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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
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What are the complications of Athlete's foot?
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The athlete's foot infection can spread to other warm, moist parts of the body. Jock itch is often caused by the same fungus that results in athlete's foot. It's common for the infection to spread from the feet to the groin because the fungus can travel on hands or towels.
Athlete's foot can sometimes lead to bacterial infections.
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What is the prevention of Athlete's foot?
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These tips can help you avoid athlete's foot or avoid spreading it to others:
• Let your feet air out.When you can, wear sandals to let your feet air out as much as possible.
• Wash your feet daily.Use warm, soapy water and rinse and dry your feet thoroughly, especially between the toes. Apply a medicated foot powder (Tinactin, Gold Bond, others) or other medicated powder (Lotrimin AF, Zeasorb, others) if you're prone to athlete's foot.
• Change socks regularly.Change your socks at least once a day — more often if your feet get really sweaty. Moisture-wicking socks, such as those made from cotton, help keep your feet drier than do nylon socks.
• Alternate pairs of shoes.Use different shoes from day to day. This gives your shoes time to dry after each use.
• Protect your feet in public places.Wear waterproof sandals or shoes around public pools, showers and lockers rooms.
• Be aware of the risk factors for spreading the condition.If you live with others, don't share shoes or unwashed bedding and towels.
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What are the Overview of Atopic dermatitis (eczema)?
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Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a condition that causes dry, itchy and inflamed skin. It's common in young children but can occur at any age. Atopic dermatitis is long lasting (chronic) and tends to flare sometimes. It can be irritating but it's not contagious.
People with atopic dermatitis are at risk of developing food allergies, hay fever and asthma.
Moisturizing regularly and following other skin care habits can relieve itching and prevent new outbreaks (flares). Treatment may also include medicated ointments or creams.
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What are the symptoms of Atopic dermatitis (eczema)?
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Atopic dermatitis (eczema) symptoms can appear anywhere on the body and vary widely from person to person. They may include:
• Dry, cracked skin
• Itchiness (pruritus)
• Rash on swollen skin that varies in color depending on your skin color
• Small, raised bumps, on brown or Black skin
• Oozing and crusting
• Thickened skin
• Darkening of the skin around the eyes
• Raw, sensitive skin from scratching
Atopic dermatitis often begins before age 5 and may continue into the teen and adult years. For some people, it flares and then clears up for a time, even for several years.
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What are the causes of Atopic dermatitis (eczema)?
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In some people, atopic dermatitis is related to a gene variation that affects the skin's ability to provide protection. With a weak barrier function, the skin is less able to retain moisture and protect against bacteria, irritants, allergens and environmental factors — such as tobacco smoke.
In other people, atopic dermatitis is caused by too much of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus on the skin. This displaces helpful bacteria and disrupts the skin's barrier function.
A weak skin barrier function might also trigger an immune system response that causes the inflamed skin and other symptoms.
Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is one of several types of dermatitis. Other common types are contact dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff). Dermatitis isn't contagious.
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What are the risk factors of Atopic dermatitis (eczema)?
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The main risk factor for atopic dermatitis is having had eczema, allergies, hay fever or asthma in the past. Having family members with these conditions also increases your risk.
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What are the complications of Atopic dermatitis (eczema)?
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Complications of atopic dermatitis (eczema) may include:
• Asthma and hay fever.Many people with atopic dermatitis develop asthma and hay fever. This can happen before or after developing atopic dermatitis.
• Food allergies.People with atopic dermatitis often develop food allergies. One of the main symptoms of this condition is hives (urticaria).
• Chronic itchy, scaly skin.A skin condition called neurodermatitis (lichen simplex chronicus) starts with a patch of itchy skin. You scratch the area, which provides only temporary relief. Scratching actually makes the skin itchier because it activates the nerve fibers in your skin. Over time, you may scratch out of habit. This condition can cause the affected skin to become discolored, thick and leathery.
• Patches of skin that's darker or lighter than the surrounding area.This complication after the rash has healed is called post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation. It's more common in people with brown or Black skin. It might take several months for the discoloration to fade.
• Skin infections.Repeated scratching that breaks the skin can cause open sores and cracks. These increase the risk of infection from bacteria and viruses. These skin infections can spread and become life-threatening.
