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A 66-year-old woman with a history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation experienced ventricular fibrillation and underwent prolonged CPR. The NIRO-Pulse device was used to monitor cerebral oxygenation. Based on the displayed parameters, which finding is most consistent with the patient's condition?
{"A": "Decreased cerebral oxygenation", "B": "Normal cerebral oxygenation", "C": "Increased cerebral oxygenation", "D": "Stable cerebral oxygenation", "E": "Fluctuating cerebral oxygenation"}
A
Decreased cerebral oxygenation
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
0
null
A 30-year-old male patient presents with a history of hair thinning at the vertex of the scalp. The images show the scalp at two different time points. What is the most likely explanation for the change observed between the two images?
{"A": "Topical corticosteroid treatment", "B": "Oral antifungal therapy", "C": "Minoxidil treatment", "D": "Surgical hair transplant", "E": "Natural hair regrowth cycle"}
C
Minoxidil treatment
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
1
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A study investigates the effects of various inhibitors on C2 toxin-induced cell morphology in Vero cells. The image shows the percentage of rounded cells over time with different treatments. Which treatment combination most effectively reduces the percentage of rounded cells after 6 hours of C2 toxin exposure?
{"A": "CsA + FK506 + Rad + VER", "B": "CsA alone", "C": "FK506 alone", "D": "Rad alone", "E": "VER alone"}
A
CsA + FK506 + Rad + VER
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
2
null
A 26-year-old female patient with skeletal class II malocclusion underwent orthognathic surgery. The images show preoperative and postoperative extra- and intraoral views. Which of the following best describes the primary improvement observed postoperatively?
{"A": "Reduction in overbite", "B": "Correction of mandibular retrusion", "C": "Decrease in APTT levels", "D": "Improvement in Hb levels", "E": "Enhancement of dental alignment"}
B
Correction of mandibular retrusion
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
3
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The provided images show 3D reconstructions of lung tissue using Pulmo software, highlighting areas with attenuation less than -950 HU in blue. What is the most likely diagnosis based on the distribution and appearance of these areas?
{"A": "Pulmonary fibrosis", "B": "Emphysema", "C": "Pulmonary edema", "D": "Lung cancer", "E": "Pneumonia"}
B
Emphysema
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
4
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Which of the following findings is most consistent with axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer on ultrasound?
{"A": "Homogeneous echotexture with well-defined cortex and medulla", "B": "Oval shape with hypoechoic cortex and hyperechoic medulla", "C": "Round shape with uniform echogenicity and clear fatty hilum", "D": "Hyperechoic cortex with no visible medulla", "E": "Irregular shape with disrupted architecture and uneven cortical thickening"}
E
Irregular shape with disrupted architecture and uneven cortical thickening
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
5
null
Which brain regions were identified as reproducible ROIs in over 80% of the analyses using the χ²-test for the working memory task?
{"A": "Angular gyrus and calcarine", "B": "Inferior temporal gyrus and middle frontal gyrus", "C": "Orbital area of the superior frontal gyrus and rectus gyrus", "D": "Precuneus and postcentral gyrus", "E": "Cuneus and fusiform gyrus"}
C
Orbital area of the superior frontal gyrus and rectus gyrus
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
6
null
Which artery is responsible for supplying blood to the orbit in the red-necked wallaby?
{"A": "Common carotid artery", "B": "External carotid artery", "C": "Internal carotid artery", "D": "Rostral cerebral artery", "E": "Internal ophthalmic artery"}
E
Internal ophthalmic artery
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
7
null
A 25-year-old male presents with sudden onset chest pain and dyspnea. The chest X-ray shows complete inflation of the left lung. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
{"A": "Pneumothorax", "B": "Pneumonia", "C": "Pleural effusion", "D": "Atelectasis", "E": "Pulmonary embolism"}
A
Pneumothorax
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
8
null
The images show three hands with a red circular object placed on each. Based on the visual information, which hand has the largest red object?
{"A": "Middle hand", "B": "Left hand", "C": "Right hand", "D": "All objects are the same size", "E": "Cannot be determined from the image"}
B
Left hand
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
9
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Which anatomical feature is represented by the sky blue solid line in the reconstructed 3D model of the posterior eye?
{"A": "Lamina cribrosa", "B": "Optic nerve parenchyma", "C": "Dura outer boundary", "D": "Inner sclera boundary", "E": "Peripapillary sclera"}
D
Inner sclera boundary
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
10
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The image shows inter-subject correlation (ISC) during public service announcements (PSAs). Which brain regions demonstrate significant ISC, indicating shared neural processing among viewers?
{"A": "Primary motor cortex and cerebellum", "B": "Temporal lobes and occipital lobes", "C": "Medial cortical structures and extended parietal cortices", "D": "Basal ganglia and thalamus", "E": "Hypothalamus and brainstem"}
C
Medial cortical structures and extended parietal cortices
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
11
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Which ventricle is colored in yellow in the provided 3D brain segmentation images?
{"A": "Third ventricle", "B": "Right lateral ventricle", "C": "Left lateral ventricle", "D": "Fourth ventricle", "E": "Cerebral aqueduct"}
A
Third ventricle
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
12
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A dermoscopic image shows a lesion with comma-shaped and irregular linear vessels on a light pink background. Which condition is most likely associated with these findings?
{"A": "Seborrheic keratosis", "B": "Melanoma", "C": "Actinic keratosis", "D": "Basal cell carcinoma", "E": "Benign nevus"}
D
Basal cell carcinoma
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
13
null
Which panel shows a surface map with electrodes overlaid on the brain?
