd bi ˈgræʤuəli ənd ˈæŋlɪˌsaɪzd. bət ˈoʊnli "ə fju ˈhənərd, ˈprɑtəstənt ˈɪməgrənts, ˈlɑrʤli ˈmərʧənts" hæd əraɪvd baɪ 1774 ðə ˈnəmbər əv ˈɪŋlɪʃ həz bɪn ˈɛstəˌmeɪtɪd æt 2000 ɪn ðə, ə fju ˈθaʊzənd ˈlɔɪəlɪsts dɪd əraɪv. ðɛr ər noʊ prɪˈsaɪs ˌɛstəˈmeɪʃənz ɛz tɪ haʊ ˈmɛni ˈlɔɪəlɪsts ˈsɛtəld ɪn kwəˈbɛk ˈprɑpər, ˈrəðər ðən wət wʊd bɪˈkəm ˈəpər ˈkænədə ər ɑnˈtɛrioʊ, wɪʧ wɑz kɑrvd aʊt frəm ðə ˈwɛstərn saɪd əv nu fræns ɪn 1791 ɪn ˈɛni keɪs, wɪn ðɪs pɑrˈtɪʃən əˈkərd, ðə ˈɪŋlɪʃ ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən ɪn kwəˈbɛk ˈprɑpər, ər loʊər ˈkænədə, wɑz əˈbaʊt ˈminˌwaɪl, ðə ˈtoʊtəl ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən əv kwəˈbɛk ɪn 1791 hæd ˌɪnˈkrist səbˈstænʃəli sɪns ðə ˈkɑŋkwɛst frəm əˈbaʊt tɪ əˈbaʊt 160,000.now, əˈsumɪŋ ðət ɔl ðə ˈɪŋlɪʃ ˈspikɪŋ ˌɪnˈhæbɪtənts, ðə wər ˈɪməgrənts, wi kən ˈseɪfli seɪ ðət kwɪˈbɛks ˈfræŋkəˌfoʊn ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən ˌɪnˈkrist baɪ soʊlz ˈsoʊəli θru ə haɪ fərˈtɪlɪti reɪt wɪˈθaʊt ˈɛni ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən. ɪt həz bɪn ˈɛstəˌmeɪtɪd ðət ðə ˈɪŋlɪʃ ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən ɪn loʊər riʧt baɪ 1812 ðə ˈfræŋkəˌfoʊn ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən, ˈminˌwaɪl, ˌɪnˈkrist tɪ baɪ 1814.again, əˈsumɪŋ ðət ðə ˈɪŋlɪʃ ˈspikərz wər ɔl ˈɪməgrənts (ˈhɑrdli ðə keɪs, sɪns ˈæftər ðə ˈlɔɪəlɪst ˈɪnˌfləks əv ðə ðɛr wɑz ˈlɪtəl ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən frəm ðə ˈɪŋlɪʃ wərld), ɪt ˈfɑloʊz ðət ðə ˈhɪstəri əv wən əv ðə tu ˈfaʊndɪŋ ˈpipəlz əv ˈkænədə, ðə kˈwɛbɛkˌwɑ, wɑz ə ˈhɪstəri wɪˈθaʊt ˈɛni sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən frəm 1608 əp ənˈtɪl 1814 ˈðɛrˌfɔr, ɪt ɪz ˈsɪmpli ən ækt əv məˈlɪʃəs dɪˈsɛpʃən tɪ aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ ðə kˈwɛbɛkˌwɑ ɛz 1758 ənd 1762 ˌbiˈfɔr ðə ərˈaɪvəl əv ðə ˈlɔɪəlɪsts, əˈbaʊt 7000 tɪ 8000 nu ˈɪŋglənd "ˈplæntərz" ˈsɛtəld ɪn ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə ɪn ðə lændz ˈpriviəsli ˈɑkjəˌpaɪd baɪ ðə hu hæd bɪn ɪkˈspɛld ɪn ðə 1750s. bət hæf əv ðiz ˈplæntərz lɛft wɪˈθɪn ə fju jɪrz, ˈfaɪndɪŋ ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə tu skɛrs ɪn ˈrisɔrsɪz ənd gʊd lændz. ðiz nu ˈɪŋgləndərz wər hu muvd frəm wən lænd (nu ˈɪŋglənd) tɪ əˈnəðər lænd (ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə), wɪʧ wɑz fæst bɪˈkəmɪŋ ˈæŋlɪˌsaɪzd ˈæftər ðə ɪkˈspəlʃən əv ˈɛstəˌmeɪtɪd ˈnəmbər əv ˈlɔɪəlɪsts hu keɪm tɪ ˈkænədə həz bɪn ˈɛstəˌmeɪtɪd æt əˈbaʊt ˈlɔɪəlɪsts wɛnt tɪ ðə nu ˈtɛrɪˌtɔri əv nu ˈbrənzwɪk, wɪʧ wɑz pɑrˈtɪʃənd frəm ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə ɪn 1784 əˈbaʊt ðə seɪm ˈnəmbər wɛnt tɪ ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə, 400 tɪ keɪp ˈbrɛtən, ənd səm 500 tɪ peɪ. ˈrəfli əˈbaʊt ˈlɔɪəlɪsts wɛnt tɪ loʊər ənd ˈəpər ˈkænədə, ˈmoʊstli tɪ ðə ˈlætər ˈtɛrɪˌtɔri, ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ənd ˈpɑpjələr ˈtɛkstˌbʊk,, baɪ ɑr. ˈdəgləs ˈfrænsɪs, ɛt. æl, rɪˈfərz tɪ ðə ˈlɔɪəlɪsts ɛz ˈɪməgrənts hu keɪm "frəm ˈmɛni ˈɛθnɪk ˈbækˌgraʊndz" (pi. 233 ɪt noʊts ðət "ɛz ˈmɛni ɛz 500 "blæk ˈlɔɪəlɪsts" (pi. 237 wər brɔt tɪ ˈəpər ˈkænədə ənd səm 3000 tɪ ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə)., baɪ ˈpɑsəbli ðə ˈfɔrˌmoʊst hɪˈstɔriən əv ˈkænədə, j.m., ˈlaɪkˌwaɪz rɪˈfərz tɪ ðə ˈlɔɪəlɪsts ɛz "kwaɪt ə ˈdɪspərɪt grup" ðət ˌɪnˈkludɪd "wɛl ˈoʊvər 3000 blæks", ɛz wɛl ɛz 2000 ˌæbərˈɪʤənəl "ˈlɔɪəlɪsts", hu ˈsɛtəld ɪn ˈəpər ˈkænədə (pi. 101 hi noʊts, ðoʊ, ðət ˈnɪrli hæf əv ðə blæks sun ˈɛməˌgreɪtɪd tɪ ɪz noʊ weɪ əraʊnd ðə fækt ðət, ɛz ðə ədˈmɪts, ðə "ˌoʊvərˈwɛlmɪŋ məˈʤɔrəti əv ðə ˈlɔɪəlɪsts wər waɪt". ˈivɪn ɪf wi wər tɪ əkˈsɛpt ðə ˈrəðər ˈwɪʃfəl kleɪm ðət blæks ənd wər "ˈlɔɪəlɪsts" rɪˈmeɪnd lɔɪəl tɪ ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ kraʊn ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə əˈmɛrɪkən ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri wɔr), ðə ˈtoʊtəl ˈnɑnˈwaɪt prəˈpɔrʃən wɑz ˈoʊnli 7 percent.moreover, ɪt ɪz mɔr ˈækjərət tɪ aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ ˈlɔɪəlɪsts ɛz "ˌɪnˈtərnəl ˈmaɪgrənts" ˈrəðər ðən ˈɪməgrənts, sɪns ðeɪ ˈæˌkʧuəli muvd frəm ˈkɑləniz ðət wər ˈθəroʊli ˈbrɪtɪʃ tɪ ˈtɛrəˌtɔriz rul baɪ ˈbrɪtən ðət wər bɪˈkəmɪŋ, ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə ənd ˈəpər ˈkænədə, ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋgli ˈæŋlɪˌsaɪzd. ɪt wɑz ɛˈsɛnʃəli ə ˈmuvmənt baɪ brɪts wɪˈθɪn ðə ˈæŋgloʊ ˈmeɪnˌlænd əv nɔrθ meɪ rɪˈplaɪ ðət ðɪs ˈɑrgjəmənt ˈoʊnli hoʊldz fər ðə nu ˈɪŋglənd "ˈplæntərz" bət nɑt fər ðə ˈlɔɪəlɪsts, sɪns ðə ˈlɔɪəlɪsts wər ˈlivɪŋ ðə ˈnuli ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt əˈmɛrɪkən lændz əv ðeɪ wər əˈmɛrɪkənz ˈrəðər ðən ˈbrɪtɪʃ. bət ðɪs ɪz nɑt ə gʊd ˈɑrgjəmənt fər tu ˈrizənz: ðə əˈmɛrɪkənz wər ˌɪnˈdid ə nu ˈpipəl kriˈeɪtɪd ɪn ðə sɔɪl əv nɔrθ əˈmɛrɪkə, bət ðeɪ wər stɪl ˈreɪʃəli ˈbrɪtɪʃ, ənd ðə ˈlɔɪəlɪsts wər kɔld "ˈlɔɪəlɪst" prɪˈsaɪsli bɪˈkəz ðeɪ rɪˈmeɪnd lɔɪəl tɪ ˈbrɪtɪʃ rul, ˈrəðər ðən əˈmɛrɪkən rul ɪn ðə ˈθərˈtin tɛksts aɪ hæv ɪgˈzæmənd doʊnt ˈɔlˌweɪz prəˈvaɪd kənˈsɪstəntli prɪˈsaɪs ˈnəmbərz, bət ˈoʊnli ˈɪndəˌkeɪt ðət frəm 1790 tɪ 1815 ˈɪməgrənts frəm ðə "ˈbrɪtɪʃ aɪlz" keɪm tɪ ˈəpər ˈkænədə, ˈmeɪnli frəm ðə ˈskɑtɪʃ ˈhaɪləndz ənd ˈaɪərlənd. wən ˈɛstəˌmeɪt həz ɪt ðət bɪtˈwin 6000 ənd 10 000 ˈɪməgrənts keɪm ɪn ðə ˈərli frəm ðə ˈhaɪlənd tɪ ðə ˈmærəˌtaɪmz ənd ˈəpər ˈkænədə. əˈnəðər tɛkst sɪz ðət ɪn ðə ənd ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə sɔ səm 2000 ˈsɛtələrz əraɪvd frəm ˈaɪərlənd, 750 frəm ˈɪŋglənd, ənd, ɪn 1773 200 ðiz ˈɪməgrənts frəm ðə aɪlz, ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə sɔ ðə ərˈaɪvəl əv səm 1500 ˈʤərmən ˈprɑtəstənts ɪn ðə ˈərli 1750s. ˈteɪkɪŋ ˈɪntu əˈkaʊnt ðiz ˈɪməgrənts, pɔrˈtreɪz (pi. 86 ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə ɪn ðə leɪt, ðət ɪz, ˌbiˈfɔr ðə ərˈaɪvəl əv ðə ˈlɔɪəlɪsts, ɛz ə lænd ˈkɛrɪktərˌaɪzd baɪ ˈɛθnɪk ənd rɪˈlɪʤəs dɪˈvərsɪti. hi siz ðə ərˈaɪvəl əv ˈlɔɪəlɪsts ɛz ˈædɪŋ mɔr tɪ ðɪs dɪˈvərsɪti, wɪθ ðə "blæk ˈlɔɪəlɪsts". bət wi ɔˈrɛdi sɔ ðət blæks wər ə ˈvɛri smɔl prəˈpɔrʃən əv ðə ˈtoʊtəl ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən, ənd ðət ðə əˈmɛrɪkənz, boʊθ ðə nu ˈɪŋglənd "ˈplæntərz" ənd ðə ˈlɔɪəlɪsts, wər ˌɪnˈtərnəl kən ˈɔlsoʊ bi ˈædɪd ðət ðə ˈɪməgrənts frəm ðə aɪlz wər ɔl, ˈvɛri ˈkloʊsli rɪˈleɪtɪd ʤəˈnɛtɪkli ənd ˈkəlʧərəˌli, ˈmuvɪŋ frəm ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ aɪlz tɪ ən ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋgli ˈæŋlɪˌsaɪzd ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə ənd ə ˈæŋlɪˌsaɪzd ˈəpər ˈkænədə. ðə ˈædɪd, ənd aɪ səˈpoʊz ɔl ðə ˈdɪfərənt grups dɪd ɛz wɛl, ən ˈɛθnɪk dɪˈvərsɪti, ə dɪˈvərsɪti kəmˈbaɪnd wɪθ səm ˈʤərmən moʊst ˈrizənəbəl kənˈkluʒən wi kən riʧ əˈbaʊt ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən ˈpætərnz ɪn ˈkænədəz ˈhɪstəri frəm 1763 tɪ 1815 ɪz ðət ɪt wɑz ən ˌɪnˈtərnəl maɪˈgreɪʃən ˈmuvmənt wɪˈθɪn ə ˈbrɪtɪʃ wərld ɪn ˈmeɪnˌlænd nɔrθ əˈmɛrɪkə, ənd əˈkrɔs ðə əˈtlæntɪk frəm ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ aɪlz tɪ ˈbrɪtɪʃ nɔrθ əˈmɛrɪkə. ðə ˌdɛməˈgræfɪk groʊθ ðət ˈəpər ˈkænədə ɪkˈspɪriənst frəm ðə, wɪn ɪt wɑz ˈbɛrli ˈpɑpjəˌleɪtəd baɪ ˌjʊrəˈpiənz, tɪ 1815 wɑz kwaɪt səbˈstænʃəl, frəm ˌɪnˈhæbɪtənts ɪn 1791 tɪ ɪn 1806 tɪ ɪn 1814 ðə ˈlɔɪəlɪsts ənˈdaʊtɪdli pleɪd ə ki roʊl ɪn ðɪs ˌdɛməˈgræfɪk ɪkˈspænʧən. fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, ɪn ˈəpər ˈkænədə, ɪn 1812 əˈmɛrɪkən ˌɪnˈhæbɪtənts, ər wɪθ əˈmɛrɪkən ˈænsɛstri, meɪd əp əˈbaʊt 80 pərˈsɛnt əv ðə ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən əv ɪt ɪz nɑt ɪgˌzæʤərˈeɪʃən tɪ seɪ ðət ðə ˈlɔɪəlɪsts wər ðə ərˈɪʤənəl ˈfaʊndərz əv ɑnˈtɛrioʊ, ənd ðə ərˈɪʤənəl ˌɪnˈtərnəl ˈmaɪgrənts hu dɪd ðə moʊst ɪn ðə ˌɪntrəˈdəkʃən əv ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈkəlʧər ənd pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃənz tɪ canada.similarly, ɪn ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə, ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən frəm ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ aɪlz, ənd ˌɪnˈtərnəl maɪˈgreɪʃən frəm kənˈtrɪbjutɪd, tɪ ðə ˌdɛməˈgræfɪk groʊθ əv ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə ˈæftər ðə ɪkˈspəlʃən əv ðə. wi wɪl si ɪn ə fˈjuʧər ˈɑrtɪkəl ðət ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən frəm ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ aɪlz wɑz tɪ ˌɪnˈkris səbˈstænʃəli ˈæftər 1815 wi wɪl si, tu, ðət ðiz ˈɪməgrənts ər bɛst aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪd ɛz ˌpaɪəˈnɪrz ər ˈsɛtələrz. ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ðə ˈfræŋkəˌfoʊn kəmˈjunɪtiz, ˈæŋgloʊ ˌpaɪəˈnɪrz wər kriˈeɪtɪŋ ə wərld əv kəˈneɪdiən ˈæŋgloʊ ɛθˈnɪsɪti, ˈbrɪtɪʃ rul əv lɔ, ˈlæŋgwɪʤ, ənd riˈlɪʤənz, nɑt ə wərld əv ˈməltəpəl ˈkəlʧərz ənd ˈreɪsɪz.
ricardo duchesne by w a massive growth in the population of quebec through the continuation of high fertility rates with zero francophone immigration, and minimal arrival of british individuals. an internal migration of new englanders and loyalists from some regions of british north america to other regions of british north america, principally to upper canada and nova scotia. both new englanders and loyalists were long established native born british settlers in the american colonies, not immigrants. the arrival of immigrants from the british isles (with the exception of some whites from germany) should also be identified as movement by internal migrants, from the british isles to other british lands. high fertility population growth in quebec 1763-1815 the internal migration of new englanders and loyalists immigrants from the british isles conclusion sources j.m. bumsted, a history of the canadian peoples , oxford, 2011, fourth edition , oxford, 2011, fourth edition j.m. bumsted, canada's diverse peoples , abc clio, 2003 , abc clio, 2003 j.m.s. careless, canada: a story of challenge , st martin's press, 1965 , st martin's press, 1965 r. douglas francis, richard jones, and donald b. smith, origins: canadian history to confederation , harcourt, 2000, fourth edition , harcourt, 2000, fourth edition the canadian encyclopedia, loyalists research the canadian settlement history. e have seen that up until the british conquest of new france in 1763, the vast majority of canadians were francophones, quebecois and acadians, born in the soil of north america. the total number of immigrants who came to quebec and acadia, from the first settlements samuel champlain established in the first decade of the 1600s until 1763, was very small. in quebec, only 8,527 immigrants arrived during this entire period (from 1608 to 1759). in acadia, a few hundred settlers arrived in the first half of the seventeenth century, and thereafter it was the high fertility rates of acadians that engendered a population of roughly 13,000 by the 1750s. how about the role of immigrants from "diverse" places after the conquest? was not the english-speaking canada that emerged after the conquest, in ontario and nova scotia, created by arrival of immigrants "from many ethnic backgrounds", as standard college textbooks religiously inform their students today?don't you believe them. the immigration time line from 1760 to 1815, which is the subject of this article, and which includes the loyalists as the principal new settlers in canada, can only be categorized as a period of "many new diverse immigrants" through the manipulation of words.what this period actually witnessed was:the english population in new france/quebec numbered only about 500 in 1765. when the british conquered quebec they anticipated that significant english-speaking families would move from the british american colonies to the british canadian colonies. they hoped that in this way quebec would be gradually protestantized and anglicized. but only "a few hundred english-speaking, protestant immigrants, largely merchants" had arrived by 1774. the number of english has been estimated at 2000 in 1780.in the 1780s, a few thousand loyalists did arrive. there are no precise estimations as to how many loyalists settled in quebec proper, rather than what would become upper canada or ontario, which was carved out from the western side of new france in 1791. in any case, when this partition occurred, the english population in quebec proper, or lower canada, was about 10,000. meanwhile, the total non-aboriginal population of quebec in 1791 had increased substantially since the conquest from about 60,000 to about 160,000.now, assuming that all the english speaking inhabitants, the 10,000, were immigrants, we can safely say that quebec's francophone population increased by 150,000 souls solely through a high fertility rate without any immigration. it has been estimated that the english population in lower canada/quebec reached 30,000 by 1812. the francophone population, meanwhile, increased to 335,000 by 1814.again, assuming that the 30,000 english speakers were all immigrants (hardly the case, since after the loyalist influx of the 1780s there was little immigration from the english world), it follows that the history of one of the two founding peoples of canada, the quebecois, was a history without any significant immigration from 1608 up until 1814. therefore, it is simply an act of malicious deception to identify the quebecois as immigrants.between 1758 and 1762, before the arrival of the loyalists, about 7000 to 8000 new england "planters" settled in nova scotia in the lands previously occupied by the acadians who had been expelled in the 1750s. but half of these planters left within a few years, finding nova scotia too scarce in resources and good lands. these new englanders were british-americans who moved from one british-ethnic land (new england) to another british-ruled land (nova scotia), which was fast becoming anglicized after the expulsion of acadians.the estimated number of loyalists who came to canada has been estimated at 50,000. about 14,500 loyalists went to the new territory of new brunswick, which was partitioned from nova scotia in 1784. about the same number went to nova scotia, 400 to cape breton, and some 500 to pei. roughly about 14,000 loyalists went to lower and upper canada, mostly to the latter territory, during the 1780s and 1790s.the popular textbook,, by r. douglas francis, et. al, refers to the loyalists as immigrants who came "from many ethnic backgrounds" (p. 233). it notes that "as many as 500" "black loyalists" (p. 237) were brought to upper canada and some 3000 to nova scotia)., by possibly the foremost historian of canada, j.m. bumsted, likewise refers to the loyalists as "quite a disparate group" that included "well over 3000 blacks", as well as 2000 aboriginal "loyalists", who settled in upper canada (p. 101). he notes, though, that nearly half of the blacks soon emigrated to africa.there is no way around the fact that, as the texteventually admits, the "overwhelming majority of the loyalists were white". even if we were to accept the rather wishful claim that blacks and aboriginals were "loyalists" (americanwho remained loyal to the british crown during the american revolutionary war), the total non-white proportion was only 7 percent.moreover, it is more accurate to identify loyalists as "internal migrants" rather than immigrants, since they actually moved from colonies that were thoroughly british to territories rule by britain that were becoming, nova scotia and upper canada, increasingly anglicized. it was essentially a movement by brits within the anglo mainland of north america.some may reply that this argument only holds for the new england "planters" but not for the loyalists, since the loyalists were leaving the newly independent american lands of post-1776. they were americans rather than british. but this is not a good argument for two reasons: the americans were indeed a new people created in the soil of north america, but they were still racially british, and the loyalists were called "loyalist" precisely because they remained loyal to british rule, rather than american rule in the thirteen colonies.the texts i have examined don't always provide consistently precise numbers, but only indicate that from 1790 to 1815 immigrants from the "british isles" came to upper canada, mainly from the scottish highlands and ireland. one estimate has it that between 6000 and 10 000 immigrants came in the early 1800s from the highland to the maritimes and upper canada. another text says that in the 1760s and 1770s nova scotia saw some 2000 settlers arrived from ireland, 750 from england, and, in 1773, 200 scots.before these immigrants from the isles, nova scotia saw the arrival of some 1500 german protestants in the early 1750s. taking into account these immigrants, bumsted portrays (p. 86) nova scotia in the late 1760s, that is, before the arrival of the loyalists, as a land characterized by ethnic and religious diversity. he sees the arrival of loyalists as adding more to this diversity, with the "black loyalists". but we already saw that blacks were a very small proportion of the total population, and that the americans, both the new england "planters" and the loyalists, were internal migrants.it can also be added that the immigrants from the isles were all english-speaking, very closely related genetically and culturally, moving from the british isles to an increasingly anglicized nova scotia and a newly-created anglicized upper canada. the acadians added, and i suppose all the different groups did as well, an intra-european ethnic diversity, a french-british diversity combined with some german aryans.the most reasonable conclusion we can reach about immigration patterns in canada's history from 1763 to 1815 is that it was an internal migration movement within a british world in mainland north america, and across the atlantic from the british isles to british north america. the demographic growth that upper canada experienced from the 1760s, when it was barely populated by europeans, to 1815, was quite substantial, from 14,000 inhabitants in 1791, to 70,718 in 1806, to 95,000 in 1814. the loyalists undoubtedly played a key role in this demographic expansion. for example, in upper canada, in 1812, american inhabitants, or with american ancestry, made up about 80 percent of the population of 136,000. it is not exaggeration to say that the loyalists were the original founders of ontario, and the original internal migrants who did the most in the introduction of british culture and political institutions to canada.similarly, in nova scotia, immigration from the british isles, and internal migration from british/america contributed, to the demographic growth of nova scotia after the expulsion of the acadians. we will see in a future article that immigration from the british isles was to increase substantially after 1815. we will see, too, that these immigrants are best identified as pioneers or settlers. outside the francophone communities, anglo pioneers were creating a world of canadian anglo ethnicity, british rule of law, language, and religions, not a world of multiple cultures and races.	ɔn ˈfɛbruˌɛri 12 2013 nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə kənˈdəktəd ən ˈəndərˌgraʊnd ˈnukliər tɛst. ɪn rɪˈspɑns, ðə juˈnaɪtɪd sɪˈkjʊrəti ˈkaʊnsəl juˈnænəməsli pæst ˌrɛzəˈluʃən 2094 ənd ˌɪmˈpoʊzd əˈdɪʃənəl ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ənd ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl ˈsæŋkʃənz əˈgɛnst ˈpjɔŋˈjæŋ. stɪl, nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə rɪˈmeɪnz dɪˈfaɪənt ɛz ˈɛvər ɛz ɪˈvɛnts əv ðə pæst fju wiks hæv ʃoʊn. ɛz ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl kəmˈjunɪti ˈgræpəlz fər weɪz tɪ ðə ˈkɑrənt ˈtɛnʃən ɔn ðə ˌkɔˈriən pəˈnɪnsələ, ʤəˈpæn ɪz riˈmaɪndɪd jɛt əˈgɛn haʊ ˈlɪtəl ˈɪnfluəns ɪt həz ɔn ˈɛfərts tɪ ˈæˌdrɛs sɪˈkjʊrəti kənˈsərnz poʊzd baɪ nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə. wɪn eɪb ərnd ə ˈsɛkənd ʧæns tɪ ˈgəvərn ʤəˈpæn ɛz praɪm ˈmɪnɪstər ɪn dɪˈsɛmbər 2012 hɪz rɪˈtərn wɑz rɪˈsivd wɪθ æŋˈzaɪəti ɪn ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ, soʊl ənd ˈivɪn ˈwɔʃɪŋtən. ˈfoʊkɪst ɔn kənˈsərvətɪv vjuz ənd hɪz pərˈspɛktɪv ɔn ˈwɔrˌtaɪm pæst, ˈpɛsəmɪsts wər kənˈsərnd ðət ðə nu ˈgəvərnmənt maɪt meɪk ˈpɑləsi dɪˈsɪʒənz ðət wʊd ˈægrəˌveɪt riˈleɪʃənz wɪθ ˈʧaɪnə ənd saʊθ ˌkɔˈriə. ˈɑptɪˌmɪsts hu ˈfoʊkɪst mɔr ɔn stæns wər ɪnˈkərəʤd ðət ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən bɪtˈwin ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ənd ˈtoʊkiˌoʊ ˈəndər ðə nu praɪm ˈmɪnɪstər wʊd ˌɪmˈpruv. ˈwɛðər wən həz ə ˌpɛsəˈmɪstɪk ər ˌɑptɪˈmɪstɪk ˈfɔrən ˈpɑləsi ˈaʊˌtlʊk, wən θɪŋ wɑz klɪr frəm ðə ˈvɛri bɪˈgɪnɪŋ: rɪˈtərn wʊd ˈlaɪkli ʃɪft ðə ˈfoʊkɪs bæk tɪ riˈleɪʃənz. ɪn θri jɪrz əv rul baɪ ðə ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˈpɑrti əv ʤəˈpæn (dpj), ðɛr wɑz ˈlɪtəl dɪˈvɛləpmənt ɪn ðət riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp. ɔn ˈɛvəri ˈɪʃu, frəm haʊ ʤəˈpæn wʊd ɪts əˈtɛmpt tɪ kɑrv aʊt ə roʊl ɪn ðə sɪks ˈpɑrti tɔks tɪ æˈdrɛsɪŋ baɪˈlætərəl ˈɪʃuz wɪθ ˈpjɔŋˈjæŋ, ðɛr wər fju ˌɪndəˈkeɪʃənz ðət ðə wɑz ˈθɪŋkɪŋ θru ɪts ˈpɑləsi. ðɛr wɑz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈlɪtəl ɛnˈgeɪʤmənt bɪtˈwin ˈtoʊkiˌoʊ ənd ˈpjɔŋˈjæŋ, ˌɔlˈðoʊ ðə ˈnoʊdə ˈgəvərnmənt ˈfaɪnəli bɪˈgæn baɪˈlætərəl tɔks wɪθ ðə nɔrθ ɪn ˈɔgəst 2012 baɪ ðɛn, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ɪt wɑz ˈlɪtəl, tu late”” tɪ lɛd tɪ ˈɛniˌθɪŋ ˈminɪŋfəl. waɪl nən əv ðə ˈgəvərnmənt leaders—hatoyama, kæn ər noʊn fər ðɛr ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriən ˈɪʃuz, ˈpərsɪnəl steɪk ɪz ˈvɛri klɪr. ˈæftər ɔl, hi bɪˈkeɪm ə ˈnæʃənəl pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈfɪgjər bɪˈkəz əv hɪz kəˈmɪtmənt tɪ ðə issue”” ɛz ðə ˈdɛpjəti ʧif ˈkæbənət ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri fər ðɛn praɪm ˈmɪnɪstər koizumi. wət ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ noʊn ɪz strɔŋ ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn ˈmeɪkɪŋ dɪˈfɛns ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti mɔr roʊˈbəst. hi həz ɔˈrɛdi meɪd klɪr ðət hi ˌɪnˈtɛndz tɪ ˈæˌdrɛs ˈligəl ˈɑbstəkəlz ðət riˈstrɪkt ðə ækˈtɪvɪtiz əv ðə ʤəˈpæn ˌsɛlfdɪˈfɛns fɔrs (jsdf), tɪ ˌɪnˈkris dɪˈfɛns ə trɛnd ðət həz bɪn ˈɔnˌgoʊɪŋ fər mɔr ðən ə tɪ strɛs əˈlaɪəns kˌwɔpərˈeɪʃən wɪθ ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts tɪ ˈbətrəs sɪˈkjʊrəti. ðɪs dɪz nɑt min ðət eɪb ˌɪnˈtɛndz tɪ meɪk ʤəˈpæn ˈɪntu ə ˈkəntri wɪθ əˈgrɛsɪv ˌɪnˈtɛnʧənz. ɪt dɪz min, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ðət hi ˌɪnˈtɛndz tɪ sɛnd ə ˈmɛsɪʤ ðət hɪz ʤəˈpæn wɪl nɑt bi θˈrɛtənd baɪ ˈɛniˌwən, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ɪts ˈneɪbərz. sɪns hɪz ˌɪˌnɔgjəˈreɪʃən, praɪm ˈmɪnɪstər eɪb həz ɔˈrɛdi ˈdɛmənˌstreɪtɪd ðət hɪz ˈgəvərnmənt wɪl teɪk ə təf stæns nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə. fərst ənd ˈfɔrˌmoʊst, ðə əbˈdəkʃən ˈɪʃu rɪˈmeɪnz ə haɪ praɪˈɔrəti. ɔn ˈʤænjuˌɛri 25 2013 eɪb kənˈvind ðə fərst ˈmitɪŋ ɔn ðət ˈɪʃu ənd əˈpɔɪntɪd ə ˈlɔŋˌtaɪm pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈælaɪ ˈkiʤi fʊˈrujə, hu ʃɛrz hɪz strɔŋ ˈɪntəˌrɛst, tɪ bi ðə ˈkæbənət ˈmɪnɪstər ɪn ʧɑrʤ. ˈɔlsoʊ, ɪn fərst ˈpɑləsi ˈæˌdrɛs tɪ ðə daɪət ɪn ˈʤænjuˌɛri, hi aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪd əv ðə əbˈdəkʃən issue”” ɛz wən əv ðə ˈfɔrən ˈpɑləsi praɪˈɔrətiz. hi ˈivɪn ˈmɛnʃənd ðə ˈɪʃu ɪn ə spiʧ ˈdʊrɪŋ ə ˈvɪzɪt tɪ ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ɪn ˈfɛbruˌɛri, ˈstrɛsɪŋ ðət hɪz ˈgəvərnmənt wʊd nɑt lɪft ˈsæŋkʃənz əˈgɛnst nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə, ənd ˈsteɪtɪŋ ðət ðeɪ gɪv əp ɔn dɪˈvɛləpɪŋ ə ˈnukliər ˈɑrsənəl, ˈmɪsəl tɛkˈnɑləʤiz, ənd riˈlis ɔl ðə ˌʤæpəˈniz ˈsɪtɪzənz ðeɪ əbˈdəktɪd, maɪ ˈgəvərnmənt wɪl gɪv ðɛm noʊ mɔˈroʊvər, ˈwərkɪŋ wɪθ ðə ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈjunjən (eu) ənd ˈəðərz hu hæv kənˈsərnz fər ˈjumən raɪts vaɪəˈleɪʃənz ɪn nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə, ʤəˈpæn wɑz ˌɪnstrəˈmɛnəl ɪn ɪˈstæblɪʃɪŋ ə kəˈmɪti əv ˌɪnkˈwaɪˌri ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd ˈneɪʃənz. ˈkræftɪŋ ən ˈifɛktɪv rɪˈspɑns tɪ nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ɪz ə ˈsɪriəs ˈfɔrən ˈpɑləsi ˈʧælənʤ fər eɪb. fərst, ʤəˈpæn læks ˈlɛvərɪʤ ˈpjɔŋˈjæŋ. ˈtoʊkiˌoʊ həz ɔˈrɛdi ˌɪmˈpoʊzd ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ɛz wɛl ɛz ˌjunəˈlætərəl ˈsæŋkʃənz, ɛˈnæktɪŋ ɪn 2006 ə ˈblæŋkɪt ˌɪmˈpɔrt bæn ɔn ɔl gʊdz ɪn rɪˈspɑns tɪ nɔrθ fərst ˈnukliər tɛst ðət wɑz ɪkˈspændɪd tɪ ə kəmˈplit treɪd ɛmˈbɑrgoʊ ɪn 2009 wɪn ˈpjɔŋˈjæŋ kənˈdəktəd ɪts ˈsɛkənd tɛst. ɪn rɪˈspɑns tɪ ðə ˈfɛbruˌɛri 2013 ˈnukliər tɛst, ʤəˈpæn ˌɪntrəˈdust əˈdɪʃənəl ˈsæŋkʃənz, ˈpleɪsɪŋ ˈstrɪnʤənt riˈstrɪkʃənz ɔn ˈtrævəl baɪ nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriənz ənd ðɛr ˈsɪmpəˌθaɪzərz bɪtˈwin ðə tu ˈkəntriz. ðɪs ˌkɑmbəˈneɪʃən əv ˌməltɪˈlætərəl ənd ˌjunəˈlætərəl ˈsæŋkʃənz həz kəmˈplitli stɑpt treɪd bɪtˈwin ʤəˈpæn ənd nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl floʊz frəm ˈsɪmpəˌθaɪzərz ɪn ʤəˈpæn. ɛz ə rɪˈzəlt, ˈtoʊkiˌoʊ həz ˈvɛri ˈlɪtəl ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈlɛvərɪʤ lɛft tɪ juz əˈgɛnst ɪts ˈneɪbər. ɔn ˈmɛʒərz tɪ ˈboʊlstər oʊn sɪˈkjʊrəti, ðɛr ɪz nɑt məʧ mɔr eɪb kən du ˈəndər ðə ˈkɑrənt ˈligəl ˈfreɪmˌwərk. tɪ bi ʃʊr, hi həz ˈɪndəˌkeɪtɪd ən ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn ˈboʊlstərɪŋ dɪˈfɛns ˌkeɪpəˈbɪlətiz, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ əkˈwaɪərɪŋ prɪˈvɛnɪv straɪk ˌkeɪpəˈbɪlətiz ðət kʊd bi juzd əˈgɛnst nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ðət ˈmɪʃən wɪl fərst ˌrikˈwaɪər ən əˈmɛndmənt tɪ ðə ɪgˈzɪstɪŋ lɔ, wɪʧ ɪz ˈvɛri ənd ˈɔlsoʊ ˈfɪskəli ənˌriˈlɪstɪk, æt list fər ðə ˌʃɔrtˈtərm. ˈfaɪnəli, əkˈwaɪərɪŋ ə prɪˈvɛnɪv straɪk ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti wʊd bi ˌdɪpləˈmætɪkli ˌprɑbləˈmætɪk sɪns ɪt wʊd ˈprɑbəˌbli ˈkɑmpləˌkeɪt ɔˈrɛdi ˈtɛnjəwəs riˈleɪʃənz wɪθ saʊθ ˌkɔˈriə ənd ˈʧaɪnə. waɪl ðɛr ər ə hoʊst əv ˈəðər pəˈlɪtɪkəl, ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ənd ˈsoʊʃəl kənˈstreɪnts, ˈgɪvɪn ðə rɪˈnud allergy”” əˈməŋ ðə ˌʤæpəˈniz ˈpəblɪk ˈæftər ðə fukuˈʃimə ˈnukliər ˈæksədənt ɪn mɑrʧ 2011 pərˈsuɪŋ ən ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt ˈnukliər ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ kəmˈplitli aʊt əv ðə kˈwɛʃən. ˈpɑpjələr ˈsɛnəmənt ɪz ənˈlaɪkli tɪ ʧeɪnʤ ˈivɪn ɪf ˈpjɔŋˈjæŋ kənˈtɪnjuz daʊn ðə pæθ təˈwɔrdz ˈbɪldɪŋ ə ˈlɑrʤər mɔr səˈfɪstɪˌkeɪtəd ˈɑrsənəl baɪ prəˈdusɪŋ jərˈeɪniəm (heu). ˌɔlˈðoʊ ˌprɑvəˈkeɪʃənz kənˈtɪnju, nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə ˈgeɪnɪŋ ðə ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti tɪ pʊt ˈnukliər ˈwɔˌrhɛdz ɔn ˈmɪsəlz ɪz stɪl sin ɛz səʧ ən ɪkˈstrim sɪˈnɛrioʊ ðət ɪt ɪz ˈsɪmpli ənˈfæðəməbəl fər moʊst ˌʤæpəˈniz ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ɪts ˈlidərz. fər ðə taɪm biɪŋ, ˈðɛrˌfɔr, kənˈtɪnjuɪŋ tɪ ˌɪnˈvɛst ɪn bəˈlɪstɪk ˈmɪsəl dɪˈfɛns, ˈfərðər ˈstrɛŋθənɪŋ dɪˈfɛns kˌwɔpərˈeɪʃən wɪθ ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ənd traɪɪŋ tɪ ˌɪmˈpruv traɪˈlætərəl sɪˈkjʊrəti kˌwɔpərˈeɪʃən ər ðə ˈoʊnli ˌriəˈlɪstɪk ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri ˈmɛʒərz ðət ˈgəvərnmənt kən teɪk. ˈlɪmɪtɪd ɪn ɪts əˈbɪləˌti tɪ ˈɪnfluəns nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriən bɪˈheɪvjər ˈiðər θru ˈsæŋkʃənz ər ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri minz, ðə ˈoʊnli ˈvaɪəbəl tul ʤəˈpæn həz ɪz ɪts dɪˈploʊməsi. bət ðə ˈgəvərnmənt ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈhændiˌkæpt hir. ɪf ʤəˈpæn əˈtɛmpts tɪ pleɪ ə ˈminɪŋfəl ˌdɪpləˈmætɪk roʊl ɪn rɪˈspɑndɪŋ tɪ nɔrθ ˌprɑvəˈkeɪʃənz, eɪb wɪl hæv tɪ faɪnd ə weɪ əraʊnd ðə əbˈdəkʃən ˈɪʃu ðət ˈhæmˌstrɪŋz ˈpɑləsi ˈɔpʃənz. ðɪs rikˈwaɪərz ɪm tɪ trɛd ˈkɛrfəli bɪtˈwin ˈdɛmənˌstreɪtɪŋ hɪz kəˈmɪtmənt tɪ si ðə əbˈdəkʃən ˈɪʃu θru tɪ ɪts ˌsætɪsˈfæktəri ˌrɛzəˈluʃən (eɪb hɪmˈsɛlf məst dɪˈfaɪn wət ðət lʊks laɪk) waɪl ˈoʊpənɪŋ ðə ˌpɑsəˈbɪləˌti əv ə mɔr ˈflɛksəbəl əˈproʊʧ tɪ nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə ɪn keɪs bɪˈheɪvjər ˌɪmˈpruvz. ɪˈstæblɪʃɪŋ ðə ˈbɛnʧˌmɑrks fər ʤəˈpæn tɪ ˈlusən ˈsæŋkʃənz əˈgɛnst nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə, waɪl ˈplɪtɪkli ˈdɪfəkəlt ɪn ðə ˈkɑrənt ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃən, maɪt bi ə gʊd ˈpræktɪkəl fərst stɛp ɪn ðət dɪˈrɛkʃɪn; ˌɔlˈðoʊ pərˈsuɪŋ ðɪs pæθ ɪz stɪl ˈlaɪkli tɪ bi ˈplɪtɪkli ˈdɪfəkəlt. biɪŋ əˈneɪbəl tɪ du soʊ wɪl liv ʤəˈpæn ˈmɑrʤənəˌlaɪzd ɪn ðə ˈɛfərts tɪ nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə. ə ˈbɪgər nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə ˈæbrəˌgeɪtɪŋ ðə mɔr ˈərʤənt kˈwɛʃən fər ʤəˈpæn ɪz wət ɪt wɪl du ɪf ðə dɪˈploʊməsi wɪθ nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə ˈnɛvər riˈvaɪvz. wɪl ʤəˈpæn riʧ ə pɔɪnt wɛr ɪt wɪl noʊ ˈlɔŋgər bi ˈsætɪsˌfaɪd wɪθ ðə ˌriəˈʃʊrənsɪz frəm ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ɔn ðə ˈifɛktɪvnəs əv ɪts ɪkˈstɛndɪd dɪˈtərəns? wɪl ʤəˈpæn bɪˈgɪn tɪ ɪkˈsplɔr ɪts oʊn ˈɔpʃənz? ɪf ɪt dɪz, wɪl ðə ˈsərkəmˌstæns bi soʊ sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt ðət ən ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt ˈnukliər ɪn ðə bɪˈkəm ən ˈɔpʃən? ðə moʊst dɪˈsaɪsɪv ˈfæktər ðət wɪl əˈfɛkt kɔrs ɪz ðə steɪt əv ðə əˈlaɪəns, ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli ðə ˈlɛvəl əv ˈkɑnfədɛns bɪtˈwin ˈtoʊkiˌoʊ ənd ˈwɔʃɪŋtən. ðə mɔr ˈkɑnfədənt ʤəˈpæn filz əˈbaʊt ɪts əˈlaɪəns riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp wɪθ ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts, ðə mɔr ˈlaɪkli ɪt ɪz fər ˈtoʊkiˌoʊ tɪ bi ˌriəˈʃʊrd baɪ ðə ˈjuˈɛs kəˈmɪtmənt tɪ ɪts dɪˈfɛns. ə ʤəˈpæn ðət həz ˈkɑnfədɛns ɪn ˈjuˈɛs ɪkˈstɛndɪd dɪˈtərəns wɪl ˈlaɪkli bi riˈstreɪnd ɪn ɪts rɪˈspɑns tɪ ə nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriən θrɛt, kənˈtɪnju tɪ ˈfoʊkɪs ɪts ˈɛfərts ɪn ˌɪnˈvɛstɪŋ ɪn bəˈlɪstɪk ˈmɪsəl dɪˈfɛns ənd ɔn ˈdipənɪŋ ɪts dɪˈfɛns taɪz wɪθ ðə ˈjuˈɛs. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ɪf ˈkɑnfədɛns wɪθ ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ʃʊd ˈfɔltər, ɪt wɪl ˈlaɪkli draɪv ˈtoʊkiˌoʊ tɪ ˈbətrəs ɪts ˌɪnˈdɪʤənəs dɪˈfɛns ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti wɪˈθaʊt kənˈsɪdərɪŋ ðə pəˈtɛnʃəl dɪˈsteɪbəˌlaɪzɪŋ ˌɪmˈpækt səʧ ˈmɛʒərz meɪ hæv ɔn ðə ist ˈeɪʒə sɪˈkjʊrəti ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt. fər ˈɪnstəns, ˌɔlˈðoʊ ˈligəli, ˌdɪpləˈmætɪkli ənd ˈfɪskəli ənˈfizəbəl ɪn ðə ˌʃɔrtˈtərm, əkˈwaɪərɪŋ ə ˈlɪmɪtɪd ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti fər priˈɛmptɪv əˈtæk ɪz ðə moʊst ˈprɑbəbəl stɛp ʤəˈpæn wʊd teɪk ɪn ðə ɛz ən ˈɛfərt tɪ ˈstrɛŋθən ɪts dɪˈfɛns ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti əˈgɛnst groʊɪŋ ˈmɪsəl θrɛt. ðə tərm əˈtæk capability”” kogeki), rɪˈfərɪŋ tɪ ðə ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti tɪ əˈtæk nɔrθ ˈmɪsəl lɔnʧ saɪts, wɑz ɔˈrɛdi ˌɪntrəˈdust ɪn ˌʤæpəˈniz dəˈbeɪt wɪn nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə kənˈdəktəd ɪts fərst ˈnukliər tɛst. ˈwɛðər ʤəˈpæn ʃʊd əkˈwaɪər səʧ ə ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti ɪz ˈlaɪkli tɪ bi ˈsɪriəsli kənˈsɪdərd ɛz ʤəˈpæn sɛts aʊt tɪ rɪˈvaɪz ɪts ˈnæʃənəl dɪˈfɛns ˈproʊˌgræm ˈgaɪˌdlaɪnz dɪˈfɛns ˈproʊˌgræm ˈdɑkjəmɛnt. wɪn nɔrθ ˌprɑvəˈkeɪʃən bɪˈgæn ˈərliər ɪn ðə jɪr, praɪm ˈmɪnɪstər eɪb ˈsɪgnəld ðət, waɪl ɪt wɪl teɪk stɛps tɪ ˈkɛrfəli ˌɪnˈkris ɪts dɪˈfɛnsɪz, hi wɪl pərˈsu ˈdaɪəˌlɔg wɪθ nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə ɛz wɛl. bət naʊ ðət ˈpjɔŋˈjæŋ həz əp ɪts bəˈlɪʤərənt ˈrɛtərɪk ənd ˈpoʊzɪz tɪ tɛst əˈnəðər ˈmɪsəl, ðə eɪb ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn ɪkˈsplɔrɪŋ ðə ˈoʊpənɪŋ fər ˈdaɪəˌlɔg simz ɔl bət ˌdɪsəˈpɪrd. ˈdʊrɪŋ hɪz ˈmitɪŋ wɪθ ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri əv steɪt ʤɑn ˈkɛri ɔn ˈeɪprəl 15 eɪb rɪˈpɔrtədli ʃɛrd hɪz ˈpɛsəˌmɪzəm fər nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə ˈɑnərɪŋ ˈɛni ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl əˈgrimənt. waɪl ˈwɔʃɪŋtən kən teɪk ɔl ˈnɛsəˌsɛri stɛps tɪ meɪnˈteɪn ə haɪ dɪˈgri əv ˈkɑnfədɛns ɪn ðə əˈlaɪəns, ɪf ðə dɛd ɛnd əv ˌdɪpləˈmætɪk ˈɛfərts ɪz riʧt, ɪnˈʃʊrɪŋ ðət rɪˈspɑns rɪˈmeɪnz ˈmɛʒərd ənd əˈvɔɪdɪŋ ən ɑrmz reɪs ɪn ˌnɔrˈθist ˈeɪʒə meɪ pruv ˈdɪfəkəlt.
on february 12 2013, north korea conducted an underground nuclear test. in response, the united nation’s security council unanimously passed resolution 2094 and imposed additional economic and financial sanctions against pyongyang. still, north korea remains defiant as ever as events of the past few weeks have shown. as the international community grapples for ways to de-escalate the current tension on the korean peninsula, japan is reminded yet again how little influence it has on efforts to address security concerns posed by north korea. when shinzo abe earned a second chance to govern japan as prime minister in december 2012, his return was received with anxiety in beijing, seoul and even washington. focused on abe’s conservative views and his perspective on japan’s wartime past, pessimists were concerned that the new government might make policy decisions that would aggravate japan’s relations with china and south korea. optimists who focused more on abe’s pro-us stance were encouraged that consultation between washington and tokyo under the new prime minister would improve. whether one has a pessimistic or optimistic foreign policy outlook, one thing was clear from the very beginning: abe’s return would likely shift the government’s focus back to japan-dprk relations. in three years of rule by the democratic party of japan (dpj), there was little development in that relationship. on every issue, from how japan would re-vitalize its attempt to carve out a role in the six party talks to addressing bilateral issues with pyongyang, there were few indications that the dpj was thinking through its policy. there was also little engagement between tokyo and pyongyang, although the noda government finally began bilateral talks with the north in august 2012. by then, however, it was “too little, too late” to lead to anything meaningful. while none of the dpj government leaders—hatoyama, kan or noda—were known for their interest in north korean issues, shinzo abe’s personal stake is very clear. after all, he became a national political figure because of his commitment to the “abduction issue” as the deputy chief cabinet secretary for then prime minister koizumi. what is also known is abe’s strong interest in making japan’s defense capability more robust. he has already made clear that he intends to address legal obstacles that restrict the activities of the japan self-defense force (jsdf), to increase japan’s defense budget—reversing a trend that has been ongoing for more than a decade—and to stress alliance cooperation with the united states to buttress japan’s security. this does not mean that abe intends to make japan into a country with aggressive intentions. it does mean, however, that he intends to send a message that his japan will not be threatened by anyone, including its neighbors. since his inauguration, prime minister abe has already demonstrated that his government will take a tough stance vis-à-vis north korea. first and foremost, the abduction issue remains a high priority. on january 25, 2013, abe convened the first government-wide meeting on that issue and appointed a longtime political ally keiji furuya, who shares his strong interest, to be the cabinet minister in charge. also, in abe’s first policy address to the diet in january, he identified “resolution of the abduction issue” as one of the government’s foreign policy priorities. he even mentioned the issue in a speech during a visit to washington in february, stressing that his government would not lift sanctions against north korea, and stating that “unless they give up on developing a nuclear arsenal, missile technologies, and release all the japanese citizens they abducted, my government will give them no reward.”[1] moreover, working with the european union (eu) and others who have concerns for human rights violations in north korea, japan was instrumental in establishing a committee of inquiry in the united nations. crafting an effective response to north korea, however, is a serious foreign policy challenge for abe. first, japan lacks leverage vis-à-vis pyongyang. tokyo has already imposed international as well as unilateral sanctions, enacting in 2006 a blanket import ban on all goods in response to north korea’s first nuclear test that was expanded to a complete trade embargo in 2009 when pyongyang conducted its second test. in response to the february 2013 nuclear test, japan introduced additional sanctions, placing stringent restrictions on travel by north koreans and their sympathizers between the two countries. this combination of multilateral and unilateral sanctions has completely stopped trade between japan and north korea, including financial flows from pyongyang’s sympathizers in japan. as a result, tokyo has very little economic leverage left to use against its neighbor. on measures to bolster japan’s own security, there is not much more abe can do under the current legal framework. to be sure, he has indicated an interest in bolstering japan’s defense capabilities, including acquiring preventive strike capabilities that could be used against north korea. however, that mission will first require an amendment to the existing law, which is very time-consuming and also fiscally unrealistic, at least for the short-term. finally, acquiring a preventive strike capability would be diplomatically problematic since it would probably complicate japan’s already tenuous relations with south korea and china. while there are a host of other political, economic and social constraints, given the renewed “nuclear allergy” among the japanese public after the fukushima nuclear accident in march 2011, pursuing an independent nuclear capability is also completely out of the question. popular sentiment is unlikely to change even if pyongyang continues down the path towards building a larger more sophisticated wmd arsenal by producing highly-enriched uranium (heu). although pyongyang’s provocations continue, north korea gaining the capability to put nuclear warheads on missiles is still seen as such an extreme scenario that it is simply unfathomable for most japanese including its leaders. for the time being, therefore, continuing to invest in ballistic missile defense, further strengthening defense cooperation with the united states and trying to improve us-japan-rok trilateral security cooperation are the only realistic military measures that abe’s government can take. limited in its ability to influence north korean behavior either through sanctions or military means, the only viable tool japan has is its diplomacy. but the government is also handicapped here. if japan attempts to play a meaningful diplomatic role in responding to north korea’s provocations, abe will have to find a way around the abduction issue that hamstrings japan’s policy options. this requires him to tread carefully between demonstrating his commitment to see the abduction issue through to its satisfactory resolution (abe himself must define what that looks like) while opening the possibility of a more flexible approach to north korea in case pyongyang’s behavior improves. establishing the benchmarks for japan to loosen sanctions against north korea, while politically difficult in the current situation, might be a good practical first step in that direction; although pursuing this path is still likely to be politically difficult. being unable to do so will leave japan marginalized in the efforts to denuclearize north korea. a bigger and—with north korea abrogating the armistice—a more urgent question for japan is what it will do if the diplomacy with north korea never revives. will japan reach a point where it will no longer be satisfied with the reassurances from the united states on the effectiveness of its extended deterrence? will japan begin to explore its own options? if it does, will the circumstance be so significant that an independent nuclear option—unthinkable in the short-term—will become an option? the most decisive factor that will affect japan’s course is the state of the us-japan alliance, particularly the level of confidence between tokyo and washington. the more confident japan feels about its alliance relationship with the united states, the more likely it is for tokyo to be reassured by the us commitment to its defense. a japan that has confidence in us extended deterrence will likely be restrained in its response to a north korean threat, continue to focus its efforts in investing in ballistic missile defense and on deepening its defense ties with the us. however, if japan’s confidence with washington should falter, it will likely drive tokyo to buttress its indigenous defense capability without considering the potential destabilizing impact such measures may have on the east asia security environment. for instance, although legally, diplomatically and fiscally unfeasible in the short-term, acquiring a limited capability for preemptive attack is the most probable step japan would take in the medium-term as an effort to strengthen its defense capability against pyongyang’s growing missile threat. the term “point-of-origination attack capability” (sakugen-chi kogeki), referring to the capability to attack north korea’s missile launch sites, was already introduced in japanese debate when north korea conducted its first nuclear test. whether japan should acquire such a capability is likely to be seriously considered as japan sets out to revise its national defense program guidelines (ndpg)—its mid-term defense program document. when north korea’s provocation began earlier in the year, prime minister abe signaled that, while it will take steps to carefully increase its defenses, he will pursue dialogue with north korea as well. but now that pyongyang has ramped up its belligerent rhetoric and poses to test another missile, the abe administration’s interest in exploring the opening for dialogue seems all but disappeared. during his meeting with secretary of state john kerry on april 15, abe reportedly shared his pessimism for north korea honoring any international agreement. while washington can take all necessary steps to maintain a high degree of confidence in the us-japan alliance, if the dead end of diplomatic efforts is reached, ensuring that tokyo’s response remains measured and avoiding an arms race in northeast asia may prove difficult.	ˌæləˈgeɪʃənz bɪˈlivd tɪ bi pɑrt əv ˈɛfərt baɪ ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri gɑrdz tɪ ˈəndərˌmaɪn ˈprɛzɪdənts muvz tɪ ˌɪmˈpruv ˈkɑnˌtækt wɪθ ðə wɛst ˌɪˈrɑniən ʤuˈdɪʃəl əˈθɔrətiz hæv əˈkjuzd ə grup əv ˈrisəntli ʤeɪld ˈæktɪvɪsts ənd ˈblɔgərz əv ˈhævɪŋ lɪŋks wɪθ ðə ˌbibiˈsi ənd ɪts pæst ˈtreɪnɪŋ ˈkɔrsɪz. æt list 16 ˌɪˈrɑniən ˈnæʃənəlz, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ɪmˈplɔɪiz əv ðə tɛkˈnɑləʤi ˈwɛbˌsaɪt, wər ərˈɛstɪd ɪn dɪˈsɛmbər ɪn ðə ˈsəðərn ˈprɑvɪns əv ˈkərmən ɛz pɑrt əv əˈnəðər ˈkrækˌdaʊn baɪ ðə ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns ˈfɔrsɪz əv ðə ɪˈlit ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri gɑrdz. hæf əv ðoʊz ərˈɛstɪd hæv sɪns bɪn riˈlist ɔn beɪl, ðə ˈgɑrdiən həz ˈlərnɪd, bət ðə rɛst, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ stæf, rɪˈmeɪn ɪn dɪˈtɛnʃən. ðə hɛd əv ˈʤəstɪs dɪˈpɑrtmənt, ˈɑli, əˈlɛʤd ðɪs wik ðət ðoʊz ərˈɛstɪd hæd pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪtɪd ɪn ˈprɑʤɛkts rən baɪ ðə ˌbibiˈsi ənd rɪˈsivd fəndz dərˈaɪvɪŋ frəm ˈləndən. ˌɪˈrɑniən əˈθɔrətiz hæv ə dip səˈspɪʃən əv ðə ˌbibiˈsi, əˈspɛʃəli ɪts ˈpərʒən ˈsərvɪs, wɪʧ ðeɪ əˈkjuz əv ˈhævɪŋ ə pəˈlɪtɪkəl əˈʤɛndə, ənd hæv ˈpriviəsli ərˈɛstɪd ˈpipəl ɔn ˈʧɑrʤɪz əv ˈwərkɪŋ ər ˈhævɪŋ lɪŋks wɪθ ðə ˈbrɔdˌkæstər. "ðɪs gæŋ wɑz ˈrənɪŋ ə ˈnəmbər əv ˈprɑʤɛkts ənd plænz fər ˌɪˈrɑniənz beɪst əˈbrɔd, əˈspɛʃəli fər ðə ˌbibiˈsi ˈpərʒən ˈəndər ðə gaɪz əv ləˈʤɪtəmət ækˈtɪvɪtiz," hi sɛd ˈdʊrɪŋ ə prɛs ˈkɑnfərəns. "ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl eɪd fər ðɪs grup wɑz ˈjuʒəwəli prəˈvaɪdɪd frəm ˈləndən ˈəndər ðə ˈpriˌtɛkst əv ˈʧɛrətəbəl doʊˈneɪʃənz. ðə dɪˈrɛktər əv ðə tim wɑz ən ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl hu həz sərvd ðə ˌbibiˈsi ɛz ə ˈmɛnˌtɔr ənd ˈtiʧər ɪn ə ˈnəmbər əv ˈkəntriz səʧ ɛz məˈleɪʒə, ˈɪndiə ənd æfˈgænəˌstæn ənd hɪz ˈtrævəlz tɪ ðiz ˈkəntriz wɑz peɪd fər baɪ ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns ˈsərvɪsɪz." sɛd ðət ðoʊz hɛld hæd kənˈfɛst tɪ "biɪŋ tæskt wɪθ fˈjulɪŋ ˈsoʊʃəl ˈtɛnʃən, ˈsprɛdɪŋ daʊts ənd mɪsˌrɛprɪzɛnˈteɪʃənz". ɪt wɑz nɑt klɪr ɪf ðə eɪt stɪl ɪn ʤeɪl hæd ˈækˌsɛs tɪ ˈlɔjərz ər tɪ ðɛr ˈfæməliz. hi sɛd: "ðeɪ wər ˈkɑnʃəsli ˈsərvɪŋ ðə plɑts dɪˈzaɪnd baɪ ðə swɔrn ˈɛnəmiz əv ðɪs ˈkəntri ənd ðeɪ dɪˈzərv tɪ rɪˈsiv ðə moʊst səˈvɪr ˈpənɪʃmənt." ðə ˈgɑrdiən ˌriˈpɔrtəd læst jɪr ðət ðə ˌɪˈrɑniən əˈθɔrətiz hæd bɪn kənˈdəktɪŋ ə smɪr kæmˈpeɪn dɪˈzaɪnd tɪ dɪˈskrɛdət ənd ˌɪnˈtɪmɪˌdeɪt ˌɪˈrɑniən ˈʤərnəlɪsts ˈwərkɪŋ fər ˌbibiˈsi ˈpərʒən. ə ˈnəmbər əv ˌbibiˈsi ˈpərʒən stæf wər ˈvɪktɪmz əv fɔls ˌæləˈgeɪʃənz əv ˈsɛkʃuəl mɪˈskɑndəkt, ˈduplɪˌkeɪtɪd ˈfeɪsˌbʊk əˈkaʊnts, ənd hərˈæsmənt əv ðɛr ˈfæməli ˈmɛmbərz ɪn ˌɪˈrɑn ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ biɪŋ ˈsəmənd baɪ ðə ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns əˈfɪʃəlz fər kˈwɛsʧənɪŋ. ðə hæv kənˈtɪnjud dɪˈspaɪt ðə ɪˈlɛkʃən əv həˈsɑn ɛz ˈprɛzɪdənt. æt list wən əv ðə dɪˌteɪˈniz wɑz əˈməŋ ðə ˈtreɪˈniz əv ən ˈʤərnəˌlɪzəm dɪˈvɛləpmənt ˈproʊˌgræm rən baɪ ðə ˌbibiˈsi wərld ˈsərvɪs trəst frəm 2006 tɪ 2010 kɔld ˈzɪgzæg. ðə ˌbibiˈsi həz dɪˈnaɪd ðət ðoʊz ərˈɛstɪd wər wɪθ ɪt ənd sɛd ðə ˈtreɪnɪŋ ˈmɛnʃənd baɪ ðə ˌɪˈrɑniən əˈθɔrətiz ˈɛndɪd fɔr jɪrz əˈgoʊ, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ˌbibiˈsi ˈpərʒən. sun ˈæftər ðɛr ərˈɛsts wər meɪd ɪn ˈkərmən, ðə nuz ˈeɪʤənsi, əˈfɪliˌeɪtɪd tɪ ðə ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri gɑrdz, sɛd ðə dɪˌteɪˈniz həz bi ɪn "ˈkɑnˌtækt wɪθ ˈɛnəmi ˈmidiə beɪst əˈbrɔd wɪθ ðə eɪm əv prəˈdusɪŋ ˈkɑntɛnt fər ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃənəl ˈwɛbˌsaɪts ˈtɑrgətɪd æt citizen-journalists". ˈblɔgərz ənd ˈæktɪvɪsts ˈkərəntli ɪn ʤeɪl ˌɪnˈklud honarmand, hu ɪz ðə ˈfaʊndər əv, wɪʧ ɪn ˈgæʤət nuz, əˈbɑs vahedi, ˈhɔˌseɪn nozari, ˈrɛzə nozari, əˈmɪr sadeghpour, ˈmɛdi faryabi, ənd nakhaei. ə ˈfɔrmər ˌbibiˈsi ˈprɑʤɛkt ˈmænɪʤər, hu dɪd nɑt wɔnt tɪ bi neɪmd, toʊld ðə ˈgɑrdiən: "aɪ bɪˈliv ðə ərˈɛsts, əˈspɛʃəli əv ðə tim, tɪ bi pɑrt əv ðə riˈækʃən əv ðə ˈhɑrˌdlaɪnərz wɪˈθɪn ðə ˌɪˈrɑniən ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt tɪ ðə əˈtɛmpts əv ˈprɛzɪdənt tɪ muv təˈwɔrdz ðə ˈoʊpənɪŋ əp əv ˈsaɪbərˌspeɪs ənd ðə ˈmidiə sfɪr; ənd tɪ rɪˈlæks ðə ˈpriviəs ˈrɪʤɪd ˈætəˌtud təˈwɔrdz ˈkɑnˌtækts wɪθ ˈfɔrən ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃənz." ðə ərˈɛsts hæv ˈɔlsoʊ ˌkoʊənˈsaɪdəd wɪθ əˈtɛmpts baɪ ðə ˌbibiˈsi tɪ əbˈteɪn ˈstrɔŋgər ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənəl ˈprɛzəns ɪn ˌɪˈrɑn. "ɛz ðə ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri gɑrdz ər əˈpoʊzd ɪn ˈʤɛnərəl tɪ ˌɪmˈpruvd ˈkɑnˌtækts wɪθ ðə wɛst; ənd ɪn ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr tɪ dɪˈvɛləpɪŋ ˈkɑnˌtækts wɪθ ˈfɔrən ˈmidiə ˈaʊˌtlɛts, əˈspɛʃəli ðə ˌbibiˈsi, ɪt simz ðeɪ hæv rɪˈvaɪvd ən oʊld ənd dɪˈskrɛdɪtɪd ˈstɔri ɪn ən əˈtɛmpt tɪ ˈəndərˌmaɪn ðə ˈprɛzɪdənts ˌɪˈnɪʃətɪvz ɪn ðɪs sfɪr," sɛd ðə ˈfɔrmər ˌbibiˈsi ˈstæfər. "əˈdɪʃəˌnəli, ˈæftər wət hæv bɪn ɪn ðə aɪz əv ðə ˈhɑrˌdlaɪnərz, ˌənækˈsɛptəbəl kənˈsɛʃənz baɪ ðə ˈgəvərnmənt ɔn ðə ˈnukliər əˈʤɛndə, ðɪs kʊd bi pɑrt əv ə kæmˈpeɪn tɪ ʃoʊ ðət ˈfɔrən ˈpɑləsi ˈkɑmprəˌmaɪzɪz wɪl nɑt bi mæʧt baɪ ˈɛni əˈkəmpəniɪŋ ɪn ðə dəˈmɛstɪk sfɪr."
allegations believed to be part of effort by revolutionary guards to undermine president's moves to improve contact with the west iranian judicial authorities have accused a group of recently jailed activists and bloggers of having links with the bbc and its past training courses. at least 16 iranian nationals, including employees of the technology website narenji, were arrested in december in the southern province of kerman as part of another crackdown by the intelligence forces of the elite revolutionary guards. half of those arrested have since been released on bail, the guardian has learned, but the rest, including narenji's staff, remain in detention. the head of kerman's justice department, ali tavakoli, alleged this week that those arrested had participated in projects run by the bbc and received funds deriving from london. iranian authorities have a deep suspicion of the bbc, especially its persian service, which they accuse of having a political agenda, and have previously arrested people on charges of working or having links with the broadcaster. "this gang was running a number of projects and plans for anti-revolutionary iranians based abroad, especially for the bbc persian under the guise of legitimate activities," he said during a press conference. "financial aid for this group was usually provided from london under the pretext of charitable donations. the director of the team was an individual who has served the bbc as a mentor and teacher in a number of countries such as malaysia, india and afghanistan and his travels to these countries was paid for by british intelligence services." tavakoli said that those held had confessed to "being tasked with fuelling social tension, spreading doubts and misrepresentations". it was not clear if the eight still in jail had access to lawyers or to their families. he said: "they were consciously serving the plots designed by the sworn enemies of this country and they deserve to receive the most severe punishment." the guardian reported last year that the iranian authorities had been conducting a smear campaign designed to discredit and intimidate london-based iranian journalists working for bbc persian. a number of bbc persian staff were victims of false allegations of sexual misconduct, duplicated facebook accounts, and harassment of their family members in iran including being summoned by the intelligence officials for questioning. the harassments have continued despite the election of hassan rouhani as president. at least one of the detainees was among the trainees of an award-winning journalism development programme run by the bbc world service trust from 2006 to 2010, called zigzag. the bbc has denied that those arrested were co-operating with it and said the training programmes mentioned by the iranian authorities ended four years ago, according to bbc persian. soon after their arrests were made in kerman, the semi-official fars news agency, affiliated to the revolutionary guards, said the detainees has be in "contact with enemy media based abroad with the aim of producing content for educational websites targeted at citizen-journalists". bloggers and activists currently in jail include aliasghar honarmand, who is the founder of narenji, which specialises in gadget news, abbas vahedi, hossein nozari, reza nozari, amir sadeghpour, mehdi faryabi, ehsan paknejad and malihe nakhaei. a former bbc project manager, who did not want to be named, told the guardian: "i believe the arrests, especially of the narenji team, to be part of the reaction of the hardliners within the iranian establishment to the attempts of president rouhani to move towards the opening up of cyberspace and the media sphere; and to relax the previous rigid attitude towards contacts with foreign institutions." the arrests have also coincided with attempts by the bbc to obtain stronger operational presence in iran. "as the revolutionary guards are opposed in general to improved contacts with the west; and in particular to developing contacts with foreign media outlets, especially the bbc, it seems they have revived an old and discredited story in an attempt to undermine the president's initiatives in this sphere," said the former bbc staffer. "additionally, after what have been in the eyes of the hardliners, unacceptable concessions by the government on the nuclear agenda, this could be part of a campaign to show that foreign policy compromises will not be matched by any accompanying liberalisation in the domestic sphere."	ɪn ðə ˈditeɪlz ɪz ɑr ˈwikli lʊk æt əˈspɛʃəli smɑrt, ˈɪnəˌveɪtɪv ər ənˈjuˌʒuəl ˈditeɪlz əv ə nu dɪˈzaɪn. wɪn sˈlɑvə mɛn əv ðə ˈfɔrtəˌfaɪd ˈbaɪsɪkəl əˈlaɪəns ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ dɪˈzaɪn ə baɪk laɪt, hi səˈlɪsɪtɪd aɪˈdiəz frəm ɛz ˈmɛni ˈbaɪsɪkəl ɛnˈθuziˌæsts, ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrz ənd ˈpæsərzbi ɛz hi kʊd kənˈvɪns tɪ ˈɔfər ən əˈpɪnjən. soʊ wɪn hi wɑz ˈrɛdi tɪ pʊt ðə laɪts ˈmɛtəl tɪ ðə tɛst, wəns əˈgɛn hi tərnd tɪ ðə kraʊd. wən ˌæftərˈnun læst jɪr, mɛn ənd hɪz ˈbɪznɪs ˈpɑrtnər, ˌɑˈmur, ˈhɛdɪd aʊt tɪ ˈkɛndəl skwɛr ɪn ˈkeɪmbrɪʤ, ˌmæsəˈʧusəts, tɪ ˌɪnˈvaɪt ˈpæsərzbi tɪ wɔk əˈweɪ wɪθ ðɛr baɪk laɪt. ðə tim əˈnaʊnst ɪn ˈpoʊstər bɔrd ənd ˈʃɑrpi: "fri baɪk laɪts... ɪf ju kən stil ðɛm." nɛkst tɪ ðə laɪt, mɛn ˈɔfərd ən əreɪ əv ˈbaɪsɪkəl tulz: plaɪərz, ən ˈælən rɛnʧ, lɑk ˈrɛnʧɪz ənd ˈpləmɪŋ ˈrɛnʧɪz. ɪf ˈstreɪnʤərz kʊd praɪ ðə laɪt frəm ðə baɪk ɪn tu ˈmɪnəts ("noʊ ˌɑpərˌtuˈnɪstɪk θif wɪl spɛnd mɔr ðən tu ˈmɪnəts," ɪkˈspleɪnz mɛn), ðə laɪt wɑz ðɛrz tɪ kip. ˈoʊvər ðə kɔrs əv ən aʊər ənd ə hæf, 20 tɪ 30 ˈpipəl feɪst ɔf əˈgɛnst ðə lɑk. mɛn bɪˈlivz ðə loʊˈkeɪʃən ˈɔfərd ə strɔŋ sɛt ˈbeɪtə əv ˈtɛstərz. "ɪts ə tech-y, ˌɑntrəprəˈnəriəl kəmˈjunɪti," hi sɪz. "bət ɪt ˈwəzənt ənˈtɪl wi gɑt ə mɪˈkænɪk ˈkəmɪŋ ɪn ðət wi gɑt ə ˈlɪtəl bɪt ˈnərvəs." θæŋks tɪ ðə ˈərli ˈwɪzdəm əv ðə kraʊd, nɑt ə ˈsɪŋgəl laɪt wɑz ˈstoʊlən. ˈæftər ˈlɔnʧɪŋ ðə dɪˈfɛndər læst jɪr, ˈfɔrtəˌfaɪd ɪz ˈwərkɪŋ ɔn tu nu laɪts kɔld ˈeɪviˌeɪtər (lɛft) ənd afterburn. ɪn ˈeɪprəl 2012 ðɛr baɪk laɪt, kɔld ðə dɪˈfɛndər, pʊld ɪn ɔn mɔr ðən ðɛr goʊl. ðə ˈfəndɪŋ wɑz greɪt, bət ðə ˈfidˌbæk wɑz ˈɑrgjuəbli mɔr ˈvæljəbəl. wɪn mɛn bɪˈgæn ðə dɪˈzaɪn ˈprɔˌsɛs ˈsɛvərəl mənθs ˈərliər, hi kˈwɪkli ˈriəˌlaɪzd ðət ðə laɪts sɪˈkjʊrəti dɪˈpɛndɪd ɔn ˈfaɪndɪŋ ðə raɪt skru. ˈʧuzɪŋ ˈɛni oʊld vərˈaɪəti mɛnt pəˈtɛnʃəli ˈgrænɪŋ ˈizi ˈækˌsɛs tɪ ðə rɔŋ ˈpərsən, soʊ mɛn traɪd aʊt ˈsəmθɪŋ ə bɪt ˈtəfər tɪ tərn: ə sɪˈkjʊrəti skru. ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə kæmˈpeɪn, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ˈsɛvərəl ˈbækərz ˈpɔɪntɪd aʊt ðət ðeɪ kʊd ˈɔrdər ə tul ˈɔnˌlaɪn ðət wʊd dɪˈfit ɪt. kənˈvɪnst ðət hɪz laɪt wɑz stɪl tu ˈvəlnərəbəl, mɛn kənˈdəktəd mɔr ˈrisərʧ. æt ðə taɪm, hi wɑz ˈrɛdɪŋ ˈwɔltər stiv ʤɑbz baɪˈɑgrəfi. ə ˈtɪdˌbɪt ɪn ðə bʊk spɑrkt ə nu skru dɪˈzaɪn. "bɪˈkəz ˈæpəl ˈdəzənt wɔnt ˈpipəl ˈoʊpənɪŋ əp ðɛr kəmˈpjutərz, ðeɪ juz ə skru hɛd," ɪkˈspleɪnz mɛn, hu ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ ɪmˈplɔɪ ðə seɪm ʃeɪp wɪθ ən əˈdɪʃənəl dɑt ɪn ðə ˈmɪdəl tɪ sɪˈkjʊr hɪz laɪts. sɪns ðə dɪˈfɛndərz lɔnʧ, ˈoʊnli 12 əv ðə laɪts aʊt ɪn ðə wərld hæv bɪn ˈstoʊlən. naʊ ˈfɔrtəˌfaɪd ɪz ˈwərkɪŋ ɔn tu nu ˈmɑdəlz, ˈeɪviˌeɪtər ənd ˈæftərˌbərnər, wɪʧ ər ðə ˈfoʊkɪs əv ə ˈkɑrənt kæmˈpeɪn. wɪθ ðɛm, mɛn ənd ˌɑˈmur tʊk ə fju mɔr stɛps tɪ dɪˈskərɪʤ θivz. fərst, ðeɪ ˈædɪd ən əˈdɪʃənəl skru; boʊθ skruz nid tɪ bi ˈlusənd tɪ ˈɛkˌstrækt ðə laɪt. ðeɪ ˈɔlsoʊ səŋk ðə ˈfæsənərz daʊn ˈɪntu ðə əˈlumənəm kənˈstrəkʃən ənd ˈkəvərd ðɛm, ˈmeɪkɪŋ ˈækˌsɛs fər ðoʊz wɪˈθaʊt ðə raɪt tulz ər ˈnɑlɪʤ ɔl ðə mɔr ˌɪnˈtræktəbəl. ðɪs drɔɪŋ ʃoʊz haʊ ðə ˈeɪviˌeɪtər læʧ ˈmɛkəˌnɪzəm slaɪdz ˈoʊpən. ˈfɔrtəˌfaɪd ˈkəvərd ðə sɪˈkjʊrəti skruz tɪ prɪˈvɛnt θivz ˈtæmpərɪŋ wɪθ ðə lɑk baɪ ˈgræbɪŋ ˈɔntu ðə nɛk əv ðə skru. ðə skru ɪz ˈriˈsɛst tɪ prɪˈvɛnt ˈtæmpərɪŋ wɪθ plaɪərz. prəˈpraɪəˌtɛri skru hɛd ɪz nɑt ˈpɪkʧərd. ɛz mɛn daɪəld əp ðə ˌɪnˈtɛnsɪti fər θivz, hi daɪəld ɪt daʊn fər ðə laɪts' ˈoʊnərz. wɪn ˈpriviəs laɪt ˈnidɪd ɪts ˈbætəriz ʧeɪnʤd, ðə kənˈstrəkʃən rikˈwaɪərd ə prəˈpraɪəˌtɛri tul. bət ˈraɪdərz wərənt soʊ kin ɔn ðɛr paʊər sɔrs biɪŋ ɔn ˈkɑnstənt ˈlɑkˌdaʊn. wət ɪf ðɛr laɪts daɪd æt ə frɛndz haʊs ər æt wərk? ðə səˈluʃən ˈnidɪd tɪ bi ˈizəli fər ˈoʊnərz bət ˈrɪli ˈtrɪki fər ˈɛvriˌwən ɛls. "wɪr ˈrɪli ˈləki," mɛn sɪz. "wɪr ɔn ˈkæmpəs. ðɛr ər ə lɔt əv ˈbrɪljənt ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrz hir. wi ˈɪntərvˌjud 10 ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ meɪk ˈsəmθɪŋ ˈsɪmpəl ənd ˈɛləgənt bət ðət ˈfəŋkʃənz wɪˈθaʊt ˈɛni pɑrts biɪŋ riˈmuvd." hi ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd ɔn ə kənˌfɪgjərˈeɪʃən ˌɪnˈspaɪərd baɪ ðə pɪl ˈbɑtəl. ən ˈɛnʤəˈnɪr neɪmd braɪən hæk dɪˈlɪvərd ðə dɪˈzaɪn, wɪʧ ˈɔlsoʊ ɪmˈplɔɪz ə pʊʃ ənd twɪst ˈmoʊʃən tɪ kræk ɪt ˈoʊpən. wən læst kənˈfaʊndɪŋ ˈditeɪl: ðə tˈwɪstɪŋ ˈmoʊʃən ˈɪzənt wət jʊr juzd tɪ wɪn ju ˈoʊpən ə ˈsoʊdə ˈbɑtəl ər tərn ɔn ðə hoʊz. ɪt spɪnz ðə ˈɑpəzɪt weɪ. ðə nu laɪts juz ə "ˈklɑkˌwaɪz pɪl ˈbɑtəl" ˈmoʊʃən tɪ prəˈvaɪd ˈbætəri ˈækˌsɛs. ɪf ə θif stilz ə ˈbætəri, ˈfɔrtəˌfaɪd wɪl ˌriˈpleɪs ɪt fər fri. ɔl əv ðə ˈɛləmənts sim tɪ bi ˈwərkɪŋ fər ˈbaɪˌsɪklɪsts. ˈleɪtəst həz pʊld ɪn ˈoʊvər (ɪts ˈfəndɪŋ goʊl wɑz ənd ɪts stɪl ˈmɛni deɪz əˈweɪ frəm ðə ɑkˈtoʊbər ˈdɛˌdlaɪn. wɪθ ðə fɪˈnænsɪŋ lɑkt daʊn, mɔr baɪk laɪts wɪl bi, tu.
in the details is our weekly look at especially smart, innovative or unusual details of a new design. when slava menn of the fortified bicycle alliance decided to design a theft-proof bike light, he solicited ideas from as many bicycle enthusiasts, engineers and passersby as he could convince to offer an opinion. so when he was ready to put the light's mettle to the test, once again he turned to the crowd. one afternoon last year, menn and his business partner, tivan amour, headed out to kendall square in cambridge, massachusetts, to invite passersby to walk away with their theft-resistant bike light. the team announced in poster board and sharpie: "free bike lights... if you can steal them." next to the light, menn offered an array of bicycle light–busting tools: needle-nose pliers, an allen wrench, lock wrenches and heavy-duty plumbing wrenches. if strangers could pry the light from the bike in two minutes ("no opportunistic thief will spend more than two minutes," explains menn), the light was theirs to keep. over the course of an hour and a half, 20 to 30 people faced off against the lock. menn believes the location offered a strong set beta of testers. "it's a tech-y, entrepreneurial community," he says. "but it wasn't until we got a bike-shop mechanic coming in that we got a little bit nervous." thanks to the early wisdom of the crowd, not a single light was stolen. after launching the defender last year, fortified is working on two new lights called aviator (left) and afterburn. in april 2012, their bike light, called the defender, pulled in $84,728 on kickstarter—nearly $67,000 more than their goal. the funding was great, but the feedback was arguably more valuable. when menn began the design process several months earlier, he quickly realized that the light's security depended on finding the right screw. choosing any old hardware-store variety meant potentially granting easy access to the wrong person, so menn tried out something a bit tougher to turn: a torx security screw. during the kickstarter campaign, however, several backers pointed out that they could order a tool online that would defeat it. convinced that his light was still too vulnerable, menn conducted more research. at the time, he was reading walter isaacson's steve jobs biography. a tidbit in the book sparked a new screw design. "because apple doesn't want people opening up their computers, they use a pentalobe-shaped screw head," explains menn, who decided to employ the same shape with an additional dot in the middle to secure his lights. since the defender's launch, only 12 of the 5,000 lights out in the world have been stolen. now fortified is working on two new models, aviator and afterburner, which are the focus of a current kickstarter campaign. with them, menn and amour took a few more steps to discourage thieves. first, they added an additional screw; both screws need to be loosened to extract the light. they also sunk the fasteners down into the aluminum construction and covered them, making access for those without the right tools or knowledge all the more intractable. this drawing shows how the aviator latch mechanism slides open. fortified covered the security screws to prevent would-be thieves tampering with the lock by grabbing onto the neck of the screw. the screw is recessed to prevent tampering with needle-nose pliers. fortified's proprietary screw head is not pictured. as menn dialed up the intensity for thieves, he dialed it down for the lights' owners. when fortified's previous light needed its batteries changed, the construction required a proprietary tool. but riders weren't so keen on their power source being on constant lockdown. what if their lights died at a friend's house or at work? the solution needed to be easily executable for owners but really tricky for everyone else. "we're really lucky," menn says. "we're on mit's campus. there are a lot of brilliant engineers here. we interviewed 10 in order to make something simple and elegant but that functions without any parts being removed." he decided on a configuration inspired by the pill bottle. an engineer named brian hack delivered the design, which also employs a push and twist motion to crack it open. one last confounding detail: the twisting motion isn't what you're used to when you open a soda bottle or turn on the hose. it spins the opposite way. the new lights use a "clockwise pill bottle" motion to provide battery access. if a thief steals a battery, fortified will replace it for free. all of the elements seem to be working for bicyclists. fortified's latest kickstarter has pulled in over $110,000 (its funding goal was $24,000) and it's still many days away from the october 24th deadline. with the financing locked down, more bike lights will be, too.	ˈɛvəri 40 aʊərz, ə ˈpərsən ɪz kɪld ɔn strits ɪn ðə ˈsɪti əv lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs, ə ˈtoʊtəl əv 260 ˈpipəl pər jɪr. ə ˈʧɪlɪŋ stəˈtɪstɪk ðət meɪks ðə ˈsɪti ðə ˈdɛdliəst fər ˈtræfɪk dɛθs ɪn ðə juz. nu goʊlz fər ˈvɪʒən ˈziroʊ, plæn tɪ ɪˈlɪməˌneɪt ˈtræfɪk fəˈtælɪtiz baɪ 2025 kɔl fər loʊərɪŋ ðə ˈnəmbər əv dɛθs baɪ 20 pərˈsɛnt ðɪs jɪr. ðə plæn, wɪʧ wɑz ˈpəblɪʃt təˈdeɪ, ˈaʊˌtlaɪnz ðə lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs dɪˈpɑrtmənt əv fərst ˈstrætəʤi fər ðə ˈvɪʒən ˈziroʊ ˌɪˈnɪʃətɪv. (ju kən vju ən ˌɪnərˈæktɪv ˈvərʒən hir.) ðə ˌɪˈnɪʃətɪv wɑz lɔnʧt ɪn 2015 ɛz pɑrt əv ə ˈwərldˈwaɪd ˈmuvmənt tɪ rɪˈdus ˈtræfɪk dɛθs. læst jɪr, ðə ˈnəmbər əv ˈtræfɪk dɛθs sɔrd ɪn lɑ ənd ˈneɪʃənˈwaɪd ˈæftər jɪrz əv dɪˈklaɪn. ðət wɑz du tɪ ˈmɛni ˈfæktərz, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ən ˌɔlˈtaɪm ˈrɛkərd əv ˈdrɪvən ˈneɪʃənˈwaɪd. soʊ tɪ ʃut fər rɪˈdusɪŋ dɛθs baɪ 20 pərˈsɛnt ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnɪd ə bɪg ˈsɛtˌbæk fər ˈvɪʒən ˈziroʊ, sɛd ˈʤɛnərəl ˈmænɪʤər ˈrɛnəldz. truθ ɪz ðət tɪ gɪt tɪ ə 20 pərˈsɛnt rɪˈdəkʃən ɪn 2017 ɪt ʤɪst minz ˈgɪtɪŋ bæk tɪ 2015 levels,”,” ʃi sɛd. lɑ ˈtræfɪk dɛθs 2016 ˈtoʊtəl dɛθs: 260 2015 ˈtoʊtəl dɛθs: 186 2016 pəˈdɛstriən dɛθs: 116 2015 pəˈdɛstriən dɛθs: 88 2016 ˈbaɪˌsɪklɪst dɛθs: 22 2015 ˈbaɪˌsɪklɪst dɛθs: 16 ˈdætə prəˈvaɪdɪd baɪ. ˈtræfɪk dɛθs ˌɪnˈklud ɔl moʊdz əv ˌtrænspərˈteɪʃən: pəˈdɛstriənz, ˈbaɪˌsɪklɪsts, ˈmoʊtərˌsaɪklɪsts, ˈdraɪvərz ənd ˈpæsənʤərz ðə ˌɪnˈkris ɪn dɛθs mɛnt riˈθɪŋkɪŋ ˈvɪʒən əˈproʊʧ. ðə trəˈdɪʃənəl roʊd ˈseɪfti ˈstrætəʤi ˈfoʊkɪsɪz ɔn fɔr ki ˈɛriəz: ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrɪŋ, ɛnˈfɔrsmənt, ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən, ənd ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃən. ɪz nɑt əˈbændənɪŋ ðət ˈstrætəʤi, bət ɪt ɪz ˈteɪkɪŋ ə mɔr hoʊˈlɪstɪk lʊk æt ˈseɪfti. ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ ðə weɪ ðət wi θɪŋk əˈbaʊt ɑr əˈproʊʧ tɪ ˈseɪfti ɪt rikˈwaɪərz ˌtrænspərˈteɪʃən ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrz tɪ θɪŋk laɪk ˈpəblɪk hɛlθ advocates,”,” sɛd ˈrɛnəldz. wət ðɪs ˈrɪli gɪts æt: ˈkəlʧər change.”.” wən ðət ˈlərnɪd frəm sæn ˈvɪʒən ˈziroʊ ˈɛfərts ɪz ðət ˈlɑrʤˌskeɪl ˌɪntərˈvɛnʃənz laɪk ðə pəˈdɛstriən ˈskræmbəl æt ˈhɑliˌwʊd ənd ˈhaɪlənd ˈoʊnli ˈrɪli wərk æt ˌɪntərˈsɛkʃənz laɪk ˈhɑliˌwʊd ənd ˈhaɪlənd, wɛr ju hæv ɪkˈstrimli haɪ ˈvɑljum. fər mɔr ˌɪmˈpækt ɪn ˌɪntərˈsɛkʃənz, ˈʧeɪnʤɪz hæv tɪ ˈtərgət ðə ɪnˈtaɪər ˈdeɪnʤərəs ˈkɔrɪdər. həz ɔˈrɛdi ˈaɪsəˌleɪtɪd ɪts moʊst ˈdeɪnʤərəs ˈkɔrɪdərz ɛz pɑrt əv ɪts network”” əˈproʊʧ tɪ faɪnd ðə ˈdɛdliəst strits. ˈjuzɪŋ ðɪs ˈdætə, wɪl ʃɪft ɪts ˈɛfərts frəm spɪˈsɪfɪk ˌɪntərˈsɛkʃənz tɪ ðə 40 ˈdɛdliəst ˈkɔrɪdərz, sɛd ˈrɛnəldz. ˈteɪkɪŋ 40 ˈfoʊkɪs ˈkɔrɪdərz ənd θroʊɪŋ ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ wi hæv æt ðoʊz ˈkɔrɪdərz tɪ si ə rɪˈdəkʃən ɪn injuries,”,” ʃi sɛd. ðət ˌɪnˈkludz praɪˈɔrəˌtaɪzɪŋ wənz baɪ skulz; ˈtræfɪk dɛθs ər naʊ ðə ˈlidɪŋ kɔz əv dɛθ fər ˈʧɪldrən ɪn lɑ. 2017 ˈvɪʒən ˈziroʊ grænts kəmˈjunɪti grups ɔn tim ˈkɔrɪdər əv ˈfoʊkɪs kəmˈjunɪti grups ɔn tim ˈkɔrɪdər əv ˈfoʊkɪs ˌməltiˈkəlʧərəl kəmˈjunɪtiz fər moʊˈbɪlɪti, lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs ˈkaʊnti ˈbaɪsɪkəl ˌkoʊəˈlɪʃən, lɑ ˈkɑmənz ˈhuvər bɪtˈwin ˈvərnən ənd ˈmænˌʧɛstər ˌməltiˈkəlʧərəl kəmˈjunɪtiz fər moʊˈbɪlɪti, lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs ˈkaʊnti ˈbaɪsɪkəl ˌkoʊəˈlɪʃən, lɑ ˈkɑmənz ˈkrɛnˌʃɔ bɪtˈwin ˈmɑrtɪn ˈluθər kɪŋ jr. draɪv ənd ˈvərnən ˈkɔrnərˌstoʊn, paʊər tɪ ˈpɛdəl, ˈdɪgnəti hɛlθ ˈvərnən bɪtˈwin ˈwɛstərn ənd ˈsɛntrəl lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs wɔks, ˈgæləri, ˈwərkərz ˈsɛnər, ˈpəblɪk ˈmætərz ˈtɛmpəl bɪtˈwin ˈbɛvərli ənd boʊˈdri ˈɑˌveɪ 50 lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs ˈneɪbərˌhʊd ˌɪˈnɪʃətɪv ɛn. figɛˈroʊə bɪtˈwin ˈævəˌnu 43 ənd jɔrk ˈsɛntrəl ˈsɪti ˈneɪbərˌhʊd ˈpɑrtnərz ˌælvərˈɑdoʊ bɪtˈwin ənd c.i.c.l.e., ˈblæˌklɪst, ˈælən nɑkɑˈgɑwə ˈpikoʊ bɪtˈwin ˈwɛstərn ənd ˈjunjən ˈbjutəfəl, leyna, ˈkaɪzər, ˈkɑtənˌwʊd ˈrɑskoʊ bɪtˈwin væn naɪz ənd ˈwʊdmən la-más, ˈædəmz bɪtˈwin ˈhaʊzər ənd ˈkrɛnˌʃɔ ðə ˈfoʊkɪs ɔn ˈkɔrɪdərz ˌɪnˈstɛd əv ˌɪntərˈsɛkʃənz ˈɔlsoʊ ˌɪntrəˈdusɪz ə nu weɪ fər tɪ du kəmˈjunɪti ˈaʊˌtriʧ. ə ˈsɪriz əv ˈvɪʒən ˈziroʊ grænts ˈtoʊtəlɪŋ wər əˈwɔrdɪd tɪ ˈloʊkəl grups ðət hæv ˌrɛkəˈmɛndɪd kriˈeɪtɪv ˈseɪfti ˌɪmˈpruvmənts əˈlɔŋ eɪt əv ðə ˈkɔrɪdərz. ðɪs ˌɪˈnɪʃətɪv, ɛz wɛl ɛz ðə greɪt strits ˈʧælənʤ grænts ˈɪʃud baɪ ðə ˈɔfəs, əˈlaʊz ˈrɛzɪdənts tɪ teɪk ˈoʊnərˌʃɪp əv ˈseɪfti ˌɪmˈpruvmənts. ˌɪnˈvɛstɪŋ ɪn strɔŋ kəmˈjunɪti ər ðə hu ər ɔˈrɛdi duɪŋ ɔl ðə hɑrd work,”,” sɛd ˈrɛnəldz. ðiz ˌɪmˈpruvmənts wɪl du ˈdəbəl ˈduti ɛz ˈpəblɪk ɑrt ˈproʊˌgræmz, ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk dɪˈvɛləpmənt ˈɛfərts, ənd ˈprɑʤɛkts. bət ə ˈwəri frəm ðə ˈbaɪsɪkəl kəmˈjunɪti ɪz ðət ðiz taɪps əv ˌɪntərˈvɛnʃənz wɪl nɑt bi ɪˈnəf tɪ ɪkˈspænd ðə baɪk ˈnɛtˌwərk, ðə dɪˈvɛləpmənt əv wɪʧ həz sloʊd ɪn ˈrisənt jɪrz. ˈækʃən plæn ˈmɪsɪz ə ki ˌɑpərˈtunəti tɪ dɪˈskraɪb ənd sɛt ˈbɛnʧˌmɑrks fər haʊ ðə ˈsɪti əv lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs wɪl ˌɪmˈpruv strit ˈseɪfti fər ɔl baɪ nɑt kəˈmɪtɪŋ tɪ ˈɪnəˌveɪtɪv baɪk projects,”,” sɛd ˈbətlər, ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv dɪˈrɛktər əv ðə lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs ˈkaʊnti ˈbaɪsɪkəl ˌkoʊəˈlɪʃən (lacbc). ʃoʊ ðət kˈwɑləti baɪk ˌɪnfrəˈstrəkʧər, laɪk prəˈtɛktɪd baɪk leɪnz, ˌɪmˈpruv ðə ˈseɪfti fər ɔl roʊd users.”.” wən ˈɛriə ðə ˈækʃən plæn ˈɛmfəˌsaɪzɪz rɪˈpitɪdli ɪz ˈɛkwəti. ˌloʊˈɪnkəm ˈrɛzɪdənts ənd ˈpipəl əv ˈkələr ər mɔr ˈlaɪkli tɪ daɪ ɪn kɑr ˈkræʃɪz, ənd ðiz grups ər ˌdɪsprəˈpɔrʃənətli ˈsaɪtɪd fər ˈtræfɪk vaɪəˈleɪʃənz. ðə ˈvɪʒən ˈziroʊ əˈlaɪəns, ə ˌkoʊəˈlɪʃən əv seɪf strits grups, ˈɑrgjuz ðə plæn dɪz nɑt ˈædəkwɪtli ˈæˌdrɛs ðə ˈprɑbləm əv ˈreɪʃəl ˈproʊˌfaɪlɪŋ wɪn ɪt kəmz tɪ ɛnˈfɔrsmənt. ˈmɛˌtroʊ wɑz ˈrisəntli əˈkjuzd əv ˈreɪʃəl ˈproʊˌfaɪlɪŋ ɪn ˈsaɪtɪŋ mɔr blæk ˈraɪdərz fər fɛr ɪˈveɪʒənz. kəˈmɛnd ðə ˈsɪti fər kəˈmɪtɪŋ tɪ ˌənˈbaɪəst pəˈlisɪŋ, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, wi bɪˈliv ðə tərm feɪlz tɪ goʊ fɑr ɪˈnəf ɪn ækˈnɑlɪʤɪŋ ðə ˈvɛri ril ˈprɑbləm əv ɪn ˌloʊˈɪnkəm kəmˈjunɪtiz ənd kəmˈjunɪtiz əv color,”,” sɛd ˈvɪʒən ˈziroʊ ˈsteɪtmənt tɪ kərbd. lʊk ˈfɔrwərd tɪ ˈwərkɪŋ wɪθ ðə ˈsɪti tɪ ɪmˈbreɪs ˈtruli ˈɛkwɪtəbəl ɛnˈfɔrsmənt ˈstrætəʤiz wɪθ strɔŋ ˈmɛtrɪks tɪ əˈʧiv ɪts ˈvɪʒən ˈziroʊ goals.”.” ˈɛkwɪtəbəl ɛnˈfɔrsmənt ɪz ˈɑrgjuəbli ðə ˈbɪgəst ˈʧælənʤ ˈfeɪsɪŋ ˈvɪʒən ˈziroʊ, əˈspɛʃəli ˈæftər ˈɛˈleɪˈpiˈdi lɔnʧt ˈʤeɪˌwɔkɪŋ stɪŋz ðət hæv rɪˈzəltɪd ɪn ˌaʊˈtreɪʤəsli ɪkˈspɛnsɪv 250 ˈtɪkɪts. dɪˈstræktɪd ˈdraɪvɪŋ ɪz əˈnəðər ˈɛriə wɛr ˈɛˈleɪˈpiˈdi həz steɪʤd ˈhaɪli ˈpəblɪˌsaɪzd ˈkrækˌdaʊnz. ˌɔlˈðoʊ səm æˈnælɪsɪs həz traɪd tɪ pɪn ðə ˈəpˌtɪk ɪn ˈtræfɪk dɛθs ɔn juz, wɪn ˈlʊkɪŋ æt ˈdætə, nɑt dɪˈstrækʃənz ðət ər tɪ bleɪm, sɛd ˈrɛnəldz. ˌloʊˈɪnkəm ˈrɛzɪdənts ənd ˈpipəl əv ˈkələr ər mɔr ˈlaɪkli tɪ daɪ ɪn kɑr ˈkræʃɪz, ənd ðiz grups ər ˌdɪsprəˈpɔrʃənətli ˈsaɪtɪd fər ˈtræfɪk vaɪəˈleɪʃənz ˈdraɪvər ˈvərsəz ˈdraɪvər fəˈtælɪtiz (wɪʧ ˌɪnˈklud ˈmoʊtərˌsaɪkəlz) wɛnt əp baɪ ˈɔlˌmoʊst 50 pərˈsɛnt læst jɪr: 122 dɛθs ɪn 2016 kəmˈpɛrd tɪ 82 ɪn 2015 tɪ ˈrɛnəldz, ə ˈtɛlɪŋ stəˈtɪstɪk əˈbaʊt spid. ju hæv ˈdraɪvərz ˈkɪlɪŋ iʧ ˈəðər laɪk ðət, nɑt goʊɪŋ 40 maɪəlz pər goʊɪŋ ʃi sɛd. spidz ɔn ɑr strits ər tu fast.”.” spid wʊd ˈɔlsoʊ ɪkˈspleɪn ðə ˌɪnˈkris ɪn pəˈdɛstriən dɛθs. ɪf ə pəˈdɛstriən ɪz hɪt æt 40 maɪəlz pər aʊər hi ˈoʊnli həz ə 10 pərˈsɛnt ʧæns əv sərˈvaɪvɪŋ. æt 20 maɪəlz pər aʊər, 80 pərˈsɛnt. ðə ˈstrætəʤi tɪ rɪˈdus ˈspidɪŋ ˌɪnˈkludz ˈʧeɪnʤɪz tɪ roʊd dɪˈzaɪn, ˌhaɪˈtɛk spid ɛnˈfɔrsmənt tulz (wɪʧ ər ˌɪˈligəl raɪt naʊ ɪn ˌkæləˈfɔrnjə), ənd, ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli, ɛmˈbreɪsɪŋ ɔˈtɑnəməs ˈsɪmpli ɪkˈsid ðə spid ˈlɪmət. bət ðə ˌəndərˈlaɪɪŋ pɔɪnt ɪz ˈivɪn mɔr ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt: ˈspidɪŋ ɪz prɪˈvɛntəbəl. ðə fərst stɛp təˈwɔrdz ˈvɪʒən səkˈsɛs, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ˈrɛnəldz, ɪz ˈgɪtɪŋ ˌænʤəˈlɛnoʊz tɪ ˌəndərˈstænd ðət ˈɛvəri kræʃ ɪz prɪˈvɛntəbəl (wɪʧ ɪz waɪ ˈseɪfti ˈædvəˌkeɪts seɪ ““crash”” nɑt ““accident””). ðə ˈkəlʧər ʧeɪnʤ ðət ðɪs plæn ɪz ˈkɔlɪŋ fər, ənd ðə ˈoʊnli weɪ lɑ ɪz goʊɪŋ tɪ rɪˈdus ðə ˈnəmbər əv ˈpipəl daɪɪŋ ɪn ɪts strits. ðɪs ˈstɔri wɑz ˈəpˌdeɪtɪd wɪθ ə kwoʊt frəm ðə lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs ˈkaʊnti ˈbaɪsɪkəl ˌkoʊəˈlɪʃən.
every 40 hours, a person is killed on streets in the city of los angeles, a total of 260 people per year. it’s a chilling statistic that makes the city the deadliest for traffic deaths in the u.s. new goals for vision zero, la’s plan to eliminate traffic fatalities by 2025, call for lowering the number of deaths by 20 percent this year. the plan, which was published today, outlines the los angeles department of transportation’s first strategy for the agency’s vision zero initiative. (you can view anractive version here.) the initiative was launched in 2015 as part of a worldwide movement to reduce traffic deaths. last year, the number of traffic deaths soared in la and nationwide after years of decline. that was due to many factors, including an all-time record of vehicle-miles driven nationwide. so to shoot for reducing deaths by 20 percent represented a big setback for la’s vision zero, said ladot general manager seleta reynolds. “the truth is that to get to a 20 percent reduction in 2017, it just means getting back to 2015 levels,” she said. la traffic deaths 2016 total deaths: 260 2015 total deaths: 186 2016 pedestrian deaths: 116 2015 pedestrian deaths: 88 2016 bicyclist deaths: 22 2015 bicyclist deaths: 16 data provided by ladot. traffic deaths include all modes of transportation: pedestrians, bicyclists, motorcyclists, drivers , and passengers . the increase in deaths meant rethinking vision zero’s approach. the traditional road safety strategy focuses on four key areas: engineering, enforcement, education, and evaluation. ladot is not abandoning that strategy, but it is taking a more holistic look at safety. “we’re changing the way that we think about our approach to safety ... it requires transportation engineers to think like public health advocates,” said reynolds. “that’s what this really gets at: culture change.” one takeaway that ladot learned from san francisco’s vision zero efforts is that large-scalersection-basedrventions like the crash-reducing pedestrian scramble at hollywood and highland only really work atrsections like hollywood and highland, where you have extremely high volume. for more impact in less-busyrsections, changes have to target the entire dangerous corridor. ladot has already isolated its most dangerous corridors as part of its “high-injury network” initiative—a data-driven approach to find the city’s deadliest streets. using this data, ladot will shift its efforts from specificrsections to the 40 deadliest corridors, said reynolds. “we’re taking 40 focus corridors and throwing everything we have at those corridors to see a reduction in injuries,” she said. that includes prioritizing ones by schools; traffic deaths are now the leading cause of death for children in la. 2017 vision zero grants community groups on team corridor of focus community groups on team corridor of focus multicultural communities for mobility, los angeles county bicycle coalition, la commons hoover between vernon and manchester multicultural communities for mobility, los angeles county bicycle coalition, la commons crenshaw between martin luther king jr. drive and vernon cornerstone, power to pedal, dignity health vernon between western and central los angeles walks, gabba gallery, pilipino workers center, public matters temple between beverly and beaudry ave 50, los angeles neighborhood initiative n. figueroa between avenue 43 and york central city neighborhood partners alvarado between 6th and 7th c.i.c.l.e., blacklist, alan nakagawa pico between western and union pacoima beautiful, leyna, kaiser, cottonwood roscoe between van nuys and woodman la-más, pesa adams between hauser and crenshaw the focus on corridors instead ofrsections also introduces a new way for ladot to do community outreach. aies of vision zero grants totaling $310,000 were awarded to local groups that have recommended creative safety improvements along eight of the high-injury corridors. this initiative, as well as the great streets challenge grants issued by the mayor’s office, allows residents to take ownership of safety improvements. “we’re investing in strong community organizers—these are the influencers who are already doing all the hard work,” said reynolds. these improvements will do double duty as public art programs, economic development efforts, and beautification projects. but a worry from the bicycle community is that these types ofrventions will not be enough to expand the city’s bike network, the development of which has slowed in recent years. “the action plan misses a key opportunity to describe and set benchmarks for how the city of los angeles will improve street safety for all by not committing to innovative bike projects,” said tamika butler, executive director of the los angeles county bicycle coalition (lacbc). “studies show that quality bike infrastructure, like protected bike lanes, improve the safety for all road users.” one area the action plan emphasizes repeatedly is equity. low-income residents and people of color are more likely to die in car crashes, and these groups are disproportionately cited for traffic violations. the vision zero alliance, a coalition of safe streets groups, argues the plan does not adequately address the problem of racial profiling when it comes to enforcement. metro was recently accused of racial profiling in citing more black riders for fare evasions. “we commend the city for committing to unbiased policing, however, we believe the term fails to go far enough in acknowledging the very real problem of overpolicing in low-income communities and communities of color,” said vision zero alliance’s statement to curbed. “we look forward to working with the city to embrace truly equitable enforcement strategies with strong metrics to achieve its vision zero goals.” equitable enforcement is arguably the biggest challenge facing vision zero, especially after lapd launched jaywalking stings that have resulted in outrageously expensive $250 tickets. distracted driving is another area where lapd has staged highly publicized crackdowns. although some analysis has tried to pin the uptick in traffic deaths on smartphone use, when looking at la’s data, it’s not distractions that are to blame, said reynolds. low-income residents and people of color are more likely to die in car crashes, and these groups are disproportionately cited for traffic violations driver versus driver fatalities (which include motorcycles) went up by almost 50 percent last year: 122 deaths in 2016 compared to 82 in 2015. to reynolds, that’s a telling statistic about speed. “when you have drivers killing each other like that, they’re not going 40 miles per hour—they’re going 60,” she said. “the speeds on our streets are too fast.” speed would also explain the increase in pedestrian deaths. if a pedestrian is hit at 40 miles per hour he only has a 10 percent chance of surviving. at 20 miles per hour, it’s 80 percent. the plan’s strategy to reduce speeding includes changes to road design, high-tech speed enforcement tools (which are illegal right now in california), and, eventually, embracing autonomous vehicles—which simply won’t exceed the speed limit. but the underlying point is even more important: speeding is preventable. the first step towards vision zero’s success, according to reynolds, is getting angelenos to understand that every crash is preventable (which is why safety advocates say “crash” not “accident”). that’s the culture change that this plan is calling for, and it’s the only way la is going to reduce the number of people dying in its streets. this story was updated with a quote from the los angeles county bicycle coalition.	ðə sˈwidən ˈdɛməˌkræt ˈpɑrti həz bɪn ˈgræʤuəli ˈraɪzɪŋ ɪn ˌpɑpjəˈlɛrəti sɪns ɪt skɔrd pərˈsɛnt ɪn ðə ˈkəntriz læst ˈʤɛnərəl ɪˈlɛkʃən ɪn sɛpˈtɛmbər 2014 bət ə ˈsərˌveɪ baɪ ˈpoʊlstərz ˈpəblɪʃt ɪn sˈwidənz ˈmɛˌtroʊ ˈnuzˌpeɪpər ɔn ˈθərzˌdeɪ səˈʤɛstɪd ðət pərˈsɛnt əv ðoʊz kˈwɛsʧənd wʊd naʊ voʊt fər ðə ˈnæʃənəlɪsts, hu ər ˈkɔlɪŋ fər drəˈmætɪk kəts ɪn ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən tɪ sˈwidən. praɪm ˈmɪnɪstər ˈstɛfɑn ˈsoʊʃəl ˈdɛməˌkræt ˈpɑrti wɪʧ rɪˈmeɪnz ɪn ˈfeɪvər əv ˈhɛlpɪŋ lɑrʤ ˈnəmbərz əv ˈrɛfˌjuʤiz frəm wɔr tɔrn ˈneɪʃənz skɔrd pərˈsɛnt ɪn ðə poʊl. ðə ˈmɑdərˌeɪts, lɛd baɪ ˈænə ˈbætrə hu tʊk ˈoʊvər frəm ðə ˈkəntriz ˈfɔrmər praɪm ˈmɪnɪstər ˈərliər ðɪs jɪr, sɔ ðɛr ʃɛr kət tɪ ʤɪst ˈhævɪŋ ˈpriviəsli skɔrd haɪər ðən ðɛr ˈrulɪŋ ˈraɪvəlz ɪn ˈrisənt ˈsərˌveɪz. ðə sˈwidən ˈdɛməˌkræts, wɪθ ruts ɪn ðə ˈkəntriz moʊst ˈrædɪkəl ɪkˈstrim raɪt, ˈɛnərd ˈpɑrləmɛnt ɪn 2010 wɪθ ðə æmˈbɪʃən əv ˈkərbɪŋ sˈwidənz ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən ənd ˈrɛfjuʤi ˈpɑləsi. "ðɛr ɪz ə sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt əˈmaʊnt əv ˌdɪsætɪsˈfækʃən ɪn ˈʤɛnərəl wɪθ ðə ˈgəvərnmənt, ənd nɑt list əˈgɛnst ɪts ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən ənd ˌɪnəˈgreɪʃən ˈpɑləsiz, ənd ðə ˈbɛgɪŋ ˈɪʃu. ˈmɛni doʊnt si ðə ˈmɑdərˌeɪts ɛz ən ɔlˈtərnətɪv ɔn ðiz ˈɪʃuz soʊ ðeɪ tərn tɪ ˈjuˈɛs ˌɪnˈstɛd," sˈwidən ˈdɛməˌkræts ˈpɑrti ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri ˈrɪʧərd toʊld nuz ˈeɪʤənsi ɪn ə ˈkɑmɛnt ɔn ðə strɔŋ poʊl ʃoʊɪŋ. pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈsaɪəntɪsts wər splɪt ɔn haʊ tɪ ˌɪnˈtərprət ðə poʊl wɪʧ wɑz ˈkɛrid aʊt læst wik, ˈfɑloʊɪŋ boʊθ ə haɪ ˈproʊˌfaɪl kæmˈpeɪn baɪ ðə sˈwidən ˈdɛməˌkræts tɪ bæn ˈbɛgɪŋ ɔn ˈstɑˌkhoʊlmz ˈsəbˌweɪ, ənd ə ˈdəbəl ˈstæbɪŋ ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ən ˌaɪˈkiə stɔr, fər wɪʧ tu ˌɛrɪˈtriən əˈsaɪləm ˈsikərz wər ərˈɛstɪd, wɪθ wən ədˈmɪtɪŋ tɪ ðə kraɪm. ˈhoʊlmbərg frəm ˈgɑtənbərg ˌjunəˈvərsəti toʊld ˈmɛˌtroʊ: ɪz nɑt laɪk ðɪs ɪz ˈvɛri səˈpraɪzɪŋ. wi hæv lɔŋ sin ðɪs ˈtɛndənsi ðət [ðə sˈwidən ˈdɛməˌkræts] ər ˈhɛdɪŋ fər ən ˌɪnˈkris [ɪn support]”]”. mɔˈræn, əˈnəðər pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈɛkspərt, sɛd ðə ˈsərˌveɪ səˈʤɛstɪd ðət ˈəðər ˈmeɪnˌstrim ˈpɑrtiz hæd nɑt dən ɪˈnəf tɪ ʃeɪp dəˈbeɪts ɪn sˈwidən əˈbaʊt ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən, bət ˈɑrgjud ɪt wɑz ɪkˈstrimli ənˈlaɪkli ðət ðə ˈnæʃənəlɪsts wʊd wɪn ðə nɛkst ɪˈlɛkʃən ɪn 2018 ʃi sɛd ðət ðə ˈtaɪmɪŋ əv ðə poʊl prəˈvaɪdɪd circumstances”” ðət meɪ hæv meɪd rɪˈspɑndənts mɔr səˈpɔrtɪv əv ðə sˈwidən ˈdɛməˌkræts. wɑz meɪd ɪn kəˈnɛkʃən wɪθ ðə ˈmərdərz æt ˌaɪˈkiə. ðə mud ɔn ðə wɛb ənd ɔn ˈsoʊʃəl ˈmidiə wɑz ˌɪnˈkrɛdəbli ˈhɑstəl ʤɪst then,”,” ʃi ˈɑrgjud. kɔrs wən ɪn fɔr swidz ər nɑt ˈreɪsɪst ər wɔnt tɪ θroʊ aʊt ˈɪməgrənts, ðeɪ ʤɪst wɔnt tɪ stər ðə pɑt ənd gɪt ðə ˈəðər ˈpɑrtiz tɪ ˈlɪsən tɪ ðɛr concerns.”.” ðə ˈsərˌveɪ ɪz beɪst ɔn ˈɪntərvˌjuz wɪθ pɑrˈtɪsəpənts ˈpɑrtli səˈlɛktɪd θru ən ˈɔnˌlaɪn ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən ˈprɔˌsɛs wɛr rɪˈspɑndənts ðɛmˈsɛlvz saɪn əp. ˌɔlˈðoʊ ðə ˈpoʊlstər həz bɪn noʊn tɪ ˈækjərətli prɪˈdɪkt ʃɪfts tɪ sˈmɔlər ˈpɑrtiz ɪn ðə pæst, ɪts ˈmɛθəd wɑz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈwaɪdli ˈkrɪtəˌsaɪzd ɔn ˈθərzˌdeɪ. "ðə ˈprɑbləm wɪθ ɪz ðət ðeɪ doʊnt juz ˈrændəmli səˈlɛktɪd ˈpipəl. ðɪs ɪz ə ˈpænəl wɛr wi doʊnt noʊ ɪn wət weɪ rɪˈspɑndənts ˈdɪfər frəm ðə ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən ɛz ə hoʊl," pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈsaɪəntɪst ɑnˈdreɪəs ˌʤoʊˈhɑnsən toʊld ðə ˈnuzˌpeɪpər. ənd ðə ʧif ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv əv ˈpoʊlstərz ˈhɪnɪd ðət hɪz ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən wʊd bi prɪˈzɛntɪŋ ə ˈdɪfərənt rɪˈzəlt ˈleɪtər ɪn ˈɔgəst. "teɪk ɪt ˈizi ənd brið," hi roʊt ɔn tˈwɪtər. "æt ðə ˈmoʊmənt [ɑr ˈsərˌveɪ] lʊks drəˈmætɪk, bət nɑt ðɪs drəˈmætɪk." tɑ ɑk slət ˈkɑmər väljarbarometer. såå dɛn ut, mɛn såå (@t_sjostrom*) ˈɔgəst 19 2015 ˈæftər ˈʤərməni, sˈwidən rɪˈkɔrdɪd ðə ˈsɛkənd ˈbɪgəst ˈnəmbər əv əˈsaɪləm ˌæpləˈkeɪʃənz ɪn ðə ɪn 2014 13 pərˈsɛnt, ˌɔlˈðoʊ ɛz ə prəˈpɔrʃən ɪn riˈleɪʃən tɪ ɪts ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən saɪz, ðə ˈkəntri ɪz ˈʃoʊldərɪŋ ðə ˈbɪgəst ˈbərdən ɪn ðə 28 ˈmɛmbər blɑk. ˌhaʊˈɛvər ðɛr ər saɪnz ðət ˈrɛfˌjuʤiz ər ˈstɑrtɪŋ tɪ ʃən ðə ˈnɔrdɪk ˈneɪʃən wɪʧ həz ə ˈgloʊbəl ˌrɛpjəˈteɪʃən fər ˈoʊpənəs ənd ˈtɑlərəns ɛz nuz sprɛdz əˈbaʊt lɔŋ ˈprɑsɛsɪŋ taɪmz.
the sweden democrat party has been gradually rising in popularity since it scored 12.9 percent in the country's last general election in september 2014. but a survey by pollsters yougov published in sweden's metro newspaper on thursday suggested that 25.2 percent of those questioned would now vote for the nationalists, who are calling for dramatic cuts in immigration to sweden. prime minister stefan löfven's social democrat party - which remains in favour of helping large numbers of refugees from war torn nations - scored 23.4 percent in the poll. the centre-right moderates, led by anna kinberg batra who took over from the country's former prime minister fredrik reinfeldt earlier this year, saw their share cut to just 21.0, having previously scored higher than their ruling rivals in recent surveys. the sweden democrats, with roots in the country's most radical extreme right, entered parliament in 2010 with the ambition of curbing sweden's immigration and refugee policy. "there is a significant amount of dissatisfaction in general with the government, and not least against its immigration and integration policies, and the begging issue. many don't see the moderates as an alternative on these issues so they turn to us instead," sweden democrats party secretary richard jomshof told news agency tt in a comment on the strong poll showing. political scientists were split on how to interpret the yougov poll which was carried out last week, following both a high profile campaign by the sweden democrats to ban begging on stockholm's subway, and a double stabbing outside an ikea store, for which two eritrean asylum seekers were arrested, with one admitting to the crime. sören holmberg from gothenburg university told metro: “this is not like this is very surprising. we have long seen this tendency that sd [the sweden democrats] are heading for an increase [in support]”. stina moran, another political expert, said the survey suggested that other mainstream parties had not done enough to shape debates in sweden about immigration, but argued it was extremely unlikely that the nationalists would win the next election in 2018. she said that the timing of the poll provided “special circumstances” that may have made respondents more supportive of the sweden democrats. “it was made in connection with the murders at ikea. the mood on the web and on social media was incredibly hostile just then,” she argued. “of course one in four swedes are not racist or want to throw out immigrants, they just want to stir the pot and get the other parties to listen to their concerns.” the yougov survey is based on interviews with 1,527 participants partly selected through an online application process where respondents themselves sign up. although the pollster has been known to accurately predict shifts to smaller parties in the past, its method was also widely criticized on thursday. "the problem with yougov is that they don't use randomly selected people. this is a self-recruited panel where we don't know in what way respondents differ from the population as a whole," political scientist andreas johansson told the expressen newspaper. and the chief executive of stockholm-based pollsters novus hinted that his organization would be presenting a different result later in august. "take it easy and breathe," he wrote on twitter. "at the moment [our survey] looks dramatic, but not this dramatic." ta det lugnt och andas :) innan augusti är slut kommer vår väljarbarometer. så här långt ser den dramatisk ut, men inte så dramatisk — torbjörn sjöström (@t_sjostrom) august 19, 2015 after germany, sweden recorded the second biggest number of asylum applications in the eu in 2014 -- 13 percent, although as a proportion in relation to its population size, the country is shouldering the biggest burden in the 28 member bloc. however there are signs that refugees are starting to shun the nordic nation -- which has a global reputation for openness and tolerance -- as news spreads about long processing times.	ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈdeɪvɪd ˈnɔrɪs təˈdeɪ kleɪmd ðət hi kʊd nɑt riˈlis ðə ˈklɛmənsi ˈlɛtərz hi roʊt fər hɪz ˈfɔrmər ˈpɑrtnər kənˈvɪktəd əv ˈstæʧəˌtɔri reɪp du tɪ ˈligəl ədˈvaɪs. ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈdeɪvɪd ˈnɔrɪs təˈdeɪ kleɪmd ðət hi kʊd nɑt riˈlis ðə ˈklɛmənsi ˈlɛtərz hi roʊt fər hɪz ˈfɔrmər ˈpɑrtnər kənˈvɪktəd əv ˈstæʧəˌtɔri reɪp du tɪ ˈligəl ədˈvaɪs. hi sɛd ðət hi kʊd ˈprɛʤədɪs ə kɔrt keɪs ðət wɑz hɛld ɪn ˈkæmərə baɪ duɪŋ soʊ dɪˈspaɪt ðə fækt ðət ðə keɪs wɑz hɛld ɪn ˈɪzriəl ɪn 1997 ðə hɑrt əv ðɪs keɪs 15 ər 20 jɪrz əˈgoʊ wɑz ə bɔɪ, ə ˈvɪktɪm, ə mæn hu hæd əˈtɛmptəd tɪ teɪk hɪz oʊn laɪf ənd æt ˈsɪriəs rɪsk ənd ə keɪs hɛld ɪn ˈkæmərə. aɪ hæv bɪn ˈligəli ədˈvaɪzd ðət aɪ kʊd ˈprɛʤədɪs ðə ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃən ɛz ɪt wɑz hɛld ɪn camera,”,” ˈsɛnətər ˈnɔrɪs sɛd ɔn ðə nuz æt wən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl dəˈbeɪt. ˈərliər təˈdeɪ hi toʊld pæt ˈkɛˌni: ˈligəl tim hæv toʊld mi ðɛr ɪz klaɪənt ˌkɑnfəˌdɛnʃiˈæləti ənd ˈligəl ˈprɪvɪlɪʤ. ðə kɔr əv ðə ˈlɛtərz ɪz səbˈstænʃəli ðə seɪm. ˈstændərd ˈpræktɪs. dən ˈθaʊzənz əv ðiz, fər tɪˈbɛtən məŋks, fər ˈpipəl ɪn ist ˈpipəl ʤɪst wɔnt tɪ muv on,”,” hi sɛd. ˈsɛnətər ˈnɔrɪs sɛd hi hæd dɛlt wɪθ ðə ˈmætər ɔn ˈsɛvərəl ɔˈkeɪʒənz ənd hi hæd ˈpəblɪkli əˈpɑləˌʤaɪzd fər hɪz əv judgement’’, hi sɛd ˈkleɪmɪŋ ðət hi wɑz moʊst trænˈspɛrənt ˈpərsən ɪn ˈpɑləˌtɪks today’’. ˈæftər hi wən hɪz fɔrθ ˈkaʊnsəl ˈbækɪŋ tɪ gɪt ɔn ðə ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈbælət læst naɪt ðɛr wər ˈfərðər kɔlz ɔn ˈsɛnətər ˈnɔrɪs tɪ riˈlis ðə ˌkɑntrəˈvərʃəl ˈlɛtərz hi roʊt əˈpilɪŋ fər ˈlinjənsi fər hɪz ˈfɔrmər ˈləvər ˈɛzrə ˈæftər hi wɑz kənˈvɪktəd əv ðə reɪp əv ə ˌpælɪˈstɪniən bɔɪ. hi sɛd təˈdeɪ ðət hi wʊd lʊk ˈɪntu ˈrɛdɪŋ ðə ˈlɛtərz ˈɪntu ðə ˈrɛkərd əv ðə ˈsɛnɪt ənd sɛd ðət hi hoʊpt hi wʊd nɑt bi ɪmˈbɛrəst baɪ ˈɛniˌθɪŋ hi hæd ˈrɪtən. bət hi sɛd hi hæd bɪn toʊld hi wɑz riˈstrɪktɪd baɪ ˈɪʃuz əv ˈpraɪvəsi ənd sɛd ðə ˈvɪktɪm wɑz ɪn hɪz naʊ. ju θɪŋk ðɪs mæn wɔnts ðɪs ˈmætər reɪzd now?”*?” hi æst. hi sɛd hi wɑz nɑt əˈtækɪŋ ˈʤərnəlɪsts ənd hi nu ðeɪ hæd ðɛr ʤɑb tɪ du, bət hi ˈwɔntɪd tɪ muv ɔn. ˈsɛnətər ˈnɔrɪs riˈlist wən ˈlɛtər hi roʊt ɔn bɪˈhæf əv ˈmɪstər ɪn ˈɔgəst wɪn hi wɪθˈdru frəm ðə kæmˈpeɪn, bət hi ɪz ˈhoʊldɪŋ ə ˈfərðər ˈsɛvən ˈlɛtərz hi roʊt tɪ ˈpaʊərfəl ˈpipəl ɪn ˈaɪərlənd ənd ˈɪzriəl. ðə ˈmætər əv ðə ˈlɛtərz ˈdɑməˌneɪtəd ˈsɛnətər ˈmidiə əˈpɪrənsəz təˈdeɪ.
