manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
9829_400	famously remained segregated through 1964), and movie theaters in 1962–3. While in 1961, Mayor Ivan
9829_401	Allen Jr. became one of the few Southern white mayors to support desegregation of his city's public
9829_402	schools, initial compliance was token, and in reality desegregation occurred in stages from 1961 to
9829_403	1973.
9829_404	1962 air crash and influence on art scene
9829_405	In 1962, Atlanta in general and its arts community in particular were shaken by the deaths of 106
9829_406	people on Air France charter flight 007, which crashed. The Atlanta Art Association had sponsored a
9829_407	month-long tour of the art treasures of Europe. 106 of the tour members were heading home to
9829_408	Atlanta on the flight. The group included many of Atlanta's cultural and civic leaders. Atlanta
9829_409	mayor Ivan Allen Jr. went to Orly, France, to inspect the crash site where so many important
9829_410	Atlantans perished. The loss was a catalyst for the arts in Atlanta and helped create the Woodruff
9829_411	Arts Center, originally called the Memorial Arts Center, as a tribute to the victims, and led to
9829_412	the creation of the Atlanta Arts Alliance. The French government donated a Rodin sculpture, The
9829_413	Shade, to the High in memory of the victims of the crash.
9829_414	The crash occurred during the Civil Rights Movement and affected it, as well. Martin Luther King
9829_415	Jr., and Harry Belafonte announced cancellation of a sit-in in downtown Atlanta as a conciliatory
9829_416	gesture to the grieving city, while Nation of Islam leader Malcolm X gained widespread national
9829_417	attention for the first time by expressing joy over the deaths of the all-white group.
9829_418	Freeway construction and revolts
9829_419	Atlanta's freeway system was completed in the 1950s and 1960s, with the Perimeter completed in
9829_420	1969. Historic neighborhoods such as Washington-Rawson and Copenhill were damaged or destroyed in
9829_421	the process. Additional proposed freeways were never built due to the protests of city residents.
9829_422	The opposition lasted three decades, with then-governor Jimmy Carter playing a key role in stopping
9829_423	I-485 through Morningside and Virginia Highland to Inman Park in 1973, but pushing hard in the
9829_424	1980s for a "Presidential Parkway" between downtown, the new Carter Center, and Druid Hills/Emory.
9829_425	Urban renewal
9829_426	In the 1960s, slums such as Buttermilk Bottom near today's Civic Center were razed, in principle to
9829_427	build better housing, but much of the land remained empty until the 1980s, when mixed-income
9829_428	communities were built in what was renamed Bedford Pine. The African-American community east of
9829_429	downtown suffered as the center of the black economy moved squarely to southwestern Atlanta. During
9829_430	the 1960s, African-American citizens'-rights groups such as U-Rescue emerged to address the lack of
9829_431	housing for poor black people.
9829_432	Shoppers move to new malls as Downtown gains new roles
9829_433	The first major mall built in Atlanta was Lenox Square in Buckhead, opening in August 1959. From
9829_434	1964 until 1973, nine major malls opened, most at the Perimeter freeway: Cobb Center in 1963,
9829_435	Columbia Mall in 1964, North DeKalb and Greenbriar malls in 1965, South DeKalb Mall in 1968, Phipps
9829_436	Plaza (near Lenox Square) in 1969, Perimeter and Northlake malls in 1971, and Cumberland Mall in
9829_437	1973. Downtown Atlanta became less and less a shopping destination for the area's shoppers. Rich's
9829_438	closed its flagship store downtown in 1991, leaving government offices the major presence in the
9829_439	South Downtown area around it.
9829_440	On the north side of Five Points, Downtown continued as the largest concentration of office space
9829_441	in Metro Atlanta, though it began to compete with Midtown, Buckhead, and the suburbs. The first
9829_442	four towers of Peachtree Center were built in 1965–1967, including the Hyatt Regency Atlanta,
9829_443	designed by John Portman, with its 22-story atrium. In total, 17 buildings of more than 15n floors
9829_444	were built in the 1960s. The center of gravity of Downtown Atlanta correspondingly moved north from
9829_445	the Five Points area towards Peachtree Center.
9829_446	Atlanta's convention and hotel facilities also grew immensely. John C. Portman, Jr. designed and
9829_447	opened what is now the AmericasMart merchandise mart in 1958; the Sheraton Atlanta, the city's
9829_448	first convention hotel, was built in the 1960s; the Atlanta Hilton opened in 1971; as did two