{"A": "Panel B", "B": "Panel C", "C": "Panel A", "D": "Panel D", "E": "None of the panels"}
C
Panel A
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
14
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A transverse section of a horse brain shows discoloration on the left side, indicative of inflammation and necrosis. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this finding?
{"A": "Bacterial meningitis", "B": "Protozoal infection", "C": "Viral encephalitis", "D": "Traumatic brain injury", "E": "Ischemic stroke"}
B
Protozoal infection
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
15
null
A histological examination of tissue samples from immunosuppressed mice reveals various pathological changes. Which of the following findings is most consistent with the presence of parasitic infection in the intestines?
{"A": "Focal infiltration of inflammatory mononuclear cells in the cerebrum", "B": "Presence of spores in enterocytes", "C": "Lymphoid hyperplasia in the intestinal submucosa", "D": "Granuloma formation in the liver", "E": "Diffuse mononuclear cell infiltration in the brain"}
B
Presence of spores in enterocytes
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
16
null
A 61-year-old woman presents with a 2 cm, freely mobile, firm, non-tender mass in the upper inner quadrant of the right breast. Mammography reveals a well-circumscribed mass in the 1 o'clock position. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis based on the imaging and clinical findings?
{"A": "Fibroadenoma", "B": "Lipoma", "C": "Ductal carcinoma in situ", "D": "Cylindroma", "E": "Invasive ductal carcinoma"}
D
Cylindroma
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
17
null
Which group shows the least retinal thinning compared to the other patient groups in the provided OCT images?
{"A": "FUSCHSASV", "B": "Healthy controls", "C": "FUSCHMASV", "D": "FUSCHSAMV", "E": "FUSCHMAMV"}
B
Healthy controls
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
18
null
A 24-month follow-up MRI of a patient shows complete resolution of a previously identified cyst. Which imaging modality best demonstrates the absence of hemorrhage and normal ventricular size?
{"A": "T1-weighted sagittal", "B": "T2-weighted axial", "C": "Axial fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR)", "D": "Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)", "E": "Gradient echo sequence"}
A
T1-weighted sagittal
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
19
null
The image shows coronal sections of a rat skull with contour analysis highlighting differences in bone thickness. Based on the provided images and context, which anatomical feature is significantly thicker compared to the calvarium?
{"A": "Frontal bone", "B": "Occipital bone", "C": "Temporal ridge", "D": "Parietal bone", "E": "Sphenoid bone"}
C
Temporal ridge
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
20
null
In the provided image, which anatomical angle is being measured between the imaginary line AB and the shortest distance to the foramen magnum?
{"A": "Angle between the mastoid process and the occipital bone", "B": "Angle between the mastoid process and the sphenoid bone", "C": "Angle between the mastoid process and the foramen magnum", "D": "Angle between the mastoid process and the temporal bone", "E": "Angle between the mastoid process and the frontal bone"}
C
Angle between the mastoid process and the foramen magnum
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
21
null
A 55-year-old male patient undergoes a contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen. The images show several renal cysts with increased attenuation in the nephrographic phase. What is the most likely explanation for the increased attenuation in these cysts?
{"A": "Hemorrhage within the cysts", "B": "Pseudoenhancement due to beam hardening", "C": "Infection within the cysts", "D": "Malignant transformation of the cysts", "E": "Calcification within the cysts"}
B
Pseudoenhancement due to beam hardening
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
22
null
A 45-year-old woman presents with abdominal pain and a palpable mass. Imaging studies reveal multiple uterine fibroids, a large mass in the left hypochondrium, and multiple lung nodules. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
{"A": "Benign uterine fibroids with incidental lung nodules", "B": "Ovarian cancer with metastasis to the lungs", "C": "Lung cancer with metastasis to the uterus", "D": "Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) with metastasis", "E": "Malignant transformation of uterine fibroids with metastasis"}
E
Malignant transformation of uterine fibroids with metastasis
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
23
null
What is the primary purpose of the outlined region in the ultrasound image?
{"A": "To measure the blood flow within the lesion", "B": "To determine the lesion's echogenicity", "C": "To assess the lesion's vascularity using Doppler", "D": "To evaluate the lesion's calcification pattern", "E": "To identify the largest section of the lesion for analysis"}
E
To identify the largest section of the lesion for analysis
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
24
null
A 35-year-old male presents with wrist pain after a fall. Radiographs of the wrist are shown in the images. Which of the following best describes the injury observed?
{"A": "Scaphoid fracture without dislocation", "B": "Colles' fracture", "C": "Smith's fracture", "D": "Ulnar styloid fracture with carpal dislocation", "E": "Isolated triquetral fracture"}
D
Ulnar styloid fracture with carpal dislocation
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
25
null
Which anatomical structure is indicated by the asterisk (*) in the endoscopic images of the stomach?
{"A": "Pyloric sphincter", "B": "Gastric mucosa", "C": "Cardia", "D": "Angular incisure", "E": "Fundus"}
D
Angular incisure
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
26
null
A 45-year-old female presents with abdominal pain and distension. An abdominal CT scan shows a large, hypodense, cystic tube-like structure extending into the pelvic space. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
{"A": "Ovarian cyst", "B": "Hydrosalpinx", "C": "Appendicitis", "D": "Bowel obstruction", "E": "Uterine fibroid"}
B
Hydrosalpinx
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
27
null
A clinician is performing nerve conduction studies on a patient's foot to assess sensory nerve function. The images show the setup and results of antidromic and orthodromic stimulation techniques. Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of comparing antidromic and orthodromic SNAP waveforms in this context?