presidential candidate david norris today claimed that he could not release the clemency letters he wrote for his former partner convicted of statutory rape due to legal advice. presidential candidate david norris today claimed that he could not release the clemency letters he wrote for his former partner convicted of statutory rape due to legal advice. he said that he could prejudice a court case that was held in camera by doing so – despite the fact that the case was held in israel in 1997. “at the heart of this case 15 or 20 years ago was a 15-year-old boy, a victim, a man who had attempted to take his own life and at serious risk and a case held in camera. i have been legally advised that i could prejudice the situation as it was held in camera,” senator norris said on the news at one presidential debate. earlier today he told pat kenny: “my legal team have told me there is client confidentiality and legal privilege. the core of the letters is substantially the same. it’s standard practice. i’ve done thousands of these, for tibetan monks, for people in east timor...irish people just want to move on,” he said. senator norris said he had dealt with the matter on several occasions and he had publicly apologised for his ‘error of judgement’, he said claiming that he was ‘the most transparent person in politics today’. after he won his fourth council backing to get on the presidential ballot last night there were further calls on senator norris to release the controversial letters he wrote appealing for leniency for his former lover ezra nawi after he was convicted of the statuatory rape of a 15-year-old palestinian boy. he said today that he would look into reading the letters into the record of the senate and said that he hoped he would not be embarrassed by anything he had written. but he said he had been told he was restricted by issues of privacy and said the victim was in his 30s now. “do you think this man wants this matter raised now?” he asked. he said he was not attacking journalists and he knew they had their job to do, but he wanted to move on. senator norris released one letter he wrote on behalf of mr nawi in august when he withdrew from the campaign, but he is holding a further seven letters he wrote to powerful people in ireland and israel. the matter of the letters dominated senator norris’s media appearances today.	brəˈzɪljən ˈkərənsi ɪz kɔld ðə ril, wɪʧ ɪz ðə ˈpɔrʧəˌgiz wərd fər ðə ˈɪŋlɪʃ wərd ““real.”.” brəˈzɪljən hæv bɪn ɪn ˈsərkjəˌleɪʃən sɪns ˌʤuˈlaɪ 1 1994 bət ðeɪ wər ˈɔlsoʊ ɪn juz frəm mɑrʧ 1994 ənˈtɪl ðɛn kaɪnd əv. fər ðoʊz θri mənθs, ðə ril wɑz ˈɛniˌθɪŋ bət ril. ɪt wɑz, ˈrəðər, priˈtɛnd ɪnˈtaɪərli ˌnɑnəgˈzɪstənt. ðə hoʊp wɑz ðət baɪ kriˈeɪtɪŋ ə ˈmɑnəˌtɛri ˈsɪstəm wɪʧ dɪd nɑt hæv ˈɛni ˈkərənsi ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnɪŋ ɪt, ðeɪ kʊd seɪv ðə brəˈzɪljən ɪˈkɑnəmi. ənd baɪ moʊst ˈmɛʒərz, ɪt wərkt. ˌɪnˈfleɪʃən wɑz ˈrənɪŋ ˈræmpənt ɪn brəˈzɪl ɪn ðə ˈərli 1980s, ˈklaɪmɪŋ wɪθ noʊ ɛnd ɪn saɪt θru ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ əv ðə ˈdɛkeɪd, ɛz sin baɪ ðə fərst græf bɪˈloʊ. ənd ðɛn, θɪŋz wɛnt frəm ˈhɔrəbəl tɪ ˌənɪˈmæʤɪnəbəl ɪt spaɪkt tɪ ˈoʊvər (ˈænjuwəˌlaɪzd) ɪn ˈʤænjuˌɛri əv 1990 ɛz sin ɪn ðə ˈsɛkənd græf, dˈwɔrfɪŋ ðə ˈprɑbləmz əv ðə ˈdɛkeɪd praɪər. ðə reɪt əv ˌɪnˈkris sloʊd daʊn sun ˈæftər bət wɑz stɪl ˈvɛri haɪ, ənˈtɪl ˌʤuˈlaɪ əv 1994 wɪn ɪt spaɪkt əˈgɛn. bət ˈæftər ðət spaɪk, ɪt kˈwɪkli ˈlɛvəld ɔf, ənd wɪˈθɪn ə jɪr, ˌɪnˈfleɪʃən wɑz daʊn tɪ reɪts wən wʊd si ɪn ə ˈtɪpɪkəl, ˈʤɛnərəli ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪkli ˈhɛlθi ˈkəntri. ðə ˈræmpənt ˌɪnˈfleɪʃən, ɪn pɑrt, wɑz kɔzd baɪ ən ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk tərm əv ɑrt kɔld expectations.”.” ˈplænət ˈməni ɪkˈspleɪnz haʊ kˈwɪkli θɪŋz wər goʊɪŋ ˈdaʊnˈhɪl, ənd waɪ: [ɪn 1992 ˌɪnˈfleɪʃən reɪt hɪt 80 pərˈsɛnt pər mənθ. æt ðət reɪt, ɪf ɛgz kɔst 1 wən deɪ, kɔst 2 ə mənθ ˈleɪtər. ɪf ɪt kips əp fər ə jɪr, kɔst ɪn ˈpræktɪs, ðɪs mɛnt stɔrz hæd tɪ ʧeɪnʤ ðɛr ˈpraɪsɪz ˈɛvəri deɪ. ðə gaɪ ɪn ðə ˈgroʊsəri stɔr wʊd wɔk ðə aɪəlz ˈpʊtɪŋ nu praɪs ˈstɪkərz ɔn ðə fud. ˈʃɑpərz wʊd rən əˈhɛd əv ɪm, soʊ ðeɪ kʊd baɪ ðɛr fud æt ðə ˈpriviəs praɪs. ɪn mɑrʧ əv 1994 ˌɪnˈfleɪʃən reɪt wɑz ˈnɪrli 45 ə mənθ. wɪθ kənˈsumərz naʊ ɪkˈspɛktɪŋ ˈpraɪsɪz tɪ ˌɪnˈkris ɔn ə ˈdeɪtuˌdeɪ ˈbeɪsɪs, ˌɪnˈfleɪʃən bɪˈkeɪm ə bist ˈəntu ˌɪtˈsɛlf. tɪ stɑp ðɪs, ðə ˈgəvərnmənt ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ traɪ ənd riˈproʊˌgræm consumers’’ breɪnz ˈɪntu ˈθɪŋkɪŋ ðət praɪs wər, ˈsəmˌhaʊ, ˈsteɪbəl. ðə ˈkərənsi əv ðə taɪm, kɔld ðə ril, wɑz ˈræpədli ˈluzɪŋ ˈvælju, soʊ ðeɪ ˌɪntrəˈdust ə nu wən kɔld ðə ril də ˈvælər, ər, wɪʧ trænzˈleɪtəd tɪ ˈvælju unit.”.” ˈweɪʤɪz ənd ˈtæksɪz wər ˈsteɪtɪd ɪn tərmz əv. ɛz ðə lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs taɪmz ˌriˈpɔrtəd, ˈhoʊlˌseɪlərz ənd ˈriˌteɪlərz wər ədˈvaɪzd tɪ dɪˈspleɪ iʧ products’’ praɪs ɪn. ðeɪ wər ˈfərðər æst tɪ kip products’’ praɪs ˈrɛlətɪvli ˈkɑnstənt. wət ʧeɪnʤd, ˌɪnˈstɛd, wɑz ðə əˈmaʊnt əv ril iʧ wɑz wərθ. ɔl trænˈzækʃənz, frəm baɪɪŋ mɪlk tɪ peɪɪŋ ˈtæksɪz, wər kənˈdəktəd ˈjuzɪŋ ril, nɑt. waɪ? bɪˈkəz ðə ˈnɛvər ɪgˈzɪstəd, æt list nɑt ɪn ˈkərənsi fɔrm. ˈɛdmɑr ˈbæʧə, ən ɪˈkɑnəmɪst hu hɛlpt kəm əp wɪθ ðə ˈkɑnsɛpt, toʊld ˈɛnˈpiˈɑr ðət ðə wɑz ɪt ɪgˈzɪst ɪn fact.”.” noʊ bɪlz, noʊ kɔɪnz, ˈnəθɪŋ. wɑz ə ˈrɛfərəns pɔɪnt eɪmd æt ˈdɛmənˌstreɪtɪŋ səm sɔrt əv praɪs stəˈbɪlɪti tɪ ə ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən wɪʧ noʊ ˈlɔŋgər bɪˈlivd səʧ θɪŋz wər ˈpɑsəbəl. əˈbaʊt θri mənθs ˈæftər ðə ˈsɪstəm wɑz implemtened, ɪt ənd ðə ril wər ˌriˈpleɪst. ɔn ˌʤuˈlaɪ 1 1994 brəˈzɪl əˈnaʊnst ə nu ˈkərənsi ðə ril naʊ juzd baɪ brəˈzɪl, wɪθ ðə ˈvælju pɛgd tɪ wən. ɛz sin baɪ ˈsɛkənd græf əˈbəv, ðə ˈræpɪd raɪz ɪn ˌɪnˈfleɪʃən əˈbeɪtɪd sun ˈæftər, ənd ɪˈkɑnəmi rɪˈkəvərd. ˈboʊnəs fækt ɪn 2006 ˈgrɛgər smɪθ, ə prəˈfɛsər əv ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks æt kwinz ˌjunəˈvərsəti ɪn ɑnˈtɛrioʊ, ˈkænədə, ˈpəblɪʃt ə ˈwərkɪŋ ˈpeɪpər ˈplɑtɪŋ ɪmˈplɔɪmənt reɪt (ˈnɛgətɪv) ɔn ðə ənd ɪts ˌɪnˈfleɪʃən reɪt ɔn ðə y-axis. hɪz ˈfaɪndɪŋz? ðə græf lʊks laɪk ʤəˈpæn 3 peɪʤ pdf). frəm ðə ˈɑrˌkaɪvz: ðə sneɪk ˈaɪlənd: ən ˈaɪlənd ɔf ðə koʊst əv brəˈzɪl ðət, tru tɪ ɪts neɪm, həz ə lɔt əv ˈvɛnəməs sneɪks. rɪˈleɪtɪd: mit lʊks laɪk saʊθ america”” baɪ brus məˈkɔl. ðə bʊk ɪz ˈsaɪtɪd ɪn prəˈfɛsər ˈpeɪpər ɔn ʤəˈpæn ənd ˈfiʧərz ə ˈpɪkʧər əv brəˈzɪl (ənd ˌkɔrəˈspɑndɪŋ ˈlʊkəˌlaɪk mit) ɔn ɪts ˈkəvər. ʧɑrts ˈviə ˈtreɪdɪŋ ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks
brazilian currency is called the real, which is the portuguese word for the homographic english word “real.” brazilian reals have been in circulation since july 1, 1994. but they were also in use from march 1994 until then — kind of. for those three months, the real was anything but real. it was, rather, pretend — entirely non-existent. the hope was that by creating a monetary system which did not have any currency representing it, they could save the brazilian economy. and by most measures, it worked. inflation was running rampant in brazil in the early 1980s, climbing with no end in sight through the beginning of the decade, as seen by the first graph below. and then, things went from horrible to unimaginable — it spiked to over 6,000% (annualized) in january of 1990, as seen in the second graph, dwarfing the problems of the decade prior. the rate of increase slowed down soon after but was still very high, until july of 1994, when it spiked again. but after that spike, it quickly leveled off, and within a year, inflation was down to rates one would see in a typical, generally economically healthy country. the rampant inflation, in part, was caused by an economic term of art called “inflationary expectations.” npr’s planet money explains how quickly things were going downhill, and why: [in 1992], brazil’s inflation rate hit 80 percent per month. at that rate, if eggs cost $1 one day, they’ll cost $2 a month later. if it keeps up for a year, they’ll cost $1,000. in practice, this meant stores had to change their prices every day. the guy in the grocery store would walk the aisles putting new price stickers on the food. shoppers would run ahead of him, so they could buy their food at the previous day’s price. in march of 1994, brazil’s inflation rate was nearly 45% a month. with consumers now expecting prices to increase on a day-to-day basis, inflation became a beast unto itself. to stop this, the government decided to try and reprogram consumers’ brains into thinking that price were, somehow, stable. the currency of the time, called the cruzeiro real, was rapidly losing value, so they introduced a new one called the unidade real de valor, or urv, which translated to “real value unit.” wages and taxes were stated in terms of urv. as the los angeles times reported, wholesalers and retailers were advised to display each products’ price in urv. they were further asked to keep products’ urv price relatively constant. what changed, instead, was the amount of cruzeiro real each urv was worth. all transactions, from buying milk to paying one’s taxes, were conducted using cruzeiro real, not urv. why? because the urv never existed, at least not in currency form. edmar bacha, an economist who helped come up with the urv concept, told npr that the urv was “virtual — it didn’t exist in fact.” no bills, no coins, nothing. urv was a non-currency reference point aimed at demonstrating some sort of price stability to a population which no longer believed such things were possible. about three months after the urv system was implemtened, it and the cruzeiro real were replaced. on july 1, 1994, brazil announced a new currency — the real now used by brazil, with the real’s value pegged to one urv. as seen by second graph above, the rapid rise in inflation abated soon after, and brazil’s economy recovered. bonus fact : in 2006, gregor smith, a professor of economics at queens university in ontario, canada, published a working paper plotting japan’s employment rate (negative) on the x-axis and its inflation rate on the y-axis. his findings? the graph looks like japan (3 page pdf). from the archives: the aptly-named snake island: an island off the coast of brazil that, true to its name, has a lot of venomous snakes. related: “all meat looks like south america” by bruce mccall. the book is cited in professor smith’s paper on japan and features a picture of brazil (and corresponding lookalike meat) on its cover. charts via trading economics	wɔʧ ˈɪnfənət ɛz ə ˈmuvi baɪ ˈwɪljəm ˈəʃər ˈrændəm ˈɑrtɪkəl blɛnd ɪts ˈizi tɪ ˈrɛləˌgeɪt geɪmz ɛz ðə ˈlɛsər ˈmidiəm ɪn tərmz əv ˈfɪkʃənəl ˈstɔriˌtɛlɪŋ wɪn kəmˈpɛrɪŋ ðɛm tɪ ˈmuviz ənd bʊks, bət ˈɛvəri wəns ɪn ə waɪl ə geɪm kəmz əˈlɔŋ ðət ˈrɪli sɛts ɪts oʊn pleɪs ɪn ˈhɪstəri ɛz ə ˈfɪkʃənəl ənd kɛn lɛˈvinz ˈɪnfənət ɪz wən əv ðoʊz geɪmz. ɔˈrɛdi ˈgɑrnərɪŋ ˌjunəˈvərsəl preɪz (ənd ˈraɪtfəli soʊ), ðə ˌætməsˈfɛrɪk ənd ˈbrɪljəntli ˈrɪtən ˈɪnfənət ɪz ə drəˈmætɪk ˌsaɪˈfaɪ ədˈvɛnʧər fər ðə ˈeɪʤɪz. ˈjuˌtub ˈjuzər ˈmænɪʤɪz tɪ kip ɔl ðə ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˈæˌspɛkts əv ðə ˈstɔri ɪn ˈkɑntɛkst waɪl ˈɔlsoʊ ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ðə ˈbrɪʤɪŋ ˈgeɪmˌpleɪ ˈæˌspɛkts soʊ ðɛrz ə ˈmɛʒər əv ˌkɑntəˈnuəti ənd floʊ tɪ ðə ˈstɔri. əv kɔrs, ɪf ju ˈhævənt pleɪd ðə geɪm ˈjɔrsɛlf ðɛr ər ˈɑbviəs ˈspɔɪlərz θruaʊt, bət ˈpərsənəli aɪ θɪŋk ðɪs ɪz wən əv ðoʊz rɛr ˈkeɪsɪz wɛr ðɪs geɪm wərks ˈbɛtər ɛz ə ˈmuvi ɪn geɪm ˈfɔrˌmæt ðən ɛz ə geɪm ˌɪtˈsɛlf. ɪf fər ˈnəθɪŋ ɛls, aɪ ˈrɪli hoʊp ðət lɛˈvin ənd ðə ˈtæləntɪd kru æt ju kən pɪk əp ə ˈkɑpi əv ˈɪnfənət raɪt naʊ fər ˈpiˈsi, ˈpleɪˌsteɪʃən 3 ər 360 fər mɔr ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən bi ʃʊr tɪ ˈvɪzɪt ðə ɪts ˈizi tɪ ˈrɛləˌgeɪt geɪmz ɛz ðə ˈlɛsər ˈmidiəm ɪn tərmz əv ˈfɪkʃənəl ˈstɔriˌtɛlɪŋ wɪn kəmˈpɛrɪŋ ðɛm tɪ ˈmuviz ənd bʊks, bət ˈɛvəri wəns ɪn ə waɪl ə geɪm kəmz əˈlɔŋ ðət ˈrɪli sɛts ɪts oʊn pleɪs ɪn ˈhɪstəri ɛz ə ˈfɪkʃənəl ənd kɛn wən əv ðoʊz ˈgɑrnərɪŋ ˌjunəˈvərsəl preɪz (ənd ˈraɪtfəli soʊ), ðə ˌætməsˈfɛrɪk ənd ˈbrɪljəntli ə drəˈmætɪk ˌsaɪˈfaɪ ədˈvɛnʧər fər ðə ˈeɪʤɪz. ˈjuˌtub ˈjuzər tʊk 14 aʊərz aʊt əv hɪz deɪ tɪ pleɪ θru ˈɪnfənət ənd ðɛn ˈɛdət ɔl ðə ˈfʊtɪʤ daʊn tɪ ə ““movie”*”, wɪʧ ju kən vju ɪn ɪts ɪnˈtaɪərti ˈmænɪʤɪz tɪ kip ɔl ðə ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˈæˌspɛkts əv ðə ˈstɔri ɪn ˈkɑntɛkst waɪl ˈɔlsoʊ ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ðə ˈbrɪʤɪŋ ˈgeɪmˌpleɪ ˈæˌspɛkts soʊ ðɛrz ə ˈmɛʒər əv ˌkɑntəˈnuəti ənd floʊ tɪ ðə ˈstɔri. əv kɔrs, ɪf ju ˈhævənt pleɪd ðə geɪm ˈjɔrsɛlf ðɛr ər ˈɑbviəs ˈspɔɪlərz θruaʊt, bət ˈpərsənəli aɪ θɪŋk ðɪs ɪz wən əv ðoʊz rɛr ˈkeɪsɪz wɛr ðɪs geɪm wərks ˈbɛtər ɛz ə ˈmuvi ɪn geɪm ˈfɔrˌmæt ðən ɛz ə geɪm fər ˈnəθɪŋ ɛls, aɪ ˈrɪli hoʊp ðət lɛˈvin ənd ðə ˈtæləntɪd kru æt ˌɪˈræʃənəl geɪmz ər æt list rɪˈmɛmbərd wɪn əˈwɔrd taɪm kəmz əraʊnd ˈleɪtər ðɪs jɪr fər ðə ɑrt dɪˈrɛkʃɪn. baɪ ənd fɑr ðə aɪərn ˈpeɪtriəts wər ə ˈbrɪljənt weɪ əv ˈjuzɪŋ ˈmɛkəˌnaɪzd ˈfæˌʃɪzəm ɪn ðə fɔrm əv ˈnæʃənəˌlɪzəm ɛz ə ˈsɪriəs tɪ kənˈtɛnd wɪθ θruaʊt ðə geɪm. flægz fər ˈbrɪljənt. oʊ ˈsɔŋˌbərd rɑkt! ju kən pɪk əp ə ˈkɑpi naʊ fər ˈpiˈsi, ˈpleɪˌsteɪʃən 3 ər 360 fər mɔr ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən bi ʃʊr tɪ ˈvɪzɪt ðə əˈfɪʃəl ˈwɛbˌsaɪt ˈblɛndɪd frəm əraʊnd ðə wɛb ˈfeɪsˌbʊk bæk tɪ tɔp
watch bioshock infinite as a 3-hour movie by william usher random article blend it's easy to relegate games as the lesser medium in terms of fictional storytelling when comparing them to movies and books, but every once in a while a game comes along that really sets its own place in history as a fictional masterpeice and ken levine's bioshock infinite is one of those games. already garnering universal praise (and rightfully so), the atmospheric and brilliantly written bioshock infinite is a dramatic sci-fi adventure for the ages. youtube user dangs08 manages to keep all the important aspects of the story in context while also including the bridging gameplay aspects so there's a measure of continuity and flow to the story. of course, if you haven't played the game yourself there are obvious spoilers throughout, but personally i think this is one of those rare cases where this game works better as a movie in game format than as a game itself. if for nothing else, i really hope that levine and the talented crew at you can pick up a copy of bioshock infinite right now for pc, playstation 3 or xbox 360. for more information be sure to visit the it's easy to relegate games as the lesser medium in terms of fictional storytelling when comparing them to movies and books, but every once in a while a game comes along that really sets its own place in history as a fictional masterpeice and ken levine'sis one of those games.already garnering universal praise (and rightfully so), the atmospheric and brilliantly writtenis a dramatic sci-fi adventure for the ages. youtube user dangs08 took 14 hours out of his day to play through bioshock infinite and then edit all the footage down to a three-and-a-half-hour “movie”, which you can view in its entirety above.dangs08 manages to keep all the important aspects of the story in context while also including the bridging gameplay aspects so there's a measure of continuity and flow to the story. of course, if you haven't played the game yourself there are obvious spoilers throughout, but personally i think this is one of those rare cases where this game works better as a movie in game format than as a game itself.if for nothing else, i really hope that levine and the talented crew at irrational games are at least remembered when award time comes around later this year for the art direction. by and far the iron patriots were a brilliant way of using mechanized fascism in the form of nationalism as a serious mini-boss to contend with throughout the game. flags for wings...just brilliant. oh yeah...and songbird rocked! you can pick up a copy ofright now for pc, playstation 3 or xbox 360. for more information be sure to visit the official website blended from around the web facebook back to top	ˈdɛli: ˈɪndiə həz səm ˈfiˌmeɪl sɛks ˈwərkərz wɪθ prəˈdɛʃ ˈtɑpɪŋ ðə lɪst æt ə ˈmæksəməm ˈwɪmən ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ðə treɪd waɪl ˈdɛli həz əˈbaʊt əv ðɛm. ˈsaɪtɪŋ ðə hɛlθ ənd ˈfæməli ˈmɪnɪstri sɛd ðət ənd ˌmɑhərˈɑʃˌtrə hæv θərd ənd fɔrθ haɪəst ˈnəmbər əv ˈfiˌmeɪl sɛks ˈwərkərz. ðə ˈfɪgjərz wər riˈlist baɪ ðə ˈmɪnɪstri ɪn rɪˈspɑns tɪ ə ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən faɪld baɪ ˈdɛli ˈrɛzɪdənt pæl. ðə ˈɛstəˌmeɪt ɪz beɪst ɔn ə ˈstədi kənˈdəktəd ɪn 2009 ðə rɪˈpɔrt ˈɔlsoʊ sɛd ðət əˈbaʊt 19 əv ðə sɛks ˈwərkərz wər ənˈrɛʤɪstərd. "ˈtoʊtəl ˈnəmbər əv ˈrɛʤɪstərd sɛks ˈwərkərz ɪz ɛz pər ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən frəm steɪt eɪdz kənˈtroʊl səˈsaɪɪtiz. ðɪs ˈnəmbər ɪz beɪst ɔn ðə laɪn ˈlɪstɪŋ əv ˈtɑrgətɪd ˌɪntərˈvɛnʃənz ɪn ðə steɪts ənd ɪt meɪ ʧeɪnʤ ɛz pər ðə nu ˌrɛʤɪˈstreɪʃənz," ðə ˈmɪnɪstri sɛd ɪn ɪts rɪˈplaɪ. ðə ˈmɪnɪstri sɛd ðət ɪts nɑt ˈmændəˌtɔri fər sɛks ˈwərkərz tɪ ˈrɛʤɪstər ðɛmˈsɛlvz ˈəndər ɪts ˌɪntərˈvɛnʃən ˈproʊˌgræm ðə ˈnæʃənəl eɪdz kənˈtroʊl ˌɔrgənɪˈzeɪʃən. ðə fəˈsɪlɪtiz prəˈvaɪdɪd tɪ sɛks ˈwərkərz baɪ ðə ˈsɛntrəl ənd steɪt ˈgəvərnmənts ˈəndər ðə ˈproʊˌgræm ˌɪnˈklud bɪˈheɪvjər ʧeɪnʤ kəmˌjunəˈkeɪʃən θru counselling*, ˈtritmənt əv ˈsɛkʃuəli trænzˈmɪtəd ˌɪnˈfɛkʃən, ˈkɑndəm pərˈmoʊʃən ənd fri ˌdɪstrəˈbjuʃən. ɪt ˈɔlsoʊ prəˈvaɪdz ˈsərvɪsɪz laɪk ɪˈneɪbəlɪŋ ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt, ˈlɪŋkɪʤɪz ənd rɪˈfərəlz.
delhi: india has some 8.6 lakh female sex workers with andhra pradesh topping the list at a maximum 1.56 lakh women involved in the trade while delhi has about 61,000 of them. toi citing the health and family ministry said that karnataka and maharashtra have third and fourth highest number of female sex workers. the figures were released by the ministry in response to a rti application filed by delhi resident ved pal. the estimate is based on a study conducted in 2009. the report also said that about 19% of the sex workers were unregistered. "total number of registered sex workers is 6.96 lakh as per information from state aids control societies. this number is based on the line listing of targeted interventions in the states and it may change as per the new registrations," the ministry said in its reply. the ministry said that it's not mandatory for sex workers to register themselves under its intervention programme the national aids control organisation. the facilities provided to sex workers by the central and state governments under the programme include behaviour change communication through counselling, treatment of sexually transmitted infection, condom promotion and free distribution. it also provides services like enabling environment, linkages and referrals.	qutb* ənd ðə ʤuz fər ɔl əv saɪɪd ˈpɑzətɪv ˌkɑntrəˈbjuʃənz tɪ ðə ˈməzlɪm wərld (ənd ðɛr wər ə fju, dɪˈspaɪt hɪz ˈɪnfluəns ɔn ˈfɪgjərz laɪk oʊˈsɑmə bɪn ˈleɪdən) wi ˈkænɑt ˌɪgˈnɔr ðə ˈnɛgətɪvz. ðə moʊst ˈɪnfəməs ɪz hɪz ˈpɪvətəl roʊl ɪn ˌɪnˈspaɪərɪŋ ˈmɑdərn ˌɪzˈlɑmɪk wɪθ hɪz ˌɪnfluˈɛnʃəl wərk ɑr ˈstrəgəl əˈgɛnst ðə ʤuz 1950 ðə ˈaɪrəni ɪz ðət ˈɔfən saʊnz ˈvɛri ʤuɪʃ. fər ɔl hɪz ˈheɪtrəd əv ʤuz, hi ˈæˌkʧuəli ʃɛrd ˈmɛni əv hɪz ˈkrɪtɪˌsɪzəmz əv ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts wɪθ ˈlidɪŋ ˈfɪgjərz əv ðə ˈfræŋkfərt skul, hu wər, koʊˌɪnsɪˈdɛntəli, ʤuɪʃ. ðɛr ər ˈɔlˌmoʊst tu ˈmɛni ɪgˈzæmpəlz tɪ kaʊnt. fər ðə seɪk əv taɪm, wi wɪl riˈstrɪkt ɑrˈsɛlvz tɪ ə fju əv ðɛm. ˈdʊrɪŋ hɪz steɪ ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts, dɪˈvɛləpt ə dɪsˈgəst wɪθ ðə ˈræmpənt məˈtɪriəˌlɪzəm əv əˈmɛrɪkən ˈkəlʧər ənd laɪf ðət wɑz ˈikwəli ɪkˈsprɛst baɪ ˈmɑrksɪsts laɪk ərnst blɑk, hu ˈfeɪməsli kɔld əˈmɛrɪkə lɪt baɪ niɑn lights.”.” ðɪs wɑz ˈɔfən dən ɔn hɪz oʊn tərmz. fər ˈɪnstəns, ˈheɪtrəd əv ʤæz wɑz tɪŋd wɪθ hɪz oʊn ˈreɪsɪst ˌɪnkləˈneɪʃənz, wɪʧ ɪz aɪˈrɑnɪk, ˈgɪvɪn haʊ məʧ hi ˈheɪtɪd əˈmɛrɪkən ˈreɪˌsɪzəm: əˈmɛrɪkən ɪz ˈprɪmɪtɪv ɪn hɪz ɑrˈtɪstɪk teɪst, boʊθ ɪn wət hi ˌɛnˈʤɔɪz ɛz ɑrt ənd ɪn hɪz oʊn ɑrˈtɪstɪk wərks. ‘‘jazz’’ mˈjuzɪk ɪz hɪz mˈjuzɪk əv ʧɔɪs. ðɪs ɪz ðət mˈjuzɪk ðət ˈnigroʊz ˌɪnˈvɛntɪd tɪ ˈsætɪsˌfaɪ ðɛr ˈprɪmɪtɪv ˌɪnkləˈneɪʃənz, ɛz wɛl ɛz ðɛr dɪˈzaɪər tɪ bi ˈnɔɪzi ɔn ðə wən hænd ənd tɪ ɪkˈsaɪt ˈbɛsʧəl ˈtɛndənsiz ɔn ðə other.”.” ˈθiədər ɑˈdɔrnoʊ wʊd hæv ˈstrɔŋli dɪsəˈgrid ɔn hɪz kɔr pɔɪnts hir. ˈæftərˌɑl, ɑˈdɔrnoʊ ˈheɪtɪd ʤæz bɪˈkəz hi sɔ ɪt ɛz biɪŋ spɑnˈteɪniəs, ˈrəðər ðən ˈʤɛnjuˌaɪnli liberatory. stɪl ðoʊ, ɔn ðə ˈtɑpɪk əv ɪt biɪŋ ““primitive,”,” ðeɪ wʊd hæv faʊnd ˈkɑmən graʊnd, ˈivɪn ɪf ɑˈdɔrnoʊ prɪˈfərd tɪ juz wərdz laɪk ““regressive.”.” ɪt ˈoʊnli ʤæz. ˈɔlsoʊ dɪˈspaɪzd ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts bɪˈkəz hi wɑz ˈeɪliəˌneɪtɪd baɪ ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks, ənd ˌlɪˌbərˈtɛˌriən aɪˈdiəz əv ˈpərsɪnəl ˈfridəm, ðə seɪm ɛz ˈmɛni ʤuz əv ðə ˈpɪriəd, ənd əˈspɛʃəli ˈlɛftɪst ʤuz, hu wər praɪˈmɛrəli ˈsoʊʃəlɪst ɪn ðɛr pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˌɔriɛnˈteɪʃən, ənd strɔŋ səˈpɔrtərz əv ðə nu dil, ənd keynesianism. hɪz ˈheɪtrəd fər ˈbɑksɪŋ ˈmæʧɪz ɛz ə ˈʃoʊˌkeɪs əv bruˈtælɪti ˈɔlsoʊ saʊnz fəˈmɪljər. ɑˈdɔrnoʊ ənd sɔ səʧ ˈspɛktəkəlz ɛz prəˈvaɪdɪŋ ə seɪf kəˈθɑrsəs fər ˈvaɪəleɪtɪd ˈɔdiənsəz. ðeɪ boʊθ əˈtæk, ənd fil əˈtækt, θru ðə ˈtɛləˌvaɪzd ˈsəbʤɪkt, ɪn ðə seɪm weɪ ɛz ðeɪ du baɪ ˈwɑʧɪŋ ˈdæfi dək biɪŋ hɪt baɪ ən ˈoʊvərˌsaɪzd ˈmælɪt. ðə ˈtoʊtəl ˈkəlʧərəl ˈɛksərˌsaɪz ðɛn riˈlivz ðɛm əv ðɛr oʊn ˈsəfərɪŋ ɪn ðə seɪm weɪ ɛz ə rɪˈlɪʤəs ɪkˈspɪriəns. ðə ˌɪzˈlɑmɪk wɑz əˈdɪʃəˌnəli ˈtrəbəld baɪ ðə ˌɪnˈtɛns əv əˈmɛrɪkən laɪf ðət ˌɪtˈsɛlf ɛz ˈʤɛnjuˌaɪn ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl ɪkˈsprɛʃən. ˈmɛni əv hɪz ˈkrɪtɪks faɪnd hɪz vjuz ɔn ˈhɛrˌkəts, ˈfæʃən, ənd prəˈfɛʃənəl spɔrts ˈlæfəbəl, bət ɑˈdɔrnoʊ ənd hɪt ɔn ˈsɪmələr pɔɪnts ɪn ðɛr ˈlændˌmɑrk wərk ðə ˈkəlʧər ˈɪndəstri. ðeɪ moʊst ˈklɪrli əˈgri ɔn ðə ˈtɑpɪk əv talk,”,” ənd haʊ əˈmɛrɪkənz ər fuld ˈɪntu ˈhævɪŋ ˈstɪltɪd ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃənz ðət ˈəltəmətli kənˈfɔrm tɪ ɪˈstæblɪʃt nɔrmz. təˈdeɪ, wi kɔl ðɪs smɔl talk,”,” wɪʧ ɪkˈsprɛsɪz ɑr ˈbɔrdəm wɪθ ðə ˈpræktɪs, bət ənˈdu ɪt ɛz ə riˈækʃəˌnɛri ˈmɛkəˌnɪzəm. ðiz mɛn ɔl rɛd ðiz ˈæˌspɛkts əv əˈmɛrɪkən laɪf ɛz ˈpleɪˌkeɪtɪŋ ðə ˈmæsɪz ɪn pleɪs əv trəˈdɪʃənəl rɪˈlɪʤən, ənd duɪŋ soʊ ɪn ˈvaɪələntli əˈprɛsɪv tərmz. ðə ˈkruʃəl kˈwɛʃən, ðɛn, ɪz waɪ wɛnt ðə weɪ əv islamism, waɪl ðə ʤuɪʃ ˈɛkˌsaɪlz ˈklɪrli ɛmˈbreɪst ˈdɪfərənt aɪˈdiəz. ðeɪ wər ɔl ˈlɛftɪsts, ˈæftər ɔl. ɪt ɪz ˈprɑbəˌbli bɪˈkəz wɑz ˈkɑnstəntli ˈɪntərˌprɛtɪŋ ðɪs ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən θru ə ˈfɪltər əv ɪgˈzɪstɪŋ rɪˈlɪʤəs ˈzɛlətri, ənd ə ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli ˈsɛnəmənt. hɪz dɪsˈgəst wɪθ əˈmɛrɪkən ˌfɛməˈnɪnəti ɪz ə ˈpərˌfɪkt ɪgˈzæmpəl: əˈmɛrɪkən gərl ɪz wɛl əkˈweɪnɪd wɪθ hər sɪˈdəktɪv kəˈpæsɪti. ʃi noʊz ɪt laɪz ɪn ðə feɪs, ənd ɪn ɪkˈsprɛsɪv aɪz, ənd ˈθərsti lɪps. ʃi noʊz laɪz ɪn ðə raʊnd brɛsts, ðə fʊl ˈbətəks, ənd ɪn ðə ˈʃeɪpli θaɪz, slik lɛgz- ənd ʃi ʃoʊz ɔl ðɪs ənd dɪz nɑt haɪd it.”.” ɪz rɔŋ? nɑt ɪnˈtaɪərli. fərst ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən ˈfræŋkfərt skul θiərɪsts wʊd hæv ˈlaɪkli ˈnoʊtɪd ðət ðɪs ˈnoʊʃən əv ˈhæpinəs ɪz ˈsæŋkʃənd baɪ ðə ˈkəlʧər ˈɪndəstri. ˈnɛvər wɛnt ðət fɑr wɪθ hɪz ˈkəlʧərəl ˈkrɪtɪˌsɪzəmz, ðoʊ. hi sɔ ˈfiʧərz səʧ ɛz ðɪs, ənd ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli kənˈkludɪd ðət ðə ˈprɑbləm wɑz rɪˈlɪʤən biɪŋ dɪˈvɔrst frəm ˈpəblɪk laɪf. hɪz prəˈskrɪpʃən wɑz, ˈðɛrˌfɔr, ɪn ðə trəˈdɪʃən əv həˈsɑn al-banna, ə rɪˈvaɪvəl əv ˌɪsˈlɑm ɛz ə ˈsoʊʃəl, ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk, ənd pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈsɪstəm, ˈrɛˌtroʊˌfɪtɪd fər ˈmɑdərn kənˈdɪʃənz. ˈivɪn ðɛr, ðoʊ, hi wʊd hæv faʊnd səm əˈgrimənt wɪθ hɪz ʤuɪʃ kənˈtɛmpərˌɛriz. əˈmɛrɪkə wɑz ən ˈɛθɪkəl vɔɪd ðət wɑz ˈpriviəsli ˈɑkjəˌpaɪd baɪ ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzd rɪˈlɪʤən, naʊ ˌriˈpleɪst baɪ ˈtrɪviəl ˈfɛtɪˌʃɪzəm. ðə ˈfræŋkfərt skul ʤuɪʃ ˈɛkˌsaɪlz wər ɔl ˈmɑrksɪsts bɪˈkəz ðeɪ bɪˈlivd ðət ɪt wʊd prəˈvaɪd fər ə ˈwaɪdər ˈbreɪkθˌru ɪn ˈɛθɪkəl ˈsoʊʃəl riˈleɪʃənz. hɪz ˌɛksəˈkjuʃən wɑz ðə ˈprɑbləm, sɪns bɪˈlivd ðət ə ˌɪnˌtərprɪˈteɪʃən əv ˌɪsˈlɑm kʊd riˈzɑlv ɔl ˈsoʊʃəl ɪlz. ðə ˈprɑbləm wɪθ əˈmɛrɪkən ˌfɛməˈnɪnəti ˈðɛrˌfɔr bɪˈkeɪm ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃənt ˈʧæstəti, ˈrəðər ðən ə ˈtruli ɪˈmænsəˌpeɪtɪd ˌsɛkʃuˈæləti. ðɛr ɪz ə ˈkruʃəl ˈəðər pɔɪnt tɪ ðɪs, ðoʊ. wɪn ˈstədiɪŋ, ənd ðə ˈfræŋkfərt skul təˈgɛðər, ɪt ɪz ˌɪmˈpɑsəbəl tɪ ɪˈskeɪp ðə fækt ðət ðeɪ wər boʊθ ˈlæʃɪŋ aʊt əˈgɛnst ðət lɪt baɪ niɑn lights”” frəm, wɛl, ə lɪt baɪ niɑn laɪts. ðɪs ɪz ə ˈkruʃəl pɔɪnt, bɪˈkəz kənˈtɪnjud ˈrɛləvənsi fər ˈmɛni ˈeɪliəˌneɪtɪd əˈmɛrɪkən ˈməzlɪmz ɪz du tɪ ðɛr oʊn ˈprɛzəns ɪn ðoʊz seɪm ˈspeɪsɪz. əˈmɛrɪkən ʤiˈhɑˌdɪsts ər ˈjuʒəwəli ˈmɪdəlˈklæs, ˈɛʤəˌkeɪtɪd ɪn ɪˈlit ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃənz, ənd reɪzd ɪn prəˈfɛʃənəl ˈhaʊsˌhoʊldz. ˈɑnwɑr al-awlaki, ðə hu bɪˈkeɪm ə ˈmeɪʤər ˈlidər əv ɪn ðə əˈreɪbiən pəˈnɪnsələ, ˈæˌkʧuəli spɛnt məʧ əv hɪz laɪf ɪn ˌkɑlərˈɑdoʊ, ðə seɪm steɪt wɛr lɪvd ˈsɛvərəl ˈdɛkeɪdz ˈərliər. ɪt ɪz əp tɪ nɔrθ əˈmɛrɪkən ˈməzlɪmz laɪk ˌmaɪˈsɛlf, hu ər ˈfrɛʃli ˈeɪliəˌneɪtɪd baɪ ðə wɔr ɔn ˈtɛrər, tɪ bɛr ɪn maɪnd tu ˌriˈæləˌtiz. wən ɪz ðət wi hæv tɪ ɪˈskeɪp ðoʊz ˈkɑnˌfaɪnz tɪ ˈtruli ˌəndərˈstænd ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts, ənd əˈnəðər ɪz ðət fər ɔl ˌɪnˈtɛnsɪv ˈpərpəsɪz, ˈməzlɪmz ər ˈtritɪd laɪk ˈpərsəˌkjutəd ʤuz wəns wər. ðɪs ʃʊd pʊʃ ˈjuˈɛs tɪ lərn frəm ðɛr ɪkˈspɪriənsɪz. ɪt wɑz ə səˈprim weɪst əv ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns ənd ˈtælənt ðət hi wɑz ˈnɛvər ˈrɪli əˈwɛr əv haʊ ‘‘jewish’’ hɪz pərˈspɛktɪvz ənd aɪˈdiəz ˈæˌkʧuəli wər. ɪt wʊd bi ə ˈsɪmələr weɪst ɪf jəŋ ˈməzlɪmz təˈdeɪ rɪˈpit ðət seɪm mɪˈsteɪk, ˈboʊlstərd baɪ. ˈfoʊtəˌgræfs ˈkərtəsi əv ənd señoritafeito. ˈpəblɪʃt ˈəndər ə kriˈeɪtɪv ˈkɑmənz ˈlaɪsəns.
qutb and the jews for all of sayyid qutb’s positive contributions to the muslim world (and there were a few, despite his influence on figures like osama bin laden) we cannot ignore the negatives. the most infamous is his pivotal role in inspiring modern islamic anti-semitism with his influential work our struggle against the jews (1950). the irony is that qutb often sounds very jewish. for all his hatred of jews, he actually shared many of his criticisms of the united states with leading figures of the frankfurt school, who were, coincidentally, jewish. there are almost too many examples to count. for the sake of time, we will restrict ourselves to a few of them. during his two-year stay in the united states, qutb developed a disgust with the rampant materialism of american culture and life that was equally expressed by marxists like ernst bloch, who famously called america “a cul-de-sac lit by neon lights.” this was often done on his own proto-islamist terms. for instance, qutb’s hatred of jazz was tinged with his own racist inclinations, which is ironic, given how much he hated american racism: “the american is primitive in his artistic taste, both in what he enjoys as art and in his own artistic works. ‘jazz’ music is his music of choice. this is that music that negroes invented to satisfy their primitive inclinations, as well as their desire to be noisy on the one hand and to excite bestial tendencies on the other.” theodor adorno would have strongly disagreed on his core points here. afterall, adorno hated jazz because he saw it as being illusively spontaneous, rather than genuinely liberatory. still though, on the topic of it being “primitive,” they would have found common ground, even if adorno preferred to use words like “regressive.” it wasn’t only jazz. qutb also despised the united states because he was alienated by laissez-faire economics, and libertarian ideas of personal freedom, the same as many jews of the interwar period, and especially leftist jews, who were primarily socialist in their political orientation, and strong supporters of the new deal, and keynesianism. his hatred for boxing matches as a showcase of brutality also sounds familiar. adorno and horkheimer saw such spectacles as providing a safe catharsis for violated audiences. they both attack, and feel attacked, through the televised subject, in the same way as they do by watching daffy duck being hit by an oversized mallet. the total cultural exercise then relieves them of their own suffering in the same way as a religious experience. the islamic philospher was additionally troubled by the intense superficiality of american life that masqueraded itself as genuine individual expression. many of his critics find his views on haircuts, fashion, and professional sports laughable, but adorno and horkheimer hit on similar points in their landmark work the culture industry. they most clearly agree on the topic of “idle talk,” and how americans are fooled into having stilted conversations that ultimately conform to established norms. today, we call this “making small talk,” which expresses our boredom with the practice, but doesn’t undo it as a reactionary mechanism. these men all read these aspects of american life as placating the masses in place of traditional religion, and doing so in violently oppressive terms. the crucial question, then, is why qutb went the way of right-wing anti-capitalist islamism, while the jewish exiles clearly embraced different ideas. they were all leftists, after all. it is probably because qutb was constantly interpreting this information through a filter of existing religious zealotry, and a particularly salafist anti-western sentiment. his disgust with american femininity is a perfect example: “the american girl is well acquainted with her body’s seductive capacity. she knows it lies in the face, and in expressive eyes, and thirsty lips. she knows seductiveness lies in the round breasts, the full buttocks, and in the shapely thighs, sleek legs- and she shows all this and does not hide it.” is qutb wrong? not entirely. first generation frankfurt school theorists would have likely noted that this notion of happiness is sanctioned by the culture industry. qutb never went that far with his cultural criticisms, though. he saw features such as this, and immediately concluded that the problem was religion being divorced from public life. his prescription was, therefore, in the tradition of hassan al-banna, a revival of islam as a social, economic, and political system, retrofitted for modern conditions. even there, though, he would have found some agreement with his jewish contemporaries. america was an ethical void that was previously occupied by organized religion, now replaced by trivial fetishism. the frankfurt school jewish exiles were all marxists because they believed that it would provide for a wider breakthrough in ethical social relations. his execution was the problem, since qutb believed that a fetishized interpretation of islam could resolve all social ills. the problem with american femininity therefore became insufficient chastity, rather than a truly emancipated sexuality. there is a crucial other point to this, though. when studying qutb, and the frankfurt school together, it is impossible to escape the fact that they were both lashing out against that “cul-de-sac lit by neon lights” from, well, a cul-de-sac lit by neon lights. this is a crucial point, because qutb’s continued relevancy for many alienated american muslims is due to their own presence in those same spaces. american salafi jihadists are usually middle-class, educated in elite institutions, and raised in professional households. anwar al-awlaki, the yemeni-american who became a major leader of al-qaida in the arabian peninsula, actually spent much of his life in colorado, the same state where qutb lived several decades earlier. it is up to north american muslims like myself, who are freshly alienated by the war on terror, to bear in mind two realities. one is that we have to escape those confines to truly understand the united states, and another is that for all intensive purposes, muslims are treated like persecuted jews once were. this should push us to learn from their experiences. it was a supreme waste of qutb’s intelligence and talent that he was never really aware of how ‘jewish’ his perspectives and ideas actually were. it would be a similar waste if young muslims today repeat that same mistake, bolstered by anti-semitism. photographs courtesy of davidlohr bueso and señoritafeito. published under a creative commons license.	ˈhɑtəst ˈtɑpɪk fər læst wik ɪn ˈgugəl klaʊd wɑz ˈdɛfənətli ˌɪntrəˈdəkʃən əv klaʊd, ˌɛnˈʤɔɪ. nuz naʊ ˈʃɪpɪŋ: kəmˈpjut ˈɪnʤən məˈʃin taɪps wɪθ əp tɪ 96 ənd əv ˈmɛməri ər ˈgɪtɪŋ ˈbɪgər ənd ˈbɪgər. ˌɪntrəˈdusɪŋ klaʊd: ɑr nu ˈdɑkjəmɛnt ˈdætəˌbeɪs fər æps wət ju gɪt wɪn ju mɪks klaʊd ənd ˈriəlˌtaɪm? klaʊd!!! ˌɪntrəˈdusɪŋ ˈkəstəm roʊlz, ə ˈpaʊərfəl weɪ tɪ meɪk klaʊd ˈpɑləsiz mɔr prɪˈsaɪs wɪθ ˈkəstəm roʊlz, ɪts ˈiziər tɪ ˈɔrgəˌnaɪz ˈækˌsɛs kənˈtroʊl tɪ ˈvɛriəs ˈprɑdəkts ənd ˈsərvɪsɪz ɔn ˈgugəl klaʊd ˈplætˌfɔrm. ˈpɑrtnərɪŋ ɔn ˈoʊpən sɔrs: ˈmænəʤɪŋ ˈgugəl klaʊd ˈplætˌfɔrm wɪθ ʃɛf ˌkɑmpriˈhɛnsɪv ˈkʊkˌbʊks fər ʃɛf ˈjuzərz tɪ ˈmænɪʤ ˈgugəl klaʊd ˈplætˌfɔrm ˈrisɔrsɪz. ˈɑrtɪkəlz, tuˈtɔriəlz klaʊd fər ˈriəlˌtaɪm ˈdætəˌbeɪs dɪˈvɛləpərz ɪn dɛpθ ˈɑrtɪkəl ɪkˈspleɪnɪŋ bɪtˈwin "oʊld" ənd "nu" ˈriəlˌtaɪm ˈdætəˌbeɪs fər ˈgɪtɪŋ ˈstɑrtɪd wɪθ ˈɑrtɪkəl əˈbaʊt nu ˈdætəˌbeɪs wɪθ səm koʊd sˈnɪpəts tɪ gɪt ˈstɑrtɪd klaʊd ˌɪmˈprɛʃənz ˈfaɪnəli hir! brif ˈɑrtɪkəl ki ˈfiʧərz əv klaʊd ˈjuzɪŋ ˈlɔgɪŋ fər ˈdɛdəkeɪtəd geɪm ˈsərvər ˈɪnstənsɪz tuˈtɔriəl ˈaʊˌtlaɪnz haʊ tɪ juz ˈgugəl ˈlɔgɪŋ ˌɪnˈstɛd əv ə ˈlɔgɪŋ ˈsərvər fər ˈlɔgɪŋ. loʊd ˈtɛstɪŋ wɪθ ˈloʊkəst (pɑrt 2 dɪˈplɔɪɪŋ ˈloʊkəst (loʊd ˈtɛstɪŋ ˈfreɪmˌwərk) ɔn ˈgugəl kənˈteɪnər ˈɪnʤən ˈgugəl klaʊd ˈstɔrɪʤ pərˈfɔrməns ˈɑrtɪkəl ɪkˈspleɪnz ˈdɪfərənt weɪz tɪ tɛst ˈgugəl klaʊd ˈstɔrɪʤ spid ˈjuzɪŋ ˈlɔgɪŋ ɔn ˈgugəl kəmˈpjut ˈɪnʤən stɛp baɪ stɛp tuˈtɔriəl əˈbaʊt haʊ tɪ sɛt ˈlɔgɪŋ ɔn ˈgugəl kəmˈpjut ˈɪnʤən ˈraɪtɪŋ wɪθ ˈgugəl klaʊd ˈfəŋkʃənz tuˈtɔriəl əˈbaʊt haʊ tɪ stɑrt wɪθ ˈgugəl klaʊd ˈfəŋkʃənz ˈproʊˌfaɪlɪŋ taɪm: ˈgugəl klaʊd pərˈfɔrməns ˈætləs ˈɑrtɪkəl dɪˈskraɪbz θɪŋz ðət kən ˈifɛkt ɔn but taɪm fər kənˈteɪnərz. ðə muv tɪ θɔts ɔn ˈprɔˌsɛs əv ˈmuvɪŋ ˌɪnfrəˈstrəkʧər frəm tɪ ˈgugəl klaʊd ˈplætˌfɔrm bɪg ˈdætə fər ˈtreɪnɪŋ ˈmɑdəlz ɪn ðə klaʊd wɪn ðɛr ɪz lɑts əv ˈdætə tɪ juz fər ˈtreɪnɪŋ, ɪts bɛst tɪ juz klaʊd. ˈɪntroʊ tɪ tɛkst ˌklæsəfəˈkeɪʃən wɪθ: ˌɔtəˈmætɪkli ˈtægɪŋ stæk ˌoʊvərˈfloʊ poʊsts ˈɑrtɪkəl dɪˈskraɪbz haʊ tɪ bɪld ə ˈsɪmpəl ˈmɑdəl tɪ prɪˈdɪkt ðə tæg əv ə stæk ˌoʊvərˈfloʊ kˈwɛʃən. ˈtrænsfər ˈlərnɪŋ wɪθ klaʊd ˈɪnʤən ənd ˈjuzɪŋ ˈmɑdəlz ɔn ˈgugəl kəmˈpjut ˈɪnʤən tɪ ˈklæsəˌfaɪ ˈɪmɪʤɪz. tɛkˈnɑləʤi ˈfraɪˌdeɪz: kəmˈplits ˈgugəl klaʊd ˈdætə saɪəns ˈpaɪˌplaɪn fju θɔts əˈbaʊt klaʊd ənd waɪ ɪt ɪz juˈnik ˈɔfərɪŋ ɪn ˈmɑrkɪt. ˌsupərˈhiroʊz: lɪn ɔn bɪg ˈdætə, nosql*, ənd ˈgugəl ˈvərsəz θɔts əˈbaʊt,, ənd rɪˈleɪtɪd stəf. rənz ˈɔnˌlaɪn ˈmɑrkɪtˌpleɪs ðət səˈpɔrts ˈmɪljənz əv mɔz ɔn dɪˈskrɪpʃən əv haʊ (ˈmoʊbəl ˈmɑrkɪtˌpleɪs) ɪz ˈjuzɪŋ ˈgugəl klaʊd ˈplætˌfɔrm ˈprɑdəkts slaɪdz, ˈvɪdioʊz, ˈɑdiˌoʊ ˈpɔdˌkæst 97 klaʊd wɪθ dæn məˈgræθ ənd ˈæləks ˈɔnˌlaɪn 29 ˈbɪldɪŋ daɪˈnæmɪk ˈsɪŋgəl peɪʤ æps wɪθ ˈmuvɪŋ ɑr ˈmɑnəˌlɪθ tɪ ˈgugəl klaʊd
hottest topic for last week in google cloud was definitely introduction of cloud firestore, enjoy. news now shipping: compute engine machine types with up to 96 vcpus and 624gb of memory - vms are getting bigger and bigger. introducing cloud firestore: our new document database for apps - what you get when you mix cloud datastore and realtime firebase? cloud firebase!!! introducing custom roles, a powerful way to make cloud iam policies more precise - with custom iam roles, it's easier to organize access control to various products and services on google cloud platform. partnering on open source: managing google cloud platform with chef - comprehensive cookbooks for chef users to manage google cloud platform resources. articles, tutorials cloud firestore for realtime database developers - in depth article explaining differenses between "old" and "new" realtime database for firebase getting started with firebase firestore - article about new firestore database with some code snippets to get started firebase cloud firestore impressions : it’s finally here! - brief article explaning key features of cloud firestore using stackdriver logging for dedicated game server instances - tutorial outlines how to use google stackdriver logging instead of a logging server for application-specific logging. load testing with locust (part 2) - deploying locust (load testing framework) on google container engine google cloud storage performance - article explains different ways to test google cloud storage write/read speed using gcp stackdriver logging on google compute engine - step by step tutorial about how to set stackdriver logging on google compute engine writing microservices with google cloud functions - tutorial about how to start with google cloud functions profiling kubernetes init time: google cloud performance atlas - article describes things that can effect on boot time for containers. the move to kubernetes - thoughts on process of moving infrastructure from aws / ansible to google cloud platform / kubernetes big data for training models in the cloud - when there is lots of data to use for training, it's best to use cloud. intro to text classification with keras: automatically tagging stack overflow posts - article describes how to build a simple model to predict the tag of a stack overflow question. serverless transfer learning with cloud ml engine and keras - using keras models on google compute engine to classify images. technology fridays: dataprep completes google cloud data science pipeline - few thoughts about cloud dataprep and why it is unique offering in paas market. serverless superheroes: lynn langit on big data, nosql, and google versus aws - thoughts about serverless, aws, gcp and related stuff. carousell runs online classifieds marketplace that supports millions of maus on gcp - description of how carousell (mobile classifieds marketplace) is using google cloud platform products slides, videos, audio gcp podcast - #97 cloud firestore with dan mcgrath and alex dufetel gcp online meetup - 29: building dynamic single page apps with gcp & firebase moving our django monolith to google cloud	ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ˈaɪəwə (ui) ɪz ðə ˈleɪtəst skul tɪ ˈɔfər ə dɪˈgri ɪn ˈsoʊʃəl ˈʤəstɪs, ˈfɑloʊɪŋ əˈpruvəl frəm ðə bɔrd əv ˈriʤənts. ðə prəˈpoʊzəl, əˈpruvd ˈθərzˌdeɪ, ˈprɑməsəz ə strɔŋ ˈfoʊkɪs ɔn ˈtɑpɪks laɪk reɪs ənd ˈʤɛndər. wɪl ɪkˈsplɔr ðə ˌɪntərˈsɛkʃənz əv reɪs, klæs, ˈʤɛndər, ˈkəlʧər, ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks, ˈhɪstəri, ˌnæʃəˈnælɪti, ənd ˈjumən rights,”,” ðə prəˈpoʊzəl sɪz. wɪl əˈproʊʧ ˈsoʊʃəl ˈʤəstɪs θru ðə ɑrts, ˈhɪstəri, ˈlɪtərəʧər, kəmˈpærətɪv rɪˈlɪʤəs ˈstədiz, pəˈlɪtɪkəl saɪəns, fəˈlɑsəfi, hɛlθ ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən, ənd ˈʤɛndər, women’s, ənd ˌsɛkʃuˈæləti studies.”.” skul əˈfɪʃəlz sɛd ðə nu dɪˈgri wɑz ˈprɑmptɪd baɪ ə sərʤ əv ˈstudənts hu wɔnt tɪ wərk ɛz ˈæktɪvɪsts ənd ˈædvəˌkeɪts wɪθ ˈiðər ðə ˈgəvərnmənt ər ˈvɛriəs ˈnɑnˈprɔfɪts, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈaɪəwə ˈsɪti press-citizen. ðə skul ɔˈrɛdi həz ə ˈpɑpjələr fər all”” ˈhaʊzɪŋ ˈɔpʃən fər ˈstudənts hu wɔnt tɪ lɪv əraʊnd ˈəðər ˈpipəl kəˈmɪtɪd tɪ ˈsoʊʃəl ˈʤəstɪs. læst jɪr, ðə skul ˈɔfərd ə kɔrs ˈtaɪtəld ˈʤəstɪs ˈæftər ferguson,”,” wɪʧ ɛkˈsprɛsli ɪnˈkərəʤd ˈstudənts tɪ ˈɔrgəˌnaɪz ˈplɪtɪkli ɔn ˈtɪpɪkəli prəˈgrɛsɪv ˈɪʃuz, laɪk ˈɪnˌkəm ˌɪnɪkˈwɑləti ənd ˈkrɪmənəl ˈʤəstɪs rɪˈfɔrm. ˌɪnˈstɛd əv kriˈeɪtɪŋ ə brænd nu dɪˈpɑrtmənt, ðə nu dɪˈgri ˈproʊˌgræm wɪl bi ə wən, wɪθ ˈklæsɪz ənd prəˈfɛsərz drɔn frəm ˈəðər dɪˈpɑrtmənts æt ðə skul. ðə ˈproʊˌgræm wɪl praɪˈmɛrəli bi ˈhoʊstɪd baɪ ˈwɪmən ənd ˈʤɛndər ˈstədiz dɪˈpɑrtmənt. ɪz ə ˈpəblɪk skul, ˈminɪŋ ˈtækˌspeɪər fəndz wɪl bi goʊɪŋ dɪˈrɛkli tɪ ˈfaɪˌnæns ðə əˈwɔrdɪŋ əv ðə ˈsoʊʃəl ˈʤəstɪs dɪˈgriz. ðə skul kleɪmz ðə ˈproʊˌgræm wɪl hæv fju ɪf ˈɛni kɔsts, ðoʊ, sɪns ɪt ˌrikˈwaɪər ˈhaɪrɪŋ ˈɛni nu ˈfækəlti ər ɪˈstæblɪʃɪŋ nu ˈklæsɪz. ðə skul ænˈtɪsəˌpeɪts ðət 125 ˈstudənts wɪl bi pərˈsuɪŋ ðə nu ˈmeɪʤər wɪˈθɪn ˈsɛvən jɪrz. ðə fərst skul tɪ kənˈkɑkt ə dɪˈgri ɪn ˈsoʊʃəl ˈʤəstɪs. ˈnumərəs ˈəðər skulz, səʧ ɛz ˈjuˈmæs ˈæmərst ənd ˈistərn kənˈtəki ˌjunəˈvərsəti, hæv ˈkræftɪd ˈsɪmələr ˈproʊˌgræmz. sɛnd tɪps tɪ blake@dailycallernewsfoundation.org. ˈkɑntɛnt kriˈeɪtɪd baɪ ðə ˈdeɪli ˈkɔlər nuz faʊnˈdeɪʃən ɪz əˈveɪləbəl wɪˈθaʊt ʧɑrʤ tɪ ˈɛni ˈɛlɪʤəbəl nuz ˈpəblɪʃər ðət kən prəˈvaɪd ə lɑrʤ ˈɔdiəns. fər ˈlaɪsənsɪŋ ˌɑpərˈtunətiz əv ɑr ərˈɪʤənəl ˈkɑntɛnt, pliz ˈkɑnˌtækt licensing@dailycallernewsfoundation.org*.
the university of iowa (ui) is the latest school to offer a bachelor’s degree in social justice, following approval from the school’s board of regents. the degree’s proposal, approved thursday, promises a strong focus on oft-politicized topics like race and gender. “students will explore the intersections of race, class, gender, culture, economics, history, nationality, and human rights,” the proposal says. “they will approach social justice through the arts, history, literature, comparative religious studies, political science, philosophy, health education, and gender, women’s, and sexuality studies.” school officials said the new degree was prompted by a surge of students who want to work as activists and advocates with either the government or various non-profits, according to the iowa city press-citizen. the school already has a popular “justice for all” housing option for students who want to live around other people committed to social justice. last year, the school offered a course titled “social justice after ferguson,” which expressly encouraged students to organize politically on typically progressive issues, like income inequality and criminal justice reform. instead of creating a brand new department, the new degree program will be a cross-disciplinary one, with classes and professors drawn from other departments at the school. the program will primarily be hosted by ui’s women and gender studies department. ui is a public school, meaning taxpayer funds will be going directly to finance the awarding of the social justice degrees. the school claims the program will have few if any costs, though, since it doesn’t require hiring any new faculty or establishing new classes. the school anticipates that 125 students will be pursuing the new major within seven years. ui isn’t the first school to concoct a degree in social justice. numerous other schools, such as umass amherst and eastern kentucky university, have crafted similar programs. send tips to blake@dailycallernewsfoundation.org. content created by the daily caller news foundation is available without charge to any eligible news publisher that can provide a large audience. for licensing opportunities of our original content, please contact licensing@dailycallernewsfoundation.org.	chickpeas* tu vərˈaɪətiz əv: ðə ˈlɑrʤər laɪt tæn ənd ˈvɛriəsli ˈkələrd ˈdɛzi. ðeɪ ər grin wɪn pɪkt ˈərli ənd ˈvɛri θru tæn ər beɪʒ, ˈspɛkəld, dɑrk braʊn tɪ blæk. 75 əv wərld pərˈdəkʃən ɪz əv ðə sˈmɔlər ˈdɛzi taɪp. ðə ˈlɑrʤər bin ər wɑz ˌɪntrəˈdust ˈɪntu ˈɪndiə ɪn ðə ˈsɛnʧəri. ˈspraʊtɪd ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk ˌklæsəfəˈkeɪʃən ˈkɪŋdəm: clade: clade: clade: ˈɔrdər: ˈfæməli: ˈʤinəs: ˈspiʃiz: si. baɪˈnoʊmiəl neɪm ɛl. ˈælbəm hort. ɛl. [ˈspɛlɪŋ ˈvɛriənt] ɛl. [ˈspɛlɪŋ ˈvɛriənt] bornm. salisb. hort. rchb. alef. bornm. nɔɪr ðə ər ʧɪk pi) ɪz ən ˈænjuəl ˈlɛˌgjum əv ðə ˈfæməli, ˈsəbˌfæməli ɪts ˈdɪfərənt taɪps ər ˈvɛriəsli noʊn ɛz ər ˈbɛŋgəl ər bin, ənd ɪˈʤɪpʃən sidz ər haɪ ɪn ˈproʊˌtin. ɪt ɪz wən əv ðə ˈərliəst ˈkəltəˌveɪtɪd ˈlɛˌgjumz ənd rɪˈmeɪnz hæv bɪn faʊnd ɪn ðə ˈmɪdəl ɪz ə ki ˌɪnˈgridiənt ɪn ˈhʊməs, ˈʧænə masala, ənd kən bi graʊnd ˈɪntu flaʊər ənd meɪd ˈɪntu fəˈlɑfəl. ɪt ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ juzd ɪn ˈsælədz, sups ənd stuz. ðə ɪz ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ɪn ˈɪndiən ənd ˈmɪdəl ˈistərn kwɪˈzin ənd ɪn 2016 ˈɪndiə prəˈdust 64 əv ðə wərldz ˈtoʊtəl ˌɛtɪˈmɑləʤi ˈɛdət ðə neɪm "chickpea" ˈtreɪsɪz frəm ˈsɛnʧəri frɛnʧ ənd, ðə ˈlætən tərm fər ðə tərm chich-pease, juzd ɪn ðə 1500s, dəraɪvd frəm chich, ðə oʊld frɛnʧ tərm fər ðə wərd, frəm ən ˌɔltərˈeɪʃən əv oʊld ˈspænɪʃ arvanço, keɪm fərst tɪ ˈɪŋlɪʃ ɛz ɪn ðə ˈsɛnʧəri, biɪŋ ˈgræʤuəli ˈæŋlɪˌsaɪzd tɪ calavance, ðoʊ ɪt keɪm tɪ rɪˈfər tɪ ə vərˈaɪəti əv ˈəðər binz (cf. calavance). ðə ˈkɑrənt fɔrm kəmz dɪˈrɛkli frəm ˈmɑdərn ˈhɪstəri ˈɛdət dəˈmɛstəˌkeɪtəd hæv bɪn faʊnd ɪn ðə ˈlɛvəlz əv ˈʤɛrɪˌkoʊ (ppnb) əˈlɔŋ wɪθ ççayönüü ɪn ˈtərki ənd ɪn ˈpɑtəri æt hacilar, ˈtərki. ðeɪ wər faʊnd ɪn ðə leɪt (əˈbaʊt 3500 bc) æt thessaly, kastanas, ənd dimini, gris. ɪn ˈsəðərn fræns, ˌmɛzəˈlɪθɪk leɪərz ɪn ə keɪv æt l'abeurador, hérault, hæv ˈjildɪd waɪld ˈkɑrbən ˈdeɪtɪd tɪ ər ˈmɛnʃənd ɪn də (əˈbaʊt 800 æd) ɛz italicum, ɛz groʊn ɪn iʧ ˌɪmˈpɪriəl demesne. ælˈbərtəs ˈmægnəs ˈmɛnʃənz rɛd, waɪt, ənd blæk vərˈaɪətiz. ˈnɪkələs ˈnoʊtɪd ər cicers" ər lɛs "ˈwɪndi" ðən piz ənd mɔr ˈnərɪʃɪŋ. ˈeɪnʧənt ˈpipəl ˈɔlsoʊ əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd wɪθ ˈvinəs bɪˈkəz ðeɪ wər sɛd tɪ ˈɔfər ˈmɛdɪkəl ˈjuzɪz səʧ ɛz ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋ spərm ənd mɪlk, prəˈvoʊkɪŋ ˌmɛnstruˈeɪʃən ənd ˈjʊrən, ənd ˈhɛlpɪŋ tɪ trit ˈkɪdni "waɪt cicers" wər θɔt tɪ bi əˈspɛʃəli strɔŋ ənd ɪn 1793 wər ˈnoʊtɪd baɪ ə ˈʤərmən ˈraɪtər ɛz ə ˈsəbstəˌtut fər ˈkɔfi ɪn ɪn ðə fərst wərld wɔr, ðeɪ wər groʊn fər ðɪs juz ɪn səm ˈɛriəz əv ðeɪ ər stɪl ˈsəmˌtaɪmz brud ˌɪnˈstɛd əv laɪm grin ˈʤiˌnoʊm ˈsikwənsɪŋ ˈɛdət ˈsikwənsɪŋ əv ðə ˈʤiˌnoʊm həz bɪn kəmˈplitɪd fər 90 ˈʤɛnəˌtaɪps, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈsɛvərəl waɪld ə kəˌlæbərˈeɪʃən əv 20 ˈrisərʧ ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃənz, lɛd baɪ ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl krɑps ˈrisərʧ ˈɪnstɪˌtut fər ðə ˈtrɑpɪks (icrisat), ˈsiˌdiˈsi frənˈtɪr, ə vərˈaɪəti, ənd aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪd mɔr ðən ʤinz ənd ˈsɛvərəl ˈmɪljən ʤəˈnɛtɪk ˌʤiəˈgræfɪk ˌkəltɪˈveɪʃən ˈɛdət flaʊərɪŋ ənd ˈfrutɪŋ plænt pɑdz blæk ðə plænt groʊz tɪ ɪn) haɪ ənd həz smɔl, ˈfɛðˌri livz ɔn ˈiðər saɪd əv ðə stɛm. ər ə taɪp əv pəls, wɪθ wən ˈsidˌpɑd kənˈteɪnɪŋ tu ər θri piz. ɪt həz waɪt flaʊərz wɪθ blu, ˈvaɪəlɪt, ər pɪŋk veɪnz. ˈsɛvərəl vərˈaɪətiz əv ər ˈkəltəˌveɪtɪd θruaʊt ðə wərld. ˈdɛzi ˈʧænə ˈkloʊsli rɪˈzɛmbəlz boʊθ sidz faʊnd ɔn ˌɑrkiəˈlɑʤɪkəl saɪts ənd ðə waɪld plænt ˈænˌsɛstər əv dəˈmɛstəˌkeɪtəd, reticulatum, wɪʧ ˈoʊnli groʊz ɪn ˌsaʊˈθist ˈtərki, wɛr ər bɪˈlivd tɪ hæv ərˈɪʤəˌneɪtəd. ˈdɛzi ˈʧænə həz smɔl, ˈdɑrkər sidz ənd ə rəf koʊt. ðeɪ ər groʊn ˈmoʊstli ɪn ˈpækɪˌstæn, ˈɪndiə ənd ˈəðər pɑrts əv saʊθ ˈeɪʒə, ɛz wɛl ɛz ɪn ˌiθiˈoʊpiə, ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ, ənd ˈdɛzi minz 'ˈkəntri' ər 'ˈneɪtɪv' ɪn hindustani; ɪts ˈəðər neɪmz ˌɪnˈklud ˈʧænə ("blæk" ɪn boʊθ ˈhɪndi ənd ərˈdu) ər but. ˈdɛzi ˈʧænə kən bi blæk, grin ər ˈspɛkəld. ðɪs vərˈaɪəti ɪz həld ənd splɪt tɪ meɪk ˈʧænə dæl. binz ər 'kabuli' ˈʧænə ər lighter-coloured, ˈlɑrʤər, ənd wɪθ ə sˈmuðər koʊt, ənd ər ˈmeɪnli groʊn ɪn ðə ˌmɛdətərˈeɪniən, ˈsəðərn ˈjʊrəp, ˈnɔrðərn ˈæfrɪkɑ, saʊθ əˈmɛrɪkə, ənd saʊθ ðə neɪm minz "frəm ˈkɑbʊl" ɪn ˈhɪndi ənd ərˈdu, ənd ðɪs vərˈaɪəti wɑz θɔt tɪ kəm frəm ˈkɑbʊl, æfˈgænəˌstæn wɪn ɪt wɑz ˌɪntrəˈdust tɪ ˈɪndiə ɪn ðə ən ənˈkɑmən blæk, ˈsɛsi ˈnɛri, ɪz groʊn ˈoʊnli ɪn apulia, ɪn ˌsaʊˈθistərn ˈɪtəli. ɪt ɪz əraʊnd ðə seɪm saɪz ɛz binz, biɪŋ boʊθ ˈlɑrʤər ənd ˈdɑrkər ðən ðə 'ˈdɛzi' vərˈaɪəti. ˈjuzɪz ˈɛdət ˈkjulɪˌnɛri ˈɛdət ˈʧænə dæl, splɪt ˈbɛŋgəl græm ər ˈjuʒəwəli ˈræpədli bɔɪld fər 10 ˈmɪnəts ənd ðɛn ˈsɪmərd fər ə ˈlɔŋgər ˈpɪriəd. draɪd nid ə lɔŋ ˈkʊkɪŋ taɪm aʊərz) bət wɪl ˈizəli fɔl əˈpɑrt wɪn kʊkt ˈlɔŋgər. ɪf soʊkt fər aʊərz ˌbiˈfɔr juz, ˈkʊkɪŋ taɪm kən bi ˈʃɔrtənd baɪ əraʊnd 30 ˈmɪnəts. kən ˈɔlsoʊ bi ˈprɛʃər kʊkt ər suz vaɪd kʊkt æt 90 194 °°f). məˈʧʊr kən bi kʊkt ənd ˈitən koʊld ɪn ˈsælədz, kʊkt ɪn stuz, graʊnd ˈɪntu flaʊər, graʊnd ənd ʃeɪpt ɪn bɔlz ənd frid ɛz fəˈlɑfəl, meɪd ˈɪntu ə ˈbætər ənd beɪkt tɪ meɪk ər cecina, ər frid tɪ meɪk. flaʊər ɪz noʊn ɛz græm flaʊər ər ɪn saʊθ ˈeɪʒə ənd juzd ˈfrikwɛntli ɪn saʊθ ˈeɪʒən kwɪˈzin. ər ˈpɑpjələr ɪn ðə aɪˈbɪriən pəˈnɪnsələ. ɪn ˈpɔrʧəgəl, ðeɪ ər wən əv ðə meɪn ˌɪnˈgridiənts ɪn ˈrænʧoʊ, ˈitən wɪθ ˈpɑstə ənd mit, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈpɔrʧəˌgiz ˈsɔsɪʤɪz, ər wɪθ raɪs. ðeɪ ər juzd ɪn ˈəðər hɑt ˈdɪʃɪz wɪθ ənd ɪn sup. ɪn speɪn, ðeɪ ər juzd koʊld ɪn ˈtəpəs ənd ˈsælədz, ɛz wɛl ɛz ɪn madrileño. ɪn ˈɪtəli, ər ˈitən wɪθ ˈpɑstə ər ɪn sup. ɪn ˈsəðərn ˈɪtəli, flaʊər ɪz meɪd ˈɪntu ə ˈbætər fər, ə sɔrt əv kreɪp. ɪn ˈiʤɪpt, ər juzd ɛz ə ˈtɑpɪŋ fər kushari. ḥḥummuṣṣ ɪz ðə ˈɛrəbɪk wərd fər, wɪʧ ər ˈɔfən kʊkt ənd graʊnd ˈɪntu ə peɪst ənd mɪkst wɪθ (ˈsɛsəmi sid peɪst), ðə blɛnd kɔld ḥḥummuṣṣ baɪ. ər ˈroʊstɪd, spaɪst, ənd ˈitən ɛz ə snæk, səʧ ɛz leblebi. baɪ ðə ɛnd əv ðə ˈsɛnʧəri, ˈhʊməs hæd bɪˈkəm ˈkɑmənˌpleɪs ɪn əˈmɛrɪkən baɪ 2010 5 əv əˈmɛrɪkənz kənˈsumd ˈhʊməs ɔn ə ˈrɛgjələr ənd ɪt wɑz ˈprɛzənt ɪn 17 əv əˈmɛrɪkən ənd ˈbɛŋgəl græmz ər juzd tɪ meɪk ˈkəriz ənd ər wən əv ðə moʊst ˈpɑpjələr ˌvɛʤəˈtɛˌriən fudz ɪn saʊθ ˈeɪʒə ənd ɪn daɪˈæspərə kəmˈjunɪtiz əv ˈmɛni ˈəðər ˈkəntriz sərvd wɪθ vərˈaɪəti əv brɛdz ər stimd raɪs. ˈpɑpjələr ˈdɪʃɪz ɪn ˈɪndiən kwɪˈzin ər meɪd wɪθ flaʊər, səʧ ɛz ˈbɑdə ənd bajji. ɪn ˈɪndiə, ɛz wɛl ɛz ɪn ðə ləˈvænt, ər ˈɔfən pɪkt aʊt əv ðə pɑd ənd ˈitən ɛz ə rɑ snæk ənd ðə livz ər ˈitən ɛz ə lif ˈvɛʤtəbəl ɪn ˈsælədz. ɪn ˈɪndiə, dɪˈzərts səʧ ɛz ənd swits səʧ ɛz ər flaʊər ɪz juzd tɪ meɪk "bərˈmiz ˈtoʊfu" wɪʧ wɑz fərst noʊn əˈməŋ ðə ʃæn ˈpipəl əv ˈbərmə. ɪn saʊθ ˈeɪʒən kwɪˈzin ðə flaʊər (besan) ɪz juzd ɛz ə ˈbætər tɪ koʊt ˈvɛʤtəbəlz ˌbiˈfɔr dip fraɪɪŋ tɪ meɪk pakoras. ðə flaʊər ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ juzd ɛz ə ˈbætər tɪ koʊt ˈvɛʤtəbəlz ənd mits ˌbiˈfɔr fraɪɪŋ, ər frid əˈloʊn səʧ ɛz (ˈlɪtəl brɛd), ə ˈfrɪtər frəm ˈsɪsəli. flaʊər ɪz juzd tɪ meɪk ðə ˌmɛdətərˈeɪniən ənd kɔld ɪn ˈproʊvəns, ˈsəðərn fræns. ɪt ɪz meɪd əv kʊkt flaʊər, pɔrd ˈɪntu ˈsɔsərz, əˈlaʊd tɪ sɛt, kət ɪn strɪps, ənd frid ɪn ˈɑlɪv ɔɪl, ˈɔfən ˈitən ˈdʊrɪŋ lɛnt. ɪn ˈtəskəni flaʊər (fərˈinə di ˈsɛsi) ɪz juzd tɪ meɪk ən ˈəvən beɪkt ˈpænˌkeɪk: ðə flaʊər ɪz mɪkst wɪθ ˈwɔtər, ɔɪl ənd sɔlt. flaʊər noʊn ɛz ɪn ɪz juzd fər ˈmeɪkɪŋ swit dɪʃ mysorepak. ɪn ðə ˈfɪləˌpinz, prɪˈzərvd ɪn ˈsɪrəp ər ˈitən ɛz swits ənd ɪn dɪˈzərts səʧ ɛz halo-halo. ʤuz frəm ˌæʃkəˈnɑzi ˈkəntriz trəˈdɪʃənəli sərv hoʊl æt ə ʃəˈloʊm zəˈkɑr ˌsɛləˈbreɪʃən fər ˈbeɪbi bɔɪz. ər ɪz ə ˈmɛksəkən strit snæk. ðə binz, waɪl stɪl grin, ər kʊkt ɪn ˈwɔtər ənd sɔlt, kɛpt ɪn ə ˈstimər tɪ meɪnˈteɪn ðɛr hjuˈmɪdəti, ənd sərvd ɪn ə ˈplæstɪk bæg. ə ˈlɪkwɪd (aquafaba) kən bi juzd ɛz ən ɛg waɪt rɪˈpleɪsmənt tɪ meɪk meringue. ˈænəməl fid ˈɛdət sərv ɛz ən ˈɛnərʤi ənd ˈproʊˌtin sɔrs ɛz ˈænəməl rɑ hæv ə loʊər ənd ˌɪnˈhɪbətər ˈkɑntɛnt ðən piz, ˈkɑmən binz, ənd ˈsɔɪˌbinz. ðɪs lidz tɪ haɪər nuˈtrɪʃən ˈvæljuz ənd fjuər daɪˈʤɛstɪv ˈprɑbləmz ɪn nonruminants. daɪɪts kən bi kəmˈplitɪd wɪθ 200 əv rɑ tɪ prəˈmoʊt ɛg pərˈdəkʃən ənd groʊθ əv bərdz ənd pɪgz. haɪər əˈmaʊnts kən bi juzd wɪn ər ˈtritɪd wɪθ ɪkˈspɛrəmənts hæv ʃoʊn ðət groʊ ˈikwəli wɛl ənd ˈproʊdus ən ˈikwəl əˈmaʊnt ənd kˈwɑləti əv mɪlk wɪn ˈsɔɪˌbin ər ˈsɪriəl milz ər ˌriˈpleɪst wɪθ. pɪgz ʃoʊ ðə seɪm pərˈfɔrməns, bət groʊɪŋ pɪgz ɪkˈspɪriəns ə ˈnɛgətɪv ˈifɛkt əv rɑ fid; ɪkˈstrudəd kən ˌɪnˈkris pərˈfɔrməns ˈivɪn ɪn groʊɪŋ pɪgz. ɪn ˈpoʊltri daɪət ɪkˈspɛrəmənts wɪθ ənˈtritɪd, ˈoʊnli jəŋ ˈbrɔɪlərz (ˈstɑrtɪŋ ˈpɪriəd) ʃoʊd wərs pərˈfɔrməns. fɪʃ pərˈfɔrmd ˈikwəli wɛl wɪn ðɛr ˈsɔɪˌbin ər ˈsɪriəl daɪət wɑz ˌriˈpleɪst baɪ ɪkˈstrudəd sidz hæv ˈɔlsoʊ bɪn juzd ɪn ˈræbɪt ˈsɛkənˌdɛri kəmˈpoʊnənts əv ˈlɛˌgjumz səʧ ɛz ˈlɛsɪθɪn, polyphenols, oligosaccharides, ənd amylase, ˈproʊtiˌeɪz, ənd ˌɪnˈhɪbətərz kən lɛd tɪ loʊər ˈnutriənt əˌveɪləˈbɪlɪti, ðəs tɪ ˈnɛgətɪv ˈifɛkts ɪn groʊθ ənd hɛlθ əv ˈænəməlz (əˈspɛʃəli ɪn nonruminants). hæv ˈʤɛnərəli lɛs ˈprɑbləmz tɪ ˈdaɪʤɛst ˈlɛˌgjumz wɪθ ˈsɛkənˌdɛri kəmˈpoʊnənts, sɪns ðeɪ kən ˌɪˈnæktɪˌveɪt ðɛm ɪn ðə ˈrumən ˈlɪkər. ðɛr daɪɪts kən bi ˌsəpləˌmɛntɪd baɪ 300 ər mɔr rɑ ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ˈproʊˌtin ənd ˈɛnərʤi əˌveɪləˈbɪlɪti kən bi ˌɪmˈpruvd θru ˈtritmənts, səʧ ɛz ˌʤərməˈneɪʃən, dehulling, ənd hit. ɪkˈstruʒən ɪz ə ˈvɛri gʊd hit tɛkˈnik tɪ dɪˈstrɔɪ ˈsɛkənˌdɛri kəmˈpoʊnənts ɪn ˈlɛˌgjumz, sɪns ðə ˈproʊˌtinz ər ˌɪrɪˈvərsəbli dɪˈneɪʧərd. meɪ ˈdiˌkris ðə nuˈtrɪʃənəl ˈvælju; ɪkˈstruʒən lidz tɪ ˈlɔsɪz ɪn ˈmɪnərəlz ənd ˈvaɪtəmənz, waɪl draɪ ˈhitɪŋ dɪz nɑt ʧeɪnʤ ðə ˈkɛmɪkəl nuˈtrɪʃən ˈɛdət ər ə fud, prəˈvaɪdɪŋ rɪʧ ˈkɑntɛnt 20 ər haɪər əv ðə ˈdeɪli ˈvælju, dv) əv ˈproʊˌtin, ˈdaɪəˌtɛri ˈfaɪbər, folate, ənd ˈsərtən ˈdaɪəˌtɛri ˈmɪnərəlz, səʧ ɛz aɪərn ənd ˈfɑsfərəs pər 100 ˈθaɪəmən, ˈvaɪtəmən bi 6 mægˈniziəm, ənd zɪŋk ˈkɑntɛnts ər ˈmɑdərˌeɪt, prəˈvaɪdɪŋ əv ðə dv. kəmˈpɛrd tɪ ˈrɛfərəns ˈlɛvəlz ɪˈstæblɪʃt baɪ ðə juˈnaɪtɪd ˈneɪʃənz fud ənd ˈægrɪˌkəlʧər ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən ənd wərld hɛlθ ˈproʊˌtinz ɪn kʊkt ənd ˈʤərməˌneɪtɪd ər rɪʧ ɪn ɛˈsɛnʃəl əˈminoʊ ˈæsədz səʧ ɛz ˈlaɪsin, isoleucine, tryptophan, ənd ˈtoʊtəl ˌɛrəˈmætɪk əˈminoʊ ə 100 ʤi ˈsərvɪŋ əv kʊkt prəˈvaɪdz 164 690 kj). kʊkt ər 60 ˈwɔtər, 27 ˌkɑrboʊˈhaɪdreɪts, 9 ˈproʊˌtin ənd 3 fæt 75 əv ˈlaɪpəd ˈkɑntɛnt ɪz ənˈsæʧərˌeɪtɪd ˈfæti ˈæsədz fər wɪʧ ˈæsəd kəmˈpraɪzɪz 43 əv ˈtoʊtəl ˈifɛkts əv ˈkʊkɪŋ ˈɛdət ˈkʊkɪŋ ˈtritmənts du nɑt lɛd tɪ ˈvɛriəns ɪn ˈtoʊtəl ˈproʊˌtin ənd ˌkɑrboʊˈhaɪˌdreɪt ˈkɑntɛnt. ˈsoʊkɪŋ ənd ˈkʊkɪŋ əv draɪ sidz ˈpɑsəbli ˌɪnˈdusɪz ˈkɛmɪkəl ˌmɑdəfəˈkeɪʃən əv ˈkɑmplɛksəz, wɪʧ lidz tɪ ən ˌɪnˈkris ɪn krud ˈfaɪbər ˈkɑntɛnt. ðəs, ˈkʊkɪŋ kən ˌɪnˈkris ˈproʊˌtin kˈwɑləti baɪ ər dɪˈstrɔɪɪŋ ˈfæktərz. ˈkʊkɪŋ ˈɔlsoʊ ˌɪnˈkrisɪz ˈproʊˌtin, ɛˈsɛnʃəl əˈminoʊ ˈæsəd ˈɪndɛks, ənd ˈproʊˌtin ɪˈfɪʃənsi ˈreɪʃiˌoʊ. ˌɔlˈðoʊ ˈkʊkɪŋ loʊərz ˌkɑnsənˈtreɪʃənz əv əˈminoʊ ˈæsədz səʧ ɛz tryptophan, ˈlaɪsin, ˈtoʊtəl ˌɛrəˈmætɪk, ənd əˈminoʊ ˈæsədz, ðɛr ˈkɑntɛnts ər stɪl haɪər ðən prəˈpoʊzd baɪ ðə ˈrɛfərəns. dɪfˈjuʒən əv rɪˈdusɪŋ ˈʃʊgərz, raffinose, ˈsukroʊs ənd ˈəðərz ˈɪntu ˈkʊkɪŋ ˈwɔtər rɪˈdusɪz ər kəmˈplitli riˈmuvz ðiz kəmˈpoʊnənts. ˈkʊkɪŋ ˈɔlsoʊ sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntli rɪˈdusɪz fæt ənd ˈmɪnərəl ˈkɑntɛnts. ðə bi ˈvaɪtəmənz riboflavin, ˈθaɪəmən, ˈnaɪəsɪn, ənd dɪˈzɑlv ˈɪntu ˈkʊkɪŋ ˈwɔtər æt ˈdɪfərɪŋ ˌʤərməˈneɪʃən ˈɛdət ˌʤərməˈneɪʃən əv ˌɪmˈpruvz ˈproʊˌtin, ˌɔlˈðoʊ æt ə loʊər ˈlɛvəl ðən ˈkʊkɪŋ. ˌʤərməˈneɪʃən dɪˈgreɪdz ˈproʊˌtinz tɪ ˈsɪmpəl ˈpɛpˌtaɪdz, soʊ ˌɪmˈpruvz krud ˈproʊˌtin, ˈnaɪtrəʤən, ənd krud ˈfaɪbər ˈkɑntɛnt. ˌʤərməˈneɪʃən ˈdiˌkrisɪz ˈlaɪsin, tryptophan, ˈsəlfər ənd ˈtoʊtəl ˌɛrəˈmætɪk əˈminoʊ ˈæsədz, bət moʊst ˈkɑntɛnts ər stɪl haɪər ðən prəˈpoʊzd baɪ ðə ˈrɛfərəns oligosaccharides, səʧ ɛz ənd raffinose, ər rɪˈdust ɪn haɪər əˈmaʊnts ˈdʊrɪŋ ˌʤərməˈneɪʃən ðən ˈdʊrɪŋ ˈkʊkɪŋ. ˈmɪnərəlz ənd bi ˈvaɪtəmənz ər rɪˈteɪnd mɔr ˈifɛktɪvli ˈdʊrɪŋ ˌʤərməˈneɪʃən ðən wɪθ ˈkʊkɪŋ. ˈæsədz ər rɪˈdust sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntli, bət ˌɪnˈhɪbətər, tannin, ənd rɪˈdəkʃən ɪz lɛs ˈifɛktɪv ðən, ˈmaɪkrəˌweɪv ˈkʊkɪŋ, ˈbɔɪlɪŋ ˈɛdət ˈproʊˌtin ɪz ˌɪmˈpruvd baɪ ɔl ˈtritmənts əv ˈkʊkɪŋ. ɛˈsɛnʃəl əˈminoʊ ˈæsədz ər sˈlaɪtli ˌɪnˈkrist baɪ ˈbɔɪlɪŋ ənd ˈmaɪkrəˌweɪv ˈkʊkɪŋ wɪn kəmˈpɛrd tɪ ənd ˌʤərməˈneɪʃən. ˈoʊvərˌɔl, ˈmaɪkrəˌweɪv ˈkʊkɪŋ lidz tɪ ə sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntli loʊər lɔs əv ˈnutriənts kəmˈpɛrd tɪ ənd ˈbɔɪlɪŋ. ˈfaɪnəli, ɔl ˈtritmənts lɛd tɪ ən ˌɪmˈpruvd ˈproʊˌtin, ˈproʊˌtin ɪˈfɪʃənsi ˈreɪʃiˌoʊ, ənd ɛˈsɛnʃəl əˈminoʊ ˈæsəd ˈɪndɛks. ˈmaɪkrəˌweɪv ˈkʊkɪŋ simz tɪ bi ən ˈifɛktɪv ˈmɛθəd tɪ priˈpɛr bɪˈkəz əv ɪts ˌɪmˈpruvmənt əv nuˈtrɪʃənəl ˈvæljuz ənd ɪts loʊər ˈkʊkɪŋ livz ˈɛdət ɪn səm pɑrts əv ðə wərld, jəŋ livz ər kənˈsumd ɛz kʊkt grin ˈvɛʤtəbəlz. əˈspɛʃəli ɪn mælˈnərɪʃt ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃənz, ɪt kən ˌsəpləˈmɛnt ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˈdaɪəˌtɛri ˈnutriənts, bɪˈkəz ˈriʤənz wɛr ər kənˈsumd hæv bɪn ˈsəmˌtaɪmz faʊnd tɪ hæv ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃənz ˈlækɪŋ livz hæv ə sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntli haɪər ˈmɪnərəl ˈkɑntɛnt ðən ˈiðər ˈkæbɪʤ livz ər ˈspɪnəʧ ɪn ˈnæʧərəl ˈsɛtɪŋz, ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl ˈfæktərz ənd ˈnutriənt əˌveɪləˈbɪlɪti kʊd ˈɪnfluəns ˈmɪnərəl ˌkɑnsənˈtreɪʃənz. ˌnɛvərðəˈlɛs, kənˈsəmʃən əv livz ɪz ˌrɛkəˈmɛndɪd fər ˈɛriəz wɛr ər prəˈdust ɛz fud fər prɪˈlɪməˌnɛri ˈrisərʧ ʃoʊz ðət kənˈsəmʃən meɪ loʊər bləd pərˈdəkʃən ˈɛdət ɪn 2016 wərld pərˈdəkʃən əv wɑz ˈmɪljən tənz, lɛd baɪ ˈɪndiə əˈloʊn wɪθ 64 əv ðə ˈgloʊbəl ˈtoʊtəl pərˈdəkʃən frəm 1961 tɪ 2013 hit ənd ˌkəltɪˈveɪʃən ˈɛdət ˌægrɪˈkəlʧərəl jild fər ɪz ˈɔfən beɪst ɔn ʤəˈnɛtɪk ənd ˌfinəˈtɪpɪk vɛriəˈbɪlɪti wɪʧ həz ˈrisəntli bɪn ˈɪnfluənst baɪ ˌɑrtəˈfɪʃəl ðə ˈəpˌteɪk əv səʧ ɛz ˌɪnɔrˈgænɪk ˈfɑsfərəs ər ˈnaɪtrəʤən ɪz ˈvaɪtəl tɪ ðə plænt dɪˈvɛləpmənt əv, ˈkɑmənli noʊn ɛz ðə pərˈɛniəl hit ˌkəltɪˈveɪʃən ənd ˈkəplɪŋ ər tu ˈrɛlətɪvli ənˈnoʊn ˈmɛθədz ðət ər juzd tɪ ˌɪnˈkris ðə jild ənd saɪz əv ðə. ˈrisənt ˈrisərʧ həz ˈɪndəˌkeɪtɪd ðət ə ˌkɑmbəˈneɪʃən əv hit ˈtritmənt əˈlɔŋ wɪθ ðə tu ˈvaɪtəl, ˈfɑsfərəs ənd ˈnaɪtrəʤən, ər ðə moʊst ˈkrɪtɪkəl kəmˈpoʊnənts tɪ ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋ ðə ˈoʊvərˌɔl jild əv pərˈɛniəl ər ə ˌfəndəˈmɛnəl sɔrs əv nuˈtrɪʃən ɪn ˈænəməl fid ɛz ðeɪ ər haɪ ˈsɔrsəz əv ˈɛnərʤi ənd ˈproʊˌtin fər ˈlaɪvˌstɑk. ənˈlaɪk ˈəðər fud krɑps, ðə pərˈɛniəl ʃoʊz ə rɪˈmɑrkəbəl kəˈpæsɪti tɪ ʧeɪnʤ ɪts nuˈtrɪʃənəl ˈkɑntɛnt ɪn rɪˈspɑns tɪ hit ˌkəltɪˈveɪʃən. ˈtritɪŋ ðə wɪθ ə ˈkɑnstənt hit sɔrs ˌɪnˈkrisɪz ɪts ˈproʊˌtin ˈkɑntɛnt ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˈkɑnsəkˌwɛntli, ðə ˌɪmˈpækt əv hit ˌkəltɪˈveɪʃən nɑt ˈoʊnli əˈfɛkts ðə ˈproʊˌtin ˈkɑntɛnt əv ðə ˌɪtˈsɛlf, bət ðə ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm ðət ɪt səˈpɔrts ɛz wɛl. ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋ ðə haɪt ənd saɪz əv plænts ˌɪnˈvɑlvz ˈjuzɪŋ ˌfərtəlɪˈzeɪʃən wɪθ ˈvɛriɪŋ ˈdoʊsɪz əv ˌɪnɔrˈgænɪk ˈfɑsfərəs ənd ðə ˈlɛvəl əv ˈfɑsfərəs ðət ə sid ɪz ɪkˈspoʊzd tɪ ˈdʊrɪŋ ɪts həz ə ˈpɑzətɪv ˌkɔrəˈleɪʃən ˈrɛlətɪv tɪ ðə haɪt əv ðə plænt æt fʊl ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋ ðə ˈlɛvəlz əv ˌɪnɔrˈgænɪk ˈfɑsfərəs æt ɔl ˈdoʊsɪz ˌɪnkrəˈmɛntəˌli ˌɪnˈkrisɪz ðə haɪt əv ðə plænt. ðəs, ðə ˈsizənəl ˈʧeɪnʤɪz ɪn ˈfɑsfərəs sɔɪl ˈkɑntɛnt ɛz wɛl ɛz ˈpɪriədz əv draʊt ðət ər noʊn tɪ bi ə ˈneɪtɪv ˌkɛrɪktərˈɪstɪk əv ðə draɪ ˈriʤən wɛr ðə ɪz moʊst ˈkɑmənli ˈkəltəˌveɪtɪd hæv ə strɔŋ ˈifɛkt ɔn ðə groʊθ əv ðə plænt ˌɪtˈsɛlf. plænt jild ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ əˈfɛktɪd baɪ ə ˌkɑmbəˈneɪʃən əv ˈfɑsfərəs nuˈtrɪʃən ənd ˈwɔtər səˈplaɪ, rɪˈzəltɪŋ ɪn ə 12 ˌɪnˈkris ɪn jild əv ðə ˈnaɪtrəʤən nuˈtrɪʃən ɪz əˈnəðər ˈfæktər ðət əˈfɛkts ðə jild əv, ˌɔlˈðoʊ ðə ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən ˌɪtˈsɛlf ˈdɪfərz frəm ˈəðər pərˈɛniəl krɑps wɪθ rɪˈgɑrdz tɪ ðə ˈlɛvəlz ədˈmɪnɪstərd ɔn ðə plænt. haɪ ˈdoʊsɪz əv ˈnaɪtrəʤən ˌɪnˈhɪbət ðə jild əv ðə draʊt strɛs ɪz ə ˈlaɪkli ˈfæktər ðət ˈɔlsoʊ ˌɪnˈhɪbəts ðə ˈəpˌteɪk əv ˈnaɪtrəʤən ənd ˈsəbsəkwənt fɪkˈseɪʃən ɪn ðə ruts əv. ðə groʊθ əv ðə pərˈɛniəl ɪz dɪˈpɛndənt ɔn ðə ˈbæləns bɪtˈwin ˈnaɪtrəʤən fɪkˈseɪʃən ənd əˌsɪməˈleɪʃən ðət ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ ˌkɛrɪktərˈɪstɪk əv ˈmɛni ˈəðər ˌægrɪˈkəlʧərəl plænt taɪps. ðə ˈɪnfluəns əv draʊt strɛs, soʊɪŋ deɪt, ənd ˈmɪnərəl ˈnaɪtrəʤən səˈplaɪ ɔl hæv ən ˈifɛkt ɔn ðə jild ənd saɪz əv ðə plænt, wɪθ traɪəlz ʃoʊɪŋ ðət ˈdɪfərd frəm ˈəðər plænt ˈspiʃiz ɪn ɪts kəˈpæsɪti tɪ əˈsɪməˌleɪt ˈmɪnərəl ˈnaɪtrəʤən səˈplaɪ frəm sɔɪl ˈdʊrɪŋ draʊt əˈdɪʃənəl ˈmɪnərəlz ənd meɪk ðə əbˈzɔrpʃən ˈprɔˌsɛs əv ˈnaɪtrəʤən ənd ˈfɑsfərəs mɔr əˈveɪləbəl. ˌɪnɔrˈgænɪk ˈfɑsfeɪt aɪɑnz ər ˈʤɛnərəli əˈtræktəd təˈwɔrdz ʧɑrʤd ˈmɪnərəlz səʧ ɛz aɪərn ənd ˌæˈljumɪnəm əˈdɪʃəˌnəli, groʊθ ənd jild ər ˈɔlsoʊ ˈlɪmɪtɪd baɪ zɪŋk ənd ˈbɔˌrɑn dɪˈfɪʃənsiz ɪn ðə sɔɪl. sɔɪl rɪˈzəltɪd ɪn ən ˌɪnˈkris əv jild ənd saɪz, waɪl sɔɪl ˌfərtəlɪˈzeɪʃən wɪθ zɪŋk simd tɪ hæv noʊ əˈpɛrənt ˈifɛkt ɔn ðə ˈpæθəʤənz ˈɛdət ˈpæθəʤənz ɪn ər ðə meɪn kɔz fər jild lɔs (əp tɪ 90 wən ɪgˈzæmpəl ɪz ðə ˈfəŋgəs f.sp., ˈprɛzənt ɪn moʊst əv ðə ˈmeɪʤər pəls ˈɛriəz ənd ˈkɔzɪŋ ˈrɛgjələr jild ˈdæmɪʤɪz bɪtˈwin 10 ənd frəm 1978 ənˈtɪl 1995 ðə ˈwərldˈwaɪd ˈnəmbər əv ˈpæθəʤənz ˌɪnˈkrist frəm 49 tɪ 172 əv wɪʧ 35 hæv bɪn rɪˈkɔrdɪd ɪn ˈɪndiə. ðiz ˈpæθəʤənz ərˈɪʤəˌneɪt frəm ðə grups əv bækˈtɪriə, ˈfənʤaɪ, ˈvaɪrəsɪz, ənd ˈnɛməˌtoʊdz ənd ʃoʊ ə haɪ ˌvɛriˈeɪʃən. ðə moʊst ˈwaɪdli dɪˈstrɪbjətəd ˈpæθəʤənz ər 35 ˈkəntriz), f.sp. 32 ˈkəntriz) 25 ˈkəntriz), bin ˈvaɪrəs 23 ˈkəntriz), ənd 21 dɪˈziz ˈimərʤəns ɪz ˈfeɪvərd baɪ wɛt ˈwɛðər; spɔrz ər ˈkɛrid tɪ nu plænts baɪ wɪnd ənd ˈwɔtər ðə stægˈneɪʃən əv jild ˌɪmˈpruvmənt ˈoʊvər ðə læst ˈdɛkeɪdz ɪz lɪŋkt tɪ ðə səˌsɛptəˈbɪləti tɪ ˈrisərʧ fər jild ˌɪmˈpruvmənt, səʧ ɛz ən əˈtɛmpt tɪ ˌɪnˈkris jild frəm tɪ tənz pər ˈhɛkˌtɑr baɪ ˈbridɪŋ vərˈaɪətiz, ɪz ˈɔlˌweɪz lɪŋkt wɪθ ˈbridɪŋ ɛz ˈpæθəʤənz səʧ ɛz ənd ɛf. oʊ. f.sp. flərɪʃ ɪn kənˈdɪʃənz səʧ ɛz koʊld ˈtɛmpərəʧər. ˈrisərʧ ˈstɑrtɪd səˈlɛktɪŋ ʤinz fər ˈpæθəʤən rɪˈzɪstəns ənd ˈəðər treɪts θru səˈlɛkʃən. ðə juz əv ðɪs ˈmɛθəd ɪz ə ˈprɑməsɪŋ saɪn fər ðə fˈjuʧər tɪ əˈʧiv sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt jild si ˈɔlsoʊ ˈɛdət
chickpeas two varieties of chickpea: the larger light tan kabuli and variously coloured desi chickpea. they are green when picked early and vary through tan or beige, speckled, dark brown to black. 75% of world production is of the smaller desi type. the larger garbanzo bean or hoummus was introduced into india in the 18th century. sprouted chickpea scientific classification kingdom: plantae clade: angiosperms clade: eudicots clade: rosids order: fabales family: fabaceae genus: cicer species: c. arietinum binomial name cicer arietinum l. synonyms[1] cicer album hort. cicer arientinium l. [spelling variant] cicer arientinum l. [spelling variant] cicer edessanum bornm. cicer grossum salisb. cicer nigrum hort. cicer physodes rchb. cicer rotundum alef. cicer sativum schkuhr cicer sintenisii bornm. ononis crotalarioides m.e.jones cicer arietinum noir - mhnt the chickpea or chick pea (cicer arietinum) is an annual legume of the family fabaceae, subfamily faboideae.[2][3] its different types are variously known as gram[4][5] or bengal gram,[5] garbanzo[5] or garbanzo bean, and egyptian pea.[4] chickpea seeds are high in protein. it is one of the earliest cultivated legumes and 7500-year-old remains have been found in the middle east.[6][7] chickpea is a key ingredient in hummus, chana masala, and can be ground into flour and made into falafel. it is also used in salads, soups and stews. the chickpea is important in indian and middle eastern cuisine and in 2016, india produced 64% of the world's total chickpeas.[8] etymology [ edit ] the name "chickpea" traces from 13th century french chiche and cicer, the latin term for "chickpea".[9] the term chich-pease, used in the 1500s, derived from chich, the old french term for chick-pea.[9] the word garbanzo, from an alteration of old spanish arvanço, came first to english as garvance in the 17th century, being gradually anglicized to calavance, though it came to refer to a variety of other beans (cf. calavance). the current form garbanzo comes directly from modern spanish.[10] history [ edit ] domesticated chickpeas have been found in the aceramic levels of jericho (ppnb) along with çayönü in turkey and in neolithic pottery at hacilar, turkey. they were found in the late neolithic (about 3500 bc) at thessaly, kastanas, lerna and dimini, greece. in southern france, mesolithic layers in a cave at l'abeurador, hérault, have yielded wild chickpeas carbon dated to 6790±90 bc.[11] chickpeas are mentioned in charlemagne's capitulare de villis (about 800 ad) as cicer italicum, as grown in each imperial demesne. albertus magnus mentions red, white, and black varieties. nicholas culpeper noted "chick-pease or cicers" are less "windy" than peas and more nourishing. ancient people also associated chickpeas with venus because they were said to offer medical uses such as increasing sperm and milk, provoking menstruation and urine, and helping to treat kidney stones.[12] "white cicers" were thought to be especially strong and helpful.[12] in 1793, ground-roast chickpeas were noted by a german writer as a substitute for coffee in europe.[13] in the first world war, they were grown for this use in some areas of germany.[14] they are still sometimes brewed instead of coffee.[13] lime green chickpeas genome sequencing [ edit ] sequencing of the chickpea genome has been completed for 90 chickpea genotypes, including several wild species.[15] a collaboration of 20 research organizations, led by the international crops research institute for the semi-arid tropics (icrisat), sequenced cdc frontier, a kabuli chickpea variety, and identified more than 28,000 genes and several million genetic markers.[16] geographic cultivation [ edit ] flowering and fruiting chickpea plant chickpea pods black chickpeas the plant grows to 20–50 cm (8–20 in) high and has small, feathery leaves on either side of the stem. chickpeas are a type of pulse, with one seedpod containing two or three peas. it has white flowers with blue, violet, or pink veins. several varieties of chickpea are cultivated throughout the world. desi chana closely resembles both seeds found on archaeological sites and the wild plant ancestor of domesticated chickpeas, cicer reticulatum, which only grows in southeast turkey, where chickpeas are believed to have originated. desi chana has small, darker seeds and a rough coat. they are grown mostly in pakistan, india and other parts of south asia, as well as in ethiopia, mexico, and iran.[17] desi means 'country' or 'native' in hindustani; its other names include kala chana ("black chickpea" in both hindi and urdu) or chholaa boot. desi chana can be black, green or speckled. this variety is hulled and split to make chana dal. garbanzo beans or 'kabuli' chana are lighter-coloured, larger, and with a smoother coat, and are mainly grown in the mediterranean, southern europe, northern africa, south america, and south asia.[17] the name means "from kabul" in hindi and urdu, and this variety was thought to come from kabul, afghanistan when it was introduced to india in the 18th century.[18] an uncommon black chickpea, ceci neri, is grown only in apulia, in southeastern italy. it is around the same size as garbanzo beans, being both larger and darker than the 'desi' variety. uses [ edit ] culinary [ edit ] chana dal, split bengal gram chickpeas are usually rapidly boiled for 10 minutes and then simmered for a longer period. dried chickpeas need a long cooking time (1–2 hours) but will easily fall apart when cooked longer. if soaked for 12–24 hours before use, cooking time can be shortened by around 30 minutes. chickpeas can also be pressure cooked or sous vide cooked at 90 °c (194 °f). mature chickpeas can be cooked and eaten cold in salads, cooked in stews, ground into flour, ground and shaped in balls and fried as falafel, made into a batter and baked to make farinata or cecina, or fried to make panelle. chickpea flour is known as gram flour or besan in south asia and used frequently in south asian cuisine. chickpeas are popular in the iberian peninsula. in portugal, they are one of the main ingredients in rancho, eaten with pasta and meat, including portuguese sausages, or with rice. they are used in other hot dishes with bacalhau and in soup. in spain, they are used cold in tapas and salads, as well as in cocido madrileño. in italy, chickpeas are eaten with pasta or in soup. in southern italy, chickpea flour is made into a batter for panelle, a sort of crepe. in egypt, chickpeas are used as a topping for kushari. ḥummuṣ is the arabic word for chickpeas, which are often cooked and ground into a paste and mixed with ṭaḥīna (sesame seed paste), the blend called ḥummuṣ bi ṭaḥīna. chickpeas are roasted, spiced, and eaten as a snack, such as leblebi. by the end of the 20th century, hummus had become commonplace in american cuisine.[19] by 2010, 5% of americans consumed hummus on a regular basis,[19] and it was present in 17% of american households.[20] chickpeas and bengal grams are used to make curries and are one of the most popular vegetarian foods in south asia and in diaspora communities of many other countries served with variety of breads or steamed rice. popular dishes in indian cuisine are made with chickpea flour, such as mirchi bada and mirapakaya bajji. in india, as well as in the levant, unripe chickpeas are often picked out of the pod and eaten as a raw snack and the leaves are eaten as a leaf vegetable in salads. in india, desserts such as besan halwa and sweets such as besan barfi are made.[21] chickpea flour is used to make "burmese tofu" which was first known among the shan people of burma. in south asian cuisine the chickpea flour (besan) is used as a batter to coat vegetables before deep frying to make pakoras. the flour is also used as a batter to coat vegetables and meats before frying, or fried alone such as panelle (little bread), a chickpea fritter from sicily. chickpea flour is used to make the mediterranean flatbread socca and called panisse in provence, southern france. it is made of cooked chickpea flour, poured into saucers, allowed to set, cut in strips, and fried in olive oil, often eaten during lent. in tuscany chickpea flour (farina di ceci) is used to make an oven baked pancake: the flour is mixed with water, oil and salt. chickpea flour known as kadlehittu in kannada is used for making sweet dish mysorepak. in the philippines, chickpeas preserved in syrup are eaten as sweets and in desserts such as halo-halo. jews from ashkenazi countries traditionally serve whole chickpeas at a shalom zachar celebration for baby boys. guasanas or garbanza is a mexican chickpea street snack. the beans, while still green, are cooked in water and salt, kept in a steamer to maintain their humidity, and served in a plastic bag. a chickpea-derived liquid (aquafaba) can be used as an egg white replacement to make meringue. animal feed [ edit ] chickpeas serve as an energy and protein source as animal feed.[22] raw chickpeas have a lower trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor content than peas, common beans, and soybeans. this leads to higher nutrition values and fewer digestive problems in nonruminants. nonruminant diets can be completed with 200 g/kg of raw chickpeas to promote egg production and growth of birds and pigs. higher amounts can be used when chickpeas are treated with heat.[22] experiments have shown that ruminants grow equally well and produce an equal amount and quality of milk when soybean or cereal meals are replaced with chickpeas. pigs show the same performance, but growing pigs experience a negative effect of raw chickpea feed; extruded chickpeas can increase performance even in growing pigs. in poultry diet experiments with untreated chickpeas, only young broilers (starting period) showed worse performance. fish performed equally well when their soybean or cereal diet was replaced by extruded chickpeas.[22] chickpea seeds have also been used in rabbit diets.[17] secondary components of legumes — such as lecithin, polyphenols, oligosaccharides, and amylase, protease, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors — can lead to lower nutrient availability, thus to negative effects in growth and health of animals (especially in nonruminants). ruminants have generally less problems to digest legumes with secondary components, since they can inactivate them in the rumen liquor. their diets can be supplemented by 300 g/kg or more raw chickpea seeds.[22] however, protein digestibility and energy availability can be improved through treatments, such as germination, dehulling, and heat. extrusion is a very good heat technique to destroy secondary components in legumes, since the proteins are irreversibly denatured. overprocessing may decrease the nutritional value; extrusion leads to losses in minerals and vitamins, while dry heating does not change the chemical composition.[22] nutrition [ edit ] chickpeas are a nutrient-dense food, providing rich content (20% or higher of the daily value, dv) of protein, dietary fibre, folate, and certain dietary minerals, such as iron and phosphorus per 100 grams.[23][24] thiamin, vitamin b 6 , magnesium, and zinc contents are moderate, providing 10–16% of the dv. compared to reference levels established by the united nations food and agriculture organization and world health organization,[23] proteins in cooked and germinated chickpeas are rich in essential amino acids such as lysine, isoleucine, tryptophan, and total aromatic amino acids.[25] a 100 g serving of cooked chickpeas provides 164 kilocalories (690 kj). cooked chickpeas are 60% water, 27% carbohydrates, 9% protein and 3% fat (table).[22][23] 75% of lipid content is unsaturated fatty acids for which linoleic acid comprises 43% of total fat.[26] effects of cooking [ edit ] cooking treatments do not lead to variance in total protein and carbohydrate content. soaking and cooking of dry seeds possibly induces chemical modification of protein-fibre complexes, which leads to an increase in crude fibre content. thus, cooking can increase protein quality by inactivating or destroying heat-labile antinutritional factors. cooking also increases protein digestibility, essential amino acid index, and protein efficiency ratio. although cooking lowers concentrations of amino acids such as tryptophan, lysine, total aromatic, and sulphur-containing amino acids, their contents are still higher than proposed by the fao/who reference. diffusion of reducing sugars, raffinose, sucrose and others into cooking water reduces or completely removes these components. cooking also significantly reduces fat and mineral contents. the b vitamins riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, and pyridoxine dissolve into cooking water at differing rates.[23] germination [ edit ] germination of chickpeas improves protein digestibility, although at a lower level than cooking. germination degrades proteins to simple peptides, so improves crude protein, nonprotein nitrogen, and crude fiber content. germination decreases lysine, tryptophan, sulphur and total aromatic amino acids, but most contents are still higher than proposed by the fao/who reference pattern.[23] oligosaccharides, such as stachyose and raffinose, are reduced in higher amounts during germination than during cooking. minerals and b vitamins are retained more effectively during germination than with cooking. phytic acids are reduced significantly, but trypsin inhibitor, tannin, and saponin reduction is less effective than cooking.[23] autoclaving, microwave cooking, boiling [ edit ] protein digestibility is improved by all treatments of cooking. essential amino acids are slightly increased by boiling and microwave cooking when compared to autoclaving and germination. overall, microwave cooking leads to a significantly lower loss of nutrients compared to autoclaving and boiling. finally, all treatments lead to an improved protein digestibility, protein efficiency ratio, and essential amino acid index. microwave cooking seems to be an effective method to prepare chickpeas because of its improvement of nutritional values and its lower cooking time.[23] leaves [ edit ] in some parts of the world, young chickpea leaves are consumed as cooked green vegetables. especially in malnourished populations, it can supplement important dietary nutrients, because regions where chickpeas are consumed have been sometimes found to have populations lacking micronutrients.[27] chickpea leaves have a significantly higher mineral content than either cabbage leaves or spinach leaves.[27] in natural settings, environmental factors and nutrient availability could influence mineral concentrations. nevertheless, consumption of chickpea leaves is recommended for areas where chickpeas are produced as food for humans.[27] preliminary research shows that chickpea consumption may lower blood cholesterol.[28][29] production [ edit ] in 2016, world production of chickpeas was 12.1 million tonnes, led by india alone with 64% of the global total (table).[8] chickpea production from 1961 to 2013 cicer arietinum heat and micronutrient cultivation [ edit ] agricultural yield for chickpea is often based on genetic and phenotypic variability which has recently been influenced by artificial selection.[30] the uptake of micronutrients such as inorganic phosphorus or nitrogen is vital to the plant development of cicer arietinum, commonly known as the perennial chickpea.[31] heat cultivation and micronutrient coupling are two relatively unknown methods that are used to increase the yield and size of the chickpea. recent research has indicated that a combination of heat treatment along with the two vital micronutrients, phosphorus and nitrogen, are the most critical components to increasing the overall yield of cicer arietinum.[31] perennial chickpeas are a fundamental source of nutrition in animal feed as they are high sources of energy and protein for livestock. unlike other food crops, the perennial chickpea shows a remarkable capacity to change its nutritional content in response to heat cultivation. treating the chickpea with a constant heat source increases its protein content almost threefold.[31] consequently, the impact of heat cultivation not only affects the protein content of the chickpea itself, but the ecosystem that it supports as well. increasing the height and size of chickpea plants involves using micronutrient fertilization with varying doses of inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen.[32] the level of phosphorus that a chickpea seed is exposed to during its lifecycle has a positive correlation relative to the height of the plant at full maturity.[32] increasing the levels of inorganic phosphorus at all doses incrementally increases the height of the chickpea plant. thus, the seasonal changes in phosphorus soil content as well as periods of drought that are known to be a native characteristic of the dry middle-eastern region where the chickpea is most commonly cultivated have a strong effect on the growth of the plant itself. plant yield is also affected by a combination of phosphorus nutrition and water supply, resulting in a 12% increase in yield of the crop.[32] nitrogen nutrition is another factor that affects the yield of cicer arietinum, although the application itself differs from other perennial crops with regards to the levels administered on the plant. high doses of nitrogen inhibit the yield of the chickpea plant.[33] drought stress is a likely factor that also inhibits the uptake of nitrogen and subsequent fixation in the roots of cicer arietinum. the growth of the perennial chickpea is dependent on the balance between nitrogen fixation and assimilation that is also characteristic of many other agricultural plant types. the influence of drought stress, sowing date, and mineral nitrogen supply all have an effect on the yield and size of the plant, with trials showing that cicer arietinum differed from other plant species in its capacity to assimilate mineral nitrogen supply from soil during drought stress.[33] additional minerals and micronutrients make the absorption process of nitrogen and phosphorus more available. inorganic phosphate ions are generally attracted towards charged minerals such as iron and aluminium oxides.[34] additionally, growth and yield are also limited by zinc and boron deficiencies in the soil. boron-rich soil resulted in an increase of chickpea yield and size, while soil fertilization with zinc seemed to have no apparent effect on the chickpea yield.[35] pathogens [ edit ] pathogens in chickpeas are the main cause for yield loss (up to 90%). one example is the fungus fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris, present in most of the major pulse crop-growing areas and causing regular yield damages between 10 and 15%.[36] from 1978 until 1995, the worldwide number of pathogens increased from 49 to 172, of which 35 have been recorded in india. these pathogens originate from the groups of bacteria, fungi, viruses, mycoplasma and nematodes and show a high genotypic variation. the most widely distributed pathogens are ascochyta rabiei (35 countries), fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris (32 countries) uromyces ciceris-arietini (25 countries), bean leafroll virus (23 countries), and macrophomina phaseolina (21 countries).[37] ascochyta disease emergence is favored by wet weather; spores are carried to new plants by wind and water splash.[38] the stagnation of yield improvement over the last decades is linked to the susceptibility to pathogens.[39] research for yield improvement, such as an attempt to increase yield from 0.8 to 2.0 tons per hectare by breeding cold-resistant varieties, is always linked with pathogen-resistance breeding as pathogens such as ascochyta rabiei and f. o. f.sp. ciceris flourish in conditions such as cold temperature. research started selecting favourable genes for pathogen resistance and other traits through marker-assisted selection. the use of this method is a promising sign for the future to achieve significant yield improvements.[40] see also [ edit ]	ju noʊ spərɪŋ ˈtreɪnɪŋ ɪz ˈkəmɪŋ sun, bɪˈkəz kiθ lɔ həz ˈstɑrtɪd ˈræŋkɪŋ ˈprɑspɛkts ˈoʊvər æt espn. waɪl spɪˈsɪfɪk ˈprɑspɛkts ˈhævənt bɪn ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzd fər ɑr kənˈsəmʃən ʤɪst jɛt, lɔ kɪkt ɔf hɪz ˈprɑspɛkt wik wɪθ ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃənəl ˈræŋkɪŋz. dɪˈspaɪt ˈtreɪdɪŋ əˈweɪ mɑnˈwɛl ˈmɑrgoʊ ənd ˌhɑviˈɛr gˈwɛrə, dɪˈspaɪt prəˈmoʊtɪŋ ɛdˈwɑrdoʊ rɑˈdrigɛz, ˈhɛnri oʊənz, ənd bleɪk sˈwɪhɑrt ɪn 2015 ðə rɛd sɑks ər stɪl ə fɑrm ˈsɪstəm əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ lɔ. ðeɪ ræŋk 10th, soʊ ʤɪst ˈbɛrli, bət ðæts stɪl ˈbɛtər ðən 20 ˈəðər timz. ənd ðoʊz 20 ˈəðərz doʊnt hæv ðət ˈtriˌoʊ əv 2015 ˈdeɪbjuz, nɔr du ðeɪ hæv bɛts ənd. lɔ dɪˈskraɪbz ðə sɑks ˈsɪstəm ɛz "ˈdɛsəˌmeɪtɪd baɪ pərˈmoʊʃənz" ənd ðæts hɪˈlɛriəs. nɑt ɪn ðə sɛns hɪz dɪˈskrɪpʃən ɪz rɔŋ mɔr soʊ bɪˈkəz əv ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ju rɛd ɪn ðə ˈpriviəs ˈpɛrəˌgræf. ðə sɑks hæv ˈteɪkən ə hɪt ɪn ðə ˈprɑspɛkt ˈræŋkɪŋz, jɛs, bət faɪnd ə ˈbɛtər lɪst. wɪl weɪt. ɪn keɪs juv fərˈgɑtən wət ˈbɔstənz lʊks laɪk, ðɪs ɪz maɪ ˌɪnˌtərprɪˈteɪʃən: bɛts moʊnˈkɑdə ɛdˈwɑrdoʊ rɑˈdrigɛz bleɪk sˈwɪhɑrt ˈændru ˌrɑfaɪˈɛl ˈdɛvərz ˈændərsən eɪspiˈnoʊzə ˈhɛnri oʊənz ˈmaɪkəl ˈprɪti, ˈprɪti gʊd. swɑp ðə neɪmz əraʊnd ə bɪt ɪf ju wɔnt, bət ɪts ðoʊz 10 ənd ðɛr ə ˈspɛʃəl grup. lɔ spəˈsɪfɪkli saɪts ˈbɔstənz ˈsaɪnɪŋz ɔn ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˈmɑrkɪt θɪŋk moʊnˈkɑdə, ˈændərsən eɪspiˈnoʊzə, ənd ˌrɑfaɪˈɛl ˈdɛvərz fər spɪˈsɪfɪks ɛz wɛl ɛz ðə ˈdræftɪŋ əv ˈændru, hu, pər lɔ, ʃoʊd hɪz læst ˈsizən æt ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ˈɑrkənˌsɑ "ˈwəzənt ʤɪst ə fluk" ɛz ðə ˈrizənz ðət ðə sɑks stɪl rɪˈmeɪn ðɪs haɪ ɪn spaɪt əv pərˈmoʊʃənz ənd ðə kreɪg ˈkɪmbrəl treɪd. waɪl gˈwɛrə ənd ˈmɑrgoʊ ər gɔn, ju kən stɪl θæŋk ˈbɔstənz dɪˌvɛləpˈmɛnəl ˈproʊˌgræm fər aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪɪŋ ənd prəˈdusɪŋ ðɛm ɪn səʧ ə weɪ ðət ðeɪ brɔt bæk ˈkɪmbrəl, tu. ðə sɑks ər ɪn ə gʊd spɑt ɪn ðɪs rɪˈgɑrd, ənd wɪθ ˈɛni lək, ðə ˈstændɪŋz wɪl rɪˈflɛkt ɛz məʧ ˈʃɔrtli. lɔ wɪl ˈɔlsoʊ bi riˈlisɪŋ hɪz ˈprɑspɛkts lɪst wɪʧ həz fɔr rɛd sɑks ɔn ɪt, ənd wi kən ˈprɑbəˌbli gɛs ðə hu bət nɑt ðə wɛr raɪt naʊ ɛz wɛl ɛz ʤɪst mɪst ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən ɔn ˈfraɪˌdeɪ. ˈhoʊpfəli, ˈmaɪkəl ɪz ɪn ðət ʤɪst mɪst dɪˈskəʃən, bət wɪl noʊ sun ɪˈnəf.