9829_449	Portman-designed hotels: the Peachtree Plaza Hotel now owned by Westin in 1976, and the Marriott in
9829_450	1985. The Omni Coliseum opened in 1976, as did the Georgia World Congress Center (GWCC). The GWCC
9829_451	expanded multiple times in succeeding decades and helped make Atlanta one of the country's top
9829_452	convention cities.
9829_453	Black political power and Mayor Jackson
9829_454	In 1960, whites comprised 61.7% of the city's population. African Americans became a majority in
9829_455	the city by 1970, and exercised new-found political influence by electing Atlanta's first black
9829_456	mayor, Maynard Jackson, in 1973.
9829_457	During Jackson's first term as the mayor, much progress was made in improving race relations in and
9829_458	around Atlanta, and Atlanta acquired the motto "A City Too Busy to Hate." As mayor, he led the
9829_459	beginnings and much of the progress on several huge public-works projects in Atlanta and its
9829_460	region. He helped arrange for the rebuilding of the airport's huge terminal to modern standards,
9829_461	and this airport was renamed the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in his honor
9829_462	shortly after his death, also named after him is the new Maynard Holbrook Jackson, Jr.
9829_463	International Terminal which opened in May 2012. He also fought against the construction of
9829_464	freeways through intown neighborhoods.
9829_465	Construction of MARTA rail system
9829_466	In 1965, an act of the Georgia General Assembly created the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit
9829_467	Authority, or MARTA, which was to provide rapid transit for the five largest metropolitan counties:
9829_468	DeKalb, Fulton, Clayton, Gwinnett, and Cobb, but a referendum authorizing participation in the
9829_469	system failed in Cobb County. A 1968 referendum to fund MARTA failed, but in 1971, Fulton and
9829_470	DeKalb Counties passed a 1% sales tax increase to pay for operations, while Clayton and Gwinnett
9829_471	counties overwhelmingly rejected the tax in referendum, fearing the introduction of crime and
9829_472	"undesirable elements". In 1972, the agency bought the existing, bus-only Atlanta Transit Company.
9829_473	Construction began on the new rail system in 1975, and service commenced on June 30, 1979, running
9829_474	east–west from Georgia State University downtown to Avondale. The Five Points downtown hub opened
9829_475	later that year. A short north–south line opened in 1981, which by 1984 had been extended to reach
9829_476	from Brookhaven to Lakewood/Fort McPherson. In 1988, the line was extended to a station inside the
9829_477	airport terminal. A line originally envisioned to run to Emory University is still under
9829_478	consideration.
9829_479	Child murders
9829_480	Atlanta was rocked by a series of murders of children from the summer of 1979 until the spring of
9829_481	1981. Over the two-year period, at least 22 children, and 6 adults were killed, all of them black.
9829_482	Atlanta native Wayne Williams, also black and 23 years old at the time of the last murder, was
9829_483	convicted of two of the murders and sent to prison for life. The rest of the crimes remain unsolved
9829_484	today.
9829_485	Mayor Andrew Young
9829_486	In 1981, after being urged by a number of people, including Coretta Scott King, the widow of Martin
9829_487	Luther King Jr., Democratic Congressman Andrew Young ran for mayor of Atlanta. He was elected later
9829_488	that year with 55% of the vote, succeeding Maynard Jackson. As mayor of Atlanta, he brought in $70
9829_489	billion of new private investment. He continued and expanded Maynard Jackson's programs for
9829_490	including minority and female-owned businesses in all city contracts. The Mayor's Task Force on
9829_491	Education established the Dream Jamboree College Fair that tripled the college scholarships given
9829_492	to Atlanta public school graduates. In 1985, he was involved in privatizing the Atlanta Zoo, which
9829_493	was renamed Zoo Atlanta. The then-moribund zoo was overhauled, making ecological habitats specific
9829_494	to different animals.
9829_495	Young was re-elected as Mayor in 1985 with more than 80% of the vote. Atlanta hosted the 1988
9829_496	Democratic National Convention during Young's tenure. He was prohibited by term limits from running
9829_497	for a third term. He was succeeded by Maynard Jackson who returned as mayor from 1990 to 1994. Bill
9829_498	Campbell succeeded Jackson as mayor in 1994 and served through 2002.
9829_499	Campbell mayorship and failure of Atlanta Empowerment Zone