{"A": "To assess the integrity of the sensory nerve fibers", "B": "To determine the presence of a motor nerve block", "C": "To measure the strength of muscle contractions", "D": "To evaluate the function of motor neurons", "E": "To identify the presence of a peripheral artery occlusion"}
A
To assess the integrity of the sensory nerve fibers
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
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A 35-year-old woman presents with heavy menstrual bleeding and severe dysmenorrhea. Trans-abdominal ultrasound images show a significantly enlarged uterus with measurements of 96.1 mm in width, 86.3 mm in length, and 91.8 mm in anteroposterior diameter. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
{"A": "Uterine fibroids", "B": "Endometrial hyperplasia", "C": "Uterine sarcoma", "D": "Endometrial carcinoma", "E": "Adenomyosis"}
E
Adenomyosis
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
29
null
Which anatomical structure is being prepared for carving in the image?
{"A": "Semicircular canals", "B": "Fossa triangularis", "C": "Internal auditory canal", "D": "Cochlear duct", "E": "Scaphoid fossa"}
E
Scaphoid fossa
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
30
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A 65-year-old patient presents with mild cognitive impairment. An MRI of the brain reveals periventricular vascular lesions in the white matter. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
{"A": "Multiple sclerosis", "B": "Brain metastasis", "C": "Acute ischemic stroke", "D": "Glioblastoma", "E": "Cerebral small vessel disease"}
E
Cerebral small vessel disease
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
31
null
A pregnant patient with monochorionic diamniotic twins undergoes an emergency cesarean section. One twin is acardiac, as shown in the image. Which condition is most likely associated with the acardiac twin?
{"A": "Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS)", "B": "Cephalohematoma", "C": "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia", "D": "Omphalocele", "E": "Hydrops fetalis"}
A
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS)
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
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The MRI images show changes in the brain due to different interventions. Which of the following best describes the abnormality observed in the right panel of image (c)?
{"A": "Bilateral damage to the globus pallidus", "B": "Bilateral hippocampal atrophy", "C": "Subthalamic nucleus enlargement", "D": "Scar tissue formation in the motor cortex", "E": "Cerebellar hemorrhage"}
D
Scar tissue formation in the motor cortex
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
33
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A patient presents with hemoptysis and the bronchoscopy image shows a lesion in the left main bronchus. Which abnormality is most likely present?
{"A": "Bronchial carcinoma", "B": "Bronchial asthma", "C": "Bronchial polyp", "D": "Bronchial tuberculosis", "E": "Bronchial telangiectasia"}
E
Bronchial telangiectasia
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
34
null
A 25-year-old patient presents with a painless swelling in the anterior mandible, causing displacement of teeth. The orthopantomogram shows a well-defined radiolucency, and histopathological examination reveals fibroblastic proliferation with woven bone formation. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
{"A": "Ameloblastoma", "B": "Fibrous dysplasia", "C": "Odontogenic keratocyst", "D": "Central giant cell granuloma", "E": "Langerhans cell histiocytosis"}
B
Fibrous dysplasia
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
35
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A clinician is performing a procedure involving the injection of a substance into the skin. Which of the following is the most likely purpose of this procedure?
{"A": "Performing a local anesthetic block", "B": "Administering a vaccine", "C": "Injecting a contrast agent for imaging", "D": "Injecting a filler for cosmetic enhancement", "E": "Performing a biopsy"}
A
Performing a local anesthetic block
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
36
null
A 10-year-old female with a history of congenital cataracts presents with bilateral ocular findings. The fundus images show multiple pigmented lesions in both eyes. Which condition is most likely associated with these findings?
{"A": "Retinoblastoma", "B": "Coats' disease", "C": "Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE)", "D": "Retinal detachment", "E": "Toxoplasmosis retinitis"}
C
Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE)
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
37
null
In the provided experimental setup, which manipulation of KLF2 expression in SK-OV3 cells resulted in the highest cell proliferation as assessed by EdU staining?
{"A": "siKLF2 transfection", "B": "siCON transfection", "C": "Empty vector transfection", "D": "Overexpression of KLF2", "E": "Co-transfection of SNHG7 and KLF2"}
A
siKLF2 transfection
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
38
null
The EEG shown in the image demonstrates abnormal activity in which region of the brain?
{"A": "Right temporal lobe", "B": "Left frontal lobe", "C": "Left temporal lobe", "D": "Right frontal lobe", "E": "Occipital lobe"}
C
Left temporal lobe
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
39
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A 65-year-old male patient underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for the right coronary artery. The provided optical coherence tomography (OCT) images show various stages of the procedure. Which finding indicates the need for further intervention in the stent placement?
{"A": "Minimal lumen area of 5.60 mm²", "B": "Stent malapposition in the upper part", "C": "Minimal stent area of 6.54 mm²", "D": "Stent expansion of 98%", "E": "Final angiographic image with TIMI 3 flow"}
B
Stent malapposition in the upper part
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
40
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A 64-slice computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the thoracic and abdominal aorta was performed in a patient with suspected aortic dissection. The images show a flap and dissection originating adjacent to the left subclavian artery, extending to the proximal sections of the left femoral and left renal arteries. There is no thrombosis in the true or false lumens, and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is normally opacified. The celiac artery originates from the SMA as a normal variant. Which of the following findings is most consistent with the imaging characteristics observed?