you know spring training is coming soon, because keith law has started ranking prospects over at espn. while specific prospects haven't been organized for our consumption just yet, law kicked off his prospect week with organizational rankings. despite trading away manuel margot and javier guerra, despite promoting eduardo rodriguez, henry owens, and blake swihart in 2015, the red sox are still a top-10 farm system according to law. they rank 10th, so just barely, but that's still better than 20 other teams. and those 20 others don't have that trio of 2015 debuts, nor do they have mookie betts and xander bogaerts. law describes the sox system as "decimated by promotions" and that's hilarious. not in the sense his description is wrong -- more so because of everything you read in the previous paragraph. the sox have taken a hit in the prospect rankings, yes, but find a better top-10 under-25 list. we'll wait. in case you've forgotten what boston's looks like, this is my interpretation: xander bogaerts mookie betts yoan moncada eduardo rodriguez blake swihart andrew benintendi rafael devers anderson espinoza henry owens michael kopech pretty, pretty good. swap the names around a bit if you want, but it's those 10, and they're a special group. law specifically cites boston's signings on the international market -- think yoan moncada, anderson espinoza, and rafael devers for specifics -- as well as the drafting of andrew benintendi, who, per law, showed his last season at the university of arkansas "wasn't just a four-month fluke" as the reasons that the sox still remain this high in spite of promotions and the craig kimbrel trade. while guerra and margot are gone, you can still thank boston's developmental program for identifying and producing them in such a way that they brought back kimbrel, too. the sox are in a good spot in this regard, and with any luck, the standings will reflect as much shortly. law will also be releasing his top-100 prospects list -- which has four red sox on it, and we can probably guess the who but not the where right now -- as well as just missed explanation on friday. hopefully, michael kopech is in that just missed discussion, but we'll know soon enough.	ðə aɪˈdiə əv ðə ˈɛpɪk ˈθiətər ˈmɛrəˌθɑn ˈɪzənt nu bət ɪt ˈreɪzɪz ˈfæsəˌneɪtɪŋ kˈwɛsʧənz əˈbaʊt haʊ məʧ ən ˈɔdiəns ɪz priˈpɛrd tɪ pʊt əp wɪθ ɪn tɑm ðə ril ˌɪnˈspɛktər haʊnd 1968 wɪʧ dɪˈpɪkts ðə prɛs naɪt əv ə spuf ˈmərdər ˈmɪstəri, wən əv ðə rivˈjuərz kənˈfaɪdz tɪ əˈnəðər ˌbiˈfɔr ðə pərˈfɔrməns bɪˈgɪnz: "mi ənd ðə lædz hæv hæd ə ˈmitɪŋ ɪn ðə bɑr ənd ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd ɪts ˌfərstˈklæs ˈfæməli ˌɛnərˈteɪnmənt bət, ɪf ɪt goʊz ɔn bɪɔnd tɛn, ɪts self-indulgent." ðɪs ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ ə ˈkɑmən vju əˈməŋ ˈθiətər prəˈfɛʃənəlz ðət ˈdrɑmə ˈkrɪtɪks kənˈspaɪər ɛz ə pæk, bət ˈɔlsoʊ ˈtəʧɪz ɔn ə ˈʤɛnjuˌaɪn truθ əˈbaʊt ənd, mɔr ˈʤɛnərəli, theatre-going. rəˈgɑrdləs əv wət əˈplaɪz ɪn ˈəðər ˈɛriəz əv laɪf, lɛŋθ ˈdɛfənətli dɪz ˈmætər ɪn ˈθiətər. ðə ˈdʊˈreɪʃən əv ə pleɪ ɪz sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt tɪ ˈkrɪtɪks bɪˈkəz ðeɪ ər ˈwərkɪŋ tɪ ə ˈdɛˌdlaɪn: ˌɔlˈðoʊ prɪnt ɪˈdɪʃənz əv moʊst ˈtaɪtəlz kənˈteɪn fjuər ˈoʊvərˈnaɪt (faɪld æt ˈkərtən daʊn) rəvˈjuz ðən juzd tɪ bi ðə keɪs, blɔgz ənd ˈwɛbˌsaɪts hæv kriˈeɪtɪd ə nu ˈmɑrkɪt fər ˈræpɪd ˈvərdɪkts. bət ɪts ˈɔlsoʊ əv kənˈsərn tɪ ˈɔdiənsəz, nɑt ˈoʊnli bɪˈkəz əv ˈtrænspɔrt kəˈnɛkʃənz ənd ərˈeɪnʤmənts bət bɪˈkəz lɪv ˈdrɑmə ɪz ən ɑrt fɔrm ðət dɪˈmændz ˌɪnˈtɛns ˌkɑnsənˈtreɪʃən ɪn ə dɑrk wɔrm speɪs æt ðə ɛnd əv wət ɪz fər ˈmɛni ˈpipəl ə ˈwərkɪŋ deɪ. aɪ kənˈfɛs tɪ ˈhævɪŋ blɪŋkt ɪn əˈlɑrm æt ðə klɑks ɔn ðə bɑks ˈɔfəs wɔlz æt ðə ˈnæʃənəl ˈθiətər, wɪʧ ʃoʊ ðə stɑrt ənd ˈfɪnɪʃ taɪmz əv pleɪz, ˈsəmˌtaɪmz ˈmɛnəli ˈwɪlɪŋ bæk ðə aʊər hænd əv ðə ˈsɛkənd tɪ ðə ˈpriviəs nɑʧ. soʊ læst wiks ˈoʊpənɪŋ əv gæts æt ˈləndənz noʊɛl kaʊərd ˈθiətər kən bi sin ɛz ə ˈgæmbəl. ðɪs pərˈdəkʃən əv ɛf skɑt fɪtsˈʤɛrəldz ðə greɪt ˈgætsbi, ˈtrænsfərd frəm əˈmɛrɪkə, stɑrts æt ənd rənz ənˈtɪl 10.30pm, ˌɔlˈðoʊ ðɛr ɪz "ˈoʊnli" sɪks ənd ə kˈwɔrtər aʊərz əv pərˈfɔrməns, ðə rɛst biɪŋ ˈɪntərvəlz bɪtˈwin ðə fɔr ækts. bət, waɪl əˈtɛndəns æt gæts rikˈwaɪərz ˈflɛksəbəl ˈdaɪəriz ənd rɪˈlaɪəbəl ˈblædərz, ðə pərˈdəkʃən ʃʊd ˈbɛnəfɪt frəm wət aɪd ˈɑrgju ɪz ə ˈkjʊriəs rul əv θiˈætrɪkəl ˈrənɪŋ taɪmz. ɪn ðə keɪs əv ˈvɛri ʃɔrt (ˈəndər 90 ˈmɪnəts) ənd ˈvɛri lɔŋ (sɪks aʊərz pləs) ʃoʊz, ðə ˈdʊˈreɪʃən bɪˈkəmz, ɪn ˈmɛni weɪz, ə ˈsɛlɪŋ pɔɪnt; ˈsəmθɪŋ ðət mɑrks aʊt ðə ʃoʊ ɛz ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪŋ ər aʊt əv ðə ˈɔrdəˌnɛri. ɪf ˈɛniˌθɪŋ, ɪts pleɪz ɪn ðə tɪ reɪnʤ ðət poʊz ə ˈprɑbləm. ˌsaɪkəˈlɑʤɪkli, ðɛrz ən ɪgˌzɪlərˈeɪʃən frəm noʊɪŋ ðət wɪl bi hoʊm tɪ si ˈɛdwərdz ˈrɛdɪŋ ðə ˈhɛˌdlaɪnz, ər ən əˈdrɛnələn bust frəm ðə θɔt ðət wi ənd ðə kæst ər biɪŋ æst tɪ wərk fər ə θərd əv ə deɪ ər mɔr. ɪts ðə ˈmɪdəlɪŋ spænz ðə ˈproʊˌgræm noʊt ðət sɪz: "ðɪs pərˈdəkʃən wɪl rən əˈprɑksəmətli θri aʊərz ənd ˈfɔrti faɪv ˈmɪnəts wɪθ wən ˈɪntərvəl" ðət θˈrɛtən eɪks ənd jɔnz. ðə ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən fər ðɪs, aɪ θɪŋk, ɪz ðət ðɛr ɪz ə ˈnæʧərəl ˈjumən ˌfæsəˈneɪʃən wɪθ ðə ˌpɑsəˈbɪlətiz əv ˈstæmənə, boʊθ ɛz ə pɑrˈtɪsəpənt ənd ən əbˈzərvər. ɪts fər ðɪs ˈrizən ðət ˈwɔkɪŋ ənd ˈrənɪŋ ˈmɛrəˌθɑnz ər səʧ ˈpɑpjələr ɪˈvɛnts, ənd waɪ ɪt wɑz pərˈhæps ˌɪˈnɛvətəbəl ðət ˈθiətər wʊd kriˈeɪt ɪkˈwɪvələnts səʧ ɛz gæts, ðə ˈɛpɪk ˈnɪkələs ˈnɪkəlbi ɪn ðə ˈərli aʊərz), ər ðə ˈsɛʃənz æt ðə ˈnæʃənəl ˈθiətər ɪn wɪʧ ˈdeɪvɪd hɛrz ˈtrɪləʤi (ˈreɪsɪŋ ˈdimən, ˈmərmərɪŋ ˈʤəʤɪz, ðə ˈæbsəns əv wɔr) ənd tɑm ðə koʊst əv juˈtoʊpiə ˈtrɪləʤi wər steɪʤd ɪn ˈmɔrnɪŋ, ˌæftərˈnun ənd ˈivnɪŋ pərˈfɔrmənsɪz. aɪ rɪˈmɛmbər boʊθ ðə hɛr ənd ˈmɛrəˌθɑnz ˈɛndɪŋ wɪθ ˈɔdiəns ənd kæst əˈplɔdɪŋ iʧ ˈəðər, ə ˈʤɛsʧər ðət ækˈnɑlɪʤd ðə ˈfɪzɪkəl ənd ˈmɛntəl ˈɛndərəns ðət ər ðə pɔɪnt ənd ˈplɛʒər əv səʧ pərˈdəkʃənz. stɪl, wi wər mɪr ˈsprɪntərz ɪn kəmˈpɛrəsən wɪθ vjuərz əv ðə ˈərli wərk əv kɛn ˈkæmbəl ˈθiətərz moʊst pərˈsɪstənt θif əv taɪm, wɪʧ ˌɪnˈkludɪd ə ˈsteɪʤɪŋ əv nil ðə wɔrp, ɪts lɛŋθ ɪgˈzæsərˌbeɪtɪd baɪ ðə rɪkˈwaɪrmənt fər ˈɔdiənsəz tɪ bi ɔn ðɛr fit fər məʧ əv ðə ˈækʃən. soʊ gæts ɪz ən əˈmɛrɪkən ˈkəzən əv θiˌætrəˈkæləˌti, ˈtɛstɪŋ ðə ˈfɪzɪkəl ˈlɪmɪts əv ðə trænzˈmɪʃən ənd rɪˈsɛpʃən əv ˈdrɑmə. bət, æt ðə ˈəðər ɛnd əv ðə skeɪl, ðɛr həz bɪn ə trɛnd təˈwɔrdz swɪft, pərˈdəkʃənz ðət ˈɔfər ðə ʧæns əv biɪŋ ɔn ðə weɪ hoʊm (ər ɪn ə ˈrɛˌstrɑnt) baɪ 9pm. ðə ɑrt ˈkrɪstəfər ˈhæmptənz əv 1994 pleɪ bɪˈgæn ðɪs ˈfæʃən, ənd ðɛr hæv bɪn ˈmɛni ˈsəbsəkwənt brif ˈivnɪŋz, wɪθ ðə ˈsprɪntər ˈmɑrkɪt ˈkərəntli sərvd baɪ ðə ˈnæʃənəl ˈθiətərz æˈtɪgəni ənd ðə ˈʃɛfild rɛnˈdɪʃən əv bɪˈtreɪəl, boʊθ sərvd əp wɪˈθaʊt ə breɪk fər drɪŋks. ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪŋli, ðə ˈkɑrənt wɛst ɛnd rɪˈvaɪvəl əv ˈjuʤin oʊˈnilz lɔŋ deɪz ˈʤərni ˈɪntu naɪt, ə pleɪ baɪ ə ˈdrɑmətɪst wɪθ ə ˌrɛpjəˈteɪʃən fər expansiveness, ˌɪnˈkludz ɪn ɪts ðə laɪn: aʊərz ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈɪntərvəl." ɛz səm ˈpriviəs pərˈdəkʃənz hæv fər əˈproʊʧɪŋ fɔr aʊərz, ðɪs ɪz ə ˈtrɪbjut tɪ ðə ˈskɪlfəl ˈɛdɪtɪŋ əv dɪˈrɛktər ˈænθɔˌni peɪʤ ənd ðə ˈræpɪd ˈrɪðəm əv ˈæktərz ˈdeɪvɪd ənd ˈlɔri ˈmɛtˌkæf. bət ɪts ˈɔlsoʊ ə ˈkɑmɛnt ɔn ɑr ˈkəlʧər ðət ðə prəˈdusərz fɛlt ðə nid tɪ strɛs ðɪs pɔɪnt, məʧ ɛz, ˈdʊrɪŋ hɑt ˈsəmərz, ˈpleɪˌhaʊsɪz ˈædvərˌtaɪz ðɛr ˈɛrkənˌdɪʃənɪŋ. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ðə ˈaɪrəni əv ðə laɪnz frəm ðə ril ˌɪnˈspɛktər haʊnd, wɪθ wɪʧ aɪ ˈstɑrtɪd ðɪs pis, ɪz ðət ðeɪ əˈpɪr ɪn ə pleɪ ðət rənz fər əraʊnd ən aʊər ənd soʊ həz ˈɔlˌweɪz ˈtrəbəld prəˈdusərz: ɪt ɪz ˈjuʒəwəli pɛrd wɪθ ˈsəmθɪŋ ɛls, ˈiðər ðə ˈkrɪtɪk ər oʊn ˈæftər magritte. ðiz deɪz, ðoʊ, ə wɛst ɛnd ˈmænɪʤmənt maɪt gɪt əˈweɪ wɪθ ˈɔfərɪŋ ˌɪnˈspɛktər haʊnd ɔn ɪts oʊn fər ðə ˈmɑrkɪt ər ɪn ə ˈpækɪʤ əv ɔl ˈʃɔrtər wərk. lɛŋθ sɛlz, ɛz lɔŋ ɛz ðə ˈmɛʒərmənts ər ɪkˈstrim. ðɪs ˈɑrtɪkəl kənˈteɪnz əˈfɪliˌeɪt lɪŋks, wɪʧ minz wi meɪ ərn ə smɔl kəˈmɪʃən ɪf ə ˈridər klɪks θru ənd meɪks ə ˈpərʧəs. ɔl ɑr ˈʤərnəˌlɪzəm ɪz ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt ənd ɪz ɪn noʊ weɪ ˈɪnfluənst baɪ ˈɛni ˈædvərˌtaɪzər ər kəˈmərʃəl ˌɪˈnɪʃətɪv. ðə lɪŋks ər paʊərd baɪ. baɪ ˈklɪkɪŋ ɔn ən əˈfɪliˌeɪt lɪŋk, ju əkˈsɛpt ðət ˈkʊkiz wɪl bi sɛt. mɔr ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən.
the idea of the epic theatre marathon isn't new – but it raises fascinating questions about how much an audience is prepared to put up with in tom stoppard's one-acter the real inspector hound (1968), which depicts the press night of a spoof mousetrap-like murder mystery, one of the reviewers confides to another before the performance begins: "me and the lads have had a meeting in the bar and decided it's first-class family entertainment but, if it goes on beyond half-past ten, it's self-indulgent." this exchange satirises a common view among theatre professionals that drama critics conspire as a pack, but also touches on a genuine truth about theatre-reviewing – and, more generally, theatre-going. regardless of what applies in other areas of life, length definitely does matter in theatre. the duration of a play is significant to critics because they are working to a deadline: although print editions of most titles contain fewer overnight (filed at curtain down) reviews than used to be the case, blogs and websites have created a new market for rapid verdicts. but it's also of concern to audiences, not only because of transport connections and baby-sitting arrangements but because live drama is an art form that demands intense concentration in a dark warm space at the end of what is for many people a working day. i confess to having blinked in alarm at the clocks on the box office walls at the national theatre, which show the start and finish times of plays, sometimes mentally willing back the hour hand of the second to the previous notch. so last week's opening of gatz at london's noel coward theatre can be seen as a gamble. this production of f scott fitzgerald's the great gatsby, transferred from america, starts at 2.30pm and runs until 10.30pm, although there is "only" six and a quarter hours of performance, the rest being intervals between the four acts. but, while attendance at gatz requires flexible diaries and reliable bladders, the production should benefit from what i'd argue is a curious rule of theatrical running times. in the case of very short (under 90 minutes) and very long (six hours plus) shows, the duration becomes, in many ways, a selling point; something that marks out the show as interesting or out of the ordinary. if anything, it's plays in the three-and-a-half to four-hour range that pose a problem. psychologically, there's an exhilaration from knowing that we'll be home to see huw edwards reading the headlines, or an adrenaline boost from the thought that we and the cast are being asked to work for a third of a day or more. it's the middling spans - the programme note that says: "this production will run approximately three hours and forty five minutes with one interval" - that threaten aches and yawns. the explanation for this, i think, is that there is a natural human fascination with the possibilities of stamina, both as a participant and an observer. it's for this reason that walking and running marathons are such popular events, and why it was perhaps inevitable that theatre would create equivalents such as gatz, the rsc's epic nicholas nickleby in the early 80s (eight-and-a-half hours), or the all-day sessions at the national theatre in which david hare's state-of-england trilogy (racing demon, murmuring judges, the absence of war) and tom stoppard's the coast of utopia trilogy were staged in morning, afternoon and evening performances. i remember both the hare and stoppard marathons ending with audience and cast applauding each other, a gesture that acknowledged the physical and mental endurance that are the point and pleasure of such clock-buster productions. still, we were mere sprinters in comparison with viewers of the early work of ken campbell (1941-2008), theatre's most persistent thief of time, which included a 22-hour staging of neil oram's the warp, its length exacerbated by the requirement for audiences to be on their feet for much of the action. so gatz is an american cousin of campbellesque theatricality, testing the physical limits of the transmission and reception of drama. but, at the other end of the scale, there has been a trend towards swift, interval-free productions that offer ticket-buyers the chance of being on the way home (or in a restaurant) by 9pm. the 90-minute art – christopher hampton's anglicisation of yasmina reza's 1994 play – began this fashion, and there have been many subsequent brief evenings, with the sprinter market currently served by the national theatre's 100-minute antigone and the sheffield crucible's 80-minute rendition of pinter's betrayal, both served up without a break for drinks. interestingly, the current west end revival of eugene o'neill's long day's journey into night, a play by a dramatist with a reputation for expansiveness, includes in its adverts the line: "two-and-a-half hours including interval." as some previous productions have for approaching four hours, this is a tribute to the skillful editing of director anthony page and the rapid rhythm of actors david suchet and laurie metcalf. but it's also a comment on our time-conscious culture that the producers felt the need to stress this point, much as, during hot summers, playhouses advertise their air-conditioning. however, the irony of the lines from the real inspector hound, with which i started this piece, is that they appear in a play that runs for around an hour and so has always troubled producers: it is usually paired with something else, either sheridan's the critic or stoppard's own after magritte. these days, though, a west end management might get away with offering inspector hound on its own for the short-form market or in a seven-hour package of all stoppard's shorter work. length sells, as long as the measurements are extreme. this article contains affiliate links, which means we may earn a small commission if a reader clicks through and makes a purchase. all our journalism is independent and is in no way influenced by any advertiser or commercial initiative. the links are powered by skimlinks. by clicking on an affiliate link, you accept that skimlinks cookies will be set. more information.	gɪt ðə ˈbɪgəst səˈlɛbz ˈstɔriz baɪ iˈmeɪl səbˈskraɪb θæŋk ju fər səbˈskraɪbɪŋ wi hæv mɔr ˈnuzˌlɛtərz ʃoʊ mi si ɑr ˈpraɪvəsi ˈnoʊtɪs kʊd nɑt səbˈskraɪb, traɪ əˈgɛn ˈleɪtər ˌɪnˈvæləd iˈmeɪl ˈlɪtəl ˈpɪnək wɑz əˈtækt baɪ ə fæn waɪl ˌɛnˈʤɔɪɪŋ ə mil wɪθ frɛndz, ə ˈwɪtnəs həz kleɪmd. ðə gərl bænd stɑr ɪz sɛd tɪ hæv bɪn lɛft ɪn flədz əv tɪrz ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ðə ˈrændəm ˈərli ˈmɔrnɪŋ əˈtæk ɪn ˈləndən. hæd bɪn ˌɛnˈʤɔɪɪŋ ə naɪt aʊt ˌbiˈfɔr ˈhɛdɪŋ tɪ ə ˈleɪtˌnaɪt ˈrɛˌstrɑnt. ɛz ʃi sæt wɪθ frɛndz, ə mæn ɪz sɛd tɪ hæv ˈstɑrtɪd ˌɪnˈsəltɪŋ ðɛr grup. ˈæftər dɪˈfɛndɪd wən əv hər frɛndz, hi ɪz sɛd tɪ hæv ˈʃaʊtɪd æt ðə ˌbiˈfɔr sˈlæpɪŋ hər ɪn ðə feɪs. ˈvɪdioʊ ˈloʊdɪŋ ˈvɪdioʊ ˌənəˈveɪləbəl klɪk tɪ pleɪ tæp tɪ pleɪ ðə ˈvɪdioʊ wɪl stɑrt ɪn 8 ˈkænsəl pleɪ naʊ əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə sən hər frɛndz kɔld pəˈlis hu ðɛn ʃoʊd əp bət ðə mæn hæd ɔˈrɛdi gɔn. ən ˈaɪˈwɪtnəs toʊld ðə ˈnuzˌpeɪpər: kɛpt seɪɪŋ, maɪ ˈgərlˌfrɛnd wɑz hir, ju wʊd boʊθ fil ˈrɪli ˌɪnˈtɪmɪˌdeɪtɪd'. (ˈɪmɪʤ: græm stone/rex/shutterstock) frɛnd goʊɪŋ tɪ lɛt ɪt goʊ. ʃi kɛpt seɪɪŋ aɪ wouldn’t, noʊ aɪ wouldn’t’’. ənd ˈstɑrtɪd goʊɪŋ, aɪ wʊd, ˈmeɪbi aɪ would’’." ðeɪ seɪ hi ðɛn toʊld hər frɛnd tɪ "ʃət əp" ənd rɪˈplaɪd, seɪ ðət tɪ her’’ ər bi rude.’.’" ðə ˈaɪˈwɪtnəs ˈædɪd: "ənd hi wɔkt əraʊnd ðə ˈteɪbəl ənd ˈliənt ˈɪntu hər ənd geɪv hər ə klin slæp ɔn ðə face.”.” wɑz sɛd tɪ hæv bɪn ˌɪˈnɪʃəli ʃɑkt ˌbiˈfɔr ˈbreɪkɪŋ daʊn ɪn flədz əv tɪrz ɛz hər frɛndz ˈkəmfərtɪd hər. (ˈɪmɪʤ: pɑ) frɛnd hæd hər ɑrm raʊnd hər. ʃi lʊkt ə mɛs ənd ʃi wɑz kraɪɪŋ hər aɪz aʊt," ðə ˈɔnˌlʊkər kənˈtɪnjud. ə mɛt ˈspoʊksmən sɛd: wər kɔld ɔn ˈmənˌdeɪ, 28 noʊˈvɛmbər æt əraʊnd aʊərz baɪ ə ˈwʊmən hu ˈsteɪtɪd ðət ə mæn hæd θˈrɛtənd tɪ əˈsɔlt hər ənd hæd əˈsɔltɪd əˈnəðər ˈwʊmən ʃi wɑz wɪθ. ˈsəˌspɛkt meɪd ɔf praɪər tɪ pəˈlis ərˈaɪvəl. ˈɔfɪsərz kənˈdəktəd ə sərʧ əv ðə ˈɛriə ənd dɪd nɑt ˈloʊˌkeɪt ðə suspect.”.” əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ pəˈlis, noʊ ərˈɛsts hæv bɪn meɪd ənd ər ɔn goʊɪŋ. ˈmɪrər səˈlɛbz həz ˈkɑnˌtæktɪd ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnətɪvz fər fər ˈkɑmɛnt.
get the biggest celebs stories by email subscribe thank you for subscribing we have more newsletters show me see our privacy notice could not subscribe, try again later invalid email little mix's leigh-anne pinnock was attacked by a fan while enjoying a meal with friends, a witness has claimed. the girl band star is said to have been left in floods of tears following the random early morning attack in london. leigh-anne had been enjoying a night out before heading to a late-night restaurant. as she sat with friends, a man is said to have started insulting their group. after leigh-anne defended one of her friends, he is said to have shouted at the 25-year-old before slapping her in the face. video loading video unavailable click to play tap to play the video will start in 8 cancel play now according to the sun , her friends called police who then showed up but the man had already gone. an eyewitness told the newspaper: “he kept saying, ‘if my girlfriend was here, you would both feel really intimidated'. (image: graham stone/rex/shutterstock) “leigh-anne’s friend wasn’t going to let it go. she kept saying ‘no i wouldn’t, no i wouldn’t’. and leigh-anne started going, ‘maybe i would, maybe i would’." they say he then told her friend to "shut up" and leigh-anne replied, "'don’t say that to her’ or ‘don’t be rude.’" the eyewitness added: "and he walked around the table and leant into her and gave her a clean slap on the face.” leigh-anne was said to have been initially shocked before breaking down in floods of tears as her friends comforted her. (image: pa) “her friend had her arm round her. she looked a mess and she was crying her eyes out," the onlooker continued. a met spokesman said: “police were called on monday, 28 november at around 04:50 hours by a woman who stated that a man had threatened to assault her and had assaulted another woman she was with. “the suspect made off prior to police arrival. officers conducted a search of the area and did not locate the suspect.” according to police, no arrests have been made and enquiries are on going. mirror celebs has contacted representatives for leigh-anne for comment.	ˈθərdiˌfaɪv jɪrz əˈgoʊ, ˈmɪltən ˈfridmən roʊt ə ˈfeɪməs ˈɑrtɪkəl fər ðə nu jɔrk taɪmz ˈmægəˌzin huz ˈtaɪtəl ˈæptli səmd əp ɪts meɪn pɔɪnt: "ðə ˈsoʊʃəl riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti əv ˈbɪznɪs ɪz tɪ ˌɪnˈkris ɪts ˈprɑfɪts." ðə fˈjuʧər noʊˈbɛl ˈlɔriət ɪn ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks hæd noʊ ˈpeɪʃəns fər ˈkæpətəlɪsts hu kleɪmd ðət "ˈbɪznɪs ɪz nɑt kənˈsərnd 'ˈmɪrli' wɪθ ˈprɑfɪt bət ˈɔlsoʊ wɪθ prəˈmoʊtɪŋ dɪˈzaɪərəbəl 'ˈsoʊʃəl' ɛndz; ðət ˈbɪznɪs həz ə 'ˈsoʊʃəl ˈkɑnʃəns' ənd teɪks ˈsɪriəsli ɪts riˌspɑnsəˈbɪlətiz fər prəˈvaɪdɪŋ ɪmˈplɔɪmənt, ɪˈlɪməˌneɪtɪŋ dɪˌskrɪməˈneɪʃən, əˈvɔɪdɪŋ pəˈluʃən ənd ˌwəˈtɛvər ɛls meɪ bi ðə əv ðə kənˈtɛmpərˌɛri krɑp əv rɪˈfɔrmərz." ˈfridmən, naʊ ə ˈsinjər ˈrisərʧ ˈfɛloʊ æt ðə ˈhuvər ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃən ənd ðə pɔl sˈnoʊdən ˈrəsəl dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃt ˈsərvɪs prəˈfɛsər ɪˈmɛrətəs əv ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks æt ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ, roʊt ðət səʧ ˈpipəl ər "ˈpriʧɪŋ pjʊr ənd ˌənəˈdəltərˌeɪtɪd ˈsoʊʃəˌlɪzəm. ˈbɪznɪsˌmɛn hu tɔk ðɪs weɪ ər ənˈwɪtɪŋ ˈpəpɪts əv ðə ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl ˈfɔrsɪz ðət hæv bɪn ˈəndərˌmaɪnɪŋ ðə ˈbeɪsɪs əv ə fri soʊˈsaɪɪti ðiz pæst ˈdɛkeɪdz." ʤɑn ˈmæki, ðə ˈfaʊndər ənd ˈsiˌiˈoʊ əv hoʊl fudz, ɪz wən ˈbɪznɪsˌmæn hu dɪsəˈgriz wɪθ ˈfridmən. ə ˈɑrdənt ˌlɪˌbərˈtɛˌriən huz ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən ɪz ˈpɛpərd wɪθ ˈrɛfərənsɪz tɪ ˈlədwɪg vɔn ˈmaɪzɪz ənd ˈeɪbrəˌhæm ˈmɑsloʊ, ˈɔstriən ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks ənd əˈstrɑləʤi, ˈmæki bɪˈlivz ˈfridmənz vju ɪz tu ˈnɛroʊ ə dɪˈskrɪpʃən əv hɪz ənd ˈmɛni ˈəðər ˈbɪznɪsɪz' ækˈtɪvɪtiz. ɛz ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt, hi ˈɑrgjuz ðət ˈfridmənz teɪk ˈwoʊfəli ðə ˌjuˌmænəˈtɛriən dɪˈmɛnʃən əv ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm. ɪn ðə dəˈbeɪt ðət ˈfɑloʊz, ˈmæki leɪz aʊt hɪz ˈpərsɪnəl ˈvɪʒən əv ðə ˈsoʊʃəl riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti əv ˈbɪznɪs. ˈfridmən rɪˈspɑndz, ɛz dɪz t.j. ˈrɑʤərz, ðə ˈfaʊndər ənd ˈsiˌiˈoʊ əv ˈsaɪprɪs ˌsɛmɪkənˈdəktər ənd ðə ʧif ˈspoʊksmən əv wət maɪt bi kɔld ðə təf ləv skul əv ˈlɛˌzeɪ fɛr. dəbd "wən əv əˈmɛrɪkəz ˈtəfəst ˈbɔsɪz" baɪ ˈfɔrʧən, ˈrɑʤərz ˈɑrgjuz ðət ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃənz æd fɑr mɔr tɪ soʊˈsaɪɪti baɪ ˈmæksəˌmaɪzɪŋ "ˈlɔŋˈtərm ˈʃɛˌrhoʊldər ˈvælju" ðən ðeɪ du baɪ ˈdoʊˌneɪtɪŋ taɪm ənd ˈməni tɪ ˈʧɛrɪti. ˈrizən ˈɔfərz ðɪs ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ ɛz ðə ˈstɑrtɪŋ pɔɪnt əv ə dɪˈskəʃən ðət ʃʊd bi ˌɪnˈtɛnsli ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt tɪ ɔl ˈdɛvəˈtiz əv fri maɪndz ənd fri ˈmɑrkɪts. ˈkɑmɛnts ʃʊd bi sɛnt tɪ letters@reason.com. ˈpʊtɪŋ ˈkəstəmərz əˈhɛd əv ˌɪnˈvɛstərz ʤɑn ˈmæki ɪn 1970 ˈmɪltən ˈfridmən roʊt ðət "ðɛr ɪz wən ənd ˈoʊnli wən ˈsoʊʃəl riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti əv juz ɪts ˈrisɔrsɪz ənd ɪnˈgeɪʤ ɪn ækˈtɪvɪtiz dɪˈzaɪnd tɪ ˌɪnˈkris ɪts ˈprɑfɪts soʊ lɔŋ ɛz ɪt steɪz wɪˈθɪn ðə rulz əv ðə geɪm, wɪʧ ɪz tɪ seɪ, ɪnˈgeɪʤɪz ɪn ˈoʊpən ənd fri ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən wɪˈθaʊt dɪˈsɛpʃən ər frɔd." ðæts ðə ˈɔrθəˌdɑks vju əˈməŋ fri ˈmɑrkɪt ɪˈkɑnəmɪsts: ðət ðə ˈoʊnli ˈsoʊʃəl riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti ə ˈbɪznɪs həz ɪz tɪ ˈmæksəˌmaɪz ˈprɑfɪts fər ðə ˈʃɛˌrhoʊldərz. aɪ ˈstrɔŋli dɪsəˈgri. əm ə ˈbɪznɪsˌmæn ənd ə fri ˈmɑrkɪt ˌlɪˌbərˈtɛˌriən, bət aɪ bɪˈliv ðət ðə ˌɛnˈlaɪtənd ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃən ʃʊd traɪ tɪ kriˈeɪt ˈvælju fər ɔl əv ɪts kənˈstɪʧuənsiz. frəm ən ˌɪnˈvɛstərz pərˈspɛktɪv, ðə ˈpərpəs əv ðə ˈbɪznɪs ɪz tɪ ˈmæksəˌmaɪz ˈprɑfɪts. bət ðæts nɑt ðə ˈpərpəs fər ˈəðər ˈkəstəmərz, ɪmˈplɔɪiz, səˈplaɪərz, ənd ðə kəmˈjunɪti. iʧ əv ðoʊz grups wɪl dɪˈfaɪn ðə ˈpərpəs əv ðə ˈbɪznɪs ɪn tərmz əv ɪts oʊn nidz ənd dɪˈzaɪərz, ənd iʧ pərˈspɛktɪv ɪz ˈvælɪd ənd ləˈʤɪtəmət. maɪ ˈɑrgjəmənt ʃʊd nɑt bi mɪˈsteɪkən fər ə hɑˈstɪləti tɪ ˈprɑfɪt. aɪ bɪˈliv aɪ noʊ ˈsəmθɪŋ əˈbaʊt kriˈeɪtɪŋ ˈʃɛˌrhoʊldər ˈvælju. wɪn aɪ hoʊl fudz ˈmɑrkɪt 27 jɪrz əˈgoʊ, wi bɪˈgæn wɪθ ɪn ˈkæpɪtəl; wi ˈoʊnli hæd ɪn seɪlz ɑr fərst jɪr. ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə læst 12 mənθs wi hæd seɪlz əv mɔr ðən ˈbɪljən, nɛt ˈprɑfɪts əv mɔr ðən 160 ˈmɪljən, ənd ə ˈmɑrkɪt ˌkæpɪtəlɪˈzeɪʃən ˈoʊvər 8 ˈbɪljən. bət wi hæv nɑt əˈʧivd ɑr trɪˈmɛndəs ˌɪnˈkris ɪn ˈʃɛˌrhoʊldər ˈvælju baɪ ˈmeɪkɪŋ ˈʃɛˌrhoʊldər ˈvælju ðə ˈpraɪˌmɛri ˈpərpəs əv ɑr ˈbɪznɪs. ɪn maɪ ˈmɛrɪʤ, maɪ waɪfs ˈhæpinəs ɪz ən ɛnd ɪn ˌɪtˈsɛlf, nɑt ˈmɪrli ə minz tɪ maɪ oʊn ˈhæpinəs; ləv lidz mi tɪ pʊt maɪ waɪfs ˈhæpinəs fərst, bət ɪn duɪŋ soʊ aɪ ˈɔlsoʊ meɪk ˌmaɪˈsɛlf ˈhæpiər. ˈsɪmələrli, ðə moʊst səkˈsɛsfəl ˈbɪznɪsɪz pʊt ðə ˈkəstəmər fərst, əˈhɛd əv ðə ˌɪnˈvɛstərz. ɪn ðə ˈbɪznɪs, ˈkəstəmər ˈhæpinəs ɪz ˈmɪrli ə minz tɪ ən ɛnd: ˈmæksəˌmaɪzɪŋ ˈprɑfɪts. ɪn ðə ˈbɪznɪs, ˈkəstəmər ˈhæpinəs ɪz ən ɛnd ɪn ˌɪtˈsɛlf, ənd wɪl bi pərˈsud wɪθ ˈgreɪtər ˈɪntəˌrɛst, ˈpæʃən, ənd ˈɛmpəθi ðən ðə ˈbɪznɪs ɪz ˈkeɪpəbəl əv. nɑt ðət wɪr ˈoʊnli kənˈsərnd wɪθ ˈkəstəmərz. æt hoʊl fudz, wi ˈmɛʒər ɑr səkˈsɛs baɪ haʊ məʧ ˈvælju wi kən kriˈeɪt fər ɔl sɪks əv ɑr moʊst ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˈsteɪˌkhoʊldərz: ˈkəstəmərz, tim ˈmɛmbərz (ɪmˈplɔɪiz), ˌɪnˈvɛstərz, ˈvɛndərz, kəmˈjunɪtiz, ənd ðə ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt. ɑr fəˈlɑsəfi ɪz ˈgræfɪkli ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnɪd ɪn ðə ˈɑpəzɪt ˈkɑləm. ðɛr ɪz, əv kɔrs, noʊ ˈmæʤɪkəl ˈfɔrmjələ tɪ ˈkælkjəˌleɪt haʊ məʧ ˈvælju iʧ ˈsteɪˌkhoʊldər ʃʊd rɪˈsiv frəm ðə ˈkəmpəˌni. ɪt ɪz ə daɪˈnæmɪk ˈprɔˌsɛs ðət ɪˈvɑlvz wɪθ ðə kəmˈpɛtɪtɪv ˈmɑrkɪtˌpleɪs. noʊ ˈsteɪˌkhoʊldər rɪˈmeɪnz ˈsætɪsˌfaɪd fər lɔŋ. ɪt ɪz ðə ˈfəŋkʃən əv ˈkəmpəˌni ˈlidərˌʃɪp tɪ dɪˈvɛləp səˈluʃənz ðət kənˈtɪnjuəli wərk fər ðə ˈkɑmən gʊd. ˈmɛni ˈθɪŋkɪŋ ˈpipəl wɪl ˈrɛdəli əkˈsɛpt maɪ ˈɑrgjəmənts ðət ˈkɛrɪŋ əˈbaʊt ˈkəstəmərz ənd ɪmˈplɔɪiz ɪz gʊd ˈbɪznɪs. bət ðeɪ maɪt drɔ ðə laɪn æt bɪˈlivɪŋ ə ˈkəmpəˌni həz ˈɛni riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti tɪ ɪts kəmˈjunɪti ənd ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt. tɪ ˈdoʊˌneɪt taɪm ənd ˈkæpɪtəl tɪ fɪˈlænθrəpi, ðeɪ wɪl ˈɑrgju, ɪz tɪ stil frəm ðə ˌɪnˈvɛstərz. ˈæftər ɔl, ðə ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃənz ˈæˌsɛts ˈligəli bɪˈlɔŋ tɪ ðə ˌɪnˈvɛstərz, doʊnt ðeɪ? ˈmænɪʤmənt həz ə fəˈduʃiˌɛri riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti tɪ ˈmæksəˌmaɪz ˈʃɛˌrhoʊldər ˈvælju; ˈðɛrˌfɔr, ˈɛni ækˈtɪvɪtiz ðət doʊnt ˈmæksəˌmaɪz ˈʃɛˌrhoʊldər ˈvælju ər vaɪəˈleɪʃənz əv ðɪs ˈduti. ɪf ju fil ˈæltruˌɪzəm təˈwɔrdz ˈəðər ˈpipəl, ju ʃʊd ˈɛksərˌsaɪz ðət ˈæltruˌɪzəm wɪθ jʊr oʊn ˈməni, nɑt wɪθ ðə ˈæˌsɛts əv ə ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃən ðət ˈdəzənt bɪˈlɔŋ tɪ ju. ðɪs pəˈzɪʃən saʊnz ˈrizənəbəl. ə ˈkəmpəniz ˈæˌsɛts du bɪˈlɔŋ tɪ ðə ˌɪnˈvɛstərz, ənd ɪts ˈmænɪʤmənt dɪz hæv ə ˈduti tɪ ˈmænɪʤ ðoʊz ˈæˌsɛts rɪˈspɑnsəbli. ɪn maɪ vju, ðə ˈɑrgjəmənt ɪz nɑt rɔŋ soʊ məʧ ɛz ɪt ɪz tu ˈnɛroʊ. fərst, ðɛr kən bi ˈlɪtəl daʊt ðət ə ˈsərtən əˈmaʊnt əv ˈkɔrpərət fɪˈlænθrəpi ɪz ˈsɪmpli gʊd ˈbɪznɪs ənd wərks fər ðə ˈlɔŋˈtərm ˈbɛnəfɪt əv ðə ˌɪnˈvɛstərz. fər ɪgˈzæmpəl: ɪn əˈdɪʃən tɪ ðə ˈmɛni ˈθaʊzənz əv smɔl doʊˈneɪʃənz iʧ hoʊl fudz stɔr meɪks iʧ jɪr, wi ˈɔlsoʊ hoʊld faɪv 5 deɪz θruaʊt ðə jɪr. ɔn ðoʊz deɪz, wi ˈdoʊˌneɪt 5 pərˈsɛnt əv ə stɔrz ˈtoʊtəl seɪlz tɪ ə nɑnˈprɑfət ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən. waɪl ɑr stɔrz səˈlɛkt ˈwərθˈwaɪl ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃənz tɪ səˈpɔrt, ðeɪ ˈɔlsoʊ tɛnd tɪ ˈfoʊkɪs ɔn grups ðət hæv lɑrʤ ˈmɛmbərˌʃɪp lɪsts, wɪʧ ər ˈkɑnˌtæktɪd ənd ɪnˈkərəʤd tɪ ʃɑp ɑr stɔr ðət deɪ tɪ səˈpɔrt ðə ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən. ðɪs ˈjuʒəwəli brɪŋz ˈhənərdz əv nu ər læpst ˈkəstəmərz ˈɪntu ɑr stɔrz, ˈmɛni əv hum ðɛn bɪˈkəm ˈrɛgjələr ˈʃɑpərz. soʊ ə 5 deɪ nɑt ˈoʊnli əˈlaʊz ˈjuˈɛs tɪ səˈpɔrt ˈwərθˈwaɪl ˈkɔzɪz, bət ɪz ən ˈɛksələnt ˈmɑrkətɪŋ ˈstrætəʤi ðət həz ˈbɛnəˌfɪtɪd hoʊl fudz ˌɪnˈvɛstərz ˌɪˈmɛnsli. ðət sɛd, aɪ bɪˈliv səʧ ˈproʊˌgræmz wʊd bi kəmˈplitli ˈʤəstəˌfaɪəbəl ˈivɪn ɪf ðeɪ prəˈdust noʊ ˈprɑfɪts ənd noʊ p.r*. ðɪs ɪz bɪˈkəz aɪ bɪˈliv ðə ˌɑntrəprəˈnərz, nɑt ðə ˈkɑrənt ˌɪnˈvɛstərz ɪn ə ˈkəmpəniz stɑk, hæv ðə raɪt ənd riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti tɪ dɪˈfaɪn ðə ˈpərpəs əv ðə ˈkəmpəˌni. ɪt ɪz ðə ˌɑntrəprəˈnərz hu kriˈeɪt ə ˈkəmpəˌni, hu brɪŋ ɔl ðə ˈfæktərz əv pərˈdəkʃən təˈgɛðər ənd koʊˈɔrdəˌneɪt ɪt ˈɪntu ˈvaɪəbəl ˈbɪznɪs. ɪt ɪz ðə ˌɑntrəprəˈnərz hu sɛt ðə ˈkəmpəˌni ˈstrætəʤi ənd hu nɪˈgoʊʃiˌeɪt ðə tərmz əv treɪd wɪθ ɔl əv ðə ˌvɑlənˈtɛrəli koʊˈɑpərˌeɪtɪŋ ðə ˌɪnˈvɛstərz. æt hoʊl fudz wi "haɪərd" ɑr ərˈɪʤənəl ˌɪnˈvɛstərz. ðeɪ ˈdɪdənt haɪər ˈjuˈɛs. wi fərst əˈnaʊnst ðət wi wʊd ˈdoʊˌneɪt 5 pərˈsɛnt əv ðə ˈkəmpəniz nɛt ˈprɑfɪts tɪ fɪˈlænθrəpi wɪn wi ˈdræftɪd ɑr ˈmɪʃən ˈsteɪtmənt, bæk ɪn 1985 ɑr ˈpɑləsi həz ˈðɛrˌfɔr bɪn ɪn pleɪs fər ˈoʊvər 20 jɪrz, ənd ɪt ˈpriˈdeɪts ɑr baɪ ˈsɛvən jɪrz. ɔl ˈsɛvən əv ðə ˈpraɪvət ˌɪnˈvɛstərz æt ðə taɪm wi kriˈeɪtɪd ðə ˈpɑləsi ˈvoʊtɪd fər ɪt wɪn ðeɪ sərvd ɔn ɑr bɔrd əv dɪˈrɛktərz. wɪn wi tʊk ɪn ˈvɛnʧər ˈkæpɪtəl ˈməni bæk ɪn 1989 nən əv ðə ˈvɛnʧər fərmz əˈbʤɛktəd tɪ ðə ˈpɑləsi. ɪn əˈdɪʃən, ɪn ˈɔlˌmoʊst 14 jɪrz ɛz ə ˈpəblɪkli ˈtreɪdɪd ˈkəmpəˌni, ˈɔlˌmoʊst noʊ ˌɪnˈvɛstərz hæv ˈɛvər reɪzd əˈbʤɛkʃənz tɪ ðə ˈpɑləsi. haʊ kən hoʊl fudz' fɪˈlænθrəpi bi "θɛft" frəm ðə ˈkɑrənt ˌɪnˈvɛstərz ɪf ðə ərˈɪʤənəl ˈoʊnərz əv ðə ˈkəmpəˌni juˈnænəməsli əˈpruvd ðə ˈpɑləsi ənd ɔl ˈsəbsəkwənt ˌɪnˈvɛstərz meɪd ðɛr ˌɪnˈvɛstmənts ˈæftər ðə ˈpɑləsi wɑz ɪn ˈifɛkt ənd wɛl ˈpəblɪˌsaɪzd? ðə ˈʃɛˌrhoʊldərz əv ə ˈpəblɪk ˈkəmpəˌni oʊn ðɛr stɑk ˌvɑlənˈtɛrəli. ɪf ðeɪ doʊnt əˈgri wɪθ ðə fəˈlɑsəfi əv ðə ˈbɪznɪs, ðeɪ kən ˈɔlˌweɪz sɛl ðɛr ˌɪnˈvɛstmənt, ʤɪst ɛz ðə ˈkəstəmərz ənd ɪmˈplɔɪiz kən ˈɛksət ðɛr riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪps wɪθ ðə ˈkəmpəˌni ɪf ðeɪ doʊnt laɪk ðə tərmz əv treɪd. ɪf ðət ɪz ˌənækˈsɛptəbəl tɪ ðɛm, ðeɪ ˈɔlˌweɪz hæv ðə ˈligəl raɪt tɪ səbˈmɪt ə ˌrɛzəˈluʃən æt ɑr ˈænjuəl ˈʃɛˌrhoʊldərz ˈmitɪŋ tɪ ʧeɪnʤ ðə ˈkəmpəniz ˌfɪlənθˈrɑpɪk fəˈlɑsəfi. ə ˈnəmbər əv ɑr ˈkəmpəˌni ˈpɑləsiz hæv bɪn ʧeɪnʤd ˈoʊvər ðə jɪrz θru səkˈsɛsfəl ˈʃɛˌrhoʊldər ˌrɛzəˈluʃənz.
thirty-five years ago, milton friedman wrote a famous article for the new york times magazine whose title aptly summed up its main point: "the social responsibility of business is to increase its profits." the future nobel laureate in economics had no patience for capitalists who claimed that "business is not concerned 'merely' with profit but also with promoting desirable 'social' ends; that business has a 'social conscience' and takes seriously its responsibilities for providing employment, eliminating discrimination, avoiding pollution and whatever else may be the catchwords of the contemporary crop of reformers." friedman, now a senior research fellow at the hoover institution and the paul snowden russell distinguished service professor emeritus of economics at the university of chicago, wrote that such people are "preaching pure and unadulterated socialism. businessmen who talk this way are unwitting puppets of the intellectual forces that have been undermining the basis of a free society these past decades." john mackey, the founder and ceo of whole foods, is one businessman who disagrees with friedman. a self-described ardent libertarian whose conversation is peppered with references to ludwig von mises and abraham maslow, austrian economics and astrology, mackey believes friedman's view is too narrow a description of his and many other businesses' activities. as important, he argues that friedman's take woefully undersells the humanitarian dimension of capitalism. in the debate that follows, mackey lays out his personal vision of the social responsibility of business. friedman responds, as does t.j. rodgers, the founder and ceo of cypress semiconductor and the chief spokesman of what might be called the tough love school of laissez faire. dubbed "one of america's toughest bosses" by fortune, rodgers argues that corporations add far more to society by maximizing "long-term shareholder value" than they do by donating time and money to charity. reason offers this exchange as the starting point of a discussion that should be intensely important to all devotees of free minds and free markets. comments should be sent to letters@reason.com. putting customers ahead of investors john mackey in 1970 milton friedman wrote that "there is one and only one social responsibility of business--to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud." that's the orthodox view among free market economists: that the only social responsibility a law-abiding business has is to maximize profits for the shareholders. i strongly disagree. i'm a businessman and a free market libertarian, but i believe that the enlightened corporation should try to create value for all of its constituencies. from an investor's perspective, the purpose of the business is to maximize profits. but that's not the purpose for other stakeholders--for customers, employees, suppliers, and the community. each of those groups will define the purpose of the business in terms of its own needs and desires, and each perspective is valid and legitimate. my argument should not be mistaken for a hostility to profit. i believe i know something about creating shareholder value. when i co-founded whole foods market 27 years ago, we began with $45,000 in capital; we only had $250,000 in sales our first year. during the last 12 months we had sales of more than $4.6 billion, net profits of more than $160 million, and a market capitalization over $8 billion. but we have not achieved our tremendous increase in shareholder value by making shareholder value the primary purpose of our business. in my marriage, my wife's happiness is an end in itself, not merely a means to my own happiness; love leads me to put my wife's happiness first, but in doing so i also make myself happier. similarly, the most successful businesses put the customer first, ahead of the investors. in the profit-centered business, customer happiness is merely a means to an end: maximizing profits. in the customer-centered business, customer happiness is an end in itself, and will be pursued with greater interest, passion, and empathy than the profit-centered business is capable of. not that we're only concerned with customers. at whole foods, we measure our success by how much value we can create for all six of our most important stakeholders: customers, team members (employees), investors, vendors, communities, and the environment. our philosophy is graphically represented in the opposite column. there is, of course, no magical formula to calculate how much value each stakeholder should receive from the company. it is a dynamic process that evolves with the competitive marketplace. no stakeholder remains satisfied for long. it is the function of company leadership to develop solutions that continually work for the common good. many thinking people will readily accept my arguments that caring about customers and employees is good business. but they might draw the line at believing a company has any responsibility to its community and environment. to donate time and capital to philanthropy, they will argue, is to steal from the investors. after all, the corporation's assets legally belong to the investors, don't they? management has a fiduciary responsibility to maximize shareholder value; therefore, any activities that don't maximize shareholder value are violations of this duty. if you feel altruism towards other people, you should exercise that altruism with your own money, not with the assets of a corporation that doesn't belong to you. this position sounds reasonable. a company's assets do belong to the investors, and its management does have a duty to manage those assets responsibly. in my view, the argument is not wrong so much as it is too narrow. first, there can be little doubt that a certain amount of corporate philanthropy is simply good business and works for the long-term benefit of the investors. for example: in addition to the many thousands of small donations each whole foods store makes each year, we also hold five 5% days throughout the year. on those days, we donate 5 percent of a store's total sales to a nonprofit organization. while our stores select worthwhile organizations to support, they also tend to focus on groups that have large membership lists, which are contacted and encouraged to shop our store that day to support the organization. this usually brings hundreds of new or lapsed customers into our stores, many of whom then become regular shoppers. so a 5% day not only allows us to support worthwhile causes, but is an excellent marketing strategy that has benefited whole foods investors immensely. that said, i believe such programs would be completely justifiable even if they produced no profits and no p.r. this is because i believe the entrepreneurs, not the current investors in a company's stock, have the right and responsibility to define the purpose of the company. it is the entrepreneurs who create a company, who bring all the factors of production together and coordinate it into viable business. it is the entrepreneurs who set the company strategy and who negotiate the terms of trade with all of the voluntarily cooperating stakeholders--including the investors. at whole foods we "hired" our original investors. they didn't hire us. we first announced that we would donate 5 percent of the company's net profits to philanthropy when we drafted our mission statement, back in 1985. our policy has therefore been in place for over 20 years, and it predates our ipo by seven years. all seven of the private investors at the time we created the policy voted for it when they served on our board of directors. when we took in venture capital money back in 1989, none of the venture firms objected to the policy. in addition, in almost 14 years as a publicly traded company, almost no investors have ever raised objections to the policy. how can whole foods' philanthropy be "theft" from the current investors if the original owners of the company unanimously approved the policy and all subsequent investors made their investments after the policy was in effect and well publicized? the shareholders of a public company own their stock voluntarily. if they don't agree with the philosophy of the business, they can always sell their investment, just as the customers and employees can exit their relationships with the company if they don't like the terms of trade. if that is unacceptable to them, they always have the legal right to submit a resolution at our annual shareholders meeting to change the company's philanthropic philosophy. a number of our company policies have been changed over the years through successful shareholder resolutions.	ˈkɑpiˌraɪt 1999 r.g.keen. ɔl raɪts rɪˈzərvd. noʊ ˈpɔrʃən əv ðiz məˈtɪriəlz meɪ bi ˌriprəˈdust wɪˈθaʊt ˈrɪtən pərˈmɪʃən əv ðə ˈɔθər. ðə tɛkˈnɑləʤi əv feɪz ənd ˈpræktɪkəli ˈɛvəri ˌgɪˈtɑrɪst həz hərd ðə sˈwərlɪŋ, ˈspeɪsi saʊnz ˌkɛrɪktərˈɪstɪk əv ə ər ɪts ˈkəzən, ðə. ðiz ˈbɑksɪz hæv ə juˈnik saʊnd ðət ɪz ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli ˌrɛkəgˈnaɪzəbəl tɪ ˈjuˈɛs ɪn rɑk ənd ˈprɑsɛst əˈkustɪk mˈjuzɪk. ənˈfɔrʧənətli ðiz ˈifɛkts ər nɑt ðə ˈiziəst ˈifɛkts tɪ ˌəndərˈstænd ɪn tərmz əv haʊ ðət ɑd toʊn ɪz meɪd. ðə tərmz "feɪz ʃɪft" ənd "flænʤ" ər nɑt pɑrt əv ɑr ˈdeɪli lɪvz, ənd doʊnt ˈrɪli kənˈveɪ əp ˈɛni ˈmɛntəl ˈɪmɪʤ ðæts ˈjusfəl ɪn ˌəndərˈstændɪŋ ðɛm. wət ɪz feɪz ʃɪft? ðɛr ɪz ˈoʊnli ə ˈlɪtəl ˌɪˌlɛkˈtrɑnɪks ˈnɑlɪʤ ˈnidɪd hir. ɪn ðə ˈsɪmpləst keɪs, ə ˈsɪgnəl maɪt bi ə pjʊr saɪn weɪv. ðɪs saɪn weɪv ˈɔltərˌneɪts sˈmuðli frəm ˈpɑzətɪv tɪ ˈnɛgətɪv ənd bæk əˈgɛn. ðə ˈpleɪsɪz wɛr ðə ˈsɪgnəl ˈvoʊltɪʤ ɪz ɪgˈzæktli 0volts, ˈniðər ˈpɑzətɪv ər ˈnɛgətɪv ər ˈteɪkən baɪ ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrz tɪ bi ðə ˈpleɪsɪz wɛr ðə saɪn weɪv stɑrts. ðə "ˈziroʊ ˈkrɔsɪŋ pɔɪnt" wɛr ɪt stɑrts ˈpɑzətɪv ɪz ˈteɪkən tɪ bi ˈziroʊ dɪˈgriz, ənd ðə pleɪs wɛr ɪt stɑrts ˈnɛgətɪv ɪz ˈteɪkən tɪ bi 180 dɪˈgriz; wɪn ɪt gɪts bæk tɪ ðə ˈziroʊ ˈkrɔsɪŋ wɛr ɪt stɑrts ˈpɑzətɪv əˈgɛn, ɪts bɪn θru 360 dɪˈgriz, ənd ɪz bæk æt 0 dɪˈgriz. ðə taɪm ɪt teɪks ðə weɪv tɪ gɪt bæk tɪ dɪˈgriz ɪz ðə ˈpɪriəd əv ðə weɪv ənd ɪz ɪgˈzæktli wən dɪˈvaɪdɪd baɪ ðə ˈfrikwənsi əv ðə weɪv. ɪf wi hæv əˈnəðər saɪn weɪv ðət ɪz ðə seɪm saɪz ənd ˈfrikwənsi bət həz ˈdɪfərənt ˈziroʊ ˈkrɔsɪŋ taɪmz, ɪt ɪz sɛd tɪ bi ˈʃɪftɪd ɪn feɪz ˈrɛlətɪv tɪ ðə fərst weɪv. ɪf ɪt stɑrts ˈpɑzətɪv ə bɪt ˈleɪtər ðən ðə fərst wən, ðɛn ɪt ɪz ˈlægɪŋ ðə weɪv wi ər ˈjuzɪŋ ɛz ə ˈrɛfərəns; ɪf ɪt stɑrts ˈpɑzətɪv ə bɪt ˈsunər ðən ðə ˈrɛfərəns, ðɛn ɪts sɛd tɪ bi ˈlægɪŋ. ðə əˈmaʊnt ɪt lidz ər lægz ɪz ðə ˈrɛlətɪv feɪz ʃɪft əv ðə ˈsɛkənd weɪv kəmˈpɛrd tɪ ðə fərst wən. ə ˈtaɪni taɪm dɪˈleɪ əv ˈɛni ˈsɪgnəl wɪn ˈædɪd bæk tɪ ðə ərˈɪʤənəl ˈsɪgnəl wɪl kɔz ɪt tɪ læg ðə ərˈɪʤənəl ˈsɪgnəl baɪ ə bɪt. ɪf wi hæv ə ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃən wɛr tu weɪvz əv ðə seɪm ˈfrikwənsi, pərˈhæps ðə seɪm weɪv, bət wən ˈɪmɪʤ dɪˈleɪd ə ˈtaɪni bɪt əv taɪm, ər ˈædɪd təˈgɛðər ˈsəmˌhaʊ, ðeɪ meɪ ˌriɪnˈfɔrs wən əˈnəðər ər ˈpɑrʃəli ˈkænsəl wən əˈnəðər. ɪf ðeɪ ər ɪgˈzæktli 180 dɪˈgriz aʊt əv feɪz, ðeɪ meɪ ˈtoʊtəli ˈkænsəl wən əˈnəðər. ɪf ðeɪ stɑrt æt kloʊz tɪ ðə seɪm taɪm, ðeɪ ˌriɪnˈfɔrs wən əˈnəðər. ɪt tərnz aʊt ðət ðə ˈjumən ɪr ɪz nɑt tu ˈsɛnsɪtɪv tɪ feɪz ʃɪfts ðət ɪz, jʊr ɪrz kænt ˈrɪli tɛl ðə ˈdɪfərəns bɪtˈwin saʊnz ðət stɑrt baɪ kəmˈprɛsɪŋ jʊr ənd wənz ðət stɑrt baɪ ˈpʊlɪŋ aʊt ɔn jʊr eardrums. wət ðə ɪr ɪz ˌɛkˈskrusiˌeɪtɪŋli ˈsɛnsɪtɪv tɪ ɪz ˈæmpləˌtud, ər loudness, ˈfrikwənsi, ənd ðə ˈspɛktrəm əv hɑrˈmɑnɪks əv toʊnz ɪn ə saʊnd. teɪk ə ˈlɪtəl taɪm... wɪn wi teɪk səm ˈkɑmplɛks saʊnd wɪθ lɑts əv hɑrˈmɑnɪks əˈkrɔs ə hoʊl reɪnʤ əv ˈfrikwənsiz ənd dɪˈleɪ ɪt ə ˈtaɪni bɪt, wi hæv ˌɪntrəˈdust səm feɪz ʃɪft. ɪf wi hæv dən ðɪs wɪθ ə pjʊr taɪm ʃɪft, ɛz wɪθ ˈiðər ən ˈænəˌlɔg ər ˈdɪʤɪtəl dɪˈleɪ, ˈɛvəri kəmˈpoʊnənt əv ðə saʊnd ɪz dɪˈleɪd ɪgˈzæktli ðə seɪm əˈmaʊnt əv taɪm. ɛz ən ɪgˈzæmpəl, lɛts lʊk æt wət ˈhæpənz ɪf wi juz ə dɪˈleɪ. rɪˈmɛmbər ðə ˈpɪriəd əv ə weɪv ɪz wən dɪˈvaɪdɪd baɪ ðə ˈfrikwənsi əv ðə weɪv ðət ɪz, ə weɪv həz ə ˈpɪriəd əv ər 1 ˈmɪlɪˌsɛkənd. sɪns ðɪs ˈpɪriəd ɪz əv ðə weɪv, ə dɪˈleɪ əv ə weɪv ɪz ə dɪˈleɪ əv ɪgˈzæktli ðə ˈpɪriəd, soʊ ðɪs dɪˈleɪ ɪz ə feɪz ʃɪft əv ɪgˈzæktli 360 dɪˈgriz, ənd ðə rɪˈzəlt ɪz ˈpərfəktli ɪn feɪz wɪθ ðə ərˈɪʤənəl. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ə weɪv həz ə ˈpɪriəd əv 2ms, soʊ ðə seɪm taɪm dɪˈleɪ ɪz ˈoʊnli 180 dɪˈgriz əv dɪˈleɪ tɪ ðə 500 weɪv, ənd ɪt ɪz ɪgˈzæktli aʊt əv feɪz wɪθ ðə ərˈɪʤənəl ɪf wi æd ðə ərˈɪʤənəl tɪ ðə dɪˈleɪd 500 weɪv, ðeɪ wɪl ˈkænsəl. ðɪs seɪm rɪˈzəlt ˈhæpənz fər haɪər ˈfrikwənsiz. ə weɪv həz ə ˈpɪriəd əv 1/2ms, ənd soʊ ðə dɪˈleɪ əv wən ˈmɪlɪˌsɛkənd ɪz ɪgˈzæktli tu taɪmz ðə ˈpɪriəd əv ðə weɪv, ənd ðə rɪˈzəlt ɪz ɪn feɪz wɪθ ðə ərˈɪʤənəl. ə weɪv əv ˈfrikwənsi 1/(1.5ms) dɪˈleɪd baɪ ɪz dɪˈleɪd baɪ wən ənd wən hæf weɪvz, soʊ ðə rɪˈzəlt ɪz ɪgˈzæktli aʊt əv feɪz wɪθ ðə ərˈɪʤənəl. ɪn fækt, ˈɛvəri ˈfrikwənsi ðət ɪz ən ˈivɪn ˈməltəpəl əv ðə taɪm dɪˈleɪ kəmz aʊt ˈpərfəktli ɪn feɪz wɪθ ðə ərˈɪʤənəl. ˈɛvəri ˈfrikwənsi ðət ɪz ən ˈivɪn ˈməltəpəl pləs əv ðə taɪm dɪˈleɪ wɪl bi ɪgˈzæktli aʊt əv feɪz wɪθ ðə ərˈɪʤənəl. ɪn bɪtˈwin ðə ˈivɪn ˈməltəpəlz 1 2 3 ənd ðə ˈməltəpəlz ðə feɪz ˈʧeɪnʤɪz ər ˌɪnərˈmidiɪt, soʊ ðeɪ ˈgræʤuəli feɪd frəm ˌriɪnˈfɔrsɪŋ tɪ əˈpoʊzɪŋ. ə ˈkɑnstənt taɪm dɪˈleɪ əv ə ˈsɪgnəl ðət ɪz ˈædɪd bæk tɪ ðə ərˈɪʤənəl wɪl kɔz ə hoʊl slu əv ˌriɪnˈfɔrsmənt piks ənd ˌkænsəˈleɪʃən ˈnɑʧɪz əˈkrɔs ðə hoʊl ˈɑdiˌoʊ ˈspɛktrəm. wɪn dɪˈspleɪd ɛz ə ˈfrikwənsi rɪˈspɑns plɑt, ðɛr ər lɑts əv ˈnɑʧɪz, ˈgɪvɪŋ ðə θɪŋ ɪts ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrɪŋ neɪm, ə koʊm ˈfɪltər. ðə ˈnɑʧɪz gɪt mɔr ənd mɔr əˈbəndənt ɛz ðə ˈfrikwənsi goʊz əp. ɔl baɪ ˌɪtˈsɛlf, ðɪs saʊnz ˈvɛri ˈdɪfərənt frəm ðə streɪt ˈsɪgnəl, ənd ɪz ɪgˈzæktli wət ju gɪt wɪn ju sɛt ən ɛ ɪˈlɛktrɪk ˈmɪstrəs tɪ ðə "ˈfɪltər ˈmeɪtrɪks" ˈsɛtɪŋ. ðə rɪˈzəlts əv ə ˈkɑnstənt taɪm dɪˈleɪ ɔn ˈfrikwənsi rɪˈspɑns wɑz noʊn tɪ ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrz nɪr ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ əv ðə 1900's, bət haʊ ðɪs ˈæˌkʧuəli ˈsaʊndɪd ɛz ən ˈifɛkt wɑz dɪˈskəvərd ˌæksəˈdɛnəli ɪn ðə wɪn fɪl ˈspɛktər wɑz prəˈdusɪŋ ə ˈrɛkərd ənd ˈwɔntɪd tɪ ˈθɪkən əp ðə ˈvoʊkəlz. hi pleɪd bæk tu ˈkɑpiz əv ə ˈvoʊkəl træk æt ðə seɪm taɪm ənd təʧt ðə flænʤ əv ðə teɪp ril tɪ dɪˈleɪ wən ə bɪt. ðə rɪˈzəltɪŋ saʊnd wɑz nɑt ʤɪst ər ˈθɪkənd, ɪt dɪˈspleɪd ðə seɪm rɪˈspɑns, pləs ˈsəmθɪŋ ə bɪt mɔr ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ. sɪns ðə θəm ɔn ðə flænʤ əv ðə teɪp ril wɑz nɑt ˈpərfəktli ˈkɑnstənt, ðə dɪˈleɪ ˈvɛrid ə bɪt bɪtˈwin ðə tu ˈsɪgnəlz. ɪf ju θɪŋk əˈbaʊt ðə dɪˈskrɪpʃən əv taɪm dɪˈleɪz əˈbəv, jul si ðət ðə ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ dɪˈleɪ həz ðə ˈifɛkt əv ˈmuvɪŋ ðə ˈfrikwənsi ˈnɑʧɪz əp ənd daʊn ɪn ˈfrikwənsi. ðɪs ɪz nɑt ə ˈsətəl ˈifɛkt, ənd fɪl wɑz soʊ ɛnθˈrɔld wɪθ ɪt ðət hi wɛnt ɔn tɪ juz ɪt ɪn moʊst əv hɪz sɔŋz ðə fərst "flanged" saʊnd wɑz "ðə bɪg hərt." ɪt wɑz nɑt ðə læst. ðɪs ɪz ˈrɪli ɔl ðɛr ɪz tɪ ə ə taɪm dɪˈleɪ ðət kən bi ˈmɔʤuleɪtɪd ə bɪt, ənd ə ˈmɪksər tɪ æd ðə dɪˈleɪd ˈsɪgnəl bæk tɪ ðə ərˈɪʤənəl ər draɪ ˈsɪgnəl. ɛz ə saɪd ˈifɛkt, ɪf ju dɪd nɑt æd ðə draɪ ˈsɪgnəl tɪ ðə ˈsɪgnəl, ju gɑt wət əˈmaʊnts tɪ ə ˈfrikwənsi ʃɪft ɛz ðə dɪˈleɪ spidz əp ənd sloʊz daʊn, soʊ ju hæv ə tru ˌɪˌlɛkˈtrɑnɪk viˈbrɑtoʊ. feɪz əp tɪ ɪt... ˈvɛriəbəl spid teɪp dɪˈleɪz ər ə ˈlɪtəl ˈkləmzi tɪ juz ɔn steɪʤ, soʊ ðɪs ˈifɛkt ˈoʊnli gɑt juzd ɪn ˈstudiˌoʊz æt fərst. ðɛn ˈsəmθɪŋ ɛls keɪm əp. əˈgɛn, ðə ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrz hæd noʊn fər ə lɔŋ taɪm ðət ənd kəˈpæsɪtərz kɔz feɪz ʃɪfts əv ˈsɪgnəlz θru ðɛm ɪgˈzæktli hu ˈnoʊtɪst ðɪs ɪz nɑt klɪr, bət ˈsəmˌwən ˈriəˌlaɪzd ðət ðə feɪz dɪˈleɪ kɔzd baɪ ən ˌɪnˈdəktər ər kəˈpæsətər əˈmaʊnts tɪ ə smɔl taɪm dɪˈleɪ ɪn ˌɪtˈsɛlf. ɪf juzd ˈprɑpərli, ə ər ˈnɛtˌwərk ˌɪntrəˈdusɪz ə ˈfrikwənsi dɪˈpɛndənt feɪz dɪˈleɪ, noʊ teɪp lups ˈnidɪd. ən ˌɛləˈmɛnʧri feɪz ʃɪft steɪʤ lʊks laɪk ðɪs. ə ˈsɪgnəl ɪz kənˈvərtɪd tɪ tu ˈsɪgnəlz, wən ə ˈrɛplɪkə əv ðə ərˈɪʤənəl, ənd wən ɪts ˈmɪrər ˈɪmɪʤ (ðət ɪz, 180 dɪˈgriz aʊt əv feɪz æt ɔl ˈfrikwənsiz). ðiz tu ˈmɪrər ˈɪmɪʤ ˈsɪgnəlz ər fɛd ˈɪntu ə kəˈpæsətər ənd ə ðət ər ʤɔɪnd æt ðə ˈmɪdəl. ðə ˌɪmˈpidəns əv ðə kəˈpæsətər goʊz daʊn wɪθ ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋ ˈfrikwənsi, soʊ æt ˈvɛri haɪ ˈfrikwənsiz, ðə kəˈpæsətər lʊks laɪk ə ʃɔrt ˈsərkət, ənd ðə ˈsɪgnəl fɛd tɪ ɪt ˈdɑməˌneɪts ðə rɪˈzəlt æt ðə ˈʤəŋkʃən əv ðə. ɛz ðə ˈfrikwənsiz əv ðə ˈsɪgnəl gɪt loʊər, ðə ˌɪmˈpidəns gɪts ˈbɪgər. æt ˈvɛri loʊ ˈfrikwənsiz, ðə kəˈpæsətər həz ə haɪər ˌɪmˈpidəns ðən ðə, ənd ðə ˈsɪgnəl fɛd tɪ ðə ˈdɑməˌneɪts ðə ˈsɪgnəl æt ðə ˈʤəŋkʃən əv ðə tu. ɪf ðə gɑt ðə ˈsɪgnəl, ənd ðə kəˈpæsətər ðə ˌɪnˈvərtɪd wən, ðɛn æt loʊ ˈfrikwənsiz ðə rɪˈzəltɪŋ ˈsɪgnəl æt ðə ˈʤəŋkʃən əv ðə ənd kæp ɪz ʤɪst ðə ˈsɪgnəl. æt ˈvɛri haɪ ˈfrikwənsiz, ðə rɪˈzəltɪŋ ˈsɪgnəl ɪz ʤɪst ðə ˌɪnˈvərtɪd ˈsɪgnəl θru ðə kæp. ɪn ðə ˈmɪdəl, ðə ˌɪnˈvərtɪd ənd ˈsɪgnəlz æd ɪn ə weɪ ðət dɪˈpɛndz ɔn ðə əv ðə kəˈpæsətər ˈvərsəz ðə rɪˈzɪstəns. ðə mæθ ɪz ə bɪt ˈkɑmpləˌkeɪtəd, bət ɪt tərnz aʊt ðət ðə rɪˈzəlt ɪz ˈɔlˌweɪz ðə seɪm saɪz (loudness) ɛz ðə ərˈɪʤənəl ˈsɪgnəl, bət ɪts feɪz ɪz ˈdɪfərənt baɪ ə ˈvɛriəbəl əˈmaʊnt ðət dɪˈpɛndz ɔn ɪgˈzæktli wət ðə ˈfrikwənsi ɪz. æt ðə ˈfrikwənsi wɛr ðə ˌɪmˈpidəns ɪz ˈikwəl tɪ ðə, ðə feɪz ʃɪft ɪz ɪgˈzæktli 90 dɪˈgriz, wɪʧ ɪz ˈikwəl tɪ ə taɪm dɪˈleɪ əv əv ðə ˈpɪriəd əv ðət ˈfrikwənsi. soʊ wi hæv ə ˈfrikwənsi dɪˈpɛndənt taɪm dɪˈleɪ, mɔr ʃɪft æt səm ˈpleɪsɪz ðən ˈəðərz. ɪf wi ˈlɪsən tɪ ðə ˈsɪgnəl æt ðə ˈʤəŋkʃən əv ðə ənd kæp, wi doʊnt hir məʧ əv ˈɛniˌθɪŋ ənˈjuˌʒuəl, bɪˈkəz ðə ˈæmpləˌtud rɪˈmeɪnz ˈkɑnstənt waɪl ðə feɪz ˈʧeɪnʤɪz. ˈivɪn ɪf wi æd ðə ərˈɪʤənəl ˈsɪgnəl tɪ ðə feɪz ˈʃɪftɪd ˈsɪgnəl, ˈnəθɪŋ məʧ ɪz ˈnoʊtəsəbəl ɪkˈsɛpt səm ˌɪnˈkris ər ˈdiˌkris əv ˈtrɛbəl, dɪˈpɛndɪŋ ɔn ˈwɛðər ðə kəˈpæsətər gɑt ðə ˌɪnˈvərtɪd ər ˈsɪgnəl. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ɪf wi strɪŋ əp tu əv ðiz θɪŋz ɪn ˈsɪriz (ˈjuzɪŋ ˈsɪgnəl ˈbəfərz soʊ ðə tu doʊnt ˌɪnərˈfɪr), wi faɪnd ðət ðə feɪz æt ðət ˈmɪdəl ˈfrikwənsi həz bɪn ˈʃɪftɪd 90 dɪˈgriz baɪ ðə fərst feɪz ʃɪft steɪʤ ənd əˈnəðər 90 baɪ ðə ˈsɛkənd wən. ðə ˈaʊtˌpʊt əv ðə ˈsɛkənd feɪz ʃɪft steɪʤ həz ə ˈfrikwənsi wɛr ðə ˈtoʊtəl feɪz ʃɪft ɪz 180 dɪˈgriz. ɪf wi æd ɪt tɪ ðə ərˈɪʤənəl ˈsɪgnəl, ɪt ˈkænsəlz, ʤɪst laɪk ðə rɪˈzəlt fər ə pjʊr taɪm dɪˈleɪ, bət ˈoʊnli æt ðət wən ˈfrikwənsi. ðɪs ɪz ə ˈnoʊtəsəbəl saʊnd, ənd ðə feɪz 45 wərks ʤɪst laɪk ðɪs ɪt həz tu feɪz dɪˈleɪ ˈsteɪʤɪz, ənd ˈoʊnli wən nɑʧ. wi kən goʊ ɔn wɪθ ðɪs, ˈstrɪŋɪŋ təˈgɛðər mɔr feɪz ʃɪft ˈsteɪʤɪz tɪ gɪt mɔr ˈnɑʧɪz. iʧ pɛr əv ˈsteɪʤɪz ædz wən mɔr nɑʧ. ðə moʊst ˈkɑmən kəˈmərʃəl feɪz stɑp wɪθ fɔr ˈsteɪʤɪz (səʧ ɛz ðə feɪz 90) ər sɪks ˈsteɪʤɪz feɪz 100 noʊt ðət ðə əv ðə ˈsərkət ˌrikˈwaɪər ðət ˈɛni steɪʤ ˈæftər ðə feɪz ʃɪft məst nɑt loʊd ðə. ɪts bɛst ɪf ðə feɪz ɪz ˈfɑloʊd baɪ ə haɪ ˌɪmˈpidəns ˈbəfər. ðɪs ɪz ˈvɛri məʧ laɪk ðə taɪm dɪˈleɪ ɪgˈzæmpəl ɪn ðət ˌɔlˈðoʊ ðə ˈifɛkt ɪz ˈnoʊtəsəbəl, ɪts məʧ ˈbɛtər ɪf ðə ˈnɑʧɪz muv əp ənd daʊn ɪn ˈfrikwənsi. wi kən du ðət baɪ ˈteɪkɪŋ noʊt əv ðə fækt ðət ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ ˈiðər ðə ər ðə ˈvælju muvz ðə ˈfrikwənsi əp ənd daʊn. ðə ˈsɪmpləst ˈmuvɪŋ ˈsɛˌtəp wʊd bi tɪ juz fɔr ˈvɛriəbəl rɪˈzɪstərz, ənd tˈwɪdəl ðə nɑb. ðə ˌkænsəˈleɪʃən ˈnɑʧɪz wʊd əˈblaɪʤɪŋli muv ɪn taɪm tɪ ðə tˈwɪdlɪŋ; ðɪs gɪvz ˈjuˈɛs ðə ˈfeɪzɪŋ saʊnd. mɔr ðən wən weɪ tɪ meɪk ə ʃɪft ðə trɪk tɪ ˈgɪtɪŋ ˈfeɪzɪŋ ˈɔtəˌmeɪtɪd ɪz tɪ ˈɔtəˌmeɪt ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ ˈiðər ðə rɪˈzɪstəns ər ðə kəˈpæsətəns; sɪns kəˈpæsɪtərz ər noʊˈtɔriəsli hɑrd tɪ ˈmɔʤuleɪt, ˈɛvəri kəˈmərʃəl feɪz ˈʃɪftər həz kəm əp wɪθ səm skim fər ˈvɛriɪŋ ə ɪn ə feɪz ʃɪft steɪʤ nən ˈvɛri ðə kəˈpæsətər ðət aɪ hæv sin. ðə ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ˈsərkəts ʃoʊ səm əv ðə weɪz. ðə, ˈɑrgjuəbli ðə ˈoʊldəst, ˈɔlsoʊ həz ðə ˌɪmpləmɛnˈteɪʃən ˈkloʊsəst tɪ ðə ˌɛləˈmɛnʧri feɪz ʃɪft steɪʤ. ðə ˈjuzɪz aɪˈdɛntɪkəl feɪz ʃɪft ˈsteɪʤɪz kəmˈpoʊzd əv ə ˈdɑrlɪŋtən kəˈnɛktɪd pɛr əv trænˈzɪstərz, fər haɪ ˈɪnˌpʊt ˌɪmˈpidəns, ənd wɪθ ˈikwəl kəˈlɛktər ənd ɪˈmɪtər loʊd rɪˈzɪstərz fər prəˈdusɪŋ ðə tu feɪz ˈsɪgnəlz ˈnidɪd fər ðə nɛkst steɪʤ. ðə ˈmɛθəd əv ðə feɪz ɪmˈplɔɪz laɪt dɪˈpɛndənt rɪˈzɪstərz (ldr's) ənd ə ˈpəlˌseɪtɪŋ læmp tɪ swip ðə ˈnɑʧɪz əp ənd daʊn ðə ˈfrikwənsi ˈspɛktrəm. feɪz ðɛr ɪz ə lɑrʤ grup əv ðət juz ə ˈvɛriənt əv ðə ˌɛləˈmɛnʧri steɪʤ, ˈteɪkɪŋ ædˈvæntɪʤ əv ðə tu ˈɪnˌpʊts əv ˈmɑdərn opamps. ɪn ðə ˌɛləˈmɛnʧri steɪʤ, noʊt ðət ɪf ju dɪd nɑt ˌɪnˈvərt ðə ˈsɪgnəl fɛd tɪ ðə, bət ˈrəðər səbˈtræktɪd ðə ərˈɪʤənəl ˈsɪgnəl frəm ðə kəˈpæsətər, nɑt ˈædɪŋ ɪt, ðət jʊd gɪt ðə seɪm ˈaʊtˌpʊt ˈsɪgnəl. ðɪs ɪz wət ðə ˌɪmpləmɛnˈteɪʃən dɪz. ðə ɪz splɪt ˈɪntu ə ɑr æt ðə ˈɪnˌpʊt, ənd ðə ərˈɪʤənəl ˈsɪgnəl fɛd tɪ ðə ˈɪnˌpʊt. ˈvɛriɪŋ ðə ɑr æt ðə ˈpɑzətɪv ˈɪnˌpʊt ˈkɔzɪz ðə feɪz ʧeɪnʤ. ðɛr ər ə ˈnəmbər əv weɪz ðət hæv bɪn juzd tɪ ʧeɪnʤ ðə rɪˈzɪstəns æt ðə ˈɪnˌpʊt. ju kən juz ldr's, ju kən juz ðə ˌvɛriˈeɪʃən əv ðə rɪˈzɪstəns əv laɪk ðə, ju kən juz ðə ˈvɛriəbəl ˈʧænəl rɪˈzɪstəns əv ˈpræktɪkəli ˈɛni θɪŋ ðət ækts laɪk ə ˈvɛriəbəl ənd ˈdəzənt dɪˈstɔrt tu məʧ kən bi juzd ˈivɪn pɑts! smɔl stoʊn ə juˈnik feɪz steɪʤ wɑz kʊkt əp baɪ ɪˈlɛktroʊ harmonix. ðɛr "smɔl stoʊn" feɪz ˈʃɪftər juzd ən "ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənəl ˈæmpləˌfaɪər" ər ˈoʊtə ɛz ðə ˈvɛriəbəl rɪˈzɪstəns ɪn ə feɪz steɪʤ, ənd ən ˌɪnˈtərnəl ˈdɑrlɪŋtən ˈbəfər ɪn wən əv ðə ˈoʊtə ɔn ðə ˈmɑrkɪt ɛz ðə ˈbəfər fər ðə nɛkst steɪʤ. ən ˈoʊtə teɪks ðə ˈdɪfərəns əv tu ˈɪnˌpʊt ˈvoʊltɪʤɪz, laɪk ən ˈɔrdəˌnɛri ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənəl ˈæmpləˌfaɪər, bət ɪts ˈaʊtˌpʊt ɪz nɑt ə ˈvoʊltɪʤ ðət ɪz ðə səm əv ðə tu ˈɪnˌpʊt ˈvoʊltɪʤɪz, bət ə ðət ɪz prəˈpɔrʃənəl tɪ ðə ˈdɪfərəns bɪtˈwin ðə tu ˈɪnˌpʊt ˈvoʊltɪʤɪz. ðə prəˌpɔrʃəˈnælɪti ˈfæktər ðət tɛlz ju haʊ ˈmɛni taɪmz ðə ˈɪnˌpʊt ˈvoʊltɪʤ ˈdɪfərəns ðə ˈaʊtˌpʊt ˈkɑrənt bɪˈkəmz ɪz kənˈtroʊləbəl baɪ ðə ˈkɑrənt ˈɪntu ə "baɪəs" pɪn. lʊkt æt ɪn wən weɪ, ðə ˈoʊtə ˈsɔrsəz ə ˈkɑrənt ˈɪntu ɪts ˈaʊtˌpʊt noʊd ðət dɪˈpɛndz ɔn ðə əˈmaʊnt əv ˈvoʊltɪʤ æt ɪts ˈɪnˌpʊt kaɪnd əv laɪk ə dɪz. ɪkˈsɛpt ɪn ðɪs keɪs, ðə ˈreɪʃiˌoʊ əv ˈkɑrənt aʊt pər ˈvoʊltɪʤ ɪn ɪz əˈʤəstəbəl baɪ ðət baɪəs ˈkɑrənt (ˈmeɪkɪŋ ɪt ə ˈvɛriəbəl) ənd ðə prəˌpɔrʃəˈnælɪti meɪ bi ˈiðər ˈpɑzətɪv ər ˈnɛgətɪv, sɪns ɪt həz boʊθ ˈpɑzətɪv ənd ˈnɛgətɪv ˈɪnˌpʊts. ɪn ðə keɪs əv ðə smɔl stoʊn, ðə ˈoʊtə ɪz juzd ɛz ə "ˈnɛgətɪv" ˈvɛriəbəl, ənd ðə ˈɪnˌpʊt ˈsɪgnəl ɪz ˈrutɪd tɪ ðə ˈaʊtˌpʊt θru ðə feɪz kəˈpæsətər. sɪns ðə ˈoʊtə ɪz ə ˈkɑrənt sɔrs ˈaʊtˌpʊt, ɪt stɪks ɪts ˈkɑrənt ˈɪntu ðə ˈaʊtˌpʊt noʊd, ˌɪgˈnɔrɪŋ ðə kəˈpæsətər. ðə kəˈpæsətər ˈɔlsoʊ kənˈtrɪbjuts ɪts ˈkɑrənt, soʊ ðə tu ər ˈædɪd æt ðə ˈaʊtˌpʊt noʊd, ənd sɪns ðə ˈoʊtə ˈɔlsoʊ rɪˈvərst ðə feɪz əv ðə ˈsɪgnəl ɪt ˈprɑsɛst, ɪt lʊks laɪk ɪt keɪm θru ən ˈɔrdəˌnɛri ðət wɑz kəˈnɛktɪd tɪ ðə ˈmɪrər ˈɪmɪʤ əv ðə ˈɪnˌpʊt ˈsɪgnəl. ðɪs θɪŋ rɪˈdusɪz tɪ ɪgˈzæktli ðə seɪm ˈsərkət ɛz ɑr ˌɛləˈmɛnʧri feɪz steɪʤ, bət ðə rɪˈzɪstəns kən naʊ bi kənˈtroʊld baɪ ən ˌɪˌlɛkˈtrɑnɪk ˈkɑrənt. ðə seɪm trɪk wɑz ˈleɪtər juzd baɪ ˈmaɪstroʊ ɪn ðɛr "steɪʤ". "viˈbrɑtoʊ" ðə læst ənd pərˈhæps moʊst ˈæbˌstrækt feɪz ˈʃɪftər steɪʤ ɪz ðə "viˈbrɑtoʊ" ɪn ðə oʊld. ðiz θɪŋz hæv ə ˈlɛʤənˌdɛri saʊnd ɪn ðə viˈbrɑtoʊ ˈsɛtɪŋ, ənd ðeɪ ər ˈoʊnli ˈdɪmli ˌəndərˈstʊd. ðə ˈoʊnli ˈizəli əˈveɪləbəl ˈvɛriəbəl rɪˈzɪstərz ðət ðə rɪˈzɪstərz kʊd gɪt æt ðə taɪm ðiz wər dɪˈzaɪnd wər ldr's, wɪʧ wər ˈvɛri ɪkˈspɛnsɪv ðɛn, ənd ə ˈnuli əˈveɪləbəl pɑrt kɔld ə "ˈvoʊltɪʤ ˈvɛriəbəl" ər varistor. hæd ə rɪˈzɪstəns ðət wɑz ˈvɛriəbəl, dɪˈpɛndɪŋ ɔn haʊ məʧ ˈvoʊltɪʤ wɑz əˈkrɔs ðɛm. ðə haɪər ðə ˈvoʊltɪʤ, ðə loʊər ðə rɪˈzɪstəns ðeɪ ʃoʊd tɪ ə ˈsɪgnəl. ðə əv ðə wər nɑt ˈvɛri ˈsɛnsɪtɪv, ənd ɪt tʊk əˈkrɔs ðɛm tɪ meɪk ə ˈdɪfərəns ɪn ðə rɪˈzɪstəns. dɪˈzaɪnərz hæd tɪ ˈsəmˌhaʊ kip ðɪs lɑrʤ draɪv ˈsɪgnəl frəm əˈfɛktɪŋ ðə ˈrɛlətɪvli ˈtaɪni ˈsɪgnəlz ðət ðə æmp wɑz ˈprɑsɛsɪŋ. wət ðeɪ dɪd wɑz tɪ juz ə fərst ɛz ə feɪz ˈsplɪtər tɪ gɪv ðɛm ðə ˈmɪrər ˈɪmɪʤ ˈsɪgnəlz ðət ə feɪz ʃɪft steɪʤ nidz, ənd ðɛn fid ðɪs θru tu ˈdɪfərənt pæθs. wən pæθ wɑz θru ðə ˈjuʒəwəl feɪz kəˈpæsətər tɪ ðə nɛkst steɪʤ wɛr ðə ˈsɛnsɪŋ əv ðə mɪkst ˈsɪgnəlz wʊd bi dən. ðə ˈsɛkənd pæθ wɑz θru ðə ənd hir ɪt gɑt ˈkɑmpləˌkeɪtəd. ðə ˌɪtˈsɛlf wɑz rən θru ə feɪz ˈsplɪtər tɪ ˈʤɛnərˌeɪt ə ənd ə ˈsɪgnəl. ðə ˈsɪgnəl frəm ðə fərst steɪʤ wɑz fɛd ðoʊ ə lɑrʤ ˌdiˈsi ˈblɑkɪŋ kəˈpæsətər, ənd ðɛn tɪ ðə ˈʤəŋkʃən əv tu. ðə ˈəðər ɛndz əv ðə tu wər fɛd frəm ə ənd ə rɪˈspɛktɪvli. ðə səm əv ðə ənd əˈpɪrd əˈkrɔs ðə, bət ðɪs ˈkænsəld æt ðə ˈʤəŋkʃən əv ðə tu. ðə ɛndz əv ðə ˈɔlsoʊ fɛd ˌdiˈsi (ənd ˈeɪˈsi) ˈblɑkɪŋ kəˈpæsɪtərz ənd ʤɔɪnd ðə ˈsɪgnəl frəm ðə feɪz kəˈpæsətər æt ðə ˈɪnˌpʊt tɪ ðə nɛkst steɪʤ. bɪˈkəz ðə wər aʊt əv feɪz, ðeɪ ˈtɛndɪd tɪ ˈkænsəl æt ðə ˈɪnˌpʊt tɪ ðə nɛkst steɪʤ ɛz wɛl, ˈlivɪŋ ˈoʊnli ðə ˈsɪgnəl, wɪʧ hæd bɪn θru tu ˈvɛriəbəl rɪˈzɪstərz ɪn ˈpɛrəˌlɛl. juzd ˈiðər wən ər tu ˈsteɪʤɪz əv ðɪs, dɪˈpɛndɪŋ ɔn ðə æmp, ənd ˈnɛvər dɪd ðə əˈdɪʃən əv ðə draɪ ˈsɪgnəl ðət wʊd hæv meɪd ɪt ˈɪntu ə tru feɪz ˈʃɪftər. ðeɪ ˈsɛtəld fər ðə ˌɪˌlɛkˈtrɑnɪk viˈbrɑtoʊ ðət ɪt prəˈdust. ðɪs wɑz ðə fərst tru viˈbrɑtoʊ ɪn ən æmp. stɪl, ɛz ˈkɑmpləˌkeɪtəd ɛz ɪt wɑz fər tɪ du ɪt, ɪts stɪl ə ˈvɛriənt əv ðə ˈsɪmpəl feɪz steɪʤ. ˈfidˌbæk ənd "ˈrɛzənəns" ðə ˈjumən ɪr hirz ə ˈfrikwənsi pik ɛz ə ˈspɛʃəl keɪs, ə sɔrt əv ˈɪnstənt ˌrɛkɪgˈnɪʃən əv ən ɪnˈkloʊzd speɪs. wɪn ðə feɪz- ər ˈsɪgnəl ɪz ˈædɪd tɪ ðə ərˈɪʤənəl ˈsɪgnəl, ðə ˈpleɪsɪz wɛr ðeɪ ˈkænsəl kən bi ˈprɪti drəˈmætɪk, wɪθ ˈpərˌfɪkt ˌkænsəˈleɪʃən ˈpɑsəbəl ðət ɪz, ðə nɑʧ riˈmuvz ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɔl əv ðə ˈsɪgnəl æt ðət wən ˈfrikwənsi. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, wɪn ðə dɪˈleɪd ˈsɪgnəl ənd ðə ərˈɪʤənəl ˌriɪnˈfɔrs, ðə rɪˈzəlt ɪz ʤɪst twaɪs ðə saɪz əv ˈiðər wən ə "həmp" ˈoʊnli sɪks haɪ. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ɪf ju teɪk ə bɪt əv ðə ˈaʊtˌpʊt ˈsɪgnəl frəm ðə feɪz ər taɪm dɪˈleɪ laɪn ənd rut ɪt bæk tɪ ðə ˈɪnˌpʊt tɪ ðə dɪˈleɪ laɪn, ðə ˈfrikwənsiz ðət ˌriɪnˈfɔrs ər ˈɛmfəˌsaɪzd. ɪn fækt, ju məst ɪnˈʃʊr ðət ju fid bæk ə sˈmɔlər ˈvərʒən əv ðə feɪz ər taɪm dɪˈleɪd ˈsɪgnəl ðən keɪm ˈɪntu ðə ˈɪnˌpʊt, ər ju wɪl ˌgɛrənˈti ðət ðə dɪˈleɪ laɪn wɪl ˈɑsəˌleɪt. dən ʤuˈdɪʃɪsli, ju kən fid bæk ɪˈnəf tɪ kɔz ˈfrikwənsi piks æt ðə ˈpleɪsɪz wɛr ðə ˈsɪgnəlz ˌriɪnˈfɔrs, ənd kip ðə ˌkænsəˈleɪʃən ˈnɑʧɪz. ðɪs hæd ə məʧ mɔr ˈrɛzənənt ənd ˌɪˈmiˌdiət saʊnd. ˈdɪfərənt dɪˈzaɪnərz ˌdɪˈsaɪd tɪ fid bæk ðə ˈsɪgnəl frəm ˈdɪfərənt feɪz ˈsteɪʤɪz ˈsəmˌtaɪmz; iʧ steɪʤ həz lɛs feɪz ˈdɪfərəns, soʊ ðɛr ɪz ɛs ˈdɪfərənt sɛt əv piks ˈʤɛnərˌeɪtɪd, ənd ə ˈdɪfərənt vɔɪs tɪ iʧ steɪʤ. ˈvərsəz ˈgɪvɪn ðət boʊθ ðiz dɪˈvaɪsɪz ˈproʊdus ðɛr toʊnz baɪ ˈkɔzɪŋ ˈnɑʧɪz ɪn ðə ˈfrikwənsi rɪˈspɑns əv ðə dɪˈvaɪs ənd sˈwipɪŋ ðoʊz ˈnɑʧɪz əp ənd daʊn, wɪʧ ɪz bɛst? ənd wət ɛls dɪz ˈsəmθɪŋ ˈsɪmələr? ɪt tərnz aʊt ðət ˈɛniˌθɪŋ ðət gɪvz ju ə nɑʧ wɪl kəm ɔf ˈsaʊndɪŋ laɪk ˈiðər ə ər ə. ðɛr hæv bɪn dɪˈvaɪsɪz ðət juzd ˈməltəpəl ˈvoʊltɪʤ kənˈtroʊld nɑʧ ˈfɪltərz əv ˈvɛriəs tɛkˈnɑləʤiz tɪ ˈsɪmjəˌleɪt ə ˈnɑʧɪz. ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ðət dɪz ˈnɑʧɪz wərks. səm əv ðiz ər mɔr ɪˈlæbərˌeɪt ðən ðə ðeɪ ˈɛmjəˌleɪt. ðə ril ˈdɪfərəns bɪtˈwin ə ənd ɪz ðət ə ˈɔlˌweɪz prəˈdusɪz ə lɑrʤ ˈnəmbər əv ˈnɑʧɪz ðət ər ən ˈivɪn ˈməltəpəl əv ˈfrikwənsi əˈpɑrt. ˈivɪn wɪθ lɑrʤ ˈnəmbərz əv ˈsteɪʤɪz (aɪv hərd əv 20 steɪʤ dɪˈvaɪsɪz!) kænt kəmˈpit wɪθ ðə ˈməltəpəl ˈnɑʧɪz ðət ə pʊts aʊt. ðə ˈspeɪsɪŋ əv ðə ˈnɑʧɪz ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈɑdəbəl ɛz ə ʧeɪnʤ ɪn toʊn, ənd ɪt teɪks səm ˈkɛrfəl ˈtrɪmɪŋ tɪ gɪt ˈnɑʧɪz speɪst ðə seɪm ˈrɛgjələr ˈspeɪsɪŋ ɛz ə. tɪ mi, saʊnd sˈmuðər, ənd ˈsəmˈwət lɛs kənˈtraɪvd. ɔn ðə ˈəðər hænd, hæv ðɛr oʊn "swit spɑts". wɪʧ wən ɪz ˈbɛtər? ðə ril ˈænsər ɪz ðɛr ˈdɪfərənt, nɑt kəmˈpɛtɪtərz. juz ðə wən ju laɪk wɛr ju laɪk ɪt.
copyright 1999 r.g.keen. all rights reserved. no portion of these materials may be reproduced without written permission of the author. the technology of phase shifters and flangers practically every guitarist has heard the swirling, spacey sounds characteristic of a phaser or its cousin, the flanger. these boxes have a unique sound that is immediately recognizable to us in rock and processed acoustic music. unfortunately these effects are not the easiest effects to understand in terms of how that odd tone is made. the terms "phase shift" and "flange" are not part of our daily lives, and don't really convey up any mental image that's useful in understanding them. what is phase shift? there is only a little electronics knowledge needed here. in the simplest case, a signal might be a pure sine wave. this sine wave alternates smoothly from positive to negative and back again. the places where the signal voltage is exactly 0volts, neither positive or negative are taken by engineers to be the places where the sine wave starts. the "zero crossing point" where it starts positive is taken to be zero degrees, and the place where it starts negative is taken to be 180 degrees; when it gets back to the zero crossing where it starts positive again, it's been through 360 degrees, and is back at 0 degrees. the time it takes the wave to get back to 0/360 degrees is the period of the wave and is exactly one divided by the frequency of the wave. if we have another sine wave that is the same size and frequency but has different zero crossing times, it is said to be shifted in phase relative to the first wave. if it starts positive a bit later than the first one, then it is lagging the wave we are using as a reference; if it starts positive a bit sooner than the reference, then it's said to be lagging. the amount it leads or lags is the relative phase shift of the second wave compared to the first one. a tiny time delay of any signal when added back to the original signal will cause it to lag the original signal by a bit. if we have a situation where two waves of the same frequency, perhaps the same wave, but one image delayed a tiny bit of time, are added together somehow, they may reinforce one another or partially cancel one another. if they are exactly 180 degrees out of phase, they may totally cancel one another. if they start at close to the same time, they reinforce one another. it turns out that the human ear is not too sensitive to phase shifts - that is, your ears can't really tell the difference between sounds that start by compressing your eardrum and ones that start by pulling out on your eardrums. what the ear is excruciatingly sensitive to is amplitude, or loudness, frequency, and the spectrum of harmonics of tones in a sound. take a little time... when we take some complex sound with lots of harmonics across a whole range of frequencies and delay it a tiny bit, we have introduced some phase shift. if we have done this with a pure time shift, as with either an analog or digital delay, every component of the sound is delayed exactly the same amount of time. as an example, let's look at what happens if we use a 1millisecond delay. remember the period of a wave is one divided by the frequency of the wave - that is, a 1khz wave has a period of 1/1000 or 1 millisecond. since this period is 360degrees of the wave, a 1ms delay of a 1khz wave is a delay of exactly the period, so this delay is a phase shift of exactly 360 degrees, and the result is perfectly in phase with the original. however, a 500hz wave has a period of 2ms, so the same time delay is only 180 degrees of delay to the 500 hz wave, and it is exactly out of phase with the original - if we add the original to the delayed 500 hz wave, they will cancel. this same result happens for higher frequencies. a 2khz wave has a period of 1/2ms, and so the delay of one millisecond is exactly two times the period of the wave, and the result is in phase with the original. a wave of frequency 1/(1.5ms) = 667hz delayed by 1ms is delayed by one and one half waves, so the result is exactly out of phase with the original. in fact, every frequency that is an even multiple (x1, x2, x3, ...) of the time delay comes out perfectly in phase with the original. every frequency that is an even multiple plus 1/2 of the time delay (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, ...) will be exactly out of phase with the original. in between the even multiples (1, 2, 3, ...) and the even-plus-half multiples (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, ...) the phase changes are intermediate, so they gradually fade from reinforcing to opposing. a constant time delay of a signal that is added back to the original will cause a whole slew of reinforcement peaks and cancellation notches across the whole audio spectrum. when displayed as a frequency response plot, there are lots of notches, giving the thing it's engineering name, a comb filter. the notches get more and more abundant as the frequency goes up. all by itself, this sounds very different from the straight signal, and is exactly what you get when you set an eh electric mistress to the "filter matrix" setting. the results of a constant time delay on frequency response was known to engineers near the beginning of the 1900's, but how this actually sounded as an effect was discovered accidentally in the 1950's when phil spectre was producing a record and wanted to thicken up the vocals. he played back two copies of a vocal track at the same time and touched the flange of the tape reel to delay one a bit. the resulting sound was not just reverb-ed or thickened, it displayed the same comb-filter response, plus something a bit more exciting. since the thumb on the flange of the tape reel was not perfectly constant, the delay varied a bit between the two signals. if you think about the description of time delays above, you'll see that the changing delay has the effect of moving the frequency notches up and down in frequency. this is not a subtle effect, and phil was so enthralled with it that he went on to use it in most of his songs - the first "flanged" sound was "the big hurt." it was not the last. this is really all there is to a flanger - a time delay that can be modulated a bit, and a mixer to add the delayed signal back to the original or dry signal. as a side effect, if you did not add the dry signal to the modulated-delay signal, you got what amounts to a frequency shift as the delay speeds up and slows down, so you have a true electronic vibrato. phase up to it... variable speed tape delays are a little clumsy to use on stage, so this effect only got used in studios at first. then something else came up. again, the engineers had known for a long time that inductors and capacitors cause phase shifts of signals through them exactly who noticed this is not clear, but someone realized that the phase delay caused by an inductor or capacitor amounts to a small time delay in itself. if used properly, a capacitor/resistor or inductor/resistor network introduces a frequency dependent phase delay, no tape loops needed. an elementary phase shift stage looks like this. a signal is converted to two signals, one a replica of the original, and one its mirror image (that is, 180 degrees out of phase at all frequencies). these two mirror image signals are fed into a capacitor and a resistor that are joined at the middle. the impedance of the capacitor goes down with increasing frequency, so at very high frequencies, the capacitor looks like a short circuit, and the signal fed to it dominates the result at the junction of the capacitor/resistor. as the frequencies of the signal get lower, the capacitor's impedance gets bigger. at very low frequencies, the capacitor has a higher impedance than the resistor, and the signal fed to the resistor dominates the signal at the junction of the two. if the resistor got the non-inverted signal, and the capacitor the inverted one, then at low frequencies the resulting signal at the junction of the resistor and cap is just the non-inverted signal. at very high frequencies, the resulting signal is just the inverted signal through the cap. in the middle, the inverted and non-inverted signals add in a way that depends on the reactance of the capacitor versus the resistance. the math is a bit complicated, but it turns out that the result is always the same size (loudness) as the original signal, but its phase is different by a variable amount that depends on exactly what the frequency is. at the frequency where the capacitor's impedance is equal to the resistor, the phase shift is exactly 90 degrees, which is equal to a time delay of 1/4 of the period of that frequency. so we have a frequency dependent time delay, more shift at some places than others. if we listen to the signal at the junction of the resistor and cap, we don't hear much of anything unusual, because the amplitude remains constant while the phase changes. even if we add the original signal to the phase shifted signal, nothing much is noticeable except some increase or decrease of treble, depending on whether the capacitor got the inverted or non-inverted signal. however, if we string up two of these things in series (using signal buffers so the two don't interfere), we find that the phase at that middle frequency has been shifted 90 degrees by the first phase shift stage and another 90 by the second one. the output of the second phase shift stage has a frequency where the total phase shift is 180 degrees. if we add it to the original signal, it cancels, just like the result for a pure time delay, but only at that one frequency. this is a noticeable sound, and the mxr phase 45 works just like this - it has two phase delay stages, and only one notch. we can go on with this, stringing together more phase shift stages to get more notches. each pair of stages adds one more notch. the most common commercial phase shifters stop with four stages (such as the mxr phase 90, univibe) or six stages (mxr phase 100). note that the practicalities of the circuit require that any stage after the phase shift rc must not load the rc. it's best if the phase r-c is followed by a high impedance buffer. this is very much like the time delay example in that although the effect is noticeable, it's much better if the notches move up and down in frequency. we can do that by taking note of the fact that changing either the resistor or the capacitor's value moves the frequency up and down. the simplest moving phase-notches setup would be to use four ganged variable resistors, and twiddle the knob. the cancellation notches would obligingly move in time to the twiddling; this gives us the now-familiar phasing sound. more than one way to make a shift the trick to getting phasing automated is to automate changing either the resistance or the capacitance; since capacitors are notoriously hard to modulate, every commercial phase shifter has come up with some scheme for varying a resistor in a phase shift stage - none vary the capacitor that i have seen. the following circuits show some of the ways. - univibe the univibe, arguably the oldest phaser, also has the implementation closest to the elementary phase shift stage. the univibe uses identical phase shift stages composed of a darlington connected pair of transistors, bootstrapped for high input impedance, and with equal collector and emitter load resistors for producing the two out-f phase signals needed for the next stage. the univibe's method of modulating the phase resistor employs light dependent resistors (ldr's) and a pulsating lamp to sweep the phase-induced notches up and down the frequency spectrum. - phase 45/90 there is a large group of phasers that use a variant of the elementary stage, taking advantage of the two inputs of modern opamps. in the elementary stage, note that if you did not invert the signal fed to the resistor, but rather subtracted the original signal from the capacitor, not adding it, that you'd get the same output signal. this is what the opamp implementation does. the rc is split into a c/variable r at the noninverting input, and the original signal fed to the inverting input. varying the r at the positive input causes the phase change. there are a number of ways that have been used to change the resistance at the noninverting input. you can use ldr's, you can use the variation of the drain/source resistance of jfets like the mxr, you can use the variable channel resistance of mosfets - practically any thing that acts like a variable resistor and doesn't distort too much can be used - even ganged pots! - small stone a unique phase stage was cooked up by electro harmonix. their "small stone" phase shifter used an "operational transconductance amplifier" or ota as the variable resistance in a phase stage, and an internal darlington buffer in one of the ota ic's on the market as the buffer for the next stage. an ota takes the difference of two input voltages, like an ordinary operational amplifier, but its output is not a voltage that is the sum of the two input voltages, but a current that is proportional to the difference between the two input voltages. the proportionality factor that tells you how many times the input voltage difference the output current becomes is controllable by the current into a "bias" pin. looked at in one way, the ota sources a current into its output node that depends on the amount of voltage at its input - kind of like a resistor does. except in this case, the ratio of current out per voltage in is adjustable by that bias current (making it a variable resistor) and the proportionality may be either positive or negative, since it has both positive and negative inputs. in the case of the small stone, the ota is used as a "negative" variable resistor, and the input signal is routed to the output through the phase capacitor. since the ota is a current source output, it sticks its current into the output node, ignoring the capacitor. the capacitor also contributes its current, so the two are added at the output node, and since the ota also reversed the phase of the signal it processed, it looks like it came through an ordinary resistor that was connected to the mirror image of the input signal. this thing reduces to exactly the same circuit as our elementary phase stage, but the resistance can now be controlled by an electronic current. the same trick was later used by maestro in their "stage phaser". - magnatone "vibrato" the last and perhaps most abstract phase shifter stage is the "vibrato" in the old magnatone amps. these things have a legendary sound in the vibrato setting, and they are only dimly understood. the only easily available variable resistors that the magnatone resistors could get at the time these amps were designed were ldr's, which were very expensive then, and a newly available part called a "voltage variable resistor" or varistor. varistors had a resistance that was variable, depending on how much voltage was across them. the higher the voltage, the lower the resistance they showed to a signal. the varistors of the '50's were not very sensitive, and it took 20-50v across them to make a difference in the resistance. magnatone's designers had to somehow keep this large lfo drive signal from affecting the relatively tiny signals that the amp was processing. what they did was to use a first triode as a phase splitter to give them the mirror image signals that a phase shift rc stage needs, and then feed this through two different paths. one path was through the usual phase capacitor to the next stage where the sensing of the mixed signals would be done. the second path was through the varistors and here it got complicated. the lfo itself was run through a phase splitter to generate a +lfo and a -lfo signal. the signal from the first stage was fed though a large dc blocking capacitor, and then to the junction of two varistors. the other ends of the two varistors were fed from a +lfo and a -lfo respectively. the sum of the + and - lfo appeared across the varistors, but this cancelled at the junction of the two varistors. the lfo ends of the varistors also fed dc (and lfo ac) blocking capacitors and joined the signal from the phase capacitor at the input to the next stage. because the lfos were out of phase, they tended to cancel at the input to the next stage as well, leaving only the signal, which had been through two variable resistors in parallel. magnatone used either one or two stages of this, depending on the amp, and never did the addition of the dry signal that would have made it into a true phase shifter. they settled for the electronic vibrato that it produced. this was the first true vibrato in an amp. still, as complicated as it was for magnatone to do it, it's still a variant of the simple r/c phase stage. feedback and "resonance" the human ear hears a frequency peak as a special case, a sort of instant recognition of an enclosed space. when the phase- or time-delayed signal is added to the original signal, the places where they cancel can be pretty dramatic, with perfect cancellation possible - that is, the notch removes almost all of the signal at that one frequency. however, when the delayed signal and the original reinforce, the result is just twice the size of either one - a "hump" only six db high. however, if you take a bit of the output signal from the phase or time delay line and route it back to the input to the delay line, the frequencies that reinforce are emphasized. in fact, you must ensure that you feed back a smaller version of the phase or time delayed signal than came into the input, or you will guarantee that the phase/time delay line will oscillate. done judiciously, you can feed back enough to cause frequency peaks at the places where the signals reinforce, and keep the cancellation notches. this had a much more resonant and immediate sound. different designers decide to feed back the signal from different phase stages sometimes; each stage has less phase difference, so there is s different set of peaks generated, and a different voice to each stage. phaser vs flanger given that both these devices produce their tones by causing notches in the frequency response of the device and sweeping those notches up and down, which is best? and what else does something similar? it turns out that anything that gives you a moveable notch will come off sounding like either a phaser or a flanger. there have been devices that used multiple voltage controlled notch filters of various technologies to simulate a phaser's notches. everything that does notches works. some of these are more elaborate than the phaser they emulate. the real difference between a phaser and flanger is that a flanger always produces a large number of notches that are an even multiple of frequency apart. even phasers with large numbers of stages (i've heard of 20 stage devices!) can't compete with the multiple notches that a flanger puts out. the spacing of the notches is also audible as a change in tone, and it takes some careful trimming to get phaser notches spaced the same regular spacing as a flanger. to me, flangers sound smoother, and somewhat less contrived. on the other hand, phasers have their own "sweet spots". which one is better? the real answer is - they're different, not competitors. use the one you like where you like it.	noʊv 14 2015 ˈwɔʃɪŋtən, ˌdiˈsi, ˈjuˈɛˈseɪ; ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ˈwɪzərdz ˈfɔrwərd ˈɑˌtoʊ ˈpɔrtər jr. 22 ˈdrɪbəlz ðə bɔl pæst ɔˈrlænˌdoʊ ˈmæʤɪk gɑrd ˈmɑrioʊ 23 ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈsɛkənd hæf æt ˌvɛˈraɪzən ˈsɛnər. ðə ˈwɪzərdz wən 108 99 ˈmændəˌtɔri ˈkrɛdɪt: bræd təˈdeɪ spɔrts ɪt lɔŋ əˈgoʊ ðət səm ˈpipəl ənˈfɛrli ˈleɪbəld ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ˈwɪzərdz ˈfɔrwərd ˈɑˌtoʊ ˈpɔrtər ə ““bust””. ðə ˈfɔrmər θərd ˈoʊvərˌɔl pɪk hæd dɛlt wɪθ ˈnumərəs ˈɪnʤəriz ˈərli ɪn hɪz kərɪr ənd wɑz fɔrst tɪ pleɪ bɪˈhaɪnd ˈtrɛvər ɑˈrizə ənd ˈmɑrˌtɛl ˈwɛbstər. wɪn hi dɪd gɪt ə ʧæns tɪ pleɪ, ˈpɔrtər lʊkt wik ənd ˈsərtənli fɪt ðə bɪl əv ən ready”” ˈprɑspɛkt ðət moʊst ˈpəndɪts θɔt hi wɑz ˈkəmɪŋ aʊt əv ˈʤɔrʤˌtaʊn. hɪz ˈkɑnfədɛns wɑz ʃɑt ənd ˈrændi ˈwɪtmən sim ˈrɛdi tɪ pleɪ ðə ˈprɑspɛkt ðət hi hæd hɪz aɪ ɔn ðə ɪnˈtaɪər ˈsəmər. ˈrɪli, ɪt fɛlt laɪk ðə ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ˈwɪzərdz hæd ˈɛnərd əˈnəðər ʤæn ˈvizli ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃən. læst jɪr, ˈpɔrtər ˈrɛrli gɑt ˈɛni pleɪɪŋ taɪm ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈrɛgjələr ˈsizən dɪˈspaɪt ˈhævɪŋ ə fænˈtæstɪk rən ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈɛnˌbiˈeɪ ˈsəmər lig ˈsərkət. ˈwɔʃɪŋtən hæd saɪnd pɔl pɪrs tɪ ˌriˈpleɪs ɑˈrizə ɪn ðə ˈstɑrtɪŋ ˈlaɪˌnəp ənd ˈbətlər wɑz ˈpʊtɪŋ əp ˈɛnˌbiˈeɪ ʤæm ˈnəmbərz frəm θri. ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli, ˈbətlər fɛl bæk daʊn tɪ ˌriˈæləˌti ənd ˈpɔrtər wɑz ˈgɪvɪn ðə ʧæns tɪ pleɪ. wɪn hi dɪd, hi tʊk ðə bɔl ənd ræn wɪθ ɪt, ˈnɛvər ˈlʊkɪŋ bæk. hɪz ˈkɑnfədɛns wɑz ˈbustɪd ənd ˈpɔrtər ˈfaɪnəli ˈstɑrtɪd tɪ lʊk laɪk ə θərd ˈoʊvərˌɔl pɪk. hi nɑkt daʊn kləʧ ʃɑts, gɑt ˈtaɪmli ˈbæskəts ˌɪnˈsaɪd ənd ˈɔlˌweɪz simd tɪ meɪk ən ˌɪmˈpækt ˈdʊrɪŋ ki ˈmoʊmənts. ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə pleɪɔfs, ˈpɔrtər ˈævrɪʤd ˈrəfli 10 pɔɪnts ənd 8 ˈriˌbaʊndz ɪn ˈoʊvər 33 ˈmɪnəts pər geɪm. hi hæd pleɪd ʤɪst 19 ˈmɪnəts pər geɪm ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈrɛgjələr ˈsizən. ˈæftər ˈmeɪkɪŋ ə ˈpɑzətɪv ˌɪmˈpækt ɪn ðə pleɪɔfs, ˈhɛlpɪŋ ðə ˈwɪzərdz ədˈvæns tɪ ðə fər ðə ˈsɛkənd streɪt ˈsizən, bræs hæd ˈkɑnfədɛns ɪn ˈpɔrtər ənd goʊɪŋ tɪ breɪk ðə bæŋk tɪ kip pɪrs ɔn ðə ˈrɑstər æt ðə ɛnd əv hɪz kərɪr. ˌɪnˈstɛd, ðeɪ ˈhændɪd ðə ˈstɑrtɪŋ smɔl ˈfɔrwərd kiz ˈoʊvər tɪ ˈɑˌtoʊ ˈpɔrtər. naʊ, ˈivɪn ɛz ə səˈpɔrtər əv ˈpɔrtər ˈsəmˌwən hu bɪˈlivd ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli breɪk aʊt wɪn ˈgɪvɪn ðə ʧæns ðə sɛlf proʊˈkleɪmd ˈlidər əv ðə ˈmuvmənt, ˈæftər ɔl) aɪ wɑz stɪl əˈfreɪd ðət ˈwɔʃɪŋtən wɑz θroʊɪŋ ɪm aʊt ðɛr tu sun. ˌɪmˈpruvmənt wɑz ˈɛvədənt ənd ˈprɛzəns boʊθ ɔn ənd ɔf ðə flɔr hɛlpt gɪv ɪm ðə ˈkɑnfədɛns hi ˈnidɪd. ˈɑnəstli, nɑt kwaɪt ʃʊr ðət ˈɛni ˈəðər pleɪər hæd səʧ ən ˌɪmˈpækt ɔn ˈpɔrtər. fər ðət, wi ʃʊd bi fərˈɛvər ˈgreɪtfəl. stɪl, ðɛr wər səm kˈwɛʃən mɑrks sərˈaʊndɪŋ ˈpɔrtər. ðə ˈsæmpəl saɪz ɔn hɪz ˈsɑləd pleɪ ʤɪst gʊd ɪˈnəf, jɛt ˈwɔʃɪŋtən bɪˈlivd ɪn ɪm tɪ meɪk ɪm ə ˈstɑrtər. wəns ˈʤɛrɪd ˈdədli ənd ˈælən ˈændərsən wɛnt daʊn, ɪt wɑz ˈrɪli əp tɪ ˈpɔrtər tɪ kip ðə boʊt əˈfloʊt. ʤɪst 9 geɪmz ˈɪntu ðə ˈsizən, ənd soʊ fɑr, dən ɪgˈzæktli wət ˈnidɪd tɪ. [ˈteɪbəl ˈpɔrtər həz bɪˈkəm ən ɪˈfɪʃənsi ˈmɑnstər, dɪˈspaɪt nɑt ˈʃutɪŋ ˈnɪrli ɛz wɛl frəm dip ɛz ˈkeɪpəbəl əv ˈʃutɪŋ. bɪn əˈtɑp ðə ˈɛnˌbiˈeɪ ɪn ˈfɪnɪʃɪŋ ˌɪnˈsaɪd ənd ˈhɪtɪŋ ˈnɪrli 90 pərˈsɛnt əv hɪz fri θroʊz. ənˈlaɪk ðə pæst fju ˈsizənz, ˈpɔrtər bɪn ˈhɛzɪtənt tɪ brɪŋ ðə bɔl əp ðə flɔr wɪn ðə gɑrdz ɪn pəˈzɪʃən tɪ ˈhændəl ɪt. ɪn fækt, kəˈnɛktɪd wɪθ ðə bɪgz ənd həz ˈivɪn rən səm wɪθ mɑrˈsin gortat. nɑt ˈoʊnli ər hɪz ˈnəmbərz əp əˈkrɔs ðə bɔrd, bət ˈpɔrtər ɪz pleɪɪŋ laɪk ˈsəmˌwən ˈkeɪpəbəl əv biɪŋ ðə θərd bɛst pleɪər ɔn ðə ˈwɔʃɪŋtən wizards’’ ˈrɑstər. hərd ˈpipəl tɔk əˈbaʊt hɪz ˈsilɪŋ, ˈɔfən ˈkɔlɪŋ ɪm ə ““glue-guy””, bət ˈkeɪpəbəl əv biɪŋ məʧ mɔr ðən ðət. wəns hi faɪndz hɪz ˈrɪðəm frəm dip, noʊ ˈrizən waɪ ˈpɔrtər ˈævərɪʤ 15 pɔɪnts waɪl ˈpoʊstɪŋ əˈbəv ˈævərɪʤ pleɪər ɪˈfɪʃənsi ˈnəmbərz. ˈpɔrtər ɪz ˈsɛtɪŋ hɪmˈsɛlf əp tɪ bi wən əv ðə tɔp kənˈtɛndərz fər ðə moʊst ˌɪmˈpruvd pleɪər əˈwɔrd. pleɪərz laɪk c.j*. məˈkɔləm, ˈændru ˈwɪgɪnz ənd, əv kɔrs, ˈɑnˌdreɪ ˈdrəmənd wɪl ˈɔlsoʊ bi ɪn kənˈtɛnʃən fər ðə əˈwɔrd. rəˈgɑrdləs, ðə ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ˈwɪzərdz sim tɪ hæv əˈnəðər jəŋ stɑr ɔn ðɛr hænz. naʊ ʤɪst ə ˈmætər əv kənˈsɪstəntli pleɪɪŋ wɛl.