• Irritant hand dermatitis.This especially affects people whose hands are often wet and exposed to harsh soaps, detergents and disinfectant at work.
• Allergic contact dermatitis.This condition is common in people with atopic dermatitis. Allergic contact dermatitis is an itchy rash caused by touching substances you're allergic to. The color of the rash varies depending on your skin color.
• Sleep problems.The itchiness of atopic dermatitis can interfere with sleep.
• Mental health conditions.Atopic dermatitis is associated with depression and anxiety. This may be related to the constant itching and sleep problems common among people with atopic dermatitis.
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What is the prevention of Atopic dermatitis (eczema)?
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Developing a basic skin care routine may help prevent eczema flares. The following tips may help reduce the drying effects of bathing:
• Moisturize your skin at least twice a day.Creams, ointments, shea butter and lotions seal in moisture. Choose a product or products that work well for you. Ideally, the best one for you will be safe, effective, affordable and unscented.Using petroleum jelly on your baby's skin may help prevent development of atopic dermatitis.
• Take a daily bath or shower.Use warm, rather than hot, water and limit your bath or shower to about 10 minutes.
• Use a gentle, nonsoap cleanser.Choose a cleanser that's free of dyes, alcohols and fragrance. For young children, you usually need only warm water to get them clean — no soap or bubble bath needed. Soap can be especially irritating to the skin of young children. For people of any age, deodorant soaps and antibacterial soaps can remove too much of the skin's natural oils and dry the skin. Don't scrub the skin with a washcloth or loofah.
• Pat dry.After bathing, gently pat the skin with a soft towel. Apply moisturizer while your skin is still damp (within three minutes).
The triggers for atopic dermatitis vary widely from person to person. Try to identify and avoid irritants that trigger your eczema. In general, avoid anything that causes an itch because scratching often triggers a flare.
Common triggers for atopic dermatitis include:
• Rough wool fabric
• Dry skin
• Skin infection
• Heat and sweat
• Stress
• Cleaning products
• Dust mites and pet dander
• Mold
• Pollen
• Smoke from tobacco
• Cold and dry air
• Fragrances
• Other irritating chemicals
Infants and children may have flares triggered by eating certain foods, such as eggs and cow's milk. Talk with your child's health care provider about identifying potential food allergies.
Once you understand what triggers your eczema, talk with your health care provider about how to manage your symptoms and prevent flares.
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What are the Overview of Atrial fibrillation?
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Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is an irregular and often very rapid heart rhythm. An irregular heart rhythm is called an arrhythmia.AFibcan lead to blood clots in the heart. The condition also increases the risk of stroke, heart failure and other heart-related complications.
During atrial fibrillation, the heart's upper chambers — called the atria — beat chaotically and irregularly. They beat out of sync with the lower heart chambers, called the ventricles. For many people,AFibmay have no symptoms. ButAFibmay cause a fast, pounding heartbeat, shortness of breath or light-headedness.
Episodes of atrial fibrillation may come and go, or they may be persistent.AFibitself usually isn't life-threatening. But it's a serious medical condition that needs proper treatment to prevent stroke.
Treatment for atrial fibrillation may include medicines, therapy to shock the heart back to a regular rhythm and procedures to block faulty heart signals.
A person with atrial fibrillation also may have a related heart rhythm problem called atrial flutter. The treatments forAFiband atrial flutter are similar.
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What are the symptoms of Atrial fibrillation?
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Symptoms ofAFibmay include:
• Feelings of a fast, fluttering or pounding heartbeat, called palpitations.
• Chest pain.
• Dizziness.
• Fatigue.
• Lightheadedness.
• Reduced ability to exercise.
• Shortness of breath.
• Weakness.
Some people with atrial fibrillation (AFib) don't notice any symptoms.
Atrial fibrillation may be:
• Occasional, also called paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.AFibsymptoms come and go. The symptoms usually last for a few minutes to hours. Some people have symptoms for as long as a week. The episodes can happen repeatedly. Symptoms might go away on their own. Some people with occasionalAFibneed treatment.
• Persistent.The irregular heartbeat is constant. The heart rhythm does not reset on its own. If symptoms occur, medical treatment is needed to correct the heart rhythm.
• Long-standing persistent.This type ofAFibis constant and lasts longer than 12 months. Medicines or a procedure are needed to correct the irregular heartbeat.