{"A": "Aortic aneurysm with rupture", "B": "Aortic coarctation", "C": "Aortic thrombosis", "D": "Aortic dissection with false lumen", "E": "Aortic stenosis"}
D
Aortic dissection with false lumen
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
41
null
The image shows scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of elytral sculpture from a newly identified species of Meladema lepidoptera. Which feature is most characteristic of the elytral surface observed in the SEM images?
{"A": "Smooth, uninterrupted surface", "B": "Regular, repeating scale-like structures", "C": "Reticulated pattern with small pits", "D": "Randomly distributed spines", "E": "Layered, stratified appearance"}
B
Regular, repeating scale-like structures
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
42
null
A 65-year-old male presents with a painless, elevated nodule on the lower eyelid that has undergone central ulceration. The lesion is firm, pearly, and exhibits telangiectatic vessels. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
{"A": "Basal cell carcinoma", "B": "Sebaceous gland carcinoma", "C": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "D": "Xanthelasma", "E": "Chalazion"}
A
Basal cell carcinoma
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
43
null
A patient presented with avascular necrosis and underwent surgical debridement of the maxilla. The specimen shows extensive tissue damage and necrosis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis based on the clinical context and histopathological findings?
{"A": "Bacterial osteomyelitis", "B": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "C": "Mucormycosis", "D": "Chronic sinusitis", "E": "Traumatic maxillary fracture"}
C
Mucormycosis
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
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A 45-year-old woman presents for cosmetic evaluation. She is interested in a procedure to address facial sagging and loss of definition in the lower face and neck. Which anatomical area is most likely targeted for improvement in this case?
{"A": "Upper eyelids", "B": "Midface", "C": "Forehead", "D": "Cheeks", "E": "Lower face and neck"}
E
Lower face and neck
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
45
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During a surgical procedure involving the zygomatic arch, which anatomical structure must be protected to prevent facial nerve injury?
{"A": "Maxillary nerve", "B": "Optic nerve", "C": "Facial nerve", "D": "Trigeminal nerve", "E": "Vestibulocochlear nerve"}
C
Facial nerve
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
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A 55-year-old patient presents with recurrent occipital lobe seizures. An MRI of the brain reveals a subcortical lesion in the left parieto-occipital region. Which of the following best describes the imaging finding?
{"A": "T2 hypointensity on FLAIR sequence", "B": "T2 hyperintensity on FLAIR sequence", "C": "T1 hyperintensity on T1-weighted sequence", "D": "T1 hypointensity on T1-weighted sequence", "E": "Diffusion restriction on DWI sequence"}
A
T2 hypointensity on FLAIR sequence
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
47
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A 45-year-old patient presents with bilateral vision loss and a history of tinnitus and headache. Ocular coherence tomography (OCT) of the macula reveals retinal pigment epithelial folds and serous retinal detachment. Which condition is most likely responsible for these findings?
{"A": "Central serous chorioretinopathy", "B": "Age-related macular degeneration", "C": "Diabetic macular edema", "D": "Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome", "E": "Retinal vein occlusion"}
D
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
48
null
A transvaginal ultrasound reveals a mass in the posterior vaginal wall with both cystic and solid components, measuring approximately 30 × 23 × 26 mm. Color Doppler imaging shows internal blood flow signals. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
{"A": "Benign cystic teratoma", "B": "Vaginal endometrial carcinoma", "C": "Endometriotic cyst", "D": "Vaginal leiomyoma", "E": "Vaginal hemangioma"}
B
Vaginal endometrial carcinoma
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
49
null
The image shows a three-dimensional scan of a mandible. Which anatomical feature is most likely affected by the visible structural abnormalities?
{"A": "Maxillary sinus", "B": "Mandibular condyle", "C": "Mandibular foramen", "D": "Mandibular canal", "E": "Mandibular symphysis"}
B
Mandibular condyle
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
50
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A dental surgeon is performing a procedure to repair a vertical root fracture on tooth #14. The tooth has been stained with methylene blue to identify the fracture, and the fracture has been expanded and prepared with trapezoidal retention forms. The next step involves filling the fracture with adhesive resin and covering it with a specific material. Which material is used to cover the resin surface after filling the fracture?
{"A": "Gutta-percha", "B": "Dental amalgam", "C": "Composite resin", "D": "iRoot BP Plus", "E": "Dental cement"}
D
iRoot BP Plus
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
51
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A patient underwent a right hepatectomy for a hepatic mass. The gross pathology images show a large tumor with a well-defined margin. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis based on the imaging and clinical context?
{"A": "Hepatocellular carcinoma", "B": "Metastatic carcinoma to the liver", "C": "Hemangioma", "D": "Focal nodular hyperplasia", "E": "Liver abscess"}
A
Hepatocellular carcinoma
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
52
null
What is the most likely clinical finding in the provided images of dental restorations?
{"A": "Presence of caries", "B": "Improper occlusion", "C": "Gingival recession", "D": "Fractured restoration", "E": "Polished restoration margins"}
E
Polished restoration margins
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
53
null
A 65-year-old patient presents with right hip pain and fever. Imaging reveals a large fluid and gas collection in the right psoas muscle. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
{"A": "Psoas muscle abscess", "B": "Psoas muscle hematoma", "C": "Psoas muscle tumor", "D": "Psoas muscle strain", "E": "Psoas muscle calcification"}
A
Psoas muscle abscess
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
54
null
Which of the following measurements is used to assess the alignment of the humeral head relative to the humeral shaft in the context of shoulder trauma?