nov 14, 2015; washington, dc, usa; washington wizards forward otto porter jr. (22) dribbles the ball past orlando magic guard mario hezonja (23) during the second half at verizon center. the wizards won 108 - 99. mandatory credit: brad mills-usa today sports it wasn’t long ago that some people unfairly labeled washington wizards forward otto porter a “bust”. the former third overall pick had dealt with numerous injuries early in his career and was forced to play behind trevor ariza and martell webster. when he did get a chance to play, porter looked weak and certainly didn’t fit the bill of an “nba ready” prospect that most pundits thought he was coming out of georgetown. his confidence was shot and randy wittman didn’t seem ready to play the prospect that he had his eye on the entire summer. really, it felt like the washington wizards had entered another jan vesely situation. last year, porter rarely got any playing time during the regular season despite having a fantastic run during the nba summer league circuit. washington had signed paul pierce to replace ariza in the starting lineup and rasual butler was putting up nba jam numbers from three. eventually, butler fell back down to reality and porter was given the chance to play. when he did, he took the ball and ran with it, never looking back. his confidence was boosted and porter finally started to look like a third overall pick. he knocked down clutch shots, got timely baskets inside and always seemed to make an impact during key moments. during the playoffs, porter averaged roughly 10 points and 8 rebounds in over 33 minutes per game. he had played just 19 minutes per game during the regular season. after making a positive impact in the playoffs, helping the wizards advance to the semi-finals for the second straight season, washington’s brass had confidence in porter and weren’t going to break the bank to keep pierce on the roster at the end of his career. instead, they handed the starting small forward keys over to otto porter. now, even as a supporter of porter — someone who believed he’d eventually break out when given the chance (i’m the self proclaimed leader of the #freeotto movement, after all) — i was still afraid that washington was throwing him out there too soon. porter’s improvement was evident and pierce’s presence both on and off the floor helped give him the confidence he needed. honestly, i’m not quite sure that any other player would’ve had such an impact on porter. for that, we should be forever grateful. still, there were some question marks surrounding porter. the sample size on his solid play just wasn’t good enough, yet washington believed in him to make him a starter. once jared dudley and alan anderson went down, it was really up to porter to keep the boat afloat. we’re just 9 games into the season, and so far, he’s done exactly what he’s needed to. [table id=18 /] porter has become an efficiency monster, despite not shooting nearly as well from deep as he’s capable of shooting. he’s been atop the nba in finishing inside and he’s hitting nearly 90 percent of his free throws. unlike the past few seasons, porter hasn’t been hesitant to bring the ball up the floor when the guards aren’t in position to handle it. in fact, he’s connected with the bigs and has even run some pick-and-roll with marcin gortat. not only are his numbers up across the board, but porter is playing like someone who’s capable of being the third best player on the washington wizards’ roster. i’ve heard people talk about his ceiling, often calling him a “glue-guy”, but he’s capable of being much more than that. once he finds his rhythm from deep, there’s no reason why porter can’t average 15+ points while posting above average player efficiency numbers. porter is setting himself up to be one of the top contenders for the nba’s most improved player award. players like c.j. mccollum, andrew wiggins and, of course, andre drummond will also be in contention for the award. regardless, the washington wizards seem to have another young star on their hands. now it’s just a matter of consistently playing well.	google's* nu ˈnɛksəs ɛs ɪz ðə fərst ˈænˌdrɔɪd dɪˈvaɪs tɪ juz ðə. ðə ˈkəmpəˌni ˈpəblɪʃt ə ˈsteɪtmənt ɔn ðə əˈfɪʃəl ˈænˌdrɔɪd dɪˈvɛləpər blɔg ˈərliər ðɪs mənθ tɪ dɪˈskəs haʊ əˈdɑpʃən əv ɔn ˈænˌdrɔɪd wɪl ˌɪmˈpækt ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən dɪˈvɛləpərz. ɪn ə ˈfɑloʊˌəp poʊst læst wik, dɪˈvɛləpər tɛd ˈkɑmɛntəd ɔn ðə trænˈzɪʃən ənd ˈɔfərd səm ˈfərðər ˌklɛrəfəˈkeɪʃən rɪˈgɑrdɪŋ kənˈsərnz əˈbaʊt ˈdætə lɔs ˈɪʃuz, wɪʧ hi sɪz poʊz ˈmɪnəməl rɪsk ɔn ˈænˌdrɔɪd du tɪ ðə haɪər ˈlɛvəl əv kˈwɑləti əˈʃʊrəns ˈtɛstɪŋ. ən ˈɛkspərt ɔn dɪˈvɛləpmənt, pleɪd ə ki roʊl ɪn dɪˈvɛləpɪŋ ðə ˈkɑrənt ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən əv ðə ˈlɪnəks ˈstændərd. hi wɑz haɪərd ˈərliər ðɪs jɪr baɪ ˈgugəl wɪn ðə sərʧ ʤaɪənt wɑz trænˈzɪʃənɪŋ ɪts ˈsərvər ˈstɔrɪʤ ˌɪnfrəˈstrəkʧər frəm tɪ hi sɪz ðət hi ˈdɪdənt ˈɪnfluəns ðə dɪˈsɪʒən tɪ juz ɪn ˈænˌdrɔɪd, bət prəˈvaɪdɪd səm ədˈvaɪs ənd ˈgaɪdəns tɪ ðə ˈænˌdrɔɪd tim ˈæftər ðə dɪˈsɪʒən wɑz meɪd. moʊst ˈænˌdrɔɪd dɪˈvaɪsɪz ˈkərəntli juz yaffs, ə ˈlaɪtˈweɪt ðət ɪz fər flæʃ ˈstɔrɪʤ ənd ɪz ˈkɑmənli juzd ɪn ˈmoʊbəl ənd ɛmˈbɛdɪd dɪˈvaɪsɪz. ðə ˈprɑbləm wɪθ yaffs, ɪkˈspleɪnd ɪn hɪz blɔg ˈɛntri, ɪz ðət ɪt ɪz ənd wʊd ˈlaɪkli "hæv bɪn ə ˈbɑtəlˌnɛk ɔn ˈsɪstəmz." wɪl bi ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ɔn ˈænˌdrɔɪd dɪˈvaɪsɪz ðət juz ɑrm ˈprɑˌsɛsərz. wi ɪkˈspɛkt tɪ si ˈænˌdrɔɪd dɪˈvaɪsɪz, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈtæbləts, əˈnaʊnst ɛz ˈərli ɛz ces*. ɛz tɪm breɪ ɪkˈspleɪnd ɔn ðə ˈænˌdrɔɪd dɪˈvɛləpər blɔg, ˌæpləˈkeɪʃənz ðət juz ðə ˈplætˌfɔrmz ˌhaɪˈlɛvəl ˈstɔrɪʤ æbˈstrækʃənz wɪl ˈʤɛnərəli nɑt hæv tɪ ˈwəri əˈbaʊt ðə trænˈzɪʃən. dɪˈvɛləpərz hu ər ˈækˌsɛsɪŋ ðə dɪˈrɛkli wɪl hæv tɪ bi ˈmaɪndfəl əˈbaʊt ˈbəfərɪŋ bɪˈheɪvjər ənd meɪk ʃʊr ðət ðə ˈdætə ɪz ˈæˌkʧuəli ˈriʧɪŋ pərˈsɪstənt ˈstɔrɪʤ ɪn ə ˈtaɪmli ˈmænər soʊ ðət ɪt woʊnt bi lɔst ɪn ðə ɪˈvɛnt əv ə ˈsɪstəm ˈfeɪljər. sɪz ðət ðɛr ˈɪzənt məʧ nid fər kənˈsərn. ˈgugəl ənd ðə ˈhændˌsɛt ˈmeɪkərz wɪl kæʧ riˌlaɪəˈbɪləti ˈɪʃuz, ɪnˈʃʊrɪŋ ðət ðə ˌhaɪˈlɛvəl ˈstɔrɪʤ ər seɪf. hi ˈɔlsoʊ bɪˈlivz ðət ðə sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt əˈmaʊnt əv ˈprɑdəkt kənˈdəktəd baɪ ðə ˈvɛndərz wɪl rɪˈdus ðə rɪsk əv ˈrændəm ˈkræʃɪz. ʃɔrt əv ˈjuzərz ˈjæŋkɪŋ aʊt ðə ˈbætəri, hi sɪz, ɪts ənˈlaɪkli ðət ˈænˌdrɔɪd dɪˈvaɪsɪz wɪl ruˈtinli rən ˈɪntu ðə kaɪnd əv ˈsɪstəm ˈfeɪljər ðət ˈkɔzɪz ˈdætə lɔs fər ˌæpləˈkeɪʃənz ðət doʊnt ˈprɑpərli juz. ˈɔlsoʊ əˈdrɛst ðə kˈwɛʃən əv waɪ ˈgugəl wʊd pæs ɔn ˈɔrəkəlz, wɪʧ ɪz ɪkˈspɛktɪd tɪ ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli dɪˈspleɪs ɪn ðə fˈjuʧər. ˈsɪmpli ˈɪzənt məˈʧʊr ɪˈnəf jɛt fər juz ɪn pərˈdəkʃən. kəˈnɑnəkəl kənˈsɪdərd ˈjuzɪŋ ɛz ðə dɪˈfɔlt ɪn ˌuˈbuˌtu bət poʊstˈpoʊnd əˈdɑpʃən ˈæftər ˈsɪmələrli ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪŋ ðət ɪt ˈnidɪd mɔr taɪm ɪn ðə ˈəvən. ˈnoʊkiə ənd ˌɪnˈtɛl hæv əˈdɑptəd fər, ðoʊ ɪts ənˈklɪr ɪf ðeɪ wɪl stɪk wɪθ ðət dɪˈsɪʒən wɪn ʃɪps ɔn ˈækʧəwəl kənˈsumər dɪˈvaɪsɪz. ɪts klɪr ðət stɪl həz ən ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt roʊl tɪ pleɪ waɪl ðə ˈɪʃuz ɪn ər biɪŋ aɪərnd aʊt. ˈlɪstɪŋ ˈɪmɪʤ baɪ ˈgugəl
google's new nexus s smartphone is the first android device to use the ext4 filesystem. the company published a statement on the official android developer blog earlier this month to discuss how adoption of ext4 on android will impact application developers. in a follow-up post last week, ext4 developer ted t'so commented on the transition and offered some further clarification regarding concerns about fsync data loss issues, which he says pose minimal risk on android due to the higher level of quality assurance testing. an expert on filesystem development, t'so played a key role in developing ext4, the current generation of the linux kernel's standard filesystem. he was hired earlier this year by google when the search giant was transitioning its server storage infrastructure from ext2 to ext4. he says that he didn't influence the decision to use ext4 in android, but provided some advice and guidance to the android team after the decision was made. most android devices currently use yaffs, a lightweight filesystem that is optimized for flash storage and is commonly used in mobile and embedded devices. the problem with yaffs, t'so explained in his blog entry, is that it is single-threaded and would likely "have been a bottleneck on dual-core systems." concurrency will be important on next-generation android devices that use multi-core arm processors. we expect to see dual-core android devices, including tablets, announced as early as ces. as tim bray explained on the android developer blog, applications that use the platform's high-level storage abstractions will generally not have to worry about the transition. developers who are accessing the filesystem directly will have to be mindful about ext4's buffering behavior and make sure that the data is actually reaching persistent storage in a timely manner so that it won't be lost in the event of a system failure. t'so says that there isn't much need for concern. google and the handset makers will catch platform-level filesystem reliability issues, ensuring that the high-level storage apis are safe. he also believes that the significant amount of product qa conducted by the vendors will reduce the risk of random crashes. short of users yanking out the battery, he says, it's unlikely that android devices will routinely run into the kind of system failure that causes data loss for applications that don't properly use fsync. t'so also addressed the question of why google would pass on oracle's btrfs, which is expected to eventually displace ext4 in the future. btrfs simply isn't mature enough yet for use in production. canonical considered using btrfs as the default filesystem in ubuntu 10.10, but postponed adoption after similarly deciding that it needed more time in the oven. nokia and intel have adopted btrfs for meego, though it's unclear if they will stick with that decision when meego ships on actual consumer devices. it's clear that ext4 still has an important role to play while the issues in btrfs are being ironed out. listing image by google	ə fʊl ˈpænəl əv ˈʤəʤɪz æt ðə fɔrθ ˈjuˈɛs ˈsərkət kɔrt əv əˈpilz həz naʊ ˈoʊvərˌtərnd læst ˈnoʊtəbəl dɪˈsɪʒən baɪ ðə ˈstændərd ˈtriˌoʊ əv əˈpɛˌleɪt ˈʤəʤɪz, wɪʧ hæd faʊnd ðət pəˈlis ˈnidɪd ə ˈwɔrənt tɪ əbˈteɪn mɔr ðən 200 deɪz' wərθ əv loʊˈkeɪʃən ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən (csli) fər tu ˈkrɪmənəl ˈsəˌspɛkts. ɪn ðə ˈtuzˌdeɪ ɛn bæŋk dɪˈsɪʒən, ðə fɔrθ ˈsərkət rɪˈlaɪd ˈhɛvəli əˈpɑn ðə ˈdɔktərɪn, ðə səˈprim kɔrt keɪs ˈhoʊldɪŋ ðət ðɛr ɪz noʊ ˈpraɪvəsi ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn ˈdætə ˌvɑlənˈtɛrəli ˈgɪvɪn əp tɪ ə θərd ˈpɑrti laɪk ə sɛl foʊn prəˈvaɪdər. ðət keɪs, noʊn ɛz smɪθ vi. ˈmɛrələnd, ɪz wət həz prəˈvaɪdɪd ðə ˈligəl ˈəndərˌpɪnɪŋ fər lɑts əv sərˈveɪləns ˈproʊˌgræmz, ˈreɪnʤɪŋ frəm ˈloʊkəl pəˈlis ɔl ðə weɪ əp tɪ ðə ˈnæʃənəl sɪˈkjʊrəti ˈeɪʤənsi. ðə fɔrθ ˈsərkət kənˈkludɪd ɪn ˈjuˈɛs vi. græm: ðə səˈprim kɔrt meɪ ɪn ðə fˈjuʧər ˈlɪmət, ər ˈivɪn ɪˈlɪməˌneɪt, ðə ˈdɔktərɪn. ˈkɑŋgrəs meɪ ækt tɪ ˌrikˈwaɪər ə ˈwɔrənt fər. bət wɪˈθaʊt ə ʧeɪnʤ ɪn kənˈtroʊlɪŋ lɔ, wi ˈkænɑt kənˈklud ðət ðə ˈgəvərnmənt ˈvaɪəleɪtɪd ðə fɔrθ əˈmɛndmənt ɪn ðɪs keɪs. ðə fɔrθ əˈmɛndmənt dɪz nɑt prəˈtɛkt ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ˌvɑlənˈtɛrəli dɪˈskloʊzd tɪ ə θərd ˈpɑrti bɪˈkəz ˈivɪn ə səˈbʤɛktɪv ˌɛkspɛkˈteɪʃən əv ˈpraɪvəsi ɪn səʧ ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɪz "nɑt wən soʊˈsaɪɪti ɪz priˈpɛrd tɪ ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪz ɛz ‘‘reasonable.’.’" smɪθ, 442 juz. æt 743 (ˌɪnˈtərnəl kwoʊˈteɪʃən mɑrks ənd saɪˈteɪʃən oʊˈmɪtɪd). ðə ˈgəvərnmənt ˈðɛrˌfɔr dɪz nɑt ɪnˈgeɪʤ ɪn ə fɔrθ əˈmɛndmənt "sərʧ" wɪn ɪt əkˈwaɪərz səʧ ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən frəm ə θərd ˈpɑrti. ɪn ðə dɪˈsɪʒən, ðə ˈʤəʤɪz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈnoʊtɪd ðət ðə səˈprim kɔrt həz "fɔrʤd ə klɪr dɪˈstɪŋkʃən" bɪtˈwin ("non-content") ənd ˈkɑntɛnt. ɪn ðə fɔrθ ˈfaɪndɪŋ, "ˌəndɪˈnaɪəbli bɪˈlɔŋz ɪn ðə ˈkætəˌgɔri," bət ðə kɔrt ˈnoʊtɪd ðət "ˈkɑŋgrəs rɪˈmeɪnz fri tɪ ˌrikˈwaɪər ˈgreɪtər ˈpraɪvəsi prəˈtɛkʃən ɪf ɪt bɪˈlivz ðət dɪˈzaɪərəbəl." waɪl ðə səˈprim kɔrt həz ˈnɛvər ruld dɪˈfɪnɪtɪvli ɔn ðɪs ˈɪʃu ˌbiˈfɔr, ˈrisənt ˈkeɪsɪz, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ wən ðət ˈoʊvərˌtərnd ðə ˈwɔrəntləs ˈgipiˈɛs ˈmɑnətərɪŋ əv ə ˈsəˌspɛkt (ˈjuˈɛs vi. ʤoʊnz, 2012 səˈʤɛsts ðət ðə haɪ kɔrt meɪ bi rɪˈsɛptɪv tɪ ə ˈʧælənʤ əv ðə ˈdɔktərɪn ɪn ðə fˈjuʧər. "ðə ˈsɪmpəl ækt əv ˈkɛriɪŋ ə sɛl foʊn dɪz nɑt gɪv ðə ˈgəvərnmənt ðə raɪt tɪ træk ɑr ˈɛvəri muv," ˈmɛgən ˈskɛltən, ˈpəblɪk dɪˈfɛndər, toʊld baɪ ˈiˌmeɪl. "ˈpipəl ɪkˈspɛkt ðɪs ˈɪnɪmət ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən tɪ rɪˈmeɪn ˈpraɪvət." ˈskɛltən ˈædɪd, "wi wɪl ˈdɛfənətli pəˈtɪʃən ðə səˈprim kɔrt fər ˈfərðər ˌrivˈju." hæv ɪt jʊr weɪ ɛz ˌriˈpɔrtəd ˈpriviəsli, ðə keɪs deɪts bæk tɪ ˈfɛbruˌɛri 5 2011 wɪn tu mɛn rɑbd ə ˈbərgər kɪŋ ənd ə ɪn ˈmɪnəts ˈleɪtər, ðeɪ wər kɔt ənd kəft baɪ ˈbɔltəˌmɔr ˈsɪti pəˈlis ˈɔfɪsərz. ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli, ˈɛrən græm ənd ˈɛrɪk ˈʤɔrdən wər ʧɑrʤd wɪθ 17 kaʊnts əv ˈrɑbəri, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ðə pɛr əv fæst fud ˈrɑbəriz. ə ˈbɔltəˌmɔr ˈsɪti pəˈlis dɪˈtɛktɪv fərst sɔt ənd əbˈteɪnd ə sərʧ ˈwɔrənt fər ðə tu sɛl foʊnz rɪˈkəvərd ˈdʊrɪŋ ə sərʧ əv ðə ˈgɛtəˌweɪ kɑr. ˈprɑsɪˌkjutərz ˈleɪtər əbˈteɪnd ə kɔrt ˈɔrdər (ə ˈlɛsər ˈstændərd ðən ə ˈwɔrənt) ˈgrænɪŋ dɪˈskloʊʒər əv ðə defendants’’ ˈdætə fər ˈvɛriəs ˈpɪriədz ˈtoʊtəlɪŋ 14 deɪz wɪn ðə ˈsəˌspɛkts wər bɪˈlivd tɪ hæv bɪn ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ˈrɑbəriz. ðə ˈgəvərnmənt ðɛn əˈplaɪd fər (ənd rɪˈsivd) ə ˈsɛkənd ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən tɪ əˈnəðər ˈmæʤɪˌstreɪt ʤəʤ fər ə nu sɛt əv ˈdætə, ˈkəvərɪŋ ə ˈpɪriəd əv ˌʤuˈlaɪ 1 2010 θru ˈfɛbruˌɛri 6 2011 221 deɪz). æt ðə ˈdɪstrɪkt kɔrt ˈlɛvəl, ðə dɪˈfɛndənts ˈɑrgjud ɪn ə ˈmoʊʃən tɪ səˈprɛs ðɪs ˈɛvədəns bɪˈkəz "ðə ˈpraɪvəsi ˌɪnˈtruʒənz əˈveɪləbəl θru ðɪs taɪp əv tɛkˈnɑləʤi ər ənd ðə ˈgəvərnmənt tɪ ˌrɛtroʊˈæktɪvli træk ər ˈsərˌveɪ ə ˈsəˌspɛkt θru hɪz ˈsɛljələr ˈtɛləˌfoʊn, ə dɪˈvaɪs hi ˈlaɪkli ˈkɛriz wɪθ ɪm æt ɔl aʊərz əv ðə deɪ ənd tɪ ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃənəli prəˈtɛktɪd ˈpleɪsɪz səʧ ɛz hɪz hoʊm ər ʧərʧ." ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ə ˈdɪstrɪkt ʤəʤ ˈsaɪdɪd wɪθ ðə ˈgəvərnmənt, ˈɔlsoʊ riˈlaɪɪŋ ɔn ðə ˈdɔktərɪn, ənd dɪˈnaɪd ðə defendants’*’ ˈmoʊʃən. ˈwɛlkəm tɪ ðə fˈjuʧər ɪn dɪˈsɛnt, ˈsərkət ʤəʤ ʤeɪmz ə. wɪn dɪsəˈgrid wɪθ ðə məˈʤɔrəti əv hɪz ˈkɑligz, ˈnoʊtɪŋ ðət ðə ˈdɪfərəns bɪtˈwin ðə ˈækʃənz ɪn kˈwɛʃən ɪn smɪθ ənd ˈəðər ˈkeɪsɪz ɪz ðət ðə dɪˈfɛndənts ˌvɑlənˈtɛrəli kənˈveɪd ðə ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ðət ðə ˈgəvərnmənt ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli əbˈteɪnd. ɛz hi ˈɑrgjud, ˈɛniˌwən hu ˈjuzɪz ə ˈkrɛdɪt kɑrd noʊz ðət ðoʊz trænˈzækʃənz wɪl bi rɪˈkɔrdɪd baɪ ðə ˈɪʃuɪŋ ˈkəmpəˌni, ənd ˈsɪmələrli, ˈɛni ˈmoʊbəl foʊn ˈjuzər noʊz ðət kɔl ˈrɛkərdz wɪl bi kɛpt baɪ ðət foʊn ˈkəmpəˌni. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ˈivɪn ɪf ˈmoʊbəl foʊn ˈoʊnərz hæv ə "veɪg əˈwɛrnəs" ðət ðɛr loʊˈkeɪʃən əˈfɛkts ðə kˈwɑləti əv ðə kəˈnɛkʃən, "ðeɪ ˈʃʊrli du nɑt noʊ wɪʧ sɛl taʊər ðɛr kɔl wɪl bi ˈrutɪd θru." ˈðɛrˌfɔr, ʤəʤ wɪn ˈrizənd, ðeɪ ˈkænɑt ˈpɑsəbli noʊ ðət dɪˈteɪld loʊˈkeɪʃən ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɪz biɪŋ trænzˈmɪtəd ənd rɪˈteɪnd baɪ ðɛr ˈkɛriər. ʤəʤ wɪn, hu wɑz əˈpɔɪntɪd tɪ ðə fɔrθ ˈsərkət baɪ ˈprɛzɪdənt ˌoʊˈbɑmə, ˈɔlsoʊ ˈædɪd, "ðə məˈʤɔrəti dɪz nɑt teɪk ˈsɪriəsli ðɪs ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən maɪt bi ˌɔtəˈmætɪkli ˈʤɛnərˌeɪtɪd wɪˈθaʊt ˈjuzər ˌɪnˈvɑlvmənt." hi ˌəndərˈskɔrd ðɪs pɔɪnt wɪθ ə ˈrɛfərəns tɪ ə 2013 lɔ ˈʤərnəl ˈɑrtɪkəl ɛnˈtaɪtəld "ðə ˈdeɪnʤərz əv sərˈveɪləns" ðət ˈhaɪˌlaɪts ðə ɪkˈspænʧən əv ðə ˈɪntərˌnɛt əv θɪŋz, wɪʧ dɪz ənd wɪl ɪkˈspænd ˈdætə kəˈlɛkʃən wɪˈθaʊt ˈɛni ˈjumən ˌɪnərˈækʃən. "təˈdeɪ, ðə məˈʤɔrəti ˈsædəlz ˈjuˈɛs wɪθ ə rul ðət dɪz nɑt dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃ bɪtˈwin ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ən ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl hɪmˈsɛlf kənˈveɪz ənd ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ðət kəmˈpjutərˌaɪzd dɪˈvaɪsɪz ˌɔtəˈmætɪkli ˈrɛkərd, ˈʤɛnərˌeɪt, ənd trænzˈmɪt," wɪn roʊt. "ɪn ˈəðər wərdz, ðə ɪkˈspænsɪv ˌɪnˌtərprɪˈteɪʃən əv ˈmɪlər ənd smɪθ wɪl, wɪθ taɪm, ˈgæðər ˈifɛkts ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋgli dɪˈstrəktɪv əv ˈpraɪvəsi."
a full panel of judges at the fourth us circuit court of appeals has now overturned last summer’s notable decision by the standard trio of appellate judges, which had found that police needed a warrant to obtain more than 200 days' worth of cell-site location information (csli) for two criminal suspects. in the tuesday en banc decision, the fourth circuit relied heavily upon the third-party doctrine, the 1970s-era supreme court case holding that there is no privacy interest in data voluntarily given up to a third party like a cell phone provider. that case, known as smith v. maryland, is what has provided the legal underpinning for lots of surveillance programs, ranging from local police all the way up to the national security agency. the fourth circuit concluded in us v. graham: the supreme court may in the future limit, or even eliminate, the third-party doctrine. congress may act to require a warrant for csli. but without a change in controlling law, we cannot conclude that the government violated the fourth amendment in this case. … the fourth amendment does not protect information voluntarily disclosed to a third party because even a subjective expectation of privacy in such information is "not one society is prepared to recognize as ‘reasonable.’" smith, 442 u.s. at 743 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). the government therefore does not engage in a fourth amendment "search" when it acquires such information from a third party. in the decision, the judges also noted that the supreme court has "forged a clear distinction" between metadata ("non-content") and content. in the fourth circuit’s finding, csli "undeniably belongs in the non-content category," but the court noted that "congress remains free to require greater privacy protection if it believes that desirable." while the supreme court has never ruled definitively on this issue before, recent cases, including one that overturned the police’s warrantless gps monitoring of a suspect (us v. jones, 2012) suggests that the high court may be receptive to a challenge of the third-party doctrine in the future. "the simple act of carrying a cell phone does not give the government the right to track our every move," meghan skelton, graham’s public defender, told ars by e-mail. "people expect this intimate information to remain private." skelton added, "we will definitely petition the supreme court for further review." have it your way as ars reported previously, the case dates back to february 5, 2011, when two men robbed a burger king and a mcdonald’s in baltimore—10 minutes later, they were caught and cuffed by baltimore city police officers. eventually, aaron graham and eric jordan were charged with 17 counts of robbery, including the pair of fast food robberies. a baltimore city police detective first sought and obtained a search warrant for the two cell phones recovered during a search of the getaway car. prosecutors later obtained a court order (a lesser standard than a warrant) granting disclosure of the defendants’ csli data for various periods totaling 14 days when the suspects were believed to have been involved in robberies. the government then applied for (and received) a second application to another magistrate judge for a new set of csli data, covering a period of july 1, 2010 through february 6, 2011 (221 days). at the district court level, the defendants argued in a motion to suppress this evidence because "the privacy intrusions available through this type of technology are far-reaching and unconstitutional—allowing the government to retroactively track or survey a suspect through his cellular telephone, a device he likely carries with him at all hours of the day and to constitutionally protected places such as his home or church." however, a district judge sided with the government, also relying on the third-party doctrine, and denied the defendants’ motion. welcome to the future in dissent, circuit judge james a. wynn disagreed with the majority of his colleagues, noting that the difference between the actions in question in smith and other cases is that the defendants voluntarily conveyed the information that the government eventually obtained. as he argued, anyone who uses a credit card knows that those transactions will be recorded by the issuing company, and similarly, any mobile phone user knows that call records will be kept by that phone company. however, even if mobile phone owners have a "vague awareness" that their location affects the quality of the connection, "they surely do not know which cell tower their call will be routed through." therefore, judge wynn reasoned, they cannot possibly know that detailed location information is being transmitted and retained by their carrier. judge wynn, who was appointed to the fourth circuit by president obama, also added, "the majority does not take seriously this idea—that information might be automatically generated without user involvement." he underscored this point with a reference to a 2013 law journal article entitled "the dangers of surveillance" that highlights the expansion of the internet of things, which does and will expand data collection without any human interaction. "today, the majority saddles us with a rule that does not distinguish between information an individual himself conveys and information that computerized devices automatically record, generate, and transmit," wynn wrote. "in other words, the majority’s expansive interpretation of miller and smith will, with time, gather momentum—with effects increasingly destructive of privacy."	16th/17th-century* ˈɪŋlɪʃ ˈpəblɪʃər fər ˈəðər ˈpipəl neɪmd ˈtɑməs θɔrp ər θɔrp, si ˈtɑməs θɔrp (disambiguation) θɔrp ɪˈdɪʃən əv ðə ˈsɑnɪts. θɔrp ɪz aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪd baɪ hɪz ˌɪˈnɪʃəlz, t.t. ˈtɑməs θɔrp (si. 1569 si. 1625 wɑz ən ˈɪŋlɪʃ ˈpəblɪʃər, moʊst ˈfeɪməs fər ˈpəblɪʃɪŋ ˈʃeɪkˌspirz ˈsɑnɪts ənd ˈsɛvərəl wərks baɪ ˈkrɪstəfər ˈmɑˌrloʊ ənd bɛn ˈʤɑnsən. hɪz ˌpəblɪˈkeɪʃən əv ðə ˈsɑnɪts həz lɔŋ bɪn ˌkɑntrəˈvərʃəl. ˈkrɪtɪks θɔt ðət hi maɪt hæv ˈpəblɪʃt ðə poʊəmz wɪˈθaʊt ˈʃeɪkˌspirz kənˈsɛnt; ˈsɪdni li kɔld ɪm "ˈprɛdəˌtɔri ənd ˌɪrəˈspɑnsəbəl." ˈkɑnvərsli, ˈmɑdərn ˈskɑlərz wɛlz ənd ˈteɪlər əˈsərt ðɛr ˈvərdɪkt ðət "θɔrp wɑz ə ˈrɛpjətəbəl ˈpəblɪʃər, ənd ðɛr ɪz ˈnəθɪŋ ˌɪnˈtrɪnsɪkəli ˌɪˈrɛgjələr əˈbaʊt hɪz laɪf ˈɛdət ðə sən əv ən ˈɪnˌkipər ɪn ˈbɑrnɪt, ˈmɪdəlˌsɛks, θɔrp wərkt ɛz ən əˈprɛntɪs tɪ ˈrɪʧərd ˈwɑtkɪnz fər naɪn jɪrz ɪn ə smɔl ʃɑp. ɪn 1594 θɔrp əbˈteɪnd hɪz ˈpəblɪʃɪŋ raɪts, bət wɑz stɪl wɪˈθaʊt hɪz ˈprɪnɪŋ raɪts. hɪz fərst bʊk ˈpəblɪʃt wɑz ðə fərst bʊk əv lucan, trænzˈleɪʃən əv ðə pharsalia, ðə ˈkɑpiˌraɪt əv wɪʧ hi rɪˈsivd frəm ˈɛdwərd blaʊnt, hu wʊd kəm tɪ bi ə kloʊz frɛnd əv. hi ðɛn rɪˈtərnd ðə ˈfeɪvər baɪ ˈdɛdɪˌkeɪtɪŋ ðə ˈvɑljum tɪ blaʊnt, wɪʧ wɑz kwaɪt əˈnɔrθəˌdɑks fər ðə taɪm: ˌpəblɪˈkeɪʃənz wər ˈʤɛnərəli ˈdɛdəkeɪtəd tɪ noblemen, ˈloʊkəl səˈlɛbrɪtiz, ˌɛrəˈstɑkrəsi, ˈrɔɪəlti, ənd ˈəðər mɛn əv dɪˈstɪŋkʃən. ɪn 1605 ˈpəblɪʃɪŋ kərɪr tʊk ɔf, ɛz hi ˈpəblɪʃt ʤɔrʤ ˈʧæpmənz ɔl fulz ənd bɛn hɪz fɔl, ðə ˈlætər əv wɪʧ wɑz ˈɔlsoʊ prəˈvaɪdɪd baɪ blaʊnt. ɪt həz ˈivɪn bɪn ˈspɛkjəˌleɪtɪd ðət ˈʤɑnsən hɪmˈsɛlf meɪ hæv ˈivɪn bɪn ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ðə ˈprɪnɪŋ, wɪθ ˈkrɪtɪk ˈʤoʊnəs ˈbɛrɪʃ ˈnoʊtɪŋ "ðə əv ðə ˈmɑrʤənəl ˌænəˈteɪʃənz, ðə ˈkloʊsnɪs wɪθ wɪʧ ðə təˈpɑgrəfi kənˈveɪd ˈmɛtrɪkəl ˌɪnˈtɛnʧənz, ənd ðə kərˈɛkʃənz meɪd ɪn pruf ɔl səˈʤɛst ðət ˈʤɑnsən ˈoʊvərˌsɔ ðə ˈprɪnɪŋ θɔrp wɑz ə mɪˈstɪriəs əˈnɑməli əˈməŋ ðə ˈsteɪʃənərz əv hɪz ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən: ðɛr ɪz noʊ ˈɛvədəns ðət hi ˈɛvər meɪnˈteɪnd ˈiðər ə prɪnt ʃɑp ər ə ˈbʊkˌʃɑp ənd wɪˈθaʊt səʧ ə fəˈsɪlɪti ɪt ɪz hɑrd tɪ ˌkɑmpriˈhɛnd haʊ hi steɪd ɪn ˈbɪznɪs. jɛt hi ˈmænɪʤd: hi kəˈmɪʃənd ˈprɪnərz tɪ du hɪz ˈprɪnɪŋ ənd əreɪnʤd fər ˈbʊkˌsɛlərz tɪ sɛl hɪz bʊks. fər wən ɪgˈzæmpəl, hɪz 1609 ɪˈdɪʃən əv ˈʃeɪkˌspirz ˈsɑnɪts (si bɪˈloʊ) wɑz ˈprɪnɪd baɪ ʤɔrʤ eld, ənd soʊld baɪ ˈwɪljəm ənd ˈwɪljəm raɪt. θɔrp hæd ə ˈkrɪptɪk riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp wɪθ; təˈgɛðər ðə tu mɛn ˈɛnərd pleɪz ˈɪntu ðə ˈsteɪʃənərz' ˈrɛʤɪstər ðə ˌmælkənˈtɛnt ɔn 5 ˌʤuˈlaɪ 1604 ənd ˈistwərd hoʊ ɔn 4 sɛpˈtɛmbər 1605 jɛt wɪn ðə pleɪz wər ˈpəblɪʃt sun ˈæftər, ðeɪ wər ˈɪʃud baɪ θɔrp rɪˈmeɪnd ɪn ˈbɪznɪs ənˈtɪl æt list 1624 wɪn hi ənd blaʊnt ˈtrænsfərd ðə ˈkɑpiˌraɪt əv ˈhɪroʊ ənd liˈændər tɪ ˈfɛloʊ ˈsteɪʃənər ˈsaɪmən ˈtɑməs θɔrp stɑpt ˈpəblɪʃɪŋ ɪn 1625 ðə ˈprɑbəbəl jɪr əv hɪz dɛθ. ˈdɔrkəs θɔrp əv st. wɑz ˈgrænɪd ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən əv ðə ɛˈsteɪt əv hər leɪt ˈhəzbənd ˈtɑməs θɔrp ɔn 30 ˌʤuˈlaɪ. θɔrp ˈɔlsoʊ stɑpt rɪˈsivɪŋ hɪz ˈpɛnʃən frəm ðə ˈsteɪʃənərz' ˈkəmpəˌni ðət jɪr, wɪʧ ˈstrɛŋθənz ðə ˈɛvədəns fər hɪz dɛθ ðət ðə ˈsɑnɪts ˈɛdət ɪn 1609 θɔrp ˈpəblɪʃt ðə moʊst ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt wərk əv hɪz kərɪr, ˈʃeɪkˌspirz ˈsɑnɪts. hɪz əˈpɛrənt ˌdɪsrɪˈgɑrd fər ˈʃeɪkˌspirz pərˈmɪʃən ərnd ɪm ə pur ˌrɛpjəˈteɪʃən, ˌɔlˈðoʊ ˈmɑdərn ˈɔθər ˈkæθərɪn həz ˈɑrgjud ðət hi wɑz nɑt səʧ ə "ˈskaʊndrəl" ɛz hi wɑz pɔrˈtreɪd, ənd ðə ˈeɪmiəbəl ənd ˈædmərəbəl blaʊnt wʊd ˈsərtənli nɑt əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt wɪθ ɪm ɪf hi wər ə ˈskaʊndrəl. ɪt həz ˈivɪn bɪn səˈʤɛstɪd ðət ˈʃeɪkˌspir dɪd sɛl hɪz ˈmænjəˌskrɪpt tɪ θɔrp, bɪˈkəz əv hɪz əkˈweɪntəns wɪθ ˈʤɑnsən ɛz ən ˈæktər ɪn, hu meɪ hæv ˌrɛkəˈmɛndɪd θɔrp tɪ ɪm ɛz ə gʊd ˈpəblɪʃər. ðə ˌdɛdəˈkeɪʃən, wɪʧ ɪz əˈdrɛst tɪ ə mɪˈstɪriəs ˈmɪstər. w.h., meɪ hæv bɪn ˈrɪtən ˈiðər baɪ ˈʃeɪkˌspir hɪmˈsɛlf ər baɪ θɔrp. θɔrp wɑz ˈprɑbəˌbli riˈspɑnsəbəl fər ðə ərˈeɪnʤmənt əv ðə ˈsɑnɪts, wɪθ biɪŋ ðə "ˈproʊkriˈeɪʃən ˈsɑnɪts", biɪŋ ləv ˈsɑnɪts tɪ ðə fɛr juθ (fər ðə moʊst pɑrt), ənd biɪŋ ˈrɪtən ɔn ə vərˈaɪəti əv ˈsəbʤɪkts, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈpɑləˌtɪks, sɛks, ənd ðə dɑrk ˈleɪdi. ˈkrɪtɪks hæv feɪld tɪ əˈgri ˈwɛðər ər nɑt hɪz ərˈeɪnʤmənt wɑz ðə moʊst æpt, bət moʊst dɪˈtɛkt ə ˈlɑʤɪkəl koʊˈhɪrəns ɪn ðə ˈɔrdər, wɪʧ ɪz ˈʤɛnərəli rɪˈteɪnd ðə ˌpɑsəˈbɪləˌti ðət ðə ˈmænjəˌskrɪpt wɑz prəˈvaɪdɪd tɪ ˈtɑməs θɔrp baɪ ə ˈnidi ““mr. ˈdəbəlju. h.,”.,” ðə əv ðə ˈvɑljum ənd ðə poems’*’ ˈpɑsəbəl rɪˈsɪpiənt, simz ˈsɛldəm tɪ hæv bɪn ˈnoʊtəbəl ˈpəblɪʃt wərks ˈɛdət noʊts ˈɛdət ˈrɛfərənsɪz ˈɛdət
16th/17th-century english publisher for other people named thomas thorp or thorpe, see thomas thorpe (disambiguation) thorpe edition of the sonnets. thorpe is identified by his initials, t.t. thomas thorpe (c. 1569 – c. 1625) was an english publisher, most famous for publishing shakespeare's sonnets and several works by christopher marlowe and ben jonson. his publication of the sonnets has long been controversial. nineteenth-century critics thought that he might have published the poems without shakespeare's consent; sidney lee called him "predatory and irresponsible." conversely, modern scholars wells and taylor assert their verdict that "thorpe was a reputable publisher, and there is nothing intrinsically irregular about his publication."[1] life [ edit ] the son of an innkeeper in barnet, middlesex, thorpe worked as an apprentice to richard watkins for nine years in a small shop. in 1594 thorpe obtained his publishing rights, but was still without his printing rights. his first book published was the first book of lucan, marlowe's translation of the pharsalia, the copyright of which he received from edward blount, who would come to be a close friend of thorpe's. he then returned the favor by dedicating the volume to blount, which was quite unorthodox for the time: publications were generally dedicated to noblemen, local celebrities, aristocracy, royalty, and other men of distinction. in 1605 thorpe's publishing career took off, as he published george chapman's all fools and ben jonson's sejanus his fall, the latter of which was also provided by blount. it has even been speculated that jonson himself may have even been involved in the printing, with critic jonas barish noting "the exactness of the marginal annotations, the closeness with which the typography conveyed jonson's metrical intentions, and the corrections made in proof all suggest that jonson oversaw the printing himself."[2] thorpe was a mysterious anomaly among the stationers of his generation: there is no evidence that he ever maintained either a print shop or a bookshop — and without such a facility it is hard to comprehend how he stayed in business. yet he managed: he commissioned printers to do his printing and arranged for booksellers to sell his books. for one example, his 1609 edition of shakespeare's sonnets (see below) was printed by george eld, and sold by william aspley and william wright. thorpe had a cryptic relationship with aspley; together the two men entered plays into the stationers' register — the malcontent on 5 july 1604, and eastward ho on 4 september 1605 — yet when the plays were published soon after, they were issued by aspley alone.[3] thorpe remained in business until at least 1624, when he and blount transferred the copyright of marlowe's hero and leander to fellow stationer simon vicars.[4] thomas thorpe stopped publishing in 1625, the probable year of his death. dorcas thorpe of st. olave southwark was granted administration of the estate of her late husband thomas thorpe on 30 july. thorpe also stopped receiving his pension from the stationers' company that year, which strengthens the evidence for his death that year.[5] the sonnets [ edit ] in 1609, thorpe published the most important work of his career, shakespeare's sonnets. his apparent disregard for shakespeare's permission earned him a poor reputation, although modern author katherine duncan-jones has argued that he was not such a "scoundrel" as he was portrayed, and the amiable and admirable blount would certainly not associate with him if he were a scoundrel. it has even been suggested that shakespeare did sell his manuscript to thorpe, because of his acquaintance with jonson as an actor in sejanus, who may have recommended thorpe to him as a good publisher. the dedication, which is addressed to a mysterious mr. w.h., may have been written either by shakespeare himself or by thorpe. thorpe was probably responsible for the arrangement of the sonnets, with 1-17 being the "procreation sonnets", 18-126 being love sonnets to the fair youth (for the most part), and 127-154 being written on a variety of subjects, including politics, sex, and the dark lady. critics have failed to agree whether or not his arrangement was the most apt, but most detect a logical coherence in the order, which is generally retained today.[6][7] the possibility that the manuscript was provided to thomas thorpe by a needy “mr. w. h.,” the dedicatee of the volume and the poems’ possible recipient, seems seldom to have been explored.[8] notable published works [ edit ] notes [ edit ] references [ edit ]	ðə ˌroʊˈbɑtɪk ɑrm ɔn ðə mɑrz ˈlændər faʊnd ˌɪtˈsɛlf ɪn ə təf pəˈzɪʃən ˈoʊvər ðə ˈwiˌkɪnd. ˈæftər rɪˈsivɪŋ ˌɪnˈstrəkʃənz fər ə ˈmuvmənt ðət wʊd hæv ˈdæmɪʤd ɪts rɪst, ðə ˌroʊˈbɑtɪk ɑrm ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪzd ðə ˈprɑbləm, traɪd tɪ ˈrɛktəˌfaɪ ɪt ənd ðɛn ʃət daʊn ˌbiˈfɔr ɪt kʊd ˈdæmɪʤ ˌɪtˈsɛlf, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ reɪ ˈɑrvɪdsən, ə fər ðə mɑrz ˌroʊˈbɑtɪk ɑrm tim ənd ə prəˈfɛsər æt ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ˌjunəˈvərsəti ɪn st. luɪs. ˈnæsə ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrz ˈjɛstərˌdeɪ wərkt tɪ sɛnd nu ˌɪnˈstrəkʃənz tɪ ðə ˈlændər soʊ ðə ˌroʊˈbɑtɪk ɑrm wʊd kəm bæk tɪ laɪf ənd pərˈsid wɪθ ə nu tæsk. ðə tim ɪz naʊ ˈweɪtɪŋ tɪ si ˈwɛðər ðə koʊd riˈzɑlvd ðə ˈprɑbləm. ðə ˈʃətˌdaʊn lɛd tɪ əˈnəðər dɪˈleɪ ˈhæmpərɪŋ ðə lɔŋ strɪŋ əv ɪkˈspɛrəmənts ðət ðə mɑrz ˈlændər ɪz sˈleɪtɪd tɪ ˈkɑndəkt ɔn ðə ˈnɔrðərn poʊl əv mɑrz. ðə ˈlændər hæd ə ˈwɪndoʊ tɪ ˈænəˌlaɪz ðə ˈɛriə ˌbiˈfɔr ðə ˈtɛmpərəʧərz drɔp tu loʊ fər ðə ɪkˈwɪpmənt tɪ ˈfəŋkʃən. hæf əv ðət ˈwɪndoʊ həz kloʊzd, ənd ðɛr ər stɪl ˈplɛnti əv ɪkˈspɛrəmənts lɛft tɪ rən, əˈfɪʃəlz noʊt. "aɪ θɪŋk ðɛrz ə sɛns ðət wi ʃʊd hæv dɪˈlɪvərd mɔr məˈtɪriəlz tɪ æˈnælɪsɪs," sɛd ˈɑrvɪdsən, ˈnoʊtɪŋ ðət ˈmɪʃən ɪz ɔn sɑl 49 ər ðə ˈmɑrʃən deɪ. "wɪr ˈæŋʃəs ðət sɑl 90 wɪl bi hir ˌbiˈfɔr ju noʊ ɪt. wɪl gɪt mɔr ˈifɛktɪv ɛz wi si wət ðə ər. ɪt teɪks ˈpeɪʃəns ənd taɪm tɪ gɪt ɔl ðə wərk dən." ðə ðɪs pæst ˈwiˌkɪnd keɪm ɪn ðə fɔrm əv ən ˈɛrənt ˌɪnˈstrəkʃən frəm ərθ. ˈɑrvɪdsən ɪkˈspleɪnd ðət ðə ˌroʊˈbɑtɪk ɑrm hæd bɪn ˈwərkɪŋ wɪθ ən ˈɪnstrəmənt ðət ˈbeɪsɪkli ɪz ən ɪˈlɛktrɪk fɔrk ðət ˈgeɪʤɪz ˈθərməl ənd ɪˈlɛktrɪk ˌkɑnˌdəkˈtɪvəti ɪn ðə ˈmɑrʃən sɔɪl. ðə ɑrm hæd stək ðə fɔrk ɪn ðə graʊnd tɪ rən æˈnælɪsɪs. ˈoʊvər ðə ˈwiˌkɪnd, ˈsaɪəntɪsts sɛnt ðə ˌroʊˈbɑtɪk ɑrm ˌɪnˈstrəkʃənz tɪ pʊl ðə fɔrk aʊt əv ðə graʊnd ənd kip ɪt ˈvərtɪkəl waɪl ˈmuvɪŋ ɪt tɪ ðə saɪd ənd ˈʃeɪkɪŋ ˈɛni ˈɛkˌsɛs sɔɪl ɔf əv ɪt. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ðə ˈmuvmənt wɑz ˈfɔrsɪŋ ðə ˌroʊˈbɑtɪk ɑrm tɪ twɪst ɪts rɪst tu fɑr. ðə ˈroʊˌbət ˈriəˌlaɪzd ðət ɪt wɑz əˈbaʊt tɪ ˈdæmɪʤ ˌɪtˈsɛlf soʊ ɪt muvd ðə ˈəðər weɪ ənd ðɛn ˈriəˌlaɪzd ðət ɪt noʊ ˈlɔŋgər hæd ðə ˈprɑpər koʊˈɔrdəˌneɪts fər wət tɪ du nɛkst, soʊ ɪt lɛft ðə fɔrk ˈstɪkɪŋ əp ɪn ðə ɛr, stək ɪts skup ɪn ðə graʊnd ənd stɔld ˌɪtˈsɛlf. "ɪt wɑz smɑrt ɪˈnəf tɪ noʊ nɑt tɪ du ðət," sɛd ˈɑrvɪdsən. "ðə ˈsɪstəm ˈɑpərˌeɪtəd ɪgˈzæktli ɛz ɪt wɑz səˈpoʊzd tɪ. ðət wɑz ˈprɪti nit." ɔn ˈmənˌdeɪ, ˈnæsə ˈproʊˌgræmərz sɛnt nu koʊd əp tɪ ðə ˈlændər tɪ ðə ɑrm ənd muv ɔn tɪ ðə nɛkst ɪkˈspɛrəmənt, wɪʧ wɪl bi tɪ juz ðə ræsp tɪ ʃeɪv ɔf aɪs ˈpɑrtɪkəlz ənd muv ðɛm ˈɪntu ən ˈəvən tɪ bi ˈænəˌlaɪzd. fər ðə pæst ˈsɛvərəl wiks, ˈnæsə ˈsaɪəntɪst hæv bɪn ˈrənɪŋ ə ˈsɪriz əv tɛsts ɔn ðə ˈəvən ˈɪnstrəmənts dəbd tɪ dɪˈtərmən waɪ ə əˈkərd ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈɪnstrəmənts fərst, ənd ˈoʊnli, tɛst. ðə eɪt æˈnælɪsɪs ˈəvənz hit ˈmɑrʃən sɔɪl soʊ ðət ˈɛni ˈgæsɪz ɪˈmɪtɪd kən bi ˈænəˌlaɪzd. ɔn ðət fərst tɛst, wɪʧ wɑz dən ɪn mid-june, wən əv ðə ˈəvənz short-circuited. ˈnæsə ˈsaɪəntɪsts stɔld ˈɛni ˈfərðər æˈnælɪsɪs tɪ ˈstədi ðə ˈprɑbləm. ðə ˈstədi kənˈkludɪd ðət ðə ˈprɑbləm əˈkərd wɪn ðeɪ hæd tɪ ˈvaɪbreɪt ðə ˈəvən fɑr bɪɔnd wət ɪt wɑz dɪˈzaɪnd tɪ teɪk tɪ gɪt ðə ˈkləmpi ˈmɑrʃən sɔɪl daʊn ˈɪntu ɪt. hi ˈædɪd ðət ðeɪ hoʊp ðɛr woʊnt bi ˈɛni ˈfərðər short-circuits. bət ʤɪst ɪn keɪs, ðeɪ hæv muvd ə ˈkrɪtɪkəl aɪs tɛst əp tɪ ðə frənt əv ðə laɪn. ˈɑrvɪdsən sɛd ðeɪ wɪl teɪk tu ər θri tɪ ˈwaɪdən ə trɛnʧ, ənd ðɛn ðeɪ wɪl teɪk wən ər tu tɛst rənz ɔn ˈskreɪpɪŋ ɔf aɪs ˈʃeɪvɪŋz ənd ˈmuvɪŋ ðɛm kˈwɪkli ˈɪntu ðə ˈəvən. ɪf ðeɪ doʊnt muv kˈwɪkli ɪˈnəf, ðə aɪs kʊd ɪˈvæpərˌeɪt ˌbiˈfɔr ɪt ˈriʧɪz ðə tɛst ˈɪnstrəmənt. ˈsaɪəntɪsts ər ˈhoʊpɪŋ tɪ rən ðə tɛst ɔn ðə aɪs ˈsæmpəl baɪ ðə ɛnd əv ðə wik.
the robotic arm on the mars lander found itself in a tough position over the weekend. after receiving instructions for a movement that would have damaged its wrist, the robotic arm recognized the problem, tried to rectify it and then shut down before it could damage itself, according to ray arvidson, a co-investigator for the mars lander's robotic arm team and a professor at washington university in st. louis. nasa engineers yesterday worked to send new instructions to the lander so the robotic arm would come back to life and proceed with a new task. the team is now waiting to see whether the code resolved the problem. the shutdown led to another delay hampering the long string of experiments that the mars lander is slated to conduct on the northern pole of mars. the lander had a three-month window to analyze the area before the temperatures drop too low for the equipment to function. half of that window has closed, and there are still plenty of experiments left to run, officials note. "i think there's a sense that we should have delivered more materials to analysis," said arvidson, noting that mission is on sol 49, or the 49th martian day. "we're anxious that sol 90 will be here before you know it. we'll get more effective as we see what the show-stoppers are. it takes patience and time to get all the work done." the show-stopper this past weekend came in the form of an errant instruction from earth. arvidson explained that the robotic arm had been working with an instrument that basically is an electric fork that gauges thermal and electric conductivity in the martian soil. the arm had stuck the fork in the ground to run analysis. over the weekend, scientists sent the robotic arm instructions to pull the fork out of the ground and keep it vertical while moving it to the side and shaking any excess soil off of it. however, the movement was forcing the robotic arm to twist its wrist too far. the robot realized that it was about to damage itself so it moved the other way and then realized that it no longer had the proper coordinates for what to do next, so it left the fork sticking up in the air, stuck its scoop in the ground and stalled itself. "it was smart enough to know not to do that," said arvidson. "the system operated exactly as it was supposed to. that was pretty neat." on monday, nasa programmers sent new code up to the lander to re-engage the arm and move on to the next experiment, which will be to use the rasp to shave off ice particles and move them into an oven to be analyzed. for the past several weeks, nasa scientist have been running a series of tests on the oven instruments -- dubbed tega -- to determine why a short-circuit occurred during the instrument's first, and only, test. the lander's eight analysis ovens heat martian soil so that any gases emitted can be analyzed. on that first test, which was done in mid-june, one of the ovens short-circuited. nasa scientists stalled any further tega analysis to study the problem. the study concluded that the problem occurred when they had to vibrate the oven far beyond what it was designed to take to get the clumpy martian soil down into it. he added that they hope there won't be any further short-circuits. but just in case, they have moved a critical ice test up to the front of the line. arvidson said they will take two or three sols to widen a trench, and then they will take one or two test runs on scraping off ice shavings and moving them quickly into the oven. if they don't move quickly enough, the ice could evaporate before it reaches the test instrument. scientists are hoping to run the tega test on the ice sample by the end of the week.	ˈtɛknɪkəli ˌɪnkərˈɛkt ˈɔfərz ə sˈlaɪtli tˈwɪstɪd teɪk ɔn ðə tɛk ðæts ˈteɪkən ˈoʊvər ɑr lɪvz. ˌɛnˈlɑrʤ ˈɪmɪʤ ˈæpəl əm nɑt ʃʊr haʊ ˈɔfən ril ˈpipəl sɪt daʊn ənd kənˈsɪdər ðɛr ˈfilɪŋz əˈbaʊt ðə wərldz tɔp 100 ˈkəmpəˌniz. ˈθæŋkfəli, wi hæv ˈbrændɪŋ ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃənz ðət ɪnˈkərəʤəz ðɛm tɪ du ðɪs. teɪk, fər ɪgˈzæmpəl. ɪt dɪˈskraɪbz ˌɪtˈsɛlf ɛz "ðə kriˈeɪtɪv fˈjuʧər ˈkəmpəˌni" ənd sɪz "wi dɪˈfaɪn ənd dɪˈlɪvər fˈjuʧər brænd ɪkˈspɪriənsɪz." (aɪˈtælɪks ɔl ðɛrz.) iʧ jɪr, lʊks æt ðə 100 ˈbɪgəst ˈkəmpəˌniz baɪ ˈmɑrkɪt ˌkæpɪtəlɪˈzeɪʃən, æsks kənˈsumərz ənd ˈɪndəstri prəˈfɛʃənəlz ɪn 17 ˈkəntriz əˈbaʊt ðɛm ənd prəˈdusɪz ə ˈræŋkɪŋ əv wət ɪt kɔlz pərˈsɛpʃən strɛŋθ, ˈrəðər ðən ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl strɛŋθ. ðɪs jɪr ʃoʊz ˈæpəl rɪˈgeɪnɪŋ ðə tɔp spɑt, ˈæftər læst jɪrz ˈpeɪnfəli ˈæbʤɛkt slaɪd ˈɪntu ˈsɛkənd pleɪs bɪˈhaɪnd ˈgugəl. ðə tu ˈgreɪtəst ˈfilɪŋz ɛnˈʤɛndərd baɪ ˈæpəl ðɪs jɪr wər ˈpæʃən ənd ˌædmərˈeɪʃən. ˈæpəl ˈdɪdənt ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli rɪˈspɑnd tɪ ə rɪkˈwɛst fər ˈpæʃənət ˈkɑmɛnt ɔn ɪts ˈædmərəbəl əˈʧivmənt. ðoʊz əv draɪər ˈkaʊntənəns ənd ˈænˌdrɔɪd foʊnz wɪl ˈriəˌlaɪz kˈwɪkli ðət ˈgugəl ɪz noʊ ˈlɔŋgər wən əv ðə 100 ˈlɑrʤəst ˈkəmpəˌniz baɪ ˈmɑrkɪt ˌkæpɪtəlɪˈzeɪʃən. ɪts naʊ pɑrt əv ˈælfəˌbɛt, soʊ ˈæpəl ˈdɪdənt hæv tɪ kənˈtɛnd wɪθ læst jɪrz ˈwɪnər. ɪt dɪd, ðoʊ, hæv tɪ kəmˈpit wɪθ ˈælfəˌbɛt, huz kɑr məst hæv ˈsəfərd ə ˈsɔfˌwɛr mælˈfəŋkʃən ɛz ɪt ˈoʊnli prəˈpɛld ðə ˈkəmpəˌni tɪ pleɪs. əv kɔrs, ðɪs məst bi ˈmoʊstli daʊn tɪ ðə aɪˈdiə ðət ˈmɛni kənˈsumərz maɪt nɑt hæv hərd əv ˈælfəˌbɛt æt ɔl. stɪl, əˈlaʊɪŋ wənz aɪz tɪ wɑft daʊn ðə ˈræŋkɪŋz, wəts klɪr ɪz ðə kənˈtɪnjud ˈprɛvələns əv tɛk ˈkəmpəˌniz. ðɛr nɑt ˈmɪrli lɑrʤ, bət laɪkt. ɪn ˈsɛkənd pleɪs wɑz ˈmaɪˌkroʊˈsɔft, wɪʧ ˈɔlsoʊ skɔrd ˈhaɪli ɔn ˈpæʃən ənd ˌædmərˈeɪʃən, ɛz wɛl ɛz biɪŋ sin ɛz ə ˈkəmpəˌni wɪθ ən ˈɛksələnt fˈjuʧər. θərd wɑz ˈsæmˌsəŋ, ˈraɪzɪŋ frəm ˈnəmbər ˈsɛvən læst jɪr. ɪt ˌɪnˈsaɪtɪd fɑr mɔr ˈfilɪŋz əv ˌɪnˈdɪfərəns, bət skɔrd ˈvɛri ˈhaɪli ɔn ðə aɪˈdiə ðət ɪt hæd ə ˈbrɪljənt fˈjuʧər, əˈspɛʃəli wɪn ɪt kəmz tɪ ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən. ˈfeɪsˌbʊk ənd ˈæməˌzɑn ˈɔlsoʊ əˈpɪrd ɪn ðə tɔp 10 æt ðə ˈbɑtəm əv ðə lɪst lərk, jʊd ˈnɛvər gɛs, təˈbæˌkoʊ ˈkəmpəˌniz, ɔɪl ˈkəmpəˌniz ənd bæŋks. ðə loʊəst ˈræŋkɪŋ tɛk ˈkəmpəˌniz wər ˈvoʊdəˌfoʊn æt 88 ˈkɑmˌkæst æt 86 ənd, pərˈhæps səˈpraɪzɪŋli, ˌvɛˈraɪzən æt 83 ˈɑdli, ðɪs ˈræŋkɪŋ kəmz æt ə taɪm wɪn ˈæpəlz fˈjuʧər ɪz sɛd baɪ səm ˈkɑmənˌteɪtərz tɪ bi lɛs tɪŋd wɪθ ˌɪˈnɛvətəbəl ˈglɔri. ˈaɪˌfoʊn seɪlz ər bɪˈgɪnɪŋ tɪ sloʊ. ðə nɛkst ˈaɪˌfoʊn ɪz sɛd baɪ səm tɪ lʊk kwaɪt ə lɔt laɪk ðə læst ˈaɪˌfoʊn. ˌɪnˈdid, ə ˈsərˌveɪ ðɪs wik səˈʤɛstɪd ðət ˈoʊnli 10 pərˈsɛnt əv ˈpipəl seɪ ðɛl ˈdɛfənətli ˈəpˈgreɪd. bət ðæts ˈsərˌveɪz fər ju. ˈpipəl wɑft wɪθ ðə wɪnd. nɛkst jɪr, ɪf wi ɔl fil wərs əˈbaʊt ðə wərld ˈrəðər ðən ˈbɛtər, wɔʧ ðoʊz ˌfɑrməˈsutɪkəl ˈkəmpəˌniz raɪz tɪ ðə tɔp. ˌɛnˈlɑrʤ ˈɪmɪʤ
technically incorrect offers a slightly twisted take on the tech that's taken over our lives. enlarge image apple i'm not sure how often real people sit down and consider their feelings about the world's top 100 companies. thankfully, we have branding organizations that encourages them to do this. take futurebrand, for example. it describes itself as "the creative future company" and says "we define and deliver future brand experiences." (italics all theirs.) each year, futurebrand looks at the 100 biggest companies by market capitalization, asks 3,000 consumers and industry professionals in 17 countries about them and produces a ranking of what it calls perception strength, rather than financial strength. this year shows apple regaining the top spot, after last year's painfully abject slide into second place behind google. the two greatest feelings engendered by apple this year were passion and admiration. apple didn't immediately respond to a request for passionate comment on its admirable achievement. those of drier countenance and android phones will realize quickly that google is no longer one of the 100 largest companies by market capitalization. it's now part of alphabet, so apple didn't have to contend with last year's winner. it did, though, have to compete with alphabet, whose self-driving car must have suffered a software malfunction -- as it only propelled the company to 21st place. of course, this must be mostly down to the idea that many consumers might not have heard of alphabet at all. still, allowing one's eyes to waft down the rankings, what's clear is the continued prevalence of tech companies. they're not merely large, but liked. in second place was microsoft, which also scored highly on passion and admiration, as well as being seen as a company with an excellent near-term future. third was samsung, rising from number seven last year. it incited far more feelings of indifference, but scored very highly on the idea that it had a brilliant future, especially when it comes to innovation. facebook and amazon also appeared in the top 10. at the bottom of the list lurk, you'd never guess, tobacco companies, oil companies and banks. the lowest ranking tech companies were vodafone at 88, comcast at 86 and, perhaps surprisingly, verizon at 83. oddly, this ranking comes at a time when apple's future is said by some commentators to be less tinged with inevitable glory. iphone sales are beginning to slow. the next iphone is said by some to look quite a lot like the last iphone. indeed, a survey this week suggested that only 10 percent of people say they'll definitely upgrade. but that's surveys for you. people waft with the wind. next year, if we all feel worse about the world rather than better, watch those pharmaceutical companies rise to the top. enlarge image futurebrand	ˈɛdɪtərz noʊt: ðɪs ˈɑrtɪkəl ɪz pɑrt ə ˈsɪriz əv ˈstɔriz baɪ nuz rɪˈpɔrtərz ɪkˈsplɔrɪŋ ðə fˈjuʧər əv ðə koʊl ˈɪndəstri, koʊlz lɔŋ ˌgʊdˈbaɪ. ðə ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl prəˈtɛkʃən ˈeɪʤənsiz plænz tɪ ˈfaɪnəˌlaɪz ðə rulz ɔn ˈkɑrbən ɪˈmɪʃənz frəm paʊər plænts ər stɪl ˈsɛvərəl mənθs əˈweɪ. bət moʊst steɪts, ˈivɪn ðoʊz ˈʧælənʤɪŋ ðə ˈeɪʤənsi ɪn kɔrt, ər ɔˈrɛdi ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtɪŋ weɪz tɪ kəmˈplaɪ. ðə ɪkˈspɛkts 49 steɪts tɪ səbˈmɪt plænz wəns ðə rulz ər ˈfaɪnəˌlaɪzd. ðə nɑnˈpɑrtəzən grup greɪt pleɪnz ˈɪnstɪˌtut fər səˈsteɪnəbəl dɪˈvɛləpmənt, wɪʧ həz bɪn ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzɪŋ tɔks ɪn ðə ˌmɪdˈwɛst ɔn ðə klin paʊər plæn, sɪz 41 steɪts hæv ʤɔɪnd ˈriʤənəl grups ɪkˈsplɔrɪŋ ˈɔpʃənz tɪ kəmˈplaɪ wɪθ ðə rul. "maɪ gɛs wʊd bi ɔl 49 ər," sɛd dəg skɑt, ə vaɪs ˈprɛzɪdənt æt ðə greɪt pleɪnz ˈɪnstɪˌtut. "ˈwɛðər ðɛr pɑrt əv ˈfɔrməˌlaɪzd grups ər nɑt, ɔl ðə steɪts ər traɪɪŋ tɪ ˈfɪgjər aʊt wət ðə bɛst ˈɔpʃənz ər." ˈmɛni əv ðiz steɪts hæv bɪn ˈstɔnʧli əˈpoʊzd tɪ ðə rul. twɛlv hæv sud ðə, ˈkleɪmɪŋ ðə rul ɪz ənˈlɔfəl ənd əˈmaʊnts tɪ ə ˈfɛdərəl paʊər græb. ənd æt list hæf ə ˈdəzən ˈəðər steɪts hæv sɛt əp ˈlɛʤəsˌleɪtɪv ˈhərdəlz fər ðə ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl ˈeɪʤənsiz ɪn ʧɑrʤ əv ˈpʊtɪŋ təˈgɛðər ə kəmˈplaɪəns plæn. jɛt, ðə væst məˈʤɔrəti əv steɪt ˈeɪʤənsiz ʧɑrʤd wɪθ ˈdræftɪŋ ə kəmˈplaɪəns plæn hæv ˈsaɪdˌstɛpt ðiz pəˈlɪtɪkəl faɪts ənd ˈbeɪgən wərk ɔn plænz ðət maɪt mit ðə ˈkɑrbən rɪˈdəkʃən ˈtɑrgəts. "ˈivɪn ðə ˈrɛdɪst steɪts hæv ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪzd ðət waɪl ðə pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈlidərˌʃɪp meɪ wɔnt tɪ goʊ əˈhɛd wɪθ ˈʧælənʤɪŋ ðə rul, ɪf ðoʊz ˈʧælənʤɪz doʊnt prɪˈveɪl ðə ˈgəvərnərz wɪl kəm bæk ənd seɪ, 'wi lɔst, naʊ wət ər wi goʊɪŋ tɪ du?' ɪt wʊd bi ˌɪrəˈspɑnsəbəl fər ðə ˈeɪʤənsiz tɪ nɑt hæv ə plæn bi dɪˈvɛləpt," sɛd kɛn ˈkoʊlbərn, ə ˈsinjər əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt æt ðə ˈrɛgjələˌtɔri əˈsɪstəns ˈprɑʤɛkt, ə nɑnˈprɑfət prəˈvaɪdɪŋ ˈtɛknɪkəl əˈsɪstəns ɔn ˈɛnərʤi ənd ðə ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt. steɪt ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl ənd juˈtɪləti ˈeɪʤənsiz hæv bɪn ˈbɪzi leɪɪŋ ðə ˈgraʊndˌwərk: ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzɪŋ ˈmitɪŋz wɪθ ðə koʊl ˈɪndəstri, paʊər ˈkəmpəˌniz ənd klin ˈɛnərʤi grups; kənˈsəltɪŋ ˈmɑdəlz tɪ ɪˈvæljuˌeɪt ˈkɑrbən rɪˈdəkʃən ˈstrætəʤiz; pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪtɪŋ ɪn ˈwərkˌʃɑps; ənd dɪˈskəsɪŋ ˈɔpʃənz wɪθ ˈneɪbərɪŋ steɪts tɪ səbˈmɪt ə ˈriʤənəl plæn. səm steɪts, səʧ ɛz ˌkæləˈfɔrnjə, nu jɔrk ənd ɪts ˌnɔrˈθist ˈneɪbərz, ər əˈhɛd əv ðə kərv. ˈhævɪŋ spɛnt jɪrz ɪˈstæblɪʃɪŋ ə ˈkɑrbən ˈtreɪdɪŋ ˈproʊˌgræm, ðə ˌnɔrˈθistərn steɪts ɔˈrɛdi hæv məˈʧʊr ənd səˈfɪstɪˌkeɪtəd plænz tɪ rɪˈdus ɪˈmɪʃənz ðət wɪl ˈlaɪkli ˈsætɪsˌfaɪ ðə rɪkˈwaɪrmənts. ənd ɔn ðə wɛst koʊst, ˌkælɪˈfɔrnjəz ˈlɛʤəsˌleɪtɪv ˈɛfərts hæv ɪnˈʃʊrd ðət ðə steɪt ɪz ɔn træk tɪ kət ˈkɑrbən ɪˈmɪʃənz. ˈəðərz, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ər ˈstɑrtɪŋ frəm skræʧ. koʊl steɪts, moʊst əv wɪʧ ər suɪŋ ðə ˈoʊvər ðə rul, hæv ˈlɪtəl ɪkˈspɪriəns ɪn ˈkətɪŋ ˈkɑrbən ɪˈmɪʃənz. fju hæv ˈoʊvərˌɑrʧɪŋ ˈklaɪmɪt ˈpɑləsiz ər ˈstrætəʤiz tɪ ɪnˈkərəʤ ˌɪnˈvɛstmənts ɪn renewables, səʧ ɛz ˈsoʊlər ənd wɪnd ˈɛnərʤi. ðə ˈfɛdərəl ˈkɑrbən rulz, ənˈveɪld ɪn ʤun 2014 ənd ɪkˈspɛktɪd tɪ bi ˈfaɪnəˌlaɪzd ðɪs ˈsəmər, eɪm tɪ ˈdiˌkris ˈkɑrbən daɪˈɑkˌsaɪd ɪˈmɪʃənz frəm ðə ˈneɪʃənz paʊər plænts. ðə, ðə ˈeɪʤənsi ðət ˈfɔrmjəˌleɪtɪd ðə rulz ənd ɪz ˈlidɪŋ ðə ˈɛfərt, həz əˈsaɪnd steɪt goʊlz fər ɪˈmɪʃən rɪˈdəkʃənz rɪˈdəkʃənz fər ˈɛvəri steɪt ɪkˈsɛpt vərˈmɑnt bɪˈkəz ɪt dɪz nɑt hæv plænts. ðə ˈtɑrgəts reɪnʤ frəm 11 pərˈsɛnt (nɔrθ dəˈkoʊtə) tɪ 72 pərˈsɛnt (ˈwɔʃɪŋtən) baɪ 2030 wəns ðə ˈfaɪnəl rulz ər əˈnaʊnst, steɪts ər ɪkˈspɛktɪd tɪ səbˈmɪt kəmˈplaɪəns plænz fər ˈmitɪŋ ðoʊz ˈtɑrgəts. ðeɪ hæv wən jɪr tɪ səbˈmɪt ðə plænz, wɪθ ðə ˌpɑsəˈbɪləˌti əv ɪkˈstɛnʃənz. ən æˈnælɪsɪs baɪ ðə ˈjunjən əv kənˈsərnd ˈsaɪəntɪsts, ə nɑnˈprɑfət ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl grup, faʊnd ðət 31 steɪts ər wɛl ɔn ðɛr weɪ tɪ mit ðə ˈɪnərəm ˈtɑrgəts. ɪn fækt, steɪts laɪk kənˈtəki wɪl ˈlaɪkli bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ mit ðɛr ˈfaɪnəl ˈtɑrgəts wɪˈθaʊt ˌɪˈnɪʃiˌeɪtɪŋ sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt ˈʧeɪnʤɪz, du tɪ koʊl plænt rɪˈtaɪrmənts ˈtrɪgərd baɪ ˈəðər ˈfɛdərəl ˌrɛgjəˈleɪʃənz ənd kəmˈpɛtɪtɪv ˈprɛʃər frəm ˈnæʧərəl gæs. ən ɪnˌsaɪkləˈpidiə əv kəmˈplaɪəns ˈɔpʃənz ɛz steɪts bɪˈgɪn tɪ ɪkˈsplɔr ðɛr ˈɔpʃənz, ə hoʊst əv ˈnæʃənəl ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃənz, kənˈsəltɪŋ fərmz ənd ˈriʤənəl juˈtɪləti ənd ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃənz hæv bɪn ˈhoʊldɪŋ tɔks ənd ˈwərkˌʃɑps tɪ ɪˈvæljuˌeɪt ˈmɑdəlz, dɪˈskəs ˈɔpʃənz ənd ɪnˈgeɪʤ wɪθ grups əˈfɛktɪd baɪ ðə ˈɛnərʤi trænˈzɪʃən. grups səʧ ɛz ðə ˈnæʃənəl ˈgəvərnərz əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən ənd ðə ˈnæʃənəl əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən əv klin ɛr ˈeɪʤənsiz (nacaa) hæv ˈteɪkən ən ˈərli lɛd tɪ hɛlp steɪts ˈnævəˌgeɪt ðə ˌrɛgjəˈleɪʃənz. læst mənθ ðə riˈlist ə ɪnˌsaɪkləˈpidiə əv ˈɔpʃənz ðət steɪts kʊd pərˈsu tɪ mit ðɛr ˈtɑrgəts. ðə rɪˈpɔrt ɪkˈsplɔrz 25 əˈproʊʧɪz tɪ rɪˈdus ˈkɑrbən ɪˈmɪʃənz ənd dɪˈskəsɪz ðɛr ˈrɛgjələˌtɔri ˌɪmˈpækt, rɪˈdəkʃən ɪn ˈkɑrbən ˈlɛvəlz ənd kɔsts. "ðɛr ər ɪn ɑr ˈmɛnju ðət kən wɛt ðə ˈæpəˌtaɪt əv ˈɛni steɪt hu ɪz ˈhəŋgri tɪ rɪˈdus ˈgrinˌhaʊs gæs," sɛd bɪl ˈbɛkər, ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv dɪˈrɛktər əv ðə, wɪʧ ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnts moʊst əv ðə steɪt ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl ˈeɪʤənsiz ʧɑrʤd wɪθ ˈkɛriɪŋ aʊt ðə rul. "ðiz ər ɔl ðə θɪŋz wi kən θɪŋk əv steɪt ər loʊˈkæləti kən əˈdɑpt ˈiðər ɪn kəmˈplaɪɪŋ wɪθ ðə klin paʊər plæn ər ˈɛni steɪt ər ˈloʊkəl ˈklaɪmɪt ˈækʃən plæn." ðə ˈstrætəʤiz ɪn ðə rɪˈpɔrt reɪnʤ frəm ðoʊz ɔˈrɛdi ˈsaɪtɪd baɪ ðə ɪn ɪts klin ˈɛnərʤi, rɪˈtaɪrɪŋ ˈeɪʤɪŋ paʊər plænts ənd sˈwɪʧɪŋ wɛl ɛz ˈɪnəˌveɪtɪv ˈɔpʃənz səʧ ɛz traɪɪŋ tɪ rɪˈdus paʊər lɔs ˈdʊrɪŋ trænzˈmɪʃən ənd ˌɪmˈpruvɪŋ koʊl kˈwɑləti. ðə rɪˈpɔrt ˈɔlsoʊ ˈlɪstɪd ˌkɑntrəˈvərʃəl ˈproʊˌgræmz səʧ ɛz ˈkɑrbən ˈkæpʧər, wɪʧ ˈkərəntli dɪz nɑt ɪgˈzɪst ɔn ə kəˈmərʃəl skeɪl, ənd ˈkɑrbən ˈtreɪdɪŋ, wɪʧ ɪz stɪl ˈgeɪnɪŋ pəˈlɪtɪkəl səˈpɔrt. ˈbɛkər sɛd hɪz ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən ˈkəvərd ˈɛvəri ˈɔpʃən ðət kʊd ˈpɑsəbli rɪˈdus ɪˈmɪʃənz, rəˈgɑrdləs əv ˈwɛðər ɪt ɪz kənˈsɪdərd ˈplɪtɪkli ər ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪkli ˈfizəbəl æt ðɪs pɔɪnt. həz ʤɔɪnd ˈfɔrsɪz wɪθ tu ˈəðər ˈnæʃənəl ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃənz ðət hæv skɪn ɪn ðə geɪm: ðə ˈnæʃənəl əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən əv ˈrɛgjələˌtɔri juˈtɪləti kəˈmɪʃənərz ənd ðə ˈnæʃənəl əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən əv steɪt ˈɛnərʤi əˈfɪʃəlz. ˈbɛkər sɛd ðə θri grups hæv bɪn ˈmitɪŋ ˈɛvəri sɪks mənθs tɪ ʃɛr ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ənd "ˈbɛtər əˈpriʃiˌeɪt iʧ ˈəðərz riˌspɑnsəˈbɪlətiz." ðə ˈnæʃənəl ˈgəvərnərz əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən həz ˈɔlsoʊ lɔnʧt ən ˌɪˈnɪʃətɪv tɪ hɛlp steɪts ˈstədi weɪz tɪ kəmˈplaɪ wɪθ ðə ˈkɑrbən ˌrɛgjəˈleɪʃənz. ɪn mɑrʧ, ðə ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən səˈlɛktɪd fɔr states––utah, ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪnjə, məˈzʊri ənd pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪt ɪn wət ɪt kɔld ə "ˈpɑləsi əˈkædəmi." "ðə goʊl əv ðɪs ˈɛfərt ɪz tɪ hɛlp steɪts ɪgˈzæmɪn ˈstrætəʤiz fər ˈmitɪŋ ðə pəˈtɛnʃəl rɪkˈwaɪrmənts əv ˈfɔrθˈkəmɪŋ ˈfɛdərəl ˌrɛgjəˈleɪʃənz," sɛd ˈʤoʊdi omear, dɪˈrɛktər əv kəmˌjunəˈkeɪʃənz ənd ˈmɑrkətɪŋ fər ðə əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən. ðə pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪtɪŋ steɪts wɪl rɪˈsiv ˈgaɪdəns ənd ˈtɛknɪkəl əˈsɪstəns frəm nga*, kənˈsəltənts frəm ðə ˈpraɪvət ˈsɛktər, ˈfɛdərəl ˈeɪʤənsiz, ˈrisərʧ ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃənz ənd ˌækəˈdimiə, ʃi sɛd. ˈoʊnli wən steɪt soʊ fɑr həz ˈpəblɪkli rɪfˈjuzd tɪ səbˈmɪt ə plæn: ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə. gəv. ˈmɛri ˈfælɪn ˈɪʃud ən ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv ˈɔrdər ɪn ˈeɪprəl dɪˈrɛktɪŋ steɪt ˈeɪʤənsiz nɑt tɪ kəm əp wɪθ ə plæn tɪ kət ˈkɑrbən pəˈluʃən. ɪf ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə ˈəltəmətli rɪfˈjuzɪz tɪ səbˈmɪt ə plæn, ðə wɪl ˌrikˈwaɪər ðə steɪt tɪ kəmˈplaɪ wɪθ ə ˈfɛdərəl plæn.
editor's note: this article is part a series of stories by insideclimate news reporters exploring the future of the coal industry, coal's long goodbye. the environmentalotection agency's plans to finalize the rules on carbon emissions from power plants are still several months away. but most states, even those challenging the agency in court, are already investigating ways to comply. the epa expects 49 states to submit plans once the rules are finalized. the non-partisan group great plains institute for sustainable development, which has been organizing talks in the midwest on the clean power plan, says 41 states have joined regional groups exploring options to comply with the rule. "my guess would be all 49 are," said doug scott, a viceesident at the great plains institute. "whether they're part of formalized groups or not, all the states are trying to figure out what the best options are." many of these states have been staunchly opposed to the rule. twelve have sued the epa, claiming the rule is unlawful and amounts to a federal power grab. and at least half a dozen other states have set up legislative hurdles for the environmental agencies in charge of putting together a compliance plan. yet, the vast majority of state agencies charged with drafting a compliance plan have sidestepped these political fights and begun work on plans that might meet the epa's carbon reduction targets. "even the reddest states have recognized that while the political leadership may want to go ahead with challenging the rule, if those challenges don'tevail the governors will come back and say, 'we lost, now what are we going to do?' it would be irresponsible for the agencies to not have a plan b developed," said ken colburn, a senior associate at the regulatory assistanceoject, a nonprofitoviding technical assistance on energy and the environment. state environmental and utility agencies have been busy laying the groundwork: organizing meetings with the coal industry, power companies and clean energy groups; consulting models to evaluate carbon reduction strategies; participating in workshops; and discussing options with neighboring states to submit a regional plan. some states, such as california, new york and its northeast neighbors, are ahead of the curve. having spent years establishing a carbon tradingogram, the northeastern states already have mature and sophisticated plans to reduce emissions that will likely satisfy the epa's requirements. and on the west coast, california's legislative efforts have ensured that the state is on track to cut carbon emissions. others, however, are starting from scratch. coal states, most of which are suing the epa over the rule, have little experience in cutting carbon emissions. few have overarching climate policies or strategies to encourage investments in renewables, such as solar and wind energy. the federal carbon rules, unveiled in june 2014 and expected to be finalized this summer, aim to decrease carbon dioxide emissions from the nation's power plants. the epa, the agency that formulated the rules and is leading the effort, has assigned state goals for emission reductions reductions for every state except vermont because it does not have fossil-fired plants. the targets range from 11 percent (north dakota) to 72 percent (washington) by 2030. once the final rules are announced, states are expected to submit compliance plans for meeting those targets. they have one year to submit the plans, with the possibility of extensions. an analysis by the union of concerned scientists, a nonprofit environmental group, found that 31 states are well on their way to meet the epa's interim targets. in fact, states like coal-heavy kentucky will likely be able to meet their final targets without initiating significant changes, due to coal plant retirements triggered by other federal regulations and competitiveessure from natural gas. an encyclopedia of compliance options as states begin to explore their options, a host of national organizations, consulting firms and regional utility and environmental associations have been holding talks and workshops to evaluate models, discuss options and engage with groups affected by the energy transition. groups such as the national governors association and the national association of clean air agencies (nacaa) have taken an early lead to help states navigate the regulations. last month the nacaa released a 465-page encyclopedia of options that states could pursue to meet their targets. the report explores 25 approaches to reduce carbon emissions and discusses their regulatory impact, reduction in carbon levels and costs. "there are enough...entrees in our menu that can whet the appetite of any state who is hungry to reduce greenhouse gas," said bill becker, executive director of the nacaa, which represents most of the state environmental agencies charged with carrying out the rule. "these are all the things we can think of that...a state or locality can adopt either in complying with the clean power plan or any state or local climate action plan." the strategies in the report range from those already cited by the epa in its rule––promoting clean energy, retiring aging power plants and switching fuels––as well as innovative options such as trying to reduce power loss during transmission and improving coal quality. the report also listed controversialograms such as carbon capture, which currently does not exist on a commercial scale, and carbon trading, which is still gaining political support. becker said his organization covered every option that could possibly reduce emissions, regardless of whether it is considered politically or economically feasible at this point. nacaa has joined forces with two other national organizations that have skin in the game: the national association of regulatory utility commissioners and the national association of state energy officials. becker said the three groups have been meeting every six months to share information and "better appreciate each other's responsibilities." the national governors association has also launched an initiative to help states study ways to comply with the carbon regulations. in march, the organization selected four states––utah, pennsylvania, missouri and michigan––to participate in what it called a "policy academy." "the goal of this effort is to help states examine cost-effective strategies for meeting the potential requirements of forthcoming federal regulations," said jodi omear, director of communications and marketing for the association. the participating states will receive guidance and technical assistance from nga, consultants from theivate sector, federal agencies, research organizations and academia, she said. only one state so far has publicly refused to submit a plan: oklahoma. gov. mary fallin issued an executive order in april directing state agencies not to come up with a plan to cut carbon pollution. if oklahoma ultimately refuses to submit a plan, the epa will require the state to comply with a federal plan.	soʊ həz kəm tɪ sˈnæˌpʧæt. bɪˈkəz əˈpɛrəntli wɛr ðə kɪdz ər. ənd ɪz fər kids…… raɪt? ˌwəˈtɛvər ðə ˌræʃəˈnæl, ˈhæzbroʊ ʧoʊz tɪ fərst rɪˈvil ðɛr spərɪŋ laɪn əv ˈviə ðɪs fɔrm əv dɪˈspoʊzəbəl ˈsoʊʃəl ˈmidiə, bət ˈnoʊˌwɛr ɛls. ɪt ˈrɪli əˈtrækt məʧ əˈtɛnʃən ðət wi kʊd tɛl, ənd ɪt gɪv fænz ə ʧæns tɪ lərn ˈɛni ˈditeɪlz əˈbaʊt ðə nu ˈprɑdəkts. ɪt wɑz ʤɪst ə nis tease…… ɔn tɔp əv ðə liks ənd ˈrumərz ðət wər ɔˈrɛdi aʊt ðɛr. bət ˈfɔrʧənətli fər ˈjuˈɛs, ˈhæzbroʊ stɪl həz foʊks ˈwɪlɪŋ tɪ ʃɛr ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən, soʊ wi wɛnt streɪt tɪ ðə sɔrs tɪ ˈfaɪnəli gɪt səm ˈlɛʤɪt, ˈɪmɪʤɪz ənd əˈfɪʃəl ˈprɑdəkt ˈditeɪlz. ənd naʊ, hir ər ðə ju kən ɪkˈspɛkt tɪ si ɔn stɔr ʃɛlvz ɪn ðə nɪr fˈjuʧər. ðeɪ ər əˈfɪʃəli biɪŋ prəˈmoʊtəd ɛz ˈprɑdəkts, bət hɪˈstɔrɪkəli ðət həz mɛnt leɪt ˈwɪntər ðə jɪr praɪər ɪz wɪn stɑrt siɪŋ ˈaɪtəmz ɔn stɔr ʃɛlvz (ˈpɑsəbli ɛz ˈərli ɛz raɪt ˈæftər ˈkrɪsməs, ɪf ˈləki). æt ðə ˈvɛri list, ju kən bi ˈfɛrli ˈsərtən ðə ˈfɑloʊɪŋ wɪl bi əˈveɪləbəl wɪn stɔrz du ðɛr ˈprɑdəkt ˈrisɛts ɪn leɪt ˈʤænjuˌɛri ər ˈfɛbruˌɛri. ənd ðɛn tɔɪ fɛr wɪl hɪt, ənd ˈlaɪkli si ə hoʊl lɔt mɔr əv ɪn stɔr fər ˈsəmər ənd fɔl nɛkst year…… ənd ðə ˈsaɪkəl kənˈtɪnjuz. soʊ wɪˈθaʊt ˈfərðər dɪˈleɪ, hir ər ðə spərɪŋ 2017 ɪn ɔl ðɛr ˈglɔri! ˈmɛgə ˈblæstər (ˈeɪʤɪz 8 jɪrz up/approx. ˈriˌteɪl praɪs: 24.99/available: spərɪŋ 2017 dɪˈlɪvər ˈdəbəl ðə blæst wɪθ ðɪs ˈblæstər ðət faɪərz tu dɑrts ɪn ə roʊ. ˈoʊpən ðə briʧ dɔr ɔn ðə ˈmɛgə ˈblæstər tɪ loʊd ðə dɑrts, ðɛn ənˈliʃ fˈjʊri wən ˈmɛgə dɑrt æt ə taɪm. ˈblæstɪŋ sɛndz dɑrts flaɪɪŋ əp tɪ 90 fit! ˌɪnˈkludz sɪks ˈmɛgə ˈwɪslər dɑrts. əˈveɪləbəl æt moʊst ˈmeɪʤər ˈriˌteɪlərz ˈneɪʃənˈwaɪd ənd hasbrotoyshop.com. nɪˈgoʊʃiˌeɪtər ˈblæstər (ˈeɪʤɪz 8 jɪrz up/approx. ˈriˌteɪl praɪs: 19.99/available: spərɪŋ 2017 dɪˈfɛnd ˈʤəstɪs ɪn ə ˈweɪˌstlænd wɪθ ðə nɪˈgoʊʃiˌeɪtər ˈblæstər. ðɪs ˈblæstər faɪərz eɪt dɑrts ɪn ə roʊ fər ˈəltəmət ˌdɑməˈneɪʃən. ə trænˈspɛrənt ˈɛriə ɔn ðə ˈblæstər rɪˈvilz ðə ˈɪnər ˈfaɪərrɪŋ ˈmɛkəˌnɪzəm. ˌɪnˈkludz eɪt ɪˈlit dɑrts. əˈveɪləbəl æt moʊst ˈmeɪʤər ˈriˌteɪlərz ˈneɪʃənˈwaɪd ənd hasbrotoyshop.com. ˈzɑmbi straɪk boʊ (ˈeɪʤɪz 8 jɪrz up/approx. ˈriˌteɪl praɪs: 19.99/available: spərɪŋ 2017 ðə ˈzɑmbiz ər ˈgɪtɪŋ ˈstrɔŋgər, bət soʊ ər ðə sərˈvaɪvərz ˈbætəlɪŋ ðɛm. dɪˈfɛnd juˈmænɪti əˈgɛnst ðə hɔrdz wɪθ ðə ˈzɑmbi straɪk boʊ. ɪkˈspɪriəns ˈkrɔsˌboʊ ˈækʃən ɛz ju faɪər frəm ðə ˈroʊˌteɪtɪŋ drəm. ˌɪnˈkludz faɪv ˈzɑmbi straɪk dɑrts. əˈveɪləbəl æt moʊst ˈmeɪʤər ˈriˌteɪlərz ˈneɪʃənˈwaɪd ənd hasbrotoyshop.com. ˈblæstər (ˈeɪʤɪz 8 jɪrz up/approx. ˈriˌteɪl praɪs: 14.99/available: spərɪŋ 2017 ˈəpˈgreɪd jʊr ˈblæstər fər ˈɛni ˈmɪʃən wɪθ ðə ˈblæstər! ðɪs ˈblæstər faɪərz wən dɑrt æt ə taɪm ənd kən ˈɔlsoʊ ˈkɑnvərt ˈɪntu ə ˈbɛrəl əˈtæʧmənt fər ˈɛndləs weɪz tɪ ˈbætəl. juz ɔn ɪts oʊn ər əˈtæʧ ɪt tɪ ðə ˈbɛrəl əv ˈɛni ˈblæstər wɪn ðə ˈmɪʃən kɔlz fər ˈlɔŋˈreɪnʤ ˈblæstɪŋ! ˌɪnˈkludz fɔr ɪˈlit dɑrts. əˈveɪləbəl æt moʊst ˈmeɪʤər ˈriˌteɪlərz ˈneɪʃənˈwaɪd ənd hasbrotoyshop.com. ˈblæstər (ˈeɪʤɪz 8 jɪrz up/approx. ˈriˌteɪl praɪs: 14.99/available: spərɪŋ 2017 gɪt ˈdəbəl ðə ædˈvæntɪʤɪz wɪθ ðə ˈblæstər! ðɪs ˈblæstər kən bi juzd ɔn ɪts oʊn ər bi kənˈvərtɪd ˈɪntu ə stɑk əˈtæʧmənt. pʊl aʊt ðə frənt ɛnd əv ðə ˈblæstər tɪ ɪkˈstɛnd ɪt ɪn stɑk moʊd fər ˈɛkstrə stəˈbɪlɪti, ər kip ɪn ˈblæstər moʊd ənd blæst əˈweɪ ðə ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən! ˌɪnˈkludz fɔr ɪˈlit dɑrts. əˈveɪləbəl æt moʊst ˈmeɪʤər ˈriˌteɪlərz ˈneɪʃənˈwaɪd ənd hasbrotoyshop.com.
so nerf has come to snapchat. because apparently that’s where the kids are. and nerf is for kids… right? whatever the rationale, hasbro chose to first reveal their spring line of blasters via this uber-hip form of disposable social media, but nowhere else. it didn’t really attract much attention that we could tell, and it didn’t give fans a chance to learn any details about the new products. it was just a nice tease… on top of the leaks and rumors that were already out there. but fortunately for us, hasbro still has pr folks willing to share information, so we went straight to the source to finally get some legit, high-res images and official product details. and now, here are the blasters you can expect to see on store shelves in the near future. they are officially being promoted as “spring 2017” products, but historically that has meant late winter the year prior is when we’ll start seeing items on store shelves (possibly as early as right after christmas, if we’re lucky). at the very least, you can be fairly certain the following blasters will be available when stores do their product resets in late january or february. and then toy fair will hit, and we’ll likely see a whole lot more of what’s in store for summer and fall next year… and the cycle continues. so without further delay, here are the nerf spring 2017 blasters in all their high-res glory! nerf mega doublebreach blaster (ages 8 years & up/approx. retail price: $24.99/available: spring 2017) deliver double the blast with this breach-load blaster that fires two darts in a row. open the breach door on the nerf mega doublebreach blaster to load the darts, then unleash fury one mega dart at a time. pump-action blasting sends darts flying up to 90 feet! includes six mega whistler darts. available at most major retailers nationwide and hasbrotoyshop.com. nerf doomlands negotiator blaster (ages 8 years & up/approx. retail price: $19.99/available: spring 2017) defend justice in a post-apocalyptic wasteland with the doomlands negotiator blaster. this hammer-action blaster fires eight darts in a row for ultimate domination. a transparent area on the blaster reveals the inner firing mechanism. includes eight elite darts. available at most major retailers nationwide and hasbrotoyshop.com. nerf zombie strike outbreaker bow (ages 8 years & up/approx. retail price: $19.99/available: spring 2017) the zombies are getting stronger, but so are the survivors battling them. defend humanity against the hordes with the nerf zombie strike outbreaker bow. experience crossbow action as you fire from the 5-dart rotating drum. includes five zombie strike darts. available at most major retailers nationwide and hasbrotoyshop.com. nerf modulus barrelstrike blaster (ages 8 years & up/approx. retail price: $14.99/available: spring 2017) upgrade your blaster for any mission with the nerf modulus barrelstrike blaster! this four-shot blaster fires one dart at a time and can also convert into a barrel attachment for endless ways to battle. use on its own or attach it to the barrel of any nerf modulus blaster when the mission calls for long-range blasting! includes four elite darts. available at most major retailers nationwide and hasbrotoyshop.com. nerf modulus stockshot blaster (ages 8 years & up/approx. retail price: $14.99/available: spring 2017) get double the advantages with the nerf modulus stockshot blaster! this four-shot blaster can be used on its own or be converted into a stock attachment. pull out the front end of the blaster to extend it in stock mode for extra stability, or keep in blaster mode and blast away the competition! includes four elite darts. available at most major retailers nationwide and hasbrotoyshop.com.	wən əv ðə ˈhɑtəst ˈhɑlɪˌdeɪ ˈprɛzənts ðɪs jɪr meɪ ˈɔlsoʊ bi ə gɪft tɪ ˈpərsɪnəl ˈɪnʤəri ˈlɔjərz. hæv bɪn ˈrændəmli ˈbərstɪŋ ˈɪntu fleɪmz. ˈraɪdərz hæv ˈteɪkən ˈdeɪnʤərəs spɪlz, səm ˈivɪn ˈɛndɪŋ əp ɪn ðə ər. ðə ˈlɑʤɪkəl nɛkst stɛp fər səm ˈʃeɪkən ˈoʊnərz (ˈæftər ˈpoʊstɪŋ ə ˈvɪdioʊ tɪ ˈsoʊʃəl ˈmidiə) ɪz ə ˈlɔˌsut. ðɛr ər ɔˈrɛdi æt list tu noʊn ˈlɔˌsuts ɪn ðə wərks. ə ˈkəpəl ɪn ˌæləˈbæmə ɪz suɪŋ ə ˈloʊkəl ˈriˌteɪlər ˈæftər wən əv ðə dɪˈvaɪsɪz kɔzd ə faɪər ɪn ðɛr hoʊm. ðə ˈsɛlər ɪz ə mɔl kiɔsk. ˈərliər ðɪs mənθ ɪn nu jɔrk, ˈmaɪkəl braʊn faɪld ˈlɔˌsut ˈæftər ðə bɔrd hi bɔt fər hɪz kɪdz əˈlɛʤədli kɔt ɔn faɪər waɪl ˈʧɑrʤɪŋ. hiz suɪŋ ˈmeɪkər ɛz wɛl ɛz ðə ˈspɔrtɪŋ gʊdz stɔr wɛr hi ˈpərʧəst ðə dɪˈvaɪs. braʊn ɪz ˈsikɪŋ klæs ˈækʃən ˈstætəs fər ðə keɪs. sɪz ɪt wɪl faɪt ðə sut. dɪd nɑt rɪˈspɑnd tɪ ə rɪkˈwɛst fər ˈkɑmɛnt. ˈʤəʤɪŋ baɪ ðə ˈnəmbər əv ˈɛnərˌpraɪzɪŋ lɔ fərmz θroʊɪŋ əp ˈlændɪŋ ˈpeɪʤɪz ʤɪst fər, ˈpərsɪnəl ˈɪnʤəri ˈlɔjərz ər ænˈtɪsəˌpeɪtɪŋ (ər æt list ˈhoʊpɪŋ fər) ˈmɛni mɔr suts. ˈænθɔˌni ˈʤɑnsən, ə ˈpərsɪnəl ˈɪnʤəri ˈlɔjər ɪn ˈlɪtəl rɑk, ˈɑrkənˌsɑ, sɪz hɪz fərm ˈʤɑnsən vaɪnz həz rɪˈsivd ə fju ˌɪnkˈwaɪəriz frəm pəˈtɛnʃəl klaɪənts. ðeɪ ˈhævənt faɪld ˈɛni suts jɛt. "aɪd ˌɪˈmæʤən ðət ˈmɛni mɔr ˈlɔˌsuts ər ɔˈrɛdi ɪn ðə wərks ənd ˈivɪn mɔr wɪl kəm daʊn ðə laɪn ɛz ðə ˈprɑdəkt kənˈtɪnjuz tɪ feɪl," sɛd ˈʤɑnsən. "hoverboards*" ər ˈæˌkʧuəli ˈmoʊtərˌaɪzd ˈskutərz. ˈkərəntli, ðə kənˈsumər ˈprɑdəkt ˈseɪfti kəˈmɪʃən ɪz ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtɪŋ 22 rɪˈpɔrts əv faɪərz. ðə ˈeɪʤənsi ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəntli ˈtɛstɪŋ ðə ˈprɑdəkts ɪn ɪts læb, bət həz nɑt jɛt ˈɪʃud ˈwɔrnɪŋz fər ˈɛni spɪˈsɪfɪk brændz ər ˈmɑdəlz, ðoʊ ɪt dɪd ˈɪʃu ə brɔd ˈwɔrnɪŋ fər kənˈsumərz. ˈɛˌrlaɪnz hæv bænd ðə ˈprɑdəkts bɪˈkəz əv ðə faɪər ˈhæzərd. ˈərli rɪˈpɔrts ˈɪndəˌkeɪt ðə faɪərz ər ən ˈɪʃu əˈkrɔs brændz. səm ˈhæpən waɪl ˈʧɑrʤɪŋ, ˈəðərz ˈdʊrɪŋ juz. ɔl sim tɪ bi rɪˈleɪtɪd tɪ ʧip ˈlɪθiəm aɪən ˈbætəriz. ˈkɑmpləˌkeɪtɪŋ θɪŋz, moʊst ər meɪd ɪn ˈʧaɪnə baɪ ə ˈhɑʤˌpɑʤ əv ˌmænjəˈfækʧərərz. ˈʤɑnsən sɛd ðət ʃʊd nɑt bi ən ˈɪʃu fər moʊst ˈlɔˌsuts. "ðɛr ər əˈdɪʃənəl prəˈsiʤərəl hups ðət ju meɪ hæv tɪ dil wɪθ wɪn jʊr ˈlɔˌsut ˌɪnˈvɑlvz ˈkəmpəˌniz ɪn ˈəðər ˈkəntriz," sɛd ˈʤɑnsən. "ˌhaʊˈɛvər, moʊst əv ðiz ˈkəmpəˌniz ˈæktɪvli du ˈbɪznɪs ɪn ðə ˈpleɪnɪfs loʊˈkæl ənd hæv ˈæˌsɛts ənd dɪˈstrɪbjətərz ənd ˈəðər ˈɛntɪtiz ðət ər ˈloʊˌkeɪtəd wɪˈθɪn ðə juz." ˈoʊnərz kʊd su ˌmænjəˈfækʧərərz dɪˈrɛkli, ər ˈivɪn ðə ˈriˌteɪlərz dɪˈpɛndɪŋ ɔn steɪt lɔ. nɑt ɔl steɪts hoʊld ˈriˌteɪlərz ˈlaɪəbəl fər dɪˈfɛktɪv ˈprɑdəkts ðeɪ sɛl. wət kən ˈoʊnərz ˌriəˈlɪstɪkli ɪkˈspɛkt tɪ gɪt frəm ðiz ˈkəmpəˌniz? ə lɔt dɪˈpɛndz ɔn ðə ɪkˈstɛnt əv ðə ˈdæmɪʤ ənd ˈɪnʤəriz. æt ðə ˈvɛri list, ðeɪ ʃʊd bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ gɪt ə ˈriˌfənd ər rɪˈpleɪsmənt, ˈivɪn wɪˈθaʊt ˌɪnˈvɑlvɪŋ ə ˈlɔjər. ɪf ðeɪv bɪn hərt, ðɛn ðə ˌkælkjəˈleɪʃənz kən ˌɪnˈklud θɪŋz laɪk lɔst ˈweɪʤɪz ənd ˈmɛdɪkəl bɪlz. ˈkəmpəˌniz wɪl ˈlaɪkli faɪt bæk ɪn kɔrt. "ðə kəmˈpleɪnt əˈlɛʤɪz ˈʤɛnərəli ðət ər dɪˈfɛktɪv bət noʊ kleɪm əv ˈpərsɪnəl ˈɪnʤəri wɑz meɪd," sɛd ɪn ə ˈsteɪtmənt, rɪˈfərɪŋ tɪ ðə braʊn sut. "wi ˈɔlsoʊ hæv nɑt rɪˈsivd ə ˈprɑdəkt rɪˈtərn frəm ðə ˈpleɪnəf. ðɪs ɪz ðə ˈoʊnli ˈlɔˌsut əv ɪts kaɪnd əv wɪʧ wi ər əˈwɛr. wi ˌɪnˈtɛnd tɪ ˈvɪgərəsli dɪˈfɛnd ðə ˈlɔˌsut." ðoʊ ðə məˈʤɔrəti əv ˈɪnʤəriz əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd wɪθ hæv bɪn fɔlz ənd kəˈlɪʒənz, ˈʤɑnsən sɪz ðoʊz ˈɑrənt ɛz ˈlaɪkli tɪ ˈmɛrət ə ˈlɔˌsut. nɑt ənˈlɛs ðɛr ðə dɪˈrɛkt rɪˈzəlt əv ə ˈdifɛkt ɪn ðə ˈskutər ənd nɑt ʤɪst ˈkləmzi ˈpɛrənts traɪɪŋ ðɛr kɪdz nu tɔɪ.
one of the hottest holiday presents this year may also be a gift to personal injury lawyers. hoverboards have been randomly bursting into flames. riders have taken dangerous spills, some even ending up in the er. the logical next step for some shaken hoverboard owners (after posting a video to social media) is a lawsuit. there are already at least two known lawsuits in the works. a couple in alabama is suing a local hoverboard retailer after one of the devices caused a fire in their home. the seller is a mall kiosk. earlier this month in new york, michael brown filed lawsuit after the board he bought for his kids allegedly caught on fire while charging. he's suing hoverboard maker swagway as well as the modell's sporting goods store where he purchased the device. brown is seeking class action status for the case. swagway says it will fight the suit. modell's did not respond to a request for comment. judging by the number of enterprising law firms throwing up landing pages just for hoverboards, personal injury lawyers are anticipating (or at least hoping for) many more suits. anthony johnson, a personal injury lawyer in little rock, arkansas, says his firm johnson vines has received a few inquiries from potential hoverboard clients. they haven't filed any suits yet. "i'd imagine that many more lawsuits are already in the works and even more will come down the line as the product continues to fail," said johnson. "hoverboards" are actually motorized self-balancing scooters. currently, the consumer product safety commission is investigating 22 reports of hoverboard fires. the agency is also independently testing the products in its lab, but has not yet issued warnings for any specific brands or models, though it did issue a broad warning for consumers. airlines have banned the products because of the fire hazard. early reports indicate the fires are an issue across brands. some happen while charging, others during use. all seem to be related to cheap lithium ion batteries. complicating things, most hoverboards are made in china by a hodgepodge of manufacturers. johnson said that should not be an issue for most lawsuits. "there are additional procedural hoops that you may have to deal with when your lawsuit involves companies in other countries," said johnson. "however, most of these companies actively do business in the plaintiff's locale and have assets and distributors and other entities that are located within the u.s." owners could sue manufacturers directly, or even the retailers depending on state law. not all states hold retailers liable for defective products they sell. what can hoverboard owners realistically expect to get from these companies? a lot depends on the extent of the damage and injuries. at the very least, they should be able to get a refund or replacement, even without involving a lawyer. if they've been hurt, then the calculations can include things like lost wages and medical bills. hoverboard companies will likely fight back in court. "the complaint alleges generally that swagway hoverboards are defective but no claim of personal injury was made," said swagway in a statement, referring to the brown suit. "we also have not received a product return from the plaintiff. this is the only lawsuit of its kind of which we are aware. we intend to vigorously defend the lawsuit." though the majority of injuries associated with hoverboards have been falls and collisions, johnson says those aren't as likely to merit a lawsuit. not unless they're the direct result of a defect in the scooter and not just clumsy parents trying their kid's new toy.	vɪkˈtɔriəz ˈsikrɪt ˈwərkər skɑrd fər laɪf wɪn əˈtækər θru ˈæsəd ɪn hər feɪs ɛz ʃi wɔkt hoʊm frəm ʃɑp neɪˈoʊmi, 20 wɑz ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˈblaɪndɪd ənd wɪl nid jɪrz əv skɪn græfts ʃi wɑz ˈhɛdɪŋ bæk tɪ hər flæt frəm ðə bəs stɑp wɪn ʃi wɑz ˈɪnʤərd hæd bɪn ˈtɔkɪŋ tɪ hər ˈbɔɪˌfrɛnd ɔn ðə foʊn ˈæftər ə leɪt ʃɪft sɪz ðə əˈpɛrəntli ˈrændəm əˈtæk həz 'dɪˈstrɔɪd' hər laɪf ðə ʃɑp əˈsɪstənt noʊ ˈlɔŋgər wɔnts tɪ goʊ aʊt ɪn ˈpəblɪk ʃi wɑz ˌɪnˈspaɪərd tɪ ʃɛr hər ˈstɔri baɪ ˈvɪktɪm ˈkeɪti ˈpaɪpər ə jəŋ ˈwʊmən ˈsəfərd hɔˈrɪfɪk ˈfeɪʃəl bərnz ˈæftər ə ˈwʊmən ˈwɛrɪŋ ə ˈməzlɪm veɪl θru ˈæsəd ɪn hər feɪs. neɪˈoʊmi, 20 wɑz ˈwɔkɪŋ hoʊm ˈæftər ˈfɪnɪʃɪŋ wərk æt ˈlɑnʒərˌeɪ ʃɑp ˈsikrɪt wɪn ðə ˈwʊmən, ˈwɛrɪŋ ə wɪʧ rɪˈvilz ˈoʊnli ðə aɪz əˈpɪrd ənd lɔnʧt ðə əˈpɛrəntli ˈrændəm əˈtæk. ɪt ɪz nɑt noʊn ˈwɛðər ðə əˈtæk wɑz ˈmoʊtəˌveɪtəd baɪ ðə wərk fər ðə stɔr. ˈʃɑkɪŋ: neɪˈoʊmi, 20 wɑz ɔn ðə foʊn tɪ hər ˈbɔɪˌfrɛnd wɪn ˈsəmˌwən ˈwɛrɪŋ ə θru ˈæsəd æt hər ˌɪˈnɪʃəli, ˈdɑktərz fɪrd ðə ʃɑp əˈsɪstənt hæd bɪn ˈblaɪndɪd. bət ˈæftər ə ˈtritmənt ɪn ə ˈspɛʃəlɪst bərnz ˈjunɪt, mɪs həz rɪˈkəvərd saɪt ɪn hər lɛft aɪ ənd ˈpɑrʃəl ˈvɪʒən ɪn hər raɪt. mɪs həz ˈoʊnli ˈrisəntli bɪn ˈdɪsˌʧɑrʤd frəm ˈhɑˌspɪtəl bət həz ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ spik aʊt tɪ hɛlp pəˈlis kæʧ hər əˈtækər. ʃi sɛd: lʊk ɪn ðə ˈmɪrər ənd ɪt ʤɪst mi. ˈnɛvər lʊk ðə seɪm əˈgɛn. ˈmɪstəri: pəˈlis hæv bɪn əˈneɪbəl tɪ aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ mɪs əˈtækər bɪˈkəz ðeɪ wər ˈwɛrɪŋ ə (faɪl ˈpɪkʧər) ˈɔlˌweɪz bɪn ˈaʊtˌgoʊɪŋ ənd ˈkɑnfədənt juzd tɪ ˈgɪtɪŋ əˈtɛnʃən fər ðə weɪ aɪ drɛs ər maɪ hɛr bət naʊ aɪ wɔnt ˈɛniˌwən ˈlʊkɪŋ æt mi. wɔnt ˈpipəl tɪ si mi ɪn ˈpəblɪk. aɪ wɔnt tɪ gɪt ðə tub ər ðə bəs. ɪf aɪ hæv tɪ goʊ tɪ ðə ˈhɑˌspɪtəl aɪ teɪk ə ˈtæksi. noʊ ɪf ˈɛvər bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ goʊ bæk tɪ maɪ ʤɑb. wɑz ˈplænɪŋ tɪ goʊ tɪ ˈkɑlɪʤ ɪn sɛpˈtɛmbər tɪ ˈstədi ˈmidiə ənd ˈfæʃən, bət aɪ ˈivɪn noʊ ɪf bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ du that.’.’ ɔn dɪˈsɛmbər 30 mɪs tʊk ðə bəs hoʊm tɪ ˈdægənˌhæm, ist ˈləndən ˈæftər ˈfɪnɪʃɪŋ ə leɪt ʃɪft æt ˈsikrɪt ɪn ðə ˈwɛstfild ˈʃɑpɪŋ ˈsɛntər ɪn ˈnɪrˈbaɪ ˈstrætfərd. ɪt wɑz əraʊnd 12.40am, ənd ʃi wɑz ʤɪst faɪv ˈmɪnəts frəm ðə ˈkaʊnsəl flæt ʃi ʃɛrz wɪθ hər dɪˈseɪbəld ˈməðər, wɪn ʃi sɔ ðə ˈwʊmən ənd fɛlt ə ‘‘splash’’ ɔn hər feɪs. ʃi sɛd: bərnd ənd aɪ skrimd aʊt. ˈstɑrtɪd ˈrənɪŋ ənd ˈskrimɪŋ, ˈhoʊldɪŋ maɪ feɪs, ɔl ðə weɪ hoʊm. aɪ lʊk bæk. aɪ wɑz hɪˈstɛrɪkəl. ˈləkəli maɪ ˈgɑdˌməðər, hu ɪz ə ˈfɑrməsɪst, wɑz æt hoʊm wɪθ maɪ məm ənd ʃi hɛlpt mi ənd kɛpt ˈdɪpɪŋ maɪ feɪs ɪn ˈwɔtər ənd traɪɪŋ tɪ kɑm mi daʊn ənˈtɪl ðə pəˈlis ənd ˈæmbjələns gɑt there.’.’ mɪs həz noʊ aɪˈdiə waɪ ˈɛniˌwən wʊd əˈtæk hər. ʃi ˈfeɪsɪz mənθs, ɪf nɑt jɪrz, əv skɪn græfts ənd ˈfərðər ˈplæstɪk ˈsərʤəri ənd ˈivɪn ðɛn ɪz ˈlaɪkli tɪ bi lɛft wɪθ səˈvɪr ˈfeɪʃəl ˈskɑrɪŋ. mɪs ɪz ðə soʊl ˈkɛrər fər hər ˈməðər. ðeɪ ər tu əˈfreɪd tɪ goʊ bæk tɪ ðɛr flæt ənd ər ˈkərəntli sˈlipɪŋ ɔn ə sofa-bed. ə ˈskɑtlənd jɑrd ˈspoʊksmən sɛd ˈæsəd əˈtæks wər rare’’ ənd ðət dɪˈtɛktɪvz wər ˈkipɪŋ ən mind’*’. ˈɛniˌwən wɪθ ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ʃʊd ˈkɑnˌtækt pəˈlis ɔn 0203 276 1058 ər ɔn 0800 555 111
victoria's secret worker scarred for life when niqab-wearing attacker threw acid in her face as she walked home from shop naomi oni, 20, was almost blinded and will need years of skin grafts she was heading back to her flat from the bus stop when she was injured had been talking to her boyfriend on the phone after a late shift says the apparently random attack has 'destroyed' her life the shop assistant no longer wants to go out in public she was inspired to share her story by acid-attack victim katie piper a young woman suffered horrific facial burns after a woman wearing a muslim veil threw acid in her face. naomi oni, 20, was walking home after finishing work at lingerie shop victoria’s secret when the woman, wearing a niqab – which reveals only the eyes – appeared and launched the apparently random attack. it is not known whether the attack was motivated by the victim’s work for the store. shocking: naomi oni, 20, was on the phone to her boyfriend when someone wearing a niqab threw acid at her initially, doctors feared the shop assistant had been blinded. but after a month’s treatment in a specialist burns unit, miss oni has recovered sight in her left eye and partial vision in her right. miss oni has only recently been discharged from hospital but has decided to speak out to help police catch her attacker. she said: ‘i look in the mirror and it just isn’t me. i’ll never look the same again. mystery: police have been unable to identify miss oni's attacker because they were wearing a niqab (file picture) ‘i’ve always been outgoing and confident – used to getting attention for the way i dress or my hair – but now i don’t want anyone looking at me. ‘i don’t want people to see me in public. i don’t want to get the tube or the bus. if i have to go to the hospital i take a taxi. ‘i don’t know if i’ll ever be able to go back to my job. ‘i was planning to go to college in september to study media and fashion, but i don’t even know if i’ll be able to do that.’ on december 30, miss oni took the bus home to dagenham, east london after finishing a late shift at victoria’s secret in the westfield shopping centre in nearby stratford. it was around 12.40am, and she was just five minutes from the council flat she shares with her disabled mother, when she saw the woman and felt a ‘splash’ on her face. she said: ‘it burned and i screamed out. ‘i started running and screaming, holding my face, all the way home. i didn’t look back. i was hysterical. luckily my godmother, who is a pharmacist, was at home with my mum and she helped me and kept dipping my face in water and trying to calm me down until the police and ambulance got there.’ miss oni has no idea why anyone would attack her. she faces months, if not years, of skin grafts and further plastic surgery and even then is likely to be left with severe facial scarring. miss oni is the sole carer for her 52-year-old mother. they are too afraid to go back to their flat and are currently sleeping on a friend’s sofa-bed. a scotland yard spokesman said acid attacks were ‘extremely rare’ and that detectives were keeping an ‘open mind’. anyone with information should contact police on 0203 276 1058 or crimestoppers on 0800 555 111.	bɪn ˈgɪtɪŋ səm ˈprɪti swit kɑrdz frəm ðə ˈprɪti swit ˈpipəl ˈoʊvər æt ðə ˈprɪti swit subreddit, frəm madmadhatter, ə kɑrd frəm ðə səˈpɔroʊ snoʊ ˈfɛstɪvəl. maɪ ˈlɪtəl ˈsɪstər ɪz ˈlərnɪŋ əˈbaʊt ʤəˈpæn ɪn ˈpriˌskul, soʊ ʃi gɑt tɪ brɪŋ ðɪs ɪn fər ʃoʊ ənd tɛl. :)frəm ɪn ˈsɪŋəˌpɔr (ðoʊ ðə kɑrd ɪz frəm ˈtaɪˌlænd). ðɪs həz tɪ bi wən əv, ɪf nɑt ðə ˈkjutɪst ˈpoʊˌskɑrd aɪv ˈɛvər ˈskɑtɪʃ kɑrd frəm jpjamo. aɪ æst fər ˈsəmθɪŋ wɪθ ə ˈtɑrtən ɔn ɪt, ənd hi dɪd mi wən frəm ɪn həˈwaɪˌi. əˈnəðər ˈɛləfənt! ənd aɪ hæv tɪ ʃɛr pɑrt əv ðə ˌɪnˈsaɪd, bɪˈkəz ɪt meɪd mi læf- əˈpɛrəntli ʃi ərˈɪʤənəli θɔt ðeɪ wər ˈpoʊˌskɑrdz, bət ðeɪ ˈɛndɪd əp biɪŋ trəˈdɪʃənəl ˈfoʊldɪd kɑrdz. soʊ ʃi tərnd ðə ˈəðər saɪd ˈɪntu ə foʊ postcard:awesome.anyway, aɪv ˈoʊnli rɪˈsivd ðə fɔr æt ðə ˈmoʊmənt, bət aɪv gɑt mɔr ɔn ðə weɪ. ɪkˈspɛkt ən ˈəpˌdeɪt ɪn ðə fˈjuʧər.
been getting some pretty sweet cards from the pretty sweet people over at the pretty sweet subreddit, redditpost from madmadhatter, a card from the sapporo snow festival. my little sister is learning about japan in preschool, so she got to bring this in for show and tell. :)from apurva_p in singapore (though the card is from thailand). this has to be one of, if not the cutest postcard i've ever received.a scottish card from jpjamo. i asked for something with a tartan on it, and he did me one better!and from snmejia in hawaii. another elephant! and i have to share part of the inside, because it made me laugh- apparently she originally thought they were postcards, but they ended up being traditional folded cards. so she turned the other side into a faux postcard:awesome.anyway, i've only received the four at the moment, but i've got more on the way. expect an update in the future. :)	ə ˈsætəˌlaɪt ˈprɑʤɛkt beɪst ɪn ə rɪˈmoʊt pɑrt əv ɔˈstreɪljə həz pɪkt əp ən ˈeɪnʧənt ˈsɪgnəl ðət sprəŋ frəm dip speɪs. ðə ˈkɑmənˌwɛlθ ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk ənd ˌɪnˈdəstriəl ˈrisərʧ ˌɔrgənɪˈzeɪʃən (csiro) həz ɪˈstæblɪʃt ðə ɔˈstreɪljən skwɛr ˌkɪˈlɔˌmətər əreɪ ˈpæθˌfaɪndər (askap) ə grup əv 36 ˈsætəˌlaɪt ˈdɪʃɪz ˈloʊˌkeɪtəd ˈɪnˌlænd frəm ðə taʊn əv wɪʧ həz bɪn kriˈeɪtɪd tɪ skæn ðə skaɪz. ðə tim sɪz ɪt həz pɪkt əp ˈkɑzmɪk ˈreɪdiˌoʊ weɪvz ərˈɪʤəˌneɪtɪŋ frəm ðə ˈgæləksi ənd steɪts ðə ˈsɪgnəl ɪz faɪv ˈbɪljən jɪrz oʊld. ðə ˈtaɪni ˈsɪgnəl ɪz sɛd tɪ hæv ə koʊld ˈhaɪdrəʤən gæs "ˌɪmˈprɪnt", wɪʧ ɪz ðə faʊnˈdeɪʃən əv ðə fɔrˈmeɪʃən əv nu stɑrz ˈsəmθɪŋ ðət ɪt wʊd hæv ˈtrævəld tɪ ɔn ɪts weɪ tɪ ərθ. ˈdɑktər ʤeɪmz ˈælɪsən, ˈlidər əv ðə wərk, sɛd: "ðɪs kæʧ ʃoʊz wɪr goʊɪŋ tɪ bæg ə bɪg hɔl əv ˈgæləksiz." wət meɪks ðə ˈprɑʤɛkt juˈnik ɪz ðət ɪt ɪz "ɪkˈsɛpʃənəli" ˈreɪdiˌoʊ kwaɪət ˈminɪŋ ɪt ɪz nɑt pleɪgd baɪ ˈreɪdiˌoʊ ˌɪnərˈfɪrəns, wɪʧ ˈælɪsən sɪz "gɪvz ˈjuˈɛs ə ˈbɛtər ʧæns əv ˈfaɪndɪŋ ˈsəmθɪŋ nu". ˌiˈleɪn ˈsædlər, prəˈfɛsər əv ˌæstroʊˈfɪzɪks æt ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ˈsɪdni ənd ə ˈmɛmbər əv ðə ˈrisərʧ tim, sɪz ðɪs ɪz ʤɪst ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ əv ðə sərʧ. ʃi sɛd: lʊks æt ə ˈrɛlətɪvli ˌənɪkˈsplɔrd pɑrt əv ðə ˈreɪdiˌoʊ ˈspɛktrəm, 700 tɪ 1800 ˈmɛgəhərts. ðɪs minz wɪl bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ dɪˈtɛkt ˈhaɪdrəʤən gæs ˈdipər ɪn speɪs ənd, θæŋks tɪ waɪd fild əv vju, ˈɔlsoʊ ˈoʊvər ə məʧ ˈlɑrʤər ˈvɑljum ðən wi kʊd ˌbiˈfɔr. "wɪl bi ˈhəntɪŋ fər ˈgæləksiz ðət ər faɪv tɪ eɪt ˈbɪljən jɪrz oʊld, ə ðət ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnts ə fɪθ əv ðə ˈhɪstəri. "wi wɔnt tɪ lərn haʊ məʧ ˈhaɪdrəʤən ˈgæləksiz hæd ɪn ðɪs ˈpɪriəd fər ˈfɔrmɪŋ stɑrz. ənˈtɪl naʊ wiv hæd fju tulz fər duɪŋ ðət." ðə ˈfaɪndɪŋz wər əˈnaʊnst æt ðə ˈnæʃənəl əˈstrɑnəmi ˈmitɪŋ ɪn weɪlz.