• Permanent.In this type of atrial fibrillation, the irregular heart rhythm can't be reset. Medicines are needed to control the heart rate and to prevent blood clots.
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What are the causes of Atrial fibrillation?
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To understand the causes of atrial fibrillation (AFib), it may be helpful to know how the heart typically beats.
The heart has four chambers:
• The two upper chambers are called the atria.
• The two lower chambers are called the ventricles.
Inside the upper right heart chamber is a group of cells called the sinus node. The sinus node makes the signals that starts each heartbeat.
The signals move across the upper heart chambers. Next, the signals arrive at a group of cells called theAVnode, where they usually slow down. The signals then go to the lower heart chambers.
In a healthy heart, this signaling process usually goes smoothly. The resting heart rate is typically 60 to 100 beats a minute.
But in atrial fibrillation, the signals in the upper chambers of the heart are chaotic. As a result, the upper chambers tremble or shake. TheAVnode is flooded with signals trying to get through to the lower heart chambers. This causes a fast and irregular heart rhythm.
In people withAFib, the heart rate may range from 100 to 175 beats a minute.
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What are the risk factors of Atrial fibrillation?
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Things that can increase the risk of atrial fibrillation (AFib) include:
• Age.The risk ofAFibincreases as you grow older.
• Caffeine, nicotine or illegal drug use.Caffeine, nicotine and some illegal drugs — such as amphetamines and cocaine — can cause your heart to beat faster. Use of these substances may lead to the development of more-serious arrhythmias.
• Drinking too much alcohol.Drinking too much alcohol can affect the electrical signals in the heart. This can increase the risk of atrial fibrillation.
• Changes in the level of body minerals.Minerals in the blood called electrolytes — such as potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium — help the heart beat. If these substances are too low or too high, irregular heartbeats may occur.
• Family history.An increased risk of atrial fibrillation occurs in some families.
• Heart problems or heart surgery.Coronary artery disease, heart valve disease and heart problems present at birth increase the risk ofAFib. A history of heart attack or heart surgery also makes a person more likely to get the condition.
• High blood pressure.Having high blood pressure increases the risk of getting coronary artery disease. Over time, high blood pressure may cause part of the heart to become stiff and thick. This can change how heartbeat signals travel through the heart.
• Obesity.People who have obesity are at higher risk of developing atrial fibrillation.
• Other long-term health conditions.You may be more likely to getAFibif you have diabetes, chronic kidney disease, lung disease or sleep apnea.
• Some medicines and supplements.Some prescription medicines and certain cough and cold remedies bought without a prescription can cause irregular heartbeats.
• Thyroid disease.Having an overactive thyroid gland can raise the risk of irregular heartbeats.
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What are the complications of Atrial fibrillation?
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Blood clots are a dangerous complication of atrial fibrillation (AFib). Blood clots can lead to stroke.
The risk of stroke fromAFibincreases as you grow older. Other health conditions also may increase the risk of a stroke due toAFib. These conditions include:
• High blood pressure.
• Diabetes.
• Heart failure.
• Some types of heart valve disease.
Blood thinners are commonly prescribed to prevent blood clots and strokes in people with atrial fibrillation.
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What is the prevention of Atrial fibrillation?
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Healthy lifestyle choices can reduce the risk of heart disease and may prevent atrial fibrillation (AFib). Here are some basic heart-healthy tips:
• Control high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes.
• Don't smoke or use tobacco.
• Eat a diet that's low in salt and saturated fat.
• Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week unless your health care team says not to.
• Get good sleep. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Reduce and manage stress.
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What are the Overview of Atrial flutter?
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Atrial flutter is a type of heart rhythm disorder, called an arrhythmia. It is similar to atrial fibrillation (AFib). But in atrial flutter the heart rhythm is more organized and less chaotic than in AFib. A person can have both atrial flutter and AFib.
Atrial flutter may not cause symptoms. But some people may have a pounding, rapid heartbeat and chest pain. Fainting or almost fainting also may happen. Treatment for atrial flutter may include medicines and a heart procedure.
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What are the symptoms of Atrial flutter?
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People with atrial flutter may not have symptoms. The irregular heartbeat may be found during a health checkup for another reason.
If atrial flutter symptoms happen, they may include:
• A pounding or racing feeling in the chest.
• Chest pain.
• Fainting or almost fainting.