{"A": "Deltoid tuberosity index (DTI)", "B": "Medial cortical ratio (MCR)", "C": "Neck-shaft angle", "D": "Tingart measurement (TM)", "E": "Greater tuberosity displacement"}
D
Tingart measurement (TM)
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
55
null
What is the primary purpose of the FRC-BG implant shown in the images?
{"A": "To provide structural support for spinal fusion", "B": "To replace a damaged joint", "C": "To reconstruct a cranial defect", "D": "To repair a spinal cord injury", "E": "To act as a dental reconstruction material"}
C
To reconstruct a cranial defect
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
56
null
A 45-year-old male presents with exophthalmos and third nerve palsy. Angiographic images were obtained to evaluate a suspected vascular abnormality. Post-embolization angiograms are shown. Which of the following best describes the outcome of the procedure?
{"A": "Partial occlusion of the fistula with residual shunt", "B": "Recurrent fistula formation", "C": "Complete obliteration of the fistula without residual shunt", "D": "Complication with vessel rupture", "E": "No change in the fistula status"}
C
Complete obliteration of the fistula without residual shunt
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
57
null
A carotid angiogram shows a vascular mass compressing the internal carotid artery (ICA) and causing significant stenosis. The mass is primarily supplied by which artery?
{"A": "External carotid artery (ECA)", "B": "Internal carotid artery (ICA)", "C": "Subclavian artery", "D": "Vertebral artery", "E": "Facial artery"}
A
External carotid artery (ECA)
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
58
null
Which brain region in the rat shows the highest density of XA binding sites according to the autoradiogram?
{"A": "Cerebellum", "B": "Cortex", "C": "Striatum", "D": "Mesencephalic dopaminergic nuclei (A9/A10)", "E": "Hippocampus"}
E
Hippocampus
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
59
null
A patient presents with bilateral ocular trauma following facial injuries. The images show significant ocular damage with corneal and scleral lacerations and expelled intraocular contents. Which of the following is the most likely immediate next step in management?
{"A": "Initiation of systemic corticosteroids to reduce inflammation", "B": "Immediate ophthalmologic consultation and surgical repair", "C": "Topical application of antibiotics to prevent infection", "D": "CT scan of the head to assess for intracranial injury", "E": "Referral to a neurologist for evaluation of potential brain injury"}
B
Immediate ophthalmologic consultation and surgical repair
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
60
null
The provided images show mIP, ATVV, ATVV with diameter < .3 mm, and DFV maps for a healthy control (HC), relapsing-remitting (RR), and secondary progressive (SP) multiple sclerosis patients. Which of the following best describes the primary difference observed in the ATVV maps between HC and MS patients?
{"A": "Decreased ATVV in HC compared to MS patients", "B": "Increased ATVV in HC compared to MS patients", "C": "No significant difference in ATVV between HC and MS patients", "D": "Increased ATVV in RR compared to SP MS patients", "E": "Decreased ATVV in RR compared to SP MS patients"}
A
Decreased ATVV in HC compared to MS patients
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
61
null
What is the primary purpose of the measurements shown in the image?
{"A": "To assess the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer", "B": "To evaluate the macular thickness", "C": "To determine the optic disc cup-to-disc ratio", "D": "To analyze the retinal pigment epithelium", "E": "To measure the diameter of retinal arterioles and venules"}
E
To measure the diameter of retinal arterioles and venules
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
62
null
A patient presents with a postoperative wound on the lower extremity. The image shows a linear scar with signs of healing two weeks after surgery. Which of the following best describes the current stage of wound healing?
{"A": "Hemostasis phase", "B": "Inflammatory phase", "C": "Maturation phase", "D": "Chronic phase", "E": "Proliferative phase"}
E
Proliferative phase
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
63
null
During a robotic thoracic procedure, which step involves the use of an endostapler to create a side-to-side esophagogastric anastomosis?
{"A": "Division of peri-esophageal adhesions", "B": "Transection of the esophagus above the strictured portion", "C": "Creation of side-to-side esophagogastric anastomosis", "D": "Mobilization of the diseased esophagus", "E": "Closure of the common enterotomy site"}
C
Creation of side-to-side esophagogastric anastomosis
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
64
null
A 45-year-old male presents with flank pain and hematuria. The provided CT images of the abdomen demonstrate a large filling defect in the right kidney (white arrow) and cortical thinning at the upper pole of the right kidney (black arrow). Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
{"A": "Renal cell carcinoma", "B": "Urothelial carcinoma", "C": "Nephrolithiasis with hydronephrosis", "D": "Renal abscess", "E": "Polycystic kidney disease"}
C
Nephrolithiasis with hydronephrosis
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
65
null
A cystoscopy image shows a prominent, spiky structure within the bladder. Which abnormality is most likely present?
{"A": "Foreign body in the bladder", "B": "Bladder tumor", "C": "Bladder stone", "D": "Bladder diverticulum", "E": "Bladder wall calcification"}
A
Foreign body in the bladder
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
66
null
A study investigates the effect of a midday nap on motor skill retention. Participants trained on a left-hand motor task in the morning and were tested 8 hours later. One group napped for 60-90 minutes, while the other remained awake. The figure shows the experimental design and electrode placement for monitoring brain activity. Which brain region shows enhanced activation after sleep, as indicated by the fMRI changes?