a satellite project based in a remote part of australia has picked up an ancient signal that sprung from deep space. the commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation (csiro) has established the australian square kilometre array pathfinder (askap) – a group of 36 satellite dishes located 300km inland from the west-coast town of geraldton – which has been created to scan the skies. the team says it has picked up cosmic radio waves originating from the galaxy pks b1740-517 and states the signal is five billion years old. the tiny signal is said to have a cold hydrogen gas "imprint", which is the foundation of the formation of new stars – something that it would have travelled to on its way to earth. dr james allison, leader of the work, said: "this catch shows we're going to bag a big haul of galaxies." what makes the askap project unique is that it is "exceptionally" radio quiet – meaning it is not plagued by radio interference, which allison says "gives us a better chance of finding something new". elaine sadler, professor of astrophysics at the university of sydney and a member of the askap research team, says this is just the beginning of the search. she said: "askap looks at a relatively unexplored part of the radio spectrum, 700 to 1800 megahertz. this means we'll be able to detect hydrogen gas deeper in space and, thanks to askap's wide field of view, also over a much larger volume than we could before. "we'll be hunting for galaxies that are five to eight billion years old, a timespan that represents a fifth of the universe's history. "we want to learn how much hydrogen galaxies had in this period for forming stars. until now we've had few tools for doing that." the findings were announced at the national astronomy meeting in wales.	nəˈbræskə ɪz ɪn ðə hɑrt ɛz aɪ ˈsɛtəld ˈɪntu wən əv ðə fju rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ sits ɪn ðə pækt ˈθieɪtər, aɪ lʊkt əp tɪ si ˈpitər ˈtrævərz, fɪlm ˈkrɪtɪk fər ˈroʊlɪŋ stoʊn, ˈtaʊtɪŋ ðə ˈvərʧuz əv ðɪs ˌsaɪməlˈteɪniəs ˈskrinɪŋ. ˈoʊnli ə fju ˈdəzən ˈɔdiənsəz əraʊnd ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts wʊd hæv ðə ˈprɪvɪlɪʤ əv ˈwɑʧɪŋ ðɪs ˈprivˌju əv ˌælɪgˈzændər nəˈbræskə əˈlɔŋ wɪθ ˈtrævərz ənd ɪts nu ˈɔdiəns. ˌɔlˈðoʊ ɪt wɑz taɪm tɪ pʊt maɪ foʊn əˈweɪ, aɪ rɪˈzɪst ˈlʊkɪŋ əp wɪʧ ˈpleɪsɪz wər ˈmɛmbərz əv ðɪs ˈrəðər ɪkˈsklusɪv kləb. nɑt ə ˈsɪŋgəl ˈθieɪtər ɪn nəˈbræskə wɑz ˈlɪstɪd, nɔr ɪn saʊθ dəˈkoʊtə ər mɑnˈtænə ˈiðər. ə ˈmuvi ˈləvər ɪn ðoʊz steɪts wʊd hæv tɪ meɪk ə lɔŋ roʊd trɪp, ʤɪst laɪk ðə ˈkɛrɪktərz ɪn nəˈbræskə, ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ ˌɛnˈʤɔɪ ðɪs ˈprivˌju. ðɪs ˈnɑlɪʤ meɪd mi fil ˈləki ðət ˈtuˌsɑn həz ðə ˈwəndərfəl lɔft ˈθieɪtər, wən əv ðə ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt ˈθiətərz. bət ɪt ˈɔlsoʊ kæst ə ˈʃæˌdoʊ ˈoʊvər maɪ ˈætəˌtud təˈwɔrdz ðə fɪlm ˌbiˈfɔr ɪt hæd ˈivɪn ˈstɑrtɪd. bɪˈkəz ˌhaʊˈɛvər ˈnoʊbəl ðə ˌɪnˈtɛnʧənz əv dɪˈrɛktər ənd kæst, ðɪs ˈklɪrli simd tɪ bi ˈʃeɪpɪŋ əp tɪ bi ə keɪs wɛr ðɛr wʊd bi ə proʊˈfaʊnd bɪtˈwin ðə ˈpipəl hu wɔʧ ə fɪlm ənd ðə ˈpipəl ðeɪ wɔʧ ɪn ðət fɪlm. waɪl ðɪs kaɪnd əv ˌvɔɪˈjurɪzəm həz bɪn pɑrt əv ˈsɪnəmə sɪns ɪts ˈərliəst deɪz, ɪt həz ˈɔlˌweɪz simd mɔr ˌprɑbləˈmætɪk tɪ mi wɪn ˈpræktɪst ˈəndər ðə saɪn əv ˈriəlɪzm. ˈvɛri fju ˈpipəl hæv drimd əv ɪˈskeɪpɪŋ tɪ nəˈbræskə sɪns ˌpaɪəˈnɪr deɪz. ˌɪnˈdid, ɛz nəˈbræskə meɪks ˈpeɪnfəli klɪr, ə ˈsaɪzəbəl pərˈsɛnɪʤ əv ɪts jəŋ ˈpipəl drim ˈoʊnli əv ɪˈskeɪpɪŋ frəm ɪt. ɪf ˈɔdiənsəz ɪn nu jɔrk, lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs, ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ ər ˈəðər ˈpleɪsɪz wɪθ ə ˈkrɪtɪkəl mæs əv ˌɪnˌtɛləˈʤɛntsiə ˈflɔrɪdə ənd ˌɛrɪˈzoʊnə kˈwɑləˌfaɪ, tɪ ə dɪˈgri, bɪˈkəz əv ðə ˈhaɪli ˈɛʤəˌkeɪtɪd ˈpipəl hu ˌriˈtaɪər ðɛr wɔʧ ə fɪlm sɛt ɪn ðə ˈspeɪsɪz əv ðɪs ““heartland””, ðɛn, ɪt ˈprɑbəˌbli bɪˈkəz ðeɪ ˈæˌkʧuəli lɔŋ tɪ ˈwɪtnəs ðə pleɪs ˈfərsthænd, bət bɪˈkəz ðeɪ fil ðə nid tɪ pɪr θru ə ˈwɪndoʊ æt ðət ˈəðər əˈmɛrɪkə, ðət ˈstəbərnli prəˈvɪnʃəl pleɪs ðeɪ ər ˈoʊnli ˈlaɪkli tɪ ˈnoʊtɪs ˈdʊrɪŋ ˈnæʃənəl ɪˈlɛkʃənz. æt list, wət aɪ wɑz ˈθɪŋkɪŋ ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈoʊpənɪŋ ˈmɪnəts əv nəˈbræskə, wɪn aɪ wɑz ˈfraʊnɪŋ boʊθ æt dɪˈsɪʒən tɪ meɪk ðə ˈpɪkʧər blæk ənd waɪt, ə muv ðət simd boʊθ ˈɑbviəs ðə nɑd tɪ ðə læst ˈpɪkʧər ʃoʊ wɑz ənd ˈprɛʃəs, ənd æt ɪts ˈveɪgli ˈfoʊksi, skɔr. waɪl bɪn ə fæn əv hɪz ˈpriviəs wərk, ðɪs nu fɪlm simd tɪ bi ɛkˈstræpəˌleɪtɪŋ frəm ɪts ˈwiknəsɪz, nɑt ɪts strɛŋθs. ˈsɪmpli pʊt, aɪ θɔt ɪt wɑz traɪɪŋ tu hɑrd tɪ pəˈzɪʃən ˌɪtˈsɛlf ɛz ðə ˈlɪtəl ˈpɪkʧər ðət kʊd ɪn ðə ˈɔskər reɪs. aɪ ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪzd ðət ðə ˈkrɑnɪkəli ˌəndərˈreɪtɪd brus dərn wɑz ˈgɪvɪŋ ə greɪt pərˈfɔrməns ɛz ðə bɪˈfədəld ˈwʊdi grænt, dɪˈtərmənd tɪ pɪk əp ðə ˈmɪljənˌdɔlər praɪz hi mɪˈsteɪkənli bɪˈlivz hi həz wən; ðət ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ naɪt wɪl ˈfɔrteɪ wɑz duɪŋ ə ˈwəndərfəl ʤɑb əv pleɪɪŋ əˈgɛnst taɪp, əˈsumɪŋ ðə man”” roʊl ɛz sən ˈdeɪvɪd; ənd ðət ʤun skwɪb wɑz ˈpərˌfɪkt ɛz ˌɛnərˈʤɛtɪkli ˈnægɪŋ waɪf keɪt. bət dɪˈspaɪt ðiz ˌkɑntrəˈbjuʃənz ənd mɪdˈwɛstərn mise-en-scène, ðə ˈoʊvərˌɔl ˈifɛkt wɑz stɪl klɔɪɪŋ æt fərst. wəns ˌɪnˈdəlʤd ə ˈnɛgətɪv treɪn əv θɔt əˈbaʊt ə fɪlm, hɑrd fər mi tɪ gɪv ɪt ə ˈfeɪvərəbəl ˌrivˈju. bət nəˈbræskə ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli wən mi ˈoʊvər. ðə ki ˈmoʊmənt, tɪ maɪ maɪnd, ɪz wɪn ðə trɪp frəm ˈbɪlɪŋz, mɑnˈtænə tɪ ˈlɪŋkən, nəˈbræskə ðə pleɪs wɛr ðə praɪz ˈməni wɑz səˈpoʊzədli goʊɪŋ tɪ bi dɪsˈbərst ɪz dɪˈreɪld baɪ ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ. ˈdeɪvɪd ˌdɪˈsaɪdz ðət hɪz ˈfɑðər maɪt ɛz wɛl ˈvɪzɪt hɪz ˈbrəðərz ɪn hɪz ˈhoʊmˌtaʊn əv ˈhɔθɔrn, nəˈbræskə ənd ərˈeɪnʤɪz fər keɪt ənd hɪz ˈnuzˌkæstər ˈoʊldər ˈbrəðər rɔs tɪ mit əp wɪθ ðɛm fər ən ˌɪmˈprɑmptu ˈfæməli riˈunjən. ðɛr, ˈwʊdi rənz ˈɪntu hɪz ˈfɔrmər ˈbɪznɪs ˈpɑrtnər ənd ˈsəmˌtaɪm ˈnɛməsɪs ɛd ˈpɛˌgræm, dɪˈlɪʃəʃli ˈrɛndərd baɪ ˈsteɪsi kiʧ. fər ɔl ðə ˈæktɪŋ ˈfaɪrˌpaʊər ɪn nəˈbræskə, ðoʊ, wət meɪks ðə fɪlm wərk, ˈəltəmətli, ɪz ðə rɪˈmeɪndər əv ðə kæst, ðə ˈfeɪsɪz wi ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪz ɛz ˈæktərz ənd ˈkɑnsəkˌwɛntli du ˈrɛʤɪstər ɛz ˈriˌllaɪf ˈrɛzɪdənts əv ðɪs smɔl taʊn ðət əˈpɪrz ˈlaɪkli tɪ pæs əˈweɪ wɪn ˈræpədli ˈeɪʤɪŋ ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən dɪz. ˈsəmˌtaɪmz ðə ˈtɛnʃən bɪtˈwin ðə stɑrz ənd ɪts ˈmaɪnər ˈkɛrɪktərz wɪl ˈəndərˌkət ə sin, sɪns ðə ˈlætər kən bi ˈkɑmɪkəli ˌɪmˈpæsɪv. fər ðə moʊst pɑrt, ðoʊ, ðə ˈhɔθɔrn ˈsikwənsɪz ˈmænɪʤ tɪ straɪk ə ˈdɛləkət ˈbæləns bɪtˈwin ˈhɑliˌwʊd ˌɪmˈpɛrətɪvz ənd ðə kənˈtræstɪŋ ˈvæljuz əv ðət ˈəðər əˈmɛrɪkə. ɪn ˈifɛkt, wɪn ðə fɪlm əˈbændənz ðə ˌɪntərˈsteɪt ˈhaɪˌweɪ ˈsɪstəm fər ðə bæk roʊdz əv ðə ˈprɛri, ɪt stɑps ˈspidɪŋ təˈwɔrdz ðə ˈɪndəstri ˈtɛloʊs wɛr ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ɪz jʊr consideration”” ənd ˌɪnˈstɛd lɛts ˈjuˈɛs kənˈsɪdər ɪts ˈkɛrɪktərz ɪn ə mɔr ˈkɑmplɛks ˈnɛtˌwərk əv riˈleɪʃənz, əˈgɛnst ðə ˈbækˌdrɑp əv ə ˈpərsɪnəl ˈhɪstəri ðət fil feɪk. ɪn wən əv maɪ ˈfeɪvərɪt sinz, ˈwʊdi ˈsəmˈwət rɪˈləktəntli əˈkəmpəniz hɪz waɪf ənd sənz ɔn ə ˈvɪzɪt tɪ si ðə haʊs wɛr hi gru əp. ˌɔlˈðoʊ nəˈbræskə wɪl ɔˈkeɪʒənəˌli vɪr təˈwɔrdz ˈfæsəl ˈsɛnəmənt, ðɪs tʊr əv ðə oʊld ˈhoʊmˌstɛd ɪz təf ɛz neɪlz. brus dərn dɪz ə ˈbrɪljənt ʤɑb əv kəmˈjunəˌkeɪtɪŋ mɪkst ˈfilɪŋz əˈbaʊt ðə pleɪs. wi ˌəndərˈstænd ðət, fər ɔl əv hɪz oʊn fɔlts ɛz ə ˈfɑðər hi hæd ə ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ ˈprɑbləm ənd rɪˈlaɪd ɔn hɪz ˈbɪznɪs fər ðə ˈfæməli tɪ meɪk ɛndz mit hɪz sənz wər spɛrd ðə hɑrʃ ˌriˈæləˌtiz əv hɪz oʊn ˈəpˌbrɪŋɪŋ, wɪʧ tʊk pleɪs əˈmɪd ðə ˌdɛprəˈveɪʃənz əv ðə ənd 40s. æt taɪmz, ɪt simz laɪk peɪn həz ə maɪnd tɪ ˈlaɪəˌnaɪz ðə ˈmɪksʧər əv ˈpɑpjəˌlɪzəm ənd kənˈsərvəˌtɪzəm ðət ər aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪd wɪθ ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən, riˈmaɪndɪŋ ˈjuˈɛs ðət ðeɪ wər strɔŋ bɪˈkəz ðeɪ hæd tɪ bi. jɛt ˈwʊdi hɪmˈsɛlf ɪz nɑt ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli strɔŋ. nɔr du hɪz ˈbrəðərz sim tɪ bi sərˈvaɪvərz. waɪl ðeɪ ər stoʊɪk tɪ ə fɔlt, wi gɪt ðə klɪr ˌɪmˈprɛʃən ðət ɪt wɑz ðə ˈwɪmən ɪn ðɛr lɪvz, laɪk keɪt, hu ˈrɪli pʊld ðə weɪt. ˈdeɪvɪd ɪz ə ˈmɪdəˌleɪgd hoʊm ˌɪˌlɛkˈtrɑnɪks ˈseɪlzmən huz ˈgərlˌfrɛnd ˈrisəntli wɔkt aʊt ɔn ɪm. ənd rɔs, ðoʊ ˈaʊtwərdli mɔr səkˈsɛsfəl, ɪz stɪl ʤɪst ə ˈmidiə ˌpərsəˈnælɪti hu ɪz ˈoʊnli ˈæŋkərɪŋ ðə ˈnaɪtli nuz bɪˈkəz ðə ˈrɛgjələr ˈpərsən ɪz ˌtɛmpərˈɛrəli indisposed. ˈniðər wən, ɪn ˈəðər wərdz, kˈwɑləˌfaɪz ɛz ə stərɪŋ ˈtɛstəmənt tɪ ˈəpwərd moʊˈbɪlɪti ɪn ðə ˈpoʊstˈwɔr juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts. jɛt ðeɪ pruv tɪ hæv ˈhɪdən ˈrisɔrsɪz əv ˈhjumər ənd hoʊp ðət ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən əˈpɪrz əˈneɪbəl tɪ ˈækˌsɛs. ðɛr wər taɪmz, ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli təˈwɔrdz ðə ɛnd əv nəˈbræskə, wɪn aɪ fɛlt laɪk ðə ˈplɛzəntli səˈpraɪzd ˈvɪktɪm əv ə ˌɑpərˈeɪʃən. fər ɪt ɪz ˈəltəmətli ˈdeɪvɪd, nɑt ˈwʊdi ər keɪt, hu ɪz ˈeɪbəl tɪ tərn ə bæd ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃən ˈɪntu ˈsəmθɪŋ ˈpɑzətɪv. wɪθ noʊ ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr əˈliʤəns tɪ ðə trəˈdɪʃənəl ˈvæljuz əv ə taʊn laɪk ˈhɔθɔrn, hi ɪz ˈeɪbəl tɪ sɪft θru ðə leɪərz əv ˈlɔŋɪŋ ənd rɪˈzɛntmənt ðət dɪˈfaɪn pæst tɪ faɪnd aʊt wət ˈrɪli ˈmætərz ənd straɪk aʊt fər ɪt. ðə fækt ðət wɪl ˈfɔrteɪ ɪz ə ˈneɪtɪv ˌkælɪˈfɔrnjən, ə kəmˈplit aʊtˈsaɪdər tɪ ðə mɪdˈwɛstərn ˈlaɪfˌstaɪl ðət peɪn, dərn ənd skwɪb noʊ ˌɪnˈsaɪd ənd aʊt, strək mi ɛz ə raɪ ˌkɑnfərˈmeɪʃən əv ðɪs ˈɪnˌsaɪt. ˈsɪtɪŋ wɪθ ən ˈɔdiəns əv trænˈsplæntɪd nu ˈjɔrkərz ənd ðə ɑd ˈhoʊmˈgroʊn ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl æt ðə lɔft, aɪ hɛlp bət rɪˈtərn tɪ maɪ ˌɪˈnɪʃəl θɔts ɔn ðə fɪlm. aɪ dɪd nɑt ɪkˈspɪriəns ðə ˌpɛrəˈsɪtɪk riˈleɪʃən tɪ ðə ˈhɑrˌtlænd ðət aɪ hæd bɪn ɪkˈspɛktɪŋ tɪ dɪˈsərn, ɪn wɪʧ ðə ˈɔdiəns wʊd bi ˌɪˈnɑkjəˌleɪtɪd əˈgɛnst ðət ˈəðər əˈmɛrɪkə baɪ ˈgɪtɪŋ ə smɔl doʊs əv ɪt ɪn ˈfɪkʃənəl fɔrm. ˌɪnˈstɛd, aɪ faʊnd ˌmaɪˈsɛlf ˈriəˌlaɪzɪŋ ðət baɪ nɑt ˈhoʊlhɑrtɪdli ɛnˈdɔrsɪŋ ðə oʊld weɪz, nəˈbræskə hæd ˈæˌkʧuəli dən ə ˈdisənt ʤɑb əv ˈhɛlpɪŋ ˈjuˈɛs si ɪts ˈsəbʤɪkt ðə weɪ ˈwʊdi siz hɪz oʊld haʊs. ðɪs ɪz ə trɪk ðət peɪn pʊlz ɔf ɪn hɪz ˈpriviəs ˈpɪkʧərz ˈsaɪdˌweɪz ənd ðə dɪˈsɛnɪnts, wɪʧ diˈmɪstəˌfaɪ ðɛr ˈsɛtɪŋz. ɪn hɪz hænz, ðə waɪn ˈkəntri əv ˈsɛntrəl koʊst ənd ðə spɛkˈtækjələr ˈmaʊntənz ənd ˈbiʧɪz əv həˈwaɪˌi luz ðɛr ˈɔrə əv ˈfænəsi, bɪˈkəmɪŋ ˈpleɪsɪz wɛr ˈpipəl koʊp wɪθ ðə seɪm ˈprɑbləmz ðət bɪˈsɛt ðɛm ɪn lɛs dɪˈzaɪərəbəl loʊˈkælz. fər ɪm tɪ ˈmænɪʤ ðɪs ˌɑpərˈeɪʃən wɪθ nəˈbræskə ɪz ˈivɪn mɔr ˌɪmˈprɛsɪv, ðoʊ, bɪˈkəz hɪz ˈɔdiəns məst ækˈnɑlɪʤ ðət ðə ˈhɑrˌtlænd ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ ə spər tɪ ˈfænəsi ˌbiˈfɔr ˈɛni kən teɪk pleɪs. ˈoʊnli ðɛn kən wi si ɪt fər wət ɪt ɪz, ˈrəðər ðən wət wi ˈwɔntɪd ɪt tɪ bi. ə ˈmoʊmənt wɪn ðə ˈkæmərə pænz tɪ ʃoʊ ˈjuˈɛs ðə ˈsætəˌlaɪt dɪʃ ˌɪnˈstɔld æt ðə hoʊm əv ˈoʊldər ˈbrəðər. æt ðɪs pɔɪnt, wi noʊ ðət ðə mɛn spɛnd ðɛr taɪm ˈwɑʧɪŋ ˈfʊtˌbɔl waɪl ðə ˈwɪmən ˈkɑnvərs ɪn ðə ˈkɪʧən, ʤɪst ɛz ðə ˈstɛrioʊˌtaɪp wʊd səˈʤɛst. bət biɪŋ riˈmaɪndɪd haʊ ˈkɑmən ðɪs tɛkˈnɑləʤi ɪz, ˈivɪn ɪn ə ʃˈrɪŋkɪŋ smɔl taʊn laɪk ˈhɔθɔrn, tɛlz ˈjuˈɛs ðət ðə prəˈvɪnʃəˌlɪzəm əv ɪts ˈrɛzɪdənts ɪz ðə rɪˈzəlt əv ə ʧɔɪs. ðeɪ nid tɪ ʃət aʊt ðə wərld, jɛt ðeɪ du ɪt ˈɛniˌweɪ. ðə nu jɔrk fɪlm ˈkrɪtɪks ˈsərkəl ˈprivˌju ˈsɪriz meɪ nɑt bi ʃoʊn ɪn nəˈbræskə, saʊθ dəˈkoʊtə ər mɑnˈtænə, bət ðɛr ər ˈplɛnti əv ˈəðər ˌɑpərˈtunətiz fər ˌɪnˈhæbɪtənts əv ðoʊz steɪts tɪ sik aʊt ˈəðər wərld vjuz θru ɑrt. tɪ bi ʃʊr, ɪt rɪˈmeɪnz aɪˈrɑnɪk ðət nəˈbræskə ˈprɑbəˌbli bi skrind ˈvɛri ˈwaɪdli ɪn nəˈbræskə. wɛˈræz aɪ ˈstɑrtɪd ðə fɪlm ˈθɪŋkɪŋ ðət ðɪs maɪt bi ə dil ˈbreɪkər, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, aɪ keɪm aʊt əv ɪt dɪˈlaɪtɪd fər ðə ˌɑpərˈtunəti tɪ bɪˈgɪn ˈθɪŋkɪŋ əˈbaʊt ðə fɪlm ˌbiˈfɔr ɪts əˈfɪʃəl riˈlis deɪt. ˈmeɪbi ðə ˈɔdiəns æt ðə lɔft ənd ˈəðər ˈθiətərz əraʊnd ðə ˈkəntri dɪz ˈkɑnstəˌtut ə daɪˈæspərə, bət ˈæˌkʧuəli mɔr ˈkəmfərtəbəl wɪθ ðət sɔrt əv ˈfrægməntɪd, jɛt ˈsɪŋkrəˌnaɪzd ˈpəblɪk ðən aɪ ˈɛvər θɔt aɪ wʊd bi. fɪlm stɪlz ˈkərtəsi əv ˌælɪgˈzændər peɪn.
nebraska is in the heart as i settled into one of the few remaining seats in the packed theater, i looked up to see peter travers, film critic for rolling stone, touting the virtues of this simultaneous screening. only a few dozen audiences around the united states would have the privilege of watching this preview of alexander payne’s nebraska along with travers and its new york-area audience. although it was time to put my phone away, i couldn’t resist looking up which places were members of this rather exclusive club. not a single theater in nebraska was listed, nor in south dakota or montana either. a movie lover in those states would have to make a long road trip, just like the characters in nebraska, in order to enjoy this not-so-sneak preview. this knowledge made me feel lucky that tucson has the wonderful loft theater, one of the country’s best-run independent theaters. but it also cast a shadow over my attitude towards the film before it had even started. because however noble the intentions of nebraska’s director and cast, this clearly seemed to be shaping up to be a case where there would be a profound disjunction between the people who watch a film and the people they watch in that film. while this kind of voyeurism has been part of cinema since its earliest days, it has always seemed more problematic to me when practiced under the sign of realism. very few people have dreamed of escaping to nebraska since pioneer days. indeed, as nebraska makes painfully clear, a sizable percentage of its young people dream only of escaping from it. if audiences in new york, los angeles, chicago or other places with a critical mass of intelligentsia — florida and arizona qualify, to a degree, because of the highly educated people who retire there — watch a film set in the wide-open spaces of this “heartland”, then, it probably isn’t because they actually long to witness the place firsthand, but because they feel the need to peer through a window at that other america, that stubbornly provincial place they are only likely to notice during national elections. at least, that’s what i was thinking during the opening minutes of nebraska, when i was frowning both at payne’s decision to make the picture black and white, a move that seemed both obvious — the nod to the last picture show was unmistakeable — and precious, and at its vaguely folksy, npr-friendly score. while i’d been a fan of his previous work, this new film seemed to be extrapolating from its weaknesses, not its strengths. simply put, i thought it was trying too hard to position itself as the little picture that could in the oscar race. i recognized that the chronically underrated bruce dern was giving a great performance as the befuddled woody grant, determined to pick up the million-dollar prize he mistakenly believes he has won; that saturday night live-veteran will forte was doing a wonderful job of playing against type, assuming the “straight man” role as woody’s son david; and that june squibb was perfect as woody’s energetically nagging wife kate. but despite these contributions and payne’s spot-on midwestern mise-en-scène, the overall effect was still cloying at first. once i’ve indulged a negative train of thought about a film, it’s hard for me to give it a favorable review. but nebraska eventually won me over. the key moment, to my mind, is when the father-and-son trip from billings, montana to lincoln, nebraska — the place where the prize money was supposedly going to be disbursed — is derailed by woody’s drinking. david decides that his father might as well visit his brothers in his hometown of hawthorne, nebraska and arranges for kate and his newscaster older brother ross to meet up with them for an impromptu family reunion. there, woody runs into his former business partner and sometime nemesis ed pegram, deliciously rendered by stacy keach. for all the acting firepower in nebraska, though, what makes the film work, ultimately, is the remainder of the cast, the faces we don’t recognize as actors and consequently do register as real-life residents of this small town that appears likely to pass away when woody’s rapidly aging generation does. sometimes the tension between the film’s stars and its minor characters will undercut a scene, since the latter can be comically impassive. for the most part, though, the hawthorne sequences manage to strike a delicate balance between hollywood imperatives and the contrasting values of that other america. in effect, when the film abandons the interstate highway system for the back roads of the short-grass prairie, it stops speeding towards the industry telos where everything is “for your consideration” and instead lets us consider its characters in a more complex network of relations, against the backdrop of a personal history that doesn’t feel fake. in one of my favorite scenes, woody somewhat reluctantly accompanies his wife and sons on a visit to see the now-abandoned house where he grew up. although nebraska will occasionally veer towards facile sentiment, this tour of the old homestead is tough as nails. bruce dern does a brilliant job of communicating woody’s mixed feelings about the place. we understand that, for all of his own faults as a father — he had a drinking problem and relied on his wife’s business for the family to make ends meet — his sons were spared the harsh realities of his own upbringing, which took place amid the deprivations of the 1930s and 40s. at times, it seems like payne has a mind to lionize the mixture of populism and conservatism that are identified with woody’s generation, reminding us that they were strong because they had to be. yet woody himself is not particularly strong. nor do his brothers seem to be paradigmatic survivors. while they are stoic to a fault, we get the clear impression that it was the women in their lives, like kate, who really pulled the weight. david is a middle-aged home electronics salesman whose girlfriend recently walked out on him. and ross, though outwardly more successful, is still just a small-market media personality who is only anchoring the nightly news because the regular person is temporarily indisposed. neither one, in other words, qualifies as a stirring testament to upward mobility in the postwar united states. yet they prove to have hidden resources of humor and hope that woody’s generation appears unable to access. there were times, particularly towards the end of nebraska, when i felt like the pleasantly surprised victim of a bait-and-switch operation. for it is ultimately david, not woody or kate, who is able to turn a bad situation into something positive. with no particular allegiance to the traditional values of a town like hawthorne, he is able to sift through the layers of longing and resentment that define woody’s past to find out what really matters and strike out for it. the fact that will forte is a native californian, a complete outsider to the midwestern lifestyle that payne, dern and squibb know inside and out, struck me as a wry confirmation of this insight. sitting with an audience of transplanted new yorkers and the odd homegrown intellectual at the loft, i couldn’t help but return to my initial thoughts on the film. i did not experience the parasitic relation to the heartland that i had been expecting to discern, in which the audience would be inoculated against that other america by getting a small dose of it in fictional form. instead, i found myself realizing that by not wholeheartedly endorsing the old ways, nebraska had actually done a decent job of helping us see its subject the way woody sees his old house. this is a trick that payne pulls off in his previous pictures sideways and the descendants, which demystify their tourism-saturated settings. in his hands, the wine country of california’s central coast and the spectacular mountains and beaches of hawaii lose their aura of fantasy, becoming places where people cope with the same problems that beset them in less desirable locales. for him to manage this operation with nebraska is even more impressive, though, because his audience must acknowledge that the heartland is also a spur to fantasy before any demystification can take place. only then can we see it for what it is, rather than what we wanted it to be. there’s a moment when the camera pans to show us the satellite dish installed at the home of woody’s older brother. at this point, we know that the men spend their time watching football while the women converse in the kitchen, just as the stereotype would suggest. but being reminded how common this technology is, even in a shrinking small town like hawthorne, tells us that the provincialism of its residents is the result of a choice. they don’t need to shut out the world, yet they do it anyway. the new york film critics circle preview series may not be shown in nebraska, south dakota or montana, but there are plenty of other opportunities for inhabitants of those states to seek out other world views through art. to be sure, it remains ironic that nebraska probably won’t be screened very widely in nebraska. whereas i started the film thinking that this might be a deal breaker, however, i came out of it delighted for the opportunity to begin thinking about the film before its official release date. maybe the audience at the loft and other theaters around the country does constitute a wannabe-nyc diaspora, but i’m actually more comfortable with that sort of fragmented, yet synchronized public than i ever thought i would be. film stills courtesy of alexander payne.	ə kru ˈmɛmbər ʧoʊkt tɪ dɛθ ˈfraɪˌdeɪ ˈæftər sˈwɑloʊɪŋ ə beɪt fɪʃ ɛz ə ʤoʊk ɪn frənt əv ˈʧɪldrən ˈdʊrɪŋ ə fild trɪp ɪn ðə pɔrt əv lɔŋ biʧ, əˈθɔrətiz sɛd təˈdeɪ. ʤɛf tˈwɑdəl, 54 əv ˈhəntɪŋtən biʧ, traɪɪŋ tɪ bi ˈlaɪˌthɑrtɪd wɪn hi pʊt ðɪs θɪŋ ɪn hɪz mouth”” ɔn ˈfraɪˌdeɪ, sɛd lɔŋ biʧ faɪər ʧif fræŋk heɪz. ɪt bɪˈkeɪm ən ˈɛrˌweɪ əbˈstrəkʃən, ənd hi lɔst ˈkɑnʃəsnəs ənd wɛnt ˈɪntu fʊl ˈkɑrdiˌæk arrest.”.” ˈəðər kru ˈmɛmbərz ɔn bɔrd ðə geɪl fɔrs, wɪʧ hæd bɪn ˈʧɑrtərd baɪ ðə lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs ˈjunəˌfaɪd skul ˈdɪstrɪkt tɪ teɪk 20 ˈstudənts ɔn ə ˈfɪʃɪŋ trɪp əˈlɔŋ ðə ˈbreɪkˌwɔtər, traɪd tɪ dɪsˈlɑʤ ðə fɪʃ ənd ədˈmɪnɪstər bət wər ˌənsəkˈsɛsfəl, əˈθɔrətiz sɛd. (ən ˈərliər ˈvərʒən əv ðɪs poʊst ˌɪnkərˈɛktli rɪˈfərd tɪ ðə boʊt ɛz geɪl fɔrs.) tˈwɑdəl wɑz trænˈspɔrtəd tɪ st. ˈmɛri ˈmɛdɪkəl ˈsɛnər, wɛr hi wɑz prəˈnaʊnst dɛd æt p.m. ˈfraɪˌdeɪ, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs ˈkaʊnti ˈkɔrənər lt. frɛd kəræl. ən ˈɔˌtɑpsi dɪˈtərmənd ðət wɑz ən accident,”,” kəræl sɛd. kɔz əv dɛθ wɑz ˈlɪstɪd ɛz ˌæspərˈeɪʃən əv fish.”*.” skul ˈdɪstrɪkt əˈfɪʃəlz sɛnt ˈlɛtərz hoʊm tɪ ˈpɛrənts əˈbaʊt ðə ˈɪnsədənt ənd ˈɔfərd ˈkraɪsəs ˈkaʊnsəlɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈstudənts hu wər ɔn bɔrd ðə ˈvɛsəl, əˈθɔrətiz sɛd. frəm ə taɪmz stæf ˈraɪtər
a charter-boat crew member choked to death friday after swallowing a bait fish as a joke in front of elementary-school children during a field trip in the port of long beach, authorities said today. jeff twaddle, 54, of huntington beach, “was trying to be lighthearted when he put this thing in his mouth” on friday, said long beach fire chief frank hayes. “but it became an airway obstruction, and he lost consciousness and went into full cardiac arrest.” other crew members on board the gail force, which had been chartered by the los angeles unified school district to take 20 students on a fishing trip along the breakwater, tried to dislodge the fish and administer cpr but were unsuccessful, authorities said. (an earlier version of this post incorrectly referred to the boat as gale force.) twaddle was transported to st. mary medical center, where he was pronounced dead at 1:15 p.m. friday, according to los angeles county coroner lt. fred corral. an autopsy determined that “this was an accident,” corral said. “the cause of death was listed as aspiration of fish.” school district officials sent letters home to parents about the incident and offered crisis counseling to the students who were on board the vessel, authorities said. -- from a times staff writer	(ˈsiˈɛˈnɛn) ðə steɪt əv ˈflɔrɪdə ɪz ˈpʊtɪŋ ˈθaʊzənz əv ˈʧɪldrən wɪθ hɑrt ˈdifɛkts æt rɪsk, ə grup əv ˈkɑrdiˌæk ˈdɑktərz seɪ, bɪˈkəz əv ə ʧeɪnʤ ɪn ˈpɑləsi ðət keɪm ˈæftər ˈtɛnət ˈhɛlθˌkɛr kənˈtrɪbjutɪd tɪ ˈflɔrɪdə rɪˈpəblɪkənz. ɪn ə ˈwaɪdli ˈpəblɪˌsaɪzd ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən ɪn ʤun, ˈsiˈɛˈnɛn rɪˈvild ðət ə ˈproʊˌgræm æt ə ˈtɛnət ˈhɑˌspɪtəl ɪn ˈflɔrɪdə hæd feɪld tɪ lɪv əp tɪ steɪt kˈwɑləti ˈstændərdz fər ˈʧɪldrənz hɑrt ˈsərʤəri. lɛs ðən tu mənθs ˈleɪtər, ðə steɪt ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ gɪt rɪd əv ðoʊz ˈstændərdz. ðət dɪˈsɪʒən keɪm ˈæftər ðə ʤaɪənt ˌfərˈprɑfɪt ˈhɑˌspɪtəl ʧeɪn meɪd ˌkɑntrəˈbjuʃənz tɪ rɪˈpəblɪkən gəv. rɪk skɑt ənd hɪz ˈpɑrti ðət dwɔrft ðoʊz ðə ˈkəmpəˌni meɪd tɪ ˈkænədɪts ər ˈpɑrtiz ɪn ˈəðər steɪts. "ðə hoʊl ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃən ɪz aʊˈtreɪʤəs. ɪts ʤɪst aʊˈtreɪʤəs," sɛd luɪs st. ˈpitəri, ə ˌpidiˈætrɪk ˌkɑrdiˈɑləʤɪst ɪn ˌtæləˈhæsi ənd ˈfɔrmər ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv vaɪs ˈprɛzɪdənt əv ðə ˈflɔrɪdə ˈʧæptər əv ðə əˈmɛrɪkən əˈkædəmi əv ˌpidiˈætrɪks. ˈdɑktərz frəm əraʊnd ðə steɪt seɪ ðə dɪˈsɪʒən keɪm raɪt frəm ðə ˈgəvərnərz ˈɔfəs. ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnətɪvz fər ˈtɛnət ənd skɑt dɪˈnaɪ ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃənz tʊk pleɪs bɪtˈwin ðɛm əˈbaʊt ˈgɪtɪŋ rɪd əv ðə ˈstændərdz. 'pur ˈpəblɪk ˈpɑləsi ənd pur ˈpɑləˌtɪks' ɪn ðə fɔl, ˈkɑrdiˌæk ˈdɑktərz ˌɪmˈplɔrd ðə steɪt əv ˈflɔrɪdə tɪ kip ðə ˈhɑˌspɪtəl ˈstændərdz. ðə ˈdɑktərz ˈɑrgjud ðət ðə kˈwɑləti ˈstændərdz hæv bɪn ɪn pleɪs sɪns 1977 seɪvd ˈʧɪldrənz lɪvz ənd hæd bɪˈkəm ə ˈmɑdəl fər ˈəðər steɪts. wɪn ðə ˈstændərdz wər drɑpt ˈɛniˌweɪ, ðə ˈpɛrənts əv fɔr ˈʧɪldrən wɪθ hɑrt ˈdifɛkts tʊk ðə steɪt tɪ kɔrt. ˈflɔrɪdəz dɪˈpɑrtmənt əv hɛlθ sɛd ðə kˈwɑləti ˈstændərdz hæd tɪ goʊ bɪˈkəz ðə ˈlɛʤəsˌleɪʧər hæd ˈnɛvər ˈgɪvɪn pərˈmɪʃən tɪ pʊt ðɛm ɪn pleɪs. ðə ˈstændərdz hæv bɪn ɪn pleɪs ənd ˌənkənˈtɛstɪd fər 38 jɪrz. "ɑr ˈnəmbər wən praɪˈɔrəti ɪz ðə hɛlθ əv ɔl flɔˈrɪdiənz, əˈspɛʃəli ˈʧɪldrən," dɪˈpɑrtmənt əv hɛlθ ˈspoʊksˌwʊmən ˈmɑrə sɛd ɪn ən iˈmeɪl tɪ ˈsiˈɛˈnɛn. "wi ˈfʊli səˈpɔrt bɛst ˈpræktɪsɪz ənd haɪ ˈstændərdz əv kɛr æt ˈflɔrɪdəz ˈhɑˌspɪtəlz. ɛz ən ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv brænʧ ˈeɪʤənsi, ðə dɪˈpɑrtmənts əˈθɔrəti ɪz ˈlɪmɪtɪd tɪ ðoʊz ˈfəŋkʃənz ˈstæʧəˌtɔrəli ˈdɛləˌgeɪtəd baɪ ðə ˈlɛʤəsˌleɪʧər." ˌpidiˈætrɪk hɑrt ˈɛkspərts əˈpɔɪntɪd baɪ ðə steɪt tɪ lʊk aʊt fər ˈʧɪldrən wɪθ hɑrt ˈdifɛkts tʊk ɪkˈsɛpʃən. æt ə ˈhirɪŋ, ˈdɑktər. ˈwɪljəm ˈblænʧərd, ə ˌpidiˈætrɪk ˌkɑrdiˈɑləʤɪst ənd ˈfɔrmər ˈmɛdɪkəl dɪˈrɛktər əv ðə nɪˈmɔrz ˈʧɪldrənz ˈklɪnɪk ɪn ˌpɛnsəˈkoʊlə, sɛd ˈgɪtɪŋ rɪd əv ðə ˈstændərdz ɪz "boʊθ pur ˈpəblɪk ˈpɑləsi ənd pur ˈpɑləˌtɪks." ˈdɑktər. ˈʤɛfri ˈʤeɪkəbz, ə prəˈfɛsər əv ˈsərʤəri æt ʤɑnz ˈhɑpkɪnz, ˈɑrgjud ðət ðə ˈstændərdz "ər ˈnɛsəˌsɛri tɪ prəˈtɛkt ðə ˈvəlnərəbəl ˈʧɪldrən wɪθ hɑrt dɪˈziz." 'ɪt ɪz ðə ˈfeɪljər əv ən ɪnˈtaɪər tim ənd ˈsɪstəm' ɪn 2014 ˈʤeɪkəbz ˈhɛdɪd əp ðə ˌrivˈju baɪ ðə steɪts ˈɛkspərt ˈpænəl ðət ʃoʊd ˈmɛni ˈvaɪtəl tɛsts ənd ˈsərvɪsɪz fər ˈʧɪldrənz hɑrts wər ˈlækɪŋ æt st. ˈmɛriz ˈmɛdɪkəl ˈsɛnər ɪn wɛst pɑm biʧ. hi roʊt ðət ðə ˈhɑˌspɪtəl wɑz nɑt ˈeɪbəl tɪ meɪnˈteɪn prəˈfɪʃənsi ɪn hɑrt ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz ɔn ˈʧɪldrən. "ɪt ɪz ðə ˈfeɪljər əv ən ɪnˈtaɪər tim ənd ˈsɪstəm," roʊt ˈʤeɪkəbz, ˈʧɛrmən əv ðə soʊˈsaɪɪti əv θɔˈræsɪk ˈsərʤənz ˈnæʃənəl ˈdætəˌbeɪs ˈwərkˌfɔrs. ˈʤeɪkəbz ˌrɛkəˈmɛndɪd ðə ˈhɑˌspɪtəl stɑp pərˈfɔrmɪŋ hɑrt ˈsərʤəri ɔn ˈbeɪbiz ˈjəŋgər ðən 6 mənθs. ˈligəli, ðə ˈhɑˌspɪtəl kʊd ˌɪgˈnɔr hɪz səˈʤɛsʧən ənd ɪt dɪd. ðə steɪt dɪd nɑt stɛp ɪn. ənd, ˈæftər ˈsiˈɛˈnɛnz ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən, ðə steɪt rəʃt tɪ ðə ˈhɑˌspɪtəlz dɪˈfɛns. wɪˈθɪn deɪz, dɪˈpɑrtmənt əv hɛlθ ˈspoʊksˌwʊmən ˈtɪfəni kaʊi toʊld rɪˈpɔrtərz ðət steɪt ˈdætə ʃoʊd st. ˈmɛriz mɔrˈtæləti reɪt ˈwəzənt ˈnɪrli ɛz haɪ ɛz ˈsiˈɛˈnɛn hæd faʊnd. bət kaʊi ˈdɪdənt ˈmɛnʃən ə ˈkruʃəl ˈditeɪl: ðə steɪt ˈdætə ʃi rɪˈfərd tɪ ˈdɪdənt teɪk ˈɪntu əˈkaʊnt hæf əv ðə ˈbeɪbiz' dɛθs. ðoʊz ˈbeɪbiz hæd ˈsərʤəri æt st. ˈmɛriz, bət wɪn ðɛr hɛlθ ˈspaɪrəld ˈdaʊnwərd, ðeɪ wər ˈtrænsfərd tɪ ˈəðər ˈhɑˌspɪtəlz. ðoʊz ˈhɑˌspɪtəlz kʊd nɑt seɪv ðɛm. ðə ˈdætəˌbeɪs ˈflɔrɪdə ˈjuzɪz dɪd nɑt ˌɪnˈklud ðoʊz dɛθs əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ˈɛkspərts hu ˈmænɪʤ ðət ˈdætəˌbeɪs. ˈivɪn ðoʊ ðə steɪt dɪˈfɛndɪd st. ˈmɛriz mɔrˈtæləti reɪt, ɪn ˈɔgəst ti hi ˈhɑˌspɪtəl kloʊzd ɪts ˌpidiˈætrɪk hɑrt ˈsərʤəri ˈproʊˌgræm ənd ðə ˈsiˌiˈoʊ rɪˈzaɪnd. ˌpidiˈætrɪk hɑrt ˈdɑktərz wər rɪˈlivd. bət ðeɪ wərənt priˈpɛrd fər wət wɑz əˈhɛd. 'ə ˈlɪtəl hɑrd tɪ sˈwɔloʊ' ɪn ˌʤuˈlaɪ, ðə steɪt əˈnaʊnst ɪt wʊd rɪˈpil ˈhɑˌspɪtəl ˈstændərdz fər ˈʧɪldrənz hɑrt ˈsərʤəri. ˈdɑktərz hu kɛr fər ˈʧɪldrən wɪθ kənˈʤɛnətəl hɑrt dɪˈziz seɪ ðɛr səˈspɪʃəs əˈbaʊt ðə ˈtaɪmɪŋ, əˈbaʊt tu mənθs ˈæftər ˈsiˈɛˈnɛnz rɪˈpɔrt ʃoʊɪŋ st. ˈmɛriz feɪld tɪ mit ðoʊz steɪt ˈstændərdz. ˈflɔrɪdə gəv. rɪk skɑt ˈdeɪvɪd nykanen, ə ˌpidiˈætrɪk ˌkɑrdiˈɑləʤɪst ənd ˈmɛmbər əv ðə steɪts ˈkɑrdiˌæk ˈtɛknɪkəl ædˈvaɪzəri ˈpænəl pɔɪnts aʊt ðət skɑt həz bɪn ɪn ˈɔfəs sɪns 2011 ənd hɪz ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən ˈnɛvər əˈbʤɛktəd tɪ ðə ˈstændərdz ənˈtɪl ə ˈtɛnət ˈhɑˌspɪtəl wɑz faʊnd ˈpəblɪkli nɑt tɪ mit ðɛm. "ðə koʊˈɪnsɪdəns ɪz ʤɪst ə ˈlɪtəl tu məʧ," sɛd nykanen, əv ðə hɑrt ˈsɛnər æt ˈɑrnəld ˈpɑmər ˈhɑˌspɪtəl fər ˈʧɪldrən ɪn ɔˈrlænˌdoʊ. "ɪts ʤɪst ə ˈlɪtəl hɑrd tɪ sˈwɔloʊ." ɪn ən iˈmeɪl tɪ ˈsiˈɛˈnɛn, skɑts ˈspoʊksˌwʊmən, ˈʤɛri ˌbustəˈmɑnti, sɛd ðət tɪ hər ˈnɑlɪʤ, ˈtɛnət dɪd nɑt hæv ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃənz wɪθ ðə ˈgəvərnər ər ˈɛniˌwən ɔn hɪz stæf əˈbaʊt ðə ˌpidiˈætrɪk hɑrt ˈsərʤəri ˈstændərdz. ə ˈspoʊksˌwʊmən fər ˈtɛnət kənˈkərd. "æt noʊ taɪm hæv wi dɪˈskəst ðə ˌpidiˈætrɪk ˈkɑrdiˌæk ˈstændərdz wɪθ ðə ˈgəvərnər ər hɪz ˈɔfəs, ər wɪθ ˈɛni ɪˈlɛktɪd əˈfɪʃəl ər ˈɛniˌwən ɔn ðɛr stæf," ˈʃɛli waɪs ˈfraɪdbərg roʊt ɪn ən iˈmeɪl tɪ ˈsiˈɛˈnɛn. "ɑr əˈpɪnjən wɑz nɑt sɔt ɔn ðə ˈstændərdz nɔr hæv wi ɪkˈsprɛst ə pəˈzɪʃən ɔn ðə ˈpɑsəbəl rɪˈpil əv ðə ˈstændərdz ər ðə roʊl əv ðə ˈkɑrdiˌæk ˈtɛknɪkəl ædˈvaɪzəri ˈpænəl." ʤaɪənt ˌkɑntrəˈbjuʃənz waɪl ˈdɑktərz ˈɪntərvˌjud fər ðɪs ˈɑrtɪkəl seɪ ðeɪ kænt ʃoʊ ə kwɪd proʊ kwoʊ, ðeɪ noʊt ˈsaɪzəbəl ˌkɑntrəˈbjuʃənz tɪ skɑts kæmˈpeɪnz ɪn ðə tu jɪrz priˈsidɪŋ hɪz ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃənz dɪˈsɪʒən tɪ gɪt rɪd əv ˈstændərdz ðət ə ˈtɛnət ˈhɑˌspɪtəl dɪd nɑt mit. ɪn 2013 ənd 2014 ˈtɛnət kənˈtrɪbjutɪd iʧ jɪr tɪ lɛts gɪt tɪ wərk skɑts pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈækʃən kəˈmɪti. ðə nɛkst ˈlɑrʤəst ˈtɛnət ˌkɑntrəˈbjuʃən ðoʊz jɪrz tɪ ə steɪt ˈkændədeɪts pæk wɑz iʧ əv ðoʊz tu jɪrz, ˈtɛnət ˈɔlsoʊ kənˈtrɪbjutɪd tɪ ðə rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈpɑrti əv ˈflɔrɪdə, wɪʧ ˈdɑməˌneɪts ðə steɪt ˈlɛʤəsˌleɪʧər. ðə nɛkst ˈlɑrʤəst ˈtɛnət ˌkɑntrəˈbjuʃən ðoʊz jɪrz tɪ ə steɪt pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈpɑrti wɑz tɪ ðə ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˈpɑrti ɪn ˌɪləˈnɔɪz. ˈsiˈɛˈnɛnz æˈnælɪsɪs əv ˌkɑntrəˈbjuʃənz wɑz kənˈfərmd baɪ ðə ˈnæʃənəl ˈɪnstɪˌtut əv ˈməni ɪn steɪt ˈpɑləˌtɪks ə nɑnˈprɑfət, nɑnˈpɑrtəzən grup ðət træks kæmˈpeɪn ˌkɑntrəˈbjuʃənz. "wɪn ə bɪg ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən laɪk ˈtɛnət gɪvz ˈməni, ðeɪ ɪkˈspɛkt ˈækˌsɛs. ðeɪ ɪkˈspɛkt ðə ˌpɑləˈtɪʃənz tɪ gɪv ðɛm ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ðeɪ wɔnt," sɛd ˈdɑktər. ˌaɪˌɑˈreɪ ˈgɛsnər, prəˈfɛsər ɪˈmɛrətəs əv ˌpidiˈætrɪk ˌkɑrdiˈɑləʤi æt ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ˈflɔrɪdə ˈkɑlɪʤ əv ˈmɛdəsən ənd ən ædˈvaɪzəri ˈmɛmbər əv ðə steɪts ˈkɑrdiˌæk ˈtɛknɪkəl ædˈvaɪzəri ˈpænəl. "ɪf ˈsəmˌwən ɪz kənˈtrɪbjutɪŋ æt ðət ˈlɛvəl, ˈɑbviəsli ðeɪ hæv tɪ hæv səm ˈɪnfluəns," sɛd nykanen, ə ˈmɛmbər əv ðə fud ənd drəg ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃənz ˌpidiˈætrɪk ædˈvaɪzəri kəˈmɪti. "ɪf ˈtɛnət ˈhɛlθˌkɛr kənˈtrɪbjutɪd soʊ məʧ ˈməni, jʊd θɪŋk ðeɪ hæv ðə ɪr əv ðə ˈgəvərnər ənd ðə ˌpɑləˈtɪʃənz." ˈdɑktərz ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ðə steɪt sɛd ðeɪ wər səˈpraɪzd ðət ˈflɔrɪdə wʊd muv tɪ rɪˈpil ɪts oʊn ˈseɪfti ˈstændərdz fər ˈʧɪldrən. "aɪ kænt θɪŋk əv ˈɛniˌwɛr ɛls ɪn ðə ˈkəntri wɛr ju hæv ˈseɪfti ˈstændərdz ənd ˈsəmˌwən ˈdəzənt laɪk ðɛm, soʊ ju ʤɪst hæv ɪt rɪˈpild," sɛd ˈdɑktər. ˈpitər proʊˈnoʊvoʊst, ˈsinjər vaɪs ˈprɛzɪdənt fər ˈpeɪʃənt ˈseɪfti ənd kˈwɑləti æt ʤɑnz ˈhɑpkɪnz ˈmɛdəsən. "ðiz ˈstændərdz hæv bɪn ɪn juz fər mɔr ðən 30 jɪrz, ənd ðɛr ˈwaɪdli ækˈnɑlɪʤd tɪ ɪnˈʃʊr ˈseɪfti waɪ wʊd ju rɪˈpil ðɛm? ɪf ðə steɪt ˈrɪli fɛlt ɪt ˈdɪdənt hæv ðə ˈlɛʤəsˌleɪtɪv əˈθɔrəti tɪ hæv ðə ˈstændərdz, waɪ ˈwʊdənt ðeɪ goʊ aʊt ənd gɪt ðət əˈθɔrəti?" ə ˈspoʊksˌwʊmən fər ðə ˈflɔrɪdə dɪˈpɑrtmənt əv hɛlθ dɪd nɑt ɪkˈspleɪn waɪ ðə steɪt ˈdɪdənt sik ˈlɛʤəsˌleɪtɪv əˈθɔrəti fər ðə ˈstændərdz. ən ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑli rɪˈnaʊnd ˈkɑrdiˌæk ˈɛkspərt əˈgrid ðət ðə ˈstændərdz ər ˈnɛsəˌsɛri. "ɪf wi əˈbændən ˈmɛdɪkəl ˈstændərdz, wi kriˈeɪt ə ˈfrifɔˌrɔl ˈsɪstəm ɪn wɪʧ ˈɛni ˈhɑˌspɪtəl ər prəˈvaɪdər kən pərˈfɔrm ˈɛni prəˈsiʤər wɪˈθaʊt rɪˈgɑrd tɪ ðə kˌwɑləfəˈkeɪʃənz əv ðə ˈmɛdɪkəl stæf ər ˌkeɪpəˈbɪlətiz əv ðə ˈproʊˌgræm," sɛd ˈdɑktər. ˈstivən ˈnɪsən, ˈʧɛrmən əv ðə dɪˈpɑrtmənt əv ˌkɑrdioʊˈvæskjələr ˈmɛdəsən æt ðə ˈklivlənd ˈklɪnɪk. əˈbændənɪŋ ˈstændərdz, hi sɛd, "pʊts ðə moʊst ˈvəlnərəbəl ənd ˈprɛʃəs ˈpeɪʃənz æt ˌənækˈsɛptəbəl rɪsk." ˈkətɪŋ ɔf dɪˈskəʃən ˈʧɪldrənz hɑrt ˈdɑktərz ɪn ˈflɔrɪdə seɪ ðeɪ bɪˈliv ðə dɪˈrɛktɪv tɪ gɪt rɪd əv ðə ˈstændərdz keɪm streɪt frəm skɑts ˈɔfəs. bət ðeɪ seɪ skɑts dɪˈfɛns əv ðə ˈtɛnət ˈhɑˌspɪtəl ˈstɑrtɪd ˈivɪn ˈərliər. ə ˈdɔktər hu æst nɑt tɪ bi neɪmd bɪˈkəz hi fɪrd steɪt ˌrɛtrəˈbjuʃən sɛd ðət ɪn 2014 ə steɪt əˈfɪʃəl æst ðət ðə ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃən æt st. ˈmɛriz nɑt bi dɪˈskəst æt ə ˈmitɪŋ əv ðə steɪts ˈkɑrdiˌæk ˈtɛknɪkəl ædˈvaɪzəri ˈpænəl. "ʃi ˈwɔntɪd tɪ kət ɔf ˈɛni dɪˈskəʃən əv st. ˈmɛriz tɪ teɪk ɪt ɔf ðə əˈʤɛndə," hi sɛd. "aɪ toʊld hər ðət wɑz rɪˈdɪkjələs, ðət ðə əˈʤɛndə hæd ɔˈrɛdi bɪn sɛnt aʊt." ðə fəˈzɪʃən sɛd, "aɪ æst waɪ ʃi ˈwɔntɪd st. ˈmɛriz ɔf ðə əˈʤɛndə, ənd ʃi sɛd ʃi hæd ˈgɔtən ˈɔrdərz frəm ðə ˈsərʤɪn ˈʤɛnərəlz ˈɔfəs." ˈmɛmbərz əv ðə ˈkɑrdiˌæk ˈtɛknɪkəl ædˈvaɪzəri ˈpænəl sɛd ðət ˈæftər ðə ˈpænəl roʊt ə ˈskeɪðɪŋ ˌrivˈju əv ðə ˌpidiˈætrɪk hɑrt ˈsərʤəri ˈproʊˌgræm æt st. ˈmɛriz, ðə steɪt æst tɪ stɑrt ˈɛdɪtɪŋ ðɛr rəvˈjuz. "wi toʊld ðɛm noʊ weɪ," sɛd wən əv ðə fɪˈzɪʃənz, hu ˈɔlsoʊ æst nɑt tɪ bi neɪmd fər fɪr əv steɪt ˌrɛtrəˈbjuʃən. ðɛn, ðə ˈdɑktərz sɛd, ðoʊz steɪt əˈfɪʃəlz səˈʤɛstɪd ðət ˈhɑˌspɪtəl rəvˈjuz ˈʃʊdənt bi ɪn ˈraɪtɪŋ æt ɔl ðə ˈdɑktərz ʃʊd ˌɪnˈstɛd gɪv ˈɔrəl rɪˈpɔrts ɔn wət ðeɪ hæd faʊnd. "wi wər ˈstɑrtəld," sɛd ˈblænʧərd, ə ˈmɛmbər əv ðə ˈpænəl. "ɪt wɑz ə ˈsɪstəm ðət hæd wərkt wɛl fər ˈəmpˈtin jɪrz." ðɛn ˈʤɛnəfər ˈʧɛtər, ðə dɪˈpɑrtmənt əv hɛlθs ʧif əv stæf æt ðə taɪm ənd naʊ ɪts ʧif ˈɔpərˌeɪtɪŋ ˈɔfɪsər, sɛd ðə steɪt ˌɪnˈtɛndɪd tɪ rɪˈpil ðə ˈstændərdz, ðə ˈdɑktərz sɛd. ðə ˈdɑktərz sɛd ðeɪ wər səˈpraɪzd ɛz ˈʧɛtər hæd bɪn səˈpɔrtɪv əv ðə ˈstændərdz fər jɪrz. "wi ɔl fɛlt laɪk ðə dɪˈrɛktɪv keɪm frəm məʧ haɪər," sɛd ˈblænʧərd, ðə ˈsteɪtˌwaɪd ˌpidiˈætrɪk ˌkɑrdiˈɑləʤi kənˈsəltənt fər ˈflɔrɪdəz ˈʧɪldrənz ˈmɛdɪkəl ˈsərvɪsɪz, ə pɑrt əv ðə dɪˈpɑrtmənt əv hɛlθ. æt ə ˈmitɪŋ, steɪt əˈfɪʃəlz sɛd ðə dɪˈsɪʒən keɪm frəm ðə ˈsərʤɪn ˈʤɛnərəl, ˈblænʧərd sɛd. "hiz skɑts əˈpɔɪnti," ˈblænʧərd sɛd. "soʊ aɪ əˈsum ðɪs keɪm frəm ðə ˈgəvərnər, ənd ɪf (steɪt ɪmˈplɔɪiz) ˈdɪdənt ˈfɑloʊ θru ɔn ðət dɪˈrɛktɪv, ðɛr ʤɑbz wər ɪn ˈʤɛpərdi." ˈgɛsnər, ðə ˌkɑrdiˈɑləʤɪst æt ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ˈflɔrɪdə, sɛd ɪn hɪz ɪkˈspɪriəns, ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt dɪˈsɪʒənz æt ðə dɪˈpɑrtmənt əv hɛlθ kəm frəm ðə ˈgəvərnərz ˈɔfəs. "aɪ kænt bɪˈliv ðɪs keɪm frəm ˈɛniˌwən lɛs ðən ðə ˈgəvərnər," hi sɛd. "aɪ θɪŋk hɪz ˈmɛsɪʤ wɑz klɪr: gɪt rɪd əv ðə ˈstændərdz." nykanen, ðə ˌkɑrdiˈɑləʤɪst ɪn ɔˈrlænˌdoʊ, əˈgriz. "(ˈʧɛtər) wɑz ˈɔlˌweɪz ˈvɛri ˈkɛrfəl æt ˈɛvəri ˈmitɪŋ tɪ seɪ ðɛrz noʊ pəˈlɪtɪkəl əˈʤɛndə hir, bət wi θɔt tɪ ɑrˈsɛlvz, 'du ju θɪŋk wɪr ˈstupɪd?' hi sɛd. ˈrulɪŋ ɪn ðə steɪts ˈfeɪvər ɪn dɪˈsɛmbər, ə ʤəʤ ruld ɪn ðə steɪts ˈfeɪvər ənd sɛd ðə ˈstændərdz fər ˌpidiˈætrɪk hɑrt ˈhɑˌspɪtəlz kʊd bi ˈteɪkən ɔf ðə bʊks. ˈflɔrɪdə ədˈmɪnɪˌstreɪtɪv lɔ ʤəʤ ʤɑn væn ˈlænɪŋˌhæm ˈdɪdənt beɪs hɪz ˈrulɪŋ ɔn ðə steɪts ˈɑrgjəmənt ðət ɪt lækt ðə ˈlɛʤəsˌleɪtɪv əˈθɔrəti tɪ ɪˈnækt ðə ˈstændərdz. ˌɪnˈstɛd, hi sɛd ðə ˈpɛrənts hu tʊk ðə steɪt tɪ kɔrt hæd feɪld tɪ pruv ðət ˈgɪtɪŋ rɪd əv ðə ˈstændərdz wʊd loʊər ðə kˈwɑləti əv ðɛr ˈʧɪldrənz kɛr. ðə ʤəʤ roʊt ðət ðə ˈnoʊʃən ðət ˈhɑˌspɪtəlz "wʊd ˈsədənli stɑp prəˈvaɪdɪŋ kˈwɑləti ˌpidiˈætrɪk ˈkɑrdiˌæk ˈsərvɪsɪz ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli əˈpɑn rɪˈpil əv ðə ˈstændərdz rɛsts ɔn pjʊr ˌspɛkjəˈleɪʃən ənd ɪz ə ˈlɪtəl ˌɪnˈsəltɪŋ tɪ ðə hɛlθ kɛr prəˈfɛʃənəlz hu ˈpərsənəli dɪˈlɪvər ðoʊz ˈsərvɪsɪz. "ˈmɛni ˈpipəl dəraɪv ˈpərsɪnəl ˌsætɪsˈfækʃən frəm duɪŋ ə ʤɑb wɛl, ˈwɛðər ðə ʤɑb ɪz, e.g., ˈpeɪnɪŋ ə haʊs ər pərˈfɔrmɪŋ ˈsərʤəri, ənd ðeɪ straɪv tɪ dɪˈlɪvər ə kˈwɑləti ˈprɑdəkt, nɑt ɪn oʊˈbidiəns tɪ ðə ˈgaɪdəns əv ðə ədˈmɪnɪˌstreɪtɪv steɪt, bət bɪˈkəz ðeɪ wɔnt tɪ." væn ˈlænɪŋˌhæm ɪz noʊ ˈstreɪnʤər tɪ ˌkɑntrəˈvərʃəl əˈpɪnjənz. ɪn 2014 hi sɛd ə ˈdɔktər əˈkjuzd əv ˈbitɪŋ ənd ˈhændˌkəfɪŋ ə ˈpeɪʃənt ˈdʊrɪŋ ə ˈjɪˈrlɔŋ ˈsɛkʃuəl riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp ʃʊd bi əˈlaʊd tɪ kənˈtɪnju ˈpræktɪsɪŋ ˈmɛdəsən. naʊ, ðə ˈkɑrdiˌæk ˈdɑktərz ər kənˈsɪdərɪŋ ˈwɛðər tɪ əˈpil ðə ˈʤəʤɪz dɪˈsɪʒən. ɪn ðə ˈminˌtaɪm, ðeɪ sɛd ðɛr rɪˈlivd st. ˈmɛriz ɪz noʊ ˈlɔŋgər ˈɔpərˌeɪtɪŋ ɔn ˈʧɪldrənz hɑrts. ˈsiˈɛˈnɛnz ʤɑn ˈbɑnɪˌfild kənˈtrɪbjutɪd tɪ ðɪs rɪˈpɔrt.
(cnn) the state of florida is putting thousands of children with heart defects at risk, a group of cardiac doctors say, because of a change in policy that came after tenet healthcare contributed $200,000 to florida republicans. in a widely publicized investigation in june, cnn revealed that a program at a tenet hospital in florida had failed to live up to state quality standards for children's heart surgery. less than two months later, the state decided to get rid of those standards. that decision came after the giant for-profit hospital chain made contributions to republican gov. rick scott and his party that dwarfed those the company made to candidates or parties in other states. "the whole situation is outrageous. it's just outrageous," said louis st. petery, a pediatric cardiologist in tallahassee and former executive vice president of the florida chapter of the american academy of pediatrics. doctors from around the state say the decision came right from the governor's office. representatives for tenet and scott deny conversations took place between them about getting rid of the standards. 'poor public policy and poor politics' in the fall, cardiac doctors implored the state of florida to keep the hospital standards. the doctors argued that the quality standards have been in place since 1977, saved children's lives and had become a model for other states. when the standards were dropped anyway, the parents of four children with heart defects took the state to court. florida's department of health said the quality standards had to go because the legislature had never given permission to put them in place. the standards have been in place and uncontested for 38 years. "our number one priority is the health of all floridians, especially children," department of health spokeswoman mara gambineri said in an email to cnn. "we fully support best practices and high standards of care at florida's hospitals. as an executive branch agency, the department's authority is limited to those functions statutorily delegated by the legislature." pediatric heart experts appointed by the state to look out for children with heart defects took exception. at a hearing, dr. william blanchard, a pediatric cardiologist and former medical director of the nemours children's clinic in pensacola, said getting rid of the standards is "both poor public policy and poor politics." dr. jeffrey jacobs, a professor of surgery at johns hopkins, argued that the standards "are necessary to protect the vulnerable children with heart disease." 'it is the failure of an entire team and system' in 2014, jacobs headed up the review by the state's expert panel that showed many vital tests and services for children's hearts were lacking at st. mary's medical center in west palm beach. he wrote that the tenet-owned hospital was not able to maintain proficiency in heart operations on children. "it is the failure of an entire team and system," wrote jacobs, chairman of the society of thoracic surgeons national database workforce. jacobs recommended the hospital stop performing heart surgery on babies younger than 6 months. legally, the hospital could ignore his suggestion -- and it did. the state did not step in. and, after cnn's investigation, the state rushed to the hospital's defense. within days, department of health spokeswoman tiffany cowie told reporters that state data showed st. mary's mortality rate wasn't nearly as high as cnn had found. but cowie didn't mention a crucial detail: the state data she referred to didn't take into account half of the babies' deaths. those babies had surgery at st. mary's, but when their health spiraled downward, they were transferred to other hospitals. those hospitals could not save them. the database florida uses did not include those deaths , according to experts who manage that database. even though the state defended st. mary's mortality rate, in august t he hospital closed its pediatric heart surgery program and the ceo resigned. pediatric heart doctors were relieved. but they weren't prepared for what was ahead. 'a little hard to swallow' in july, the state announced it would repeal hospital standards for children's heart surgery. doctors who care for children with congenital heart disease say they're suspicious about the timing, about two months after cnn's report showing st. mary's failed to meet those state standards. florida gov. rick scott david nykanen, a pediatric cardiologist and member of the state's cardiac technical advisory panel , points out that scott has been in office since 2011, and his administration never objected to the standards until a tenet hospital was found publicly not to meet them. "the coincidence is just a little too much," said nykanen, co-director of the heart center at arnold palmer hospital for children in orlando. "it's just a little hard to swallow." in an email to cnn, scott's spokeswoman, jeri bustamante, said that to her knowledge, tenet did not have conversations with the governor or anyone on his staff about the pediatric heart surgery standards. a spokeswoman for tenet concurred. "at no time have we discussed the pediatric cardiac standards with the governor or his office, or with any elected official or anyone on their staff," tenet's shelly weiss friedberg wrote in an email to cnn. "our opinion was not sought on the standards nor have we expressed a position on the possible repeal of the standards or the role of the cardiac technical advisory panel." giant contributions while doctors interviewed for this article say they can't show a quid pro quo, they note tenet's sizable contributions to scott's campaigns in the two years preceding his administration's decision to get rid of standards that a tenet hospital did not meet. in 2013 and 2014, tenet contributed $50,000 each year to let's get to work , scott's political action committee. the next largest tenet contribution those years to a state candidate's pac was $25,000. each of those two years, tenet also contributed $50,000 to the republican party of florida, which dominates the state legislature. the next largest tenet contribution those years to a state political party was $20,000 to the democratic party in illinois. cnn's analysis of tenet's contributions was confirmed by the national institute of money in state politics , a nonprofit, nonpartisan group that tracks campaign contributions. "when a big organization like tenet gives money, they expect access. they expect the politicians to give them everything they want," said dr. ira gessner, professor emeritus of pediatric cardiology at the university of florida college of medicine and an advisory member of the state's cardiac technical advisory panel. "if someone is contributing at that level, obviously they have to have some influence," said nykanen, a member of the food and drug administration's pediatric advisory committee. "if tenet healthcare contributed so much money, you'd think they have the ear of the governor and the politicians." doctors outside the state said they were surprised that florida would move to repeal its own safety standards for children. "i can't think of anywhere else in the country where you have safety standards and someone doesn't like them, so you just have it repealed," said dr. peter pronovost, senior vice president for patient safety and quality at johns hopkins medicine. "these standards have been in use for more than 30 years, and they're widely acknowledged to ensure safety -- why would you repeal them? if the state really felt it didn't have the legislative authority to have the standards, why wouldn't they go out and get that authority?" a spokeswoman for the florida department of health did not explain why the state didn't seek legislative authority for the standards. an internationally renowned cardiac expert agreed that the standards are necessary. "if we abandon medical standards, we create a free-for-all system in which any hospital or provider can perform any procedure without regard to the qualifications of the medical staff or capabilities of the program," said dr. steven nissen, chairman of the department of cardiovascular medicine at the cleveland clinic. abandoning standards, he said, "puts the most vulnerable and precious patients at unacceptable risk." cutting off discussion children's heart doctors in florida say they believe the directive to get rid of the standards came straight from scott's office. but they say scott's defense of the tenet hospital started even earlier. a doctor who asked not to be named because he feared state retribution said that in 2014, a high-ranking state official asked that the situation at st. mary's not be discussed at a meeting of the state's cardiac technical advisory panel. "she wanted to cut off any discussion of st. mary's -- to take it off the agenda," he said. "i told her that was ridiculous, that the agenda had already been sent out." the physician said, "i asked why she wanted st. mary's off the agenda, and she said she had gotten orders from the surgeon general's office." members of the cardiac technical advisory panel said that after the panel wrote a scathing review of the pediatric heart surgery program at st. mary's, the state asked to start editing their reviews. "we told them no way," said one of the physicians, who also asked not to be named for fear of state retribution. then, the doctors said, those state officials suggested that hospital reviews shouldn't be in writing at all -- the doctors should instead give oral reports on what they had found. "we were startled," said blanchard, a member of the panel. "it was a system that had worked well for umpteen years." then jennifer tschetter, the department of health's chief of staff at the time and now its chief operating officer, said the state intended to repeal the standards, the doctors said. the doctors said they were surprised as tschetter had been supportive of the standards for years. "we all felt like the directive came from much higher," said blanchard, the statewide pediatric cardiology consultant for florida's children's medical services, a part of the department of health. at a meeting, state officials said the decision came from the surgeon general, blanchard said. "he's scott's appointee," blanchard said. "so i assume this came from the governor, and if (state employees) didn't follow through on that directive, their jobs were in jeopardy." gessner, the cardiologist at the university of florida, said in his experience, important decisions at the department of health come from the governor's office. "i can't believe this came from anyone less than the governor," he said. "i think his message was clear: get rid of the standards." nykanen, the cardiologist in orlando, agrees. "(tschetter) was always very careful at every meeting to say there's no political agenda here, but we thought to ourselves, 'do you think we're stupid?' " he said. ruling in the state's favor in december, a judge ruled in the state's favor and said the standards for pediatric heart hospitals could be taken off the books. florida administrative law judge john van laningham didn't base his ruling on the state's argument that it lacked the legislative authority to enact the standards. instead, he said the parents who took the state to court had failed to prove that getting rid of the standards would lower the quality of their children's care. the judge wrote that the notion that hospitals "would suddenly stop providing quality pediatric cardiac services immediately upon repeal of the standards rests on pure speculation -- and is a little insulting to the health care professionals who personally deliver those services. "many people derive personal satisfaction from doing a job well, whether the job is, e.g., painting a house or performing open-heart surgery, and they strive to deliver a quality product, not in obedience to the superintending guidance of the administrative state, but because they want to." van laningham is no stranger to controversial opinions. in 2014, he said a doctor accused of beating and handcuffing a patient during a yearlong sexual relationship should be allowed to continue practicing medicine. now, the cardiac doctors are considering whether to appeal the judge's decision. in the meantime, they said they're relieved st. mary's is no longer operating on children's hearts. cnn's john bonifield contributed to this report.	ˈwɑtsənˌvɪl ə ˈwɑtsənˌvɪl mæn wɑz ʃɑt ənd kɪld əˈbaʊt a.m. ˈtuzˌdeɪ ɔn ðə 300 blɑk əv pɑm ˈævəˌnu ɪn ˈwɑtsənˌvɪl, pəˈlis sɛd. dɪˈspaɪt əˈtɛmpts tɪ seɪv ɪm, ðə ˈvɪktɪm wɑz prəˈnaʊnst dɛd æt ðə sin, hɪz ˈbɑdi faʊnd ɪn ðə ˈkɑrˌpɔrt əv ə trɪˈplɛks sɛt bæk frəm pɑm æt ˌkæləˈfɔrnjə ənd ˈʤɛfərsən strits, sɛd ˈwɑtsənˌvɪl pəˈlis lt. sɔl gɑnˈzɑləz. ˈwɪtnəsɪz sɛd ðɛr wər ˈməltəpəl ʃɑts ənd skrimz ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə əˈtæk ɪn wət ˈwɪtnəsɪz seɪ wət ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ən ɛˈstreɪnʤd ˈhəzbənd, waɪf ənd ˈbɔɪˌfrɛnd. ðə ˈvɪktɪm, ə ləˈtinoʊ mæn hu wɑz ɪn hɪz 20s, wɑz noʊn tɪ pəˈlis ənd hæd gæŋ taɪz, gɑnˈzɑləz sɛd. ən ɔnt əv ðə waɪf sɛd hər nis lɪvz ɪn ðə trɪˈplɛks ɔf pɑm ˈævəˌnu. ʃi sɛd hər ˈhəzbənd, ðə ˈvɪktɪm, ˈrisəntli wɑz riˈlist frəm ʤeɪl. ʃi sɛd hər nis ˈɔlsoʊ həz ə ˈbɔɪˌfrɛnd, ənd ðə ˈhəzbənd hɪz ˈwʊmən back.”.” ðə ɔnt sɛd hər ˈhəzbənd hɪz ˈwʊmən soʊ much,”,” bət hi wʊd seɪ, wɪθ hər, wɔʧ out.”.” ʃi sɛd hi fɔt fər hɪz waɪf ɔl ðə taɪm. pəˈlis kʊd nɑt kənˈfərm ˈɛni əv ðə riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪps bət sɛd ðeɪ ˈwɔntɪd tɪ spik wɪθ ðə nis ənd ðə ˈbɔɪˌfrɛnd. hæv hæd ˈkrɪmənəl ækˈtɪvɪti ɪn ðɪs ˈɛriə ɪn ðə pæst, bət ɪt həz nɑt bɪn ɛz bɪg əv ə ˈprɑbləm ɪn ˈrisənt years,”,” sɛd ˈwɑtsənˌvɪl pəˈlis ˈsɑrʤənt. ˈtoʊni. sɛd pəˈlis hæd nɑt aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪd ˈɛni ˈsəˌspɛkts ˈtuzˌdeɪ bət ðeɪ kənˈtɪnjud tɪ ˈɪntərvˌju ˈwɪtnəsɪz. ðə ˈʃutɪŋ ˈhæpənd ɪn ə ˈmoʊstli ˈneɪbərˌhʊd nɑt fɑr frəm θri skulz. ˈæftər ðə ˈʃutɪŋ, ðə ˈfɑðər preɪd wɪθ ˈmɛmbərz əv ðə ˈvɪktəri ˈaʊˌtriʧ ˈwɑtsənˌvɪl ə fju blɑks frəm ðə ˈʃutɪŋ sin. waɪl hi wɑz preɪɪŋ, hi hæd ə ˈmɛdɪkəl ˈprɑbləm ənd wɑz ˈteɪkən tɪ ə ˈhɑˌspɪtəl, sɛd ðə rɛv. ˈʤɛri mɔˈrɑlɛs. mɔˈrɑlɛs sɛd ðə ˈvɪktɪm wɑz ən əkˈweɪntəns hu ˈsəmˌtaɪmz wɔkt əraʊnd ðə ˈneɪbərˌhʊd. ˈvɪktəri ˈaʊˌtriʧ wərks wɪθ ˈfɔrmər gæŋ ˈmɛmbərz. ˈʃutɪŋ mɑrks ðə θərd ˈhɑməˌsaɪd ɪn ˈwɑtsənˌvɪl ðɪs jɪr ənd ðə sɪksθ ɪn ðə ˈkaʊnti. ˈwɑtsənˌvɪl pəˈlis æsk ˈɛniˌwən wɪθ ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən tɪ kɔl ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃənz æt ər liv ən əˈnɑnəməs tɪp ɔn ðə æt ər baɪ ˈtɛkˌstɪŋ tɪ 888777 ˈsænə kruz ˈkaʊnti ˈhɑməˌsaɪdz 2015 ˈeɪprəl 3 ˈsæmjul ˈwaɪnbərg, ən frəm ˈsænə kruz, wɑz kɪld ɪn ə ˈdraɪvˈbaɪ ˈʃutɪŋ nɪr nɔrθ pəˈsɪfɪk ˈævəˌnu ənd ˈrɪvər strit ɪn ˈsænə kruz. tu ˈsænə kruz mɛn wər ərˈɛstɪd ɪn ðə əˈtæk, ˈbrændən ˈɛrən ˈtɑməs ənd ˈʤoʊnə namauu. ðə θri mɛn nu iʧ ˈəðər ənd hæd ə run-in”” ɪn ə ˈpɑrkɪŋ lɔt ˈərliər ɪn ðə naɪt, pəˈlis sɛd. ʤun 6 waɪl ˈsərvɪŋ ən ərˈɛst ˈwɔrənt fər ɑleɪˈjɑndroʊ ˈkæmpoʊz fɛrˈnɑndɛz, ˈwɑtsənˌvɪl pəˈlis ʧeɪst fɛrˈnɑndɛz tɪ ðə ˈrɪvər ˈlɛvi. fɛrˈnɑndɛz, ə frəm ˈwɑtsənˌvɪl, faɪərd ə ˈʃɑtˌgən æt ə pəˈlis ˈsɑrʤənt, hu wɑz strək bət nɑt ˈbædli ˈɪnʤərd. ðə ˈsɑrʤənt ənd əˈnəðər ˈɔfɪsər faɪərd bæk. fɛrˈnɑndɛz wɑz prəˈnaʊnst dɛd æt ðə sin. ʤun 12 ˈkɑrloʊs væˈskɛz mɑrˈtinɛz, 27 wɑz faʊnd ˈfeɪtəli ʃɑt ɪn ðə ˈəpər ˈtɔrˌsoʊ nɪr ðə 900 blɑk əv meɪn strit nɪr ə ˈhoʊmləs kæmp ɪn ˈwɑtsənˌvɪl. pəˈlis faʊnd mɑrˈtinɛz, hu wɑz prəˈnaʊnst dɛd æt ðə sin, əˈbaʊt 100 jɑrdz frəm 999 meɪn st. ɪn brəʃ əˈlɔŋ ðə sləf. luʧiˈɑnoʊ æsəˈveɪdoʊ jr., ə frəm səˈlinəz, wɑz ərˈɛstɪd ˈæftər ə ˈstænˌdɔf æt ə səˈlinəz moʊˈtɛl ɔn ʤun 20 hi wɑz ʧɑrʤd wɪθ ˈmərdər. ˌʤuˈlaɪ 9 ˈsaɪrəs hərˈtɑdoʊ, ə frəm ˈboʊldər krik, wɑz ʃɑt ənd kɪld baɪ ˈsænə kruz ˈkaʊnti ˈdɛpjətiz hu rɪˈspɑndɪd tɪ ə rɪˈpɔrt əv ə ˈfæməli faɪt. ˈæftər ˈdɛpjətiz sɛt əp ə pərˈɪmətər ənd ˈweɪtɪd fər ə nɪˈgoʊʃiˌeɪtər, ðə tin ˈimərʤd frəm ðə hoʊm wɪθ ə ˈloʊdɪd ˈraɪfəl ɪn hænd. ˈæftər ˈdɛpjətiz ˈɔrdərd ðə tin tɪ pʊt ðə gən daʊn, hi ˈpɔɪntɪd ɪt æt ðɛm, ˈprɑmptɪŋ ˈdɛpjətiz tɪ ʃut. ðə tin daɪd waɪl ɪn ˈsərʤəri ˌʤuˈlaɪ 10 ɪn noʊˈvɛmbər, ˈdɪstrɪkt əˈtərni ʤɛf ˈroʊzəl klɪrd ðə ˈdɛpjətiz əv ˈkrɪmənəl ˈrɔŋduɪŋ. ˌʤuˈlaɪ 26 ˈmɪdəltən wɑz faʊnd ˈbrutəli ˈstræŋgəld, ˈbitən ənd ˈsɛkʃuəli əˈsɔltɪd ɪn ðə riˈsaɪkəlɪŋ bɪn nɪr hər əˈpɑrtmənt æt ðə tannery. ˈeɪdriən ˈʤɛri gɑnˈzɑləz, 15 həz bɪn ʧɑrʤd wɪθ ˈmərdər ənd ˈəðər ˌæləˈgeɪʃənz. noʊv. 17 ə mæn wɑz ʃɑt ənd kɪld əˈbaʊt a.m. ɔn ðə 300 blɑk əv pɑm ˈævəˌnu ɪn ˈwɑtsənˌvɪl ˈæftər ən ˈɑrgjəmənt bɪtˈwin tu mɛn. ðə ˈsænə kruz ˈsɛntənəl (skɑts ˈvæli, ˈkælɪf.) ˈvɪzɪt ðə ˈsænə kruz ˈsɛntənəl (skɑts ˈvæli, ˈkælɪf.) æt dɪˈstrɪbjətəd baɪ ˈtrɪbjun ˈkɑntɛnt ˈeɪʤənsi, llc.
watsonville — a watsonville man was shot and killed about 11:30 a.m. tuesday on the 300 block of palm avenue in watsonville, police said. despite attempts to save him, the victim was pronounced dead at the scene, his body found in the carport of a triplex set back from palm at california and jefferson streets, said watsonville police lt. saul gonzalez. witnesses said there were multiple shots and screams during the attack in what witnesses say what involved an estranged husband, wife and boyfriend. the victim, a latino man who was in his 20s, was known to police and had gang ties, gonzalez said. an aunt of the victim’s wife said her niece lives in the triplex off palm avenue. she said her niece’s husband, the victim, recently was released from jail. she said her niece also has a boyfriend, and the husband “wanted his woman back.” the aunt said her niece’s husband “loved his woman so much,” but he would say, “whoever’s with her, watch out.” she said he fought for his wife all the time. police could not confirm any of the relationships but said they wanted to speak with the niece and the boyfriend. “we have had criminal activity in this area in the past, but it has not been as big of a problem in recent years,” said watsonville police sgt. tony magdayao. magdayao said police had not identified any suspects tuesday but they continued to interview witnesses. the shooting happened in a mostly working-class neighborhood not far from three schools. after the shooting, the victim’s father prayed with members of the victory outreach watsonville a few blocks from the shooting scene. while he was praying, he had a medical problem and was taken to a hospital, said the rev. jerry morales. morales said the victim was an acquaintance who sometimes walked around the neighborhood. victory outreach works with former gang members. tuesday’s shooting marks the third homicide in watsonville this year and the sixth in the county. watsonville police ask anyone with information to call investigations at 831-768-3352 or leave an anonymous tip on the tipline at 831-768-3544 or by texting watspd to 888777. santa cruz county homicides 2015 april 3: samuel weinberg, an 18-year-old from santa cruz, was killed in a drive-by shooting near north pacific avenue and river street in santa cruz. two santa cruz men were arrested in the attack, brandon aaron thomas and jonah kaleikaumaka namauu. the three men knew each other and had a “brief run-in” in a parking lot earlier in the night, police said. june 6: while serving an arrest warrant for alejandro campos fernandez, watsonville police chased fernandez to the pajaro river levee. fernandez, a 45-year-old from watsonville, fired a shotgun at a police sergeant, who was struck but not badly injured. the sergeant and another officer fired back. fernandez was pronounced dead at the scene. june 12: carlos vasquez martinez, 27, was found fatally shot in the upper torso near the 900 block of main street near a homeless camp in watsonville. police found martinez, who was pronounced dead at the scene, about 100 yards from 999 main st. in brush along the slough. luciano acevedo jr., a 32-year-old from salinas, was arrested after a two-hour standoff at a salinas motel on june 20. he was charged with murder. july 9: cyrus hurtado, a 17-year-old from boulder creek, was shot and killed by santa cruz county sheriff’s deputies who responded to a report of a family fight. after deputies set up a perimeter and waited for a negotiator, the teen emerged from the home with a loaded rifle in hand. after deputies ordered the teen to put the gun down, he pointed it at them, prompting deputies to shoot. the teen died while in surgery july 10. in november, district attorney jeff rosell cleared the deputies of criminal wrongdoing. july 26: eight-year-old madyson middleton was found brutally strangled, beaten and sexually assaulted in the recycling bin near her apartment at the tannery. adrian jere gonzalez, 15, has been charged with murder and other allegations. nov. 17: a man was shot and killed about 11:30 a.m. on the 300 block of palm avenue in watsonville after an argument between two men. —— (c)2015 the santa cruz sentinel (scotts valley, calif.) visit the santa cruz sentinel (scotts valley, calif.) at www.santacruzsentinel.com distributed by tribune content agency, llc. amx-2015-11-18t05:16:00-05:00	ə ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈfɑðər huz ˈfæməli wər bɑrd frəm ˈbɔrdɪŋ ə flaɪt tɪ ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts həz dɪˈnaɪd ðət ˈɛni əv ðɛm ər riˈspɑnsəbəl fər ə ˈfeɪsˌbʊk əˈkaʊnt ˈkleɪmɪŋ lɪŋks tɪ ˌɑlˈkaɪdɑ ənd ðə ˈtælɪˌbæn. moʊˈhɑmɛd ˌtɑˈrik ˈmæmud ənd hɪz ˈfæməli wər pʊld frəm ə kju æt ˈgætˌwɪk ˈɛrˌpɔrt ənd toʊld ðeɪ wʊd nɑt bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ flaɪ tɪ lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs fər ə trɪp tɪ ˈdɪzniˌlænd, ðoʊ seɪ ðeɪ wər nɑt ˈgɪvɪn ə ˈrizən fər ðə dɪˈsɪʒən. sɪns ðɛr ˈstɔri wɑz ˌɪˈnɪʃəli ˌriˈpɔrtəd, nuz həz dɪˈskəvərd ðət ə ˈfeɪsˌbʊk peɪʤ ˈkleɪmɪŋ lɪŋks tɪ ˈrædɪkəl ˈɪsləmɪst grups wɑz sɛt əp baɪ ˈsəmˌwən hu həz lɪvd æt ðə ˈfæməliz ˈpoʊstəl ˈæˌdrɛs. ðə əˈkaʊnt, ɪn ðə neɪm əv huˈseɪn, lɪsts ðə ʤɑb ˈtaɪtəlz "ˈsupərˌvaɪzər æt ˈtælɪˌbæn ənd ˈlidər æt ˌɑlˈkaɪdɑ" səˈʤɛstɪŋ ɪt meɪ hæv bɪn ˈpəblɪʃt ɛz ə ʤoʊk. æst əˈbaʊt ðə əˈkaʊnt, ˈmɪstər ˈmæmud huz sənz neɪm ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ sɛd ˈhækərz meɪ bi tɪ bleɪm, ˈædɪŋ: "ðət kʊd bi ˈɛniˌθɪŋ, ˈmeɪbi ə mɪˈsteɪk."
a british father whose family were barred from boarding a flight to the united states has denied that any of them are responsible for a facebook account claiming links to al-qaeda and the taliban. mohammad tariq mahmood and his family were pulled from a queue at gatwick airport and told they would not be able to fly to los angeles for a trip to disneyland, though say they were not given a reason for the decision. since their story was initially reported, itv news has discovered that a facebook page claiming links to radical islamist groups was set up by someone who has lived at the family's postal address. the account, in the name of hamza hussain, lists the job titles "supervisor at taliban and leader at al-qaeda" - suggesting it may have been published as a joke. asked about the account, mr mahmood - whose son's name is also hamza - said hackers may be to blame, adding: "that could be anything, maybe a mistake."	ˈʃiə labeouf*, wən əv ðə moʊst ˈkæptɪˌveɪtɪŋ jəŋ əv ɑr taɪm, həz bɪn duɪŋ hɪz θɪŋ wɪθ ðiz ɑrt pərˈfɔrmənsɪz, bət hɪz ˈleɪtəst maɪt bi hɪz ˈgreɪtəst. ˈkɪkɪŋ ɔf æt ðə mˈjuziəm əv ðə ˈmuvɪŋ ˈɪmɪʤ ɪn nu jɔrk ɪz hi wɪl nɑt dɪˈvaɪd ˈjuˈɛs, ə ˌfɔˈrjɪr ˈprɑʤɛkt ðət lɔnʧt ɔn ðə deɪ ˈdɑnəld trəmp bɪˈkəmz hɛd ənd ˈprɛzɪdənt əv ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts əv əˈmɛrɪkə. hi wɪl nɑt dɪˈvaɪd ˈjuˈɛs kənˈsɪsts əv ə wɔl ɔn ðə ˈaʊtˈsaɪd əv ðə mˈjuziəm wɪθ ðə wərdz hi wɪl nɑt dɪˈvaɪd ˈjuˈɛs ənd ə ˈkæmərə ðət wɪl bi ˈviə ðə ˈwɛbˌsaɪt fər ðə ˈdʊˈreɪʃən əv trəmps ˈprɛzɪdənsi. ˈpipəl ər biɪŋ æst tɪ gɪt ɔn ðə strim ənd seɪ ðə freɪz "hi wɪl nɑt dɪˈvaɪd ˈjuˈɛs" ɛz məʧ ər ɛz ˈlɪtəl ɛz ðeɪ wɔnt. "ɪn ðɪs weɪ, ðə ˈmæntrə "hi wɪl nɑt dɪˈvaɪd ˈjuˈɛs" ækts ɛz ə ʃoʊ əv rɪˈzɪstəns ər ˌɪnˈsɪstəns, ˌɑpəˈzɪʃən ər ˈɑptɪˌmɪzəm, ˈgaɪdɪd baɪ ðə ˈspɪrɪt əv iʧ ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl pɑrˈtɪsəpənt ənd ðə kəmˈjunɪti," ridz ðə əˈfɪʃəl ˈwɛbˌsaɪt. ˈleɪtəst ɪgˈzɪbɪt həz ɔˈrɛdi rɪˈsivd səm ˌɪmˈprɛsɪv stɑr paʊər ɪn ðə fɔrm əv smɪθ. naʊ ˈivɪn ɪf ju θɪŋk ˈdɛdɪˌkeɪtɪŋ fɔr jɪrz tɪ ðɪs ɪz ə bɪt ˈkreɪzi, ju hæv tɪ rɪˈspɛkt ˈʃiə ˈteɪkɪŋ hɪz ɪˈstæblɪʃt brænd ənd ˈjuzɪŋ ɪt fər ˈsəmθɪŋ ˈbɪgər ðən ɪm. wɪθ soʊ ˈmɛni aʊt ðɛr ˈfilɪŋ laɪk ˈʤænjuˌɛri 20 2017 ɪz ðə ˈdɑrkəst əv deɪz, ðɛr ər reɪz əv hoʊp, ənd θɪŋz laɪk ðiz kən ˈrɪli hɛlp gɪt ə ˈmɛsɪʤ aʊt. ər, æt ðə ˈvɛri list, lɛt ju noʊ ðət ɪf ju ˈɑrənt hir fər trəmp, ju ər nɑt əˈloʊn.
shia labeouf, one of the most captivating young creatives of our time, has been doing his thing with these livestream art performances, but his latest might be his greatest. kicking off at the museum of the moving image in new york is he will not divide us, a four-year project that launched on the day donald trump becomes head cheeto and president of the united states of america. he will not divide us consists of a wall on the outside of the museum with the words he will not divide us and a camera that will be livestreaming via the website for the duration of trump's presidency. people are being asked to get on the stream and say the phrase "he will not divide us" as much or as little as they want. "in this way, the mantra "he will not divide us" acts as a show of resistance or insistence, opposition or optimism, guided by the spirit of each individual participant and the community," reads the official website. shia's latest exhibit has already received some impressive star power in the form of jaden smith. now even if you think dedicating four years to this is a bit crazy, you have to respect shia taking his established brand and using it for something bigger than him. with so many out there feeling like january 20, 2017 is the darkest of days, there are rays of hope, and things like these can really help get a message out. or, at the very least, let you know that if you aren't here for trump, you are not alone.	gɛsts pæt ˈməˌlrɔɪ, ˈʤɛnərəl ˈmænɪʤər, ˈsəðərn nəˈvɑdə ˈwɔtər əˈθɔrəti ʤɑn flɛk, rɪˈpɔrtər, ˈælbəkərki ˈʤərnəl ˈrɑbərt ˈglɛnən, ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ˌɛrɪˈzoʊnə lɔ prəˈfɛsər ənd ˈɔθər əv unquenchable: ˈwɔtər ˈkraɪsəs ənd wət tɪ du əˈbaʊt ɪt baɪ ˈeɪmi ˈkɪŋzli ðə ˌkɑlərˈɑdoʊ ˈrɪvər ənd leɪk mid ər ɪn dip ˈtrəbəl. ˈstədiz baɪ ðə juz. ˈbjʊroʊ əv ˌrɛkləˈmeɪʃən ʃoʊ ðət dɪˈmænd wɪl sun ˌoʊvərˈwɛlm səˈplaɪ. ðə fərst steɪʤ əv ˈwɔtər riˈstrɪkʃənz kʊd kəm ɛz sun ɛz 2016 wɪn leɪk mid həz ə ʧæns əv sˈlɪpɪŋ bɪˈloʊ ðə ˈkrɪtɪkəl θˈrɛˌʃoʊld. wɪn nəˈvɑdə wɪl hæv tɪ kət ɪts ˈwɔtər ˌæləˈkeɪʃən baɪ 4 pərˈsɛnt. ˈrɛzɪdənts ˈprɑbəˌbli ˈnoʊtɪs ðə fərst raʊnd əv kəts, sɛd pæt ˈməˌlrɔɪ, ˈʤɛnərəl ˈmænɪʤər əv ðə ˈsəðərn nəˈvɑdə ˈwɔtər əˈθɔrəti. stɪl, ɪt ɪz ən ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˈlɪmət fər ˌkɑlərˈɑdoʊ ˈrɪvər ˈjuzərz. ɪz ən ˌɪnˈkrɛdəbəl ˈwɔrnɪŋ sign,”,” ˈməˌlrɔɪ sɛd. wət ˈhæpənz æt ɪz ðət naʊ ˈgɪtɪŋ ɪn tɪ ðə loʊər ˈriʧɪz əv leɪk mid. ənd leɪk mid ɪz ə vi. soʊ ðə ˈfərðər ju goʊ daʊn ɪn ðə ˈrɛzəvˌwɑr, ðə ˈfæstər ðə reɪt əv decline.”.” səˈpɔrt kəmz frəm ɪn ˈrisənt jɪrz, ðə ˈsɛvən steɪts ðət ʃɛr ðə ˈrɪvər əˈlɔŋ wɪθ ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ hæv dən ə ˈbɛtər ʤɑb kəˈlæbərˌeɪtɪŋ ɔn weɪz tɪ strɛʧ ðə ˈwɔtər səˈplaɪ. bət ɪt stɪl bɪn ɪˈnəf tɪ kip ðə ˈlɛvəl əv leɪk mid frəm ˈfɑlɪŋ. ər baɪɪŋ ənd ˈstɔrɪŋ ˈwɔtər ɪn leɪk mid tɪ ˈbəfət ɪt ənd prɑp ɪt bæk əp again,”,” ˈməˌlrɔɪ sɛd. ɪf dɪˈspaɪt ɔl ðoʊz ˈɛfərts, dɪˈspaɪt ˈɛvriˌwən ˈspɛndɪŋ ɛz məʧ ˈməni ɛz wi ər, ənd ˈɛvriˌbɑdi ˈlivɪŋ ðɛr ˈwɔtər ɪn leɪk mid, wi stɪl gɪt tɪ ðə taɪm həz kəm fər ðə steɪts tɪ ˈrɪli gɪt ˈsɪriəs əˈbaʊt səm ril ˈkrɪtɪkəl elevations.”.” ɪf ðə ˈwɔtər fɔlz tɪ ər ðɛn ˌɛrɪˈzoʊnə wɪl bi hɪt ðə ˈhɑrdəst wɪθ kəts tɪ ðə ˈsɛntrəl ˌɛrɪˈzoʊnə ˈprɑʤɛkt, sɛd ˈrɑbərt ˈglɛnən, ə lɔ prəˈfɛsər æt ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ˌɛrɪˈzoʊnə. bət ðə ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən ˈfoʊkɪs ɔn wɪʧ kəmˈjunɪtiz ər ˈɪndəstriz wɪl bi hɪt ðə ˈhɑrdəst, bɪˈkəz ðeɪ ər ɔl ˌɪmˈpɛrəld, hi sɛd. ˈbɪgər ˈpɪkʧər ɪz ðət ðə hoʊl ˈbeɪsən ɪz ˈlʊkɪŋ æt ə təf situation,”,” ˈglɛnən sɛd. ðə gʊd nuz ɪz ðət wi kən du ˈsəmθɪŋ əˈbaʊt ɪt. hæv ðə tulz tɪ juz ðə ˈwɔtər ɪn ə mɔr səˈsteɪnəbəl way,”,” ˈglɛnən sɛd. ðə ˈbɪgər kˈwɛsʧənz ɪz ˈwɛðər wi hæv ðə taɪm tɪ ˈɪmpləmənt ðoʊz səˈluʃənz. ðɪs wər tɪ ˈhæpən ɪn ðə nɛkst faɪv ər sɪks jɪrz, ɪf ju wər tɪ stɑrt siɪŋ ə ˈræpɪd ˈdaʊnwərd ˈspaɪrəl, ju hæv ðə taɪm tɪ meɪk ðə ˌɪnˈvɛstmənts ɪn ən (ˌɪmˈpɪriəl ˌɪrəˈgeɪʃən ˈdɪstrɪkt), ər ə ˈpæloʊ ˈvərdi, ər ˈɛni əv ðə ˌægrɪˈkəlʧərəl ˈɛriəz daʊn ɪn ðə ˈsəðərn ɛnd əv ðə system,”,” ˈməˌlrɔɪ sɛd. taɪm ɪz nɑt there.”.” steɪts hæv rɪˈzɔrtɪd tɪ ˈlɔˌsuts, ənd ˈivɪn ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri ˈækʃən tɪ prəˈtɛkt ˈwɔtər ˈsɔrsəz ɪn ðə pæst. ˈlɔˌsuts hæv ə juʤ ˈdaʊnˌsaɪd, ənd kən kɔst mˌjunɪsəˈpælɪtiz ˈækˌsɛs tɪ ˈwɔtər ɪf ðeɪ luz. sin goʊɪŋ bæk tɪ ðə leɪt ɪz ðət ɪn ðɛr bɛst ˈɪntəˌrɛst nɑt tɪ fight,”,” sɛd ʤɑn flɛk, rɪˈpɔrtər fər ðə ˈælbəkərki ˈʤərnəl. məʧ ˈbɛtər fər ðə ˈwɔtər ˈmænɪʤərz tɪ ˌəndərˈstænd haʊ ðə ˈʃɔrtɪʤ ɪz goʊɪŋ tɪ bi shared.”.” leɪk mid wɪl ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˈsərtənli fɔl bɪˈloʊ fit ɪn ðə nɪr fˈjuʧər, ˈməˌlrɔɪ sɛd. sun ˈæftər ðət, laɪf wɪl ʧeɪnʤ ɪn ˈsəðərn nəˈvɑdə. ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli, ˈhuvər dæm wɪl stɑp prəˈdusɪŋ ɪˌlɛkˈtrɪsəti, ənd ˈwɔtər riˈstrɪkʃənz wɪl ʧeɪnʤ ðə weɪ wi lɪv. stɑrts ˈfɑlɪŋ əˈpɑrt æt ˌɛləˈveɪʃən ˈməˌlrɔɪ sɛd. waɪ, fər ɑr ˈplænɪŋ ˈpərpəsɪz, ɪz səʧ ən ɪˈnɔrmɪs trigger.”.” ɪz goʊɪŋ tɪ kəm ɛz ən ɪˈnɔrmɪs weɪk əp call.”*.”
guests pat mulroy, general manager, southern nevada water authority john fleck, reporter, albuquerque journal robert glennon, university of arizona law professor and author of unquenchable: america’s water crisis and what to do about it by amy kingsley -- the colorado river and lake mead are in deep trouble. studies by the u.s. bureau of reclamation show that demand will soon overwhelm supply. the first stage of water restrictions could come as soon as 2016, when lake mead has a one-in-three chance of slipping below the critical 1,075-foot threshold. that’s when nevada will have to cut its water allocation by 4 percent. residents probably won’t notice the first round of cuts, said pat mulroy, general manager of the southern nevada water authority. still, it is an important limit for colorado river users. “it is an incredible warning sign,” mulroy said. “because what happens at 1,075 is that you’re now getting in to the lower reaches of lake mead. and lake mead is a v. so the further you go down in the reservoir, the faster the rate of decline.” support comes from in recent years, the seven states that share the river along with mexico have done a better job collaborating on ways to stretch the water supply. but it still hasn’t been enough to keep the level of lake mead from falling. “we are buying and storing water in lake mead to buffet it and prop it back up again,” mulroy said. “so if despite all those efforts, despite everyone spending as much money as we are, and everybody leaving their water in lake mead, we still get to 1,075 – the time has come for the states to really get serious about some real critical elevations.” if the water falls to 1,050 or 1,025, then arizona will be hit the hardest with cuts to the central arizona project, said robert glennon, a law professor at the university of arizona. but the conversation shouldn’t focus on which communities or industries will be hit the hardest, because they are all imperiled, he said. “the bigger picture is that the whole basin is looking at a tough situation,” glennon said. the good news is that we can do something about it. “we have the tools to use the water in a more sustainable way,” glennon said. the bigger questions is whether we have the time to implement those solutions. “if this were to happen in the next five or six years, if you were to start seeing a rapid downward spiral, you don’t have the time to make the investments in an iid (imperial irrigation district), or a palo verde, or any of the agricultural areas down in the southern end of the system,” mulroy said. “the time is not there.” states have resorted to lawsuits, and even military action to protect water sources in the past. lawsuits have a huge downside, and can cost municipalities access to water if they lose. “what seen going back to the late 1990s is that in their best interest not to fight,” said john fleck, reporter for the albuquerque journal. “it’s much better for the water managers to understand how the shortage is going to be shared.” lake mead will almost certainly fall below 1,075 feet in the near future, mulroy said. soon after that, life will change in southern nevada. eventually, hoover dam will stop producing electricity, and water restrictions will change the way we live. “everything starts falling apart at elevation 1,000,” mulroy said. “which why, for our planning purposes, 1,075 is such an enormous trigger.” “this is going to come as an enormous wake up call.”	ˈgɛti ˈɪmɪʤɪz ɔn ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ, ˈdɑnəld ˈgləvər tʊk ə ˈbriðər frəm ɔl ə rəf ˈɛstəˌmeɪt) əv hɪz ˈkɑrənt ˈprɑʤɛkts tɪ gɪv ən ˈɪntərvˌju əˈbaʊt wɛl ɔl əv ðoʊz ˈprɑʤɛkts. ðə foʊnd ɪn tɪ bɪg ˈneɪbərˌhʊd ɔn ril fər ə ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən ðət ˈkəvərd ˈplɛnti əv graʊnd. ɔn ðə mˈjuzɪk frənt, ˈʧaɪldɪʃ gæmˈbinoʊ spoʊk əˈbaʊt hɪz kəˌlæbərˈeɪʃən wɪθ ʧæns ðə ˈræpər. ˈdɛfənətli mɛt əp. aɪ doʊnt noʊ ɪf aɪl si ɪm əˈgɛn naʊ ðət hiz wən ə ˈgræmi. wɪl si wət happens,”,” ˈgləvər sɛd. ˈæˌkʧuəli sæt daʊn ɪn ðə ˈstudiˌoʊ ənd wər ˈtɔkɪŋ fər ə ˈlɪtəl bɪt. boʊθ ˈbɪzi bət wɪn hi həz, laɪk, ə ˈmoʊmənt, ʤɪst bɪn ˈsɪtɪŋ daʊn ənd ʤɪst ˈwərkɪŋ təˈgɛðər. aɪ θɪŋk əˈbaʊt ˈkæʧɪŋ ə vibe.”.” ˈʧaɪldɪʃ ənd hæv wərkt təˈgɛðər ˌbiˈfɔr ʧæns ˈfiʧərd ɔn 2012 ˈrɔɪəlti, ənd ˈgləvər rɪˈtərnd ðə ˈfeɪvər baɪ əˈpɪrɪŋ ɔn ˈæsəd song.”.” ənˈtɪl wi faɪnd aʊt wət ðɛr ˈkʊkɪŋ əp ðɪs taɪm əraʊnd, ðɛl bi noʊ ˈʃɔrtɪʤ əv ˈgləvər ðɪs jɪr. hi ˈɔlsoʊ spoʊk tɪ bɪg bɔɪ əˈbaʊt hɪz mɪˈstɪriəs roʊl ɪn ˈspaɪdərmæn: ˈhoʊmˌkəmɪŋ goʊɪŋ tɪ bi dope””), hɪz pɑrt ɪn ðə ˈəpˌkəmɪŋ hɑn ˈsoʊˌloʊ stɑr wɔrz fɪlm ə ˈrɪli kul, ˌaɪˈkɑnɪk role”*”), ənd ˈivɪn ðə nɛkst ˈsizən əv hɪz hɪt ˈsɪriz æˈtlæntə, wɪʧ hi sɪz ɪz ɔˈrɛdi ˈmoʊstli ˈrɪtən. dæm ðɪs maɪt ʤɪst bi ðə dud ɪn ˈʃoʊbɪz. ˈlɪsən tɪ ðə hoʊl ˈɪntərvˌju bɪˈloʊ, ənd ˈnɛvər kəmˈpleɪn əˈbaʊt biɪŋ "tu ˈbɪzi" fər ˈɛniˌθɪŋ ˈɛvər əˈgɛn.
getty images on wednesday, donald glover took a breather from all 5,294 (that’s a rough estimate) of his current projects to give an interview about ... well ... all of those projects. the multi-hyphenate phoned in to big boy’s neighborhood on l.a.’s real 92.3 for a 20-minute conversation that covered plenty of ground. on the music front, childish gambino spoke about his long-rumored collaboration with chance the rapper. “we definitely met up. i don't know if i'll see him again now that he's won a grammy. we'll see what happens,” glover said. “we actually sat down in the studio and were talking for a little bit. we’re both busy but when he has, like, a moment, we’ve just been sitting down and just working together. i think it’s about catching a vibe.” childish and chano have worked together before — chance featured on glover’s 2012 mixtape royalty, and glover returned the favor by appearing on acid rap’s “favorite song.” until we find out what they're cooking up this time around, they'll be no shortage of glover this year. he also spoke to big boy about his mysterious role in spiderman: homecoming (“it’s going to be dope”), his part in the upcoming han solo star wars film (“it’s a really cool, iconic role”), and even the next season of his hit fx series atlanta, which he says is already mostly written. damn ... this might just be the hardest-working dude in showbiz. listen to the whole interview below, and never complain about being "too busy" for anything ever again.	wən θɪŋ wi kən ɔl əˈgri ɔn wɪn ɪt kəmz tɪ ˈænəlɪst trɛnt: hi kən bi ˈkaʊntɪd ɔn tɪ brɪŋ ə strɔŋ əˈpɪnjən ənd wɪθ ˈlɪtəl nuɑns, əˈspɛʃəli ɔn ðə ˈtɑpɪk əv kˈwɔrtərˌbæks. kˈwɔrtərˌbæk ˈkrɪsʧɪn ˈpɑndər həz spɑrkt kənˈsɪdərəbəl dəˈbeɪt ˈæftər biɪŋ səˈlɛktɪd ˈoʊvərˌɔl baɪ ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə ɔn ˈθərzˌdeɪ. ʧək əˈpɪrɪŋ ˈθərzˌdeɪ ˈmɔrnɪŋ ɔn ˈreɪdiˌoʊz "ðə hərd wɪθ ˈkoʊlɪn ˈkaʊˌhərd," lɛft ˈlɪtəl daʊt hɪz teɪk ɔn ðə ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə ˈvaɪkɪŋz' dɪˈsɪʒən tɪ dræft ˈflɔrɪdə steɪt kˈwɔrtərˌbæk ˈkrɪsʧɪn ˈpɑndər wɪθ ðə noʊ. 12 ˈoʊvərˌɔl pɪk. "ˈkrɪsʧɪn ˈpɑndər ɪz ˈɛlvɪs," sɛd. "hiz ˈɛlvɪs. ˈɛlvɪs wɑz ə ˈbjutəfəl θroʊər. hi θru fər jɑrdz. hi dɪd ə lɔt əv nis θɪŋz. ˈɛvəri taɪm ɪt gɑt təf, hi ˈmɛltɪd." aɪ θɪŋk ɪts ˈoʊnli fɛr tɪ noʊt ðət ɪn 2001 ðə ˈbɔltəˌmɔr ˈreɪvənz ˌriˈpleɪst wɪθ. ðə ˈreɪvənz bɪˈkeɪm ə ˈbɛtər ˈpæsɪŋ əˈfɛns bət ˈnɛvər rɪˈtərnd tɪ ðə ˈsupər boʊl, ənd aɪ θɪŋk ðət ˈɛpɪˌsoʊd rɪˈmeɪnz stæmpt ɪn breɪn. bət ðət sɛd, toʊld ˈkaʊˌhərd ðət hi wɔʧt ˈɛvəri snæp ˈpɑndər tʊk ɪn ˈkɑlɪʤ. hi dɪˈskraɪbd ˈpɑndər ɛz ə kˈwɔrtərˌbæk hu lʊks greɪt ɪn ˈwərˌkaʊts bət kˈwɪkli ˈluzɪz ˈækjərəsi ənd ˈifɛktɪvnəs ɪn ðə ˈprɛʃər əv ə geɪm. "hɪz drɔp, hɪz ɑrm spid, ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ əˈbaʊt ɪm ɪts wən ˈtɛmˌpoʊ," sɛd. "hi həz tɪ pleɪ æt ðə ˈtɛmˌpoʊ. ðə drɔp həz tɪ bi rhythmical. ðə rɪˈsivərz hæv tɪ bi ˈoʊpən. ðə bɔl goʊz wən spid. ðə ˈpɑkət həz tɪ bi nis. ˈɛni taɪm hiz æst tɪ kˈwɪkən ðət əp ər ðɛrz ˈpipəl əraʊnd ɪm, hɪz ˈækjərəsi ɪz ˈɔfəl. "ðə greɪt kˈwɔrtərˌbæks ər ɛz ˈækjərət goʊɪŋ tɪ [ˈɔpʃənz] tu, θri ənd fɔr ɛz ðeɪ ər wɪn ju goʊ tɪ wən. ˈkrɪsʧɪn ˈpɑndər, ɛz sun ɛz ju gɪt tɪ tu ər θri, ðə bɔl ɪz dirting. ɪts haɪ. ɪts ɔl ˈoʊvər ðə pleɪs. ˈoʊˈkeɪ? hi pleɪz wɪθ ə lɔt əv æŋˈzaɪəti. du ju wɔnt jʊr kˈwɔrtərˌbæk ɪn ðə ˈɛˌnɛˈfɛl tɪ pleɪ wɪθ ə lɔt əv æŋˈzaɪəti? "ˈkrɪsʧɪn ˈpɑndər tɛsts ɔf ðə ʧɑrts. hiz ɪn ʃɔrts ənd ə ˈtiˌsərt. hi goʊz tɪ hɪz proʊ ˈwərˌkaʊt, hiz ɪn ʃɔrts ənd ə ˈtiˌsərt. hɪz bɪg ər ˈhæŋɪŋ aʊt. hiz gɑt bɪg gənz. hi lʊks greɪt. hiz ə ˈgʊˌdlʊkɪŋ jəŋ mæn ənd hi spɪnz ðət bɔl əraʊnd ðə ˈfʊtˌbɔl fild ɪn ə ˈpərˌfɪkt ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt ənd ˈpipəl goʊ 'waʊ hi kən pleɪ.'" ˈɔlsoʊ səˈʤɛstɪd ðət ˈpɑndər wɪl kənˈtɪnju tɪ hæv ə haɪ ˈɪnʤəri reɪt bɪˈkəz əv ðə weɪ hɪz ˈʃoʊldərz ər bɪlt ənd bɪˈkəz hɪz ɑrm ˈækʃən pʊts ˈprɛʃər ɔn hɪz ˈɛlˌboʊ. kˈwɔrtərˌbæk ˈændi ˈdɔltən wʊd hæv bɪn ə məʧ ˈbɛtər pɪk, sɛd, ənd kɔld ɪt ə "ˈtrævəsti" ənd ə "ˈmeɪʤər, ˈmeɪʤər wɪf" ðət ˈniðər ðə ˈvaɪkɪŋz nɔr ðə siˈætəl ˈsiˌhɔks (æt noʊ. 25 ˈoʊvərˌɔl) ˈdræftɪd ɪm. ˈfaɪnəli, sɛd hi wɑz "ˈvɛri self-aware*" ənd ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪzd ðət hi ˈdɪdənt ˈɔlˌweɪz riækt wɛl ˈəndər ˈprɛʃər ˈdʊrɪŋ hɪz kərɪr. əm nɑt ˈbəʤɪŋ ɔf maɪ teɪk frəm ˈθərzˌdeɪ naɪt. aɪ θɪŋk ðə ˈvaɪkɪŋz hæd tɪ teɪk ə ʃɑt æt ə kˈwɔrtərˌbæk æt noʊ. 12 noʊ wən sɛd ˈpɑndər wɑz ðə pleɪər ɪn ðɪs dræft ər ˈivɪn ðə nɛkst greɪt kˈwɔrtərˌbæk ɪn ðɪs lig. hi ˈdəzənt hæv tɪ bi fər ðə ˈvaɪkɪŋz tɪ gɪt wɛr ðeɪ wɔnt tɪ goʊ. ənd, aɪ kən tɛl ju ðɛr ɪz ə waɪd dɪˈspɛrəti əv əˈpɪnjən ɔn ˈwɛðər ˈpɑndər ər ˈdɔltən ɪz ðə ˈbɛtər proʊ ˈprɑspɛkt, ə ˈtɑpɪk aɪl ˈfərðər ɪkˈsplɔr ˈleɪtər ˈfraɪˌdeɪ. lɛts ʤɪst seɪ ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnts wən saɪd əv ðə ˈspɛktrəm.
one thing we can all agree on when it comes to espn analyst trent dilfer: he can be counted on to bring a strong opinion and with little nuance, especially on the topic of quarterbacks. quarterback christian ponder has sparked considerable debate after being selected 12th overall by minnesota on thursday. chuck cook/us presswire appearing thursday morning on espn radio's "the herd with colin cowherd," dilfer left little doubt his take on the minnesota vikings' decision to draft florida state quarterback christian ponder with the no. 12 overall pick. "christian ponder is elvis grbac," dilfer said. "he's elvis grbac. elvis grbac was a beautiful thrower. he threw for 4,000 yards. he did a lot of nice things. every time it got tough, he melted." i think it's only fair to note that in 2001, the baltimore ravens replaced dilfer with grbac. the ravens became a better passing offense but never returned to the super bowl, and i think that episode remains stamped in dilfer's brain. but that said, dilfer told cowherd that he watched every snap ponder took in college. he described ponder as a quarterback who looks great in workouts but quickly loses accuracy and effectiveness in the pressure of a game. "his drop, his arm speed, everything about him ... it's one tempo," dilfer said. "he has to play at the 7-on-7 tempo. the drop has to be rhythmical. the receivers have to be open. the ball goes one speed. the pocket has to be nice. any time he's asked to quicken that up or there's people around him, his accuracy is awful. ... "the great quarterbacks are as accurate going to [options] two, three and four as they are when you go to one. ... christian ponder, as soon as you get to two or three, the ball is dirting. it's high. it's all over the place. ok? he plays with a lot of anxiety. do you want your quarterback in the nfl to play with a lot of anxiety? "christian ponder tests off the charts. he's in shorts and a t-shirt. he goes to his pro workout, he's in shorts and a t-shirt. his big pecs are hanging out. he's got big guns. he looks great. he's a good-looking young man and he spins that ball around the football field in a perfect environment and people go 'wow he can play.'" dilfer also suggested that ponder will continue to have a high injury rate because of the way his shoulders are built and because his arm action puts pressure on his elbow. tcu quarterback andy dalton would have been a much better pick, dilfer said, and called it a "travesty" and a "major, major whiff" that neither the vikings nor the seattle seahawks (at no. 25 overall) drafted him. finally, dilfer said he was "very self-aware" and recognized that he didn't always react well under pressure during his career. i'm not budging off my take from thursday night. i think the vikings had to take a shot at a quarterback at no. 12. no one said ponder was the 12th-best player in this draft or even the next great quarterback in this league. he doesn't have to be for the vikings to get where they want to go. and, i can tell you there is a wide disparity of opinion on whether ponder or dalton is the better pro prospect, a topic i'll further explore later friday. let's just say dilfer represents one side of the spectrum.	gɪt ðə ˈbɪgəst ˈlɪvərˌpul ˈstɔriz baɪ iˈmeɪl səbˈskraɪb θæŋk ju fər səbˈskraɪbɪŋ wi hæv mɔr ˈnuzˌlɛtərz ʃoʊ mi si ɑr ˈpraɪvəsi ˈnoʊtɪs kʊd nɑt səbˈskraɪb, traɪ əˈgɛn ˈleɪtər ˌɪnˈvæləd iˈmeɪl ˈlɪvərˌpul hæv stɛpt əp ðɛr pərˈsut əv wɪθ ðə brəˈzɪljən ˈwɪŋər ədˈmɪtɪŋ hɪz ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn ə muv tɪ. ðə ˈɛkoʊ ˌəndərˈstændz ðə rɛdz hæv ˈoʊpənd nɪˌgoʊʃiˈeɪʃənz wɪθ ˈoʊvər ə fi ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ðɛr ˌɪˈnɪʃəl ɪnkˈwaɪˌri ˈərliər ðɪs wik. əˈfɪʃəlz hæv bɪn ɪnˈkərəʤd baɪ ðə ˈrəʃən ˈwɪlɪŋnəs tɪ du ˈbɪznɪs ənd ðə pleɪərz dɪˈzaɪər tɪ hɛd fər ðə prɛˈmɪr lig. ˈvɪdioʊ ˈloʊdɪŋ ˈvɪdioʊ ˌənəˈveɪləbəl klɪk tɪ pleɪ tæp tɪ pleɪ ðə ˈvɪdioʊ wɪl stɑrt ɪn 8 ˈkænsəl pleɪ naʊ ˈhoʊpɪŋ ɪn ðə ˈkəmɪŋ deɪz tɪ rɪˈsiv ən ˈɔfər frəm ə kləb laɪk ˈlɪvərˌpul. ɪt ʃʊr ɪz ə greɪt club,”,” sɛd. ˈhoʊpfəl ənd ˈvɛri kɑm. əv kɔrs ˈɪŋglənd ɪz ə lig ðət ˈmɛni drim əv pleɪɪŋ ɪn ənd əm noʊ ˈdɪfərənt. maɪ ˈeɪʤənt həz hæd ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃənz wɪθ səm kləbz. ləv ðə prɛˈmɪr lig ənd ðə staɪl əv ˈɪŋlɪʃ ˈfʊtˌbɔl, ənd ˈsərtənli ɪf ɪt ˈhæpənz ɪt wɪl bi gʊd fər mi. aɪl groʊ professionally.”.” bɔs ˈbrɛndən ˈrɑʤərz həz kæʃ tɪ spɛnd ˈæftər ə ˈsəmər wɪn ðə kləbz ˈtrænsfər ˈdilɪŋz hæv soʊ fɑr ˈjildɪd ə ˈprɑfɪt əv əraʊnd £5million. ər kin tɪ sɛl ɛz ˌbɪljəˈnɛr ˈoʊnər ˈsulimən lʊks tɪ kət kɔsts bət ðeɪ wɔnt tɪ rɪˈkup ðə ðeɪ peɪd fər bæk ɪn ˈʤænjuˌɛri. ðət ˈhæzənt dɪˈtərd ðə rɛdz wɪθ ˈoʊnərz ˈfɛnˌweɪ spɔrts grup ˈwɪlɪŋ tɪ ˈfaɪˌnæns ə dil wɪʧ wʊd meɪk ðə ðə ˈsɛkənd moʊst ɪkˈspɛnsɪv pleɪər ɪn ðə kləbz ˈhɪstəri. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, wʊd nid tɪ əkˈsɛpt ə rɪˈdəkʃən ɪn ðə pər wik ˈsæləri hi ˈkərəntli kəˈmændz ɪn ðə riˈpəblɪk əv ˈdægɛˌstæn. ˈmænˌʧɛstər ˈsɪti hæd ə bɪd əv əraʊnd fər rɪˈʤɛktɪd læst mənθ bət ðət wɑz ˌbiˈfɔr ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ slæʃ ðə weɪʤ bɪl ənd ɪmˈbɑrk ɔn ə əv ðə kləbz praɪzd ˈæˌsɛts. ðə brəˈzɪl ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl, hu həz ˈɔlsoʊ əˈtræktəd ˈɪntəˌrɛst frəm ˈʧɛlsi ənd ˈtɑtənˌhæm, həz bɪn toʊld hi kən liv bət nɑt æt ə ˈnɑkˌdaʊn praɪs. (kerimov) ˈdəzənt wɔnt tɪ lɛt ˈɛniˌwən goʊ fər fri bət hi meɪd ɪt klɪr ðət ɪf gʊd bɪdz əraɪv ˈsəmθɪŋ æt list kloʊz tɪ wət hi peɪd fər ðə pleɪərz hi wʊd ˈsərtənli hɛlp ˈjuˈɛs go,”,” ˈædɪd, hu həz bɪn wɪθˈdrɔn frəm ðə skwɑd fər təˈmɑˌroʊz geɪm əˈgɛnst zenit. sin nuz əv səm kləbz ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd ənd maɪ ˌɛkspɛkˈteɪʃən ɪz ˈsərtənli greɪt. ɪt meɪ ˈhæpən təˈmɑˌroʊ ər ɔn ˈɔgəst ɛz ðə rɛdz lʊk tɪ əˈgri ə fi wɪθ, ðɛr swup fər grəˈnɑdəz həz bɪn θroʊn ˈɪntu daʊt. ˈlɪvərˌpul wər ˈkɑnfədənt əv ˈræpɪŋ əp ə dil fər ðə ðɪs wik bət tɔks hæv naʊ stɔld ˈæftər ðə ˈæskɪŋ praɪs mɔr ðən ˈtrɛbəld. ðə rɛdz, hu hæd ˌɪˈnɪʃəli bɪn toʊld ðət wʊd bi əˈveɪləbəl fər əraʊnd £3.5million, wər ˈwɪlɪŋ tɪ peɪ ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ sɪˈkjʊr hɪz ˈsərvɪsɪz. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, grəˈnɑdə ər naʊ dɪˈmændɪŋ əˈmɪdst kleɪmz ðət ril məˈdrɪd hæv ˈɛnərd ðə reɪs fər hɪz ˈsɪgnəʧər. ɪf ə ˈkɑmprəˌmaɪz kænt bi kˈwɪkli ˈsɔrtɪd ðɛn ˈlɪvərˌpul wɪl rɪˈnu ðɛr ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn vəˈlɛnsiə ˈeɪli cissokho. ðə fræns ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl kleɪmd læst wik ðət hi hæd əˈgrid ˈpərsɪnəl tərmz wɪθ ðə rɛdz bət ədˈmɪtəd ðɛr wɑz noʊ dil ɪn pleɪs bɪtˈwin ðə kləbz. ə ˈpriviəs raʊnd əv tɔks hæd ˈbroʊkən daʊn bɪˈkəz ˈlɪvərˌpul ˈwɔntɪd ə loʊn wɪθ ðə ˈɔpʃən tɪ baɪ nɛkst ˈsəmər bət vəˈlɛnsiə ˌɪnˈsɪstɪd ɔn ə ˈpərmɑˌnɛnt ˈtrænsfər wɪθ ðə kæʃ əp frənt. ˈhævɪŋ lɛt ʤæk ˈrɑbənsən ʤɔɪn ˈblækˌpul ɔn ə loʊn, ˈrɑʤərz nidz ən ɪˈstæblɪʃt tɪ prəˈvaɪd ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən fər ˌhoʊˈzeɪ ɛnˈrikeɪ.
get the biggest liverpool fc stories by email subscribe thank you for subscribing we have more newsletters show me see our privacy notice could not subscribe, try again later invalid email liverpool fc have stepped up their pursuit of willian with the £30million-rated brazilian winger admitting his interest in a move to anfield. the echo understands the reds have opened negotiations with anzhi makhachkala over a fee following their initial enquiry earlier this week. anfield officials have been encouraged by the russian outfit's willingness to do business and the player's desire to head for the premier league. video loading video unavailable click to play tap to play the video will start in 8 cancel play now “i'm hoping in the coming days to receive an offer from a club like liverpool. it sure is a great club,” willian said. “i'm hopeful and very calm. of course england is a league that many dream of playing in and i'm no different. my agent has had conversations with some clubs. “i love the premier league and the style of english football, and certainly if it happens it will be good for me. i'll grow professionally.” boss brendan rodgers has cash to spend after a summer when the club's transfer dealings have so far yielded a profit of around £5million. anzhi are keen to sell as billionaire owner suleyman kerimov looks to cut costs but they want to recoup the £30million they paid shakhtar donetsk for willian back in january. that hasn't deterred the reds with owners fenway sports group willing to finance a deal which would make the 25-year-old the second most expensive player in the club's history. however, willian would need to accept a reduction in the £100,000 per week salary he currently commands in the republic of dagestan. manchester city had a bid of around £34million for willian rejected last month but that was before kerimov decided to slash the wage bill and embark on a clearout of the club's prized assets. the brazil international, who has also attracted interest from chelsea and tottenham, has been told he can leave anzhi but not at a knockdown price. “he (kerimov) doesn't want to let anyone go for free but he made it clear that if good bids arrive - something at least close to what he paid for the players - he would certainly help us go,” added willian, who has been withdrawn from the anzhi squad for tomorrow's game against zenit. “i've seen news of some clubs interested and my expectation is certainly great. it may happen tomorrow or on august 31.” as the reds look to agree a fee with anzhi, their swoop for granada's guilherme siqueira has been thrown into doubt. liverpool were confident of wrapping up a deal for the left-back this week but talks have now stalled after the asking price more than trebled. the reds, who had initially been told that sigueira would be available for around £3.5million, were willing to pay £5.5million in order to secure his services. however, granada are now demanding £12million amidst claims that real madrid have entered the race for his signature. if a compromise can't be quickly sorted then liverpool will renew their interest in valencia left-back aly cissokho. the france international claimed last week that he had agreed personal terms with the reds but admitted there was no deal in place between the clubs. a previous round of talks had broken down because liverpool wanted a year-long loan with the option to buy next summer but valencia insisted on a permanent transfer with the cash up front. having let jack robinson join blackpool on a season-long loan, rodgers needs an established left-back to provide competition for jose enrique.	mæp ʃoʊɪŋ ɪn laɪt blu ðə ˈɛriə wɛr wɑz ˈspoʊkən ðə ˈroʊmæns", nɪr ðə ˈkɑrənt ˈbɔrdər bɪtˈwin ˈʤərməni ˈbɛlʤəm moʊˈzɛl ˈroʊmæns ɪz ən ɪkˈstɪŋkt ˈroʊmæns dɪˈskəs] ðət dɪˈvɛləpt ˈæftər ðə fɔl əv ðə ˈroʊmən ˈɛmpaɪər əˈlɔŋ ðə moʊˈzɛl ˈrɪvər ɪn ˈʤərməni, nɪr ðə ˈbɔrdər wɪθ fræns. dɪˈspaɪt ˈhɛvi ʤərˈmænɪk ˈɪnfluəns, ɪt pərˈsɪstɪd ɪn ˈaɪsəˌleɪtɪd ˈpɑkəts ənˈtɪl ðə ˈsɛnʧəri. hɪˈstɔrɪkəl ˈbækˌgraʊnd ˈɛdət ˈæftər ˈʤuljəs ˈsizər ˈkɑŋkərd gɔl ɪn 50 bc, ə ˈkəlʧər ˈgræʤuəli dɪˈvɛləpt ɪn wət ɪz təˈdeɪ fræns, ˈsəðərn ˈbɛlʤəm, ˈləksəmˌbɔrg, ənd ðə ˈriʤən bɪtˈwin traɪər ənd koblenz. baɪ ˈkɑntræst, ðə əˈʤeɪsənt ˈprɑvɪns əv ʤərˈmeɪniə ˌɪnˈfɪriər ənd pɑrt əv ʤərˈmeɪniə suˈpɪriər rɪˈteɪnd ə ʤərˈmænɪk ˈkɛrɪktər θruaʊt ðə ˌɪmˈpɪriəl ˈpɪriəd. ˈimərʤəns əv moʊˈzɛl ˈroʊmæns ˈɛdət ðə ˈæŋgəlz ənd ˈsæksənz, ɛn rut tɪ ˈɪŋglənd frəm ðɛr ænˈsɛstrəl lændz ɪn ðə ˈwɛstərn ˈnɛðərləndz ənd ˈʤərməni, kɑrvd ə pæθ θru ˈhɑlənd, ˈflændərz, ənd ˈbrɑbənt ənd sɛnt ðə ˈloʊkəl fræŋks fliɪŋ ˌsaʊˈθist əˈlɔŋ ðə ənd saʊər ˈrɪvərz tɪ ðə ˈriʤən əraʊnd mɛts ənd ðə ˈəpər moʊˈzɛl. ðɪs droʊv ə wɛʤ bɪtˈwin ðə ɪn ðə ˈɛriə ənd ðɛr lɪŋgˈwɪstɪk ˈbrɛðrən ɪn ðə rɛst əv ˈnidɪd] ˈʤəʤɪŋ baɪ ðə ˌɑrkiəˈlɑʤɪkəl ˈɛvədəns, ðiz ˈnuli əraɪvd fræŋks ˈpræktɪst ˈfɑrmɪŋ ənd ˈænəməl ˈhəzbəndri əˈbaʊt bitburg, gutland, ðə ˈmɪdəl ənd ˈəpər sɑr, ənd ðə moʊˈzɛl ˈvæli ˈstrɔŋli prɪˈfərɪŋ ðiz læst tu ˈoʊvər ðə ˈnidɪd] əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ˈlɪŋgwɪst ælˈbərtoʊ vɑrˈvɑroʊ ðə lɪŋgˈwɪstɪk frənˈtɪr bɪtˈwin ˈʤərmən ənd ˈlætən ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃənz əraʊnd ðə ˈsɛnʧəri wɑz ˈsɪmələr tɪ ðə ˈprɛzənt ˈlæŋgwɪʤ frənˈtɪr, bət ˈoʊnli ə fju jɪrz ˌbiˈfɔr ðɛr stɪl wɑz ə "rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ ˈɛriə əv ˈspikərz" ɪn ðə ˈvæliz əv ðə ˈrɪvər (nɪr oʊld ˈroʊmən dɪˈklaɪn ˈɛdət ðə ˈloʊkəl səˈʤɛst ðət ðə lɛft bæŋk əv ðə moʊˈzɛl wɑz ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ðə ˈsɛnʧəri, bət ðə raɪt bæŋk rɪˈmeɪnd ˈɪntu æt list ðə ˈsɛnʧəri. sɛd neɪmz ˌɪnˈklud maring-noviand, osann-monzel, longuich, riol, hatzenport, longkamp, karden, ənd ər ælf. ðɪs biɪŋ ə ˈriʤən, ə ˈnəmbər əv tərmz frəm moʊˈzɛl ˈroʊmæns hæv sərˈvaɪvd ɪn ðə ˈloʊkəl ˈʤərmən ˈdaɪəˌlɛkt. ˈsæmpəl tɛkst ˈɛdət ðə ˈfɑloʊɪŋ leɪt ˈlætən ˌɪnˈskrɪpʃən frəm ðə sɪksθ ˈsɛnʧəri ʃoʊz ˈɪnfluəns frəm moʊˈzɛl ˈroʊmæns: hɑk mɑnˈtænə, sua, maʊˈrisioʊ, ki ˈvɪzɪt kɑn dodece; ɛt qarranta; daɪ k(a)l(endas) iunias. "fər hɪz waɪf mɑnˈtænə hu lɪvd wɪθ ɪm fər twɛlv jɪrz meɪd ðɪs ˈgreɪvˌstoʊn; hi wɑz ˈfɔrti jɪrz oʊld ənd daɪd ɔn ðə əv si ˈɔlsoʊ ˈɛdət ˈrɛfərənsɪz ˈɛdət
map showing in light blue the area where was spoken the "mosella romance", near the current border between germany & belgium moselle romance is an extinct romance language[disputed – discuss] that developed after the fall of the roman empire along the moselle river in modern-day germany, near the border with france. despite heavy germanic influence, it persisted in isolated pockets until the 11th century. historical background [ edit ] after julius caesar conquered gaul in 50 bc, a gallo-roman culture gradually developed in what is today france, southern belgium, luxembourg, and the region between trier and koblenz. by contrast, the adjacent province of germania inferior and part of germania superior retained a germanic character throughout the imperial period. emergence of moselle romance [ edit ] the angles and saxons, en route to england from their ancestral lands in the western netherlands and germany, carved a path through holland, flanders, and brabant and sent the local franks fleeing southeast along the ourthe and sauer rivers to the region around metz and the upper moselle. this drove a sixty-kilometer wedge between the gallo-romans in the trier-koblenz area and their linguistic brethren in the rest of gaul.[citation needed] judging by the archeological evidence, these newly arrived franks practiced farming and animal husbandry about bitburg, gutland, the middle and upper saar, and the moselle valley – strongly preferring these last two over the others.[citation needed] according to linguist alberto varvaro the linguistic frontier between german and latin populations around the 13th century was similar to the present language frontier, but only a few years before there still was a "remaining area of neolatin speakers" in the valleys of the mosella river (near old roman treviri).[1] decline [ edit ] the local gallo-roman placenames suggest that the left bank of the moselle was germanized following the 8th century, but the right bank remained romance-speaking into at least the 10th century. said names include maring-noviand, osann-monzel, longuich, riol, hatzenport, longkamp, karden, and kröv or alf. this being a wine-growing region, a number of viticultural terms from moselle romance have survived in the local german dialect. sample text [ edit ] the following late latin inscription from the sixth century shows influence from moselle romance: hoc tetolo fecet montana, conlux sua, mauricio, qui visit con elo annus dodece; et portavit annus qarranta; trasit die viii k(a)l(endas) iunias. "for mauricius his wife montana who lived with him for twelve years made this gravestone; he was forty years old and died on the 25th of may."[2] see also [ edit ] references [ edit ]	ˈpipəl ˈlɪvɪŋ ɪn ðə ˈɛriə ˌsaʊθˈwɛst əv ˈkælgəri ər kənˈsərnd əˈbaʊt ən əˈpɛrənt ˌɪnˈkris ɪn ðə ˈnəmbər əv ˈkugər ˈsaɪtɪŋz ənd ˈrisənt əˈtæks ɔn pɛts. ˈkroʊkər lɪvz ɔn ən ˈeɪkərɪʤ ɪn ðə ˈɛriə. ɪn sɛpˈtɛmbər, ʃi sɪz ə ˈkugər kɪld ə ˈmɪnɪˌʧʊr hɔrs ɔn hər ˈprɑpərti ənd ˈɔlsoʊ əˈtækt ə ˈpəpi ɔn ə ˈneɪbərz frənt pɔrʧ ɪn ðə ˈmɪdəl əv ðə ˌæftərˈnun. "ˈæftər ðə əˈtæk wi kɛpt ðə dɔgz ɪn ðə haʊs ənd ɪn ðə gərɑʒ ənd wi ˈdɪdənt goʊ aʊt, wi ˈdɪdənt wɔnt tɪ goʊ fər wɔks," ʃi sɛd. ˈkroʊkər sɪz ðeɪ hæv sɪns rɪˈzumd ðɛr ˈnɔrməl ruˈtin, bət ʃi sɪz, "wi hæv ə ˈbeɪsˈbɔl bæt æt ɑr frənt dɔr ʤɪst ɪn keɪs." ˈbrɛndən kɑks wɪθ ælˈbərtə fɪʃ ənd ˈwaɪlˌdlaɪf, sɪz ˈkugər ˈɪnsədənts ər bɪˈkəmɪŋ mɔr ˈkɑmən əˈkrɔs ðə ˈprɑvɪns. bət hi sɪz ðə dɪˈpɑrtmənt ɪz ənˈʃʊr ɪf ðɛr ɪz ə ˈsɪŋgəl ˈprɑbləm ˈkugər ər mɔr ðən wən ɪn ðə ˈɛriə. "ˈkugərz ɪn ðɪs ˈɛriə ˈɑrənt ˈsəmθɪŋ ˈɔfɪsərz ˈhævənt kəm əˈkrɔs ˌbiˈfɔr, ənd ɪn ðɪs ˈɛriə raɪt naʊ ɪts nɑt kənˈsɪdərd tɪ bi ə sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt ˌɪnˈkris," sɛd kɑks. ˌnɛvərðəˈlɛs, ˈloʊkəl suˈzæn sɪz sɪks ˌriˈpɔrtəd ˈɪnsədənts ɪn sɛpˈtɛmbər ˈɪndɪˌkeɪts ðɛr ɪz ə nid tɪ reɪz əˈwɛrnəs əˈbaʊt ˈseɪfti əraʊnd ˈkugərz. "ɪts ˈiðər ə ˈprɑbləm ˈænəməl ər ðɛrz ən ˌɪnˈkris ɪn ðə ˈnəmbər," sɪz wɪθ ðə mjuˈnɪsəpəl ˈdɪstrɪkt əv ˈfʊˌthɪlz fər ðə ˈɛriə "ju doʊnt wɔnt tɪ bi əˈfreɪd əv ˈlɪvɪŋ ɪn jʊr oʊn ˈbæˌkjɑrd hir ənd ɪf ju teɪk ˈsərtən prəˈtɛkʃən ˈmɛʒərz ju ʃʊd bi ˈoʊˈkeɪ," sɛd. ʃi sɪz ðə ˈdɪstrɪkt ɪz ˈplænɪŋ tɪ hoʊld ə ˈpəblɪk ˈmitɪŋ wɪʧ meɪ ˌɪnˈklud ə ˈwərkˌʃɑp ɔn ˈænəməl ˈseɪfti.