• Shortness of breath.
• Feeling very tired.
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What are the causes of Atrial flutter?
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Changes in the heart's electrical system cause atrial flutter. The heart's electrical system controls the heartbeat. Some health conditions or heart surgery can change how electrical signals travel through the heart and cause atrial flutter.
The movement of the heart's signals make the heart squeeze and pump blood. Usually, this process goes smoothly. The typical resting heart rate is about 60 to 100 beats a minute. But in atrial flutter, the heart's upper chambers beat too quickly. This causes the heart to beat in a fast, but usually organized, way.
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What are the risk factors of Atrial flutter?
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Some health conditions increase the risk of atrial flutter. They include:
• Heart failure.
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, also called COPD.
• Blood clot in the lungs, called a pulmonary embolism.
• Heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect.
Other risk factors for atrial flutter are:
• Getting older.
• Recent heart surgery.
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What are the complications of Atrial flutter?
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A complication of atrial flutter is atrial fibrillation (AFib). About half of people with atrial flutter get AFib within three years. AFib increases the risk of blood clots and strokes.
Other complications of atrial flutter are:
• Heart failure.
• Stroke.
• Heart attack.
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What is the prevention of Atrial flutter?
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Lifestyle changes help keep the heart healthy. Try these heart-healthy tips:
• Don't smoke.
• Eat healthy foods such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Eat less salt and saturated fats.
• Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week.
• Keep a healthy weight.
• Use less or do not use caffeine and alcohol.
• Reduce and manage stress.
• Control high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes.
• Get good sleep. Adults should try to get 7 to 9 hours daily.
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What are the Overview of Atrial septal defect (ASD)?
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An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a heart condition that you're born with. That means it's a congenital heart defect. People with anASDhave a hole between the upper heart chambers. The hole increases the amount of blood going through the lungs.
Small atrial septal defects might be found by chance and never cause a concern. Others might close during infancy or early childhood.
A large, long-term atrial septal defect can damage the heart and lungs. Surgery may be needed to repair an atrial septal defect and to prevent complications.
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What are the symptoms of Atrial septal defect (ASD)?
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A baby born with an atrial septal defect (ASD) may not have symptoms. Symptoms may begin in adulthood.
Atrial septal defect symptoms may include:
• Shortness of breath, especially when exercising.
• Tiredness, especially with activity.
• Swelling of the legs, feet or belly area.
• Irregular heartbeats, also called arrhythmias.
• Skipped heartbeats or feelings of a quick, pounding or fluttering heartbeat, called palpitations.
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What are the causes of Atrial septal defect (ASD)?
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The cause of atrial septal defect is not clear. The problem affects the structure of the heart. It happens as the baby's heart is forming during pregnancy.
The following may play a role in the cause of congenital heart defects such as atrial septal defect:
• Changes in genes.
• Some medical conditions.
• Certain medicines.
• Smoking.
• Alcohol misuse.
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What are the risk factors of Atrial septal defect (ASD)?
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Atrial septal defect (ASD) occurs as the baby's heart is forming during pregnancy. It is a congenital heart defect. Things that may increase a baby's risk of atrial septal defect or other heart problems present at birth include:
• German measles, also called rubella, during the first few months of pregnancy.
• Diabetes.
• Lupus.
• Alcohol or tobacco use during pregnancy.
• Cocaine use during pregnancy.
• Use of some medicines during pregnancy, including those to treat seizures and mood conditions.
Some types of congenital heart defects occur in families. This means they are inherited. Tell your care team if you or someone in your family had a heart problem present at birth. Screening by a genetic counselor can help show the risk of certain heart defects in future children.
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What are the complications of Atrial septal defect (ASD)?
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A small atrial septal defect might never cause any concern. Small atrial septal defects often close during infancy.
Larger atrial septal defects can cause serious complications, including:
• Right-sided heart failure.
• Irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.
• Stroke.
• Early death.
• High blood pressure in the lung arteries, called pulmonary hypertension.
Pulmonary hypertension can cause permanent lung damage. This complication, called Eisenmenger syndrome, most often occurs over many years. It sometimes happens in people with large atrial septal defects.
Treatment can prevent or help manage many of these complications.
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What is the prevention of Atrial septal defect (ASD)?