{"A": "Left motor cortex", "B": "Left parietal lobe", "C": "Right parietal lobe", "D": "Right motor cortex", "E": "Cerebellum"}
D
Right motor cortex
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
67
null
A 33-year-old male with a history of chest trauma presents with progressive chest pain and a mediastinal mass on imaging. The CT scan reveals a 4 cm × 4.5 cm aneurysm arising from the descending thoracic aorta, located immediately after the origin of the left subclavian artery. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
{"A": "Atherosclerotic aneurysm", "B": "Infective aneurysm", "C": "Post-traumatic false aneurysm", "D": "Mycotic aneurysm", "E": "Congenital aneurysm"}
C
Post-traumatic false aneurysm
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
68
null
Which signal in the provided figure best represents the force exerted during muscle contractions, expressed in kilograms?
{"A": "FSR force signal", "B": "Raw EMG signal", "C": "EMG Linear Envelope", "D": "MMG computed from FSR", "E": "None of the above"}
A
FSR force signal
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
69
null
A 75-year-old male with multiple comorbidities underwent a transcatheter mitral valve-in-valve (V-in-V) procedure. Post-procedural imaging was used to assess the placement of the new valve. Which of the following best describes the purpose of the 3D reconstruction and printing shown in the images?
{"A": "To assess the patency of the coronary arteries", "B": "To evaluate the alignment and positioning of the new valve within the degenerated valve frame", "C": "To measure the ejection fraction of the left ventricle", "D": "To identify the presence of pericardial effusion", "E": "To determine the degree of aortic regurgitation"}
B
To evaluate the alignment and positioning of the new valve within the degenerated valve frame
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
70
null
Which brain network is most prominently involved in predicting fluid intelligence across multiple brain states?
{"A": "Visual network", "B": "Frontoparietal (FP) network", "C": "Default Mode Network (DMN)", "D": "Dorsal Attention (DA) network", "E": "Ventral Attention (VA) network"}
C
Default Mode Network (DMN)
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
71
null
Which anatomical landmark is used as the origin in the new coordinate system for statistical analysis in the provided cranial image?
{"A": "Nasion", "B": "Porion", "C": "Menton", "D": "Sella", "E": "Gonion"}
B
Porion
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
72
null
A transabdominal ultrasound image shows a cystic structure in the left adnexal region with clear fluid and intracystic septations. The uterus appears normal, and there is no ascites. Which condition is most likely represented in this image?
{"A": "Left hydrosalpinx", "B": "Ovarian cystadenoma", "C": "Ectopic pregnancy", "D": "Endometrioma", "E": "Uterine fibroid"}
A
Left hydrosalpinx
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
73
null
A patient presents with a noticeable opacity in the lens of the eye, as seen in the image. Which condition is most likely responsible for this finding?
{"A": "Glaucoma", "B": "Cataract", "C": "Macular degeneration", "D": "Diabetic retinopathy", "E": "Retinal detachment"}
B
Cataract
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
74
null
A 35-year-old male presents with a yellow placoid lesion in the posterior pole of the right eye, which gradually fades over time. Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) shows increased autofluorescence corresponding to the lesion initially, which normalizes over time. The patient has a history of promiscuous homosexual activity and uses poppers and cocaine. Which condition is most likely responsible for these findings?
{"A": "Central serous chorioretinopathy", "B": "Age-related macular degeneration", "C": "Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis", "D": "Diabetic macular edema", "E": "Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome"}
C
Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
75
null
A 45-year-old male presents with sudden onset of left-sided weakness and aphasia. MRI of the brain shows the following findings: low signal on the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) map and restricted diffusion on Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) in the right frontal lobe. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
{"A": "Chronic ischemic stroke", "B": "Acute ischemic stroke", "C": "Brain tumor", "D": "Multiple sclerosis", "E": "Meningitis"}
B
Acute ischemic stroke
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
76
null
A 32-year-old woman presents with acute liver failure and is found to have submassive hepatic necrosis with regenerative nodules on histopathology. The placental histology shows evidence of chorioamnionitis with fibrin deposition and ischemic changes. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
{"A": "Alcoholic hepatitis", "B": "Viral hepatitis", "C": "Drug-induced fulminant hepatic failure", "D": "Autoimmune hepatitis", "E": "Budd-Chiari syndrome"}
C
Drug-induced fulminant hepatic failure
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
77
null
Which imaging modality is used to reveal the strong interfaces created by the breast surfaces in the provided images?
{"A": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)", "B": "Ultrasound (US)", "C": "Computed Tomography (CT)", "D": "Positron Emission Tomography (PET)", "E": "Photoacoustic (PA) imaging"}
E
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
78
null
A 3D finite element model of the brain is used to simulate convection-enhanced drug delivery to a brain tumor. The model includes distinct domains for gray matter, white matter, a spherical tumor, and a catheter. Based on the image, which anatomical location is the tumor situated in?
{"A": "Frontal lobe", "B": "Temporal lobe", "C": "Occipital lobe", "D": "Cerebellum", "E": "Parietal lobe"}
E
Parietal lobe
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
79
null
A 41-year-old female patient presents with recurrent severe headaches and episodes of collapse. Initial CT imaging shows no abnormalities, but subsequent MRI reveals a small focal lesion in the right parietal region. Which of the following best describes the imaging finding?
{"A": "Glioblastoma", "B": "Metastatic lesion", "C": "Brain abscess", "D": "Ischemic stroke", "E": "Meningioma"}
E
Meningioma
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
80
null
What surgical technique is depicted in the image, commonly used in rotator cuff repair?