people living in the priddis area southwest of calgary are concerned about an apparent increase in the number of cougar sightings and recent attacks on pets. mary-anne kroeker lives on an acreage in the area. in september, she says a cougar killed a miniature horse on her property and also attacked a puppy on a neighbour's front porch in the middle of the afternoon. "after the attack we kept the dogs in the house and in the garage and we didn't go out, we didn't want to go for walks," she said. kroeker says they have since resumed their normal routine, but she says, "we have a baseball bat at our front door just in case." brendan cox with alberta fish and wildlife, says cougar incidents are becoming more common across the province. but he says the department is unsure if there is a single problem cougar or more than one in the priddis area. "cougars in this area aren't something officers haven't come across before, and in this area right now it's not considered to be a significant increase," said cox. nevertheless, local councillor suzanne oel says six reported incidents in september indicates there is a need to raise awareness about safety around cougars. "it's either a problem animal or there's an increase in the number," says oel with the municipal district of foothills for the priddis area "you don't want to be afraid of living in your own backyard here and if you take certain protection measures you should be ok," said oel. she says the district is planning to hold a public meeting which may include a workshop on animal safety.	bioware* həz æst fænz ˈwɛðər mæs ˈifɛkt 4 ʃʊd bi ə ˈsikwəl tɪ ðə ɪgˈzɪstɪŋ ˈtrɪləʤi ər teɪk pleɪs ˌbiˈfɔr, ˈfænəm menace-style*. mæs ˈifɛkt ˈoʊvərˌlɔrd ˈkeɪsi ˈhədsən ˈkænvəst fænz ˈviə hɪz tˈwɪtər əˈkaʊnt læst naɪt. "ˈpɑrsɪŋ θru jʊr θɔts ɔn ðə nɛkst #mi geɪm. wʊd ju bi mɔr ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd ɪn ə geɪm ðət teɪks pleɪs ˌbiˈfɔr ðə ˈtrɪləʤi, ər ˈæftər?", hi roʊt. ə geɪm sɛt ˈərliər ɪn ðə ˈsɪriz' ˈhɪstəri meɪ kəm ˈɪntu ˈkɑnflɪkt wɪθ ˈkænən. wi ɔˈrɛdi noʊ haʊ ðə ˈjumən reɪs gɑt tɪ ðə stɑrt əv ðə mæs ˈifɛkt ˈsɪriz (ðeɪ faʊnd ə mæs ˈriˌleɪ ˌɪnˈsaɪd ˈplutoʊz mun, fɔt ðə ənd gɑt ˈgɪvɪn ə nis sˈwɑŋki ˈɔfəs ɔn ðə ˈsɪtəˌdɛl). ə geɪm sɛt ˈleɪtər ɪn ðə ˈsɪriz' ˈhɪstəri wʊd hæv tɪ ˈtækəl mæs ˈifɛkt ˈvɛriəs ˈɛndɪŋ ˈʧɔɪsɪz, wɪʧ liv ðə ˈgæləksi ɪn ˈvɛriɪŋ steɪts əv rɪˈpɛr. ɪts nɑt ðə fərst taɪm həz æst fænz ðɛr θɔts ɔn ðə nɛkst mæs ˈifɛkt geɪm, bət wərd ðət ðə dɪˈvɛləpər həz jɛt tɪ ʧuz ə ɪz əˈnəðər saɪn ðət dɪˈvɛləpmənt ɪz stɪl ɪn ɪts ˈɪnfənsi. ðə nɛkst mæs ˈifɛkt geɪm ɪz biɪŋ dɪˈvɛləpt baɪ ðə ˈkɑrənt bi tim æt ˌməntriˈɔl (ˌɪnˈstɛd əv ðə meɪn ˈaʊtˌfɪt, ˈɛdməntən). ɪt wɪl rən ɔn ˈfrɔstˌbaɪt ˈɪnʤən ənd ˈsɪstəmz ɪn dɪˈvɛləpmənt fər nɛkst jɪrz ˈdrægən eɪʤ 3 "waɪl [mæs ˈifɛkt 4 wɪl bi ˈvɛri rɪˈspɛktfəl əv ðə ˈhɛrɪtɪʤ bɪlt ˈoʊvər ðə kɔrs əv ðə fərst θri geɪmz, wɪθ ðə ərˈɪʤənəl ˈtrɪləʤi naʊ kənˈkludɪd ənd ðə swɪʧ ˈoʊvər tɪ ə nu ˈɪnʤən, wi ər ɪkˈsplɔrɪŋ nu dɪˈrɛkʃɪnz, boʊθ ɔn ðə ˈgeɪmˌpleɪ ənd ˈstɔri frənts," ˌməntriˈɔl ˈstudiˌoʊ dɪˈrɛktər ˈjænɪk rɔɪ sɛd ˈərliər ðɪs mənθ. "ju kən stɪl ɪkˈspɛkt ðə ˈpɪlərz ðə ˈfrænˌʧaɪz ɪz noʊn fər tɪ bi ˈfʊli ˌɪnˈtækt ðoʊ, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ dɪˈvərs ˈeɪliən ˈreɪsɪz, ə juʤ ˈgæləksi tɪ ɪkˈsplɔr, ənd əv kɔrs rɪʧ, ˌsɪnəˈmætɪk ˈstɔriˌtɛlɪŋ."
bioware has asked fans whether mass effect 4 should be a sequel to the existing trilogy or take place before, phantom menace-style. mass effect overlord casey hudson canvassed fans via his twitter account last night. "parsing through your thoughts on the next #me game. would you be more interested in a game that takes place before the trilogy, or after?", he wrote. a game set earlier in the series' history may come into conflict with already-established canon. we already know how the human race got to the start of the mass effect series (they found a mass relay inside pluto's moon, fought the turians and got given a nice swanky office on the citadel). a game set later in the series' history would have to tackle mass effect 3's various ending choices, which leave the galaxy in varying states of repair. it's not the first time bioware has asked fans their thoughts on the next mass effect game, but word that the developer has yet to choose a time-setting is another sign that development is still in its infancy. the next mass effect game is being developed by the current trilogy's b team at bioware montreal (instead of the main outfit, bioware edmonton). it will run on dice's frostbite engine and utilise systems in development for next year's dragon age 3. "while [mass effect 4] will be very respectful of the heritage built over the course of the first three games, with the original trilogy now concluded and the switch over to a new engine, we are exploring new directions, both on the gameplay and story fronts," bioware montreal studio director yanick roy said earlier this month. "you can still expect the pillars the franchise is known for to be fully intact though, including diverse alien races, a huge galaxy to explore, and of course rich, cinematic storytelling."	london—president* ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑmə kət hɪz pəˈlɪtɪkəl tiθ ɪn ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ. ˈfɪtɪŋ ðɛn ðət hi ʧoʊz ðət ˈsɪti tɪ dɪˈlɪvər hɪz ˌfɛrˈwɛl spiʧ ɛz ˈprɛzɪdənt, sun ˈæftər ɪts ˈhɑməˌsaɪd reɪt hɪt ə haɪ ˈəndər hɪz wɔʧ. ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ ɪz ə ˈsɪti ˈtrɔməˌtaɪzd baɪ dɛθ. ˌoʊˈbɑmə ɪz ðə mæn ɪt reɪzd əp haɪ ɪn hoʊp. əˈmeɪzɪŋ journey”” fər ɪm ɪt meɪ wɛl hæv bɪn, bət haʊ əˈmeɪzɪŋ wɑz ɪt fər ˈɛvriˌwən ɛls rɪˈmeɪnz ə ˈmætər əv dəˈbeɪt. ðə əˈpruvəl ˈreɪtɪŋ kəmz ɪn æt ə ˈrɛkərd haɪ əv 60 pərˈsɛnt. ɛz wɪθ ɔl ˈprɛzɪˌdɛnts ɪt ɪz ˈoʊnli sɛt tɪ kənˈtɪnju ˈraɪzɪŋ wɪθ taɪm. ðoʊ ɪt ɪz tɪ hɪz ˈlæstɪŋ wi məst tərn, fər ðiz deɪz ˈivɪn ˌriˈæləˌti ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən stɑrz hæv ˈpruvən ˈpɑpjələr. bət ˈlɛgəsi ɪz ðə stəf əv ˈhɪstəri. frəm 1988 ˈsæˌtaɪər fərst blæk ˈprɛzɪdənt tɪ 2008 træk blæk ˈprɛzɪdənt, wɪˈθɪn maɪ ˈlaɪfˌtaɪm ðə aɪˈdiə əv ə blæk ˈprɛzɪdənt həz gɔn frəm ˈlæfəbəl ˈfænəsi tɪ ˈsɪriəs ˌriˈæləˌti. haʊ ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ðɪs ɪz ɪn hɪˈstɔrɪk tərmz tɪ ən ˈɪnəˌgreɪtɪd fˈjuʧər ˈkænɑt bi ˈəndərˌsteɪtɪd. ˈklɪrli məʧ rɪˈmeɪnz tɪ bi dən, ˌɔlˈðoʊ ɪkˈwɪvələnt əv mi ɪn ˈæŋgri ənd ˈlɔŋgər həz ən aɪərn wɔl ˈsɛgrɪˌgeɪtɪŋ ðɛr ˌɪˌmæʤəˈneɪʃən frəm ðə ˈpɑsəbəl. ðə ˈoʊnli ˈvɪzəbəl roʊl ˈmɑdəlz aɪ ɪnˈkaʊnərd bæk ðɛn wər ˈɛʤəˌkeɪtɪd, ɑrˈtɪkjəˌleɪt ˈɪsləmɪst ˈsɛpərətɪsts. ɪn ðɪs sɛns, ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈprɛsɪdənt ɪz ən ˈpɑzətɪv ɪn ˈlɛgəsi tərmz. ˌɛvəˈluʃən ɔn ˈikwəl ˈmɛrɪʤ ˈkəlməˌneɪtɪd ɪn hɪz 2012 ˌæfərˈmeɪʃən ðət seɪm sɛks ˈkəpəlz hæd ðə raɪt tɪ bi ˈmɛrid. ənd ðoʊ ðə dɪˈsɪʒən wɑz ˈəltəmətli meɪd baɪ ðə səˈprim kɔrt, ðə ˈvoʊkəl səˈpɔrt wɑz ənˈdaʊtɪdli ˈkruʃəl. wɪθ ðɪs wən dɪˈsɪʒən, ˈmɪljənz əv lɪvz hæv bɪn ɪˈmænsəˌpeɪtɪd, bət ˈbɛtər jɛt ɪz ðə ˈmɪljənz tɪ kəm hu wɪl ɪkˈspɪriəns tru ˌlɪˌbərˈeɪʃən: ˈnɛvər tɪ noʊ wət ɪt fɛlt laɪk tɪ bi soʊ ˈstɪgməˌtaɪzd fər ðɛr ˈsɛkʃuəl ˌɔriɛnˈteɪʃən. ðə ˈnəmbər əv əˈmɛrɪkənz hu bɪˈlivd ˈklaɪmɪt ʧeɪnʤ tɪ bi ə tɔp praɪˈɔrəti ˈpləmətɪd ˈəndər ˌoʊˈbɑmə frəm 38 pərˈsɛnt ɪn 2007 tɪ 28 pərˈsɛnt ɪn 2013 əˈgɛnst ðiz ɑdz, ənd wɪθ rɪˈpəblɪkənz kənˈtroʊlɪŋ boʊθ ˈhaʊsɪz, ˌoʊˈbɑmə ˈmænɪʤd tɪ kəˈmɪt ðə juz. tɪ ðə ˈpɛrɪs ˈklaɪmɪt dil. ðɪs əˈblaɪʤɪz ðə ˈneɪʃənz tɪ ɪnˈʃʊr ðə ˈgloʊbəl ˈtɛmpərəʧər raɪz rɪˈmeɪnz lɛs ðən tu dɪˈgriz kəmˈpɛrd tɪ taɪmz. ɪf ˈɪmpləˌmɛnəd ˈprɑpərli, ðə ˈpɛrɪs əˈkɔrdz hæv ðə pəˈtɛnʃəl tɪ ˈhɛrəld ðə ɛnd əv ðə ˈfɑsəl fjuəl ˈɪrə. ðə ˈifɛkt ðət ɪˈrætɪk ˈwɛðər, ˈraɪzɪŋ si ˈlɛvəlz ənd dˈwɪndəlɪŋ frɛʃ ˈwɔtər floʊz hæv ɔn fud səˈplaɪz, maɪˈgreɪʃən ˈpætərnz, ənd wɔr meɪks ðɪs ə ˈtruli mægˈnɪfɪsənt əˈʧivmənt fər ɑr ˈplænət. ˈtɔkɪŋ əv ˈprɛsəˌdɛnts, tərm wɑz ə taɪm fər fərst ˈleɪdiz tɪ ʃaɪn. ˌwəˈtɛvər jʊr vjuz ɔn ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən, ɪt ɪz hɑrd tɪ ˌɪˈmæʤən ˈɛni fˈjuʧər fərst ˈleɪdi biɪŋ ɪkˈspɛktɪd tɪ sərv ɛz mɪr ˈwɪndoʊ ˈdrɛsɪŋ. ənd noʊ fərst ˈleɪdi həz ˈpruvən ʃi həz ə raɪt tɪ bi hərd ɛz wɛl ɛz mɪˈʃɛl ˌoʊˈbɑmə. ˈgrænɪd, ˈɛləkwəns ɪz nɑt əˈʧivmənt, bət hər ˈprɑmənəns sɪz məʧ əˈbaʊt ðə mud fər ˈʤɛndər ɪkˈwɑləti ˈəndər hɪz ˈprɛzɪdənsi. ðət vju ˈɔlsoʊ ʃoʊz ɪn ˈoʊnli tu əˈpɔɪntmənts tɪ ðə səˈprim kɔrt. boʊθ wər ˈwɪmən. ˌɛˈleɪnɑ ˈkeɪgən ənd ˈsoʊnˌjɑ fərst ləˈtinə ðə ˈnəmbər əv ˈfiˌmeɪl ˈʤəstɪsɪz tɪ θri. jɛs, biɪŋ ˈfiˌmeɪl ɪz noʊ əˈʃʊrəns əv ə gʊd ʤəʤ, ʤɪst ɛz biɪŋ blæk ɪz noʊ ˌgɛrənˈtɔr fər ə gʊd ˈprɛzɪdənt. glæs ˈsilɪŋz ʃʊd nɑt bi ˈʃætərd fər mɪr ˈtoʊkəˌnɪzəm, bət baɪ ˈpipəl əv ˈmɛrət. ˈtælənt ʃʊd bi ækˈsɛptɪd frəm wɛˈrɛvər ɪt heɪlz. bət wɪθ ˈoʊnli wən ˈfiˌmeɪl səˈprim kɔrt ʤəʤ, ɪt wɑz klɪr ðət ˈtælənt wɑz nɑt ˈkəmɪŋ frəm wɛˈrɛvər. ˈrəðər, ɪt wɑz ˈkəmɪŋ frəm ə ˈvɛri spɪˈsɪfɪk ˈsəmˌwɛr. tɪ brɪŋ ˈmɪljənz əv ˈpipəl ˈɪntu ˈhɛlθˌkɛr wɑz ˈɔlˌweɪz goʊɪŋ tɪ bi ə ˈdɪfəkəlt muv. ɪz ˈraʊndli ˌənˈpɑpjələr, wɪθ ˈvoʊtərz. ˈivɪn ðə məˈʤɔrəti əv ɪts səˈpɔrtərz prɪˈfər ɪt tɪ bi rɪˈfɔrmd. ɪts ˈɛrərz, ənd ðə ˈbæˌklæʃ əˈgɛnst ɪt kʊd bi ɪkˈspleɪnd ɪn pɑrt baɪ ɪts læk əv krɔs ˈpɑrti ˈskrutəni ənd səˈpɔrt. frəm ˈsɪvəl raɪts tɪ ðə ˈpeɪtriət ækt, moʊst ˈlændˌmɑrk ˈpisɪz əv ˌlɛʤəsˈleɪʃən səkˈsidɪd baɪ əˈpilɪŋ tɪ boʊθ saɪdz əv ðə haʊs. ðɪs ɪnˈʃʊrz ðeɪ wər bɪlt tɪ læst. ðə əˈfɔrdəbəl kɛr ækt ʃʊd ˈnɛvər hæv bɪn ə ˌjunəˈlætərəl ˌɪˈnɪʃətɪv. bət ˈivɪn rɪˈpəblɪkənz əkˈsɛpt ðeɪ ˈkænɑt ˈsɪmpli naʊ ˈkænsəl ðə ækt wɪˈθaʊt prɪˈzɛntɪŋ ə ˈrizənəbəl ɔlˈtərnətɪv. ðə ænˈtɪsəˌpeɪts ə θri jɪr dɪˈleɪ tɪ ˌgɛrənˈti ðət ˈɛni rɪˈpleɪsmənt həz lɔnˈʤɛvəti. æt list həz ə dəˈbeɪt əraʊnd mɔr ækˈsɛsəbəl ˈhɛlθˌkɛr. ənd ˈivɪn baɪ conservatives’’ ˈɛstəˌmeɪts ɪt ˈbustɪd hɛlθ ˈkəvər baɪ 14 ˈmɪljən ˈpipəl. ðət məʧ æt list ɪz ə gʊd θɪŋ. bæŋk ɪt. gən kənˈtroʊl wʊd ˈoʊnli ˈɛvər hæv simd əˈʧivəbəl ɪf ˈtræʤədi strək. ə ˈsɪriz əv ˈɪnsədənts frəm ˈtuˌsɑn, ˌɛrɪˈzoʊnə,, θru ərˈɔrə ˌkɑlərˈɑdoʊ, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ðə ˈʧɪldrən æt ˈsændi hʊk, ənd ˈkəlməˌneɪtɪŋ ðɪs mənθ æt fɔrt ˈlɔdərˌdeɪl ʃʊk ðə ˈneɪʃən. ˈsædli, ˈivɪn ðiz ˈməltəpəl mæs ˈʃutɪŋz wər ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃənt fər ˌoʊˈbɑmə tɪ bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ bɪld ðə əˈlaɪənsɪz ˈnidɪd tɪ meɪk ðɪs ˈhæpən. hɪz bɪl feɪld æt ˈkɑŋgrəs. soʊ ðə ˈprɛzɪdənt wɛnt ɛz fɑr ɛz hi kʊd wɪˈθaʊt kənˈgrɛʃənəl əˈpruvəl, ˈɪʃuɪŋ ən ənˈprɛsɪˌdɛntɪd 23 ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv ˈɔrdərz ɔn gən kənˈtroʊl. 2016 wɑz ðə jɪr ɪn wɪʧ ˈmɛni ˈaɪˌkɑnz briðd ðɛr læst. əˈməŋ ðoʊz wɑz ðə ˈdɪkteɪtər fɪˈdɛl ˈkæstroʊ. baɪ moʊst əˈkaʊnts, ˈjumən raɪts hæv ˈgɔtən wərs sɪns ˈoʊvərˌʧʊrz. ˈɛni ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk geɪnz frəm ˌɪnˈkrist treɪd wɪθ əˈmɛrɪkə goʊ ˈmeɪnli tɪ ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri rəˈʒim. bət ˈbɪznɪs ənd ˈtʊrɪst taɪz ər naʊ tu dip tɪ rɪˈvərs. ˈkjubə ɪz lɛs fri ðən ˈmɛni ˈpleɪsɪz, bət ɪt ɪz noʊ ˌɪˈrɑn. ˈhævɪŋ ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈmɛkəˌnɪzəmz ɔˈrɛdi ɪn pleɪs wɪl bi ˈkruʃəl tɪ ˈɛni nɛkst steɪʤ əv ˈmeɪʤər rɪˈfɔrmz, taɪd ɪkˈsplɪsətli tɪ ðə juz. ɛmˈbɑrgoʊ. ˈgɔrbəˌʧɔf ˈkænɑt əraɪz ənˈlɛs ðə faʊnˈdeɪʃən ɔˈrɛdi ɪgˈzɪsts fər ɪm ər hər tɪ ˌɛkˈsplɔɪt. əˈmɪd ˌəndərˈstændəbəl ˈgrəmbəlɪŋz frəm ˈoʊldər ˈkjubən ˈdɪsədənts, ˌoʊˈbɑmə meɪ hæv ənˈwɪtɪŋli ˈʧoʊzən ə waɪz jɪr ɪn wɪʧ tɪ ˈsɔfən taɪz. ˈpæsɪŋ ɪz ðə ˈpərˌfɪkt ˌɑpərˈtunəti fər ðə ɛmˈbɑrgoʊ ɪz ðə ˈpərˌfɪkt ˈlɛvərɪʤ tɪ ˈprɛʃər fər ˌɪnˈtərnəl dɪˌmɑkrətəˈzeɪʃən. ðət wɑz ðə gʊd. wət rɪˈmeɪnz ɪz tɪ kənˈsɪdər ðə bæd, ənd ðə ˈəgli. soʊ tɪ əˈdæpt ə laɪn frəm ðət ˌaɪˈkɑnɪk ˈmuvi, ðɛr ər tu taɪps əv mɛn ɪn ðɪs wərld: ðoʊz hu lɛd, ənd ðoʊz hu don’t. ənd ðɛr ɪz soʊ məʧ ɪn ˈlɛgəsi ˈɪndəˌkeɪtɪŋ hɪz ˈtrəbəl wɪθ ˈlidərˌʃɪp. ðə ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈmɛltˌdaʊn wɑz pərˈhæps fərst ˈmeɪʤər tɛst ɪn ˈlidərˌʃɪp. əˈpɔlɪŋli, noʊ ˈsinjər ˈbæŋkɪŋ hu lɔst ˈbɪljənz, nɑt ˈɛvər hɛld riˈspɑnsəbəl fər ðə kræʃ, ənd ˈmeɪʤər sɪˈstɛmɪk ʧeɪnʤ ˈnɛvər keɪm. ə grəˈtuətəs bæŋk ˈboʊnəsɪz ˈsɪstəm rɪˈmeɪnd ˌɪnˈtækt, ənd ðə juz. ˈgəvərnmənt əˈpɪrd tɪ saɪd wɪθ bɪg ˈbɪznɪs, ˈivɪn ˈfaɪndɪŋ ˌɪtˈsɛlf ˈoʊnɪŋ ə kɑr ˈkəmpəˌni ˈæftər ˈbeɪlɪŋ aʊt ˈʤɛnərəl ˈmoʊtərz. ˈlɛftˌwɪŋ ˈæŋgər ˈkætəˌlaɪzd ɪn ðə fɔrm əv ˈɑkjəˌpaɪ wɔl strit, ˈleɪtər fˈjulɪŋ ðə ˌdɪskənˈtɛntɪd hu wʊd ðə bern””. mɔr sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntli ðoʊ, ɛz ˈbɪtərnəs ˈoʊvər ˈbeɪˌlaʊts prəˈvaɪdɪd ðə ti ˈpɑrti ɪts lɔŋ əˈweɪtɪd taɪm ɪn ðə sən ðɪs ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli geɪv weɪ tɪ ðə alt-right, kriˈeɪtɪŋ trəmp ˈvoʊtərz frəm trəˈdɪʃənəl blu ˈkɑlər ˈdɛməˌkræts ˈæŋgri ˈoʊvər lɔst ʤɑbz. bɪg tɪ fail”” wɑz ðə ˌoʊvərˈwɛlmɪŋ ˈæftərˌteɪst əv təˈmɪdəti ɪn ðə feɪs əv ˈkɔrpərət əˈmɛrɪkə. wɪθ waɪt suˈprɛməsɪst ˈblədˌʃɛd ənd blæk ˈnæʃənəlɪst ˈkɪlɪŋ, aɪˈrɑnɪkli, reɪs riˈleɪʃənz ˈpləmətɪd ˈəndər fərst ˈæfrɪkənəˈmɛrɪkən ˈprɛzɪdənt. ɛz blæk ɔn blæk kraɪm sɔrd ɪn hɪz hoʊm ˈsɪti əv ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ, ənd ɛz kəmˈjunɪti riˈleɪʃənz wɪθ pəˈlis ˈpləmətɪd ɔl ˈoʊvər, ðə dɪˈvaɪsɪv ˈpɑləˌtɪks əv aɪˈdɛntəˌti meɪd ən ˈəgli ˈkəmˌbæk. ənd ˈwɛðər ɪt wɑz jɪrz əv pɛnt əp əˈgrɛʃən, ˈleɪtənt ˈreɪʃəl ˈtɛnʃən ər hɪz mɪr ˈprɛzəns ˈhɪˌðərˈtu ˈpæsəˌfaɪd race-radicals, ˌoʊˈbɑmə ˈkænɑt ɪˈskeɪp ˈskrutəni. ˈlidərˌʃɪp wɑz ˈnidɪd. jɛs blæk lɪvz ˈmætər, ənd soʊ du blu. ðeɪ ər ɪn fækt codependent. ðə rɪˈzəlt əv pəˈlis ˈfilɪŋ əˈneɪbəl tɪ du ðɛr ʤɑbz ɪz mɔr blæk dɛθs θru strit ˈvaɪələns. ðoʊ nɑt ɛz ə ˈreɪʃiˌoʊ, mɔr ɪn ʃɪr ˈnəmbərz əv əˈmɛrɪkən lɪvz hæv bɪn lɔst tɪ strit ˈvaɪələns ɪn ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ ðən ɪn ˌɪˈrɑk ənd æfˈgænəˌstæn kəmˈbaɪnd. ðɪs ərnd ðə ˈsɪti ðə ˈmɑnɪkər chiraq, ˈlidɪŋ ˈmɛni tɪ æsk wɛr ɪz ˌoʊˈbɑmə? ɪn ə sɛns, greɪt ˈlidərz trænˈsɛnd ðə gʊd ənd ðə bæd. ˈɛvəri gʊd θɪŋ ðeɪ du əˈfɛkts ˈmɪljənz, ənd ˈɛvəri mɪˈsteɪk kən kɔst ˈhənərdz əv ˈθaʊzənz əv lɪvz. ɪn ðɪs weɪ, ˈʤəʤɪŋ ˈlɛgəsi ɪz rɪˈdust tɪ ˈsɪftɪŋ ˌkɑnsəkˈwɛnʃəl ˈlidərz frəm ˌɪŋˌkɑnsəkˈwɛnʧəl wənz. wi traɪ tɪ dɪˈtərmən ˈwɛðər ðoʊz ˈkɑnsəkˌwɛnsəz wər gʊd ər bæd fər ˈjuˈɛs, ɪn hɪˈstɔrɪk tərmz. bət hir ɪz wɛr ɪt gɪts dɑrk. baɪ ˈɛndɪŋ wərld wɔr ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈtrumən wɑz əˈməŋ ðoʊz hu seɪvd ˈwɛstərn dɪˈmɑkrəsi. tɪ du soʊ hi ˈɔrdərd ðə əˈtɑmɪk ˈbɑmɪŋ əv ˌhɪˈroʊʃɪmə ənd ˌnɑgɑˈsɑki, ənd kɪld ˈoʊvər ˈpipəl wɪˈθɪn fɔr deɪz. ˈlaɪkˌwaɪz, noʊ əˈpreɪzəl əv ˌoʊˈbɑmə ɪz kəmˈplit wɪˈθaʊt kənˈsɪdərɪŋ ðə nɪr ˌɛgˌzɪˈstɛnʃəl θrɛt tɪ wərld stəˈbɪlɪti ðət ðə ˈsɪriə ˈkraɪsəs ənd ɪts rɪˈleɪtɪd raɪz əv ˈaɪsəs ənˈliʃt. ənd ɪt ɪz hir ðət frəm behind”” ˈlɛgəsi wɪl ˈsəfər ˈtɛrəbli. bæk ɪn 2003 əˈbɔrd ðə ˈjuˈɛˈsɛs ˈeɪbrəˌhæm ˈlɪŋkən, ˈprɛzɪdənt ʤɔrʤ ˈdəbəlju. bʊʃ dɪˈklɛrd ðət ˌɪˈrɑk wɑz ə accomplished””. ɪn meɪ 2011 ˈprɛzɪdənt ˌoʊˈbɑmə dɪˈklɛrd ðət ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts hæd kɪld bɪn ˈleɪdən. taɪm wɑz tɪ pruv ðət ðɪs bɪˈkeɪm ˈvɛri oʊn accomplished”” ˈmoʊmənt. steɪt dɪˈpɑrtmənt əˈproʊʧt ðə ˈprɑbləm əv ʤiˈhɑˌdɪst ˈtɛrəˌrɪzəm ɛz wən wʊd ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzd kraɪm. ɛz wɪθ æl kəˈpoʊn, ðə aɪˈdiə wɑz: teɪk aʊt ðə ˈlidər ənd ðə ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən ˈkrəmbəlz. səʧ ə fɔls əˈnæləʤi kʊd ˈoʊnli bi prəˈmoʊtəd baɪ ən ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən ðət rɪfˈjuzd tɪ ækˈnɑlɪʤ ɪt wɑz ˈdilɪŋ wɪθ ən ˌaɪdiəˈlɑʤɪkəl ˈprɑbləm, nɑt ə ˈkrɪmənəl wən. ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən wərkt ˈdɪləʤəntli tɪ ˈɔstrəˌsaɪz rɪˈfɔrm ˈməzlɪm ˈvɔɪsɪz ˈwɔrnɪŋ əv ə ˈgloʊbəl ʤiˈhɑˌdɪst ˌɪnˈsərʤənsi, ənd ˌɪnˈstɛd ˈfrəˌstreɪtɪŋli riˈstrɪktɪd ðə ˈprɑbləm tɪ ˌɪnˈspaɪərd extremism.”.” ɪn dɪˈnaɪəl, ðeɪ dɑgˈmætɪkli rɪfˈjuzd tɪ əkˈsɛpt ɪt wɑz nɑt æl ðət ˌɪnˈspaɪərd ˌɪkˈstrɛmɪzəm, bət ˌɪkˈstrɛmɪzəm ðət ˌɪnˈspaɪərd æl. ˈsteɪtɪŋ ɔn ˈsiˈɛˈnɛn æt ðə taɪm əv bɪn ˈkɪlɪŋ ðət wi ˌɪgˈnɔr ðə paʊər əv ðə ˈɪsləmɪst ˌaɪdiəˈlɑʤɪkəl ““narrative”” tɪ ɑr ˈpɛrəl, aɪ wɔrnd ðət ðə strəˈtiʤɪk threat”” wʊd kəm frəm ðə ˈwaɪdər æl ““franchise”” ənd ðoʊz tɪ ˌriˈpleɪs bɪn ˈleɪdən ɛz sɪmˈbɑlɪk leaders.”.” ɪt ˈfɑloʊd ðət ˈkɪlɪŋ bɪn ˈleɪdən wɑz sin ɛz ə ˈvɪktəri fər ðə ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzd kraɪm ˈmɑdəl. ˈnæʧərəli ðɛn, ˌoʊˈbɑmə wɑz ˈtoʊtəli ˈblaɪndˌsaɪdɪd baɪ æl səkˈsɛsər, ðə ˈsoʊˈkɔld ˌɪzˈlɑmɪk steɪt. frəm deɪ wən ˌoʊˈbɑmə ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ əˈbændən ˈɛni ˈsɛmbləns əv ˌaɪdiəˈlɑʤɪkəl ˌkɑnfrənˈteɪʃən wɪθ ˈɪsləmɪst θiˈɑkrəsi. hi ˈfeɪməsli ˈivɪn brɪŋ hɪmˈsɛlf tɪ neɪm ðə θrɛt, ˈɪnstəntli ˈkrɪpəlɪŋ ˈɛni ˈɛfərt. ˈɛnər ðə ˈvoʊldəˌmɔrt ˈifɛkt, wɛr wən ɪz soʊ ˈpɛtrəˌfaɪd əv ˈivəl ðət nɑt bi named”” ðət ðə rɪˈzəltɪŋ ˈpɑləsi kəmz tɪ rɪˈzɛmbəl ˌaɪdiəˈlɑʤɪkəl əˈpizmənt, ɪkˈsɛpt ˈkəpəld wɪθ ə ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri paʊər græb. əv kɔrs, ˈfeɪlɪŋ tɪ neɪm ˈɪsləmɪst ˌɪkˈstrɛmɪzəm frəm fɪr əv ˈstɪgməˌtaɪzɪŋ ˈməzlɪmz, ˈoʊnli ˈfərðər ˈstɪgməˌtaɪzd ˈməzlɪmz. ɛz aɪ pʊt ɪt tɪ wɪθ ˈændərsən ˈkupər, ˈfeɪlɪŋ tɪ neɪm ənd dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃ ðɪs ˈɪsləmɪst θrɛt frəm ˌɪsˈlɑm ðə feɪθ wʊd lɛd tɪ ðə ˈævərɪʤ əˈmɛrɪkən ˈsɪmpli ˈbleɪmɪŋ ɔl ˈməzlɪmz ɪn frəˈstreɪʃən, waɪl rɪˈfɔrm ˈməzlɪmz wɪˈθɪn ðə kəmˈjunɪti baɪ dɪˈpraɪvɪŋ ðɛm əv ə ˈlɛksɪˌkɑn tɪ ˈaɪsəˌleɪt ðə ˈɪsləmɪsts frəm əˈməŋ ðɛm. ˈivɪn ˈfɔrmər ˈbrɪtɪʃ praɪm ˈmɪnɪstər ˈdeɪvɪd ˈkæmərən faʊnd hɪmˈsɛlf ˈoʊpənli kərˈɛktɪŋ ˌoʊˈbɑmə ɔn ðɪs ˈwiknəs. raɪz ˈeɪdɪd baɪ ˈɛləmənts wɪˈθɪn ðə alt-right, ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli ˈriəˌlaɪzd ðɪs fɪr. wəns ðə ˌaɪdiəˈlɑʤɪkəl ˈɛləmənt ɪz ˈdɪˌskaʊnɪd, ðɪs ˈoʊnli livz ðə ˈɔpʃənz əv lɔ ənd wɔr. ˌoʊˈbɑmə wɛnt tɪ taʊn wɪθ boʊθ ˈɔpʃənz. ɛz fər lɔ, ˈʤəstɪs dɪˈpɑrtmənt ˌɪnˈvoʊkt ˈnæʃənəl sɪˈkjʊrəti tɪ ˈbʊli ˈʤərnəlɪsts ɪn weɪz ðət wʊd sɛnd ˈʃɪvərz daʊn jʊr spaɪn. ˈʤərnəlɪsts ˈwərkɪŋ fər ðə əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd prɛs wər səˈpinəd fər ðɛr ˈtɛləˌfoʊn ˈrɛkərdz ˈəndər ðə gaɪz əv ˈnæʃənəl sɪˈkjʊrəti ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ træk daʊn ə lik. ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən ˈɔlsoʊ ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtɪd ə fɑks nuz rɪˈpɔrtər ɛz ə ˈprɑbəbəl ““co-conspirator”” ɪn əˈnəðər ˈnæʃənəl sɪˈkjʊrəti keɪs soʊ ðeɪ kʊd gɪt æt hɪz iˈmeɪl ənd foʊn ˈrɛkərdz. ənd mɔr ˈɔfən ðən ɔl ˈpriviəs ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃənz kəmˈbaɪnd ðeɪ juzd ðə ˈɛspiənɑʤ ækt əˈgɛnst ˈwɪsəlˌbloʊərz hu ʃɛrd ˈsikrɪt ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən wɪθ rɪˈpɔrtərz. ɛz fər wɔr, ɪn rɪfˈjuzɪŋ tɪ ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪz ðə ˌaɪdiəˈlɑʤɪkəl ˈneɪʧər əv ðɪs ˈprɑbləm, ðə ˌoʊˈbɑmə ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən əˈsumd ðət wi kʊd kɪl ɑr weɪ aʊt əv ɪt. ənd soʊ ɪt wɑz ðət droʊn straɪks, ənd ˈtɑrgətɪd ˈkɪlɪŋ roʊz mɔr ˈəndər ðɪs ˈprɛzɪdənt ðən ˈəndər ˈɛni ˈəðər ɪn ˈhɪstəri. prɪˈfərɪŋ ˌæntəˈsɛptɪk ˈwɔrˌfɛr tɪ ˈdɪfəkəlt ˌaɪdiəˈlɑʤɪkəl ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən wɪθ ˈməzlɪm kəmˈjunɪtiz, ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑmə ˈivɪn dɪˈvaɪzd ə kɪl list”” əˈsæsəˌneɪtɪŋ ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəlz frəm əˈmɛrɪkən kənˈgrɛʃənəl ˈoʊvərˌsaɪt. ʤɪst ˌɪˈmæʤən ɪf ə rɪˈpəblɪkən hæd dən ɔl ðɪs. ˈnəθɪŋ ɪgˈzɛmpləˌfaɪz ˈmɔrəl ˈkaʊərdəs ɪn ˈʧælənʤɪŋ bæd aɪˈdiəz, waɪl prɪˈfərɪŋ tɪ traɪ ənd kɪl ðɛm ˌɪnˈstɛd, ðən ðə raɪz əv ““blasphemy”” əˈtæks əˈkrɔs ðə wərld. ðɪs wɑz brɔt hoʊm baɪ ðə ˈʧɪlɪŋ ˈsteɪtmənt æt ðə juˈnaɪtɪd ˈneɪʃənz ðət "ðə fˈjuʧər məst nɑt bɪˈlɔŋ tɪ ðoʊz hu sˈlændər ðə ˈprɑfət əv islam””. ɪn ðət spiʧ, ˌoʊˈbɑmə ˈvaɪələns, ˈmɪzəʤɪni, θɛft, ˈreɪˌsɪzəm (ðoʊ reɪs ɪz nɑt ə ʧɔɪs, ənˈlaɪk rɪˈlɪʤəs aɪˈdiəz), heɪt spiʧ (ðoʊ ˈtɑrgətɪŋ ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəlz fər ˈbʊliɪŋ ɪz nɑt ðə seɪm ɛz ˈskrutəˌnaɪzɪŋ aɪˈdiəz), ənd dɪˌskrɪməˈneɪʃən (ðoʊ ˈsɪŋgəlɪŋ aʊt ˈməzlɪmz fər ɪkˈsɛpʃənəl ˈtritmənt ɪz nɑt ðə seɪm ɛz ˈsætərˌaɪzɪŋ ðə rɪˈlɪʤəs ˈdɔktərɪn əv ˌɪsˈlɑm), wɪθ "ˈblæsfəmi" (wɪʧ məst rɪˈmeɪn ə priˈrɛkwəzət fər ˈlɪˌbərəl ənd ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk ˈprɑˌgrɛs.) ˈivɪn ˌgæləˈlioʊ wʊd hæv ˈfɑlən faʊl əv ðɪs tɛst. ənd ðɪs ɪz haʊ baɪ ðə taɪm ðə ˈʧɑrli ˈmæsəkər əˈkərd, ˈfridəm əv spiʧ hæd lɔst ðə ˈmɔrəl əv ðə ˈstrɔŋgəst dɪˈmɑkrəsi ʤɪst ɛz ɪt ˈnidɪd ɪt moʊst, waɪl əˌθɔrəˈtɛriəˌnɪzəm wɑz wəns əˈgɛn ɔn ðə raɪz ˈgloʊbəli. ˈnæʧərəli, ɛz wʊd ˈhæpən ɪn ˈɛni ˌɪnˈsərʤənsi, ˈkɪlɪŋ æl ˈlidərz waɪl ˌɪgˈnɔrɪŋ ðə ˌaɪdiəˈlɑʤɪkəl ənd ˈsoʊʃəl kənˈdɪʃənz ðət geɪv raɪz tɪ ðɛm, ˈoʊnli lɛd tɪ metastasizing. noʊ ˈwəndər ðɛn ðət ˈaɪsəs ˈimərʤd tɪ səkˈsid æl ənd kæʧ ɪnˈtaɪər ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən ɪnˈtaɪərli off-guard. ðɪs ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈkænɑt haɪd ðə fækt ðət ðə wərst ˈtɛrərɪst grup wi hæv ˈɛvər noʊn roʊz ˈəndər eɪt jɪrz əv hɪz wɔʧ. ðə bək stɑps wɪθ ɪm. bət ɪt gɪts wərs. nɑt ˈoʊnli dɪd ðə ˈprɛzɪdənt ədˈmɪt tɪ ˈhævɪŋ noʊ ˈstrætəʤi tɪ dɪˈfit ˈaɪsəs, hi rɪˈmeɪnd ˈnɑnkəˈmɪtəl. hɪz stæf neɪmd ɪt ðə ˌoʊˈbɑmə ˈdɔktərɪn: ˈlidɪŋ frəm bɪˈhaɪnd. ənd ˈnəθɪŋ ˈdɛmənˌstreɪts hjuˌmɪliˈeɪʃən ɪn ˈsɪriə ɛz məʧ ɛz vˈlædəmɪr ˈputɪn ənd həˈsɑn ˈkɔlɪŋ hɪz bləf ˈoʊvər hɪz line.”.” ðə dɪˈzæstrəs ˈkɑnsəkˌwɛnsəz əv ðɪs læk əv kəˈmɪtmənt wɪl rɪˈmeɪn wɪθ ˈjuˈɛs fər ˈdɛkeɪdz tɪ kəm. ðə ˈsɪriən ˈrɛfjuʤi ˈkraɪsəs, ˈkɔzɪŋ juʤ maɪˈgreɪʃən floʊz tɪ ˈjʊrəp, ɪz ˈlɑrʤli riˈspɑnsəbəl fər ðə raɪz əv ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈpɑpjəˌlɪzəm ənd ðə pəˈtɛnʃəl breɪk əp əv ðə ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈjunjən θru brexit. ðɪs ɔl kʊd hæv bɪn əˈvɔɪdɪd wɪθ ˈərli ˈækʃən ɪn ˈsɪriə, ənd ˈərli ˈlidərˌʃɪp. ˌɪnˈstɛd ðə wərld lʊkt ɔn ɛz əˈmɛrɪkə fɛl bæk ˈɪntu ɪts greɪt riˈtrit. ɔl ˈoʊvər ðə ˈmɪdəl ist keɪɑs, ənd ˈputɪn, muvd ɪn ɛz əˈmɛrɪkə riˈtritɪd. frəm ˈsɪriə tɪ ˈlɪˌbiə, ˌɪˈrɑk, ˈjɛmən ənd ðə ˈsaɪˌnaɪ, steɪts feɪld ənd ʤiˈhɑˌdɪsts ˈməltəˌplaɪd. jɛt ɛz bəˈʃɑr əˈsɑd drɑpt ˈkɛmɪkəl ˈwɛpənz ˈoʊvər hɪz oʊn ˈpipəl, ˌoʊˈbɑmə ʧoʊz tɪ straɪk dilz wɪθ meɪn ˈbækər: ðə bəˈlɪʤərənt ˌɪˈrɑn, waɪl ˈifɛktɪvli ˈsɪgnəlɪŋ tɪ ðə wərld ðət ˈɪzriəl wɑz ðə ˈoʊnli ˈprɑbləm ðət dɪˈzərvd ˈspɛʃəl ˈjuˈɛn əˈtɛnʃən. ɪn 2016 mɔr ˈjuˈɛn ˌrɛzəˈluʃənz wər pæst əˈgɛnst ˈɪzriəl ðən ˈsɪriə, nɔrθ ˌkɔˈriə, ˈsɔdi əˈreɪbiə, ˌɪˈrɑn, ənd ðə pəˈtɛnʃəl ˈʤɛnəˌsaɪd ɪn saʊθ suˈdæn kəmˈbaɪnd. ˈoʊnli ˈlɪˌbərəl kʊd ˈɛvər feɪl tɪ si ðə ʃɪr əv səʧ əˈnivən ˈtritmənt. ˌoʊˈbɑmə dɪd nɑt ɪkˈspænd hɪz ˈprɛzɪdənsi wɪθ ə trəmp ɪn maɪnd. ˈoʊnli ə mæn hu trəsts hɪmˈsɛlf mɔr ðən hi bɪˈlivz ɪn ðə ˈsɪstəm, ə mæn hu ˈɔlˌweɪz θɪŋks ðə sˈmɑrtəst gaɪ ɪn ðə rum wʊd bi əˈblɪviəs tɪ ðə ˈdeɪnʤərz əv duɪŋ səʧ ə θɪŋ. ənd ˈoʊnli ˈlɪˌbərəlz ˈtoʊtəli ɛˈnæmərd baɪ ðɛr oʊn mæn ɪn ʧɑrʤ, ˌbiˈfɔr ˈɛni dɪˈzaɪər tɪ prəˈtɛkt ðə ˈsɪstəm ənd ðə ˈkəntri, kʊd ˈɛvər ˈtɑlərˌeɪt səʧ ə θɪŋ. jɛt ðɪs ɪz prɪˈsaɪsli wət ˈhæpənd. ˈloʊkəli ənd ˈnæʃənəli, ˈdɛməˌkræts ˈsəfərd ðɛr wərst dɪˈfit sɪns ðə 1920s. boʊθ ˈhaʊsɪz ənd ðə ˈprɛzɪdənsi ər naʊ kənˈtroʊld baɪ rɪˈpəblɪkənz. ənd ˈivɪn rɪˈpəblɪkənz wɪl əkˈsɛpt ðət ðə ɪz nɑt ʤɪst ˈɛni rɪˈpəblɪkən. trəmp ɪz hɪz oʊn brænd əv ˈkreɪzi. naʊ ɔl ðoʊz ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv ˈɔrdərz, ɔl ðət ˌæntəˈsɛptɪk ˈsænɪˌtaɪzd droʊn ˈwɔrˌfɛr frəm əˈfɑr, ɔl ðət ˈdætə kəˈlɛkʃən, ənd jɛs ðət ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl kɪl lɪst, ɔl ðət ənˈprɛsɪˌdɛntɪd ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv paʊər bɪlt əp baɪ ən ˌoʊˈbɑmə hu wɑz əˈneɪbəl tɪ lɛd ˈviə ˈkɑŋgrəs, ənd soʊ ˈnidɪd tɪ goʊ ɪt əˈloʊn, naʊ bɪˈlɔŋz tɪ ˈdɑnəld trəmp. hu du ju bleɪm fər ðət? trəmp həz ˈprɑməst tɪ kɪl wɪθ ən ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv ˈɔrdər ɔn deɪ wən. hi ɪz ə ˈklaɪmɪt ʧeɪnʤ hu ɪz ɪn ˈdeɪnʤər əv rɪˈvərsɪŋ ˈɛni ˈprɑˌgrɛs ˌoʊˈbɑmə meɪd æt ðə ˈpɛrɪs əˈkɔrdz. hi həz θˈrɛtənd tɪ ənˈdu ðə ˈkjubə dil. ənd wɪl rɪˈvərs ˈprɑˌgrɛs ɔn ðə səˈprim kɔrt ɪn ən ˈɪnstənt, wɪθ ən əˈpɔɪntmənt əv hɪz ʧɔɪs. əˈlufnəs, hɪz ˌɪnəˈbɪlɪti tɪ lɛd, geɪv raɪz tɪ hɪz ˌjunɪˈlætərəˌlɪzəm. hɪz ɪz bɛst dɪˈskraɪbd ɛz ən ˌɪmˈpɪriəl ˈprɛzɪdənsi. ˈreɪnɪŋ θru ən ˌənˌkɛrɪktərˈɪstɪk ˈlɛvəl əv ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv ˈɔrdərz ənd ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri dɪˈsɪʒənz ʃˈraʊdɪd ɪn ˈsikrəsi, bət wɪˈθaʊt brɔd əˈpil. kənˌsɑləˈdeɪʃən əv ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl paʊər kriˈeɪtɪd ðə ˈpərˌfɪkt ˈklaɪmɪt fər ən əˌθɔrəˈtɛriən ˈfɪgjər tɪ səkˈsid ɪm. ðə ˈprɑbləm əv kɔrs wɪθ ˈɛni ˈgəvərnmənt ðət əˈmæsɪz paʊər ənd æsks ju tɪ trəst ðɛm, ɪz ðət ðə paʊər rɪˈmeɪnz ˈivɪn wəns ðə trəst həz weɪnd. aɪ ˈivɪn ˈsəˌspɛkt ðət trəmp wɪl sərv tu tərmz. pərˈhæps ðɛn, ðə moʊst ˌkɑnsəkˈwɛnʃəl ˈlɛgəsi ˈprɛzɪdənt ˌoʊˈbɑmə wɪl liv ˈjuˈɛs wɪθ ɪz ˈdɑnəld trəmp.
london—president barack obama cut his political teeth in chicago. it’s fitting then that he chose that city to deliver his farewell speech as president, soon after its homicide rate hit a 20-year high under his watch. chicago is a city traumatized by death. obama is the man it raised up high in hope. “an amazing journey” for him it may well have been, but how amazing was it for everyone else remains a matter of debate. the president’s approval rating comes in at a record high of 60 percent. as with all presidents it is only set to continue rising with time. though it is to his lasting legacy–not popularity–that we must turn, for these days even reality tv stars have proven popular. but legacy is the stuff of history. from blowfly’s 1988 satire first black president to nas’s 2008 track black president, within my lifetime the idea of a black president has gone from laughable fantasy to serious reality. how important this is in historic terms to an integrated future cannot be understated. clearly much remains to be done, although today’s equivalent of me in 1988–disenfranchised angry and radical–no longer has an iron wall segregating their imagination from the possible. the only visible role models i encountered back then were educated, articulate islamist separatists. in this sense, president obama’s precedent is an unquantifiable positive in legacy terms. obama’s evolution on equal marriage culminated in his 2012 affirmation that same sex couples had the right to be married. and though the decision was ultimately made by the supreme court, the president’s vocal support was undoubtedly crucial. with this one decision, millions of lives have been emancipated, but better yet is the millions to come who will experience true liberation: never to know what it felt like to be so stigmatized for their sexual orientation. the number of americans who believed climate change to be a top priority plummeted under obama from 38 percent in 2007 to 28 percent in 2013. against these odds, and with republicans controlling both houses, obama managed to commit the u.s. to the paris climate deal. this obliges the world’s nations to ensure the global temperature rise remains less than two degrees compared to pre-industrial times. if implemented properly, the paris accords have the potential to herald the end of the fossil fuel era. the effect that erratic weather, rising sea levels and dwindling fresh water flows have on food supplies, migration patterns, and war makes this a truly magnificent achievement for our planet. talking of precedents, obama’s term was a time for first ladies to shine. whatever your views on hillary clinton, it is hard to imagine any future first lady being expected to serve as mere window dressing. and no first lady has proven she has a right to be heard as well as michelle obama. granted, michelle’s eloquence is not obama’s achievement, but her prominence says much about the mood for gender equality under his presidency. that view also shows in obama’s only two appointments to the supreme court. both were women. elena kagan and sonia sotomayor–the court’s first latina judge–tripled the number of female justices to three. yes, being female is no assurance of a good judge, just as being black is no guarantor for a good president. glass ceilings should not be shattered for mere tokenism, but by people of merit. talent should be accepted from wherever it hails. but with only one female supreme court judge, it was clear that talent was not coming from wherever. rather, it was coming from a very specific somewhere. to bring millions of people into healthcare was always going to be a difficult move. obamacare is roundly unpopular, with voters. even the majority of its supporters prefer it to be reformed. its errors, and the backlash against it could be explained in part by its lack of cross party scrutiny and support. from civil rights to the patriot act, most landmark pieces of legislation succeeded by appealing to both sides of the house. this ensures they were built to last. the affordable care act should never have been a unilateral initiative. but even republicans accept they cannot simply now cancel the act without presenting a reasonable alternative. the gop anticipates a three year delay to guarantee that any replacement has longevity. at least obamacare has kickstarted a debate around more accessible healthcare. and even by conservatives’ estimates it boosted health cover by 14 million people. that much at least is a good thing. bank it. gun control would only ever have seemed achievable if tragedy struck. a series of incidents from tucson, arizona,, through aurora colorado, including the children at sandy hook, and culminating this month at fort lauderdale shook the nation. sadly, even these multiple mass shootings were insufficient for obama to be able to build the alliances needed to make this happen. his bill failed at congress. so the president went as far as he could without congressional approval, issuing an unprecedented 23 executive orders on gun control. 2016 was the year in which many icons breathed their last. among those was the dictator fidel castro. by most accounts, cuba’s human rights have gotten worse since obama’s overtures. any economic gains from increased trade with america go mainly to cuba’s military regime. but business and tourist ties are now too deep to reverse. cuba is less free than many places, but it is no iran. having economic mechanisms already in place will be crucial to any next stage of major reforms, tied explicitly to the u.s. embargo. cuba’s gorbachev cannot arise unless the foundation already exists for him or her to exploit. amid understandable grumblings from older miami-based cuban dissidents, obama may have unwittingly chosen a wise year in which to soften ties. castro’s passing is the perfect opportunity for reformers–and the embargo is the perfect leverage to pressure for internal democratization. that was the good. what remains is to consider the bad, and the ugly. so to adapt a line from that iconic movie, there are two types of men in this world: those who lead, and those who don’t. and there is so much in obama’s legacy indicating his trouble with leadership. the economic meltdown was perhaps obama’s first major test in leadership. appallingly, no senior banking mogul–those who lost billions, not millions–was ever held responsible for the crash, and major systemic change never came. a gratuitous bank bonuses system remained intact, and the u.s. government appeared to side with big business, even finding itself owning a car company after bailing out general motors. leftwing anger catalyzed in the form of occupy wall street, later fuelling the discontented who would “feel the bern”. more significantly though, as bitterness over bailouts provided the tea party its long awaited time in the sun this eventually gave way to the alt-right, creating trump voters from traditional blue collar democrats angry over lost jobs. “too big to fail” was the overwhelming aftertaste of obama’s timidity in the face of corporate america. with white supremacist bloodshed and black nationalist killing, ironically, race relations plummeted under america’s first african-american president. as black on black crime soared in his home city of chicago, and as community relations with police plummeted all over, the divisive politics of identity made an ugly comeback. and whether it was years of pent up aggression, latent racial tension or his mere presence emboldening hitherto pacified race-radicals, obama cannot escape scrutiny. leadership was needed. yes black lives matter, and so do blue. they are in fact codependent. the result of police feeling unable to do their jobs is more black deaths through street violence. though not as a ratio, more in sheer numbers of american lives have been lost to street violence in chicago than in iraq and afghanistan combined. this earned the city the moniker chiraq, leading many to ask where is obama? in a sense, great leaders transcend the good and the bad. every good thing they do affects millions, and every mistake can cost hundreds of thousands of lives. in this way, judging legacy is reduced to sifting consequential leaders from inconsequential ones. we try to determine whether those consequences were good or bad for us, in historic terms. but here is where it gets dark. by ending world war ii president truman was among those who saved western democracy. to do so he ordered the atomic bombing of hiroshima and nagasaki, and killed over 130,000 people within four days. likewise, no appraisal of obama is complete without considering the near existential threat to world stability that the syria crisis and its related rise of isis unleashed. and it is here that obama’s “lead from behind” legacy will suffer terribly. back in 2003 aboard the uss abraham lincoln, president george w. bush infamously declared that iraq was a “mission accomplished”. in may 2011 president obama declared that the united states had killed bin laden. time was to prove that this became obama’s very own “mission accomplished” moment. obama’s state department approached the problem of jihadist terrorism as one would organized crime. as with al capone, the idea was: take out the leader and the organization crumbles. such a false analogy could only be promoted by an administration that refused to acknowledge it was dealing with an ideological problem, not a criminal one. obama’s administration worked diligently to ostracize reform muslim voices warning of a global jihadist insurgency, and instead frustratingly restricted the problem to “al-qaeda inspired extremism.” in denial, they dogmatically refused to accept it was not al qaeda that inspired extremism, but extremism that inspired al qaeda. stating on cnn at the time of bin laden’s killing that we ignore the power of the islamist ideological “narrative” to our peril, i warned that the “real strategic threat” would come from the wider al qaeda “franchise” and those “vying to replace bin laden as symbolic leaders.” it followed that killing bin laden was seen as a victory for the organized crime model. naturally then, obama was totally blindsided by al qaeda’s successor, the so-called islamic state. from day one obama decided to abandon any semblance of ideological confrontation with islamist theocracy. he famously couldn’t even bring himself to name the threat, instantly crippling any counter-propaganda effort. enter the voldemort effect, where one is so petrified of evil that “must not be named” that the resulting policy comes to resemble ideological appeasement, except coupled with a presidential military power grab. of course, failing to name islamist extremism from fear of stigmatizing muslims, only further stigmatized muslims. as i put it to fareed zakaria with anderson cooper, failing to name and distinguish this islamist threat from islam the faith would lead to the average american simply blaming all muslims in frustration, while disempowering reform muslims within the community by depriving them of a lexicon to isolate the islamists from among them. even former british prime minister david cameron found himself openly correcting obama on this weakness. trump’s rise aided by anti-muslim elements within the alt-right, eventually realized this fear. once the ideological element is discounted, this only leaves the options of law and war. obama went to town with both options. as for law, obama’s justice department invoked national security to bully journalists in ways that would send shivers down your spine. journalists working for the associated press were subpoenaed for their telephone records under the guise of national security in order to track down a leak. obama’s administration also investigated a fox news reporter as a probable “co-conspirator” in another national security case so they could get at his email and phone records. and more often than all previous administrations combined they used the espionage act against whistleblowers who shared secret information with reporters. as for war, in refusing to recognize the ideological nature of this problem, the obama administration assumed that we could kill our way out of it. and so it was that drone strikes, and targeted killing rose more under this president than under any other in history. preferring antiseptic warfare to difficult ideological conversation with muslim communities, barack obama even devised a “presidential kill list” assassinating individuals from afar–including american citizens–without congressional oversight. just imagine if a republican had done all this. nothing exemplifies obama’s moral cowardice in challenging bad ideas, while preferring to try and kill them instead, than the rise of “blasphemy” attacks across the world. this was brought home by the president’s chilling statement at the united nations that "the future must not belong to those who slander the prophet of islam”. in that speech, obama conflated violence, misogyny, theft, racism (though race is not a choice, unlike religious ideas), hate speech (though targeting individuals for bullying is not the same as scrutinizing ideas), and discrimination (though singling out muslims for exceptional treatment is not the same as satirizing the religious doctrine of islam), with "blasphemy" (which must remain a prerequisite for liberal and scientific progress.) even galileo would have fallen foul of this test. and this is how by the time the charlie hebdo massacre occurred, freedom of speech had lost the moral custodianship of the world’s strongest democracy just as it needed it most, while illiberal authoritarianism was once again on the rise globally. naturally, as would happen in any insurgency, killing al qaeda leaders while ignoring the ideological and social conditions that gave rise to them, only led to jihadism metastasizing. no wonder then that isis emerged to succeed al qaeda and catch obama’s entire administration entirely off-guard. this president cannot hide the fact that the worst terrorist group we have ever known rose under eight years of his watch. the buck stops with him. but it gets worse. not only did the president admit to having no strategy to defeat isis, he remained non-committal. his staff named it the obama doctrine: leading from behind. and nothing demonstrates obama’s humiliation in syria as much as vladimir putin and hassan rouhani calling his bluff over his “red line.” the disastrous geo-strategic consequences of this lack of commitment will remain with us for decades to come. the syrian refugee crisis, causing huge migration flows torope, is largely responsible for the rise ofropean populism and the potential break up of theropean union through brexit. this all could have been avoided with early action in syria, and early leadership. instead the world looked on as america fell back into its great retreat. all over the middle east chaos, and putin, moved in as america retreated. from syria to libya, iraq, yemen and the sinai, states failed and jihadists multiplied. yet as bashar assad dropped chemical weapons over his own people, obama chose to strike deals with assad’s main backer: the belligerent iran, while effectively signaling to the world that israel was the only problem that deserved special un attention. in 2016, more un resolutions were passed against israel than syria, north korea, saudi arabia, iran, and the potential genocide in south sudan combined. only liberal dogmatists could ever fail to see the sheer ludicrousness of such uneven treatment. obama did not expand his presidency with a trump in mind. only a man who trusts himself more than he believes in the system, a man who always thinks he’s the smartest guy in the room would be oblivious to the dangers of doing such a thing. and only liberals totally enamored by their own man in charge, before any desire to protect the system and the country, could ever tolerate such a thing. yet this is precisely what happened. locally and nationally, democrats suffered their worst defeat since the 1920s. both houses and the presidency are now controlled by republicans. and even republicans will accept that the president-elect is not just any republican. trump is his own brand of crazy. now all those executive orders, all that antiseptic sanitized drone warfare from afar, all that nsa data collection, and yes that presidential kill list, all that unprecedented executive power built up by an obama who was unable to lead via congress, and so needed to go it alone, now belongs to donald trump. who do you blame for that? trump has promised to kill obamacare with an executive order on day one. he is a climate change denier who is in danger of reversing any progress obama made at the paris accords. he has threatened to undo the cuba deal. and will reverse obama’s progress on the supreme court in an instant, with an appointment of his choice. obama’s aloofness, his inability to lead, gave rise to his unilateralism. his is best described as an imperial presidency. reigning through an uncharacteristic level of executive orders and military decisions shrouded in secrecy, but without broad cross-party appeal. obama’s consolidation of presidential power created the perfect climate for an authoritarian figure to succeed him. the problem of course with any government that amasses power and asks you to trust them, is that the power remains even once the trust has waned. i even suspect that trump will serve two terms. perhaps then, the most consequential legacy president obama will leave us with is donald trump.	ˈhəŋgəri ɪz "ˌæbsəˈlutli supportive”” əv ˈʤɔrʤə rɪˈsivɪŋ ˈtrævəl wɪθ ðə ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈjunjən (eu), sɪz həŋˈgɛriən praɪm ˈmɪnɪstər ˈvɪktər ˈɔrbən. ˈɔrbən spoʊk əˈbaʊt ˈvizə ˈprɑˌgrɛs æt ə ʤɔɪnt prɛs ˈkɑnfərəns wɪθ ˈʤɔrʤən praɪm ˈmɪnɪstər ɪn ˈbudəˌpɛʃt təˈdeɪ. ðə həŋˈgɛriən praɪm ˈmɪnɪstər strɛst ðə ˌɪmˈpɔrtəns əv ðə ˈəpˌkəmɪŋ ˈistərn ˈpɑrtnərˌʃɪp ˈsəmɪt plænd ɪn ˈrigə ðɪs meɪ ənd sɛd: "wi fil ðət ðə həz tɪ gɪv ə ˈvizə ˈweɪvər tɪ georgia.”.” "ðɪs wɪl bi ə ˈlɑʤɪkəl ˈkɑnsəkwəns əv ðə ˈdɑkjəmɛnt ˈʤɔrʤə həz saɪnd wɪθ ðə ənd wɪʧ ˈklɪrli wʊd ˈbɛnəfɪt boʊθ ðə ˈʤɔrʤən ˈpipəl ənd ðə ˌjʊrəˈpiən union.”.” wɔʧ ðə fʊl prɛs ˈkɑnfərəns hir. ˈminˌwaɪl, ðə tu ˈɔlsoʊ spoʊk əˈbaʊt ðə treɪd ənd ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk riˈleɪʃənz bɪtˈwin ˈʤɔrʤə ənd ˈhəŋgəri. ˈɔrbən sɛd ə həŋˈgɛriən treɪd ˈɔfəs wʊd ˈoʊpən ɪts dɔrz ɪn təˈblisi ɪn ˈeɪprəl, wɪʧ wʊd ˈfərðər ˈdipən riˈleɪʃənz bɪtˈwin ðə tu ˈkəntriz. ˈfoʊˌtoʊ baɪ piɛm prɛs ˈɔfəs ˌbiˈfɔr ˈspikɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈmidiə, ðə tu əˈfɪʃəlz hɛld ə ˈfeɪstuˈfeɪs ˈmitɪŋ ənd ðɛn ə grup ˈmitɪŋ, wɪʧ wɑz əˈtɛndəd baɪ ə ˈʤɔrʤən ˌdɛləˈgeɪʃən ənd ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnətɪvz əv ðə həŋˈgɛriən ˈgəvərnmənt. ðə ˈpɑrtiz spoʊk əˈbaʊt ə ˈnəmbər əv ˈtɑpɪks rɪˈgɑrdɪŋ ðə steɪt əv ðə ˈriʤən ənd weɪz tɪ ɪnˈkərəʤ ənd ˈdipən baɪˈlætərəl riˈleɪʃənz. spəˈsɪfɪkli, ðə ˈpɑrtiz dɪˈfaɪnd ˈprɑspɛkts əv dɪˈvɛləpɪŋ baɪˈlætərəl pəˈlɪtɪkəl ənd ˈkəlʧərəl riˈleɪʃənz ənd treɪd ənd ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk kˌwɔpərˈeɪʃən. ðə dɪˈskəʃən ˈɔlsoʊ ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ˈʤɔrʤəz ˌɪnˈvɛstmənt pəˈtɛnʃəl ənd ðə ˌɪmˈpɔrtəns əv ədˈvænsɪŋ kˌwɔpərˈeɪʃən ɪn ðə fild əv ˈtʊˌrɪzəm. ɪt wɑz ˈpɔɪntɪd aʊt ðət sɪns 2014 həŋˈgɛriən ˈɛˌrlaɪn ɛr həz ˈkɛrid aʊt ˈrɛgjələr flaɪts bɪtˈwin ˈsɛkənd ˈlɑrʤəst ˈsɪti ənd ˈbudəˌpɛʃt. ðɪs həz sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntli ˌɪnˈkrist ðə ˈnəmbər əv ˈtʊrɪsts ənd ˈsɪmpləˌfaɪd ˈtrævəl bɪtˈwin ðə tu ˈkəntriz. həŋˈgɛriən ənd ˈʤɔrʤən flægz ər flaɪɪŋ ɪn ˈbudəˌpɛʃt ɛz ðə ˈʤɔrʤən əˈfɪʃəlz ər peɪɪŋ ə ˈvɪzɪt tɪ ˈhəŋgəri. ˈfoʊˌtoʊ baɪ prɛs ˈɔfəs ɪn əˈdɪʃən, ˈspɛʃəl əˈtɛnʃən wɑz peɪd tɪ ðə ˌɪmˈpɔrtəns əv ˈhəŋgəri ˈʃɛrɪŋ ɪts ɪkˈspɪriəns wɪθ ˈʤɔrʤə ɪn ˈægrɪˌkəlʧər. ðə dɪˈskəʃən ˈɔlsoʊ ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ˈʤɔrʤəz ˌɪnəˈgreɪʃən ənd fˈjuʧər ˈneɪtoʊ ˈmɛmbərˌʃɪp. ðə ˈʤɔrʤən saɪd spoʊk ˈhaɪli əv ˈhəŋgəriz ˈæktɪv səˈpɔrt fər ˈʤɔrʤəz ˌjʊrəˈpiən ənd ˌɪnəˈgreɪʃən. ðə ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃən ɪn ˈʤɔrʤəz ˈɑkjəˌpaɪd ˈtɛrəˌtɔriz wɑz ˈsəmθɪŋ boʊθ ˈpɑrtiz wər kənˈsərnd əˈbaʊt, wɛr ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr kənˈsərn wɑz reɪzd ˈoʊvər ðə ˈsoʊˈkɔld ˈtritiz bɪtˈwin ˈɑkjəˌpaɪd ˈɛriəz æbˈkɑzjə ənd ənd ˈmɔˌskaʊ, wɪʧ wər əˈsɛst ɛz stɛps təˈwɔrd ðə ˌænɛkˈseɪʃən əv ðiz ˈʤɔrʤən ˈriʤənz. ənd ðə ˈʤɔrʤən ˌdɛləˈgeɪʃən ər ɔn ðə ˈsɛkənd deɪ əv ðɛr steɪt ˈvɪzɪt tɪ ˈhəŋgəri. ðə ˈʤɔrʤən grup ɪz ɪkˈspɛktɪd hoʊm ˈleɪtər təˈdeɪ.
hungary is "absolutely supportive” of georgia receiving visa-free travel with the european union (eu), says hungarian prime minister victor orban. orban spoke about georgia’s eu visa liberalisation progress at a joint press conference with georgian prime minister irakli garibashvili in budapest today. the hungarian prime minister stressed the importance of the upcoming eastern partnership summit planned in riga this may and said: "we feel that the eu has to give a visa waiver to georgia.” "this will be a logical consequence of the document georgia has signed with the eu and which clearly would benefit both the georgian people and the european union.” watch the full press conference here. meanwhile, the two pms also spoke about the trade and economic relations between georgia and hungary. orban said a hungarian trade office would open its doors in tbilisi in april, which would further deepen relations between the two countries. photo by pm garibashvili's press office before speaking to the media, the two officials held a face-to-face meeting and then a group meeting, which was attended by a georgian delegation and representatives of the hungarian government. the parties spoke about a number of topics regarding the state of the region and ways to encourage and deepen bilateral relations. specifically, the parties defined prospects of developing bilateral political and cultural relations and trade and economic cooperation. the discussion also involved georgia's investment potential and the importance of advancing cooperation in the field of tourism. it was pointed out that since 2014 hungarian airline wizz air has carried out regular flights between georgia’s second largest city kutaisi and budapest. this has significantly increased the number of tourists and simplified travel between the two countries. hungarian and georgian flags are flying in budapest as the georgian officials are paying a visit to hungary. photo by pm's press office in addition, special attention was paid to the importance of hungary sharing its experience with georgia in agriculture. the discussion also involved georgia's eu integration and future nato membership. the georgian side spoke highly of hungary's active support for georgia's european and euro-atlantic integration. the situation in georgia's occupied territories was something both parties were concerned about, where particular concern was raised over the so-called treaties between georgia’s occupied areas abkhazia and tskhinvali and moscow, which were assessed as steps toward the annexation of these georgian regions. garibashvili and the georgian delegation are on the second day of their state visit to hungary. the georgian group is expected home later today.	aɪ wɔʧt əˈbaʊt ˈsɛvən ˈɛpɪˌsoʊdz əv ˈsizən 1 ənd ðɛn kwɪt. wɪn aɪ sɔ ðət ˈsizən 2 wɑz riˈlist, aɪ ˈwɔntɪd tɪ gɪv ɪt əˈnəðər traɪ. aɪ θɔt aɪ wɔʧt əˈbaʊt ˈsɛvən ˈɛpɪˌsoʊdz əv ˈsizən 1 ənd ðɛn kwɪt. wɪn aɪ sɔ ðət ˈsizən 2 wɑz riˈlist, aɪ ˈwɔntɪd tɪ gɪv ɪt əˈnəðər traɪ. aɪ θɔt ðət ˈmeɪbi, maɪ ˌrivˈju hir əv ˈsizən 1 ˈwəzənt ˈʤəstəˌfaɪd ənd ðət aɪ dɪd ðɪs ʃoʊ rɔŋ. læst ˈsizən, aɪ θɔt ðət ðə ʃoʊz ˈprɛmɪs, biɪŋ lɑkt əp frəm ɪn ə ˈbəŋkər, ˈɪzənt ˈrɪli juzd ɪn ðə ʃoʊ ənd ɪz drɑpt fər ə ˈsɪmpəl "gərl frəm ðə ˌmɪdˈwɛst ɪz ˈkəmɪŋ tɪ nu jɔrk ˈsɪti". aɪ θɔt ɪt wɑz ˈoʊˈkeɪ, əmˈjuzɪŋ, ˈsəmˌtaɪmz ˈfəni, bət nɑt ˈrɪli gʊd. wɛl, aɪ geɪv ɪt əˈnəðər traɪ ənd maɪ kənˈkluʒən ɪz: ɪts ˈgɔtən məʧ wərs. aɪ wɔʧt 3 ˈɛpɪˌsoʊdz ənd ˈdʊrɪŋ ˈɛpɪˌsoʊd θri aɪ ˈsɪmpli geɪv əp. ðə ʃoʊ geɪv maɪ ən ˈækʧəwəl ˈhɛˌdeɪk. ðɛr ɪz soʊ məʧ overacting*, ˈjɛlɪŋ ənd ˈmeɪkɪŋ wɪrd ˈfeɪsɪz. ðɛr ər soʊ ˈmɛni ˈɑrbɪˌtrɛri ˈsəbplɑts kræmd təˈgɛðər ənd pʊt ɪn ˈsikwəns, ju θɪŋk: ɪz ðɪs? ɪz ðɪs ʃoʊ ˈpændərɪŋ tɪ ə 15 ənd ˈjəŋgər" ˌdɛməˈgræfɪk wɪθ ˌhaɪpərækˈtɪvɪti dɪˈsɔrdərz ənd noʊ əˈtɛnʃən spæn? ʃʊr, ðɛrz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈfəni bɪts tɪ bi faʊnd, ðæts waɪ aɪ geɪv mɔr ðən wən pɔɪnt, bət ðoʊz doʊnt meɪk əp fər ðə rɛst. ðɪs ʃoʊ ɪz ə ˈhɛktɪk mɛs ðæts ɔl ˈoʊvər ðə pleɪs. aɪ kænt bɪˈliv ɪts gɑt ˈtinə neɪm ɔn ɪt. ɔl ðə gʊd rəvˈjuz ðɪs ʃoʊ gɑt ɪz ə ˈmɪstəri tɪ mi. aɪ ˈrɪli ˈwɔntɪd tɪ laɪk ðɪs ʃoʊ, əˈgɛn. aɪ ˈrɪli wɑz priˈpɛrd tɪ rɪˈvaɪz maɪ əˈpɪnjən ɔn ɪt. bət hɪz ʃoʊ ɪz ˈsɪmpli ənˈbɛrəbəl. aɪ kænt bɪˈliv ˈpipəl ər ˈgɪvɪŋ ə θəmz əp fər ðɪs bɪg paɪl əv əˈnɔɪɪŋ kræp. ˈsɑri, ˈtinə. ənd aɪ min ɪt. bət ɪt hæd tɪ bi sɛd.
i watched about seven episodes of season 1 and then quit. when i saw that season 2 was released, i wanted to give it another try. i thought i watched about seven episodes of season 1 and then quit. when i saw that season 2 was released, i wanted to give it another try. i thought that maybe, my review here of season 1 wasn't justified and that i did this show wrong. last season, i thought that the show's premise, being locked up from 2000-2015 in a bunker, isn't really used in the show and is dropped for a simple "girl from the midwest is coming to new york city". i thought it was ok, amusing, sometimes funny, but not really good. well, i gave it another try and my conclusion is: omg it's gotten much worse. i watched 3 episodes and during episode three i simply gave up. the show gave my an actual headache. there is so much overacting, yelling and making weird faces. there are so many arbitrary subplots crammed together and put in sequence, you think: wth is this? is this show pandering to a "15 and younger" demographic with hyperactivity disorders and no attention span? sure, there's also funny bits to be found, that's why i gave more than one point, but those don't make up for the rest. this show is a hectic mess that's all over the place. i can't believe it's got tina fey's name on it. all the good reviews this show got is a mystery to me. i really wanted to like this show, again. i really was prepared to revise my opinion on it. but his show is simply unbearable. i can't believe people are giving a thumbs up for this big pile of annoying crap. sorry, tina. and i mean it. but it had to be said. …	ju maɪt θɪŋk əv ˈsəbˌweɪ ɛz ə mɔr teɪk ɔn fæst fud, bət ju meɪ nɑt θɪŋk əv ðɛm ɛz biɪŋ ɔn ðə ˈkətɪŋ ɛʤ. ˈsəbˌweɪ ʤəˈpæn həz ˈoʊpənd ə nu stɔr, rɪˈpɔrts asiajin, kɔld ðə læb ˈbɪldɪŋ store”” ɪn ˈsɛntrəl ˈtoʊkiˌoʊ. trænzˈleɪʃən? ðə juˈnik stɔr həz ə lab”” ðət groʊz frɛʃ ˈlɛtəs fər ɪts ˈsænwɪʧɪz ɔn ðə spɑt. ɔl ðə ər ˈkəltəˌveɪtɪd ənd ˈpɛstəˌsaɪd fri, ˈteɪkɪŋ ˈloʊkəl ˈitɪŋ tɪ ðə nɛkst ˈlɛvəl. ənˈfɔrʧənətli, ðə smɔl ˈvɛʤtəbəl ““factory””, wɪʧ ɪz ˈvɪzəbli ˈloʊˌkeɪtəd ɪn ðə ˈsɛnər əv ðə stɔr, ˈoʊnli prəˈdusɪz əˈbaʊt 20 pər wik. ðɪs prəˈvaɪdz fər əˈbaʊt 5 pərˈsɛnt əv ðə ˈlɛtəs kənˈsumd æt ðə ˈbɪldɪŋ loʊˈkeɪʃən, ənd ɪz twaɪs ɛz ɪkˈspɛnsɪv. ˌnənðəˈlɛs, ˈsəbˌweɪ dɪˈzərvz tɪ bi əˈplɔdɪd fər ðə kriˈeɪtɪv əˈproʊʧ tɪ ˈərbən ˌkəltɪˈveɪʃən ənd fud ˈseɪfti. ˈəðər ˈproʊdus sərvd ɪn ðə ʃɑp ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ fri əv ˌægroʊˈkɛmɪkəlz. ˈsəbˌweɪ ʤəˈpæn riˈsərʧt ðə ˈvɛʤtəbəl læb wɪθ ðə hɛlp əv liv ə nɛst koʊ, wɪʧ həz ðə ˈʧɑrmɪŋ ˈmɑtoʊ tɛkˈnɑləʤi fər ˈgloʊbəl happiness.”*.” ˈɔlsoʊ rɛd: ˈsəbˌweɪ brɛd həz mɔr haɪ ˈfrəkˌtoʊs kɔrn ˈsɪrəp ðən hoʊl greɪnz
you might think of subway as a more health-conscious take on fast food, but you may not think of them as being on the cutting edge. subway japan has opened a new store, reports asiajin, called the “subway yasai lab maru building store” in central tokyo. translation? the unique store has a “vegetable lab” that grows fresh lettuce for its sandwiches on the spot. all the lettuces are hydroponically cultivated and pesticide free, taking local eating to the next level. unfortunately, the small vegetable “factory”, which is visibly located in the center of the store, only produces about 20 lettuces per week. this provides for about 5 percent of the lettuce consumed at the marunouchi building location, and is twice as expensive. nonetheless, subway deserves to be applauded for the creative approach to urban cultivation and food safety. other produce served in the shop is also free of agrochemicals. subway japan researched the vegetable lab with the help of leave a nest co, which has the charming motto “advancing technology for global happiness.” also read: subway bread has more high fructose corn syrup than whole grains	4.6k* ʃɛrz ˈfeɪsˌbʊk tˈwɪtər ɪf jʊr dɔg stɑp ˈbɑrkɪŋ, ðət wɪl ˈrɪli ə dɪsˈgəstɪŋ ˈmætər. ɪt kən əˈfɛkt ˈnɛgətɪvli ɔn jʊr slip ənd ˌkɑnsənˈtreɪʃən. ə dɔg ðət stɑp ˈbɑrkɪŋ ər bɑrks æt ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ɛz ɪt siz. ðət ɪz ˈvɛri məʧ ˈɪrəˌteɪtɪŋ tɪ ˈɛvriˌwən ɛls ɪkˈsɛpt bət ðə ˈoʊnər. ðɪs ɪz nɑt ðə fɔlt, ˌɪnˈdid ɪt ɪz ɪts fɔlt. ɪf ə dɔg stɑp frəm ˈbɑrkɪŋ æt ɔl, ɔl ðə bleɪm goʊz tɪ ðə ˈoʊnər. bɪˈkəz ðə ˈoʊnər ɪz ˌɪrəˈspɑnsəbəl ənd nɑt ˈkɛrɪŋ tɪ ðə dɔg. ɪf ðə ˈoʊnər wɑz riˈspɑnsəbəl hi wʊd teɪk hɪz dɔg tɪ ðə ˈnɪrəst dɔg ˈsɛnər tɪ si wət wɑz ðə ˈprɑbləm. ˈlɪvɪŋ nɛkst tɪ ə dɔg ðət goʊ stɑp ˈbɑrkɪŋ ɪz ˈrɪli əˈnɔɪɪŋ. ˈsəmˌtaɪmz ðə dɔg bɑrks hoʊl naɪt ənd kips ju əp ɔl naɪt. ˈivɪn ðɪs ˈbɑrkɪŋ ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃən kən ruɪn jʊr ˌkɑnsənˈtreɪʃən ɔn jʊr wərk ər ˈstədi. ˈjuʒəwəli, ðɪs kaɪnd əv ˈprɑbləm kən bi sɑlvd baɪ ˈtɔkɪŋ wɪθ ðə ˈoʊnər. ˈbeɪsɪkli, ðət θɪŋ wərks ˈprɪti wɛl. bət ˈsəmˌtaɪmz ðət wərk aʊt ˈrɪli ɛz ðə ˈoʊnər ɪz ˈtoʊtəli ˈkɛrlɛs əˈbaʊt hɪz dɔg ənd ˈstəbərn. hir ər fju θɪŋz ðət ˈrɪli kən hɛlp ju tɪ ˈoʊvərˌkəm ðɪs kaɪnd əv ˈbɑrkɪŋ dɔg ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃənz. ˈfɑloʊ ðɪs ˌɪnˈstrəkʃən tɪ gɪt rɪd əv ðɪs ˈprɑbləm. rɪˈleɪtɪd bɑrk, bət haʊ du wi stɑp ðɛm frəm ˈbɑrkɪŋ ɪkˈsɛsɪvli? tɔk tɪ jʊr ˈneɪbər hu oʊnz ðə dɔg traɪ tɪ sɑlv ðə ˈprɑbləm, ˈtɔkɪŋ wɪθ ðɛm. ə ˈfrɛndli ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən kən sɑlv ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˈɛni ˈprɑbləm. traɪ tɪ streɪt aʊt ðə ˈprɑbləm ju ər ˈhævɪŋ ənd æsk fər ðɛr hɛlp tɪ sɑlv ðə ˈprɑbləm. tɔk ɛz ɪf ðeɪ ər nɑt əˈwɛr ðət ðɛr dɔgz bɑrk ɔl taɪm. traɪ tɪ meɪk ðɛm ˌəndərˈstænd ðə ˈbɑrkɪŋ saʊnd ˈhæmpərz jʊr ˈdeɪli laɪf. ɪt ˈrɪli əˈfɛkts slip ənd ˈkɑnsənˌtreɪtɪŋ ʤɑbz. ənd ˈæftər ˈtɛlɪŋ ðɛm ðə ˈprɑbləm pəˈlaɪtli, θæŋk ðɛm ɛz ðeɪ hæv ˈlɪsənd tɪ ju ənd traɪd tɪ sɑlv ðə ˈprɑbləm. ˈsəmˌtaɪmz ʤɪst ˈtɔkɪŋ wɪθ ðɛm hɛlp. ðeɪ maɪt bi ə ˈlɪtəl kənfˈjuzd tɪ sɑlv ðə ˈprɑbləm ðɛmˈsɛlvz. ðeɪ ˈrɪli noʊ wət ɪz ðə ˈprɑbləm ər haʊ tɪ sɑlv ðə ˈprɑbləm. ðɛn ju kən brɪŋ səm ˈhɛlpfəl səˈʤɛsʧənz tɪ ðɛm. ɪf ju ˈrɪli noʊ haʊ tɪ sɑlv ðə ˈprɑbləm ər wət ɪz ðə kɔz ðət ðə dɔg ˈɔlˌweɪz bɑrks, gɪv ðɛm ðə əˈproʊpriˌeɪt səˈʤɛsʧən. ju kən tɛl ðɛm tɪ goʊ tɪ ðə ˈnɪrəst pɛt kɛr ˈsɛnər. dɪˈskəs wɪθ ðə ˈəðər ˈneɪbər ənd meɪk ə grup ɪf ðət wərk wɛl ju kən əˈgri əˈpɑn ə ril səˈluʃən ðət maɪt hɛlp ju tɪ gɪt rɪˈlif frəm ðɪs ˈprɑbləm. ɪt ɪz ə ˌdɪpləˈmætɪk səˈluʃən fər boʊθ əv ju. ju kən ˈɔlsoʊ rɪkˈwɛst jʊr ˈneɪbər wɪθ ˈmeɪkɪŋ ə grup əv ˈəðər ˈneɪbərz hu ər ˈɔlsoʊ biɪŋ dɪˈstərbd baɪ ðə ˈbɑrkɪŋ. ðɪs həz tɪ bi ˈteɪkən ˈsɪriəsli, ənd jʊr ˈneɪbər məst hæv tɪ teɪk ˈækʃən əˈgɛnst ðə ˈprɑbləm. juz dɔg ˈwɪsəl tɪ stɑp ˈbɑrkɪŋ ə dɔg ɪz ˈbɑrkɪŋ nɪr ju ɔl deɪ lɔŋ, ðət ɪz ə ˈrɪli əˈnɔɪɪŋ ˈprɑbləm. ju hæv dən ɔl ðə ˈpɑsəbəl səˈluʃənz tɪ gɪt rɪd əv ðɪs ˈprɑbləm bət ju hæv feɪld. luz hoʊp, ðɛr ɪz stɪl ə weɪ. ju kən juz ˈsɛvərəl dɪˈvaɪsɪz tɪ stɑp ðə dɔg frəm ˈbɑrkɪŋ. ðɛr ər səm ˈwɪsəlz əˈveɪləbəl wɪʧ ər kɔld ˈsaɪlənt dɔg ˈwɪsəlz. ðoʊ ðɛr ər səm dɪsəˈgrimənt ɔn ðə ˌpɑsəˈbɪləˌti ɪf ðɪs θɪŋ ˈrɪli wərks ər nɑt. bət səm ˈpipəl hæv səkˈsidɪd ˈjuzɪŋ ðɪs wən. wət ɪz ə ˈsaɪlənt dɔg ˈwɪsəlz? ðɪs ɪz ə ˈwɪsəl ðət prəˈdusɪz ə saʊnd ðət kən ˈoʊnli hir baɪ dɔgz bət nɑt baɪ ˈjumənz. dɔgz kən ˈlɪsən tɪ ðɪs ˈwɪsəlz ə maɪl əˈweɪ. ənd ðə bɛst θɪŋ ɪz ðət ju kən juz ðɪs θɪŋ wɪˈθaʊt ˈmeɪkɪŋ ðɛm noʊ əˈbaʊt ðɪs. wɪn ðə dɔg stɑrts ˈbɑrkɪŋ, ʤɪst bloʊ ðə ˈwɪsəlz. ðə rəʃ nɔɪz wɪl pɪrs ɔn ðə ɪr. traɪ ðiz fər ˈsɛvərəl taɪmz, ənd ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli, ju wɪl gɪt səkˈsɛs. ril baɪərz rəvˈjuz frəm ˈæməˌzɑn juz ˈsɑnɪk ˈtreɪnɪŋ məˈʃin tɪ stɑp dɔg ˈbɑrkɪŋ ðɛr ɪz əˈnəðər θɪŋ kɔld ˈsɑnɪk ˈtreɪnɪŋ məˈʃin. ðɪs ɪz ə ˈsɪmələr məˈʃin tɪ ðə ˈsaɪlənt dɔg ˈwɪsəlz. bət ðɪs ɪz kaɪnd əv ɪkˈspɛnsɪv ənd ədˈvænst. ðɪs məˈʃin həz ə haɪər ˌpɑsəˈbɪləˌti ðət ju kən gɪt jʊr dɔg ˈbɑrkɪŋ tɪ stɑp. ˈɔlsoʊ, ju kən blɑk ðə vju əv ðə dɔg. ɛz ɪt si ə ˈmuvmənt, ɪt gɪts ˈnəθɪŋ tɪ bɑrk æt. teɪk ˈligəl ˈækʃən wɪn ˈneɪbərz dɔg stɑp ˈbɑrkɪŋ ju kən goʊ fər ə ˈligəl ˈækʃən. ju kən ˈkɑnˌtækt ðə lɔ ɛnˈfɔrsmənt tɪ gɪt rɪd əv ðɪs ˈprɑbləm. səm pɑrts əv ðə ˈpleɪsɪz ər ˈhaɪli strɪkt wɪθ ðɪs kaɪnd əv lɔ ənd ˌrɛgjəˈleɪʃənz ənd ɪf ju lɪv ɪn ðɪs kaɪnd əv ˈpleɪsɪz, jʊr kəmˈpleɪnt maɪt gɪt ə ˈsɪriəs ˈækʃən. ju kən ˈizəli sərʧ ɔn ðə ˈɪntərˌnɛt ɪf ðɛr ɪz ˈɛni kaɪnd əv lɔ ɪn ðɪs ˈɛriə. ðoʊ ðɛr ər nɔɪz ˌrɛgjəˈleɪʃənz ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɪn ˈɛvəri pleɪs. ju kən teɪk ə stɛp wɪθ ðɪs ˈfɔrmjələ. ˈivɪn ðɛr ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ ə lɔ wɪʧ gɪts ˈkəvər əˈvɔɪdɪŋ rɪkˈwɛsts frəm ˈneɪbərz ɪn səm əv ðə ˈpleɪsɪz. ju kən ˈɔlsoʊ teɪk ðət ɛz ə kəmˈpleɪnt. ɪf ðɛr ɪz ˈɛni kaɪnd əv lɔz ðət ju kən teɪk ɛz jʊr səˈpɔrt ju kən naʊ wɔrn jʊr ˈneɪbər wən læst taɪm, ɪf nɑt əˈgri tɪ goʊ dɪˈrɛkli fər ˈkɔlɪŋ ðə əˈθɔrəti. ɪf ðɪs wərk aʊt, naʊ taɪm tɪ teɪk stɛps streɪt. kɔl ðə əˈθɔrəti ənd faɪl ə kəmˈpleɪnt əˈgɛnst jʊr ˈneɪbər. ju kən kəmˈpleɪn ɪn ə goʊst aɪˌdɛntəfəˈkeɪʃən ər ˈmɛnʃən jʊr neɪm ənd ˈæˌdrɛs ðoʊ səm lɔ wɪl ˌrikˈwaɪər jʊr neɪm ənd ˈæˌdrɛs tɪ faɪl ə kəmˈpleɪnt. ər ɪf ju θɪŋk ðət ðə ˈoʊnər ɪz nɑt ˈteɪkɪŋ ə gʊd kɛr əv ðə dɔg, ənd ðə dɔg ɪz biɪŋ nɪˈglɛktɪd ənd waɪ ðə ɪz ˈbɑrkɪŋ ɔl ðə taɪm kɔl ðə ˈænəməl kənˈtroʊl ənd faɪl rɪˈpɔrt əv ðə ˈprɑbləm. noʊ ˈmætər wət jʊr kəmˈpleɪnt wɑz, ðə əˈθɔrəti wɪl kəm ənd ʧɛk ɪf ðə kəmˈpleɪnt ɪz tru ər nɑt. ɪf ðeɪ faɪnd ɪt tru ðɛn ðə ˈoʊnər əv ðə dɔg wɪl bi ˈteɪkən ˈɪntu ðɛr ˈkəstədi ənd ˈɔlsoʊ ðə dɔg. ju kən ˈɔlsoʊ meɪk ðə kəmˈpleɪnt ˈstrɔŋgər baɪ ˈsɪmpli ˈmeɪkɪŋ kənˈvɪnsɪŋ əˈnəðər ˈneɪbər tɪ faɪl ðə seɪm kəmˈpleɪnt. ˈməltəpəl kəmˈpleɪnts meɪ meɪk ðə əˈθɔrəti rɪˈspɑns kˈwɪkər. ˈlɪvɪŋ nɛkst tɪ ən ˌɔlˈtaɪm ˈbɑrkɪŋ dɔg ɪz ˈrɪli əˈnɔɪɪŋ. ðɪs kʊd dɪˈstərb jʊr slip, jʊr ˈrɛgjələr ruˈtin, jʊr ˌkɑnsənˈtreɪʃən, ˈivɪn jʊr mud. ɪf ðə dɔg bɑrks ɔl deɪ lɔŋ, ðɛn ɪt ɪz nɑt fɔlt. ðə ˈoʊnər ʃʊd bi bleɪmd. ənd ju kən gɪt ə səˈluʃən tɪ ðɪs ˈprɑbləm ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ðiz stɛps. fərst, traɪ tɪ tɔk pəˈlaɪtli wɪθ ðɛm. ɪf ðət wərk traɪ aʊt səm ˈgæʤəts ənd trɪks. ˈivɪn ɪf ðət wərk aʊt, ju hæv noʊ ˈɔpʃən bət ˈfaɪlɪŋ ə kəmˈpleɪnt əˈgɛnst ðə ˈoʊnər. ˈfɑloʊ ðiz ənd gɪt ə ˈhæpi laɪf wɪˈθaʊt ˈɛni dɪˈstərbəns. draɪ dɔg fud \|əˈmeɪzɪŋ dɔg ˈkɑstumz\| ˈdɪfərənt dɔg bridz dɔg fud ædˈvaɪzər pɪl ˈpɑkəts \|ˈsɛnsɪtɪv dɔg bridz dɔg trits ˈtreɪnəbəl dɔgz \|dɔg ˈkɛnəl aɪˈdiəz\|
4.6k shares facebook twitter if your neighbor’s dog won’t stop barking, that will really a disgusting matter. it can affect negatively on your sleep and concentration. a dog that doesn’t stop barking or barks at everything as it sees. that is very much irritating to everyone else except but the owner. this is not the dog’s fault, indeed it is its owner’s fault. if a dog doesn’t stop from barking at all, all the blame goes to the owner. because the owner is irresponsible and not caring to the dog. if the owner was responsible he would take his dog to the nearest dog center to see what was the problem. living next to a dog that doesn’t go stop barking is really annoying. sometimes the dog barks whole night and keeps you up all night. even this barking situation can ruin your concentration on your work or study. usually, this kind of problem can be solved by talking with the owner. basically, that thing works pretty well. but sometimes that doesn’t work out really as the owner is totally careless about his dog and stubborn. here are few things that really can help you to overcome this kind of barking dog situations. follow this instruction to get rid of this problem. related post:dogs bark, but how do we stop them from barking excessively? talk to your neighbor who owns the dog try to solve the problem, talking with them. a friendly conversation can solve almost any problem. try to straight out the problem you are having and ask for their help to solve the problem. talk as if they are not aware that their dogs bark all time. try to make them understand the barking sound hampers your daily life. it really affects sleep and concentrating jobs. and after telling them the problem politely, thank them as they have listened to you and tried to solve the problem. sometimes just talking with them won’t help. they might be a little confused to solve the problem themselves. they really don’t know what is the problem or how to solve the problem. then you can bring some helpful suggestions to them. if you really know how to solve the problem or what is the cause that the dog always barks, give them the appropriate suggestion. you can tell them to go to the nearest pet care center. discuss with the other neighbor and make a group if that doesn’t work well you can agree upon a real solution that might help you to get relief from this problem. it is a diplomatic solution for both of you. you can also request your neighbor with making a group of other neighbors who are also being disturbed by the barking. this has to be taken seriously, and your neighbor must have to take action against the problem. use dog whistle to stop barking a dog is barking near you all day long, that is a really annoying problem. you have done all the possible solutions to get rid of this problem but you have failed. don’t lose hope, there is still a way. you can use several devices to stop the dog from barking. there are some whistles available which are called silent dog whistles. though there are some disagreement on the possibility if this thing really works or not. but some people have succeeded using this one. what is a silent dog whistles? this is a whistle that produces a high-frequency sound that can only hear by dogs but not by humans. dogs can listen to this whistles a mile away. and the best thing is that you can use this thing without making them know about this. when the dog starts barking, just blow the whistles. the rush noise will pierce on the dog’s ear. try these for several times, and eventually, you will get success. real buyers reviews from amazon use sonic training machine to stop dog barking there is another thing called sonic training machine. this is a similar machine to the silent dog whistles. but this is kind of expensive and advanced. this machine has a higher possibility that you can get your neighbor’s dog barking to stop. also, you can block the view of the dog. as it can’t see a movement, it gets nothing to bark at. take legal action when neighbors dog won’t stop barking you can go for a legal action. you can contact the law enforcement to get rid of this problem. some parts of the places are highly strict with this kind of law and regulations and if you live in this kind of places, your complaint might get a serious action. you can easily search on the internet if there is any kind of law in this area. though there are noise regulations almost in every place. you can take a step with this formula. even there is also a law which gets cover avoiding requests from neighbors in some of the places. you can also take that as a complaint. if there is any kind of laws that you can take as your support you can now warn your neighbor one last time, if not he/she agree to go directly for calling the authority. if this doesn’t work out, now it’s time to take steps straight. call the authority and file a complaint against your neighbor. you can complain in a ghost identification or mention your name and address though some place’s law will require your name and address to file a complaint. or if you think that the owner is not taking a good care of the dog, and the dog is being neglected and that’s why the is barking all the time call the animal control and file report of the problem. no matter what your complaint was, the authority will come and check if the complaint is true or not. if they find it true then the owner of the dog will be taken into their custody and also the dog. you can also make the complaint stronger by simply making convincing another neighbor to file the same complaint. multiple complaints may make the authority response quicker. living next to an all-time barking dog is really annoying. this could disturb your sleep, your regular routine, your concentration, even your mood. if the dog barks all day long, then it is not dog’s fault. the owner should be blamed. and you can get a solution to this problem following these steps. first, try to talk politely with them. if that doesn’t work try out some gadgets and tricks. even if that doesn’t work out, you have no option but filing a complaint against the owner. follow these and get a happy life without any disturbance. dry dog food \|amazing dog costumes\| different dog breeds dog food advisor \|greenies pill pockets \|sensitive dog breeds \|hypoallergenic dog treats recipes\|most trainable dogs \|dog kennel ideas\|	ðə peɪs əv ˈhaʊzɪŋ dɪˈvɛləpmənt ɪn lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs kənˈtɪnjuz tɪ læg bɪˈhaɪnd ðət əv ˈdɛkeɪdz pæst, bət kənˈstrəkʃən bumz ɪn ˈhɑliˌwʊd, ˌkɔˈriəˌtaʊn, ənd ˈdaʊnˈtaʊn ər riˈʃeɪpɪŋ ðə ˈsɪtiz ˈskaɪˌlaɪn æt ə ˈræpɪd klɪp. tɪ ðət pɔɪnt, ə nu ˈsərˌveɪ frəm kənˈstrəkʃən ˈænəlɪst faɪndz ðət ðə ˈnəmbər əv kreɪnz æt wərk əraʊnd lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs həz ʤəmpt tɪ 36 ɛz əv ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ əv ˌʤuˈlaɪ. ðæts ˈsɛvən mɔr kənˈstrəkʃən kreɪnz ðən ðə ˈsɪti hæd wɪn ðə fərm læst ˈkaʊntɪd æt ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ əv ðə jɪr. sɪns ðɛn, wərk həz ræpt ɔn ðə ˈwɪlˌʃaɪr ˈtɔlɪst taʊər. bət ˈəðər ˈmeɪʤər ˈprɑʤɛkts, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ saʊθ pɑrks 1212 flaʊər dɪˈvɛləpmənt ənd ðə ˈpərʃɪŋ pɑrk fɪθ dɪˈvɛləpmənt, hæv ˈbeɪgən tɪ raɪz. ˈoʊnli ðə mɪst əv ə hɪˈstɔrɪk dɪˈvɛləpmənt mɔr kreɪnz ðən lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə nu kaʊnt. lɑ ɛʤd aʊt ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ ənd ˈdɛnvər, wɛr 34 ənd 35 kreɪnz ər ɪn ˌɑpərˈeɪʃən, rɪˈspɛktɪvli, tɪ teɪk ˈsɛkənd pleɪs ɔn ðə lɪst. ˈpɔrtlənd, ˈɔrəˌgɑn ˈraʊndɪd aʊt ðə tɔp faɪv wɪθ 32 kreɪnz. əv kɔrs, noʊ juz. ˈsɪti kəmz kloʊz tɪ ˈraɪvəlɪŋ ðə əˈmaʊnt əv ˈmeɪʤər kənˈstrəkʃən naʊ əˈkərɪŋ ɪn tərˈɑntoʊ, wɛr ən əˈstɑnɪʃɪŋ 72 kreɪnz ər ˈeɪdɪŋ ə ˈkɑndoʊ bum ðət həz prəˈdust mɔr ðən ˈjunɪts ɪn ʤɪst fɔr jɪrz.
the pace of housing development in los angeles continues to lag behind that of decades past, but construction booms in hollywood, koreatown, and downtown are reshaping the city's skyline at a rapid clip. to that point, a new survey from construction analyst finds that the number of cranes at work around los angeles has jumped to 36 as of the beginning of july. that's seven more construction cranes than the city had when the firm last counted at the beginning of the year. since then, work has wrapped on the wilshire grand—now la's tallest tower. but other major projects, including south park's two-tower 1212 flower development and the pershing square-adjacent park fifth development, have begun to rise. only seattle—in the midst of a historic development boom—boasts more cranes than los angeles, according to the new count. la edged out chicago and denver, where 34 and 35 cranes are in operation, respectively, to take second place on the list. portland, oregon rounded out the top five with 32 cranes. of course, no u.s. city comes close to rivaling the amount of major construction now occurring in toronto, where an astonishing 72 cranes are aiding a condo boom that has produced more than 90,000 units in just four years.	eu* nɪˈgoʊʃiˌeɪtər ˈmɪʧəl həz meɪd ɪt klɪr hi θɪŋks ðə. ɪz ˈʤəmpɪŋ ðə gən ɪn tɔks θɪˈri ˈviə ˈgɛti ˈɪmɪʤɪz brɪts wɔnt tɪ tɔk treɪd, bət tərnz ə dɛf ɪr ðə ˌpəblɪˈkeɪʃən əv ə pəˈzɪʃən ˈpeɪpər ɔn ˈkəstəmz ərˈeɪnʤmənts mɑrks ə nu ˈjunɪti fər ðə ˈgəvərnmənt. ˈləndən ˈwɛlkəm tɪ ðə nɪˌgoʊʃiˈeɪʃən. ɔn wən saɪd, ðə, wɪʧ ɪz dɪˈtərmənd tɪ ˈsɛtəl ðə mɪˈnuʃiə əv ðə wɪθˈdrɔəl frəm ðə blɑk, ʃoʊɪŋ ˈɛvəri saɪn əv biɪŋ priˈpɛrd fər ðɪs tɪ læst ɛz lɔŋ ɛz ɪt teɪks. ɔn ðə ˈəðər, ðə., naʊ soʊ kin tɪ gɪv ˈsərtənti tɪ ɪts ˈrɛstɪv ˈbɪznɪsɪz ənd ˈɪndəstriz, ðət ɪt ɪz həz ˈstɑrtɪd ˈmeɪkɪŋ ˈfɔrməl prəˈpoʊzəlz fər ɪts fˈjuʧər riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp wɪθ ðə ðɪs wik ɔn ˈkəstəmz ərˈeɪnʤmənts ˌbiˈfɔr ðə ɪz priˈpɛrd tɪ tɔk əˈbaʊt ðɛm. ðə blɑk rɪˈspɑndɪd wɪθ ə kərt ˈsteɪtmənt ˈnoʊtɪŋ ðə ˈkəstəmz pəˈzɪʃən ˈpeɪpər, bət ˈmeɪkɪŋ ɪt ˈvɛri klɪr ðət ʧif nɪˈgoʊʃiˌeɪtər ˈmɪʧəl ənd ðə θɪŋk ðə brɪts hæv ʤəmpt ðə gən. ðə fækt ə ˈkəstəmz ˈpeɪpər wɑz ˈpəblɪʃt æt ɔl wɪθ əˈkəmpəniɪŋ ˈsteɪtmənts frəm ˈdeɪvɪd ˈdeɪvɪs, ðə ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri; ˈliəm fɑks, ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl treɪd ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri; ənd ˈʧænsələr ˈfɪlɪp ˈhæmənd mɑrks ə ˈjunɪti əv ˈpərpəs wɪˈθɪn ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈkæbənət. dɪˈspaɪt ˈlaʊdər ˈnɔɪzɪz frəm rɪˈmeɪn səˈpɔrtərz səʧ ɛz ˈfɔrmər ˈdeɪvɪs eɪd ʤeɪmz ˈʧæpmən, hu ɪz ˈkrɪtɪkəl əv hɪz ˈfɔrmər bɔs (ˈkɔlɪŋ ˈdeɪvɪs ˈleɪzi ənd ə laɪər ɔn tˈwɪtər) ənd ˈpʊʃɪŋ ðə fɔrˈmeɪʃən əv ə nu ˈpɑrti, ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈgəvərnmənt ɪz ʃoʊɪŋ saɪnz əv ˈjunɪti. ðə əˈpoʊzɪŋ kæmps ɪn praɪm ˈmɪnɪstər tərˈisə meɪz tim kən boʊθ kleɪm səm ˈvɪktəri wɪθ ðə ˈgəvərnmənts nɪˈgoʊʃiˌeɪtɪŋ pəˈzɪʃən ˈhæmənd həz sɪˈkjʊrd hɪz ˈminɪŋfəl trænˈzɪʃən ˈpɪriəd tɪ smuð ˈbrɪtənz ˈɛksət frəm ðə blɑk, fɑks həz hɪz dɪˈzaɪər tɪ muv əˈhɛd wɪθ ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl treɪd dilz ˈsæŋkʃənd. ˈwɛðər ðət ˈjunɪti kən dɪˈlɪvər ðə ʃɪft ɪn ðə sloʊ ənd ˈstɛdi əˈproʊʧ tɪ tɔks ðət ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈgəvərnmənt ɪz ˈpʊʃɪŋ fər, rɪˈmeɪnz tɪ bi sin. əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ wən ˈsinjər ˈkæbənət ˈfɪgjər, ˈspikɪŋ tɪ pəˈlɪtɪˌkoʊ ɔn kənˈdɪʃən əv ˌænəˈnɪmɪti, ðə rɪˈspɑns tɪ ðə ˈpeɪpər wɑz surprise.”.” ðə ˈkæbənət noʊ ˈwɛðər ðeɪ wɪl bi səkˈsɛsfəl ɪn wət həz bɪˈkəm ə tɪ spid əp ðə nɪˌgoʊʃiˈeɪʃən, ðə ˈmɪnɪstər ˈædɪd. lɔt əv ˈpipəl ˈpeɪnɪd ðə ˈpipəl hu hæv bɪn kæmˈpeɪnɪŋ fər ɛz stɑrk ˈaɪdiəlɔgz, bət ˈæˌkʧuəli ðə væst məˈʤɔrəti ər ˈprægmətɪsts" kənˈsərvətɪv ʤeɪmz ˈklɛvərli mɔr pəˈzɪʃən ˈpeɪpərz æˈdrɛsɪŋ ðə fˈjuʧər riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp wɪθ ðə wɪl bi ˈpəblɪʃt ɪn ðə ˈkəmɪŋ wiks. baɪ ˈpəblɪʃɪŋ ə nu pəˈzɪʃən ˈpeɪpər ɔn ˈnɔrðərn ˈaɪərlənd ənd ðə ˈbɔrdər ɔn ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ ˈhɛvəli ˌɪnˈfɔrmd baɪ ˈtuzˌdeɪz ˈkəstəmz ˈpeɪpər ðə brɪts wɔnt tɪ ˈəndərˌlaɪn ðɛr keɪs ðət ˈsoʊˈkɔld ˈɛksət ˈɪʃuz kænt bi ˈsɛpərˌeɪtɪd frəm dɪˈskəʃənz əˈbaʊt fˈjuʧər riˈleɪʃənz bɪtˈwin ðə. ənd ðə rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ 27 ˈkəntriz. sɪns læst jɪrz ˌrɛfərˈɛndəm, ˈdɪskɔrd ɪn ðə. həz kənˈtræstəd ˈʃɑrpli wɪθ kənˈsɛnsəs ɔn ðə ˈkɑntənənt, wɛr ðə rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ 27 ˈkəntriz sim ˈlɑrʤli ˈfoʊkɪst ˈɛlsˌwɛr. ɪn ˈʤərməni, ˈʧænsələr ˈænʤələ ˈmərkəl həz ɛmˈbɑrkt ɔn hər riɪˈlɛkʃən kæmˈpeɪn, waɪl ɪn fræns ðə nu ˈprɛzɪdənt, ɪˈmænjuəl macron, ɪz ˈwərkɪŋ tɪ pʊʃ hɪz əˈʤɛndə ˈfɔrwərd əˈmɪd ˈkrəmbəlɪŋ poʊl ˈnəmbərz. ðə ˌjʊrəˈpiən kəˈmɪʃən ˌɪnˈsɪsts ðət ˈmænˌdeɪt fər ðə nɪˌgoʊʃiˈeɪʃənz dɪz nɑt ɪkˈstɛnd bɪɔnd ɪts θri ˈoʊpənɪŋ praɪˈɔrətiz ˈbrɪtənz ˈsoʊˈkɔld dɪˈvɔrs bɪl, ðə raɪts əv ˈsɪtɪzənz ɪn ðə (ənd vaɪs ˈvərsə) ənd ðə ˈnɔrðərn ˈaɪrɪʃ ˈbɔrdər. soʊ ɪt simz ənˈlaɪkli ðə wɪl ɪnˈgeɪʤ ɔn ˈɛni əv ðə fˈjuʧər riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp pəˈzɪʃən ˈpeɪpərz ənˈtɪl ˈæftər ðə ɑkˈtoʊbər ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈkaʊnsəl ˈsəmɪt, æt ðə ˈərliəst. pleɪɪŋ tɪ ə dəˈmɛstɪk ˈɔdiəns ðə ˈkəstəmz ˈpeɪpər meɪks tu prəˈpoʊzəlz fər ðə fˈjuʧər tərmz əv treɪd ɪn gʊdz bɪtˈwin ðə. ənd ðə. boʊθ sɪˈnɛrioʊz hæv tu θɪŋz ɪn ˈkɑmən. fərst, ðeɪ wʊd ˈoʊnli kəm ˈɪntu fɔrs ˈæftər ə trænˈzɪʃən ˈpɪriəd ðət ˈrɛplɪˌkeɪts ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɪgˈzæktli ðə tərmz əv ðə ˈkəstəmz ˈjunjən, ðəs əˈvɔɪdɪŋ ə klɪf ɛʤ fər. ˈbɪznɪs. ˈsɛkənd, ˈəndər boʊθ sɪˈnɛrioʊz ðə. wɪl hæv ən ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt treɪd ˈpɑləsi, əˈlaʊɪŋ fɑks tɪ ˈkɛri ɔn nɪˈgoʊʃiˌeɪtɪŋ ənd, hi hoʊps, ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli ˈsaɪnɪŋ ənd ˈɪmpləˌmɛnɪŋ əˈgrimənts wɪθ ˈkəntriz. fɑks pʊʃt hɑrd ɪn ˈkæbənət dɪˈskəʃənz fər ðə. tɪ hæv ðə əˈbɪləˌti tɪ wərk ɔn treɪd dilz ɛz sun ɛz ɪt livz ðə ɪn 2019 ˈgəvərnmənt əˈfɪʃəlz sɛd. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, hi wɪl bi əˈneɪbəl tɪ ˈɪmpləmənt ðɛm ˈdʊrɪŋ ə trænˈzɪʃən ˈpɪriəd ɪn wɪʧ ðə. wɪl meɪnˈteɪn, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə pəˈzɪʃən ˈpeɪpər, ə association”” wɪθ ðə ˈkəstəmz ˈjunjən. ðət ˈkloʊsnɪs tɪ ðə ˈstætəs kwoʊ wɑz ˈwɛlkəmd baɪ ðə. ˈbɪznɪs ˈlɑbi, hu hæv bɪn ˈʧæmpiənd baɪ ˈhæmənd, əˈlɔŋ wɪθ ˈbɪznɪs ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri grɛg klɑrk, ɪn ˈkæbənət dɪˈskəʃənz ðɪs ˈsəmər. ðə ˈkɑmprəˌmaɪz ʃʊd nɑt səˈpraɪz ˈpipəl, sɛd kənˈsərvətɪv ʤeɪmz ˈklɛvərli, ə ˌpɑrləˈmɛntəri ˈpraɪvət ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri ər ˌmɪnɪˈstiriəl əˈsɪstənt ɪn ðə hoʊm ˈɔfəs, hu kæmˈpeɪnd fər. lɔt əv ˈpipəl ˈpeɪnɪd ðə ˈpipəl hu hæv bɪn kæmˈpeɪnɪŋ fər ɛz stɑrk ˈaɪdiəlɔgz, bət ˈæˌkʧuəli ðə væst məˈʤɔrəti ər ˈprægmətɪsts. wi wɔnt tɪ liv ðə bɪˈkəz ɔn ðə hoʊl ɪt həz mɔr ˌdɪsədˈvænɪʤz ðən ædˈvæntɪʤɪz. bət wi ər nɑt traɪɪŋ tɪ smæʃ ðə ʃɑp up,”,” hi sɛd. ər nɑt traɪɪŋ tɪ du ɪt ɪn ə weɪ ðət wɪl ˈəltəmətli bi ˈdæmɪʤɪŋ. aɪ æm ˈhæpi wi ər biɪŋ ˌriəˈlɪstɪk ənd ðət wi ər ˈgɪvɪŋ ˈbɪznɪs ˈsərtənti," hi sɛd. ðə prəˈpoʊzəlz hæv gɔn daʊn wɛl əˈməŋ wən əv ðə ki ˈfækʃənz ɪn tərˈisə ˈpɑrti: kənˈsərvətɪv mps. fərˈnɑndɛs, ˈʧɛrmən əv ðə ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈrisərʧ grup, wɪʧ koʊˈɔrdəˌneɪts ˈtɔri backbenchers, ˈwɛlkəmd ðə ˈpeɪpər. “[“[it] meɪks ɪt ˈkrɪstəl klɪr ðət ðə ˈgəvərnmənt ɪz kəˈmɪtɪd tɪ ˈlivɪŋ ðə ˈkəstəmz ˈjunjən ənd ˈsɪŋgəl market,”,” ʃi sɛd. ˌɪmpləmɛnˈteɪʃən ˈpɪriəd ˈdʊrɪŋ wɪʧ ðə. ˈraɪzɪz əp tɪ ɪts nu əˈgrimənts ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈwɛlkəm soʊ ðət. ˈbɪznɪsɪz ər səˈpɔrtɪd ɪn əˈdæptɪŋ tɪ nu ərˈeɪnʤmənts. ðə ˌɑpərˈtunəti fər ðə. tɪ bi ə ˈʧæmpiən əv ˈgloʊbəl fri treɪd, bust ˌɪnˈvɛstmənt, ʤɑbz ənd prɑˈspɛrəti ɪz ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ ənd wən wi ʃʊd ɔl seize.”.” tɪ səm əv kɔrs, ðət stæns ˈtrænsˌleɪts ɛz ˈhævɪŋ keɪk ənd ˈitɪŋ ɪt. ˈmɪʧəl həz sɛd ɔn ˈsɛvərəl ɔˈkeɪʒənz, trade’’ ɪz nɑt ˈpɑsəbəl ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ðə ˈsɪŋgəl ˈmɑrkɪt ənd ˈkəstəmz union,”,” ðə ˈsteɪtmənt sɛd, rɪˈfərɪŋ tɪ ɪts ʧif nɪˈgoʊʃiˌeɪtər. ˈbɪznɪs ˌɪmˈpeɪʃəns wɪθ ˈbrəsəlz frəˈstreɪʃən wɪθ ðə rɪˈləktəns tɪ ˈæˌdrɛs wət ɪt ˈklæsəˌfaɪz ɛz "fˈjuʧər riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp ˈɪʃuz" ɪz bɪˈgɪnɪŋ tɪ ˈfɪltər θru tɪ ðə ˈbɪznɪs ˈlɑbi. ˈbɪznɪsɪz plæn tɪ ˈlɑbi ðə kəˈmɪʃən tɪ spid əp tɔks ɪn ðə hoʊp əv ən ˈərli trænˈzɪʃən dil ðət wʊd prəˈvaɪd ˈsərtənti ɪn ˈfɔrwərd ˈplænɪŋ. ˈhævɪŋ ˈpriviəsli fɛlt ˌɪgˈnɔrd ɪn ðə dɪˈskəʃən, sɪns ðə ˈʤɛnərəl ɪˈlɛkʃən ənd ðə ɪˈʤɛkʃən əv tərˈisə ˈgeɪtˌkipər ʧifs əv stæf, nɪk ˈtɪməθi ənd fiˈoʊnə hɪl, ˈbɪznɪs ənd ˈɪndəstri ˈvɔɪsɪz ər biɪŋ hərd mɔr ˈrɛdəli, wən ˈsinjər ˈbɪznɪs ˈfɪgjər sɛd, ˈspikɪŋ ɔn kənˈdɪʃən əv ˌænəˈnɪmɪti. ðə kənˌfɛdərˈeɪʃən əv ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈɪndəstri, ðə ˌfɛdərˈeɪʃən əv smɔl ˈbɪznɪs ənd ðə ˈɪnstɪˌtut əv dɪˈrɛktərz ˈbrɔdli ˈwɛlkəmd ðə dɪˈteɪld ˈkəstəmz ˈpeɪpər ˈtuzˌdeɪ. ʤɑʃ ˈhɑrdi, ˈdɛpjəti dɪˈrɛktər ˈʤɛnərəl əv ðə cbi, sɛd ðə eɪmz wər raɪt ones”” ənd tərnd ðə ˈspɑˌtlaɪt ˈɔntu ðə. wɪl rɛst ɔn ðə nɪˌgoʊʃiˈeɪʃən, ənd ɛz ðə ˈpeɪpər ækˈnɑlɪʤɪz ˈkəstəmz ˈsɪstəmz wɪl nid tɪ əˈdæpt tu. ðɛr ɪz klɪr ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɔn boʊθ saɪdz ɪn əˈvɔɪdɪŋ ə ənd ˈkipɪŋ treɪd floʊɪŋ, nɑt ʤɪst æt ˈdoʊvər, bət ˈrɑtərˌdæm, kəˈleɪ ənd ˈæntwərp too,”,” hi sɛd. ˈæli ˈrɛnɪsən, ðə hɛd əv ənd treɪd ˈpɑləsi, sɛd ðət waɪl ðɛr wɑz ən ˈoʊnəs ɔn ðə. tɪ gɪt ɪts haʊs ɪn ˈɔrdər ɔn wɪθˈdrɔəl ˈmætərz, ðə kʊd ˈɔlsoʊ du mɔr tɪ ˈheɪsən ˈprɑˌgrɛs. ðə ɪz ˈlaɪkli tɪ lʊk ˈskɛptɪkəli əˈpɑn ðə prəˈpoʊzəl tɪ nɪˈgoʊʃiˌeɪt ənd ˈivɪn saɪn ɪkˈstərnəl treɪd dilz ˈdʊrɪŋ ə trænˈzɪʃən ˈpɪriəd. ˈgəvərnmənt stɪl nidz tɪ wərk tɪ ɪnˈʃʊr səˈfɪʃənt ˈprɑˌgrɛs ɪz meɪd ɔn ˈsɪtɪzənz' raɪts ənd ˈɛni ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl ˈsɛtəlmənt, ənd wi ər ˈhoʊpfəl ðət ðə wɪl trit ən ˈɪnərəm dil ɔn treɪd wɪθ ðə seɪm sɛns əv urgency,”,” ʃi sɛd. fɪrz əv. 'ˈəndərˌkətɪŋ' æt ðə ˈmoʊmənt, ðət simz ə feɪnt hoʊp. ðə ɪz ˈlaɪkli tɪ lʊk ˈskɛptɪkəli əˈpɑn ðə prəˈpoʊzəl tɪ nɪˈgoʊʃiˌeɪt ənd ˈivɪn saɪn ɪkˈstərnəl treɪd dilz ˈdʊrɪŋ ə trænˈzɪʃən ˈpɪriəd. pləs, ˈɛni ˈkəstəmz dil wʊd ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli hæv tɪ bi ˈrætəˌfaɪd baɪ ɔl ˈmɛmbər ˈkəntriz, ˈædɪŋ ə ˈfərðər ˈbɛriər. ˈkɛrəl də, ə ˈfɔrmər kəˈmɪʃənər fər treɪd, spoʊk fər ˈmɛni æt ðə kəˈmɪʃən wɪn hi toʊld ˌbibiˈsi ˈreɪdiˌoʊ təˈdeɪ ˈproʊˌgræm ðət waɪl ə trænˈzɪʃən ɪz ɪn ðə interest”” əv boʊθ ˈpɑrtiz, ðə prəˈpoʊzəlz fər ˈliəm fɑks tɪ bi nɪˈgoʊʃiˌeɪtɪŋ baɪˈlætərəl dilz wɪθ ðə juz., ˈʧaɪnə ənd ˈəðərz waɪl ˌɪnˈsaɪd ðə sɪˈkjʊrəti əv ə ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈkəstəmz ˈjunjən wər problematic.”*.” ju kʊd du ɪt bət ˈplɪtɪkli ˈvɛri ˈdɪfəkəlt," hi sɛd. "wi wʊd kip greɪt ˈbrɪtən wɔrm ənd ɪn ðə ˈminˌtaɪm greɪt ˈbrɪtən wʊd bi ˈəndərˌkətɪŋ ˈjuˈɛs." ˈəltəmətli, ˈkəstəmz ɪz ˈoʊnli wən ˈæˌspɛkt əv ə ˈbrɔdər nɪˌgoʊʃiˈeɪʃən, ənd əˈgrimənt ɔn ə trænˈzɪʃən wʊd dɪˈpɛnd ɔn ðə. əˈgriɪŋ tɪ ˈsɪŋgəl ˈmɑrkɪt rulz ənd ˈrulɪŋz θruaʊt, də sɛd. fər naʊ, ðə brɪts ər ˈfoʊkɪst ɔn pərsˈweɪdɪŋ də ˈfɔrmər ˈkɑligz tɪ stɑrt ðət dɪˈskəʃən. ˈdeɪvɪd ɛm. kənˈtrɪbjutɪd rɪˈpɔrtɪŋ.