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Because the cause of atrial septal defect (ASD) is not clear, prevention may not be possible. But getting good prenatal care is important. If you were born with anASD, make an appointment for a health checkup before becoming pregnant.
During this visit:
• Talk about current health conditions and medicines.It's important to closely control diabetes, lupus and other health conditions during pregnancy. Your healthcare professional may suggest changing doses of some medicines or stopping them before pregnancy.
• Review your family medical history.If you have a family history of congenital heart defects or other genetic conditions, you might talk with a genetic counselor to find your risks.
• Ask about getting tested to see if you've had German measles, also called rubella.Rubella in a pregnant person has been linked to some types of congenital heart defects in the baby. If you haven't already had German measles or the vaccine, get the recommended vaccinations.
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What are the Overview of Atrial tachycardia?
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Atrial tachycardia is an irregular heartbeat, called an arrhythmia. It's a type of supraventricular tachycardia.
During an atrial tachycardia episode, the heart beats more than 100 times a minute. Then it returns to a heart rate of around 60 to 80 beats a minute. An episode may start slowly, or it may start suddenly and quickly. It can cause a pounding or racing heartbeat, lightheadedness, dizziness, and fainting.
Atrial tachycardia is common. It may happen in people who have had heart surgery or who are pregnant. Infections, stimulant medicines or alcohol use may trigger it.
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What are the symptoms of Atrial tachycardia?
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The main symptom of atrial tachycardia is a very fast heartbeat. Typically during atrial tachycardia, the heart beats 150 to 200 times a minute. The fast heartbeat may come and go suddenly, or it can be ongoing.
Other symptoms of atrial tachycardia may include:
• Pounding or fluttering feelings in the chest or neck, called palpitations.
• Chest pain.
• Fainting or almost fainting.
• Lightheadedness or dizziness.
• Shortness of breath.
• Sweating.
• Weakness or extreme tiredness.
• Nausea.
Some people with atrial tachycardia do not notice symptoms.
Atrial tachycardia symptoms may be hard to see in infants and young children. Symptoms of atrial tachycardia in children can include:
• Poor feeding.
• Sweating.
• Irritability.
• Changes in skin color.
If your infant or young child has any of these symptoms, talk with a healthcare professional.
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What are the causes of Atrial tachycardia?
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Atrial tachycardia is caused by faulty electrical signals in the heart. These electrical signals control the heartbeat.
In atrial tachycardia, a change in these signals makes the heartbeat start too early in the heart's upper chambers. This causes the heart to beat too fast. Then the heart is not able to fill with blood properly.
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What are the risk factors of Atrial tachycardia?
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Anyone can get atrial tachycardia. But some health conditions or treatments can increase your risk. Atrial tachycardia risk factors include:
• Heart conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart valve disease and other heart diseases.
• Heart failure.
• Heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect.
• Previous heart surgery.
• Sleep apnea.
• Thyroid disease.
• Lung disease, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
• Diabetes.
• Some medicines, including those used to treat asthma, allergies and colds.
Other things that may increase the risk of atrial tachycardia include:
• Emotional stress.
• Too much caffeine.
• Heavy alcohol use, defined as more than 15 drinks a week for men and eight or more drinks a week for women.
• Smoking and nicotine use.
• Stimulant drugs, including cocaine and methamphetamine.
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What are the complications of Atrial tachycardia?
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Atrial tachycardia isn't usually life-threatening. However, it can be a concern if you have heart damage or another heart condition. If the very fast heartbeat continues, it may weaken the heart muscle.
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What are the Overview of Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT)?
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Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is a type of irregular heartbeat, also called an arrhythmia. It is the most common type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT).
People with AVNRT have a very fast heartbeat that often starts and ends suddenly. In AVNRT, the heart beats more than 100 times a minute. The condition is due to a change in heart signaling.
AVNRT tends to occur more often in young women. But anyone can have it at any age. AVNRT may not need treatment. When treatment is needed, it may include specific actions or movements, medicines, or a heart procedure.
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What are the symptoms of Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT)?
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A very fast heartbeat is the most common symptom of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT). In AVNRT, the heart can beat between 120 to 280 times a minute. The fast heartbeat usually starts suddenly.
AVNRT does not always cause symptoms. When symptoms do show up, they may include:
• A pounding feeling in the neck.
• Pounding or fluttering heartbeat, called palpitations.