{"A": "Arthroscopic debridement", "B": "Open reduction and internal fixation", "C": "Laparoscopic cholecystectomy", "D": "Endoscopic mucosal resection", "E": "Transtendon suture anchor insertion"}
E
Transtendon suture anchor insertion
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
81
null
A study evaluates the effect of GSPs on cervical cancer xenografts in mice. The results show that GSPs treatment leads to reduced tumor volume and weight, with histopathological changes indicating increased apoptosis and necrosis. Which of the following best explains the observed effects of GSPs on cervical cancer xenografts?
{"A": "GSPs enhance tumor angiogenesis, reducing tumor growth.", "B": "GSPs increase tumor cell proliferation, slowing tumor growth.", "C": "GSPs promote metastasis, reducing primary tumor size.", "D": "GSPs induce apoptosis and necrosis, inhibiting tumor growth.", "E": "GSPs have no effect on tumor growth or histopathology."}
D
GSPs induce apoptosis and necrosis, inhibiting tumor growth.
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
82
null
A 70-year-old patient underwent PET imaging for an incidental finding. The images show a small breast nodule with increased FDG uptake. Initial triple assessment was negative, but a small ductal cell breast carcinoma was detected three months later. Which reconstruction method showed a higher SUVmax for the nodule?
{"A": "BPL reconstruction", "B": "OSEM reconstruction", "C": "CT reconstruction", "D": "MRI reconstruction", "E": "Ultrasound reconstruction"}
A
BPL reconstruction
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
83
null
A 16-year-old male presents with a slowly growing, nontender mass in the left parotid gland area. The mass is firm and measures approximately 4 cm. Imaging reveals a homogenous soft tissue density lesion in the superficial lobe of the left parotid gland. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
{"A": "Warthin’s tumor", "B": "Mucoepidermoid carcinoma", "C": "Pleomorphic adenoma", "D": "Lymphoma", "E": "Parotid abscess"}
C
Pleomorphic adenoma
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
84
null
A patient with a history of chronic hepatitis C presents with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopic images reveal a large amount of fresh blood in the fundus and a varix spurting blood along the greater curvature. Which type of gastric varix is most likely responsible for the bleeding?
{"A": "GOV I", "B": "IGV I", "C": "GOV II", "D": "IGV II", "E": "Esophageal varices"}
C
GOV II
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
85
null
A 49-year-old man presents with a histologically confirmed oligodendroglioma (grade II). Which imaging modality best demonstrates the lesion's impact on white matter integrity?
{"A": "Axial contrast-enhanced T1-weighted image", "B": "λ1 map", "C": "λ2 map", "D": "Cp map", "E": "Cs map"}
B
λ1 map
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
86
null
Which of the following is a primary method used to validate the musculoskeletal models in the study depicted in the image?
{"A": "Comparison with MRI data", "B": "Patient-reported outcomes", "C": "Ultrasound imaging", "D": "Surface EMG measurements", "E": "X-ray imaging"}
D
Surface EMG measurements
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
87
null
A cardiac catheterization image shows a retrograde progression of a dissection affecting multiple coronary arteries. Which artery is most likely involved in this dissection?
{"A": "Right Coronary Artery (RCA)", "B": "Left Circumflex (LCx) artery", "C": "Left Main Coronary Artery", "D": "Left Marginal Artery", "E": "Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery"}
E
Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
88
null
A patient presents with abdominal pain and a history of volvulus. During an endoscopic procedure, the image shows a section of the colon with visible gel injection. What is the most likely purpose of the gel injection in this context?
{"A": "To mechanically decompress the twisted colon", "B": "To reduce inflammation in the colon", "C": "To enhance imaging contrast", "D": "To deliver medication directly to the colon", "E": "To seal a perforation in the colon"}
A
To mechanically decompress the twisted colon
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
89
null
A 41-year-old man presents with left-sided partial sensory seizures and hemiparesis. MRI shows multiple brain lesions with perilesional edema and enhancement after gadolinium. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
{"A": "Multiple sclerosis", "B": "Brain metastases", "C": "Toxoplasmosis", "D": "Glioblastoma multiforme", "E": "Viral encephalitis"}
D
Glioblastoma multiforme
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
90
null
A 65-year-old male presents with a chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH). Based on the provided CT images, which subtype of cSDH is most likely associated with a higher risk of recurrence?
{"A": "Homogenous", "B": "Laminar", "C": "Trabeculated", "D": "Separated", "E": "Mixed"}
D
Separated
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
91
null
A 30-year-old man presents with an incidental finding of a liver mass on imaging. Imaging studies, including CT, MRI, and MRCP, reveal localized bile duct dilatation in liver segment 5 without an intraductal mass lesion. The patient is asymptomatic, has normal vital signs, and laboratory tests show only mildly elevated alanine transaminase levels. No evidence of liver cirrhosis is seen. What is the most likely diagnosis?
{"A": "Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma", "B": "Biliary atresia", "C": "Caroli's disease", "D": "Primary sclerosing cholangitis", "E": "Hepatic adenoma"}
C
Caroli's disease
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
92
null
A 78-year-old woman's mammogram shows a heterogeneously dense breast with a missed cancer detected by AI-CAD 400 days prior to diagnosis. The magenta box indicates the AI-CAD flag of the right breast mass, which corresponds to the validated missed cancer marked by the orange box. The blue box indicates a false flag of calcifications in the left medial breast. Which finding is most likely represented by the magenta box?