eu brexit negotiator michel barnier has made it clear he thinks the u.k. is jumping the gun in brexit talks \| thierry charlier/afp via getty images brits want to talk post-brexit trade, but eu turns a deaf ear the publication of a uk position paper on post-brexit customs arrangements marks a new unity for the government. london welcome to the two-speed brexit negotiation. on one side, the eu, which is determined to settle the minutiae of the u.k.’s withdrawal from the bloc, showing every sign of being prepared for this to last as long as it takes. on the other, the u.k., now so keen to give certainty to its restive businesses and industries, that it is has started making formal proposals for its future relationship with the eu this week on customs arrangements before the eu is prepared to talk about them. the bloc responded with a curt statement noting the u.k.’s 14-page customs position paper, but making it very clear that chief negotiator michel barnier and the eu27 think the brits have jumped the gun. the fact a customs paper was published at all with accompanying statements from david davis, the brexit secretary; liam fox, the international trade secretary; and chancellor philip hammond marks a new-found unity of purpose within the british cabinet. despite louder noises from remain supporters such as former davis aide james chapman, who is critical of his former boss (calling davis lazy and a liar on twitter) and pushing the formation of a new pro-eu party, the british government is showing signs of unity. the opposing camps in prime minister theresa may's team can both claim some victory with the government's negotiating position hammond has secured his meaningful transition period to smooth britain's exit from the bloc, fox has his desire to move ahead with international trade deals sanctioned. whether that unity can deliver the shift in the eu’s slow and steady approach to talks that the british government is pushing for, remains to be seen. according to one senior cabinet figure, speaking to politico on condition of anonymity, the eu’s response to the paper was “no surprise.” the cabinet doesn’t know whether they will be successful in what has become a mini-campaign to speed up the negotiation, the minister added. “a lot of people painted the people who have been campaigning for brexit as stark ideologues, but actually the vast majority are pragmatists" conservative mp james cleverly more position papers addressing the future relationship with the eu will be published in the coming weeks. by publishing a new position paper on northern ireland and the border on wednesday heavily informed by tuesday's customs paper the brits want to underline their case that so-called exit issues can't be separated from discussions about future relations between the u.k. and the remaining 27 eu countries. since last year's referendum, discord in the u.k. has contrasted sharply with consensus on the continent, where the remaining 27 eu countries seem largely focused elsewhere. in germany, chancellor angela merkel has embarked on her reelection campaign, while in france the new president, emmanuel macron, is working to push his agenda forward amid crumbling poll numbers. the european commission insists that barnier's mandate for the negotiations does not extend beyond its three opening priorities britain's so-called divorce bill, the rights of eu citizens in the u.k (and vice versa) and the northern irish border. so it seems unlikely the eu will engage on any of the u.k.'s future relationship position papers until after the october european council summit, at the earliest. playing to a domestic audience the customs paper makes two proposals for the future terms of trade in goods between the u.k. and the eu. both scenarios have two things in common. first, they would only come into force after a transition period that replicates almost exactly the terms of the eu customs union, thus avoiding a cliff edge for u.k. business. second, under both scenarios the u.k. will have an independent trade policy, allowing fox to carry on negotiating and, he hopes, eventually signing and implementing free-trade agreements with non-eu countries. fox pushed hard in cabinet discussions for the u.k. to have the ability to work on trade deals as soon as it leaves the eu in 2019, government officials said. however, he will be unable to implement them during a transition period in which the u.k. will maintain, according to the position paper, a “close association” with the eu customs union. that closeness to the status quo was welcomed by the u.k. business lobby, who have been championed by hammond, along with business secretary greg clark, in cabinet discussions this summer. the compromise should not surprise people, said conservative mp james cleverly, a parliamentary private secretary or ministerial assistant in the home office, who campaigned for brexit. “a lot of people painted the people who have been campaigning for brexit as stark ideologues, but actually the vast majority are pragmatists. we want to leave the eu because on the whole it has more disadvantages than advantages. but we are not trying to smash the shop up,” he said. “we are not trying to do it in a way that will ultimately be damaging. i am happy we are being realistic and that we are giving business certainty," he said. the proposals have gone down well among one of the key factions in theresa may’s party: brexit-supporting conservative mps. suella fernandes, chairman of the european research group, which coordinates pro-brexit tory backbenchers, welcomed the paper. “[it] makes it crystal clear that the government is committed to leaving the eu customs union and single market,” she said. “a time-limited implementation period during which the u.k. rises up to its new free-trade agreements is also welcome so that u.k. businesses are supported in adapting to new arrangements. the opportunity for the u.k. to be a champion of global free trade, boost investment, jobs and prosperity is exciting and one we should all seize.” to some of course, that stance translates as having cake and eating it. “as michel barnier has said on several occasions, ‘frictionless trade’ is not possible outside the single market and customs union,” the eu’s statement said, referring to its chief brexit negotiator. business impatience with brussels frustration with the eu's reluctance to address what it classifies as "future relationship issues" is beginning to filter through to the business lobby. businesses plan to lobby the commission to speed up talks in the hope of an early transition deal that would provide certainty in forward planning. having previously felt ignored in the brexit discussion, since the general election and the ejection of theresa may’s gatekeeper chiefs of staff, nick timothy and fiona hill, business and industry voices are being heard more readily, one senior business figure said, speaking on condition of anonymity. the confederation of british industry, the federation of small business and the institute of directors broadly welcomed the government’s detailed customs paper tuesday. josh hardie, deputy director general of the cbi, said the government’s aims were “the right ones” and turned the spotlight onto the eu. “much will rest on the negotiation, and as the paper acknowledges eu customs systems will need to adapt too. there is clear interest on both sides in avoiding a cliff-edge and keeping trade flowing, not just at dover, but rotterdam, calais and antwerp too,” he said. allie renison, the iod’s head of eu and trade policy, said that while there was an onus on the u.k. to get its house in order on withdrawal matters, the eu could also do more to hasten progress. the eu is likely to look skeptically upon the u.k.’s proposal to negotiate and even sign external trade deals during a transition period. “the government still needs to work to ensure sufficient progress is made on citizens' rights and any financial settlement, and we are hopeful that the eu will treat an interim deal on trade with the same sense of urgency,” she said. fears of u.k. 'undercutting' at the moment, that seems a faint hope. the eu is likely to look skeptically upon the u.k.’s proposal to negotiate and even sign external trade deals during a transition period. plus, any customs deal would eventually have to be ratified by all member countries, adding a further barrier. karel de gucht, a former eu commissioner for trade, spoke for many at the commission when he told bbc radio 4’s today program that while a transition is in the “mutual interest” of both parties, the u.k’s proposals for liam fox to be negotiating bilateral deals with the u.s., china and others while inside the security of a european customs union were “very problematic.” “technically you could do it but politically very difficult," he said. "we would keep great britain warm and in the meantime great britain would be undercutting us." ultimately, customs is only one aspect of a broader negotiation, and agreement on a transition would depend on the u.k. agreeing to eu single market rules and ecj rulings throughout, de gucht said. for now, the brits are focused on persuading de gucht's former colleagues to start that discussion. david m. herszenhorn contributed reporting.	ˌɪnˈdɪʤənəs ˈæktɪvɪsts mɑrʧ wɪθ ˈælaɪz ɪn ðə tɑr sændz ˈhilɪŋ wɔk ɪn ˈnɔrðərn ælˈbərtə, ˈkænədə. (ˈfoʊˌtoʊ: ˈrɪpər) wɔnt tɪ si mɔr ˈkəvərɪʤ əv ðə ˈɪʃuz ðət ˈmætər? meɪk ə doʊˈneɪʃən tɪ tɪ ɪnˈʃʊr ðət wi kən ˈpəblɪʃ mɔr ərˈɪʤənəl ˈstɔriz laɪk ðɪs wən. tərˈɑntoʊ, ˈkænədə ˌɪmˈpɛrətɪv tɪ kriˈeɪt ən ɔlˈtərnətɪv tɪ ˈhɑrmfəl ˈfɑsəl fjuəl ɛkˈstrækʃən, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ grænd ʧif ˈdɛrɪk əv ðə əˈsɛmbli əv ˌmænɪˈtoʊbə ʧifs. ɪz ə ˈmɛmbər əv ðə ˈtriti əˈlaɪəns əˈgɛnst tɑr sændz ɪkˈspænʧən, ə ˌkoʊəˈlɪʃən əv 121 fərst ˈneɪʃənz ənd ˈəðər ˌɪnˈdɪʤənəs traɪbz frəm əˈkrɔs nɔrθ əˈmɛrɪkə ðət ər juˈnaɪtɪd əˈgɛnst ˈmeɪʤər ˈprɑʤɛkts ˈstɛmɪŋ frəm ðə ælˈbərtə tɑr sændz. ɪn ɪts pʊʃ fər ˈɛnərʤi ˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃən, ðə ˈtriti ˈleɪtəst ˈtɑrgəts ər ðə ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃənz ˈkərəntli ˈfəndɪŋ ˈmeɪʤər ɔɪl ˈpaɪˌplaɪnz əˈkrɔs ˈkænədə ənd ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts. ˈtriti əˈlaɪəns ɪz ˈrɪli əˈbaʊt ɪˈstæblɪʃɪŋ ən ɔlˈtərnətɪv dɪˈskəʃən speɪs ənd ən ɔlˈtərnətɪv tɪ ðə ˈpɑpjələr narrative,”,” ˈrisəntli toʊld ɪn ə ˈtɛləˌfoʊn ˈɪntərvˌju frəm ˌmænɪˈtoʊbə, ɪn ˈsɛntrəl ˈkænədə. ən ɔlˈtərnətɪv ˈnɛrətɪv ˈlʊkɪŋ æt ðə nid tɪ trænˈzɪʃən tɪ səˈsteɪnəbəl fɔrmz əv ɔlˈtərnətɪv energy,”,” hi sɛd. ˈərliər ðɪs mənθ, ðə ˈtriti əˈlaɪəns, əˈlɔŋˈsaɪd ə ˌkoʊəˈlɪʃən əv ˈəðər ˌɪnˈdɪʤənəs grups, lɔnʧt ə nu kæmˈpeɪn tɪ dɪˈvɛst frəm bæŋks ðət ər ˈfəndɪŋ fɔr tɑr sændz ˈpaɪˌplaɪn ˈprɑʤɛkts ˈkəmɪŋ aʊt əv ˈkænədə, ɛz wɛl ɛz ðə dəˈkoʊtə ˈækˌsɛs ˈpaɪˌplaɪn ɪn nɔrθ dəˈkoʊtə. ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzərz hoʊp tɪ pʊt ˈprɛʃər ɔn ˈɛnərʤi ˈtrænsfər ˈpɑrtnərz (ə ˈjuˈɛs ɔɪl ˈkəmpəˌni), ənd ɔn ðə θri ˈkəmpəˌniz ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ðə kəˈneɪdiən tɑr sændz ˈpaɪˌplaɪnz: ˌtrænzˈkænətə, wɪʧ oʊnz ðə ˈkiˌstoʊn ənd ˈɛnərʤi ist ˈpaɪˌplaɪnz; ˈkaɪndər ˈmɔrgən, wɪʧ ˈrisəntli gɑt ə grin laɪt tɪ ɪkˈspænd ðə trænz ˈmaʊntən ˈpaɪˌplaɪn frəm ælˈbərtə tɪ ˈbrɪtɪʃ kəˈləmbiə; ənd enbridge, wɪʧ plænz tɪ ˌriˈpleɪs ðə laɪn 3 ˈpaɪˌplaɪn, wɪʧ rənz bɪtˈwin ælˈbərtə ənd wɪˈskɑnsən. ðɛr ər 64 ˈbæŋkɪŋ ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃənz ðət fənd æt list wən əv ðə ˈprɑʤɛkts ɔn ðə fʊl dɪˈvɛsmənt lɪst, bət 17 bæŋks ðət fənd ðə dəˈkoʊtə ˈækˌsɛs ˈpaɪˌplaɪn ənd ɔl fɔr ˈpaɪˌplaɪnz frəm ˈkænədə hæv bɪn spəˈsɪfɪkli ˈtɑrgətɪd. ðiz ˌɪnˈklud bæŋk əv əˈmɛrɪkə, ʧeɪs, dɔɪʧ bæŋk, ˈbɑrkliz, bæŋk əv ˌməntriˈɔl, ənd wɛlz ˈfɑrˌgoʊ. ðə kæmˈpeɪn ɪz ˈpʊʃɪŋ ðə bæŋks tɪ stɑp ˈfəndɪŋ ðə ˈpaɪˌplaɪn ˈprɑʤɛkts ˌɔltəˈgɛðər, ənd dɪˈvɛləp ˈɛθɪkəli saʊnd ˈbæŋkɪŋ ˈpɑləsiz. ɪt ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈkɔlɪŋ ɔn ““neighbors, ɪˈlɛktɪd əˈfɪʃəlz, ənd ˈpɛnʃən ˈmænɪʤərz tɪ kloʊz ɔl əˈkaʊnts wɪθ ðiz bæŋks ənˈlɛs ðeɪ ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli stɑp fɪˈnænsɪŋ tɑr sændz pipelines.”.” ə pəˈtɪʃən wɪθ ðoʊz dɪˈmændz həz ˈgɑrnərd mɔr ðən ˈsɪgnəʧərz tɪ deɪt. ɪkˈspleɪnd ðət ðə kæmˈpeɪn ɪz ˈwərkɪŋ tɪ ˈɛʤəˌkeɪt ˈpipəl əˈbaʊt haʊ ðɛr ˈməni ɪz juzd. ju pʊt jʊr ˈməni ɪn ðə bæŋk, nɑt ʤɪst goʊɪŋ tɪ slip; ðət ˈməni ɪz ˈæˌkʧuəli biɪŋ juzd tɪ ˌɪnˈvɛst ɪn ˈprɑʤɛkts ðət ju meɪ nɑt əˈgri with,”,” sɛd. nid tɪ bi əˈwɛr əv ðət. ˈpipəl nid tɪ bi əˈwɛr əv wɛr ðɛr bæŋks ər ˈsɛndɪŋ ðɛr money.”.” ðə tɑr sændz ɪn ˈwɛstərn ˈkænədə ər wən əv ðə moʊst ɔɪl ɛkˈstrækʃən ˈsɪstəmz, ənd wən əv ðə ˈlɑrʤəst ˈgrinˌhaʊs gæs ɪn ðə wərld. ðə ɛkˈstrækʃən ˈprɔˌsɛs rɪˈlisɪz bɪtˈwin 18 pərˈsɛnt ənd 21 pərˈsɛnt mɔr ˈkɑrbən ˈɪntu ðə ˈætməsˌfɪr ðən ðə ɛkˈstrækʃən əv kənˈvɛnʃənəl krud ɔɪl ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ə ˈrisənt ˈstədi. mæt, ən ˌɪnˈdɪʤənəs ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzər beɪst ɪn siˈætəl, toʊld ðət ˈæktɪvɪsts wər nɑt goʊɪŋ tɪ wɪn ə ˈmɔrəl ər ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl ˈɑrgjəmənt wɪθ ðə hɛdz əv ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃənz ənd bæŋks ðət ər ˈbækɪŋ ˈmeɪʤər ɔɪl ˈpaɪˌplaɪnz, soʊ ɪt ɪz ˈkruʃəl tɪ ˈtərgət wət ðeɪ du kɛr əˈbaʊt: ˈdɔlərz. nɑt muvd baɪ ðoʊz sɔrt əv ˈɑrgjəmənts, bət ðeɪ ər ˈkæpətəlɪst ənd ðeɪ ˌəndərˈstænd ˈməni, ənd ɪf ju goʊ ˈæftər ðɛr ˈbɑtəm laɪn, ˈiðər ðeɪ rɪˈspɑnd, ər ˈmeɪbi wi kən stɑp səm əv ðiz ˈpaɪˌplaɪnz ɪn ðɛr tracks,”,” hi sɛd. wɪˈθaʊt kənˈsərtɪd ˈækʃən frəm ðə ˌɑpəˈzɪʃən, ˈpaɪˌplaɪn kənˈstrəkʃən ɪz sɛt tɪ ækˈsɛlərˌeɪt. ˈjuˈɛs ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈdɑnəld trəmp saɪnd ə ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌmɛmərˈændəm ɪn ˈʤænjuˌɛri tɪ əˈpruv kənˈstrəkʃən ɔn ðə dəˈkoʊtə ˈækˌsɛs ˈpaɪˌplaɪn, ðə ˈpaɪˌplaɪn ðət wɪl ˈkɛri əˈbaʊt ˈbɛrəlz əv krud ɔɪl ˈɛvəri deɪ frəm nɔrθ dəˈkoʊtə tɪ ˈjuˈɛs ɔɪl ˈmɑrkɪts. trəmp ˈɔlsoʊ əˈpruvd kənˈstrəkʃən əv ðə ˈkiˌstoʊn ˈpaɪˌplaɪn, ə ˈprɑʤɛkt ðət wɑz blɑkt baɪ ˈfɔrmər ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑmə, ənd wɪʧ wʊd pəmp tɑr sændz ɔɪl frəm ælˈbərtə, ˈkænədə, tɪ nəˈbræskə. ˈərliər ðɪs mənθ, ˌtrænzˈkænətə ˈkɔrpərˈeɪʃən., ðə ˈkəmpəˌni bɪˈhaɪnd ðə ˈkiˌstoʊn ˈpaɪˌplaɪn, sɛd ɪt wɑz riəˈsɛsɪŋ ˈwɛðər ˈjuˈɛs ɔɪl prəˈdusərz wər stɪl ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd ɪn ðə ˈpaɪˌplaɪn. ˌtrænzˈkænətə ˈspoʊksmən ˈmæθju ʤɑn sɛd ðə ˈkəmpəˌni plænz tɪ wɪθ prəˈspɛktɪv ˈʃɪpərz əv ə lɔt əv ˈʧeɪnʤɪz ɪn ðə ɔɪl market,”,” əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd prɛs. læst noʊˈvɛmbər, kəˈneɪdiən praɪm ˈmɪnɪstər ˈʤəstɪn truˈdoʊ əˈpruvd ə plæn tɪ ˌriˈpleɪs ðə laɪn 3 ˌkɑntəˈnɛnəl ˈpaɪˌplaɪn frəm ælˈbərtə, ˈkænədə, tɪ wɪˈskɑnsən, ənd tɪ ɪkˈspænd ðə trænz ˈmaʊntən ˈpaɪˌplaɪn, wɪʧ wʊd rən frəm ælˈbərtə tɪ ən ˈɛkspɔrt ˈtərmənəl ɔn ðə koʊst əv ˈbrɪtɪʃ kəˈləmbiə. ɛz ˌɑpəˈzɪʃən tɪ ðə dəˈkoʊtə ˈækˌsɛs ˈpaɪˌplaɪn wɑz ˈmaʊntɪŋ, wɑz wən əv ðə ki ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzərz hu səkˈsidɪd ɪn ˈgɪtɪŋ ðə ˈsɪti əv siˈætəl tɪ kət ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl taɪz wɪθ wɛlz ˈfɑrˌgoʊ ˈoʊvər 3 ˈbɪljən ˈoʊvər ðə ˈlɛndɪŋ ɪn səˈpɔrt əv ðə dəˈkoʊtə ˈækˌsɛs ˈpaɪˌplaɪn. ðə dɪˈvɛsmənt kæmˈpeɪn wɑz pɑrt əv ə məʧ ˈbrɔdər ˈɛfərt: ðə ˈmuvmənt wɑz wən əv ðə ˈlɑrʤəst ˈəˌpraɪzɪŋz ɪn ˈrisənt jɪrz, ˈgɑrnərɪŋ səˈpɔrt frəm ˈdəzənz əv ˌɪnˈdɪʤənəs kəmˈjunɪtiz əˈkrɔs ðə ˈjuˈɛs ənd ˈkænədə. læst jɪr, rɪˈzɪstəns wɑz ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzd tɪ blɑk kənˈstrəkʃən ɔn ðə ˈpaɪˌplaɪn, wɪʧ ðə ˈstændɪŋ rɑk su ənd ˈəðər ˌɪnˈdɪʤənəs ˈwɔtər dɪˈfɛndərz sɛd wʊd ɛnˈdeɪnʤər ˈfrɛʃˌwɔtər ˈrisɔrsɪz ənd dɪsˈrəpt ðɛr ˈseɪkrɪd saɪts. ðə ˌmoʊbəlɪˈzeɪʃən sɛt əp ə lɑrʤ ɪnˈkæmpmɪnt æt ðə prəˈpoʊzd ˈpaɪˌplaɪn saɪt, ənd ˈwɔtər dɪˈfɛndərz ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzd ˈmɑrʧɪz ənd ˈəðər nɑnˈvaɪələnt ˈækʃənz ɪn ən əˈtɛmpt tɪ hæv ðə ˈprɑʤɛkt ʃət daʊn. pəˈlis juzd ˈwɔtər ˈkænənz ənd ˈvaɪələntli ərˈɛstɪd ənd ˈɪnʤərd ˈmɛni əv ðə ˈpipəl ɪn ˈstændɪŋ rɑk ɛz ðeɪ əˈtɛmptəd tɪ riˈmuv ðɛm frəm ðɛr kæmp. frəm ˈstændɪŋ rɑk. dəˈkoʊtə. ˈɛvəri ˈsɪŋgəl ˈpərsən ʤɪst ˈwɪtnəst kəˈloʊniəˌlɪzəm ɪn sɛd əv ðə steɪt riˈprɛʃən ðət əˈkərd æt ˈstændɪŋ rɑk. ɪn ðə wɑz əˈbaʊt ˈkəmɪŋ ɪn, riˈmuvɪŋ ˈjuˈɛs frəm ɑr lændz tɪ gɪt ˈækˌsɛs tɪ ˈrisɔrsɪz tɪ ˈbɛnəfɪt ðə populations……. ɪgˈzæktli wət ˈhæpənd wɪθ ˈstændɪŋ rock.”.” ˈæftər ˈpipəl ˈneɪʃənˈwaɪd ˈwɪtnəst ðoʊz sinz əv ˈvaɪələns, ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn ðə ˈmuvmənt sprɛd tɪ ˈɛriəz əˈkrɔs ðə ˈjuˈɛs ənd ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑli ənd, sɛd, dɪˈvɛsmənt kæmˈpeɪn ə ˈrɪpəl effect”” əv ɪts oʊn. dɪˈvɛsmənt ˈɛfərts sprɛd tɪ ˈəðər ˈjuˈɛs ˈsɪtiz, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs ənd sæn frænˈsɪskoʊ, ənd tɪ ˈæktɪvɪsts ɛz fɑr əˈweɪ ɛz bərˈlɪn, hi sɛd. mɔr ðən ˈbɪljən ɪn ˈsɪti ˌɪnˈvɛstmənts ənd ˈnɪrli 90 ˈmɪljən ɪn ˈpərsɪnəl fəndz hæv bɪn wɪθˈdrɔn frəm ðə bæŋks ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ðə dəˈkoʊtə ˈækˌsɛs ˈpaɪˌplaɪn əˈloʊn, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈwɛbˌsaɪt defunddapl. waɪl ˈɛndɪŋ ðə riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪps bɪtˈwin ˈsɪtiz ənd bɪg bæŋks meɪ hæv ðə ˈbɪgəst ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl ˌɪmˈpækt, sɛd ˈɛniˌwən kənˈsərnd əˈbaʊt ðə ˈpaɪˌplaɪnz kən gɪt ˌɪnˈvɑlvd baɪ ˈteɪkɪŋ ðɛr oʊn ˈməni aʊt əv ðə bæŋks. hæv tɪ ˈjutəˌlaɪz ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ðət wi kən tɪ faɪt ðiz corporations,”,” hi sɛd, ˈstrɛsɪŋ ðət dɪˈvɛsmənt ɪz ʤɪst wən tul əˈməŋ ˈmɛni ðət ˈæktɪvɪsts ər ˈjuzɪŋ tɪ əˈplaɪ ˈprɛʃər ɔn ðiz ˈprɑʤɛkts. ðə ˈpərsɪnəl ˈlɛvəl, [dɪˈvɛsmənt ɪz] ˈprɑbəˌbli ðə ˈiziəst θɪŋ ju kən do,”,” sɛd. goʊɪŋ tɪ æd əp. ðiz ˈpipəl ər aʊt fər ðə ˈbɑtəm laɪn, ənd ɪf ðeɪ gɪt ə mæs weɪv əv ˈpipəl ˈkloʊzɪŋ ðɛr əˈkaʊnts, θɪŋz ər goʊɪŋ tɪ ˈhoʊpfəli change.”.” ˈminˌwaɪl, sɛd, waɪl lɑrʤ kəˈneɪdiən bæŋks ˈtɑrgətɪd fər dɪˈvɛsmənt hæd nɑt rɪˈspɑndɪd tɪ ðə dɪˈmændz soʊ fɑr, ðə səkˈsɛsfəl ˈjuˈɛs ˈɛfərts ʃoʊ ðət ðə kæmˈpeɪn ɪz ˈgeɪnɪŋ graʊnd. lɔŋ ɛz wi kənˈtɪnju tɪ ˈkɛri ə ˈmɛsɪʤ ðət tɔks əˈbaʊt hoʊp ənd ə fˈjuʧər wɛr ˈæˌkʧuəli səˈsteɪnɪŋ ðə ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt, ˌɪnˈstɛd əv dɪˈstrɔɪɪŋ ɪt, aɪ θɪŋk wi kən ˈæˌkʧuəli kriˈeɪt ə ˈkəlʧər shift,”,” sɛd. taɪm wi hir ˈsəmθɪŋ ˈhæpənɪŋ, frəm ðə wɛst tɪ ðə ist koʊst, tɪ ðə nɔrθ, positive.”.”
indigenous activists march with allies in the tar sands healing walk in northern alberta, canada. (photo: velcrow ripper) want to see more coverage of the issues that matter? make a donation to truthout to ensure that we can publish more original stories like this one. toronto, canada — imperative to create an alternative to harmful fossil fuel extraction, according to grand chief derek nepinak of the assembly of manitoba chiefs. nepinak is a member of the treaty alliance against tar sands expansion, a coalition of 121 first nations and other indigenous tribes from across north america that are united against major projects stemming from the alberta tar sands. in its push for energy transformation, the treaty alliance’s latest targets are the financial institutions currently funding major oil pipelines across canada and the united states. “the treaty alliance is really about establishing an alternative discussion space and an alternative to the popular narrative,” nepinak recently told truthout in a telephone interview from manitoba, in central canada. “it’s an alternative narrative looking at the need to transition to sustainable forms of alternative energy,” he said. earlier this month, the treaty alliance, alongside a coalition of other indigenous groups, launched a new campaign to divest from banks that are funding four tar sands pipeline projects coming out of canada, as well as the dakota access pipeline in north dakota. organizers hope to put pressure on energy transfer partners (a us oil company), and on the three companies involved in the canadian tar sands pipelines: transcanada, which owns the keystone xl and energy east pipelines; kinder morgan, which recently got a green light to expand the trans mountain pipeline from alberta to british columbia; and enbridge, which plans to replace the line 3 pipeline, which runs between alberta and wisconsin. there are 64 banking institutions that fund at least one of the projects on the full divestment list, but 17 banks that fund the dakota access pipeline and all four pipelines from canada have been specifically targeted. these include bank of america, jpmorgan chase, deutsche bank, barclays, bank of montreal, scotiabank and wells fargo. the campaign is pushing the banks to stop funding the pipeline projects altogether, and develop ethically sound banking policies. it is also calling on “neighbors, elected officials, and pension managers to close all accounts with these banks unless they immediately stop financing tar sands pipelines.” a petition with those demands has garnered more than 95,000 signatures to date. nepinak explained that the campaign is working to educate people about how their money is used. “when you put your money in the bank, not just going to sleep; that money is actually being used to invest in projects that you may not agree with,” nepinak said. “people need to be aware of that. people need to be aware of where their banks are sending their money.” the tar sands in western canada are one of the most resource-intensive oil extraction systems, and one of the largest greenhouse gas emitters in the world. the extraction process releases between 18 percent and 21 percent more carbon into the atmosphere than the extraction of conventional crude oil in the united states, according to a recent study. matt remle, an indigenous organizer based in seattle, told truthout that activists were not going to win a moral or environmental argument with the heads of corporations and banks that are backing major oil pipelines, so it is crucial to target what they do care about: dollars. “they’re not moved by those sort of arguments, but they are capitalist and they understand money, and if you go after their bottom line, either they respond, or maybe we can stop some of these pipelines in their tracks,” he said. without concerted action from the opposition, pipeline construction is set to accelerate. us president donald trump signed a presidential memorandum in january to approve construction on the dakota access pipeline, the 1,100-mile pipeline that will carry about 500,000 barrels of crude oil every day from north dakota to us oil markets. trump also approved construction of the keystone xl pipeline, a project that was blocked by former president barack obama, and which would pump tar sands oil from alberta, canada, to nebraska. earlier this month, transcanada corp., the company behind the keystone xl pipeline, said it was reassessing whether us oil producers were still interested in the pipeline. transcanada spokesman matthew john said the company plans to re-engage with prospective shippers “because of a lot of changes in the oil market,” according to the associated press. last november, canadian prime minister justin trudeau approved a plan to replace the line 3 continental pipeline from alberta, canada, to wisconsin, and to expand the trans mountain pipeline, which would run from alberta to an export terminal on the coast of british columbia. as opposition to the dakota access pipeline was mounting, remle was one of the key organizers who succeeded in getting the city of seattle to cut financial ties with wells fargo — over $3 billion — over the bank’s lending in support of the dakota access pipeline. the divestment campaign was part of a much broader effort: the #nodapl movement was one of the largest indigenous-led uprisings in recent years, garnering support from dozens of indigenous communities across the us and canada. last year, indigenous-led resistance was organized to block construction on the pipeline, which the standing rock sioux and other indigenous water defenders said would endanger freshwater resources and disrupt their sacred sites. the #nodapl mobilization set up a large encampment at the proposed pipeline site, and water defenders organized marches and other nonviolent actions in an attempt to have the project shut down. police used water cannons and violently arrested and injured many of the people in standing rock as they attempted to remove them from their camp. “i’m from standing rock. i’m dakota. every single person just witnessed colonialism in 2017,” remle said of the state repression that occurred at standing rock. “colonialism in the 1800s was about coming in, removing us from our lands to get access to resources to benefit the settler-colonial populations…. that’s exactly what happened with standing rock.” after people nationwide witnessed those scenes of violence, interest in the #nodapl movement spread to areas across the us and internationally and, remle said, seattle’s divestment campaign “had a ripple effect” of its own. divestment efforts spread to other us cities, including los angeles and san francisco, and to activists as far away as berlin, he said. more than $4.3 billion in city investments and nearly $90 million in personal funds have been withdrawn from the banks involved in the dakota access pipeline alone, according to the website defunddapl. while ending the relationships between cities and big banks may have the biggest financial impact, remle said anyone concerned about the pipelines can get involved by taking their own money out of the banks. “we have to utilize everything that we can to fight these billion-dollar corporations,” he said, stressing that divestment is just one tool among many that activists are using to apply pressure on these projects. “on the personal level, [divestment is] probably the easiest thing you can do,” remle said. “it’s going to add up. these people are … out for the bottom line, and if they get a mass wave of people closing their accounts, things are going to hopefully change.” meanwhile, nepinak said, while large canadian banks targeted for divestment had not responded to the demands so far, the successful us efforts show that the campaign is gaining ground. “as long as we continue to carry a message that talks about hope and a future where we’re actually sustaining the environment, instead of destroying it, i think we can actually create a culture shift,” nepinak said. “every time we hear something happening, from the west to the east coast, to the north, positive.”	ˈsoʊʃəl ˈmidiə ˈgræfɪks ər ˈsəmθɪŋ ə gʊd əˈmaʊnt əv ˈkɑlɪʤ ˈfʊtˌbɔl ˈproʊˌgræmz du ɔn tˈwɪtər. ˈsəmˌtaɪmz ðə ˈpræktɪs kən bi ɪkˈstrimli ˈpɛˌti, bət ˈəðər taɪmz ɪt kən bi ʤɪst ˈkɪndə wɪrd, laɪk wət ˈhæpənd æt ˈflɔrɪdə ə fju jɪrz əˈgoʊ ˈhæpənɪŋ naʊ æt ˈfrɛznoʊ steɪt. ðɪs ɪz ˈfrɛznoʊ əˈfɛnsɪv laɪn koʊʧ ˈɪntu ə st. deɪ ˈgræfɪk. ðiz ər dɔgz. nɑt ˈbʊlˌdɔgz, ðə ˈmæˌskɑt əv ðə skul, bət ʤɪst səm ˈrɛgjələr dɔgz: ðɪs ɪz ˈfrɛznoʊ steɪt steɪɪŋ ˈtɑpɪkəl wɪθ ðə ˈleɪtəst ˈhɑliˌwʊd ˈmuviz: ðɪs ɪz koʊʧ ˈtɛdfərd ɪkˈsaɪtɪd fər ə bleɪk ˈʃɛltən ˈkɑnsərt: ə bɪg ʃɔn ˈælbəm ˈkəvər, wɪθ səm ˈænəməlz ˈædɪd. ˈfrɛznoʊ steɪt ɪz gʊd æt ˈfoʊˌtoʊˌʃɑp, ðoʊ. naʊ, wi ˈgreɪdɪd ˈkoʊʧɪŋ ə ˈkəpəl əv mənθs əˈgoʊ. ðə ɑrt əv ˈsətəli ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ səm ˈkələrz hir ənd ðɛr tɪ pʊt jʊr nu gɪr ɔn. wɑz ɔn ɑr lɪst bɪˈkəz hi gɑt haɪərd læst offseason: ðɪs ɪz ˌæbsəˈlutli ə kæl sˈwɛtˌʃərt ˈfɔrmər ɪmˈplɔɪər), bət pleɪd wɪθ ðə ˈʃeɪdɪŋ tɪ meɪk ɪt lʊk mɔr ˈfrɛznoʊ state-y. ɪt ʃʊd bi ˈnoʊtɪd ðət ɪt ɪz ˈlaɪkli nɑt ˈtɛdfərd hɪmˈsɛlf duɪŋ ðə ˈfoʊˌtoʊˌʃɑpɪŋ ər ðə tweeting, bət bɪˈhaɪnd ðə ˈɑrtˌwərk həz ˈteɪkən θɪŋz əp ə ˈlɛvəl tɪ ə məʧ ˈdɪfərənt pleɪs.
social media graphics are something a good amount of college football programs do on twitter. sometimes the practice can be extremely petty, but other times it can be just kinda weird, like what happened at florida a few years ago what’s happening now at fresno state. this is fresno state’s offensive line coach photoshopped into a st. patrick’s day graphic. these are dogs. not bulldogs, the mascot of the school, but just some regular dogs: this is fresno state staying topical with the latest hollywood movies: this is coach tedford excited for a blake shelton concert: here’s a big sean album cover, with some animals added. fresno state is good at photoshop, though. now, we graded coaching ‘shops a couple of months ago. it’s the little-known art of subtly changing some colors here and there to put your new coach’s gear on. tedford’s ‘shop was on our list because he got hired last offseason: this is absolutely a cal sweatshirt (tedford’s former employer), but they’ve played with the shading to make it look more fresno state-y. it should be noted that it is likely not tedford himself doing the photoshopping or the tweeting, but whoever’s behind the artwork has taken things up a level to a much different place.	ohhhh…… aɪ hæv ə ˈjəmi ˈfribi fər ɔl ju ˌɪləˈnɔɪz ənd ˌɪndiˈænə ˈridərz! ˈkroʊnoʊs fudz, ɪŋk., ə ˈlidɪŋ ˌmænjəˈfækʧərər əv ˈprimiəm ˈʤaɪˌroʊz ənd ˈəðər ˌmɛdətərˈeɪniən ˈspɛʃəlti fud ˈaɪtəmz, ɪz ˈgɪvɪŋ əˈweɪ fri ˈʤaɪˌroʊz æt pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪtɪŋ loʊˈkeɪʃənz ɪn ɪl ənd ɪn. ɔl ju nid tɪ du ɪz hɛd ˈoʊvər tɪ hir ənd ˈrɛʤɪstər tɪ prɪnt jʊr ˈkuˌpɔn fər ə fri ˈsænwɪʧ təˈmɑˌroʊ, ˈɔgəst 28th. bi ʃʊr tɪ prɪnt jʊr ˈkuˌpɔn naʊ ɛz ðeɪ wɪl ˈoʊnli bi əˈveɪləbəl tɪ prɪnt fər ə ˈlɪmɪtɪd taɪm. ˈlɪmət 1 ˈkuˌpɔn pər ˈpərsən ənd noʊ ˈpərʧəs ɪz rikˈwaɪərd. fər mɔr ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ənd tɪ faɪnd ə pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪtɪŋ loʊˈkeɪʃən, klɪk hir. waɪl ˌɛnˈʤɔɪɪŋ ðɪs ˈjəmi ˈfribi, kənˈsɪdər ˈdoʊˌneɪtɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈfɪʃər haʊs faʊnˈdeɪʃən. ˈfɪʃər haʊs ˈdoʊˌneɪts homes,”*,” bɪlt ɔn ðə graʊnz əv ˈmeɪʤər ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri ənd ˈmɛdɪkəl ˈsɛnərz. ðiz hoʊmz ɪˈneɪbəl ˈfæməli ˈmɛmbərz tɪ bi kloʊz tɪ ə ləvd wən æt ðə moʊst ˈstrɛsfəl taɪmz ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˌhɑspɪtələˈzeɪʃən fər ən ˌənɪkˈspɛktɪd ˈɪlnəs, dɪˈziz, ər ˈɪnʤəri. æt iʧ pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪtɪŋ ˈkroʊnoʊs fri ˈʤaɪˌroʊz deɪ ˈrɛˌstrɑnt, ju wɪl faɪnd ə doʊˈneɪʃən bɑks fər ˈfɪʃər haʊs.
ohhhh… i have a yummy freebie for all you illinois and indiana readers! kronos foods, inc., a leading manufacturer of premium gyros and other mediterranean specialty food items, is giving away free gyros at participating locations in il and in. all you need to do is head over to here and register to print your coupon for a free gryos sandwich tomorrow, august 28th. be sure to print your coupon now as they will only be available to print for a limited time. limit 1 coupon per person and no purchase is required. for more information and to find a participating location, click here. while enjoying this yummy freebie, consider donating to the fisher house foundation. fisher house donates “comfort homes,” built on the grounds of major military and va medical centers. these homes enable family members to be close to a loved one at the most stressful times during the hospitalization for an unexpected illness, disease, or injury. at each participating kronos free gyros day restaurant, you will find a donation box for fisher house.	mɑrk ˈbɛntli, ˈprɪnsəpəl ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtər fər ˈmaɪdəs, tɔks ˈjuˈɛs θru ækˈtɪvɪtiz tɪ ˈəpˈgreɪd ðə ˈsɔfˌwɛr. ˈsɔfˌwɛr ˈəpˌgreɪdz ər ˈsəmθɪŋ wi ər ɔl tu fəˈmɪljər wɪθ ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˈɛvəri deɪ smɔl ˈfɪksɪz, ər ˈpæʧɪz, ər ˈrɛdi tɪ ˈdaʊnˌloʊd tɪ ɑr kəmˈpjutərz, foʊnz ənd ˈtæbləts. ˈmoʊstli ðiz ər ə ˈmaɪnər ˌɪnkənˈvinjəns, bət ˈsəmˌtaɪmz ˈsəmθɪŋ goʊz rɔŋ ənd lɛft wɪθ ə kəmˈpjutər ðət but. ɛz əˈnɔɪɪŋ ɛz ðɪs ɪz, ðə wərst keɪs sɪˈnɛrioʊ ɪz ˈjuʒəwəli ə əv ðə ˈɔpərˌeɪtɪŋ ˈsɪstəm. bət wət ɪf ˈəpˌgreɪdɪŋ ðə ˈsɔfˌwɛr ɔn ən ˈɪnstrəmənt flaɪɪŋ ˈɑnˌbɔrd ə ˈspeɪˌskræft 655 ˈmɪljən frəm ðə ərθ? ðə ˈænsər ɪz ɪn ə ˈkɛrfəl dɪˈzaɪn əv ðə ˈɪnstrəmənt ˈfɑloʊd baɪ ˈtɛstɪŋ, ˈtɛstɪŋ ənd mɔr ˈtɛstɪŋ ɔn ðə graʊnd! wɪn ˈmaɪdəs ɪz fərst paʊərd əp, ɪt buts ˈɪntu mode”” ðə ˈkərnəl ˈmænɪʤɪz ə ˈvɛri roʊˈbəst sɛt əv ˈbeɪsɪk ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz fər kəmˈjunəˌkeɪtɪŋ wɪθ ðə ˈspeɪˌskræft ənd ðə graʊnd ənd fər ˈmænəʤɪŋ ðə mɔr ˈkɑmplɛks meɪn ˈproʊˌgræm. frəm ˈkərnəl moʊd wi kən ˈəˌploʊd ˈpæʧɪz tɪ ðə meɪn ˈsɔfˌwɛr, ˈvɛrəˌfaɪ ðə ˈkɑrənt ˈkɑntɛnts, ər ˈivɪn loʊd ən ɪnˈtaɪərli nu ˈvərʒən. ˌɔlˈðoʊ roʊˈzɛtə ənd ˈmaɪdəs spɛnt 957 deɪz ɪn ˌhaɪbərˈneɪʃən, ðə ˈmaɪdəs tim bæk ɔn ərθ wər ˈbɪzi ˈlərnɪŋ haʊ bɛst tɪ juz ˈmaɪdəs wɪθ tɛsts ɔn ðə flaɪt spɛr (ðə aɪˈdɛntɪkəl twɪn ˈɪnstrəmənt). ɛz ə rɪˈzəlt wi hæv meɪd ə ˈnəmbər əv twiks ənd ɛnˈhænsmənts tɪ ðə ˈsɔfˌwɛr ˈrɛdi fər ɑr ɪnˈkaʊnər wɪθ ˈkɑmət 67p/cg. ˈæftər ðə ˈpæsɪv ˈʧɛˌkaʊt wi noʊ ðət ɪn gʊd ʃeɪp, soʊ ðə nɛkst stɛp ɪz tɪ ˈəˌploʊd ənd əˈplaɪ ðə ˈsɔfˌwɛr ˈpæʧɪz. ðə nu ˈsɔfˌwɛr wɑz ˈtɛstɪd boʊθ ɔn ðə flaɪt spɛr ənd ɔn ən ˈsɪmjəˌleɪtər dɪˈvɛləpt baɪ ðə ˈɪnstɪˌtut. sɪns ˈmɛməri ˈpæʧɪŋ ɪz ˈsəmθɪŋ ðət həz tɪ bi dən ˈkɛrfəli, ðɪs ɪz dən ɪn ən ˌɪnərˈæktɪv ˈsɛʃən. ənˈlaɪk ɑr ˈpæsɪv ˈʧɛˌkaʊt, wɛr ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ræn ɪnˈtaɪərli ˌɔtəˈmætɪkli, ðɪs taɪm weɪt tɪ si ɪf ðə pæʧ həz ˈəˌploʊdɪd səkˈsɛsfəli ˌbiˈfɔr əˈplaɪɪŋ ɪt. ˈgɪvɪn ðə (ðə taɪm ɪt teɪks ə ˈsɪgnəl tɪ riʧ ðə ˈspeɪˌskræft) əv ˈoʊvər 35 ˈmɪnəts, ə ˈsərtən əˈmaʊnt əv θəm tˈwɪdlɪŋ ɪz ˌɪnˈvɑlvd bət wərθ ɪt fər pis əv maɪnd ənd ðə ˈseɪfti əv ðə ˈɪnstrəmənt. wɪθ ðə pæʧ ˈfɪnɪʃt, wi hæv ə ˈkəpəl əv deɪz tɪ weɪt ənˈtɪl ɑr nɛkst time””. ðɛn bi ˈrənɪŋ ɑr fərst ril skæn sɪns ˈɛnərɪŋ ˌhaɪbərˈneɪʃən! ˈɪmɪʤ ənd tɛkst ˈɪnˌpʊts ˈkərtəsi ˈhɑrəld jeszenszky.
mark bentley, principal investigator for midas, talks us through tonight’s activities to upgrade the instrument’s software. software upgrades are something we are all too familiar with – almost every day small fixes, or patches, are ready to download to our computers, phones and tablets. mostly these are a minor inconvenience, but sometimes something goes wrong and you’re left with a computer that won’t boot. as annoying as this is, the worst case scenario is usually a re-install of the operating system. but what if you’re upgrading the software on an instrument flying onboard a spacecraft 655 million km from the earth? the answer is in a careful design of the instrument followed by testing, testing and more testing on the ground! when midas is first powered up, it boots into “kernel mode” – the kernel manages a very robust set of basic operations for communicating with the spacecraft and the ground and for managing the more complex main program. from kernel mode we can upload patches to the main software, verify the current contents, or even load an entirely new version. although rosetta and midas spent 957 days in hibernation, the midas team back on earth were busy learning how best to use midas with tests on the flight spare (the identical twin instrument). as a result we have made a number of tweaks and enhancements to the software ready for our encounter with comet 67p/cg. after the passive checkout we know that in good shape, so the next step is to upload and apply the software patches. the new software was tested both on the flight spare and on an instrument/processor simulator developed by the institute. since memory patching is something that has to be done carefully, this is done in an interactive session. unlike our passive checkout, where everything ran entirely automatically, this time we’ll wait to see if the patch has uploaded successfully before applying it. given the one-way-light-time (the time it takes a signal to reach the spacecraft) of over 35 minutes, a certain amount of thumb twiddling is involved – but worth it for peace of mind and the safety of the instrument. with the patch finished, we have a couple of days to wait until our next “on time”. then we’ll be running our first real scan since entering hibernation! image and text inputs courtesy harald jeszenszky.	mokhtar* ɪz ˈɑnərˌɛri ˈprɛzɪdənt əv ðə ˌtuˈniʒən ˈjumən raɪts lig (ltdh) ˈæftər hi wɑz ɪts ˈprɛzɪdənt frəm 2000 ˈəndər ðə bɛn ˈɑli rəˈʒim ənˈtɪl ðə ˌtuˈniʒən ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ɪn 2011 ə ˈlɔjər fər ðə læst 30 jɪrz, hi ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ ə ˈmɛmbər əv ðə ˌtuˈniʒən ˈɔrdər əv ˈlɔjərz. boʊθ ˌɔrgənɪˈzeɪʃənz ər ɪn ðə kwɔrˈtɛt wɪʧ həz wən ðə noʊˈbɛl pis praɪz. hi həz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈæktɪd ɛz ˈlɔjər fər ðə ˌtuˈniʒən ˈʤɛnərəl ˈleɪbər ˈjunjən (ugtt) wɪʧ ɪz pɑrt əv ðə kwɔrˈtɛt. hi sɛd: ɪz ˌɛkstrəˈɔrdəˌnɛri nuz. ə klɪr ɛnˈkərɪʤmənt fər ðə ˈwaɪdər ˈprɔˌsɛs ɪn ˌtuˈniʒə, ənd fər ɔl ðə wərk ənd ˈdaɪəˌlɔg ðət wɛnt ˈɪntu ðə muv tɪ ɪˈlɛkʃənz ənd dɪˈmɑkrəsi. ˈkruʃəli, ɪt ʃoʊz ðət ðə wərld ɪz ˈwɑʧɪŋ ˈjuˈɛs. wi hæv məʧ mɔr tɪ əˈkɑmplɪʃ ənd ər ˈfeɪsɪŋ nu ˈʧælənʤɪz. wi hæv tɪ seɪv ɑr ˈkəntri frəm ˈtɛrəˌrɪzəm ənd frəm ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈkraɪsəs. ˈkaʊntɪŋ ɔn gʊd wɪl frəm ðə wɛst soʊ ðət wi ˈaɪsəˌleɪtɪd ɔn ðoʊz nu challenges.”.” hi sɛd ðə ˌtuˈniʒən ˈjumən raɪts lig wɑz ðə ˈbɪgəst ˌɔrgənɪˈzeɪʃən fər ðə dɪˈfɛns əv ˈjumən raɪts ɪn ðə ˈærəb wərld ənd ɪn ˈæfrɪkɑ, ənd hæd bɪn ˈfərmli ˈrutɪd ˈsɪvəl soʊˈsaɪɪti wɪθ ˈgræsˈruts ˌɔrgənɪˈzeɪʃənz ɔl ˈoʊvər ðə ˈkəntri. hi ˈdɛkeɪdz wi hæd bɪn ˈwərkɪŋ tɪ ʃoʊ ðət dɪˈmɑkrəsi wɑz ˈnɛsəˌsɛri. ˈæftər ðə ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ˈpipəl sɛd ʃrɪŋk bɪˈkəz ˈɛvriˌwən naʊ wʊd rɪˈspɛkt ˈjumən raɪts. bət groʊn ənd stɪl ˈwərkɪŋ ənd pleɪɪŋ ə ˈmeɪʤər role.”.” sɛd ðət ˈwərkɪŋ fər ðə ˌtuˈniʒən ˈjumən raɪts lig ˈəndər ðə əˌθɔrəˈtɛriən bɛn ˈɑli rəˈʒim wɑz ɪkˈstrimli ˈdɪfəkəlt. bɪˈkəz ðə lig wɑz ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑli ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪzd ənd hæd ˈligəl ˈstætəs, ɪt wɑz ˈeɪbəl tɪ ɪgˈzɪst ɛz ən ˌɔrgənɪˈzeɪʃən bət ðə rəˈʒim ənd ɪts pəˈlis steɪt ˌæpərˈætəs krækt daʊn ɔn ɪt. hɛld out,”,” sɛd, dɪˈteɪlɪŋ haʊ ðə rəˈʒim brɔt skɔrz əv kɔrt ˈkeɪsɪz əˈgɛnst ðə ˈjumən raɪts lig ənd pəˈlis həræst, θˈrɛtənd ənd bit ˈmɛmbərz ɪn ðə strit, ˈəðərz wər ərˈɛstɪd ənd ˈtɔrʧərd. wər ˈəndər sərˈveɪləns. ɑr poʊst wɑz ˌɪnərˈsɛptɪd. fər ə lɔŋ ˈpɪriəd, wi ˈsɪmpli rɪˈsivd noʊ poʊst æt all.”.”
mokhtar trifi is honorary president of the tunisian human rights league (ltdh) after he was its president from 2000 under the ben ali regime until the tunisian revolution in 2011. a lawyer for the last 30 years, he is also a member of the tunisian order of lawyers. both organisations are in the quartet which has won the nobel peace prize. he has also acted as lawyer for the tunisian general labour union (ugtt) which is part of the quartet. he said: “this is extraordinary news. it’s a clear encouragement for the wider process in tunisia, and for all the work and dialogue that went into the move to elections and democracy. crucially, it shows that the world is watching us. we have much more to accomplish and are facing new challenges. we have to save our country from terrorism and from economic crisis. we’re counting on good will from the west so that we aren’t isolated on those new challenges.” he said the tunisian human rights league was the biggest organisation for the defence of human rights in the arab world and in africa, and had been firmly rooted civil society with grassroots organisations all over the country. he said:“for decades we had been working to show that democracy was necessary. after the revolution people said we’d shrink because everyone now would respect human rights. but we’ve grown and we’re still working and playing a major role.” trifi said that working for the tunisian human rights league under the authoritarian ben ali regime was extremely difficult. because the league was internationally recognised and had legal status, it was able to exist as an organisation but the regime and its police state apparatus cracked down on it. “we held out,” said trifi, detailing how the regime brought scores of court cases against the human rights league and police harassed, threatened and beat members in the street, others were arrested and tortured. “we were under surveillance. our post was intercepted. for a long period, we simply received no post at all.”	ðɪs mæn wɑz ˈspɑtɪd ɔn ðə ɛl ˈərliər ðɪs wik, ˈgɪtɪŋ ɔn æt grænd strit ənd ɔf æt ˈjunjən ˈtɪpstər tɛlz ˈjuˈɛs: "wi æst ɪf wi kʊd sɪt daʊn. hi ˌɪgˈnɔrd ˈjuˈɛs ənd kənˈtɪnjud tɪ rɛd ðə ˈpeɪpər ənd it m&ms. ðə treɪn ˈstɑrtɪd tɪ fɪl əp təˈwɔrdz mænˈhætən." ɛz ˈɑrnəld diɑz sɪz, "ʃeɪm ʃeɪm ʃeɪm." ʃʊr, ðə lɪst əv ˈsəbˌweɪ ˈɛtəkət rulz ɪz ə ˈlɪtəl lɔŋ, bət ɪf ju fərˈgɛt ə fju, ʤɪst rɪˈlaɪ ɔn ˈkɑmən sɛns. ɪz ɪt rəʃ aʊər ɔn ðə ɛl treɪn? ɪz ðɛr ˈbɛrli ˈstændɪŋ rum fər ɔl əv ðə ˈpipəl ɪn jʊr kɑr? ðɛn ˈmeɪbi doʊnt sɪt ɪn ðə ˈmɪdəl əv ə bɛnʧ, sprɛd jʊr lɛgz ˈoʊpən, fæn aʊt ðə poʊst ɛz ju daɪn ɔn jʊr ˈmɔrnɪŋ m&ms, ənd juz jʊr baɪk ɛz jʊr oʊn ˈpərsɪnəl ˈvɛlvət roʊp. ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɪgˈzæktli wən jɪr əˈgoʊ, wi æst: wɪn ɪz ɪt ˌoʊˈkeɪ tɪ brɪŋ jʊr baɪk ɔn ðə ˈsəbˌweɪ? ðɛr ər səm əkˈsɛptəbəl sɪˈnɛrioʊz ɪn wɪʧ ə ˈsaɪkəlɪst kən du ˈriˌkæp: wɪn ɪts snowing/raining*, wɪn ðə baɪk nidz ə rɪˈpɛr, wɪn juv bɪn ˈɪnʤərd, ənd wɪn jʊr ˈtrɪpɪŋ feɪs ənd ðə baɪk tɛlz ju ɪt wɔnts tɪ raɪd ɔn ðə ˈsəbˌweɪ. ˈivɪn ɪf nən əv ðə əˈbəv əˈplaɪ, ju kən teɪk jʊr stid ɔn ðə ˈsəbˌweɪ wɪn ɪts nɑt ˈkraʊdɪd... bət ʤɪst laɪk ðoʊz wɪˈθaʊt baɪks, pliz bɔrd wɪθ ə ˈmɑdɪkəm əv ˈdisənsi. ər æt list gɪt kriˈeɪtɪv ənd æd ə ˈkɑmɪkəl bəˈnænə pil tɪ jʊr təˈbloʊ.
this man was spotted on the l earlier this week, getting on at grand street and off at union square—our tipster tells us: "we asked if we could sit down. he ignored us and continued to read the paper and eat m&ms. the train started to fill up towards manhattan." as arnold diaz says, "shame shame shame." sure, the list of subway etiquette rules is a little long, but if you forget a few, just rely on common sense. is it rush hour on the l train? is there barely standing room for all of the people in your car? then maybe don't sit in the middle of a two-seater bench, spread your legs open, fan out the ny post as you dine on your morning m&ms, and use your bike as your own personal velvet rope. almost exactly one year ago, we asked: when is it okay to bring your bike on the subway? there are some acceptable scenarios in which a cyclist can do this—to recap: when it's snowing/raining, when the bike needs a repair, when you've been injured, and when you're tripping face and the bike tells you it wants to ride on the subway. even if none of the above apply, you can take your steed on the subway when it's not crowded... but just like those without bikes, please board with a modicum of decency. or at least get creative and add a comical banana peel to your rule-breaking tableau.	ən ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃənəl ˌɪntərˈvɛnʃən ˈproʊˌgræm fər ˈʧɪldrən bɪtˈwin ˈkɪndərˌgɑrtən ənd greɪd, noʊn ɛz fæst træk, rɪˈdusɪz əˈgrɛsɪv bɪˈheɪvjər ˈleɪtər ɪn laɪf, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ˈrisərʧ ˈpəblɪʃt ɪn ˌsaɪkəˈlɑʤɪkəl saɪəns, ə ˈʤərnəl əv ðə əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən fər ˌsaɪkəˈlɑʤɪkəl saɪəns. ðə ˈrisərʧ, lɛd baɪ ˌsaɪkəˈlɑʤɪkəl ˈsaɪəntɪst ˈʤəstɪn carréé əv ˌjunəˈvərsəti ɪn ɑnˈtɛrioʊ, ˈkænədə, ˈɪndɪˌkeɪts ðət ˈdæmpənd ˌtɛˈstɑstərˌoʊn ˈlɛvəlz ɪn rɪˈspɑns tɪ ˈsoʊʃəl θrɛts meɪ əˈkaʊnt fər ðə səkˈsɛs ɪn rɪˈdusɪŋ əˈgrɛʃən. ðə fæst træk ˌɪntərˈvɛnʃən ˈproʊˌgræm ˈtiʧɪz ˈʧɪldrən ˈsoʊʃəl ˈkɑgnɪtɪv skɪlz, səʧ ɛz ˈiˌmoʊʃənəl ˌrɛgjəˈleɪʃən ənd ˈsoʊʃəl ˈprɑbləm ˈsɑlvɪŋ, ənd ˈpriviəs ˈrisərʧ səˈʤɛsts ðət ðə ˈproʊˌgræm meɪ lɛd tɪ ˈdiˌkrist ˌæntɪˈsoʊʃəl bɪˈheɪvjər ənd əˈgrɛʃən ɪn ˈʧaɪlˌdhʊd ənd ˌædəˈlɛsəns. bət ɪt klɪr ˈwɛðər ðə skɪlz ðət ˈʧɪldrən ˈlərnɪd ɪn ðə ˈproʊˌgræm wʊd hæv ˌɪmˈpækts ðət ˈkɛrid ˈoʊvər ˈɪntu əˈdəlˌthʊd. carréé ənd ˈkɑligz səˈspɛktɪd ðət ðə ˈproʊˌgræm wʊd hæv ˈlɔŋˈtərm ˈifɛkts, ənd ðət ðoʊz ˈifɛkts wʊd bi lɪŋkt tɪ ə spɪˈsɪfɪk ˌbaɪəˈlɑʤɪkəl ˈmɛkəˌnɪzəm: ˌɔltərˈeɪʃənz ɪn ˌtɛˈstɑstərˌoʊn ˌriˌækˈtɪvəti tɪ ˈsoʊʃəl ˌprɑvəˈkeɪʃən. tɪ tɛst ðiz haɪˈpɑθəˌsiz, ðə ˈrisərʧərz rɪˈkrutɪd 63 pɑrˈtɪsəpənts frəm fæst træk skulz ɪn ˈdʊˈrhæm, nɔrθ ˌkɛrəˈlaɪnə. tɪ ɪnˈʃʊr ðə pɑrˈtɪsəpənts ɪn ðə ˈsæmpəl wər ˈsɪmələr ˌdɛməˈgræfɪkli, ɔl əv ðə pɑrˈtɪsəpənts wər ˈæfrɪkɑn əˈmɛrɪkən mɛn hu wər əˈbaʊt 26 jɪrz oʊld. hæf əv ðoʊz pɑrˈtɪsəpənts wər ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ðə fæst træk ˈproʊˌgræm frəm ˈeɪʤɪz 5 tɪ 17 kənˈsɪstɪŋ əv ˈtutərɪŋ, pɪr ˈkoʊʧɪŋ, hoʊm ənd ˈfæməli ˈvɪzɪts, ənd ˈlərnɪŋ ˈlɛsənz wɪθ frɛndz. ðə rɛst əv ðə pɑrˈtɪsəpənts əˈtɛndəd ðə seɪm skulz bət ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ðə fæst træk ˈproʊˌgræm. mɔr ðən 8 jɪrz ˈæftər ðə ˌɪntərˈvɛnʃən ˈɛndɪd, ðə ˈrisərʧərz brɔt ðə pɑrˈtɪsəpənts ˈɪntu ðə læb tɪ pleɪ ə geɪm, ðə goʊl əv wɪʧ wɑz tɪ ərn ɛz məʧ ˈməni ɛz ˈpɑsəbəl baɪ ˈprɛsɪŋ θri ˈbətənz: wən wɪʧ əˈkrud ˈməni, wən wɪʧ prɪˈvɛnɪd ˈməni frəm biɪŋ ˈstoʊlən, ənd əˈnəðər wɪʧ stoʊl ˈməni frəm ən əˈpoʊnənt. ðə pɑrˈtɪsəpənts bɪˈlivd ðeɪ wər pleɪɪŋ əˈgɛnst ən ˈækʧəwəl əˈpoʊnənt, bət ðə geɪm wɑz ˈæˌkʧuəli dɪˈtərmənd baɪ ə kəmˈpjutər ˈproʊˌgræm. ðə fɪkˈtɪʃəs əˈpoʊnənt prəˈvoʊkt pɑrˈtɪsəpənts ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə tæsk baɪ ˈstilɪŋ ðɛr ˈməni. ˈoʊvərˌɔl, pɑrˈtɪsəpənts hu kəmˈplitɪd ðə fæst træk ˈproʊˌgræm ʃoʊd lɛs əˈgrɛʃən təˈwɔrd ðɛr əˈpoʊnənt ðət ɪz, ðeɪ ˈɑptɪd tɪ stil lɛs ˈməni frəm ðɛr əˈpoʊnənt ðən dɪd pɑrˈtɪsəpənts hu kəmˈplit fæst træk. pɑrˈtɪsəpənts hu rɪˈsivd ðə ˌɪntərˈvɛnʃən ʃoʊd ən ˌɪnˈkris ɪn ˌtɛˈstɑstərˌoʊn ˈlɛvəlz ˈæftər ˈhævɪŋ ðɛr ˈməni ˈstoʊlən, bət fæst træk pɑrˈtɪsəpənts, ə ˈfaɪndɪŋ ðət kʊd ɪkˈspleɪn ðɛr rɪˈdust əˈgrɛʃən. ““interestingly, ðɛr wər noʊ ˈdɪfərənsɪz bɪtˈwin ˌɪntərˈvɛnʃən ənd kənˈtroʊl grups ɪn ˈbeɪsˌlaɪn ˌtɛˈstɑstərˌoʊn ˌkɑnsənˈtreɪʃənz ər əˈgrɛsɪv bɪˈheɪvjər æt ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ əv ðə experiment,”,” carréé ɪkˈspleɪnz. ɪn əˈgrɛsɪv bɪˈheɪvjər ənd ˌtɛˈstɑstərˌoʊn ˌkɑnsənˈtreɪʃənz ˈimərʤd ˈoʊnli ˈleɪtər ɪn ðə game.”.” ˈəltəmətli, ðə ˈfaɪndɪŋz səˈʤɛst ðət fæst træk wɑz səkˈsɛsfəl ɪn rɪˈdusɪŋ participants’*’ əˈgrɛʃən təˈwɔrd ə ˈhɑstəl pɪr ɪn pɑrt bɪˈkəz ɪt ʧeɪnʤd ðə weɪ ðɛr ˈsɪstəmz rɪˈspɑndɪd tɪ ˈsoʊʃəl ˌprɑvəˈkeɪʃən. naʊ ðət ˈkɑnfədənt ðət ðə ˈifɛkts əv ðə fæst træk ˈproʊˌgræm riʧ ˈɪntu əˈdəlˌthʊd, ðə ˈrisərʧərz ər ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd ɪn dɪˈtərmənɪŋ wɪʧ spɪˈsɪfɪk kəmˈpoʊnənts əv ðə ˌɪntərˈvɛnʃən ər moʊst ˈifɛktɪv ɪn rɪˈdusɪŋ əˈgrɛʃən, wət ˈnʊrəl ˈmɛkəˌnɪzəmz ˌəndərˈlaɪ əˈgrɛsɪv bɪˈheɪvjər, ənd ˈwɛðər ðiz rɪˈzəlts ˈɔlsoʊ rɪŋ tru fər ˈwɪmən hu hæv pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪtɪd ɪn ðə ˈproʊˌgræm. ɔn ðɪs ˈrisərʧ ˌɪnˈklud: ˈɪsɪlɪn əv ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv nɔrθ ˌkɛrəˈlaɪnə ˈwɪlmɪŋtən; kiθ ˈwɛlkər əv weɪn steɪt ˌjunəˈvərsəti; ˈɑmɑd hərˈɪri əv duk ˌjunəˈvərsəti; ənd ˈkɛnɪθ dɑʤ əv duk ˌjunəˈvərsəti. ðɪs ˈrisərʧ wɑz səˈpɔrtɪd baɪ ˈnæʃənəl ˈɪnstɪˌtut ɔn drəg əˈbjuz (ˈnidə) grænts ənd (tɪ keɪ. ə. dɑʤ) ənd ˈnidə grænts ənd (tɪ ə. ɑr. hərˈɪri).
an educational intervention program for children between kindergarten and 10th grade, known as fast track, reduces aggressive behavior later in life, according to research published in psychological science, a journal of the association for psychological science. the research, led by psychological scientist justin carré of nipissing university in ontario, canada, indicates that dampened testosterone levels in response to social threats may account for the intervention’s success in reducing aggression. the fast track intervention program teaches children social cognitive skills, such as emotional regulation and social problem solving, and previous research suggests that the program may lead to decreased antisocial behavior and aggression in childhood and adolescence. but it wasn’t clear whether the skills that children learned in the program would have impacts that carried over into adulthood. carré and colleagues suspected that the program would have long-term effects, and that those effects would be linked to a specific biological mechanism: alterations in testosterone reactivity to social provocation. to test these hypotheses, the researchers recruited 63 participants from fast track schools in durham, north carolina. to ensure the participants in the sample were similar demographically, all of the participants were african american men who were about 26 years old. half of those participants were involved in the fast track program from ages 5 to 17, consisting of tutoring, peer coaching, home and family visits, and social-emotional learning lessons with friends. the rest of the participants attended the same schools but weren’t involved in the fast track program. more than 8 years after the intervention ended, the researchers brought the participants into the lab to play a game, the goal of which was to earn as much money as possible by pressing three buttons: one which accrued money, one which prevented money from being stolen, and another which stole money from an opponent. the participants believed they were playing against an actual opponent, but the game was actually determined by a computer program. the fictitious opponent provoked participants during the task by stealing their hard-earned money. overall, participants who completed the fast track program showed less aggression toward their opponent – that is, they opted to steal less money from their opponent than did participants who didn’t complete fast track. participants who hadn’t received the intervention showed an increase in testosterone levels after having their money stolen, but fast track participants didn’t, a finding that could explain their reduced aggression. “interestingly, there were no differences between intervention and control groups in baseline testosterone concentrations or aggressive behavior at the beginning of the experiment,” carré explains. “differences in aggressive behavior and testosterone concentrations emerged only later in the game.” ultimately, the findings suggest that fast track was successful in reducing participants’ aggression toward a hostile peer in part because it changed the way their neuroendocrine systems responded to social provocation. now that they’re confident that the effects of the fast track program reach into adulthood, the researchers are interested in determining which specific components of the intervention are most effective in reducing aggression, what neural mechanisms underlie aggressive behavior, and whether these results also ring true for women who have participated in the program. co-authors on this research include: anne-marie iselin of the university of north carolina wilmington; keith welker of wayne state university; ahmad hariri of duke university; and kenneth dodge of duke university. this research was supported by national institute on drug abuse (nida) grants p30da023026, r01da016903, and k05da15226 (to k. a. dodge) and nida grants r01da033369 and r01da031579 (to a. r. hariri).	ɔl ˈpænθərz ənd ˈælkəˌhɑl fænz hu ər ˈoʊvər ðə kraʊdz æt saʊθ ɛnd ˈsteɪʃən, rɪˈʤɔɪs, bɪˈkəz hoppin’’ ɪz ˈkəmɪŋ tɪ saʊθ ɛnd ənd ɪt həz ɔl ðə pəˈtɛnʃəl tɪ bɪˈkəm ðə nuəst spɑt. ðə ˈbɪznɪs ɪz baɪ wən əv ðə əv tu skups ˈkriməri, rɪʧ mɔɪər, wɪʧ minz wi kən ɪkˈspɛkt əˈmeɪzɪŋ θɪŋz tɪ kəm frəm ðɪs nu ˈkɑnsɛpt. prɑˈʤɛktəd tɪ ˈoʊpən ɪn noʊˈvɛmbər, hoppin’’ ɪz əˈbaʊt tɪ brɪŋ bɪr tɪ ˈʃɑrlət laɪk ˈnɛvər hæd ɪt ˌbiˈfɔr, əˈlɔŋ wɪθ soʊ ˈmɛni ˈəðər ˈwəndərfəl ˈfiʧərz ðət wɪl meɪk fər ə ˈfeɪvərɪt ““go-to”” spɑt soʊ, wət meɪks ðɪs fˈjuʧər ˈbɪznɪs ˈpərˌfɪkt fər? ðɛr ər ˈmɛni ˈrizənz səˈpɔrtɪŋ ðɪs kleɪm: 1 proximity/location: hoppin’’ ɪz ˈloʊˌkeɪtəd æt 1402 st., bɪˈhaɪnd ˈdɪstrɪkt flæts əˈpɑrtmənts ənd lɛs ðən 2 maɪəlz frəm bæŋk əv əˈmɛrɪkə ˈsteɪdiəm. ðət minz lɛs ðən 2 maɪəlz fər ju tɪ hæv tɪ trɛk ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ si ðə ˈpænθərz pleɪɪŋ lɪv ər traɪ tɪ skælp ˈtɪkɪts ˈaʊtˈsaɪd əv ðə ˈsteɪdiəm. ðeɪ ər ˈɔlsoʊ ˈloʊˌkeɪtəd raɪt nɛkst tɪ ə spɑt, soʊ ɪf ju ˈtɪpɪkəli ˈteɪlˌgeɪt ɔn, ˈrənɪŋ aʊt əv ˈælkəˌhɑl wɪl noʊ ˈlɔŋgər bi ə θrɛt. 2 saɪz: ðə speɪs wɑz wəns ə fəˈtɑgrəfi ˈstudiˌoʊ ənd ˈmɛʒərz 4600 sq. ft. wɪθ 1500 sq. ft. ˈmeɪkɪŋ əp ðə əpˈstɛrz lɔft ənd 3100 sq. ft. ˈmeɪkɪŋ əp ðə ˈdaʊnˈstɛrz. 3 ˈsitɪŋ: ðɛr wɪl bi ə vərˈaɪəti əv ˈsitɪŋ ˈɔpʃənz. frəm haɪ tɑps, tɪ ˈkaʊʧɪz, tɪ ˈɑrmˌʧɛrz, tɪ ˈpɪkˌnɪk ˈteɪbəlz, tɪ ˈivɪn ə ˈteɪbəl ðət kəmz ɪkˈwɪpt wɪθ ˈʧɑrʤɪŋ ˈsteɪʃənz. ˈsteɪʃənz: əˈfreɪd jʊr foʊn wɪl daɪ ˌbiˈfɔr ju kən kɔl ən ˈubər? juz wən əv ðɛr ˈʧɑrʤɪŋ ˈsteɪʃənz tɪ ʧɑrʤ əp ˌbiˈfɔr ˈhɛdɪŋ hoʊm ər tɪ əˈnəðər bɑr. 5.patios: ðə speɪs wɪl hæv dɔrz ðət ˈoʊpən əp ˈɔntu ə graʊnd ˈpætiˌoʊ tɪ əˈlaʊ fər mɔr ˈsitɪŋ ənd ˈstændɪŋ speɪs, ɛz wɛl ɛz ə smɔl ˈrufˌtɑp ˈpætiˌoʊ wɪθ vjuz əv ðə ˈsɪti. ˈfaɪərˌpleɪs: fər ˈkoʊldər ˈwɛðər naɪts, ju kən ˈhədəl əraʊnd ðə ˈaʊtˌdɔr ˈfaɪərˌpleɪs ənˈtɪl jʊr bɪr ˈʤækɪt ˈsɛtəlz ɪn. 7 bɪr ˈjuzɪŋ tɛkˈnɑləʤi, hoppin’’ wɪl əˈlaʊ ɪts ˈkəstəmərz tɪ frəm ə səˈlɛkʃən əv 62 tæps ˈjuzɪŋ ə ðət wɪl kəˈnɛkt tɪ jʊr ˈkrɛdɪt kɑrd ənd ʧɑrʤ beɪst ɔn ˈɛvəri əv ən aʊns pɔrd. 8 ˌælkəˈhɑlɪk vərˈaɪəti: əv ðə 62 tæps, 47 əv ðoʊz wɪl bi ˈloʊkəl ənd ˈriʤənəl bɪr səˈlɛkʃənz, 12 biɪŋ waɪn tæps ənd ðə rɛst biɪŋ roʊz ˈɔpʃənz, ənd ˈivɪn koʊld bru ˈkɔfi. 9 ə nɑd tɪ ðə ˈklæsɪks: nɑt ə fæn əv kræft bɪr? du nɑt frɛt. ðɛr wɪl bi ˈklæsɪk dəˈmɛstɪks səʧ ɛz kərˈoʊnə ənd bəd laɪt ɔn tæp. 10 ˈseɪfti priˈkɔʃənz: ˈwərid ju wɪl bi ˌoʊvərˈwɛlmd baɪ ɔl ðə bɪr ənd ɛnd əp ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ tu məʧ ˌbiˈfɔr ðə geɪm? ˈwəri noʊ ˈlɔŋgər. ɪz ðə mæks ju kən ˈpərʧəs ɔn ə æt ə taɪm fər ˈmɑnətərɪŋ ənd ˌrɛgjəˈleɪʃən. noʊt: ðɪs ɪz ˈoʊnli ə ˌgɛrənˈti ɪf ju noʊ ðət ju kən ˈhændəl 32 ɑz. əv ˈælkəˌhɑl, over-pregame, ər pɛr jʊr ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ wɪθ ˈitɪŋ 11 fud!: əˈʤeɪsənt tɪ hoppin’’ ɪz ðə fud trək, tˈwɪstɪd eats’’ meɪn location/office. ðə ˈoʊnər həz əˈgrid tɪ wɪθ ðə nu bɪr ˈgɑrdən ənd kriˈeɪt ə ˈmɛnju əv smɔl ˈaɪtəmz fər ˈpərʧəs. ɪf ju ɔˈrɛdi traɪd tˈwɪstɪd its, ju nid tɪ ˈeɪˌsæp. ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ɪz amazin. 12 ækˈtɪvɪtiz: ðə speɪs wɪl bi ɪkˈwɪpt wɪθ ðə ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ ɛˈsɛnʃəlz. dɑrts ənd cornhole. stɑrt ˈwɔrmɪŋ əp jʊr θroʊɪŋ ɑrm/ 13 ˈtiˈviz: kaɪnd əv ɛˈsɛnʃəl wɪn ɪt kəmz tɪ ˈwɑʧɪŋ geɪmz. waɪl ðiz bi ˌɪnˈstɔld raɪt əˈweɪ, θri ˈtiˈviz ər ɪn ðə plænz tɪ bi ˈædɪd boʊθ ˈɪnˌdɔrz ənd aʊt. 14 ˈəðər ˈrizənz tɪ goʊ ˌbiˈsaɪdz ˈfʊtˌbɔl: nɑt ə fæn əv ˈfʊtˌbɔl? kul, mi ˈniðər. ɔn ˈrɛgjələr naɪts, bændz wɪl pərˈfɔrm lɪv mˈjuzɪk ənd ɔl ðə ˈfiʧərz ˈmɛnʃənd əˈbəv wɪl stɪl bi əˈveɪləbəl, ʤɪst wɪˈθaʊt ˈpipəl ˈjɛlɪŋ əˈbaʊt fli ˈflɪkərz ənd flægz ɔn pleɪz. ***ˈivɪn ˈbɛtər nuz, hoppin’’ ɪz ɔˈrɛdi ˈplænɪŋ tɪ ˈoʊpən ə nu loʊˈkeɪʃən ɪn ˈnoʊdə. ðə ˈəðər loʊˈkeɪʃən wɪl bi ɪn ə approx. 5000 sq. ft*. speɪs ˈəndər ə nu əˈpɑrtmənt ˈkɑmplɛks ðət ɪz prɑˈʤɛktəd tɪ bi kəmˈplitɪd æt ðə ɛnd əv 2019 kip ˈʧɛkɪŋ bæk fər ˈəpˌdeɪtɪd ˈpɪkʧərz əv ðə speɪs! ˈkəmɪŋ sun!
all panthers and alcohol fans who are over the crowds at south end station, rejoice, because hoppin’ is coming to south end and it has all the potential to become the newest 'thersday tailgating spot. the business is co-owned by one of the co-owners of two scoops creamery, rich moyer, which means we can expect amazing things to come from this new concept. projected to open in early-mid november, hoppin’ is about to bring beer to charlotte like we’ve never had it before, along with so many other wonderful features that will make for a favorite “go-to” spot so, what makes this future business perfect for tailgating? there are many reasons supporting this claim: 1. proximity/location: hoppin’ is located at 1402 winnifred st., behind district flats apartments and less than 2 miles from bank of america stadium. that means less than 2 miles for you to have to trek in order to see the panthers playing live or try to scalp tickets outside of the stadium. they are also located right next to a tailgating spot, so if you typically tailgate on winnifred, running out of alcohol will no longer be a threat. 2. size: the space was once a photography studio and measures 4600 sq. ft. with 1500 sq. ft. making up the upstairs loft and 3100 sq. ft. making up the downstairs. 3. seating: there will be a variety of seating options. from high tops, to couches, to armchairs, to picnic tables, to even a table that comes equipped with usb charging stations. 4.charging stations: afraid your phone will die before you can call an uber? use one of their usb charging stations to charge up before heading home or to another bar. 5.patios: the space will have garage-style doors that open up onto a ground patio to allow for more seating and standing space, as well as a small rooftop patio with views of the city. 6.outdoor fireplace: for colder weather nights, you can huddle around the outdoor fireplace until your beer jacket settles in. 7. self-serve beer : using ipourit technology, hoppin’ will allow its customers to self-serve from a selection of 62 taps using a wristband that will connect to your credit card and charge based on every 1/10 of an ounce poured. 8. alcoholic variety: of the 62 taps, 47 of those will be local and regional beer selections, 12 being wine taps and the rest being rose options, and even cold brew coffee. 9. a nod to the classics: not a fan of craft beer? do not fret. there will be classic domestics such as corona and bud light on tap. 10. safety precautions: worried you will be overwhelmed by all the beer and end up drinking too much before the game? worry no longer. 32oz is the max you can purchase on a wristband at a time for monitoring and regulation. note: this is only a guarantee if you know that you can handle 32 oz. of alcohol, don’t over-pregame, or pair your drinking with eating 11. food!: adjacent to hoppin’ is the food truck, twisted eats’ main location/office. the owner has agreed to collab with the new beer garden and create a menu of 8-10 small items for purchase. if you haven’t already tried twisted eats, you need to asap. everything is amazin. 12. activities: the space will be equipped with the drinking essentials. darts and cornhole. start warming up your throwing arm/ 13. tvs: kind of essential when it comes to watching games. while these won’t be installed right away, three 75” tvs are in the plans to be added both indoors and out. 14. other reasons to go besides football: not a fan of football? that’s cool, me neither. on regular nights, bands will perform live music and all the features mentioned above will still be available, just without people yelling about flea flickers and flags on plays. ****even better news, hoppin’ is already planning to open a new location in noda. the other location will be in a approx. 5000 sq. ft. space under a new apartment complex that is projected to be completed at the end of 2019. keep checking back for updated pictures of the space! coming soon!	baɪ 28 sæn frænˈsɪskoʊ ʧɪps ˌɪnˈsaɪd ə ˈpækɪʤ ɔt tɪ tɔk wirelessly, ɪˈlɪməˌneɪtɪŋ ˈkɔstli waɪərd lɪŋks ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrz ər ˈkræftɪŋ fər stæks. kəmˌjunəˈkeɪʃənz həz ən ˌɪnˈdəktɪv ˈkəplɪŋ lɪŋk ɪt sɪz kʊd seɪv 40 əv ðə kɔsts əv (tsvs) naʊ ɪn dɪˈvɛləpmənt. ðə ˈstɑrˌtəp ˈrisəntli haɪərd deɪv ˈdɪtzəl ɛz ɪts ʧif ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv. ðə ˈvɛtərən ˌmaɪkroʊˈprɑsɛsər dɪˈzaɪnər sɪz ðə tɛkˈnɑləʤi ˌpaɪəˈnɪrd baɪ prəˈfɛsər kərˈoʊdə əv keɪoʊ ˌjunəˈvərsəti ɪn ʤəˈpæn həz pəˈtɛnʃəl fər brɔd ˌɪmˈpækt, əˈspɛʃəli fər stæks əv ˈdiˌræm ənd flæʃ ʧɪps. kərˈoʊdə ɪz "wən əv ðə moʊst ˈfeɪməs prəˈfɛsərz ɪn ðə wərld, ənd aɪv kɛpt ɪn təʧ wɪθ ɪm ˈoʊvər ðə jɪrz ɛz ə kənˈsəltənt ənd haɪərd hɪz ˈstudənts," sɛd ˈdɪtzəl hu lɛd dɪˈzaɪn timz æt ˌɪnˈtɛl, ˈstɑrˌtəp transmeta, ənd ðə ˈfɔrmər sən ˈmaɪˌkroʊˈsɪstəmz. təˈdeɪ ə groʊɪŋ grup əv ˈkəmpəˌniz ɪz dɪˈvɛləpɪŋ ˈsoʊˈkɔld stæks ðət leɪ daɪz ˈsaɪdbaɪˈsaɪd, kəˈnɛktɪd θru waɪərd lɪŋks ɔn ə ˈsɪləkən bɪˈniθ ðɛm. ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrz ər ˈwərkɪŋ ɔn ðə nɛkst bɪg lip, ˈdrɪlɪŋ ˈtaɪni θru daɪz stækt ˈvərtɪkli, bət soʊ fɑr ðə tɛkˈnik ɪz ˈmeɪnli ɪn ə ˈproʊtoʊˌtaɪp feɪz, ˈhæmpərd baɪ ˈɪʃuz əv kɔst ənd kəmˈplɛksɪti. ˈwaɪrlɪs əˈproʊʧ ɪz ˈsɪmpələr, ˈjuzɪz lɛs paʊər, ənd ɪz ˈʧipər ðən ˈjuzɪŋ, sɪz ˈdɪtzəl hu ʤɔɪnd ðə ˈkəmpəˌni ɪn dɪˈsɛmbər. hi eɪmz tɪ haɪər ə ˈsɪləkən ˈvæli səˈpɔrt tim tɪ hɛlp ˈkəmpəˌniz dɪˈzaɪn ðə ˈkəplɪŋ kɔɪlz ɪn ðɛr ʧɪps. ðə ˈstɑrˌtəp, ˈfaʊndɪd ɪn 2007 həz dɪˈzaɪnd 10 tɛst ʧɪps ˈoʊvər ðə ˈdɛkeɪd kərˈoʊdə həz ˈpəblɪʃt ɔn ðə tɛkˈnik. ɪt həz ʃoʊn ˈsɪgnəlz goʊɪŋ θru 128 daɪz ˈjuzɪŋ rɪˈpitərz ɪn wən tɛst ðət pækt ə ˈθaʊzənd ˈmaɪˌkrɑn kɔɪlz tɪ kriˈeɪt ə lɪŋk. ðə lɪŋks ˈoʊnli ˈkɛri ˈdætə, riˈlaɪɪŋ ɔn trəˈdɪʃənəl waɪərd lɪŋks fər paʊər ənd graʊnd ˈsɪgnəlz. ˌbiˈsaɪdz ˈmɛməri stæks, ðə tɛkˈnik kʊd bi juzd ɪn ˈəðər ˌæpləˈkeɪʃənz wɛr ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrz ər ˈkərəntli ˈwərkɪŋ wɪθ. ˈjuzɪz ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈlɪŋkɪŋ tɪ ˈmɛməri ʧɪps ə vərˈaɪəti əv ˈmoʊbəl ənd klaʊd ˈprɑˌsɛsərz ɛz wɛl ɛz ˈkæmərə ˈbækˌsaɪd imagers, ˈdɪtzəl sɪz. wən ˈstækɪŋ ˈspɛʃəlɪst ɪkˈsprɛst səm ˈskɛptɪˌsɪzəm. ðə ˈwaɪrlɪs əˈproʊʧ ɪˈlɪməˌneɪts ˈdɪfəkəlt stɛps ˈnidɪd fər, səʧ ɛz ɪkˈstrim ˈθɪnɪŋ əv ˈweɪfərz, ˌhaʊˈɛvər ɪt ˈoʊpənz əp nu ˈɪʃuz əˈbaʊt əˈlaɪnɪŋ kɔɪlz ənd ɪˈlɪməˌneɪtɪŋ ˌɪnərˈfɪrəns bɪtˈwin ðɛm, sɪz ərb ˈraɪtər, ˈprɪnsəpəl əv kənˈsəltɪŋ ɪn lɔs ˈgɑˌtoʊs, ˈkælɪf. ðə saɪz əv kɔɪlz ɪz əˈnəðər ˈɪʃu. "aɪ kˈwɛʃən ɪf ðiz kɔɪlz kən bi meɪd smɔl ɪˈnəf tɪ kəmˈpit ɪn daɪ ˈɛriə wɪθ ˈivɪn ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ðə zoʊn," sɪz ˈraɪtər. ðə ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ˈpeɪʤɪz prəˈvaɪd slaɪdz dɪˈskraɪbɪŋ ðə tɛkˈnɑləʤi ɪn mɔr ˈditeɪl...
by , 28 san francisco — chips inside a package ought to talk wirelessly, eliminating costly wired links engineers are crafting for 3d stacks. thruchip communications has an inductive coupling link it says could save 40% of the costs of through-silicon vias (tsvs) now in development. the technology-licensing startup recently hired dave ditzel as its chief executive. the veteran microprocessor designer says the technology pioneered by professor tadahiro kuroda of keio university in japan has potential for broad impact, especially for stacks of dram and flash chips. kuroda is "one of the most famous circuit-design professors in the world, and i've kept in touch with him over the years as a consultant and hired his students," said ditzel who led cpu design teams at intel, startup transmeta, and the former sun microsystems. today a growing group of companies is developing so-called 2.5d stacks that lay dies side-by-side, connected through wired links on a silicon interposer beneath them. engineers are working on the next big leap, drilling tiny tsvs through dies stacked vertically, but so far the technique is mainly in a prototype phase, hampered by issues of cost and complexity. thruchip's wireless approach is simpler, uses less power, and is cheaper than using tsvs, says ditzel who joined the company in december. he aims to hire a silicon valley support team to help companies design the coupling coils in their chips. the startup, founded in 2007, has designed 10 test chips over the decade kuroda has published on the technique. it has shown signals going through 128 dies using repeaters in one test that packed a thousand 50-100 micron coils to create a terabit/second link. the links only carry data, relying on traditional wired links for power and ground signals. besides memory stacks, the technique could be used in other applications where engineers are currently working with tsvs. uses including linking to memory chips a variety of mobile and cloud processors as well as camera backside imagers, ditzel says. one 3d stacking specialist expressed some skepticism. the wireless approach eliminates difficult steps needed for tsvs, such as extreme thinning of wafers, however it opens up new issues about aligning coils and eliminating interference between them, says herb reiter, principal of eda2asic consulting in los gatos, calif. the size of coils is another issue. "i question if these coils can be made small enough to compete in die area with tsvs -- even including the tsv keep-out zone," says reiter. the following pages provide slides describing the thruchip technology in more detail...	ˈstədi ɪkˈspoʊzɪz ˈsikrɪt wərld əv pɔrn əˈdɪkʃən ə ˈmeɪʤər ˈstədi frəm ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ˈsɪdni həz ʃɛd laɪt ɔn ðə ˈsikrɪt wərld əv ɪkˈsɛsɪv pɔrn vjuɪŋ ənd ðə ˈdɛvəˌsteɪtɪŋ ˈifɛkt ɪt həz ɔn ˈjuzərz ənd ðɛr ˈfæməliz. ˈdɑktər əv ðə ˈfækəlti əv hɛlθ ˈsaɪənsɪz ənd prəˈfɛsər rɑʤ frəm ðə dɪˈpɑrtmənt əv sɪˈkaɪətri əv ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ˈsɪdni kənˈdəktəd ən ˈɔnˌlaɪn ˈstədi əv 800 ˈpipəl hu wɔʧ pɔrn tɪ geɪn ən ənˈprɛsɪˌdɛntɪd ˈɪnˌsaɪt ˈɪntu hu ˈsəfərz frəm pɔrn əˈdɪkʃən ənd haʊ ðɛr əˈdɪkʃən əˈfɛkts ðɛm. prɪˈlɪməˌnɛri rɪˈzəlts frəm ðə ˈstədi hæv rɪˈvild ðət 43 pərˈsɛnt əv ðoʊz ˈsərˌveɪd ˈstɑrtɪd tɪ vju pɔrn bɪtˈwin ðə ˈeɪʤɪz əv 11 ənd 13 47 pərˈsɛnt spɛnd bɪtˈwin 30 ˈmɪnəts ənd θri aʊərz ə deɪ ˈwɑʧɪŋ pɔrn. mɔr ðən hæf əv pɔrn ˈjuzərz ˈsərˌveɪd wər ˈmɛrid ər ɪn riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪps ənd 85 pərˈsɛnt wər meɪl. ðə ˈrisərʧərz faʊnd ɪkˈsɛsɪv ˈjuzərz hæd səˈvɪr ˈsoʊʃəl ənd riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp ˈprɑbləmz ənd hæd ˈɔfən lɔst ðɛr ʤɑbz ər bɪn ɪn ˈtrəbəl wɪθ ðə lɔ ɛz ə rɪˈzəlt əv ðɛr əˈdɪkʃən. səm ˈjuzərz ˈɛskəˌleɪtɪd ðɛr vjuɪŋ tɪ mɔr ɪkˈstrim ənd ˈɔfən ˌɪˈligəl məˈtɪriəl. "wi ɔl noʊ wət pɔrn ɪz, bət ənˈtɪl naʊ wi ˈhævənt noʊn məʧ əˈbaʊt ɪts ˌɪmˈpækt," sɪz ˈdɑktər. "gɔn ər ðə deɪz wɪn ju hæd tɪ goʊ tɪ ə ʃɑp, peɪ fər ðə ˈmərʧənˌdaɪz, ənd kəm aʊt wɪθ ə ˈmægəˌzin ɪn ə braʊn ˈpeɪpər bæg. ju kən naʊ ˈdaʊnˌloʊd ˈɛniˌθɪŋ, ˈɛniˌtaɪm, ˈɛniˌwɛr æt hoʊm, ɪn jʊr ˈbɛˌdrum, ɪn jʊr ˈɔfəs, ɪn ðə kɑr, ɪn ðə pɑrk, ɔn ðə weɪ tɪ wərk." ðə ˈsərˌveɪ ˈɔlsoʊ ʃɛd laɪt ɔn ɪkˈstrim ˈkeɪsɪz. fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, əˈbaʊt 20 pərˈsɛnt əv pɑrˈtɪsəpənts sɛd ðət ðeɪ prɪˈfərd ðə ɪkˈsaɪtmənt əv ˈwɑʧɪŋ pɔrn tɪ biɪŋ ˈsɛkʃuəli ˈɪnɪmət wɪθ ðɛr ˈpɑrtnər. əˈbaʊt 14 pərˈsɛnt hæd fɔrmd ə riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp wɪθ ˈəðər ˈɔnˌlaɪn ˈjuzərz, 30 pərˈsɛnt ækˈnɑlɪʤd ðət ðɛr wərk pərˈfɔrməns ˈsəfərd du tɪ ɪkˈsɛsɪv vjuɪŋ, ənd əˈbaʊt 18 pərˈsɛnt wər priˈɑkjəˌpaɪd wɪθ wɪn ðeɪ wər nɑt ˈɔnˌlaɪn. "ðə ˌriˈæləˌti ɪz ðət pɔrn ɪz hir tɪ steɪ. wət wi nid ɪz ə ˈbælənst vju əv ðə pəˈtɛnʃəl ˈdeɪnʤərz əv pɔrn əˈdɪkʃən, səˈpɔrtɪd baɪ gʊd ˈɛvədəns," sɪz prəˈfɛsər rɑʤ. ɪn ðə læst faɪv jɪrz, hi həz sin ən ˌɪnˈkris ɪn ˈpipəl prɪˈzɛntɪŋ wɪθ ˈprɑbləmz əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd wɪθ ɪkˈsɛsɪv pɔrn vjuɪŋ ɪn hɪz ˈklɪnɪkəl ˈpræktɪs. ˈtɛlɪŋli, 88 pərˈsɛnt əv ðoʊz ˈsərˌveɪd ˌriˈpɔrtəd ðeɪ wər ˈwɪlɪŋ tɪ sik prəˈfɛʃənəl hɛlp, bət wʊd prɪˈfər tɪ sik ɪt ˈɔnˌlaɪn. ˈdɑktər ənd prəˈfɛsər rɑʤ ər ˈkərəntli pərˈpɛrɪŋ ə ˈtritmənt ˈproʊˌgræm ðət kən bi ˈɔfərd ˈɔnˌlaɪn. "ˈwɑʧɪŋ pɔrn ɪz ə ˈlərnɪd bɪˈheɪvjər ənd wi bɪˈliv ɪt kən bi unlearned. wi ər ˈfaɪndɪŋ ðət ˈpipəl du ˌəndərˈstænd ðət ðɛr ɪkˈsɛsɪv pɔrn vjuɪŋ ɪz ˌɪmˈpæktɪŋ ɔn ðɛr lɪvz ənd ðeɪ wɔnt tɪ ʧeɪnʤ," ˈdɑktər sɪz. ʤɔɪn ðə tˈwɪtər dɪˈskəʃən wɪθ ðə ˈhæʃˌtæg ˈmidiə enquiries: ˈkeɪti szittner*, 02 9351 2261 0478 316 809
study exposes secret world of porn addiction a major study from the university of sydney has shed light on the secret world of excessive porn viewing and the devastating effect it has on users and their families. dr gomathi sitharthan of the faculty of health sciences and professor raj sitharthan from the department of psychiatry of the university of sydney conducted an online study of 800 people who watch porn to gain an unprecedented insight into who suffers from porn addiction and how their addiction affects them. preliminary results from the study have revealed that 43 percent of those surveyed started to view porn between the ages of 11 and 13, 47 percent spend between 30 minutes and three hours a day watching porn. more than half of porn users surveyed were married or in de-facto relationships and 85 percent were male. the researchers found excessive users had severe social and relationship problems and had often lost their jobs or been in trouble with the law as a result of their addiction. some users escalated their viewing to more extreme and often illegal material. "we all know what porn is, but until now we haven't known much about its impact," says dr gomathi sitharthan. "gone are the days when you had to go to a shop, pay for the merchandise, and come out with a magazine in a brown paper bag. you can now download anything, anytime, anywhere - at home, in your bedroom, in your office, in the car, in the park, on the way to work." the survey also shed light on extreme cases. for example, about 20 percent of participants said that they preferred the excitement of watching porn to being sexually intimate with their partner. about 14 percent had formed a relationship with other online users, 30 percent acknowledged that their work performance suffered due to excessive viewing, and about 18 percent were preoccupied with fantasising when they were not online. "the reality is that porn is here to stay. what we need is a balanced view of the potential dangers of porn addiction, supported by good evidence," says professor raj sitharthan. in the last five years, he has seen an increase in people presenting with problems associated with excessive porn viewing in his clinical practice. tellingly, 88 percent of those surveyed reported they were willing to seek professional help, but would prefer to seek it online. dr gomathi sitharthan and professor raj sitharthan are currently preparing a treatment program that can be offered online. "watching porn is a learned behaviour and we believe it can be unlearned. we are finding that people do understand that their excessive porn viewing is impacting on their lives and they want to change," dr sitharthan says. join the twitter discussion with the hashtag #porndebate media enquiries: katie szittner, 02 9351 2261, 0478 316 809, katie.szittner@sydney.edu.au	ˈfaɪˌnæns ˈtrækər ɪz ˈsɪmpəl jɛt ˈjusfəl ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən fər ˈtrækɪŋ ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən əˈbaʊt jʊr ɪkˈspɛnsɪz ənd ˈɪnˌkəmz. ˈɛnərɪŋ ˈdætə wɪθ ˈkætəˌgɔri səˈlɛkʃən teɪks ˈoʊnli fju ˈsɛkəndz, ju kən du ɪt ˈivɪn waɪl ju ər baɪɪŋ ˈsəmθɪŋ. træk jʊr ˈfaɪˌnæns steɪt wɪθ hɛlp əv kənˈvinjənt ˈvɪʒəwəl ˈdaɪəˌgræmz. ˈjuzɪŋ ˈfiʧər ˈməni goes”” ju kən ˈɔlˌweɪz si, wət ɪz ðə moʊst ˈkætəˌgɔri əv jʊr ˈbəʤɪt. ˈfiʧərz: ˈtrækɪŋ ɪkˈspɛnsɪz ənd ˈɪnˌkəmz fʊl mɔr ðən 20 ˈkætəˌgɔriz, wɪθ ˌpɑsəˈbɪləˌti tɪ ʧeɪnʤ ənd riˈɔrdər ðɛm dɪˈspleɪɪŋ ɪkˈspɛnsɪz ənd ˈɪnˌkəmz baɪ deɪt ənd baɪ ˈkætəˌgɔri dɪˈspleɪɪŋ jʊr ˈbæləns ʧɑrt dɪˈspleɪɪŋ moʊst ˈkætəˌgɔriz ˈlaɪtnɪŋ fæst ˈɛnərɪŋ nu ˈdætə ʤɪst fju ˈsɛkəndz! ə sɛt əv ˈaɪˌkɑnz fər ˈkəstəˌmaɪzɪŋ jʊr oʊn ˈkætəˌgɔriz dɪˈspleɪɪŋ ˈbæləns, ɪkˈspɛnsɪz, ˈɪnˌkəmz ɔn ðə lɪv taɪl ˈbæˌkəp ənd rɪˈstɔr əˈkaʊnts səˈpɔrt tɪ dɪˈlit meɪk lɔŋ tæp ɔn
finance tracker is simple yet useful application for tracking information about your expenses and incomes. entering data with category selection takes only few seconds, you can do it even while you are buying something. track your finance state with help of convenient visual diagrams. using feature “where money goes” you can always see, what is the most money-losing category of your budget. features: • tracking expenses and incomes • full metro-style • more than 20 predefined categories, with possibility to change and reorder them • displaying expenses and incomes by date and by category • displaying your balance chart • displaying most money-losing categories • lightning fast entering new data – just few seconds! • a set of icons for customizing your own categories • displaying balance, expenses, incomes on the live tile • onedrive backup and restore • accounts support to delete expenses/incomes/categories make long tap on them.	ðɪs ˈhæpənd ɔn maɪ ˈgrændˌməðərz fɑrm wɪn maɪ mɑm wɑz ˈlɪtəl, ˈbeɪbi dəks ækt ə lɔt laɪk ˈbeɪbi ˈʧɪkənz soʊ ɪn ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ ɪt soʊ bæd ðə meɪn ˈprɑbləm ɪz ðət ˈbeɪbi dəks ləv ˈwɔtər, bət ˈbeɪbi ˈʧɪkənz gɪt ˈvɛri ˈvɛri dɛd frəm ɪt, soʊ ju kən ˌɪˈmæʤən ðə ˈməðər hɛnz səˈpraɪz ənd ˈhɔrər ðə fərst taɪm ðeɪ goʊ baɪ ðə fɑrm pɑnd ənd ɔl ðə ˈbeɪbiz rən tɪ ðə ˈwɔtər ənd ʤəmp ɪn maɪ ˈgrændˌməðər hæd tɪ kəm aʊt əv ðə haʊs tɪ ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪt ɔl ðə nɔɪz ðə hɛn wɑz ˈmeɪkɪŋ ðə ˈməðər hɛn wɑz ˈkləkɪŋ ənd ˈskriʧɪŋ ɪn dɪˈstrɛs ənd ˈrənɪŋ ˈsərkəlz əraʊnd ðə pɑnd waɪl ðə ˈdəˌkɪz wər ˈhævɪŋ ðə taɪm əv ðɛr lɪvz. ðɪs ˈhæpənd ə fju mɔr taɪmz ˌbiˈfɔr ˈmɑmə hɛn wɑz laɪk fək ɪt ju ˈwɑnə swɪm si wət aɪ kɛr ənd wʊd sɪt ə ˈdɪstəns əˈweɪ ˈwɑʧɪŋ ðɛm ɪn ðə pɑnd. ɪf ðə dəks ˈɛvər əˈbændənd ˈɛni ɛgz maɪ ˈgrændˌməðər wʊd ˈɔlˌweɪz pʊt ɪt ˈəndər ðət ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr hɛnz nɛst kɔz frəm ðɛn ɔn ʃi ˈɔlˌweɪz nu haʊ tɪ dil wɪθ hər loving”*” dɪˈlɪŋkwənt ˈʧɪldrən
this happened on my grandmothers farm when my mom was little, baby ducks act a lot like baby chickens so in the beginning it wasn’t so bad the main problem is that baby ducks love water, but baby chickens get very very dead from it, so you can imagine the mother hens surprise and horror the first time they go by the farm pond and all the babies run to the water and jump in my grandmother had to come out of the house to investigate all the noise the hen was making the mother hen was clucking and screeching in distress and running circles around the pond while the duckies were having the time of their lives. this happened a few more times before momma hen was like fuck it you wanna swim see what i care , and would sit a distance away watching them in the pond. if the ducks ever abandoned any eggs my grandmother would always put it under that particular hens nest cause from then on she always knew how to deal with her “water loving” delinquent children	ɪmˈplɔɪərz hu wəns ˈfoʊkɪst ɔn ˈfaɪndɪŋ ˈsɔfˌwɛr dɪˈvɛləpmənt ˈtælənt frəm tɔp ˌjunəˈvərsətiz ər naʊ ˈhaɪrɪŋ dɪˈvɛləpərz hu ˈlərnɪd ðə treɪd frəm ˈkoʊdɪŋ, ˈʤunjər ˈkɑlɪʤɪz, ənd ˈɔnˌlaɪn ˈrisɔrsɪz, ˈtɛknɪkəl rɪˈkrutər sɪz. ˈsaɪtɪŋ ən ˈɔnˌgoʊɪŋ dɪˈvɛləpər ˈtælənt ˈʃɔrtɪʤ ðət nidz æˈdrɛsɪŋ, siz tɛkˈnɑləʤi dɪˈmɑkrəˌtaɪzɪŋ haʊ dɪˈvɛləpərz əkˈwaɪər skɪlz. "ɪts mɔr ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ðən ˈɛvər tɪ ˈriəˌlaɪz ðət (kəmˈpjutər saɪəns) dɪˈgriz ər nɑt ðə ˈoʊnli weɪ tɪ bɪˈkəm ə greɪt dɪˈvɛləpər," sɪz, ˈsiˌiˈoʊ. "ðət sɛd, ˈtreɪnɪŋ ɪz ˈoʊnli wən pɑrt əv ðə ɪkˈweɪʒən. ɪf ˈkəmpəˌniz doʊnt faɪnd nu weɪz tɪ faɪnd ənd ɪˈvæljuˌeɪt ˈkænədɪts beɪst ɔn skɪl, ˈvərsəz ˈpɛdəgri, ðɛn ðɛl kənˈtɪnju tɪ feɪs ə skɪlz ˈʃɔrtɪʤ." ˈsəmˌwən ˈdrɪvən tɪ lərn ðə ˌfəndəˈmɛnəlz, bi ə sɛlf ˈstɑrtər, ənd ˈdɛmənˌstreɪt strɔŋ ˌkɑmpjuˈteɪʃənəl ˈθɪŋkɪŋ kən ˌæbsəˈlutli bɪˈkəm ə greɪt ˈsɔfˌwɛr ˈɛnʤəˈnɪr wɪˈθaʊt ə trəˈdɪʃənəl dɪˈgri, sɪz, ˈsaɪtɪŋ bɪl geɪts ənd mɑrk ˈzəkərˌbərg ɛz ɪgˈzæmpəlz əv ˈprɑmənənt dɪˈvɛləpərz wɪˈθaʊt ðiz dɪˈgriz. ˈkəmpəˌniz laɪk ˈmɔrgən ʧeɪs ənd ər ˈlʊkɪŋ æt ˈkænədɪts wɪˈθaʊt trəˈdɪʃənəl dɪˈgriz wɪn ˈhaɪrɪŋ dɪˈvɛləpərz, sɛd. wɪn ɪt kəmz tɪ ˈkɑlɪʤɪz, skulz wɪθ ðə moʊst ɛˈstimd ˌrɛpjəˈteɪʃənz, səʧ ɛz ˈstænfərd ˌjunəˈvərsəti, ər nɑt ðə ˈoʊnli səˈplaɪərz əv ˈproʊˌgræmərz, ædz. ˈʤunjər ˈkɑlɪʤɪz ər ˈəðər pərˈhæps ˌfɔˈrjɪr skulz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈmætər. "wɪθ ðə dɪˌmɑkrətəˈzeɪʃən əv skɪl ˈtreɪnɪŋ, ɪts ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋgli lɛs əˈbaʊt wɛr ju wɛnt tɪ skul ənd mɔr əˈbaʊt ˈwɛðər ər nɑt ju kən du ðə ʤɑb wɛl," hi pɔɪnts aʊt. "təˈdeɪ, ðɛr ər ˈbɛtər weɪz tɪ ɪˈvæljuˌeɪt ˈækʧəwəl skɪlz ðən wəts ɔn ə ˈrɛzəˌmeɪ. ɪts əˈbaʊt skɪlz fərst əˈbəv ɔl." ˈɛmfəˌsaɪzɪz ˈkoʊdɪŋ laɪk ˈsɔfˌwɛr gɪld, aɪərn jɑrd, epicodus, koʊd ˈfɛloʊz, ənd ɛz ən ɔlˈtərnətɪv. "ðiz ər ˈjuʒəwəli ˈrɪgərəs ˈfʊlˌtaɪm ˈkɔrsɪz ðət ˌrikˈwaɪər ə lɔt əv wərk, ˈpræktɪs, ənd skɪl əˈsɛsmənts," noʊts. ˈʤɑvəˌskrɪpt gɪts ə ˈgreɪtər ˈfoʊkɪs æt ðən ɪt dɪz æt trəˈdɪʃənəl ˈkɑlɪʤɪz. hæv ə ˈlɪmɪtɪd əˈmaʊnt əv taɪm tɪ tiʧ, ənd ˈʤɑvəˌskrɪpt ɪz ə mɔr ˈpræktɪkəl skɪl ɪn ðə ˈɪndəstri," sɪz memelli, lɛd ˈkɑntɛnt ˈkjʊrətər æt. "ˈʤɑvəˌskrɪpt həz ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋgli bɪˈkəm əv ðə wən əv ðə moʊst skɪlz. ɪts ə tul ðət nu dɪˈvɛləpərz kən juz tɪ bɪld θɪŋz fæst."
employers who once focused on finding software development talent from top universities are now hiring developers who learned the trade from coding bootcamps, junior colleges, and online resources, technical recruiter hackerrank says. citing an ongoing developer talent shortage that needs addressing, hackerrank sees technology democratizing how developers acquire skills. "it's more important than ever to realize that cs (computer science) degrees are not the only way to become a great developer," says vivek ravisankar, hackerrank co-founder & ceo. "that said, training is only one part of the equation. if companies don't find new ways to find and evaluate candidates based on skill, versus pedigree, then they'll continue to face a skills shortage." someone driven to learn the fundamentals, be a self starter, and demonstrate strong computational thinking can absolutely become a great software engineer without a traditional cs degree, ravisankar says, citing bill gates and mark zuckerberg as examples of prominent developers without these degrees. companies like jp morgan chase and vmware are looking at candidates without traditional degrees when hiring developers, hackerrank said. when it comes to colleges, schools with the most esteemed reputations, such as stanford university, are not the only suppliers of programmers, ravisankar adds. junior colleges or other perhaps less-esteemed four-year schools also matter. "with the democratization of skill training, it's increasingly less about where you went to school and more about whether or not you can do the job well," he points out. "today, there are better ways to evaluate actual skills than what's on a resume. it's about skills first above all." hackerrank emphasizes coding bootcamps like software guild, iron yard, epicodus, code fellows, and treehouse as an alternative. "these are usually rigorous full-time courses that require a lot of work, practice, and skill assessments," notes ravisankar. javascript gets a greater focus at bootcamps than it does at traditional colleges. "bootcamps have a limited amount of time to teach, and javascript is a more practical skill in the industry," says heraldo memelli, lead content curator at hackerrank. "javascript has increasingly become of the one of the most sought-after skills. it's a tool that new developers can use to build things fast."	ˈɪndiə səkˈsɛsfəli ˈtɛstɪd ɪts bəˈlɪstɪk ˈmɪsəl ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti baɪ ˈlɔnʧɪŋ ɪt frəm dip ˌɪnˈsaɪd ðə beɪ əv ˈbɛŋgəl. ðɪs ˈsɪstəm həz bɪn ɪn ðə ˈmeɪkɪŋ fər ðə læst 20 jɪrz ənd ˈsənˌdiz lɔnʧ wɑz ðə ˌfɔrˈtinθ kənˈsɛkjətɪvli səkˈsɛsfəl lɔnʧ əv ðɪs juˈnik ˈmɪsəl həz bɪn dɪˈzaɪnd ənd pərˈfɛktəd baɪ, ðə dɪˈrɛktər əv ðə dɪˈfɛns ˈrisərʧ ənd dɪˈvɛləpmənt ˈlæbrəˌtɔri, ˈhaɪdərəˌbæd, wɪʧ ɪz ðə ˈməðər fəˈsɪlɪti fər ˈɪndiəz ˈɪnəˌgreɪtɪd ˈmɪsəl dɪˈvɛləpmənt ˈproʊˌgræm. ðɪs lɔnʧ wɑz ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli ˈpɔɪnjənt fər ˈmɪstər ɛz hi həz bɪn ˌɪnˈvɑlvd wɪθ ðɪs ˈprɑʤɛkt sɪns ɪts ˈvɛri ˌɪnˈsɛpʃən, ənd naʊ wɪˈθɪn ə fju aʊərz əv ðə læst dɪˌvɛləpˈmɛnəl lɔnʧ, hi ɪz rɪˈtaɪrɪŋ ˈæftər ˈmɛni ˈdɛkeɪdz əv ˈglɔriəs ˈsərvɪs tɪ ðə kɔt əp wɪθ ɪm ˈsɛkəndz ˈæftər ðə lɔnʧ wɑz dɪˈklɛrd səkˈsɛsfəl, ˈmɪstər aɪz hæd əp. ɔn biɪŋ æst, hi sɛd, "ðɪs ɪz maɪ swɔn sɔŋ ənd ðiz ər tɪrz əv ʤɔɪ ənd ˈɛkstəsi. ðə lɔnʧ kʊd nɑt hæv bɪn ˈbɛtər ðən ɪz ɪkˈstrimli wɛl ləvd ənd rɪˈspɛktɪd baɪ hɪz jəŋ tim əv ˈsaɪəntɪsts hu ˈsɛləˌbreɪtɪd ˈsənˌdiz səkˈsɛs baɪ ˈhɔɪstɪŋ ɪm əp ɔn ðɛr ˈʃoʊldərz ənd ˈdænsɪŋ ər ˈjuʒəwəli ˈvɛri wɛl kəmˈpoʊzd, bət hir ðeɪ lɛt ðɛr ˈɪˌmoʊʃənz lus ənd dænst ɔn ðə dɛk əv ðə ʃɪp. ðeɪ ˈivɪn kət ə lɑrʤ keɪk; swits wər ʃɛrd wɪθ greɪt ˈgəˌstoʊ. ˈmɪstər sɪz hi həz lərnt ðə ɑrt əv ˈmɪsəl ˈmeɪkɪŋ baɪ ðə hænz əv ˈɪndiəz ərˈɪʤənəl ˈmɪsəl mæn, ˈfɔrmər ˈprɛzɪdənt æbˈdul kalam. hi ˈɔlsoʊ səˈlutəd ðə ˈlidərˌʃɪp ənd tim ˈspɪrɪt wɪʧ wɑz ˌɪnˈstɪld ɪn ðə ˈmɪsəl ˈkɑmplɛks əv ðə dɪˈfɛns ˈrisərʧ ənd dɪˈvɛləpmənt ˌɔrgənɪˈzeɪʃən (drdo) baɪ ˈmɪstər kalam*. ˈmɪstər sɪz hi filz ðə nɛkst bɪg ˈʧælənʤ wʊd bi tɪ tɛst ðə ˈmɪsəl wɪn ɪt ɪz ˌɪnˈkɔrpərˌeɪtɪd ɔn ˈaɪˈɛˈnɛs ɪn ðə nɛkst fju mənθs. ənd hi hoʊps ðət ðə kənˈtɪnjuəs səkˈsɛs wɪl lɛd tɪ ən ˈərli dɪˈplɔɪmənt əv ðə ˈwɛpənz ˈsɪstəm. ðə ˈmɪsəl naʊ gɪvz ˈɪndiə ðə juˈnik ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti tɪ haɪd ɪts ˈnukliər ˈwɛpənz dip ˈəndər ðə si ənd lɔnʧ æt wɪl. ðɪs ɪz ə dɪˈtərrənt ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti sɪns ɪt prəˈvaɪdz ə ˈpoʊtənt ənd ˈsteɪbəl ˈsɛkənd straɪk ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti tɪ ˈɪndiə. ˈmɪstər geɪv ɔl ðə ˈkrɛdɪt tɪ hɪz tim əv əˈbaʊt 200 ˈjəŋstərz hu meɪd ðɪs ˈmɪʃən ˈpɑsəbəl. "aɪ liv ðɪs pəˈzɪʃən wɪθ ðə sɛns əv ˌsætɪsˈfækʃən ðət ˈɪndiəz sɪˈkjʊrəti ɪz ɪn seɪf hænz," sɛd.
india successfully tested its submarine-based ballistic missile capability by launching it from deep inside the bay of bengal. this system has been in the making for the last 20 years and sunday's launch was the fourteenth consecutively successful launch of this unique system.the missile has been designed and perfected by ak chakrabarty, the director of the defence research and development laboratory, hyderabad, which is the mother facility for india's integrated missile development programme. this launch was particularly poignant for mr chakrabarty as he has been involved with this project since its very inception, and now within a few hours of the last developmental launch, he is retiring after many decades of glorious service to the nation.when ndtv caught up with him seconds after the launch was declared successful, mr chakrabarty's eyes had welled up. on being asked, he said, "this is my swan song and these are tears of joy and ecstasy. the launch could not have been better than this."mr chakrabarty is extremely well loved and respected by his young team of scientists who celebrated sunday's success by hoisting him up on their shoulders and dancing around.scientists are usually very well composed, but here they let their emotions loose and danced on the deck of the ship. they even cut a large cake; sweets were shared with great gusto. mr chakrabarty says he has learnt the art of missile making by the hands of india's original missile man, former president apj abdul kalam. he also saluted the leadership and team spirit which was instilled in the missile complex of the defence research and development organisation (drdo) by mr kalam. mr chakrabarty says he feels the next big challenge would be to test the missile when it is incorporated on ins arihant in the next few months. and he hopes that the continuous success will lead to an early deployment of the weapons system. the missile now gives india the unique capability to hide its nuclear weapons deep under the sea and launch at will. this is a much-needed deterrent capability since it provides a potent and stable second strike capability to india. mr chakrabarty gave all the credit to his team of about 200 youngsters who made this mission possible. "i leave this position with the sense of satisfaction that india's security is in safe hands," chakrabarty said.	ˈsaɪbər ˈmənˌdeɪ seɪl! frəm naʊ ənˈtɪl dɪˈsɛmbər ˈsænə ˈvərsəz waɪt ˈdrægən poʊst kɑrdz ər ɔn seɪl fər ˈoʊnli 1 iʧ! ə ˈseɪvɪŋz! ðɪs ˈɪmɪʤ ˈstɑrtɪd aʊt ɛz ə ˈhɑlɪˌdeɪ ˈgritɪŋ fər ˈlɛsər noʊm fænz, ənd wɑz soʊ ˈpɑpjələr ðət ˈgritɪŋ poʊst kɑrdz hæd tɪ bi meɪd tɪ kip əp wɪθ rɪkˈwɛsts! ðɪs jɪr aɪ hæv ˈoʊvər 400 ˈprɪnɪd ənd ˈrɛdi tɪ ʃɪp!! klɪk hir tɪ ˈɔrdər naʊ! ˈmɪdˌnaɪt ɔɪl ˈpeɪnɪŋ ðɪs ˌrɛprəzɛnˈteɪʃən əv ðə ˈmɑʤul ˈkəvər ɪn ɔɪlz ɔn ˈkænvəs ɪz naʊ mɔr ðən 50 ɔf æt 220 ðə ədˈvɛnʧər ðət wɑz ˈfəndɪd baɪ ənd ˈkərəntli ɪn pərˈdəkʃən ɪz ə ˈmɪstəri kwɛst ðət kənˈsərnz sɪˈkjʊrəti fər ˈmɪdˌnaɪt ˈɔkʃən. ɪt wɑz səˈʤɛstɪd ðət aɪ əˈtɛmpt ən ɔɪl ˈpeɪnɪŋ əv ðə ˈkəvər ˈɪmɪʤ, ənd ðɪs ɪz ðə rɪˈzəlt. klɪk hir tɪ ˈɔrdər naʊ! waɪl ju ər ɪn ðə stɔr ʧɛk aʊt ðə ˈəðər ˈgritɪŋ ənd poʊst kɑrdz ənd ˈmɑʤul pre-orders*! gɪv jʊr frɛndz gɪfts ðeɪ wɪl ləv frəm ə smɔl ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt ˈɑrtɪst ənd prəˈdusər! mi! ~lɔɪd ˈmɛtˌkæf laɪk ðɪs: laɪk ˈloʊdɪŋ...