9829_400

famously remained segregated through 1964), and movie theaters in 1962–3. While in 1961, Mayor Ivan

9829_401

Allen Jr. became one of the few Southern white mayors to support desegregation of his city's public

9829_402

schools, initial compliance was token, and in reality desegregation occurred in stages from 1961 to

9829_403

1973.

9829_404

1962 air crash and influence on art scene

9829_405

In 1962, Atlanta in general and its arts community in particular were shaken by the deaths of 106

9829_406

people on Air France charter flight 007, which crashed. The Atlanta Art Association had sponsored a

9829_407

month-long tour of the art treasures of Europe. 106 of the tour members were heading home to

9829_408

Atlanta on the flight. The group included many of Atlanta's cultural and civic leaders. Atlanta

9829_409

mayor Ivan Allen Jr. went to Orly, France, to inspect the crash site where so many important

9829_410

Atlantans perished. The loss was a catalyst for the arts in Atlanta and helped create the Woodruff

9829_411

Arts Center, originally called the Memorial Arts Center, as a tribute to the victims, and led to

9829_412

the creation of the Atlanta Arts Alliance. The French government donated a Rodin sculpture, The

9829_413

Shade, to the High in memory of the victims of the crash.

9829_414

The crash occurred during the Civil Rights Movement and affected it, as well. Martin Luther King

9829_415

Jr., and Harry Belafonte announced cancellation of a sit-in in downtown Atlanta as a conciliatory

9829_416

gesture to the grieving city, while Nation of Islam leader Malcolm X gained widespread national

9829_417

attention for the first time by expressing joy over the deaths of the all-white group.

9829_418

Freeway construction and revolts

9829_419

Atlanta's freeway system was completed in the 1950s and 1960s, with the Perimeter completed in

9829_420

1969. Historic neighborhoods such as Washington-Rawson and Copenhill were damaged or destroyed in

9829_421

the process. Additional proposed freeways were never built due to the protests of city residents.

9829_422

The opposition lasted three decades, with then-governor Jimmy Carter playing a key role in stopping

9829_423

I-485 through Morningside and Virginia Highland to Inman Park in 1973, but pushing hard in the

9829_424

1980s for a "Presidential Parkway" between downtown, the new Carter Center, and Druid Hills/Emory.

9829_425

Urban renewal

9829_426

In the 1960s, slums such as Buttermilk Bottom near today's Civic Center were razed, in principle to

9829_427

build better housing, but much of the land remained empty until the 1980s, when mixed-income

9829_428

communities were built in what was renamed Bedford Pine. The African-American community east of

9829_429

downtown suffered as the center of the black economy moved squarely to southwestern Atlanta. During

9829_430

the 1960s, African-American citizens'-rights groups such as U-Rescue emerged to address the lack of

9829_431

housing for poor black people.

9829_432

Shoppers move to new malls as Downtown gains new roles

9829_433

The first major mall built in Atlanta was Lenox Square in Buckhead, opening in August 1959. From

9829_434

1964 until 1973, nine major malls opened, most at the Perimeter freeway: Cobb Center in 1963,

9829_435

Columbia Mall in 1964, North DeKalb and Greenbriar malls in 1965, South DeKalb Mall in 1968, Phipps

9829_436

Plaza (near Lenox Square) in 1969, Perimeter and Northlake malls in 1971, and Cumberland Mall in

9829_437

1973. Downtown Atlanta became less and less a shopping destination for the area's shoppers. Rich's

9829_438

closed its flagship store downtown in 1991, leaving government offices the major presence in the

9829_439

South Downtown area around it.

9829_440

On the north side of Five Points, Downtown continued as the largest concentration of office space

9829_441

in Metro Atlanta, though it began to compete with Midtown, Buckhead, and the suburbs. The first

9829_442

four towers of Peachtree Center were built in 1965–1967, including the Hyatt Regency Atlanta,

9829_443

designed by John Portman, with its 22-story atrium. In total, 17 buildings of more than 15n floors

9829_444

were built in the 1960s. The center of gravity of Downtown Atlanta correspondingly moved north from

9829_445

the Five Points area towards Peachtree Center.