{"A": "Benign fibroadenoma", "B": "Calcifications", "C": "Malignant mass", "D": "Cyst", "E": "Fat necrosis"}
C
Malignant mass
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
93
null
The provided images show histological sections stained with Masson Gold Trichrome. Image A demonstrates disorganized collagen fibers with varying volumes, while Image B shows well-organized collagen fibers of constant volume. Which condition is most likely being evaluated by these images?
{"A": "Collagen remodeling post-treatment", "B": "Chronic fibrosis", "C": "Acute myocardial infarction", "D": "Lung carcinoma", "E": "Liver cirrhosis"}
A
Collagen remodeling post-treatment
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
94
null
A patient presents with a live, thread-like worm visible in the anterior chamber of the left eye. Which condition is most likely responsible for this finding?
{"A": "Onchocerca volvulus infection", "B": "Trichinella spiralis infection", "C": "Wuchereria bancrofti infection", "D": "Loa loa infection", "E": "Dracunculus medinensis infection"}
D
Loa loa infection
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
95
null
What is the primary purpose of the surface discrepancy analysis shown in the image?
{"A": "To measure the volume of the cranial cavity", "B": "To assess the accuracy of orthognathic surgical planning", "C": "To evaluate the symmetry of the facial bones", "D": "To determine the density of the bone tissue", "E": "To identify the presence of cranial fractures"}
B
To assess the accuracy of orthognathic surgical planning
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
96
null
A scanning electron micrograph shows a protozoan parasite treated with a compound that affects microtubule function. The image reveals shortening and curling of the flagella and incomplete cell division. Which compound is most likely responsible for these morphological changes?
{"A": "Taxol", "B": "Vinblastine", "C": "Oryzalin", "D": "Penicillin", "E": "Chloroquine"}
C
Oryzalin
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
97
null
What is the most likely average size of the spherical particles observed in the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image?
{"A": "50 nm", "B": "20 nm", "C": "30 nm", "D": "70 nm", "E": "100 nm"}
A
50 nm
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
98
null
A 65-year-old male patient presents with aphasia and right hemiplegia three weeks after discharge. Diffusion-weighted MRI reveals high signal intensity in the left occipital lobe and left precentral gyrus. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
{"A": "Chronic ischemic stroke", "B": "Hemorrhagic stroke", "C": "Acute ischemic stroke", "D": "Brain tumor", "E": "Meningitis"}
C
Acute ischemic stroke
biomedica_webdataset_internvl_generated_glm_verified_VQA_parquet_25k_filtered_13k_subset5k
99
null
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Code: https://github.com/UCSC-VLAA/MedVLSynther Project Page: https://ucsc-vlaa.github.io/MedVLSynther/

📊 Datasets

Available Datasets

We release MedSynVQA and the subsets used in our paper. Each set targets medical vision–language QA and supports RLVR/SFT training.

Dataset Generator Verifier Modality Description Download
MedSynVQA GLM-4.5V 108B Qwen2.5-VL 72B Image–Text Full training set for medical VQA (used for RLVR). 🤗 HF
MedSynVQA-10K GLM-4.5V 108B Qwen2.5-VL 72B Image–Text 10K-sample training subset for RLVR. 🤗 HF
MedSynVQA-5K GLM-4.5V 108B Qwen2.5-VL 72B Image–Text 5K-sample training subset for RLVR. 🤗 HF
MedSynVQA-2K GLM-4.5V 108B Qwen2.5-VL 72B Image–Text 2K-sample training subset for RLVR. 🤗 HF
MedSynVQA-1K GLM-4.5V 108B Qwen2.5-VL 72B Image–Text 1K-sample training subset for RLVR. 🤗 HF
MedSynVQA-5K-qwen-glm Qwen2.5-VL 72B GLM-4.5V 108B Image–Text 5K subset for generator and verifier choice ablation (GLM→Qwen generator, Qwen→GLM verifier). 🤗 HF
MedSynVQA-5K-internvl-glm InternVL-3.5 38B GLM-4.5V 108B Image–Text 5K subset for generator choice ablation (InternVL→GLM verifier). 🤗 HF
MedSynVQA-5K-glm-glm GLM-4.5V 108B GLM-4.5V 108B Image–Text 5K subset for verifier choice ablation (Qwen→GLM verifier). 🤗 HF
MedSynVQA-5K-no-verify GLM-4.5V 108B N/A Image–Text 5K subset for verifier necessity ablation (no verification step). 🤗 HF
MedSynVQA-5K-PMC-style GLM-4.5V 108B N/A Image–Text 5K subset generated with PMC-VQA–style prompts. 🤗 HF
MedSynVQA-5K-SFT GLM-4.5V 108B N/A Image–Text 5K subset generated for SFT training. 🤗 HF

Dataset Usage

from datasets import load_dataset

# Load evaluation dataset
eval_dataset = load_dataset("UCSC-VLAA/MedVLThinker-Eval")

# Load training dataset
train_dataset = load_dataset("MedVLSynther/MedSynVQA-13K")
Dataset details and preparation of your own

Data Format

All train datasets follow a unified format:

{
    "images": [PIL.Image],           # List of images                           
    "question": str,                 # Question text
    "options": Dict[str, str],       # Multiple choice options
    "answer_label": str,             # Correct answer label (A, B, C, D, E)
    "answer": str,                   # Full answer text
    "reasoning": str,                # Chain-of-thought reasoning (optional)
    "dataset_name": str,             # Source dataset name
    "dataset_index": int             # Unique sample identifier
}
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Models trained or fine-tuned on MedVLSynther/MedSynVQA-5K-internvl-glm