cyber monday rpg sale! from now until december 17th santa vs white dragon post cards are on sale for only $1 each! a 33.33% savings! this image started out as a holiday greeting for lesser gnome fans, and was so popular that greeting post cards had to be made to keep up with requests! this year i have over 400 printed and ready to ship!! click here to order now! midnight oliviah oil painting this representation of the module cover in oils on canvas is now more than 50% off at $220!! the adventure that was funded by kickstarter and currently in production is a mystery quest that concerns security for oliviah’s midnight auction. it was suggested that i attempt an oil painting of the cover image, and this is the result. click here to order now! while you are in the store check out the other greeting and post cards and module pre-orders! give your rpg friends gifts they will love from a small independent artist and rpg producer! me! ~lloyd metcalf store.lmetcalf.com like this: like loading...	ʃeɪdz əv 2000 ˈklɪntən sərˈpæsɪz trəmp ɪn ˈpɑpjələr voʊt ˈtæli ˌɛnˈlɑrʤ ðɪs ˈɪmɪʤ ˈtɑgəl ˈkæpʃən mɛˈlinə ˈwɔʃɪŋtən poʊst ˈviə ˈgɛti ˈɪmɪʤɪz mɛˈlinə ˈwɔʃɪŋtən poʊst ˈviə ˈgɛti ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən faɪndz hərˈsɛlf ɔn ðə rɔŋ ɛnd əv ən ɪˈlɛktərəl splɪt, ˈmuvɪŋ əˈhɛd ɪn ðə ˈpɑpjələr voʊt bət ˈluzɪŋ tɪ ˈdɑnəld trəmp ɪn ðə ɪˈlɛktərəl ˈkɑlɪʤ, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ɪˈlɛkʃən rɪˈzəlts ðət ər stɪl biɪŋ ˈfaɪnəˌlaɪzd. ɛz əv ˈmɪdˌdeɪ ˈθərzˌdeɪ ɛt, ˈklɪntən hæd əˈmæst voʊts ˈnæʃənəli, tɪ trəmps ə ˈmɑrʤən əv ðət pʊts ˈklɪntən ɔn træk tɪ bɪˈkəm ðə fɪθ juz. ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt tɪ wɪn ðə ˈpɑpjələr voʊt bət luz ðə ɪˈlɛkʃən. ˈniðər ˈkænədɪt gɑt mɔr ðən 50 pərˈsɛnt əv ðə voʊt: ɛz əv nun ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ, ˈklɪntən stʊd æt pərˈsɛnt ənd trəmp æt pərˈsɛnt. "trəmp krɔst ðə 270 ɪˈlɛktərəl voʊt θˈrɛˌʃoʊld æt a.m. ɛt wɪθ ə ˈvɪktəri ɪn wɪˈskɑnsən," ɛz ˈɛnˈpiˈɑrz ˈkɛri ˈʤɑnsən ˌriˈpɔrtəd læst naɪt. æˈdrɛsɪŋ ðə rɪˈzəlts ˈpəblɪkli fər ðə fərst taɪm ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ ˈmɔrnɪŋ, ˈklɪntən sɛd ðət ʃi hæd ˈɔfərd tɪ wərk wɪθ trəmp ɛz hi əˈsumz ðə ˈprɛzɪdənsi, seɪɪŋ, "aɪ hoʊp ðət hi wɪl bi ə səkˈsɛsfəl ˈprɛzɪdənt fər ɔl əˈmɛrɪkənz." ˈklɪntən ˈɔlsoʊ ækˈnɑlɪʤd, "ðɪs ɪz ˈpeɪnfəl ənd ɪt wɪl bi fər ə lɔŋ taɪm." əv ðə ɪˈlɛkʃənz rɪˈzəlts, ˈklɪntən ˈædɪd ðət ðə ˈkəntriz ɪˈlɛktərət hæd pruvd tɪ bi "mɔr ˈdipli dɪˈvaɪdɪd ðən wi θɔt." ɪf ðə ˈfaɪnəl ˈtæli ˈfɑloʊz ðə ˈkɑrənt trɛnd, ðə rɪˈzəlt wʊd mɑrk ðə ˈsɛkənd taɪm ɪn ðə pæst 16 jɪrz ðət ə ˈdɛməˌkræt həz lɔst ə ˈnæʃənəl ɪˈlɛkʃən waɪl ˈwɪnɪŋ ðə ˈpɑpjələr voʊt. ɪn 2000 æl gɔr ˈnɛroʊli wən ðə ˈpɑpjələr voʊt əˈgɛnst ʤɔrʤ bʊʃ, bət hi lɔst ðə ˈprɛzɪdənsi baɪ faɪv ɪˈlɛktərəl voʊts ɪn ə ˈhɑtli kənˈtɛstəd rɪˈzəlt. bɪˈkəz əv haʊ ðə ɪˈlɛktərəl ˈkɑlɪʤ wərks, ɪts ˌθiərˈɛtɪkəli ˈpɑsəbəl fər ə ˈkænədɪt tɪ wɪn ðə waɪt haʊs wɪθ lɛs ðən 30 pərˈsɛnt əv ðə ˈpɑpjələr voʊt, ɛz ˈɛnˈpiˈɑrz ˌdænˈjɛl ˈrisəntli ˌriˈpɔrtəd. dɪˈskəsɪŋ ðə 2000 ɪˈlɛkʃən, ˌdænˈjɛl ˈnoʊtɪd ðət dɪˈspaɪt ðə splɪt ˈaʊtˌkəm, ðət reɪs "ˈɔlsoʊ həz ðə ˈmɑrʤən ðət moʊst ˈkloʊsli rɪˈflɛkts ðə ˈmɑrʤən." ˌdænˈjɛl ˈædɪd, "ɪn ðət sɛns, wən kʊd kɔl ɪt wən əv ðə 'ˈfɛrɪst' ɪˈlɛkʃənz ɪn ˈmɑdərn ˈpɑləˌtɪks." ˌbiˈfɔr ðə 2000 ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl reɪs, ðə ˈpɑpjələr ənd ɪˈlɛktərəl voʊt hæd bɪn splɪt θri taɪmz ɔl ɪn ðə 1800s. hɪrz ðə fʊl lɪst ðət ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ɪz naʊ pɔɪzd tɪ ʤɔɪn: ˈændru ˈʤæksən ɪn 1824 (lɔst tɪ ʤɑn kˈwɪnsi ˈædəmz) ˈsæmjul ˈtɪldən ɪn 1876 (lɔst tɪ ˈrəθərfərd bi. heɪz) ˈgroʊvər ˈklivlənd ɪn 1888 (lɔst tɪ ˈbɛnʤəmən ˈhɛrɪsən) æl gɔr ɪn 2000 (lɔst tɪ ʤɔrʤ ˈdəbəlju. bʊʃ) ðə læst taɪm ðə ɪˈlɛktərəl ˈkɑlɪʤ ˈsɪstəm keɪm əp fər ˈsɪriəs dəˈbeɪt wɑz ɪn ðə leɪt 1960s*. frəm ðə haʊs əv ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnətɪvz ˈɑrˌkaɪvz:
shades of 2000? clinton surpasses trump in popular vote tally enlarge this image toggle caption melina mara/the washington post via getty images melina mara/the washington post via getty images democratic presidential candidate hillary clinton finds herself on the wrong end of anal split, moving ahead in the popular vote but losing to president-elect donald trump in theal college, according to election results that areill being finalized. as of midday thursday et, clinton had amassed 59,938,290 votes nationally, to trump's 59,704,886 a margin of 233,404 that puts clinton on track to become the fifth u.s. presidential candidate to win the popular vote but lose the election. neither candidate got more than 50 percent of the vote: as of noon wednesday, clintonood at 47.7 percent and trump at 47.5 percent. "trump crossed the 270al vote threshold at 2:31 a.m. et with a victory in wisconsin," as npr's carrie johnson reported last night. addressing the results publicly for the first time wednesday morning, clinton said that she had offered to work with trump as he assumes the presidency, saying, "i hope that he will be a successful president for all americans." clinton also acknowledged, "this is painful and it will be for a long time." of the election's results, clinton added that the country'sate had proved to be "more deeply divided than we thought." if the final tally follows the current trend, the result would mark the second time in the past 16 years that a democrat has lost a national election while winning the popular vote. in 2000, al gore narrowly won the popular vote against george bush, but he lost the presidency by fiveal votes in a hotly contested result. because of how theal college works, it's theoretically possible for a candidate to win the white house with less than 30 percent of the popular vote, as npr's danielle kurtzleben recently reported. discussing the 2000 election, danielle noted that despite the split outcome, that race "also has theal-vote margin that most closely reflects the popular-vote margin." danielle added, "in that sense, one could call it one of the 'fairest' elections in modern politics." before the 2000 presidential race, the popular andal vote had been split three times all in the 1800s. here's the full list that hillary clinton is now poised to join: andrew jackson in 1824 (lost to john quincy adams) samuel tilden in 1876 (lost to rutherford b. hayes) grover cleveland in 1888 (lost to benjamin harrison) al gore in 2000 (lost to george w. bush) the last time theal college system came up for serious debate was in the late 1960s. from the house of representatives archives:	17th-century* ˈkæθlɪk poʊp poʊp ˈɪnəsənt ʃi (ˈlætən: ʃi; 16 meɪ 1611 12 ˈɔgəst 1689 bɔrn bɪnəˈdɛtoʊ, wɑz poʊp frəm 21 sɛpˈtɛmbər 1676 tɪ hɪz dɛθ. hi ɪz noʊn ɪn ˈbudəˌpɛʃt ɛz ðə əv məʧ əv hɪz reɪn wɑz kənˈsərnd wɪθ ˈtɛnʃən wɪθ luɪs əv fræns. ə kənˈsərvətɪv, hi loʊərd ˈtæksɪz ɪn ðə ˈpeɪpəl steɪts ˈdʊrɪŋ hɪz pɑnˈtɪfəˌkeɪt ənd hi ˈɔlsoʊ prəˈdust ə ˈsərpləs ɪn ðə ˈpeɪpəl ˈbəʤɪt. bɪˈkəz əv ðɪs ˈsərpləs hi riˈpjudiˌeɪtəd ɪkˈsɛsɪv ˈnɛpəˌtɪzəm wɪˈθɪn ðə ʧərʧ. ˈɪnəsənt ʃi wɑz ˈfrugəl ɪn ˈmætərz əv ˈgəvərnɪŋ ðə ˈpeɪpəl steɪts, frəm drɛs tɪ ˈlidɪŋ ə laɪf wɪθ ˈkrɪsʧɪn ˈvæljuz. wəns hi wɑz ɪˈlɛktɪd tɪ ðə ˈpeɪpəsi, hi əˈplaɪd hɪmˈsɛlf tɪ ˈmɔrəl ənd ədˈmɪnɪˌstreɪtɪv rɪˈfɔrm əv ðə ˈroʊmən curia. hi əˈbɑlɪʃt ənd pʊʃt fər ˈgreɪtər sɪmˈplɪsɪti ɪn ˈpriʧɪŋ ɛz wɛl ɛz ˈgreɪtər ˈrɛvərəns ɪn ðɪs əv boʊθ ðə ˈklərʤi ənd ˈæftər ə ˈdɪfəkəlt kɔz fər ˌkænənəˈzeɪʃən, ˈstɑrtɪŋ ɪn 1791 wɪʧ kɔzd kənˈsɪdərəbəl ˈkɑntrəˌvərsi ˈoʊvər ðə jɪrz ənd wɪʧ wɑz stɑpt ɔn ˈsɛvərəl ɔˈkeɪʒənz, hi wɑz biˈætəˌfaɪd wɪθ noʊ ˈnidɪd] ɪn 1956 baɪ poʊp paɪəs. ˈərli laɪf ˈɛdət ðə ˈbərθˌpleɪs əv bɪnəˈdɛtoʊ æt ˈkoʊmoʊ bɪnəˈdɛtoʊ wɑz bɔrn æt ˈkoʊmoʊ ɔn 16 meɪ 1611 ðə sən əv ə ˈkoʊmoʊ ˈnoʊbəlmən,, ənd kɑˈstɛli ʤoʊvɑˈnɛli frəm gandino. hɪz ˈsɪblɪŋz wər ˈkɑrloʊ, luˈkriʃə, ˈʤulioʊ mərˈiə, ˌkɑnstənˈtinoʊ, nɪˈkoʊlɑ ənd ˈpaʊloʊ. hi ˈɔlsoʊ hæd ˈsɛvərəl kəˈlætərəl dɪˈsɛnɪnts əv noʊt θru hɪz ˈsɪstər: hər ˈgrændˌsən ˈkɑrdɪnəl bɑldɑˈsɑri erba-odescalchi, ˈkɑrdɪnəl bɪnəˈdɛtoʊ, ənd ˈkɑrdɪnəl ˈkɑrloʊ. ðə, ə ˈfæməli əv ˈmaɪnər noʊˈbɪləti, wər dɪˈtərmənd ˌɑntrəprəˈnərz. ɪn 1619 ˈbrəðər ˈfaʊndɪd ə bæŋk wɪθ hɪz θri ˈəŋkəlz ɪn ˈʤɛnoʊə wɪʧ kˈwɪkli gru ˈɪntu ə səkˈsɛsfəl ˈbɪznɪs. ˈæftər kəmˈplitɪŋ hɪz ˈstədiz ɪn ˈgræmər ənd ˈlɛtərz, ðə bɪnəˈdɛtoʊ muvd tɪ ˈʤɛnoʊə tɪ teɪk pɑrt ɪn ðə ˈfæməli ˈbɪznɪs ɛz ən əˈprɛntɪs. ˈlukrətɪv ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk trænˈzækʃənz wər ɪˈstæblɪʃt wɪθ klaɪənts ɪn ðə ˈmeɪʤər ˌɪˈtæljən ənd ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈsɪtiz, səʧ ɛz ˈnʊrəmbərg, ˈmaɪˌlæn, kraków, ənd roʊm. ɪn 1626 ˈfɑðər daɪd, ənd hi bɪˈgæn ˈskulɪŋ ɪn ðə hjuˈmeɪn ˈsaɪənsɪz tɔt baɪ ðə ˈʤɛʒuɪts æt hɪz ˈloʊkəl ˈkɑlɪʤ, ˌbiˈfɔr trænsˈfərɪŋ tɪ ˈʤɛnoʊə. ɪn 1630 hi ˈnɛroʊli sərˈvaɪvd ən ˈaʊtˌbreɪk əv pleɪg, wɪʧ kɪld hɪz ˈməðər. səm taɪm bɪtˈwin 1632 ənd 1636 bɪnəˈdɛtoʊ ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ muv tɪ roʊm ənd ðɛn ˈneɪpəlz ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ ˈstədi ˈsɪvəl lɔ. ðɪs lɛd tɪ hɪz sɪˈkjʊrɪŋ ðə ˈɔfəsɪz əv ˌæpɔˈstɔlɪk, ˈprɛzɪdənt əv ðə ˌæpɔˈstɔlɪk ˈʧeɪmbər, ˈkɑməˌsɛri əv ðə ˈmɑrkoʊ di ˈroʊmɑ, ənd ˈgəvərnər əv macerata; ɔn 6 mɑrʧ 1645 poʊp ˈɪnəsənt ɛks meɪd ɪm wɪθ ðə əv ˈsænti ˈkoʊzmə i dɑmiˈɑnoʊ. hi ˈsəbsəkwəntli bɪˈkeɪm ˈlɛgət tɪ fərˈɑrə. wɪn hi wɑz sɛnt tɪ fərˈɑrə ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ əˈsɪst ðə ˈpipəl ˈstrɪkən wɪθ ə səˈvɪr ˈfæmən, ðə poʊp ˌɪntrəˈdust ɪm tɪ ðə ˈpipəl əv fərˈɑrə ɛz ðə "ˈfɑðər əv ðə pur." ˈkɑrdɪnəl ɪn 1650 bɪˈkeɪm ˈbɪʃəp əv, ɪn wɪʧ kəˈpæsɪti hi spɛnt ɔl ðə ˈrɛvəˌnuz əv hɪz si tɪ rɪˈliv ðə pur ənd sɪk ɪn hɪz ˈdaɪəˌsiz. hi pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪtɪd ɪn ðə 1655 ˈkɑnˌkleɪv. wɪθ ðə pərˈmɪʃən əv ðə poʊp hi rɪˈzaɪnd ɛz ˈbɪʃəp əv ɪn ˈfeɪvər əv hɪz ˈbrəðər ˈʤulioʊ ɪn 1656 ənd wɛnt tɪ roʊm. waɪl ðɛr hi tʊk ə ˈprɑmənənt pɑrt ɪn ðə ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃənz əv ðə ˈvɛriəs ˌkɑŋgrəˈgeɪʃənz əv wɪʧ hi wɑz ə hi pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪtɪd ɪn ðə ˈkɑnˌkleɪv. ˈpeɪpəsi ˈɛdət ɪˈlɛkʃən ˈɛdət wɑz ə strɔŋ ˈpeɪpəl ˈkænədɪt ˈæftər ðə dɛθ əv poʊp ˈklɛmənt ɪn 1669 bət ðə frɛnʧ ˈgəvərnmənt rɪˈʤɛktɪd ɪm (ˈjuzɪŋ ðə ˈviˌtoʊ). ˈæftər poʊp ˈklɛmənt ɛks daɪd, luɪs əv fræns əˈgɛn ˌɪnˈtɛndɪd tɪ juz hɪz rɔɪəl ˈɪnfluəns əˈgɛnst ɪˈlɛkʃən. ˌɪnˈstɛd, bɪˈlivɪŋ ðət ðə ˈkɑrdɪnəlz ɛz wɛl ɛz ðə ˈroʊmən ˈpipəl wər əv wən maɪnd ɪn ðɛr dɪˈzaɪər tɪ hæv ɛz ðɛr poʊp, luɪs rɪˈləktəntli ˌɪnˈstrəktɪd ðə frɛnʧ ˈpɑrti ˈkɑrdɪnəlz tɪ ˌækwiˈɛs ɪn hɪz ˈkændɪdəsi. ɔn 21 sɛpˈtɛmbər 1676 wɑz ˈʧoʊzən tɪ bi ˈklɛmənt ˈɛksɪz səkˈsɛsər ənd tʊk ðə neɪm əv ˈɪnəsənt ʃi. hi ʧoʊz ðɪs neɪm ɪn ˈɑnər əv poʊp ˈɪnəsənt ɛks, hu meɪd ɪm ə ˈkɑrdɪnəl ɪn 1645 hi wɑz ˈfɔrməli kraʊnd ɛz ˈpɑntɪf ɔn 4 ɑkˈtoʊbər 1676 baɪ ðə protodeacon, ˈkɑrdɪnəl frænˈʧɛskoʊ maidalchini. rɪˈfɔrmɪŋ ðə ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən əv ðə ˈpeɪpəsi ˈɛdət ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli əˈpɑn hɪz əkˈsɛʃən, ˈɪnəsənt ʃi tərnd ɔl hɪz ˈɛfərts təˈwɔrdz rɪˈdusɪŋ ðə ɪkˈspɛnsɪz əv ðə curia. hi pæst strɪkt ˈɔrdənənsɪz əˈgɛnst ˈnɛpəˌtɪzəm əˈməŋ ðə ˈkɑrdɪnəlz. hi lɪvd ˈvɛri ənd ɪgˈzɔrtɪd ðə ˈkɑrdɪnəlz tɪ du ðə seɪm. ɪn ðɪs ˈmænər hi nɑt ˈoʊnli skwɛrd ðə ˈænjuəl ˈdɛfəsət wɪʧ æt hɪz əkˈsɛʃən hæd riʧt ðə səm əv, bət wɪˈθɪn ə fju jɪrz ðə ˈpeɪpəl ˈɪnˌkəm wɑz ˈivɪn ɪn ˈɛkˌsɛs əv ðə ɪkˈspɛndɪʧərz. hi lɔst noʊ taɪm ɪn dɪˈklɛrɪŋ ənd ˈpræktɪkəli ˈmænəˌfɛstɪŋ hɪz zil ɛz ə rɪˈfɔrmər əv ˈmænərz ənd ə əv ədˈmɪnɪˌstreɪtɪv əˈbjuzɪz. bɪˈgɪnɪŋ wɪθ ðə ˈklərʤi, hi sɔt tɪ reɪz ðə ˈleɪəti ˈɔlsoʊ tɪ ə haɪər ˈmɔrəl ˈstændərd əv ˈlɪvɪŋ. hi kloʊzd ɔl əv ðə ˈθiətərz ɪn roʊm (kənˈsɪdərd tɪ bi ˈsɛnərz əv vaɪs ənd ˌɪmərˈælɪti) ənd ˈfeɪməsli brɔt ə ˈtɛmpərˌɛri hɔlt tɪ ðə ˈflərɪʃɪŋ trəˈdɪʃənz əv ˈroʊmən ˈɑprə. ɪn 1679 hi ˈpəblɪkli kənˈdɛmd ˌprɑpəˈzɪʃənz, ˈteɪkən ˈʧifli frəm ðə ˈraɪtɪŋz əv ˈɛskəˌbɑr, swɑˈrɛz ənd ˈəðər (ˈmoʊstli ˈʤɛʒuɪt, hu hæd bɪn ˈhɛvəli əˈtækt baɪ pæˈskæl ɪn hɪz prəˈvɪnʃəl ˈlɛtərz) ɛz ənd fərˈbeɪd ˈɛniˌwən tɪ tiʧ ðɛm ˈəndər ˈpɛnəlti əv hi kənˈdɛmd ɪn ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr ðə moʊst ˈrædɪkəl fɔrm əv ˈmɛntəl ˌrɛzərˈveɪʃən mentalis) wɪʧ dɪˈsɛpʃən wɪˈθaʊt ən ˈaʊˈtraɪt laɪ. ˈpərsənəli nɑt ənˈfrɛndli tɪ mɪˈgɛl də, ˈɪnəsənt ʃi ˌnɛvərðəˈlɛs ˈjildɪd tɪ ðə ɪˈnɔrmɪs ˈprɛʃər brɔt tɪ bɛr əˈpɑn ɪm tɪ kənˈfərm ɪn 1687 ðə ˈʤəʤmənt əv ðə ˌɪnkˈwɪzətərz baɪ wɪʧ kˈwaɪətəst ˌprɑpəˈzɪʃənz əv wər kənˈdɛmd ɛz ˈblæsfəməs ənd hɛˈrɛtɪkəl. ʤuɪʃ riˈleɪʃənz ˈɛdət ˈɪnəsənt ʃi ʃoʊd ə dɪˈgri əv ˌsɛnsɪˈtɪvɪti ɪn hɪz ˈdilɪŋz wɪθ ðə ʤuz wɪˈθɪn ðə ˌɪˈtæljən steɪts. hi kəmˈpɛld ðə ˈsɪti əv ˈvɛnɪs tɪ riˈlis ðə ʤuɪʃ ˈprɪzənərz ˈteɪkən baɪ frænˈʧɛskoʊ ɪn 1685 hi ˈɔlsoʊ dɪˈskərɪʤd kəmˈpəlsəri ˈbæpˌtɪzəmz wɪʧ əˈkɔrdɪŋli bɪˈkeɪm lɛs ˈfrikˌwɛnt ˈəndər hɪz pɑnˈtɪfəˌkeɪt, bət hi kʊd nɑt əˈbɑlɪʃ ðə oʊld ˈpræktɪs ˌɔltəˈgɛðər. mɔr ɔn 30 ɑkˈtoʊbər 1682 hi ˈɪʃud ən ˈidɪkt baɪ wɪʧ ɔl ðə ækˈtɪvɪtiz ˈkɛrid aʊt baɪ ðə ˈroʊmən ʤuz wər tɪ sis. səʧ ə muv wʊd ˌɪnsɪˈdɛntəli hæv ˌfaɪˈnænʃəli ˈbɛnəfɪtɪd hɪz oʊn ˈbrəðərz hu pleɪd ə ˈdɑmənənt roʊl ɪn ˌjʊrəˈpiən. ˌhaʊˈɛvər ˈəltəmətli kənˈvɪnst ðət səʧ ə ˈmɛʒər wʊd kɔz məʧ ˈmɪzəri ɪn dɪˈstrɔɪɪŋ ˈlaɪvliˌhʊdz, ðə ɛnˈfɔrsmənt əv ðə ˈidɪkt wɑz twaɪs ˈfɔrən riˈleɪʃənz ˈɛdət ðə ˈbætəl əv viˈɛnə ˈɛdət ˈɪnəsənt ʃi wɑz ən ɪnˌθuziˈæstɪk ˌɪnɪˈʃieɪtər əv ðə ˈhoʊli lig wɪʧ brɔt təˈgɛðər ðə ˈʤərmən ɛˈsteɪts ənd kɪŋ ʤɑn əv ˈpoʊlənd hu ɪn 1683 ˈheɪsənd tɪ ðə rɪˈlif əv viˈɛnə wɪʧ wɑz biɪŋ bɪˈsiʤd baɪ ðə tərks. ˈæftər ðə siʤ wɑz reɪzd, ˈɪnəsənt ʃi əˈgɛn spɛrd noʊ ˈɛfərts tɪ ˌɪnˈdus ðə ˈkrɪsʧɪn ˈprɪnsɪz tɪ lɛnd ə ˈhɛlpɪŋ hænd fər ðə ɪkˈspəlʃən əv ðə tərks frəm ˈhəŋgəri. hi kənˈtrɪbjutɪd ˈmɪljənz əv tɪ ðə ˈtərkɪʃ wɔr fənd ɪn ˈɔstriə ənd ˈhəŋgəri ənd hæd ðə ˌsætɪsˈfækʃən əv sərˈvaɪvɪŋ ðə ˈkæpʧər əv ˈbɛlˌgrɑd, 6 sɛpˈtɛmbər ɪn ˈləndən ˈɛdət ˈdʊrɪŋ ˈɪŋgləndz ɪkˈskluʒən ˈkraɪsəs wɪn ˈpɑrləmɛnt sɔt tɪ ɪkˈsklud ðə ˈkæθlɪk duk əv jɔrk frəm ˈgeɪnɪŋ ðə θroʊn, ðə ˈrædɪkəl ˈprɑtəstənts əv ˈləndənz grin ˈrɪbən kləb ˈrɛgjələrli hɛld mæs proʊˈsɛʃənz ˈkəlməˌneɪtɪŋ wɪθ ˈbərnɪŋ "ðə poʊp" ɪn ˈɛfɪʤi. ˈɛvədəntli, ðə ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzərz əv ðiz ɪˈvɛnts wər ˌənəˈwɛr ðət ðə ˈækʧəwəl poʊp ɪn roʊm wɑz ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ə dip ˈkɑnflɪkt wɪθ ðə kɪŋ əv fræns ənd ˈðɛrˌfɔr, fɑr frəm səˈpɔrtɪŋ ðə draɪv tɪ gɪt ðə duk əv jɔrk kraʊnd, wɪʧ sərvd luɪs pəˈlɪtɪkəl æmˈbɪʃənz. riˈleɪʃənz wɪθ fræns ˈɛdət ˈɪnəsənt ʃi ðə pɑnˈtɪfəˌkeɪt əv ˈɪnəsənt ʃi wɑz mɑrkt baɪ ðə ˈstrəgəl bɪtˈwin ðə ˈæbsəˌluˌtɪzəm ənd ˌhɛgəˈmɑnɪk ˌɪnˈtɛnʧənz əv luɪs, ənd ðə ˈpraɪməsi əv ðə ˈkæθlɪk ʧərʧ. ɛz ˈərli ɛz 1673 luɪs hæd baɪ hɪz oʊn paʊər ɪkˈstɛndɪd ðə raɪt əv ðə ˈoʊvər ðə ˈprɑvənsəz əv languedoc, guyenne, ˈproʊvəns, ənd dauphinéé, wɛr ɪt hæd ˈpriviəsli nɑt bɪn ˈɛksərˌsaɪzd. ɔl ðə ˈɛfərts əv ˈɪnəsənt ʃi tɪ ˌɪnˈdus luɪs tɪ rɪˈspɛkt ðə raɪts ənd ˈpraɪməsi əv ðə ʧərʧ pruvd ˈjusləs. ɪn 1682 ðə kɪŋ kɑnˈvoʊkt ən əˈsɛmbli əv ðə frɛnʧ ˈklərʤi wɪʧ əˈdɑptəd ðə fɔr ˈɑrtɪkəlz ðət bɪˈkeɪm noʊn ɛz ðə ˈlɪbərˌtiz. ˈɪnəsənt ʃi ˈænəld ðə fɔr ˈɑrtɪkəlz ɔn 11 ˈeɪprəl 1682 ənd rɪfˈjuzd hɪz ˌæprəˈbeɪʃən tɪ ɔl fˈjuʧər ɪˈpɪskəpəl ˈkænədɪts hu hæd ˈteɪkən pɑrt ɪn ðə tɪ əˈpiz ðə poʊp, luɪs bɪˈgæn tɪ ækt ɛz ə ˈzɛlət əv kəˈθɔləˌsɪzəm. ɪn 1685 hi rɪˈvoʊkt ðə ˈidɪkt əv nænts ənd ˌɪˈnɔgərˌeɪtɪd ə ˌpərsəˈkjuʃən əv frɛnʧ hugenots. ˈɪnəsənt ɪkˈsprɛst dɪˈsplɛʒər æt ðiz ˈdræstɪk ˈmɛʒərz ənd kənˈtɪnjud tɪ wɪθˈhoʊld hɪz ˌæprəˈbeɪʃən frəm ðə ɪˈpɪskəpəl ˈkænədɪts., wɪθ ˌsaɪəˈmiz ˈɛnvɔɪz, ˈtrænsˌleɪtɪŋ ðə ˈlɛtər əv kɪŋ tɪ poʊp ˈɪnəsənt ʃi, dɪˈsɛmbər 1688 ˈɪnəsənt ʃi ˈɪrəˌteɪtəd ðə kɪŋ stɪl mɔr ðət seɪm jɪr baɪ əˈbɑlɪʃɪŋ ðə məʧ əˈbjuzd raɪt əv əˈsaɪləm, baɪ wɪʧ ˈfɔrən æmˈbæsədərz ɪn roʊm hæd bɪn ˈeɪbəl tɪ ˈhɑrbər ɪn ˈɛmbəsiz ˈɛni ˈkrɪmənəl ˈwɔntɪd baɪ ðə ˈpeɪpəl kɔrt əv ˈʤəstɪs. hi ˈnoʊtəˌfaɪd ðə nu frɛnʧ æmˈbæsədər, ˌmɑrˈki də, ðət hi wʊd nɑt bi ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪzd ɛz æmˈbæsədər ɪn roʊm ənˈlɛs hi rɪˈnaʊnst ðɪs raɪt, bət luɪs wʊd nɑt gɪv ɪt əp. æt ðə hɛd əv ən ɑrmd fɔrs əv əˈbaʊt 800 mɛn ˈɛnərd roʊm ɪn noʊˈvɛmbər 1687 ənd tʊk ˈfɔrsəbəl pəˈzɛʃən əv hɪz ˈpæləs. ˈɪnəsənt ʃi ˈtritɪd ɪm ɛz ˌɛkskəmˈjunəˌkeɪtəd ənd pleɪst ˈəndər ˈɪntərˌdɪkt ðə ʧərʧ əv. luɪs æt roʊm wɛr hi əˈtɛndəd ˈsərvɪsɪz ɔn 24 dɪˈsɛmbər ɪn ˈʤænjuˌɛri 1688 ˈɪnəsənt ʃi ˈɔlsoʊ rɪˈsivd ðə ˌdɪpləˈmætɪk ˈmɪʃən wɪʧ hæd bɪn dɪˈspæʧt tɪ fræns ənd ðə ˈvætɪkən baɪ, ðə kɪŋ əv saɪæm ˈəndər fr. gaɪ ənd ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ ɪˈstæblɪʃ riˈleɪʃənz. kəˈloʊn ˈkɑntrəˌvərsi ˈɛdət ðə ˈtɛnʃən bɪtˈwin ðə poʊp ənd ðə kɪŋ əv fræns wɑz ˌɪnˈkrist baɪ prəˈsiʤər ɪn ˈfɪlɪŋ ðə ˈveɪkənt si əv kəˈloʊn. ðə tu ˈkænədɪts fər ðə si wər ˈkɑrdɪnəl ˈwɪljəm ˈiˌgɑn əv fürstenberg, ðɛn ˈbɪʃəp əv ˈstræsˌbɔrg, ənd ˈʤoʊzəf ˈklɛmənt, ə ˈbrəðər əv mæks ɪˈmænjuəl, əv bəˈvɛriə. ðə ˈfɔrmər wɑz ə ˈwɪlɪŋ tul ɪn ðə hænz əv luɪs ənd hɪz əˈpɔɪntmənt ɛz ˈɑrʧˈbɪʃəp ənd əv kəˈloʊn wʊd hæv ˌɪmˈplaɪd frɛnʧ priˈpɑndrəns ɪn ˈʤərməni. ˈʤoʊzəf ˈklɛmənt wɑz nɑt ˈoʊnli ðə ˈkænədɪt əv ˈɛmpərər ˈliəˌpoʊld aɪ bət əv ɔl ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈrulərz, wɪθ ðə ɪkˈsɛpʃən əv ðə kɪŋ əv fræns ənd hɪz səˈpɔrtər, kɪŋ ʤeɪmz əv ˈɪŋglənd æt ðə ɪˈlɛkʃən, wɪʧ tʊk pleɪs ɔn 19 ˌʤuˈlaɪ 1688 ˈniðər əv ðə ˈkænədɪts rɪˈsivd ðə rikˈwaɪərd ˈnəmbər əv voʊts. ðə dɪˈsɪʒən, ˈðɛrˌfɔr, fɛl tɪ ˈɪnəsənt ʃi, hu ˈdɛzɪgˌneɪtɪd ˈʤoʊzəf ˈklɛmənt ɛz ˈɑrʧˈbɪʃəp ənd əv kəˈloʊn. luɪs rɪˈtæliˌeɪtɪd baɪ ˈteɪkɪŋ pəˈzɛʃən əv ðə ˈpeɪpəl ˈtɛrɪˌtɔri əv ˈævɪnˌjɔn, ˌɪmˈprɪzənɪŋ ðə ˈpeɪpəl ˈnənsioʊ ənd əˈpilɪŋ tɪ ə ˈʤɛnərəl ˈkaʊnsəl. nɔr dɪd hi kənˈsil hɪz ˌɪnˈtɛnʧən tɪ ˈsɛpərˌeɪt ðə frɛnʧ ʧərʧ ɪnˈtaɪərli frəm roʊm. ðə poʊp rɪˈmeɪnd fərm. ðə ˈsəbsəkwənt fɔl əv ʤeɪmz ɪn ˈɪŋglənd dɪˈstrɔɪd frɛnʧ priˈpɑndrəns ɪn ˈjʊrəp ənd sun ˈæftər ˈɪnəsənt dɛθ ðə ˈstrəgəl bɪtˈwin luɪs ənd ðə ˈpeɪpəsi wɑz ˈsɛtəld ɪn ˈfeɪvər əv ðə ˈɪnəsənt ʃi ənd ˈwɪljəm əv ˈɔrɪnʤ ˈɛdət ˈɪnəsənt ʃi dɪˈspæʧt ɛz ˈnənsioʊ tɪ ðə ˈkɪŋdəm əv ˈɪŋglənd, ðə fərst ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnətɪv əv ðə ˈpeɪpəsi tɪ goʊ tɪ ˈɪŋglənd fər ˈoʊvər ə ˈsɛnʧəri. ˈivɪn soʊ, ðə poʊp dɪd nɑt əˈpruv ðə ˌɪmˈprudənt ˈmænər ɪn wɪʧ ʤeɪmz əˈtɛmptəd tɪ rɪˈstɔr kəˈθɔləˌsɪzəm ɪn ˈɪŋglənd. hi ˈɔlsoʊ rɪˈpitɪdli ɪkˈsprɛst hɪz dɪˈsplɛʒər æt ðə səˈpɔrt wɪʧ ʤeɪmz geɪv tɪ ðə ˌɔtəˈkrætɪk kɪŋ luɪs ɪn hɪz ˈmɛʒərz əˈgɛnst ðə ʧərʧ. ɪt ɪz nɑt səˈpraɪzɪŋ, ˈðɛrˌfɔr, ðət ˈɪnəsənt ʃi hæd lɛs ˈsɪmpəθi fər ʤeɪmz ðən fər ˈwɪljəm əv ˈɔrɪnʤ 10 ənd ðət hi dɪd nɑt əˈfɔrd ʤeɪmz hɛlp ɪn hɪz aʊər əv ˈɪnəsənt rɪfˈjuzd tɪ ˈnɑməˌneɪt ʤeɪmz ʧɔɪs ɛz ə ˈkɑrdɪnəl, sər ˈɛdwərd ˈpɛtər, ˌbɛrəˈnɛt. ɪn 2007 ˈfɪkʃən ˈraɪtərz ˈritə ənd frænˈʧɛskoʊ dru ˈpɑpjələr əˈtɛnʃən tɪ ðə kleɪm rɪˈpitɪdli meɪd baɪ hɪˈstɔriənz ˈoʊvər ðə ˌɪntərˈvinɪŋ ˈsɛnʧəriz ðət ˈɪnəsənt ʃi hæd ˈsikrɪtli ˈfəndɪd ðə rɪˈzɪstəns əv ðə ˈprɑtəstənt ˈhɪroʊ ˈwɪljəm əv ˈɔrɪnʤ tɪ ðə frɛnʧ kɪŋ, ənd ˈivɪn ˈfaɪˌnænst hɪz ˈoʊvərθˌroʊ əv ʤeɪmz əv ˈɪŋglənd. ðɪs wɑz dən ˈjuzɪŋ ðə ɪˈstæblɪʃt ˈfæməli ˈbɪznɪs ɪn ˈmɔrəl θiˈɑləʤi ˈɛdət əˈbɔrʃən ˈɛdət ˈɪnəsənt ʃi ˈɪʃud ðə ˈpeɪpəl bʊl doʊˈminəs ɪn 1679 tɪ kənˈdɛm 65 ˌprɑpəˈzɪʃənz ðət ˈfeɪvərd ə ˈlɪˌbərəl əˈproʊʧ tɪ ˈdɔktərɪn wɪʧ ˌɪnˈkludɪd tu ðət rɪˈleɪtɪd tɪ əˈbɔrʃən. hi fərst kənˈdɛmd ˌprɑpəˈzɪʃən 34 ənd ˈkaʊnərd ðət ɪt wɑz ənˈlɔfəl tɪ proʊˈkjʊr əˈbɔrʃən. hi ˈɔlsoʊ kənˈdɛmd ˌprɑpəˈzɪʃən 35 ənd ˈsteɪtɪd ðət ðə ˈfitəs dɪz ˌɪnˈdid kənˈteɪn ə soʊl ənd ðət tɪ əˈbɔrt wɑz ˈəðər ækˈtɪvɪtiz ˈɛdət ˈɪnəsənt ʃi wɑz noʊ lɛs ˌɪnˈtɛnt ɔn prɪˈzərvɪŋ ðə ˈpjʊrɪti əv feɪθ ənd ˈmɔrəlz əˈməŋ ɔl ˈpipəl. hi ˌɪnˈsɪstɪd ɔn θəroʊ ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən ənd ən ɪgˈzɛmpləri ˈlaɪfˌstaɪl fər ɔl ˈpipəl ənd hi pæst strɪkt rulz ɪn riˈleɪʃən tɪ ðə ˈmɑdəsti əv drɛs əˈməŋ ˈroʊmən ˈwɪmən. ˈfərðərˌmɔr, hi pʊt ən ɛnd tɪ ðə ˈpæʃən fər ˈgæmbəlɪŋ baɪ səˈprɛsɪŋ ðə ˈgæmbəlɪŋ ˈhaʊsɪz æt roʊm. baɪ ə dɪˈkri əv 12 ˈfɛbruˌɛri 1679 hi ɪnˈkərəʤd ˈfrikˌwɛnt ənd ˈivɪn ˈdeɪli rɪˈsɛpʃən əv ˈhoʊli ɔn 4 mɑrʧ 1679 hi kənˈdɛmd ðə ˌprɑpəˈzɪʃən ðət "ðə ˈpriˌsɛpt əv ˈkipɪŋ ˈhoʊli deɪz ɪz nɑt əˈblɪgəˌtɔri ˈəndər peɪn əv ˈmɔrtəl sɪn, əˈsaɪd frəm ˈskændəl, ɪf kənˈtɛmpt ɪz ˈæbsənt". ðə ˈdɑkjəmɛnt ˈsteɪtɪd ðət ðə ʧərʧ tɔt ɪt wɑz ə ˈmɔrtəl sɪn tɪ ˌɪnˈtɛnʃənəli skɪp mæs əˈtɛndəns ɔn ˈsənˌdi ər ə ˈhoʊli deɪ wɪˈθaʊt ə ləˈʤɪtəmət ɪkˈskjuz. ɪt ˈfərðər ˈsteɪtɪd ðət ðə ˈfeɪθfəl hæd tɪ əˈtɛnd ðə mæs ɔn ˈsənˌdi ˌɪtˈsɛlf ər ɔn ðə ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ ɪn 1688 hi riˈɪtərˌeɪtɪd ə dɪˈkri əv poʊp vi ðət bænd ˈwɪmən frəm ˈsɪŋɪŋ ɔn steɪʤ ɪn ɔl ˈpəblɪk ˈθiətərz ər ˈɑprə hi ˈɛləˌveɪtɪd 43 nu ˈkɑrdɪnəlz ˈɪntu ðə ɪn tu consistories. hi ˈɔlsoʊ ˈkænəˌnaɪzd tu seɪnts: ˈbərnərd əv ɪn 1681 ənd ˈpeɪdroʊ ɔn 8 ˈeɪprəl 1687 hi biˈætəˌfaɪd sɪks ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəlz. ˈɪnəsənt ʃi wɑz ˈhɑstəl təˈwɔrdz ðə bʊk theologica" (ˈvɛriəs ˌθiəˈlɑʤɪkəl broʊˈʃʊrz) ðət ðə ˈspænɪʃ ˈʤɛʒuɪt frænˈsɪskoʊ ˈpəblɪʃt. hi ˈɔrdərd ɔl ˈkɑpiz tɪ bi bərnt ɪn 1679 bət hɪz ˈɔrdərz wɛnt ˌɪgˈnɔrd. wən əv ðə bʊks wɑz dɪˈskəvərd ɪn dɛθ ənd ˈɛdət ðə ˈbɑdi əv ˈɪnəsənt ʃi ɪn ɪts ˈfɔrmər loʊˈkeɪʃən æt səˈbæsʧən ˈʧæpəl ɪn ˈpitərz bəˈzɪləkə ˈstæˌʧu əv ˈɪnəsənt ʃi ɪn ˈbudəˌpɛʃt ˈfaɪnəl deɪz ənd dɛθ ˈɛdət ˈɪnəsənt hɛlθ dɪˈklaɪnd ɪn 1689 ənd hi wɑz kənˈfaɪnd tɪ hɪz bɛd sɪns ʤun. hi ˈkænsəld ə əv ˈkɑrdɪnəlz ɔn 19 ʤun fər ðə ɪgˌzæməˈneɪʃən əv ˈbɪʃəps du tɪ ɪl hɛlθ ənd dɪd nɑt hoʊld ˈmitɪŋz ɔn 21 ʤun. ðə poʊp ˈsədənli tʊk ɪl wɪθ ə ˈfivər ɔn 25 ʤun ənd ɔn 29 ʤun wɑz əˈneɪbəl tɪ ˈsɛləˌbreɪt mæs fər ðə fist əv seɪnts ˈpitər ənd pɔl, ðəs, hæd ˈkɑrdɪnəl ˈsɛləˌbreɪt ɪt ɪn hɪz pleɪs. ðə poʊps kənˈdɪʃən ˈwərsənd ɔn 2 ˌʤuˈlaɪ ənd lɛd hɪz ˈdɑktərz tɪ læns hɪz lɛft lɛg wɪʧ kɔzd fluɪd riˈlis, ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli ˈhævɪŋ ən ˌɑpərˈeɪʃən ɔn hɪz raɪt lɛg ɔn 31 ˌʤuˈlaɪ, ənd tu mɔr ɪn ðə ˈfɑloʊɪŋ tu ðə ˈpɑntɪf rɪˈsivd ðə ɔn 9 ˈɔgəst sɪns ˈdɑktərz wər əv ðə bɪˈlif ðət ðə poʊp hæd ˈlɪtəl taɪm lɛft tɪ lɪv. ɔn 11 ˈɔgəst ˈkɑrdɪnəl liˈɑndroʊ mɛt wɪθ ɪm tɪ riˈmaɪnd ɪm ðət ðə poʊp wɑz sɛt tɪ reɪz tɛn mɛn ˈɪntu ðə bət ðə poʊp rɪfˈjuzd tɪ du soʊ dɪˈspaɪt ðə ˈkɑrdɪnəlz ˌɪnˈsɪstəns. ɔn ðə ˈmɔrnɪŋ əv 12 ˈɔgəst hi lɔst ðə əˈbɪləˌti tɪ spik ənd ˈsəfərd frəm ˈbriðɪŋ ˈɪnəsənt ʃi daɪd ɔn 12 ˈɔgəst 1689 æt (roʊm taɪm) ˈæftər ə lɔŋ ˈpɪriəd əv ɪl hɛlθ du tɪ ˈkɪdni stoʊnz, frəm wɪʧ hi hæd ˈsəfərd sɪns 1682 ˈfɑloʊɪŋ hɪz dɛθ, hi wɑz ˈbɛrid ɪn ˈpitərz bəˈzɪləkə bɪˈniθ hɪz fˈjunərəl ˈmɑnjəmənt nɪr ðə ˈklɛmənˌtin ˈʧæpəl, wɪʧ hɪz ˈnɛfju,, ðə ˈmɑnjəmənt, wɪʧ wɑz dɪˈzaɪnd ənd ˈskəlptɪd baɪ monnot, ˈfiʧərz ðə poʊp ˈsitɪd əˈpɑn ðə θroʊn əˈbəv ə sɑrˈkɑfəgəs wɪθ ə ʃoʊɪŋ ðə ˌlɪˌbərˈeɪʃən əv viˈɛnə frəm ðə tərks baɪ ʤɑn ˌsoʊbiˈɛski, flæŋkt baɪ tu ˌæləˈgɔrɪkəl ˈfɪgjərz ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnɪŋ feɪθ ənd ˈɛdət ðə ˈprɔˌsɛs əv ˈɪnəsənt wɑz ˌɪntrəˈdust ɪn 1691 baɪ poʊp ˈɪnəsənt hu proʊˈkleɪmd ɪm ə ˈsərvənt əv gɑd ənd wɑz kənˈtɪnjud baɪ ˈklɛmənt ʃi ənd ˈklɛmənt, bət frɛnʧ ˈɪnfluəns ənd ðə ˌækjəˈzeɪʃən əv ˈʤænsɪˌnɪzəm kɔzd ɪt tɪ bi səˈspɛndɪd ɪn 1744 baɪ poʊp ˈbɛnəˌdɪkt. ɪn ðə ˈsɛnʧəri ɪt wɑz ˌriɪntrəˈdust ənd poʊp paɪəs proʊˈkleɪmd ɪm ˈvɛnərəbəl ɔn 15 noʊˈvɛmbər 1955 paɪəs əˈnaʊnst hɪz ɔn 7 ɑkˈtoʊbər ˈfɑloʊɪŋ hɪz, hɪz sɑrˈkɑfəgəs wɑz pleɪst ˈəndər ðə ˈɔltər əv. səˈbæsʧən ɪn ðə ˈʧæpəl əv. səˈbæsʧən, wɛr ɪt rɪˈmeɪnd ənˈtɪl 8 ˈeɪprəl 2011 wɪn ɪt wɑz muvd tɪ meɪk weɪ fər ðə rɪˈmeɪnz əv poʊp ʤɑn pɔl tɪ bi ˌriˈloʊkeɪtɪd tɪ ðə bəˈzɪləkə frəm ðə ˈgrɑˌtoʊ bɪˈniθ. ˈpitərz ɪn ˈɑnər əv hɪz ənd ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ meɪk hɪz ˈrɛstɪŋ pleɪs mɔr ækˈsɛsəbəl tɪ ðə ˈbɑdi wɑz ˈtrænsfərd tɪ ðə ˈɔltər əv transfiguration, wɪʧ ɪz ˈloʊˌkeɪtəd nɪr ðə ˈklɛmənˌtin ˈʧæpəl ənd ðə ɛnˈtumd rɪˈmeɪnz əv poʊp. ˈgrɛgəri ðə greɪt ðə ˈɔltər ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ əˈkrɔs frəm ˈɪnəsənt ˈmɑnjəmənt, wɪʧ wɑz hɪz ərˈɪʤənəl saɪt əv ˈbɛriəl ˌbiˈfɔr hɪz. ðə fist deɪ əˈsaɪnd tɪ ˈɪnəsənt ʃi ɪz 12 ˈɔgəst, ðə deɪt əv hɪz dɛθ. ɪn ðə həŋˈgɛriən ˈkæləndər, ɪt ɪz kəˈmɛmərˌeɪtɪd ɔn ˈɔgəst 13 rɪˈpɔrts səˈʤɛst ðət ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ðə əˈtæks ɔn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts əv əˈmɛrɪkə ɔn ðə ʧərʧ ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ ədˈvæns ðə kɔz əv ˈɪnəsənt ʃi tɪ bi canonised: ɛz ðə poʊp hu hæd prɪˈvɛnɪd ðə tərks frəm ˈoʊvərˌrənɪŋ ˈkrɪsəndəm ɪn 1683 ðəs drɔɪŋ ˈpɛrəˌlɛlz wɪθ əˈgrɛsɪv islamism*. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ˈpɑpjələr ˌrɛvəˈleɪʃənz meɪd ɪn ðə ˈnɑvəl, ˌɪmprɪˈmɑtər ˈdæmɪʤd ˈɪnəsənt ˌrɛpjəˈteɪʃən ənd ðəs ðə plænd əv bɪnəˈdɛtoʊ wɑz səˈspɛndɪd ɪt wɑz bɪˈlivd ðət ðə ˌkænənəˈzeɪʃən wʊd hæv ˈteɪkən pleɪs ɪn 2003 bət ðə bʊks ˌpəblɪˈkeɪʃən ˈhɔltɪd ɔl plænz tɪ ˈkænəˌnaɪz ˈɪnəsənt ɛnˈsɪklɪkəlz ˈɛdət (ˈfɑstərɪŋ ənd prɪˈzərvɪŋ ðə ˈɔrdərz əv mɛn rɪˈlɪʤəs) (ˈfɑstərɪŋ ənd prɪˈzərvɪŋ ðə ˈɔrdərz əv mɛn rɪˈlɪʤəs) ˈpæstər (kənˈdɛmɪŋ ðə ˈɛrərz əv) si ˈɔlsoʊ ˈɛdət noʊts ˈɛdət ˈrɛfərənsɪz ˈɛdət
17th-century catholic pope pope innocent xi (latin: innocentius xi; 16 may 1611 12 august 1689), born benedetto odescalchi, was pope from 21 september 1676 to his death. he is known in budapest as the "saviour of hungary".[3] much of his reign was concerned with tension with louis xiv of france. a conservative, he lowered taxes in the papal states during his pontificate and he also produced a surplus in the papal budget. because of this surplus he repudiated excessive nepotism within the church. innocent xi was frugal in matters of governing the papal states, from dress to leading a life with christian values. once he was elected to the papacy, he applied himself to moral and administrative reform of the roman curia. he abolished sinecures and pushed for greater simplicity in preaching as well as greater reverence in worship—requesting this of both the clergy and faithful.[4][5][6] after a difficult cause for canonization, starting in 1791, which caused considerable controversy over the years and which was stopped on several occasions, he was beatified with no opposition[citation needed] in 1956 by pope pius xii. early life [ edit ] the birthplace of benedetto odescalchi at como benedetto odescalchi was born at como on 16 may 1611, the son of a como nobleman, livio odescalchi, and paola castelli giovanelli from gandino. his siblings were carlo, lucrezia, giulio maria, constantino, nicola and paolo. he also had several collateral descendants of note through his sister: her grandson cardinal baldassare erba-odescalchi, cardinal benedetto erba odescalchi, and cardinal carlo odescalchi. the odescalchi, a family of minor nobility, were determined entrepreneurs. in 1619, benedetto's brother founded a bank with his three uncles in genoa which quickly grew into a successful money-lending business. after completing his studies in grammar and letters, the 15-year-old benedetto moved to genoa to take part in the family business as an apprentice. lucrative economic transactions were established with clients in the major italian and european cities, such as nuremberg, milan, kraków, and rome. in 1626 benedetto's father died, and he began schooling in the humane sciences taught by the jesuits at his local college, before transferring to genoa. in 1630 he narrowly survived an outbreak of plague, which killed his mother. some time between 1632 and 1636, benedetto decided to move to rome and then naples in order to study civil law. this led to his securing the offices of protonotary apostolic, president of the apostolic chamber, commissary of the marco di roma, and governor of macerata; on 6 march 1645, pope innocent x (1644–55) made him cardinal-deacon with the deaconry of santi cosma e damiano. he subsequently became legate to ferrara. when he was sent to ferrara in order to assist the people stricken with a severe famine, the pope introduced him to the people of ferrara as the "father of the poor." cardinal odescalchi in 1650, odescalchi became bishop of novara, in which capacity he spent all the revenues of his see to relieve the poor and sick in his diocese. he participated in the 1655 conclave. with the permission of the pope he resigned as bishop of novara in favor of his brother giulio in 1656 and went to rome. while there he took a prominent part in the consultations of the various congregations of which he was a member.[7] he participated in the 1669-70 conclave. papacy [ edit ] election [ edit ] odescalchi was a strong papal candidate after the death of pope clement ix (1667–69) in 1669, but the french government rejected him (using the now-abolished veto). after pope clement x (1670–76) died, louis xiv of france (1643–1715) again intended to use his royal influence against odescalchi's election. instead, believing that the cardinals as well as the roman people were of one mind in their desire to have odescalchi as their pope, louis reluctantly instructed the french party cardinals to acquiesce in his candidacy. on 21 september 1676, odescalchi was chosen to be clement x's successor and took the name of innocent xi. he chose this name in honour of pope innocent x, who made him a cardinal in 1645. he was formally crowned as pontiff on 4 october 1676 by the protodeacon, cardinal francesco maidalchini. reforming the administration of the papacy [ edit ] immediately upon his accession, innocent xi turned all his efforts towards reducing the expenses of the curia. he passed strict ordinances against nepotism among the cardinals. he lived very parsimoniously and exhorted the cardinals to do the same. in this manner he not only squared the annual deficit which at his accession had reached the sum of 170,000 scudi, but within a few years the papal income was even in excess of the expenditures. he lost no time in declaring and practically manifesting his zeal as a reformer of manners and a corrector of administrative abuses. beginning with the clergy, he sought to raise the laity also to a higher moral standard of living. he closed all of the theaters in rome (considered to be centers of vice and immorality) and famously brought a temporary halt to the flourishing traditions of roman opera. in 1679 he publicly condemned sixty-five propositions, taken chiefly from the writings of escobar, suarez and other casuists (mostly jesuit casuists, who had been heavily attacked by pascal in his provincial letters) as propositiones laxorum moralistarum and forbade anyone to teach them under penalty of excommunication.[7] he condemned in particular the most radical form of mental reservation (stricte mentalis) which authorised deception without an outright lie. personally not unfriendly to miguel de molinos, innocent xi nevertheless yielded to the enormous pressure brought to bear upon him to confirm in 1687 the judgement of the inquisitors by which sixty-eight quietist propositions of molinos were condemned as blasphemous and heretical. jewish relations [ edit ] innocent xi showed a degree of sensitivity in his dealings with the jews within the italian states. he compelled the city of venice to release the jewish prisoners taken by francesco morosini in 1685. he also discouraged compulsory baptisms which accordingly became less frequent under his pontificate, but he could not abolish the old practice altogether. more controversially on 30 october 1682, he issued an edict by which all the money-lending activities carried out by the roman jews were to cease. such a move would incidentally have financially benefitted his own brothers who played a dominant role in european money-lending. however ultimately convinced that such a measure would cause much misery in destroying livelihoods, the enforcement of the edict was twice delayed.[8] foreign relations [ edit ] the battle of vienna [ edit ] innocent xi was an enthusiastic initiator of the holy league which brought together the german estates and king john iii of poland who in 1683 hastened to the relief of vienna which was being besieged by the turks. after the siege was raised, innocent xi again spared no efforts to induce the christian princes to lend a helping hand for the expulsion of the turks from hungary. he contributed millions of scudi to the turkish war fund in austria and hungary and had the satisfaction of surviving the capture of belgrade, 6 september 1688.[9] pope-burning in london [ edit ] during england's exclusion crisis (1679-1681), when parliament sought to exclude the catholic duke of york from gaining the throne, the radical protestants of london's green ribbon club regularly held mass processions culminating with burning "the pope" in effigy. evidently, the organizers of these events were unaware that the actual pope in rome was involved in a deep conflict with the king of france — and therefore, far from supporting the drive to get the duke of york crowned, which served louis xiv's political ambitions. relations with france [ edit ] innocent xi (1678-1679) the pontificate of innocent xi was marked by the struggle between the absolutism and hegemonic intentions of louis xiv, and the primacy of the catholic church. as early as 1673, louis had by his own power extended the right of the régale over the provinces of languedoc, guyenne, provence, and dauphiné, where it had previously not been exercised. all the efforts of innocent xi to induce louis xiv to respect the rights and primacy of the church proved useless. in 1682, the king convoked an assembly of the french clergy which adopted the four articles that became known as the gallican liberties. innocent xi annulled the four articles on 11 april 1682, and refused his approbation to all future episcopal candidates who had taken part in the assembly.[7] to appease the pope, louis xiv began to act as a zealot of catholicism. in 1685 he revoked the edict of nantes and inaugurated a persecution of french hugenots. innocent expressed displeasure at these drastic measures and continued to withhold his approbation from the episcopal candidates. tachard, with siamese envoys, translating the letter of king narai to pope innocent xi, december 1688. innocent xi irritated the king still more that same year by abolishing the much abused right of asylum, by which foreign ambassadors in rome had been able to harbor in embassies any criminal wanted by the papal court of justice. he notified the new french ambassador, marquis de lavardin, that he would not be recognised as ambassador in rome unless he renounced this right, but louis xiv would not give it up. at the head of an armed force of about 800 men lavardin entered rome in november 1687, and took forcible possession of his palace. innocent xi treated him as excommunicated and placed under interdict the church of st. louis at rome where he attended services on 24 december 1687.[9] in january 1688, innocent xi also received the diplomatic mission which had been dispatched to france and the vatican by narai, the king of siam under fr. guy tachard and ok-khun chamnan in order to establish relations. cologne controversy [ edit ] the tension between the pope and the king of france was increased by innocent's procedure in filling the vacant archiepiscopal see of cologne. the two candidates for the see were cardinal william egon of fürstenberg, then bishop of strasbourg, and joseph clement, a brother of max emanuel, elector of bavaria. the former was a willing tool in the hands of louis xiv and his appointment as archbishop and prince-elector of cologne would have implied french preponderance in north-western germany. joseph clement was not only the candidate of emperor leopold i (1658–1705) but of all european rulers, with the exception of the king of france and his supporter, king james ii of england (1685–88). at the election, which took place on 19 july 1688, neither of the candidates received the required number of votes. the decision, therefore, fell to innocent xi, who designated joseph clement as archbishop and elector of cologne. louis xiv retaliated by taking possession of the papal territory of avignon, imprisoning the papal nuncio and appealing to a general council. nor did he conceal his intention to separate the french church entirely from rome. the pope remained firm. the subsequent fall of james ii in england destroyed french preponderance in europe and soon after innocent xi's death the struggle between louis xiv and the papacy was settled in favour of the church.[7] innocent xi and william of orange [ edit ] innocent xi dispatched ferdinando d'adda as nuncio to the kingdom of england, the first representative of the papacy to go to england for over a century. even so, the pope did not approve the imprudent manner in which james ii attempted to restore catholicism in england. he also repeatedly expressed his displeasure at the support which james ii gave to the autocratic king louis xiv in his measures against the church. it is not surprising, therefore, that innocent xi had less sympathy for james than for william of orange [10] and that he did not afford james help in his hour of trial.[9] innocent refused to nominate james ii's choice as a cardinal, sir edward petre, 3rd baronet. in 2007, fiction writers rita monaldi and francesco sorti drew popular attention to the claim repeatedly made by historians over the intervening centuries that innocent xi had secretly funded the resistance of the protestant hero william of orange to the french king, and even financed his overthrow of james ii of england. this was done using the established odescalchi family business in money-lending.[11] moral theology [ edit ] abortion [ edit ] innocent xi issued the papal bull sanctissimus dominus noster in 1679 to condemn 65 propositions that favored a liberal approach to doctrine which included two that related to abortion. he first condemned proposition 34 and countered that it was unlawful to procure abortion. he also condemned proposition 35 and stated that the fetus does indeed contain a soul and that to abort was murder.[12] other activities [ edit ] innocent xi was no less intent on preserving the purity of faith and morals among all people. he insisted on thorough education and an exemplary lifestyle for all people and he passed strict rules in relation to the modesty of dress among roman women. furthermore, he put an end to the ever-increasing passion for gambling by suppressing the gambling houses at rome. by a decree of 12 february 1679 he encouraged frequent and even daily reception of holy communion.[4] on 4 march 1679, he condemned the proposition that "the precept of keeping holy days is not obligatory under pain of mortal sin, aside from scandal, if contempt is absent". the document stated that the church taught it was a mortal sin to intentionally skip mass attendance on sunday or a holy day without a legitimate excuse. it further stated that the faithful had to attend the mass on sunday itself or on the saturday evening.[13] in 1688, he reiterated a decree of pope sixtus v that banned women from singing on stage in all public theatres or opera houses.[14] he elevated 43 new cardinals into the cardinalate in two consistories. he also canonized two saints: bernard of menthon in 1681 and pedro armengol on 8 april 1687. he beatified six individuals. innocent xi was hostile towards the book "varia opuscula theologica" (various theological brochures) that the spanish jesuit francisco suárez published. he ordered all copies to be burnt in 1679 but his orders went ignored. one of the books was discovered in 2015.[15] death and beatification [ edit ] the body of innocent xi in its former location at st sebastian chapel in st peter's basilica statue of innocent xi in budapest final days and death [ edit ] innocent xi's health declined in 1689 and he was confined to his bed since june. he cancelled a consistory of cardinals on 19 june for the examination of bishops due to ill health and did not hold meetings on 21 june. the pope suddenly took ill with a fever on 25 june and on 29 june was unable to celebrate mass for the feast of saints peter and paul, thus, had cardinal chigi celebrate it in his place. the pope's condition worsened on 2 july and led his doctors to lance his left leg which caused fluid release, eventually having an operation on his right leg on 31 july, and two more in the following two days.[16] the pontiff received the viaticum on 9 august since doctors were of the belief that the pope had little time left to live. on 11 august cardinal leandro colloredo met with him to remind him that the pope was set to raise ten men into the cardinalate but the pope refused to do so despite the cardinal's insistence. on the morning of 12 august he lost the ability to speak and suffered from breathing difficulties.[16] innocent xi died on 12 august 1689 at 22:00 (rome time) after a long period of ill health due to kidney stones, from which he had suffered since 1682. following his death, he was buried in st peter's basilica beneath his funeral monument near the clementine chapel, which his nephew, livio odescalchi, commissioned.[17][18] the monument, which was designed and sculpted by pierre-étienne monnot, features the pope seated upon the throne above a sarcophagus with a base-relief showing the liberation of vienna from the turks by john iii sobieski, flanked by two allegorical figures representing faith and fortitude.[19][20] beatification [ edit ] the process of innocent xi's beatification was introduced in 1691 by pope innocent xii who proclaimed him a servant of god and was continued by clement xi and clement xii, but french influence and the accusation of jansenism caused it to be suspended in 1744 by pope benedict xiv. in the 20th century it was reintroduced and pope pius xii proclaimed him venerable on 15 november 1955. pius xii announced his beatification on 7 october 1956.[21] following his beatification, his sarcophagus was placed under the altar of st. sebastian in the basilica's chapel of st. sebastian, where it remained until 8 april 2011 when it was moved to make way for the remains of pope john paul ii to be relocated to the basilica from the grotto beneath st. peter's in honor of his beatification and in order to make his resting place more accessible to the public.[22] innocent's body was transferred to the basilica's altar of transfiguration, which is located near the clementine chapel and the entombed remains of pope st. gregory the great (590–604).[22] the altar is also across from innocent xi's monument, which was his original site of burial before his beatification. the feast day assigned to innocent xi is 12 august, the date of his death. in the hungarian calendar, it is commemorated on august 13. reports suggest that following the attacks on the united states of america on 9/11, the church decided to advance the long-suspended cause of innocent xi to be canonised: as the pope who had prevented the turks from overrunning christendom in 1683, thus drawing parallels with aggressive islamism. however, popular revelations made in the novel, imprimatur damaged innocent xi's reputation and thus the planned canonisation of benedetto odescalchi was suspended indefinitely.[23] it was believed that the canonization would have taken place in 2003 but the book's publication halted all plans to canonize innocent xi.[24] encyclicals [ edit ] sollicitudo pastoralis (fostering and preserving the orders of men religious) (fostering and preserving the orders of men religious) coelestis pastor (condemning the errors of molinos) see also [ edit ] notes [ edit ] references [ edit ]	““i* hæv sərˈvaɪvd ðə pæst θri wɔrz, bət ðət ɪz nɑt ðə ˈprɑbləm. ɪn ðɪs pleɪs, wɔrz kəm ənd goʊ. ðə ˈbɪgər ˈstrəgəl ɪz nɑt tɪ luz hoʊp. ðə ˈoʊnli weɪ aɪ kən du ðət ɪz tɪ riˈtrit, ənd kriˈeɪt maɪ oʊn wərld, ənd bɪˈkəm oblivious.”.” ðɪs wɑz toʊld tɪ mi baɪ oʊld ˈɑli, hu wərks ɛz ə ˈweɪtər ɪn wən əv ðə ˈkɔfi ʃɑps ɪn ˈgɑzə ˈsɪti. ˈɑli wɑz bɔrn ɪn ˈgɑzə ənd fər ˈɔlˌmoʊst tɛn jɪrz həz bɪn ˈlɪvɪŋ ˈəndər ə taɪt ˌblɑˈkeɪd ɔn ɛr, lænd ənd si, ˈɛnərɪŋ ɪts tɛnθ jɪr ɪn ʤun 2016 ðə ˌblɑˈkeɪd kips ɪm ənd ðə rɛst əv ðə ˈmɪljən ˈpipəl əv ˈgɑzə ˈaɪsəˌleɪtɪd ənd lɑkt ˈɪntu ə ˈtaɪni 365 skwɛr ðə ˈgɑzə strɪp həz wən əv ðə haɪəst ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən ˈdɛnsətiz ɪn ðə wərld ˈtɔrˌmɛntɪd baɪ ɪkˈstrim ˈpɑvərti ənd dɪˈlæpəˌdeɪtɪd baɪ rɪˈpitɪd ˈkɑnflɪkts. ˈkrɑnɪk fjuəl ənd ɪˌlɛkˈtrɪsəti ˈʃɔrtɪʤɪz, wɪθ paʊər kəts bɪtˈwin 18 ənd 22 aʊərz pər deɪ, ɪkˈstrim ˈwɔtər pəˈluʃən 95 pər sɛnt əv ðə ˈgɑzə ˈgraʊndˌwɔtər ɪz ənd ˈdɛvəˌsteɪtɪd ˌɪnfrəˈstrəkʧər, ɛz ə daɪər riˈmaɪndər əv rɪˈpitɪd ˈsaɪkəlz əv ɑrmd ˈvaɪələns, ər ðə ˈdeɪli ˌriˈæləˌti. ˈpipəl ər dɪˈnaɪd ə ˈjumən ˈstændərd əv ˈlɪvɪŋ. ðɪs wɑz nɑt ˈɔlˌweɪz ðə keɪs: ˌbiˈfɔr ðə ˌɪmpəˈzɪʃən əv riˈstrɪkʃənz ɔn ˈmuvmənts əv ˈpipəl ənd gʊdz, ðə ˈgɑzə strɪp wɑz ə ˈrɛlətɪvli dɪˈvɛləpt soʊˈsaɪɪti wɪθ ə pərˈdəktɪv beɪs ənd ə θˈraɪvɪŋ ɪˈkɑnəmi. ˌblɑˈkeɪd ənd ˌɑkjəˈpeɪʃən hæv rɪˈvərst ðɪs ˈprɔˌsɛs, ækˈsɛlərˌeɪtɪd baɪ rɪˈpitɪd ˌɪzˈreɪli ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz ənd ˈwaɪdˈsprɛd dɪˈstrəkʃən, ənd təˈdeɪ ˈgɑzə ɪz ˈsəbʤɪkt tɪ wət ðə ˈjuˈɛn kɔlz de-development. ˈloʊˌkeɪtəd æt ðə ˌmɛdətərˈeɪniən si bɪtˈwin ˈiʤɪpt ənd ˈɪzriəl, ˈgɑzə kʊd bi ˈfeɪməs fər ɪts pɑm triz, fruts ənd waɪt ˈbiʧɪz. ˌɪnˈstɛd, ɪt ɪz noʊn fər ə suɪʤ ənd ˈhaɪˌʤin ˈkraɪsəs ˈtaɪtəld baɪ ðə taɪm ˈmægəˌzin ə taɪm bomb””. nɑt ˈoʊnli ˈfrikwɛntli spoʊk aʊt əˈgɛnst ðə dɪˈzæstrəs ˌɪmˈpækt əv rɪˈkərənt ˈkɑnflɪkts ɪn ˈgɑzə, bət həz ˈɔlsoʊ əˈlɔŋ wɪθ ðə ˈjuˈɛn æt ðə haɪəst ˈlɛvəl rɪˈpitɪdli kənˈdɛmd ðə ˈrɑkəts lɔnʧt frəm ðə ˈɛnˌkleɪv. wi ər dɪˈstərbd baɪ ɔl rɪsks tɪ lɔs əv laɪf. æt ðə seɪm taɪm wi bɪˈliv ðət ðə ˈkɑrənt, ənd ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋ, riˈstrɪkʃənz ɔn ðə ˈmuvmənt əv ˈpipəl ənd gʊdz meɪ ɪn ə ˈvɛri sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt ˈmænər lɛd tɪ ɪgˈzæktli ðə ˈɑpəzɪt rɪˈzəlt əv ðɛr ˈsteɪtɪd ˈrizənz tɪ ɛnˈhæns sɪˈkjʊrəti ɪn ˈɪzriəl. ðə səˈvɪr riˈstrɪkʃənz ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt ə pəˈtɛnʃəl rɪsk fər ˌɪnˈkrist frəˈstreɪʃən, ˈvaɪələns ənd radicalisation, ənd kʊd ˈivɪn bi ðə ˈtrɪgər fər əˈnəðər ˈdɛvəˌsteɪtɪŋ ˈkɑnflɪkt ɪn ðə ˈgɑzə strɪp. ðə rɪˈpitɪd ˈwɔrnɪŋz wɪl bɪˈkəm ˌriˈæləˌti ðə ˈjuˈɛn həz ˈɪʃud rɪˈpitɪd ˈwɔrnɪŋz əˈbaʊt ðə ənˈsɛtəlɪŋ ənd ˈsɪriəs kənˈdɪʃənz prɪˈveɪlɪŋ ɪn ðə ˈtaɪni ˈɛnˌkleɪv; wi wɔrnd ɔˈrɛdi fɔr jɪrz əˈgoʊ ðət ðə ˈgɑzə strɪp wɪl bɪˈkəm ˈminɪŋ ðət ðɛr wɪl ˈifɛktɪvli nɑt bi ɪˈnəf ˈrisɔrsɪz fər ˈpipəl tɪ sərˈvaɪv baɪ 2020 ðɪs ɪz ɪn lɛs ðən fɔr jɪrz. ðiz ˈwɔrnɪŋz hæv bɪn rɪˈpitɪd ˈɛvər sɪns. ɪf noʊ ˌfəndəˈmɛnəl ənd ˌɪˈmiˌdiət ˈækʃən ɪz ˈteɪkən tɪ ˈæˌdrɛs ðə ˌəndərˈlaɪɪŋ ˈkɔzɪz əv ˈkɑnflɪkt səʧ ɛz ðə ˌblɑˈkeɪd wɪʧ məst bi ˈfʊli ˈlɪftɪd, ðeɪ wɪl bɪˈkəm ˌriˈæləˌti; ðə kəˈtæstrəfi wɪl nɑt bi ˈlumɪŋ ɔn ðə hərˈaɪzən ˌɛniˈmɔr. wɪn ə pleɪs bɪˈkəmz, ˈpipəl muv. ðɪs ɪz ðə keɪs fər ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl dɪˈzæstərz səʧ ɛz draʊts, ər fər ˈkɑnflɪkts, səʧ ɛz ɪn ˈsɪriə. jɛt ðɪs læst rɪˈzɔrt ɪz dɪˈnaɪd tɪ ðə ˈpipəl ɪn ˈgɑzə. ðeɪ ˈkænɑt muv bɪɔnd ðɛr 365 skwɛr ˌkɪˈlɔˌmətərz ˈtɛrɪˌtɔri. ðeɪ ˈkænɑt ɪˈskeɪp, nɑt ðə ˈdɛvəˌsteɪtɪŋ ˈpɑvərti ər ðə fɪr əv əˈnəðər ˈkɑnflɪkt. ɪts ˈhaɪli ˈɛʤəˌkeɪtɪd juθ ˈɔlˌmoʊst 50 pər sɛnt əv ðə ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən ər bɪˈloʊ 17 jɪrz əv eɪʤ du nɑt hæv ðə ˈɔpʃən tɪ ˈtrævəl, tɪ sik ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ˈgɑzə, ər tɪ faɪnd wərk, ˈɛniˌwɛr ɛls bɪɔnd ðə pərˈɪmətər fɛns ənd ðə tu ɪn ðə nɔrθ ənd saʊθ əv ðə ˈgɑzə strɪp. wɪθ ðə ˈkrɔsɪŋ bɪtˈwin ˈiʤɪpt ənd ˈgɑzə ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɪnˈtaɪərli kloʊzd ɪkˈsɛpt fər ə fju deɪz pər jɪr, ənd wɪθ ˈɪzriəl ˈɔfən dɪˈnaɪɪŋ ˈɛksət ˈivɪn fər səˈvɪr ˌjuˌmænəˈtɛriən ˈkeɪsɪz ər stæf əv ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃənz, ðə væst məˈʤɔrəti əv ðə ˈpipəl hæv noʊ ʧæns əv ˈgɪtɪŋ wən əv ðə ˈhaɪli ““permits””. ðeɪ kən ˈɔlsoʊ nɑt liv əˈkrɔs ðə si wɪˈθaʊt ðə rɪsk əv biɪŋ ərˈɛstɪd ər ʃɑt æt baɪ ðə ˌɪzˈreɪli ər ɪˈʤɪpʃən ˈneɪviz, ənd ðeɪ ˈkænɑt klaɪm ˈoʊvər ðə ˈhɛvəli ˈgɑrdɪd pərˈɪmətər fɛns bɪtˈwin ˈɪzriəl ənd ˈgɑzə wɪˈθaʊt ðə seɪm rɪsks. ðə ˌblɑˈkeɪd həz ˈifɛktɪvli ɪˈroʊdɪd wət wɑz lɛft əv ə ˈmɪdəl klæs, ˈsɛndɪŋ ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɔl əv ðə ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən ˈɪntu ənd ˈdɛstəˌtuʃən. ðə ˌənɪmˈplɔɪmənt reɪt ɪn kˈwɔrtər tu əv 2016 stʊd æt pər sɛnt nɑt ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈhɛvi ˌəndərɪmˈplɔɪmənt ənd 80 pər sɛnt əv ðə ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən ər fɔrst tɪ rɪˈlaɪ ɔn ˌjuˌmænəˈtɛriən əˈsɪstəns tɪ bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ ˈkəvər ðɛr ˈvɛri ˈbeɪsɪk nidz, səʧ ɛz fud, bət ˈɔlsoʊ ˈbeɪsɪk ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən, ˈbeɪsɪk hɛlθ kɛr, ˈʃɛltər, ər ˈivɪn ˈaɪtəmz səʧ ɛz ˈblæŋkəts, ˈmætrəs ər ə ˈkʊkɪŋ stoʊv. waɪl ɪn 2000 ˌbiˈfɔr ðə ˌblɑˈkeɪd, prəˈvaɪdɪd fud əˈsɪstəns tɪ ˌbɛnəˈfɪʃiˌɛriz, wi səˈpɔrt ˈoʊvər ˈpərsənz təˈdeɪ ə ˌɪnˈkris. ˈsaɪkoʊˌsoʊʃəl ˌɪmˈpækt: haɪ ˈlɛvəlz əv strɛs ənd dɪˈstrɛs ðə kəmˈpaʊndɪd ˈifɛkts əv ðə ˌblɑˈkeɪd hæv ˈɔlsoʊ hæd ə lɛs ˈvɪzəbəl, bət jɛt proʊˈfaʊnd ənd ˈpælpəbəl ˌsaɪkəˈlɑʤɪkəl ˌɪmˈpækt ɔn ðə ˈpipəl ɪn ˈgɑzə. ˌwəˈtɛvər rɪˈzɪljəns ˈpipəl hæv lɛft, ɪt ɪz biɪŋ ɪˈroʊdɪd wɪθ ˈɛvəri deɪ ðə ˌblɑˈkeɪd kənˈtɪnjuz. ðə kəmˈjunɪti ˈmɛntəl hɛlθ ˈproʊˌgræm həz faʊnd ðət ˈpæləˌstaɪn ˈrɛfˌjuʤiz ɪn ˈgɑzə ər ɪkˈspɪriənsɪŋ ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋgli haɪər ˈlɛvəlz əv strɛs ənd dɪˈstrɛs. ðə rɪˈpɔrtɪŋ əv ˈsuɪˌsaɪd ˈkeɪsɪz əˈkrɔs ðə ˈgɑzə strɪp, wəns ənˈhərd əv bət naʊ bɪˈkəmɪŋ ə ˈrɛgjələr əˈkərəns, ˈklɪrli səˈʤɛst ðət ðə ˈkoʊpɪŋ kəˈpæsɪti əv ˌpælɪˈstɪniənz ɪz biɪŋ ɪgˈzɔstɪd. əˈməŋ ˈpæləˌstaɪn ˈrɛfjuʤi ˈʧɪldrən, ˈɛstəˌmeɪts ðət ə ˈmɪnəməm əv 30 pər sɛnt ˌrikˈwaɪər səm fɔrm əv ˈstrəkʧərd ˈsaɪkoʊˌsoʊʃəl ˌɪntərˈvɛnʃən. ðɛr moʊst ˈkɑmən ˈsɪmptəmz ər: ˈnaɪtˌmɛrz, ˈitɪŋ dɪˈsɔrdərz, ˌɪnˈtɛns fɪr, bɛd ˈwɛtɪŋ. ɪz ə ki ˈfæktər fər ðə dɪˈprɛʃən ənd ˈhoʊpləsnəs əv ðə jəŋ ˈpipəl. ðeɪ sɪt ɪn ðə dɑrk ˈlɪtərəli bɪˈkəz əv ðə læk əv ɪˌlɛkˈtrɪsəti ənd fil ˈhɛlpləs. ðeɪ θɪŋk əˈbaʊt ðɛr laɪf ənd ˈoʊnli si ˈnɛgətɪv səˈluʃənz. ˈgɑzə ɪz fʊl əv aɪˈdiəz; ðɛr ɪz soʊ məʧ ˌkrieɪˈtɪvəti ɪn ðɪs pleɪs. bət wi ˈfoʊkɪs ɪˈnəf ɔn ɑr oʊn aɪˈdiəz. wi ˈfoʊkɪs ɔn ɑr. ðə ˌblɑˈkeɪd həz ˈɔlsoʊ lɛd tɪ ə ˌblɑˈkeɪd ɪn ðə əv ˈpipəl. jəŋ ˈpipəl ər riˈtritɪŋ. waɪ ʃʊd wi traɪ, ɪf ðɛr ɪz ˈɔlˌweɪz ənd ˈɛvəri taɪm ə bɪg noʊ tɪ everything?”?” ˈrænə quffa, ə juθ kəmˈjunɪti ˈlidər frəm ˈmɪdəl ˈɛriə, ðə ˈfilɪŋz ðət ɪnˈgəlf juθ tɪ me.”.” laɪf ɪn ˈgɑzə ɪz ə ˈvɪʃəs ˈsaɪkəl. hu wɪl hɛlp ˈjuˈɛs breɪk it?”?” ʃi ˈɔlsoʊ æst. ðə ˌblɑˈkeɪd ɔn ˈgɑzə ɪz nɑt ʤɪst pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˌtərmɪˈnɑləʤi; ɪt ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ nɑt ə ˈnæʧərəl dɪˈzæstər ðət ʤɪst ““happened””. ðə ˌblɑˈkeɪd ɔn ˈgɑzə ɪz ˈmænˌmeɪd, ənd ɪt ɪz əˈbaʊt ril lɪvz, əˈbaʊt ril ˈstɔriz. ɪt ɪz taɪm tɪ gɪv ˈgɑzə, ənd ɪts juθ, ɪts fˈjuʧər bæk. ðə ˌblɑˈkeɪd məst bi ˈlɪftɪd.
“i have survived the past three wars, but that is not the problem. in this place, wars come and go. the bigger struggle is not to lose hope. the only way i can do that is to retreat, and create my own world, and become oblivious.” this was told to me by 36-year old ali, who works as a waiter in one of the coffee shops in gaza city. ali was born in gaza and for almost ten years has been living under a tight blockade on air, land and sea, entering its tenth year in june 2016. the blockade keeps him and the rest of the 1.8 million people of gaza isolated and locked into a tiny 365 square kilometres-enclave the gaza strip has one of the highest population densities in the world tormented by extreme poverty and dilapidated by repeated conflicts. chronic fuel and electricity shortages, with power cuts between 18 and 22 hours per day, extreme water pollution 95 per cent of the gaza groundwater is undrinkable and devastated infrastructure, as a dire reminder of repeated cycles of armed violence, are the daily reality. gaza’s people are denied a human standard of living. this was not always the case: before the imposition of restrictions on movements of people and goods, the gaza strip was a relatively developed society with a productive base and a thriving economy. blockade and occupation have reversed this process, accelerated by repeated israeli military operations and widespread destruction, and today gaza is subject to what the un calls de-development. located at the mediterranean sea between egypt and israel, gaza could be famous for its palm trees, fruits and white beaches. instead, it is known for a sewage and hygiene crisis titled by the time magazine a “ticking global-health time bomb”. unrwa not only frequently spoke out against the disastrous impact of recurrent conflicts in gaza, but has also along with the un at the highest level repeatedly condemned the rockets launched from the enclave. we are disturbed by all risks to loss of life. at the same time we believe that the current, and increasing, restrictions on the movement of people and goods may in a very significant manner lead to exactly the opposite result of their stated reasons to enhance security in israel. the severe restrictions represent a potential risk for increased frustration, violence and radicalisation, and could even be the trigger for another devastating conflict in the gaza strip. the repeated warnings will become reality the un has issued repeated warnings about the unsettling and serious conditions prevailing in the tiny enclave; we warned already four years ago that the gaza strip will become unliveable meaning that there will effectively not be enough resources for people to survive by 2020. this is in less than four years. these warnings have been repeated ever since. if no fundamental and immediate action is taken to address the underlying causes of conflict such as the blockade which must be fully lifted, they will become reality; the catastrophe will not be looming on the horizon anymore. when a place becomes unliveable, people move. this is the case for environmental disasters such as droughts, or for conflicts, such as in syria. yet this last resort is denied to the people in gaza. they cannot move beyond their 365 square kilometres territory. they cannot escape, not the devastating poverty or the fear of another conflict. its highly educated youth almost 50 per cent of the population are below 17 years of age do not have the option to travel, to seek education outside gaza, or to find work, anywhere else beyond the perimeter fence and the two tightly-controlled border-checkpoints in the north and south of the gaza strip. with the rafah crossing between egypt and gaza almost entirely closed except for a few days per year, and with israel often denying exit even for severe humanitarian cases or staff of international organizations, the vast majority of the people have no chance of getting one of the highly sought-after “permits”. they can also not leave across the sea without the risk of being arrested or shot at by the israeli or egyptian navies, and they cannot climb over the heavily guarded perimeter fence between israel and gaza without the same risks. the blockade has effectively eroded what was left of a middle class, sending almost all of the population into aid-dependency and destitution. the unemployment rate in quarter two of 2016 stood at 41.7 per cent not including heavy underemployment and 80 per cent of the population are forced to rely on humanitarian assistance to be able to cover their very basic needs, such as food, but also basic education, basic health care, shelter, or even items such as blankets, mattress or a cooking stove. while unrwa in 2000, before the blockade, provided food assistance to 80,000 beneficiaries, we support over 930,000 persons today a 12-fold increase. psychosocial impact: high levels of stress and distress the compounded effects of the blockade have also had a less visible, but yet profound and palpable psychological impact on the people in gaza. whatever resilience people have left, it is being eroded with every day the blockade continues. the unrwa community mental health programme has found that palestine refugees in gaza are experiencing increasingly higher levels of stress and distress. the reporting of suicide cases across the gaza strip, once unheard of but now becoming a regular occurrence, clearly suggest that the coping capacity of palestinians is being exhausted. among palestine refugee children, unrwa estimates that a minimum of 30 per cent require some form of structured psychosocial intervention. their most common symptoms are: nightmares, eating disorders, intense fear, bed wetting. “boredom is a key factor for the depression and hopelessness of the young people. they sit in the dark literally because of the lack of electricity and feel helpless. they think about their life and only see negative solutions. gaza is full of ideas; there is so much creativity in this place. but we focus enough on our own ideas. we focus on our aid-dependency. the blockade has also led to a blockade in the mind-set of people. young people are retreating. why should we try, if there is always and every time a big no to everything?” summarised rana quffa, a youth community leader from gaza’s middle area, the feelings that engulf gaza’s youth to me.” life in gaza is a vicious cycle. who will help us break it?” she also asked. the blockade on gaza is not just political terminology; it is also not a natural disaster that just “happened”. the blockade on gaza is man-made, and it is about real lives, about real stories. it is time to give gaza, and its youth, its future back. the blockade must be lifted.	ˈwɛlkəm tɪ ˈlɛnərd (hu roʊt hər fərst bʊk ˈbitəl bɔɪ ɪn sɪks mənθs, wən aʊər ə deɪ) həz tɪps ɔn haʊ tɪ du ɪt. ənd ɪt stɑrts wɪθ ˈraɪtɪŋ ˈɛvəri ˈsɪŋgəl deɪ stændz fər ˈnæʃənəl ˈnɑvəl ˈraɪtɪŋ mənθ, ənd teɪks pleɪs ˈɛvəri noʊˈvɛmbər. fər ˈɛniˌwən ˈθɪŋkɪŋ əˈbaʊt ˈraɪtɪŋ ə ˈnɑvəl. tɪ teɪk pɑrt ɔl ju nid tɪ du ɪz kəˈmɪt tɪ ˈraɪtɪŋ wərdz əv jʊr ˈnɑvəl ɪn ðə 30 deɪz əv noʊˈvɛmbər. ə ˈwɛbˌsaɪt wɛr ju sɛt əp ə ˈproʊˌfaɪl, wɪθ ˌɪnˈsɪnɪvz ɪn ðə fɔrm əv ˈbæʤɪz, ənd ə səˈpɔrtɪv ˈsoʊʃəl ˈmidiə kəmˈjunɪti tɪ ʧɪr ju ɔn ɛz ju straɪv tɪ mit jʊr ˈdeɪli wərd ˈtɑrgəts. ənd səm greɪt ˈnɑvəlz hæv ˈstɑrtɪd ɛz ˈprɑʤɛkts, ˈɛrɪn ðə naɪt ˈsərkəs, ənd ˈreɪnˌboʊ fangirl, tɪ neɪm bət tu. ˈreɪnˌboʊ ˈroʊwəl ˈɪntərvˌju: "jɑ bʊks tɛl ju 'noʊ, jʊr wɪrd stəf ɪz ˈnɔrməl.'" rɛd mɔr fər ðə pæst tu jɪrz ˈteɪkən pɑrt ɪn, ˌɔlˈðoʊ aɪ ˈkænɑt kleɪm tɪ hæv ˈɛvər ““won””: ðət ɪz, əˈʧiv ðə fʊl wərdz. aɪ θɪŋk greɪt. ɪf ˈoʊnli fər ðə fækt ðət ɪf ju raɪt ˈɛvəri ˈsɪŋgəl deɪ dɪˈvɛləp ə ˈpɑzətɪv ˈhæbət ənd jʊr ˈraɪtɪŋ wɪl ˌɪmˈpruv. aɪ wɪʃ noʊn əˈbaʊt ɪt wɪn aɪ wɑz ˈraɪtɪŋ maɪ fərst bʊk, bɪˈkəz dɪˈvɛləpɪŋ ðə ˈhæbət əv ˈraɪtɪŋ ˈɛvəri deɪ kəm ˈizəli. ðɪs ɪz ˈprɪti məʧ haʊ ˈɛvəri ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən wɛnt ɪn ðə ˈpɪriəd bɪtˈwin mi ˈhævɪŋ ðə aɪˈdiə fər maɪ bʊk, ˈbitəl bɔɪ, ənd mi ˈæˌkʧuəli ˈsɪtɪŋ daʊn tɪ raɪt ɪt. ðə bʊk ˈkəmɪŋ along?”?” ““um, ju know…… raɪt naʊ, ənd aɪ sim tɪ spɛnd maɪ ˈwiˌkɛndz ˈstændɪŋ baɪ ðə saɪd əv ə ˈfʊtˌbɔl pɪʧ. duɪŋ ðə ˈsɛkənˌdɛri skul ˈʧuzɪŋ θɪŋ æt ðə ˈmɪnət; ˈstrɛsfəl. oʊ, ənd gɪt mi ˈstɑrtɪd ɔn ðə stəf wi nid tɪ du tɪ ðə house.’.’ aɪ laɪk ˈɛvriˌbɑdi ɛls hæv ə əv dɪˈstrækʃənz ðət meɪks ɪt ˌɪmˈpɑsəbəl tɪ faɪnd ðə taɪm tɪ raɪt ə bʊk. ˌnɛvərðəˈlɛs, aɪ hæd ə ˈbərnɪŋ dɪˈzaɪər tɪ tɛl ə ˈstɔri aɪ hæd groʊɪŋ ɪn maɪ hɛd, əˈbaʊt ə ˈθɔtfəl bɔɪ kɔld ənd ðə ˈstægərˌɪŋ əreɪ əv ˈbitəlz wi ʃɛr ðə ˈplænət wɪθ. tɔp tɪps fər ˈraɪtɪŋ tɪ ˈfraɪtən rɛd mɔr maɪə ˈænʤəˌlu wəns sɛd: ɪz noʊ ˈgreɪtər ˈægəni ðən ˈbɛrɪŋ ən ənˈtoʊld ˈstɔri ˌɪnˈsaɪd you.”.” ənd aɪ keɪm tɪ noʊ ðɪs tɪ bi tru. ðə ˈlɔŋgər aɪ raɪt maɪ bʊk ðə mɔr ˈmɪzərəbəl ənd ˈfrəˌstreɪtəd aɪ bɪˈkeɪm. aɪ roʊt maɪə wərdz ɔn ðə ˌɪnˈsaɪd əv maɪ ˈnoʊtˌbʊk. aɪ hæd tɪ raɪt maɪ ˈstɔri, bət wɪn? aɪ lʊkt fər ðə spɛr ˈmoʊmənts ɪn ðə deɪ ɪn wɪʧ aɪ kʊd raɪt. aɪ wʊd gɪt əp, gɪt ˌmaɪˈsɛlf, ənd maɪ sən, drɛst, wʊlf daʊn ˈbrɛkfəst, rəʃ ɪm tɪ skul, ðɛn kəmˈjut tɪ wərk. du maɪ deɪz wərk, dæʃ bæk tɪ ðə skul, brɪŋ ɪm hoʊm, meɪk ˈdɪnər, pʊt ɪm tɪ bɛd, ənd raɪt æt ðə ɛnd əv ðə deɪ, wəns ðə haʊs wɑz kwaɪət, sɪt daʊn ənd traɪ tɪ raɪt. bət aɪ wɑz knackered, maɪ breɪn wɑz fəˈtigd ənd maɪ ˈbɑdi ɪgˈzɔstɪd. ɔl aɪ ˈrɪli ˈwɔntɪd wɑz ə lɑrʤ glæs əv rɛd waɪn ənd tɪ wɔʧ səm kræp ˈtɛlə. aɪ ˈrɛrli gɑt daʊn mɔr ðən ə ˈsɛntəns ər tu. ˈraɪtɪŋ fɛlt laɪk ðə ˈhɑrdəst θɪŋ ɪn ðə wərld. pit tɔp tɪps fər ˈraɪtɪŋ ˌməltiˈkəlʧərəl ˈkɛrɪktərz rɛd mɔr ðɛn ɪt əˈkərd tɪ mi; aɪ wɑz traɪɪŋ tɪ raɪt wɪn aɪ wɑz taɪərd. ɪn fækt tired”” ɪz ðə moʊst ˈkɑmən θɪŋ aɪ seɪ. aɪ hæd ˈnɛvər kənˈsɪdərd haʊ ʃɑrp jʊr ˈmɛntəl ˈfækəltiz ˈnidɪd tɪ bi tɪ raɪt wɛl. aɪ ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd ðət aɪ wʊd traɪ ənd raɪt æt ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ əv ðə deɪ, ˌbiˈfɔr maɪ sən woʊk əp. soʊ aɪ sɛt maɪ əˈlɑrm fər faɪv ɪn ðə ˈmɔrnɪŋ. æt faɪv, gɪt əp, meɪk ə kəp əv ti ənd ə hɑt ˈwɔtər ˈbɑtəl, koʊld æt ðət taɪm əv deɪ ənd sɪt daʊn ɪn frənt əv maɪ ˈlæpˌtɑp, ənd, ˈfaɪnəli, aɪ bɪˈgæn tɪ raɪt maɪ bʊk. aɪ ˈoʊnli hæd wən aʊər tɪ raɪt, soʊ aɪ sɛt ˌmaɪˈsɛlf səm rulz: raɪt ˈɛvəri deɪ ɪf ju kən raɪt 1000 wərdz ə deɪ, 5000 wərdz ɪn ə wik. ðə ˈævərɪʤ bʊk ɪz wərdz lɔŋ; 11 wiks əv ˈraɪtɪŋ. 2 kɑrv aʊt ə taɪm ənd pleɪs fər ˈraɪtɪŋ. lɛt ˈjɔrsɛlf kraɪ: ˈʤɛnəfər ˌɪnspərˈeɪʃənəl tɔp ˈraɪtɪŋ tɪps rɛd mɔr ju nid tɪ dɪˈvɛləp ˈraɪtɪŋ ɛz ə ˈhæbət ðət fɪts ˈɪntu jʊr ˈdeɪli ruˈtin. aɪ roʊt æt ɪn ə ˈfrizɪŋ kənˈsərvətɔri, bət ɪt wɑz maɪ ˈspɛʃəl taɪm əv ðə deɪ wɛr aɪ dɪd ˈsəmθɪŋ ˈtruli fər ˌmaɪˈsɛlf, ənd aɪ ləvd ɪt. 3 trit ˈraɪtɪŋ jʊr bʊk ɛz wərk ðɪs ɪz nɑt ə ˈhɑbi, ər ən ˌɪnˈdəlʤəns, bət ə ˈsɪriəs pis əv wərk ðət ju ɪkˈspɛkt tɪ bi peɪd fər wən deɪ. ɪf ju trit jʊr ˈraɪtɪŋ ɛz wərk, ðɛn ðə ˈpipəl əraʊnd ju teɪk ɪt ˈsɪriəsli ˈiðər. ju nid ðɛm tɪ rɪˈspɛkt jʊr ˈraɪtɪŋ taɪm. 4 raɪt ɛz ˈmɛni wərdz ɛz ˈpɑsəbəl ðə fərst dræft ɪz ɔl əˈbaʊt ˈgɪtɪŋ ɪt ˈrɪtən. ðə ˈsɛkənd dræft ɪz əˈbaʊt ˈgɪtɪŋ ɪt raɪt. haʊ du aɪ gɪt ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ðə ˈgɑrdiən ˈʧɪldrənz bʊks saɪt? rɛd mɔr 5 du nɑt rɛd bæk ˈɛniˌθɪŋ ˈrɪtən ju məst nɑt lʊk bæk. ju məst ˈoʊnli ˈprɑˌgrɛs ˈfɔrwərd. ju ər ˈɔrfiəs ɪn ðə ˈəndərˌwərld, ənd jʊr ˈnɑvəl eurydice. ɪf ju lʊk bæk ju wɪl ˈnɛvər dræg jʊr ˈnɑvəl aʊt əv hɛl ənd ˈɪntu ðə lænd əv ðə ˈlɪvɪŋ. 6 ju ər nɑt əˈlaʊd tɪ ˈɛdət jʊr fərst dræft rɪˈzɪst ɔl ˈərʤɪz tɪ ˈtɪŋkər, ˌɪmˈpruv ər əˈmɛnd jʊr fərst dræft. ɪf ju stɑrt ˈmɛdəlɪŋ ju wɪl ˈnɛvər gɪt tɪ ðə ɛnd. 7 gɪv ˈjɔrsɛlf ə breɪk rɪˈmɛmbər, ˈraɪtɪŋ ɪz ə ʤɑb, du ɪt ˈmənˌdeɪ tɪ ˈfraɪˌdeɪ. gɪv ˈjɔrsɛlf ˈwiˌkɛndz ɔf. ˈwiˌkɛndz ər fər lie-ins*, ˈfæməli ənd ˈhævɪŋ fən. ju breɪn wɪl juz ðə daʊn taɪm tɪ ˈprɔˌsɛs ˈprɑbləmz ənd aɪˈdiəz. 8 tɔk əˈbaʊt ər lɛt ˈɛniˌwən rɛd jʊr bʊk, ənˈtɪl ɪts ˈfɪnɪʃt ɪf ju tɔk əˈbaʊt wət ju ər ˈraɪtɪŋ, ər lɛt ˈɛniˌwən rɛd ɪt, ðɛn ju ɪˈlɪməˌneɪt daʊt ənd ˌɪnsɪˈkjʊrɪti frəm ðə ˈprɔˌsɛs əv ˈraɪtɪŋ. ˈəðər riˈækʃənz tɪ jʊr wərk kən meɪk ju kˈwɛʃən ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ waɪ duɪŋ ɪt ɪn ðə fərst pleɪs. ˈraɪtɪŋ ə bʊk kən bi ɛz ˌɪnˈtɑksɪˌkeɪtɪŋ ɛz ˈhævɪŋ ən əˈfɛr, ɔl deɪ jʊr hɛd wɪl bi fʊl əv jʊr ˈstɔri, ðə ˈkɛrɪktərz, θɪŋz ðeɪ seɪ tɪ wən əˈnəðər, ənd ɪf ju kip ɪt ˈsikrɪt, bi ˈdɛspərɪt tɪ gɪt tɪ jʊr ˈkiˌbɔrd, bɪˈkəz ˈsikrɪts wɔnt tɪ bi ʃɛrd. ɪt meɪ saʊnd ˈkreɪzi bət ˈkipɪŋ ɪt ə ˈsikrɪt kriˈeɪts moʊˈmɛntəm ənd hɛlps kip ju goʊɪŋ θru ðə təf taɪmz. ɪt tʊk mi ʤɪst ˈoʊvər faɪv mənθs tɪ raɪt ɔl ðə weɪ tɪ ðə ɛnd əv maɪ ˈstɔri. aɪ hæd ˈrɪtən wərdz əv ˈmɛsi proʊz, bət maɪ ˈstɔri wɑz aʊt əv maɪ hɛd ənd ɔn ðə peɪʤ. aɪ fɛlt ɪˈleɪtɪd. aɪ hæd ˈsəmθɪŋ tɪ wərk wɪθ, tɪ ˌɪmˈpruv əˈpɑn. aɪ hæd ˈrɪtən ə bʊk. ðət fərst bʊk ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli bɪˈkeɪm ˈbitəl bɔɪ, ənd wɑz snæpt əp baɪ ˈbɛri ˈkənɪŋˌhæm, ðə mæn hu bɪˈlivd ɪn ˈhɛri ˈpɑtər, ənd ɪt wɪl bi ˈpəblɪʃt baɪ ˈʧɪkən haʊs ɪn mɑrʧ 2016 aɪ stɪl hæv tɪ pɪnʧ ˌmaɪˈsɛlf wɪn aɪ θɪŋk əˈbaʊt ɪt. ðə bɛst ədˈvaɪs aɪ kən gɪv ˈɛniˌwən ˈwɑnɪŋ tɪ raɪt ə bʊk, ɪz tɪ raɪt ˈɛvəri deɪ. wɪθ jʊr fərst bʊk, ðɪs ɪz ən ækt əv blaɪnd feɪθ. bət aɪ ˈprɑməs, ɪf ju raɪt ˈɛvəri deɪ ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli ju wɪl hæv ˈrɪtən ə bʊk. ˈbitəl bɔɪ, ðə fərst ɪn ə ˈtrɪləʤi, ɪz ˈpəblɪʃt baɪ ˈʧɪkən haʊs ɪn mɑrʧ 2016 fər, prəˈdusɪŋ fɔr fri ɔn ˈraɪtɪŋ tɪps ənd ju kən ˈdaʊnˌloʊd ðɛm ɔn ər ˈaɪˌtunz.
welcome to nanowrimo ! mg leonard (who wrote her first book beetle boy in six months, one hour a day) has tips on how to do it. and it starts with writing every single day nanowrimo stands for national novel writing month, and takes place every november. it’s for anyone thinking about writing a novel. to take part all you need to do is commit to writing 50,000 words of your novel in the 30 days of november. there’s a website where you set up a profile, with incentives in the form of badges, and a supportive social media community to cheer you on as you strive to meet your daily word targets. and some great novels have started as nanowrimo projects, erin morgenstern’s the night circus, and rainbow rowell’s fangirl, to name but two. rainbow rowell interview: "ya books tell you 'no, your weird stuff is normal.'" read more for the past two years i’ve taken part in nanowrimo, although i cannot claim to have ever “won”: that is, achieve the full 50,000 words. i think it’s great. if only for the fact that if you write every single day you’ll develop a positive habit and your writing will improve. i wish i’d known about it when i was writing my first book, because developing the habit of writing every day didn’t come easily. this is pretty much how every conversation went in the period between me having the idea for my book, beetle boy, and me actually sitting down to write it. “how’s the book coming along?” “um, you know… work’s full-on right now, and i seem to spend my weekends standing by the side of a football pitch. we’re doing the secondary school choosing thing at the minute; it’s stressful. oh, and don’t get me started on the stuff we need to do to the house.’ i – like everybody else - have a truck-load of distractions that makes it impossible to find the time to write a book. nevertheless, i had a burning desire to tell a story i had growing in my head, about a thoughtful boy called darkus cuttle and the staggering array of beetles we share the planet with. top tips for writing to frighten read more maya angelou once said: “there is no greater agony than bearing an untold story inside you.” and i came to know this to be true. the longer i didn’t write my book the more miserable and frustrated i became. i wrote maya angelou’s words on the inside of my notebook. i had to write my story, but when? i looked for the spare moments in the day in which i could write. i would get up, get myself, and my son, dressed, we’d wolf down breakfast, i’d rush him to school, then commute to work. i’d do my days work, dash back to the school, bring him home, make dinner, put him to bed, and right at the end of the day, once the house was quiet, i’d sit down and try to write. but i was knackered, my brain was fatigued and my body exhausted. all i really wanted was a large glass of red wine and to watch some crap tele. i rarely got down more than a sentence or two. writing felt like the hardest thing in the world. pete kalu’s top tips for writing non-cliched multicultural characters read more then it occurred to me; i was trying to write when i was tired. in fact “i’m tired” is the most common thing i say. i had never considered how sharp your mental faculties needed to be to write well. i decided that i would try and write at the beginning of the day, before my son woke up. so i set my alarm for five o’clock in the morning. at five, i’d get up, make a cup of tea and a hot water bottle, - it’s cold at that time of day - and sit down in front of my laptop, and, finally, i began to write my book. i only had one hour to write, so i set myself some rules: write every day if you can write 1000 words a day, that’s 5000 words in a week. the average children’s book is 55,000 words long; that’s 11 weeks of writing. 2. carve out a time and place for writing. let yourself cry: jennifer niven's inspirational top writing tips read more you need to develop writing as a habit that fits into your daily routine. i wrote at 5am in a freezing lean-to conservatory, but it was my special time of the day where i did something truly for myself, and i loved it. 3. treat writing your book as work this is not a hobby, or an indulgence, but a serious piece of work that you expect to be paid for one day. if you don’t treat your writing as work, then the people around you won’t take it seriously either. you need them to respect your writing time. 4. write as many words as possible the first draft is all about getting it written. the second draft is about getting it right. how do i get involved in the guardian children's books site? read more 5. do not read back anything you’ve written you must not look back. you must only progress forward. you are orpheus in the underworld, and your novel eurydice. if you look back you will never drag your novel out of hell and into the land of the living. 6. you are not allowed to edit your first draft resist all urges to tinker, improve or amend your first draft. if you start meddling you will never get to the end. 7. give yourself a break remember, writing is a job, do it monday to friday. give yourself weekends off. weekends are for lie-ins, family and having fun. you brain will use the down time to process problems and brew-up ideas. 8. don’t talk about or let anyone read your book, until its finished if you can’t talk about what you are writing, or let anyone read it, then you eliminate doubt and insecurity from the process of writing. other people’s reactions to your work can make you question everything, including why you’re doing it in the first place. writing a book can be as intoxicating as having an affair, all day your head will be full of your story, the characters, things they say to one another, and if you keep it secret, you’ll be desperate to get to your keyboard, because secrets want to be shared. it may sound crazy but keeping it a secret creates momentum and helps keep you going through the tough times. it took me just over five months to write all the way to the end of my story. i had written 120,000 words of messy prose, but my story was out of my head and on the page. i felt elated. i had something to work with, to improve upon. i had written a book. that first book eventually became beetle boy, and was snapped up by barry cunningham, the man who believed in jk rowling’s harry potter, and it will be published by chicken house in march 2016. i still have to pinch myself when i think about it. the best advice i can give anyone wanting to write a book, is to write every day. with your first book, this is an act of blind faith. but i promise, if you write every day eventually you will have written a book. mg leonard’s beetle boy, the first in a trilogy, is published by chicken house in march 2016. for nanowrimo, she’s producing four free podcasts on writing tips and you can download them on soundcloud or itunes.	tu ˈwɪmən ˈlɪvɪŋ ɪn kwinz hæv bɪn ʧɑrʤd wɪθ ˈplænɪŋ tɪ bɪld ə bɔm ðət ðeɪ ˈwɔntɪd tɪ ˈdɛtəˌneɪt ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts. ðə ˈwɪmən, noʊɛl, 28 ənd ˈeɪʒə siˈdikwi, 31 hu ənˈtɪl ˈrisəntli wər ˈruˌmeɪts, wər neɪmd ɪn ə kəmˈpleɪnt ənˈsild ɔn ˈθərzˌdeɪ ɪn ˈfɛdərəl ˈdɪstrɪkt kɔrt ɪn ˈbrʊklɪn, ənd wər ɪkˈspɛktɪd tɪ əˈpɪr ɪn kɔrt ɔn ˈθərzˌdeɪ ˌæftərˈnun. mɪz. ənd mɪz. siˈdikwi, hu ər əˈmɛrɪkən ˈsɪtɪzənz, əˈpɪrd tɪ bi ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd ɪn ˈʤihɑd, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə kəmˈpleɪnt, wɪʧ sɛd ðeɪ hæd bɪn kəmˈjunəˌkeɪtɪŋ wɪθ æl ɪn ðə əˈreɪbiən pəˈnɪnsələ ˌpərsəˈnɛl ənd hæd bɪn vjuɪŋ ˈvaɪələnt ˈvɪdioʊz meɪd baɪ ðə ˌɪzˈlɑmɪk steɪt, ˈɔlsoʊ noʊn ɛz ˈaɪsəs. ɪn ðə kəmˈpleɪnt, ðə ˈgəvərnmənt sɛd ðə plɑt ədˈvænst tɪ ðə pɔɪnt ðət mɪz. siˈdikwi bɔt fɔr ˈproʊˌpeɪn gæs tæŋks ənd stɔrd ðɛm ɪn ə ˈstɛrˌwɛl ˈaʊtˈsaɪd hər əˈpɑrtmənt. ˈərliər, ðə ˈwɪmən hæd bɔt pəˈtæsiəm æt ə kwinz ˈfɑrməsi, bɔt ðə ˈfərtəˌlaɪzər (wɪʧ kən bi juzd ɛz ə bɔm kəmˈpoʊnənt) ənd rɛd əˈbaʊt ənd dɪˈskəst bomb-making. ðə kəmˈpleɪnt dɪz nɑt ˈɪndəˌkeɪt ðət ðə ˈwɪmən hæd ə spɪˈsɪfɪk ˈtərgət. ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə proʊb, ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtərz dɪˈplɔɪd ən ˌəndərˈkəvər ˈeɪʤənt, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈgəvərnmənt ˈdɑkjəmənts. ɪn ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃənz rɪˈkɔrdɪd baɪ ðə ˈgəvərnmənt, mɪz. ɪkˈsprɛst ˈprɛfərəns fər əˈtækɪŋ ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri ər ˈgəvərnmənt ˈtɑrgəts, ˈrəðər ðən səˈvɪljən targets,”,” ðə kəmˈpleɪnt sɛd. ðə ˈwɪmən ðət ðɛr goʊl wɑz tɪ lərn haʊ tɪ bloʊ əp ə bɔm frəm əˈfɑr ˈrəðər ðən ˈkɑndəkt ə ˈsuɪˌsaɪd bombing,”,” ɪt sɪz. ɪn dɪˈsɛmbər, ˈæftər ðə fˈjunərəl əv ðə nu jɔrk pəˈlis ˈɔfɪsər ˌrɑfaɪˈɛl ˈrɑmoʊs, hu wɑz kɪld ɪn hɪz pəˈtroʊl kɑr, mɪz. simd tɪ hoʊm ɪn ɔn ə pəˈlis fˈjunərəl wɑz ən əˈproʊpriˌeɪt ˈtɛrərɪst target,”,” ðə kəmˈpleɪnt sɪz. {snɪp} mɪz. siˈdikwi ənd mɪz. boʊθ ˈstədid ˈkɛmɪstri ənd ˈəðər ˈɛləmənts əv bomb-making, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈtɑpɪks laɪk ˈsɑdərɪŋ. ɪn noʊˈvɛmbər 2014 ðeɪ bɔt pəˈtæsiəm æt ə ˈfɑrməsi ˈæftər ˈrɛdɪŋ əˈbaʊt ɪt ɪn ə ˈkɛmɪstri bʊk, ðə kəmˈpleɪnt sɪz, ðɛn droʊv tɪ ə hoʊm ˈdipoʊ tɪ lʊk æt waɪərz, peɪnt kənˈteɪnərz wɪθ ðə wərd ‘‘combustible,’,’ smɔl ənd lɑrʤ ˈmɛtəl paɪps, ə bæg əv ˈsoʊdiəm ˈklɔraɪd, ənd ˈhitər fluɪd containers”*” əˈlɔŋ wɪθ məˈnʊr, wɪʧ mɪz. ˈnoʊtɪd wɑz juzd ɪn ðə ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə ˈsɪti ˈbɑmɪŋz. {snɪp} ərˈɪʤənəl ˈɑrtɪkəl ʃɛr ðɪs
two women living in queens have been charged with planning to build a bomb that they wanted to detonate in the united states. the women, noelle velentzas, 28, and asia siddiqui, 31, who until recently were roommates, were named in a complaint unsealed on thursday in federal district court in brooklyn, and were expected to appear in court on thursday afternoon. ms. velentzas and ms. siddiqui, who are american citizens, appeared to be interested in jihad, according to the complaint, which said they had been communicating with al qaeda in the arabian peninsula personnel and had been viewing violent videos made by the islamic state, also known as isis. in the complaint, the government said the plot advanced to the point that ms. siddiqui bought four propane gas tanks and stored them in a stairwell outside her apartment. earlier, the women had bought potassium gluconate at a queens pharmacy, bought the fertilizer miracle-gro (which can be used as a bomb component) and read about and discussed bomb-making. the complaint does not indicate that the women had a specific target. during the probe, investigators deployed an undercover agent, according to the government documents. in conversations recorded by the government, ms. velentzas expressed “a preference for attacking military or government targets, rather than civilian targets,” the complaint said. the women “implied that their goal was to learn how to blow up a bomb from afar rather than conduct a suicide bombing,” it says. in december, after the funeral of the new york police officer rafael ramos, who was killed in his patrol car, ms. velentzas seemed to home in on “whether a police funeral was an appropriate terrorist target,” the complaint says. {snip} ms. siddiqui and ms. velentzas both studied chemistry and other elements of bomb-making, including topics like soldering. in november 2014, they bought potassium gluconate at a pharmacy after reading about it in a chemistry book, the complaint says, then drove to a home depot to look at “copper wires, paint containers with the word ‘combustible,’ small and large metal pipes, a bag of sodium chloride, and heater fluid containers” along with manure, which ms. velentzas noted was used in the oklahoma city bombings. {snip} original article share this	wɪn ˈsɪvəl wɔr ˌɪˈrəptɪd ɪn ˈsɪriə, ˈɑmɛd ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli θɔt əˈbaʊt sidz. spəˈsɪfɪkli, ˈpækɪts əv ðɛm ˈsɪtɪŋ ɪn koʊld ˈstɔrɪʤ 19 maɪəlz saʊθ əv. ðeɪ ˌɪnˈkludɪd ˈeɪnʧənt vərˈaɪətiz əv wit ənd ˈdʊrəm ˈdeɪtɪŋ bæk ˈnɪrli tɪ ðə dɔn əv ˈægrɪˌkəlʧər ɪn ðə ˈfərtəl ˈkrɛsənt, ənd wən əv ðə ˈlɑrʤəst kəˈlɛkʃənz əv ˈlɛntəl, ˈbɑrli, ənd bin ðət fid ˈmɪljənz əv ˈpipəl ˈwərldˈwaɪd ˈɛvəri deɪ. ɪf ðiz sidz wər ˈdɛsəˌmeɪtɪd, juˈmænɪti kʊd luz ˈprɛʃəs ʤəˈnɛtɪk ˈrisɔrsɪz dɪˈvɛləpt ˈoʊvər ˈhənərdz, ər ɪn səm ˈkeɪsɪz ˈθaʊzənz, əv jɪrz. ənd ˈsədənli, wɪθ ðə ˈaʊtˌbreɪk əv ˈvaɪələns, ðɛr dɪˈstrəkʃən simd ˈɪmənənt. ɪz ðə dɪˈrɛktər əv ʤəˈnɛtɪk ˈrisɔrsɪz æt ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˈsɛnər fər ˌægrɪˈkəlʧərəl ˈrisərʧ ɪn draɪ ˈɛriəz (icarda), wən əv 11 ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ʧɑrʤd wɪθ kənˈsərvɪŋ ðə moʊst ˈvaɪtəl krɑps ənd ðɛr waɪld ˈrɛlətɪvz. iʧ ˈsɛnər həz ə faɪnd ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl raɪs ˈrisərʧ ˈɪnstɪˌtut ɪn ðə ˈfɪləˌpinz, fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, waɪl ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl pəˈteɪˌtoʊ ˈsɛnər ɪz beɪst ɪn ðɪs wən ˈfoʊkɪsɪz ɔn prɪˈzərvɪŋ ənd prəˈtɛktɪŋ krɑps frəm ˈɛrəd ˈriʤənz, ˈmoʊstli ɪn dɪˈvɛləpɪŋ ˈkəntriz. ðə kraʊn ʤuəl ɪz ɪts, wɛr ɪts ˈsæmpəlz ər aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪd ənd stɔrd fər fˈjuʧər juz, ˈiðər baɪ ðə ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk stæf ər plænt ˈbridərz əraʊnd ðə wərld. dɪˈspaɪt ðə ˌhaɪˈtɛk ʃin əv ðə wərd, ðə ˈkɑnsɛpt drɔz ɔn ˈbeɪsɪk ˌægrɪˈkəlʧərəl ˈprɪnsəpəlz ˈpipəl hæv juzd tɪ ˌɪmˈpruv ðɛr krɑps sɪns ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ əv ˈfɑrmɪŋ. seɪ gɑt tu plænts, wən ðət groʊz wɛl wɪˈθaʊt məʧ ˈwɔtər, ənd əˈnəðər ðət prəˈdusɪz ə ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli lɑrʤ əˈmaʊnt əv ðə stəf ju wɔnt tɪ it. brid ðə tu təˈgɛðər ənd gɑt ə haɪ jild, ˈvərʒən əv jʊr krɑp. ðə aɪˈdiə, ˈɛniˌweɪ. ɪn ðə lɔŋ rən, ðɪs kənˈvɛnʃənəl ˈbridɪŋ ˈprɔˌsɛs ɪz ˈwaɪldli ˈifɛktɪv. nɑt ˈoʊnli kriˈeɪtɪd ˈɛvəri vərˈaɪəti əv ðə krɑps wi groʊ ənd it, bət ɪn ˈmɛni ˈkeɪsɪz kriˈeɪtɪd ðə krɑps ðɛmˈsɛlvz. meɪz, fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, wɑz kriˈeɪtɪd baɪ ˈeɪnʧənt baɪ ˈpeɪnˌsteɪkɪŋli ˈbridɪŋ mɔr ənd mɔr ˈæpɪˌtaɪzɪŋ, ə ˈstəbi græs wɪθ ˈtaɪni, təf ˈkərnəlz ðət həz soʊ ˈlɪtəl ɪn ˈkɑmən wɪθ ˈmɑdərn meɪz ðət ˌɑrkiˈɑləʤɪsts dɪsˈmɪst ɪt ɛz ə ˈpɑsəbəl waɪld ˈænˌsɛstər ənˈtɪl ʤəˈnɛtɪk tɛsts rɪˈvild ðə səˈpraɪzɪŋ truθ. ðə ˈprɑbləm ɪn ðə ʃɔrt rən ɪz ðət kənˈvɛnʃənəl ˈbridɪŋ kən bi s…l…o…w. wɑz dəˈmɛstəˌkeɪtəd ɪn ˈsɛntrəl ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ bɪtˈwin ənd jɪrz əˈgoʊ, bət ˈfɑrmərz ˈoʊnli ˈmænɪʤd tɪ kriˈeɪt ə vərˈaɪəti ðət ˈteɪstɪd gʊd ə mɪr məˈlɛniəm əˈgoʊ. ðə æt ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˈsɛnər fər ˌægrɪˈkəlʧərəl ˈrisərʧ ɪn draɪ ˈɛriəz. eɪm tɪ prɪˈzərv krɑp vərˈaɪətiz ðət ɔˈrɛdi hæv bɪn kriˈeɪtɪd, ɛz wɛl ɛz spid əp ðə ˈprɔˌsɛs əv ˈmeɪkɪŋ nu wənz. bɪtˈwin ðə 11 ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl krɑp, mɔr ðən vərˈaɪətiz əv ðə 17 moʊst ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt krɑps ər prɪˈzərvd. waɪ soʊ ˈmɛni? ju ˈnɛvər noʊ wɪn ən oʊld mɔr ˈlaɪkli, ðə ʤinz ɪt kəm ɪn ˈhændi. ə taɪp əv meɪz ðət noʊ wən plænts ˌɛniˈmɔr kʊd bi ðə wən ðət kənˈteɪnz ɪgˈzæktli ðə ʤinz ðə krɑp nidz tɪ bɪˈkəm, seɪ, mɔr draʊt ˈtɑlərənt. prɪˈzərvɪŋ ðoʊz sidz prɪˈzərvz ðoʊz ʤinz. ðə bæŋks ruˈtinli meɪk ðɛr kəˈlɛkʃənz əˈveɪləbəl tɪ ˈfɑrmərz ənd ˈbridərz ðə wərld ˈoʊvər soʊ ðoʊz ʤinz kən bi brɛd ˈɪntu ˈmɑdərn vərˈaɪətiz ɛz ˈnidɪd. ənd ðeɪ ˈɔlsoʊ hæv ðɛr oʊn ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk timz ˈwərkɪŋ tɪ aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ ðə ˈpraɪˌmɛri treɪts əv ðə sidz kəˈlɛktəd ənd kriˈeɪt nu vərˈaɪətiz əv krɑps ðət meɪ kəm ɪn ˈhændi. fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, ʤinz frəm vərˈaɪətiz əv meɪz ər ˈhɛlpɪŋ ˈbridərz kriˈeɪt kɔrn krɑps ðət kən koʊp wɪθ ə ˈʃɔrtər ˈreɪni ˈsizən ɪn ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ, ən ˈifɛkt əv ˈklaɪmɪt ʧeɪnʤ. dɪˈstrɔɪ ə seedbank, ðoʊ, ənd ðoʊz ˈhɛlpfəl ʤinz kən bi waɪpt aʊt ˌbiˈfɔr ˈɛniˌwən kən dɪˈskəvər ðɛm, məʧ lɛs pʊt ðɛm tɪ juz. waɪ wɑz soʊ ˈwərid əˈbaʊt ðə feɪt əv ðə sidz æt hɪz ˌægrɪˈkəlʧərəl ˈrisərʧ ˈsɛnər. ˌɔlˈðoʊ krɑp vərˈaɪətiz ənd ðɛr waɪld ˈrɛlətɪvz ər æt rɪsk əv ˌdɪsəˈpɪrɪŋ ˈɛvəri deɪ ɛz ˈfɑrmərz swɪʧ tɪ ər əˈbændən fildz ɔl təˈgɛðər, noʊ ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl hæd ˈɛvər feɪst soʊ ˌɪˈmiˌdiət ə rɪsk frəm wɔr. æt ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ əv ˈsɪvəl wɔr, ðə ˈfaɪtɪŋ wɑz ˈkɔnsənˌtreɪtɪd ɪn ðə saʊθ, fɑr frəm ðə ˈhɛdˌkɔrtərz ɪn ðə nɔrθ. bət nu ɪt teɪk gənz ər bɑmz tɪ dɪˈstrɔɪ ðə. ɔl ɪt wʊd teɪk wɑz ə paʊər ˈaʊˌtreɪʤ ðət nɑkt aʊt ðə ɛr kənˈdɪʃənɪŋ. ðə sidz, prɪˈzərvd ɪn koʊld rumz fər ˈdɛkeɪdz, wʊd wɔrm kˈwɪkli ənd bɪˈkəm ənˈjuzəbəl. ðə bæŋk hæd ˈbæˌkəp ˈʤɛnərˌeɪtərz, bət haʊ lɔŋ wʊd ðeɪ læst? wət ɪf ɪt bɪˈkeɪm ˌɪmˈpɑsəbəl tɪ baɪ fjuəl? wət ɪf ðə ˈʤɛnərˌeɪtərz wər ˈstoʊlən, ər ˌkɑmənˈdɪrd baɪ ˈsoʊlʤərz? kəˈlɛktɪŋ sidz fər ðə. ˈləkəli, ðə ˈsɛnər hæd bɪn pərˈpɛrɪŋ fər ɪts oʊn dɪˈstrəkʃən sɪns deɪ wən. ɪt ɔˈrɛdi hæd sɛnt ˈimərʤənsi ˈbæˌkəps əv əˈbaʊt 87 pərˈsɛnt əv ɪts kəˈlɛkʃən tɪ ɪn ˈəðər ˈkəntriz. ˈivɪn ˈəndər ðə bɛst pəˈlɪtɪkəl kənˈdɪʃənz, ˈwəri əˈbaʊt faɪər, ju ˈwəri əˈbaʊt earthquakes,”,” ðə dɪˈrɛktər ˈʤɛnərəl ˈmæmud sɪz ɪn ðɪs ˈvɪdioʊ ˈɪntərvˌju. kriˈeɪtɪŋ ˈimərʤənsi ˈbæˌkəps ɪz ˈstændərd ˈpræktɪs fər ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl, frəm ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ tɪ naɪˈʤɪriə. bət ðət lɛft 13 pərˈsɛnt əv ðə ˈsɪriən ðən bɪn bækt əp. ɛz sun ɛz ðə ˈfaɪtɪŋ ˈstɑrtɪd ɪn ðə spərɪŋ əv 2011 ðə stæf swɪʧt gɪrz frəm kəˈlɛktɪŋ ənd dɪˈstrɪbjutɪŋ sid ˈsæmpəlz tɪ dɪˈvaɪzɪŋ ə ˈrɛskju plæn. ˈpipəl ðɛr bɪˈkeɪm ˈvɛri fəˈmɪljər wɪθ ˈnɔrðərn bæk roʊdz ɛz ðeɪ droʊv ðə sidz aʊt əv ðə ˈkəntri. ˌɪmˈpɔrtɪŋ sidz ənd ˈəðər ˌægrɪˈkəlʧərəl məˈtɪriəlz kən bi θɪŋk əv ðət ˈæpəl ju hæd tɪ θroʊ əˈweɪ ˈdʊrɪŋ jʊr læst trɪp θru ˈkəstəmz. ðə ɪmˈplɔɪiz mɪlkt ˈɛvəri kəˈnɛkʃən ðeɪ hæd tɪ gɪt ðə ʤɑb dən. wɪn ðeɪ ɪˈvækjəˌweɪtɪd hæf əv ðə ˈvəlnərəbəl ˈsæmpəlz tɪ ˈtərki, ðə ˈtərkɪʃ ˌægrɪˈkəlʧərəl ˈmɪnɪstər droʊv tɪ ðə ˈbɔrdər tɪ ˈɛskɔrt ðə sidz ˈɪntu hɪz ˈkəntri, rɪˈmɛmbərz. (ðə ˈəðər hæf wɛnt tɪ ˈlɛbənən, wɪθ məʧ lɛs fəs.) təˈdeɪ, pərˈsɛnt əv ðə ˈhoʊldɪŋz ər ɔl ˈaʊtˈsaɪd syria,”,” sɪz. ə jɪr ənd hæf ˈæftər ðə wɔr bɪˈgæn, ðə ˈfaɪtɪŋ dru kloʊz ɪˈnəf tɪ ðət ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl stæf wɑz ədˈvaɪzd tɪ liv ˈsɪriə. ðət lɛft əˈbaʊt 50 ˈsɪriən stæf ˈmɛmbərz riˈspɑnsəbəl fər kəmˈplitɪŋ ðə ˈsɛkənd raʊnd əv ðə ɪˌvækjəˈweɪʃən: ˈʃɪpɪŋ ɛz ˈmɛni ˈsæmpəlz ɛz ˈpɑsəbəl tɪ ðə sid vɔlt ɪn ˈnɔrˌweɪ. ðə tɪ ðə backup,”,” ðə dɪˈzaɪnd tɪ ˈaʊˌtlæst ɔl ˈəðər frəm ɪts loʊˈkeɪʃən ɪn ðə ˈɑrtɪk ˈsərkəl ənd kəm tɪ ðə ˈrɛskju ɪn keɪs əv ˈwərldˈwaɪd, ˌkætəˈstrɑfɪk krɑp dɪˈstrəkʃən, ɪkˈspleɪnz luis ˈsæləzɑr, kəmˌjunəˈkeɪʃənz ˈmænɪʤər fər ðə krɑp trəst, wɪʧ ˈoʊvərˌsiz ðə kəˈlɛkʃən. ˈivɪn ɛz ðə ˈɛriə əraʊnd ðə fɛl ˈəndər ðə kənˈtroʊl əv tu kəmˈpitɪŋ ɑrmd grups ənd ðə rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ stæf ˈrɛkənd wɪθ ˈsɛvərəl ˈkɪdˌnæpɪŋz, ðeɪ ˈmænɪʤd tɪ ˈbæˌkəp 80 pərˈsɛnt əv ðə kəˈlɛkʃən ɪn. ðə læst ˈʃɪpmənt əraɪvd æt ɪn mɑrʧ tu jɪrz ˈæftər ənd məʧ əv ðə rɛst əv ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl stæf hæd ˌriˈloʊkeɪtɪd tɪ rabat, mərˈɑkoʊ. læst mənθ, ðə ˈsɛnər wən ðə ˈgrɛgər ˈmɛndəl ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən əˈməŋ plænt ɪts ˈrɛskju ənd ˌprɛzərˈveɪʃən əv ðə. ənd əˈmeɪzɪŋli, ðə saɪt kənˈtɪnjuz tɪ bi ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənəl. ðə ˈsɪriən stæf həz ˈmænɪʤd tɪ kip ðə ɪˌlɛkˈtrɪsəti ɔn ənd ðə ˌɪnˈtækt θru fɔr jɪrz əv wɔr. naʊ kəmz ðə hɑrd pɑrt: ˈplæntɪŋ ðə sidz ðə tim sɛnt əˈweɪ ənd riˈʤɛnərˌeɪtɪŋ ðoʊz krɑps fɑr frəm hoʊm. ˈjuʒəwəli, stɔr əˈbaʊt ə paʊnd əv iʧ kaɪnd əv sid ðeɪ kəˈlɛkt, bət ðə duplicated”” ˈsæmpəlz stɔrd æt ˈəðər ər ˈoʊnli əˈbaʊt hæf ən aʊns, sɪz ˈtɑməs peɪn, ðə hɛd əv ðə æt ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl meɪz ənd wit ˌɪmˈpruvmənt ˈsɛnər ˈaʊtˈsaɪd əv ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ ˈsɪti, wɪʧ stɔrz ˈmɛni əv ˈimərʤənsi ˈbæˌkəps. hæf ən aʊns ɪˈnəf tɪ ʃɛr wɪθ ˈfɑrmərz, wən əv ə ˈsɛntrəl ˈmɪʃənz. ɪz ðə ˈvælju əv ˈhævɪŋ ɔl ðət məˈtɪriəl sɪˈkjʊrd bət nɑt accessible?”?” peɪn sɪz. ðə ˈsɛnər həz ˈgrænɪd peɪn ənd hɪz tim pərˈmɪʃən tɪ ˈoʊpən ðɛr ˈduplɪˌkeɪtɪd wit ˈsæmpəlz ənd stɑrt ˈplæntɪŋ ðɛm æt ðə ˈmɛksəkən ˈsɛnər, boʊθ tɪ hɛlp bəlk əp ðə kəˈlɛkʃən ənd meɪk ʃʊr ðə ˈsæmpəlz ər stɪl ˈvaɪəbəl. ˈæftər ɔl, bɪˈkəz ɪn ðə rɪˈfrɪʤərˌeɪtər, ɪt min alive,”,” ˈsæləzɑr pɔɪnts aʊt. ˈhæpənd ɪn ˈsɪriə wɑz ə gʊd eye-opener”*” fər ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl, sɪz. dɪˈspaɪt ðə ˈimərʤənsi ˈbæˌkəps, ðə ˈsɛnər wɑz tu ˈsɛntrəˌlaɪzd ɪn ˈsɪriə. naʊ, ˈrənɪŋ ˈmeɪʤər ˌɪˈnɪʃətɪvz ɪn mərˈɑkoʊ, ˈɪndiə, ənd ˌiθiˈoʊpiə. ðoʊz ˈsɛnərz wɪl kənˈtɪnju tɪ ˈɔpərˌeɪt ɛz pɑrt əv ðə nu, dɪˈsɛntrəˌlaɪzd ˈsɛnər, ˈivɪn ɪf ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl stæf kən ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli rɪˈtərn tɪ, sɪz. ər nɑt ˈaɪsəˌleɪtɪd ˈtrɛʒər ənd bi ˈtritɪd ɛz səʧ. ðɛr paʊər kəmz frəm ðə kəˈnɛkʃənz bɪtˈwin ðɛm, ənd ðə ˈwərldˈwaɪd ˈnɛtˌwərk əv ʤəˈnɛtɪk ˈrisɔrsɪz ðoʊz kəˈnɛkʃənz kriˈeɪt.

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