9829_446

Atlanta's convention and hotel facilities also grew immensely. John C. Portman, Jr. designed and

9829_447

opened what is now the AmericasMart merchandise mart in 1958; the Sheraton Atlanta, the city's

9829_448

first convention hotel, was built in the 1960s; the Atlanta Hilton opened in 1971; as did two

9829_449

Portman-designed hotels: the Peachtree Plaza Hotel now owned by Westin in 1976, and the Marriott in

9829_450

1985. The Omni Coliseum opened in 1976, as did the Georgia World Congress Center (GWCC). The GWCC

9829_451

expanded multiple times in succeeding decades and helped make Atlanta one of the country's top

9829_452

convention cities.

9829_453

Black political power and Mayor Jackson

9829_454

In 1960, whites comprised 61.7% of the city's population. African Americans became a majority in

9829_455

the city by 1970, and exercised new-found political influence by electing Atlanta's first black

9829_456

mayor, Maynard Jackson, in 1973.

9829_457

During Jackson's first term as the mayor, much progress was made in improving race relations in and

9829_458

around Atlanta, and Atlanta acquired the motto "A City Too Busy to Hate." As mayor, he led the

9829_459

beginnings and much of the progress on several huge public-works projects in Atlanta and its

9829_460

region. He helped arrange for the rebuilding of the airport's huge terminal to modern standards,

9829_461

and this airport was renamed the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in his honor

9829_462

shortly after his death, also named after him is the new Maynard Holbrook Jackson, Jr.

9829_463

International Terminal which opened in May 2012. He also fought against the construction of

9829_464

freeways through intown neighborhoods.

9829_465

Construction of MARTA rail system

9829_466

In 1965, an act of the Georgia General Assembly created the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit

9829_467

Authority, or MARTA, which was to provide rapid transit for the five largest metropolitan counties:

9829_468

DeKalb, Fulton, Clayton, Gwinnett, and Cobb, but a referendum authorizing participation in the

9829_469

system failed in Cobb County. A 1968 referendum to fund MARTA failed, but in 1971, Fulton and

9829_470

DeKalb Counties passed a 1% sales tax increase to pay for operations, while Clayton and Gwinnett

9829_471

counties overwhelmingly rejected the tax in referendum, fearing the introduction of crime and

9829_472

"undesirable elements". In 1972, the agency bought the existing, bus-only Atlanta Transit Company.

9829_473

Construction began on the new rail system in 1975, and service commenced on June 30, 1979, running

9829_474

east–west from Georgia State University downtown to Avondale. The Five Points downtown hub opened

9829_475

later that year. A short north–south line opened in 1981, which by 1984 had been extended to reach

9829_476

from Brookhaven to Lakewood/Fort McPherson. In 1988, the line was extended to a station inside the

9829_477

airport terminal. A line originally envisioned to run to Emory University is still under

9829_478

consideration.

9829_479

Child murders

9829_480

Atlanta was rocked by a series of murders of children from the summer of 1979 until the spring of

9829_481

1981. Over the two-year period, at least 22 children, and 6 adults were killed, all of them black.

9829_482

Atlanta native Wayne Williams, also black and 23 years old at the time of the last murder, was

9829_483

convicted of two of the murders and sent to prison for life. The rest of the crimes remain unsolved

9829_484

today.

9829_485

Mayor Andrew Young

9829_486

In 1981, after being urged by a number of people, including Coretta Scott King, the widow of Martin

9829_487

Luther King Jr., Democratic Congressman Andrew Young ran for mayor of Atlanta. He was elected later

9829_488

that year with 55% of the vote, succeeding Maynard Jackson. As mayor of Atlanta, he brought in $70

9829_489

billion of new private investment. He continued and expanded Maynard Jackson's programs for

9829_490

including minority and female-owned businesses in all city contracts. The Mayor's Task Force on

9829_491

Education established the Dream Jamboree College Fair that tripled the college scholarships given

9829_492

to Atlanta public school graduates. In 1985, he was involved in privatizing the Atlanta Zoo, which

9829_493

was renamed Zoo Atlanta. The then-moribund zoo was overhauled, making ecological habitats specific

9829_494

to different animals.

9829_495

Young was re-elected as Mayor in 1985 with more than 80% of the vote. Atlanta hosted the 1988

9829_496

Democratic National Convention during Young's tenure. He was prohibited by term limits from running

9829_497

for a third term. He was succeeded by Maynard Jackson who returned as mayor from 1990 to 1994. Bill

9829_498

Campbell succeeded Jackson as mayor in 1994 and served through 2002.

9829_499

Campbell mayorship and failure of Atlanta Empowerment Zone