• Chest pressure, tightness or pain.
• Dizziness or lightheadedness.
• Shortness of breath.
• Sweating.
• Weakness or extreme tiredness.
• Fainting or almost fainting.
Symptoms of AVNRT may be mild in children. Some symptoms include sweating, trouble feeding, changes in skin color and a fast heartbeat.
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What are the causes of Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT)?
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Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is caused by faulty electrical signaling in the heart. Electrical signals control the heartbeat.
Usually, electrical signals in the heart follow a specific pathway. In AVNRT, there is an extra signaling pathway, called a reentrant circuit. The extra pathway makes the heart beat too early. This stops the heart from pumping blood like it should.
Healthcare professionals aren't sure why some people have the extra pathway that causes AVNRT. Sometimes, changes in the heart's structure may cause it.
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What are the risk factors of Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT)?
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Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is more common in young women. But anyone can get it.
Some health conditions or treatments may increase the risk of AVNRT. These include:
• Coronary artery disease, heart valve disease and other heart diseases.
• Heart failure.
• Heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect.
• Previous heart, lung or throat surgery.
• Obstructive sleep apnea.
• Thyroid disease.
• Lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
• Diabetes that is not controlled.
• Some medicines, including those used to treat asthma, allergies and colds.
Other things that may increase the risk of AVNRT include:
• Emotional stress.
• Caffeine.
• Excessive alcohol use, which is defined as 15 or more drinks a week for men and eight or more drinks a week for women.
• Smoking and using nicotine.
• Stimulant drugs, including cocaine and methamphetamine.
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What are the complications of Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT)?
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Possible complications of AVNRT are:
• Worsening of existing heart disease.
• Sudden stopping of all heart activity, called sudden cardiac arrest.
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What are the Overview of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children?
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, also called ADHD, is a long-term condition that affects millions of children. It often continues into adulthood. ADHD includes a mix of ongoing problems. These can include having a hard time paying attention, being hyperactive and being impulsive.
Children with ADHD also may have low self-esteem and troubled relationships and do poorly in school. Symptoms sometimes lessen with age. Some people never completely outgrow their ADHD symptoms but they can learn strategies to be successful.
While treatment won't cure ADHD, it can help a great deal with symptoms. Besides giving education about ADHD, treatment can involve medicines and behavior therapies. Early diagnosis and treatment can make a big difference in results.
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What are the symptoms of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children?
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The main features of ADHD include not paying attention and being hyperactive and impulsive. ADHD symptoms usually start before age 12. In some children, they can be seen as early as 3 years of age. ADHD symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe. Symptoms need to be seen in two or more settings, such as at home and at school. The symptoms cause problems with development and daily life and may continue into adulthood.
ADHD occurs more often in boys than in girls. Behaviors can be different in boys and girls. For example, boys may be more hyperactive and girls may tend to quietly not pay attention.
There are three types of ADHD:
• Predominately inattentive.In this type, most symptoms fall under inattention. This means having trouble focusing and staying on a task. It also includes trouble getting and staying organized.
• Predominately hyperactive and impulsive.In this type, most symptoms involve being hyperactive and impulsive. Hyperactive means being too active and having too much energy. It may include disruptive behavior. Being impulsive means acting without thinking ahead about the results or effects of behavior.
• Combined.This type is a mix of inattentive symptoms and hyperactive and impulsive symptoms. The person meets the criteria for both predominately inattentive and predominately hyperactive and impulsive types of ADHD.
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What are the causes of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children?
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While the exact cause of ADHD is not clear, research efforts continue. Factors that may be involved in the development of ADHD include genetics, the environment or central nervous system conditions at key moments in development.
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What are the risk factors of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children?
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Risk factors for ADHD may include:
• Having a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, with ADHD or another mental health condition.
• Being around environmental toxins such as lead, which is found mainly in paint and pipes in older buildings.
• Being born to a parent who used recreational drugs, alcohol or tobacco during pregnancy.
• Being born too early, also called premature birth.
Although many people seem to believe that sugar causes hyperactivity, there's no proof of this. Many issues in childhood can lead to trouble paying attention, but that's not the same as ADHD.
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What are the complications of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children?
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ADHD can make life hard for children. Children with ADHD:
• Often have trouble in the classroom, which can lead to failing grades and being judged by other children and adults.
• Tend to have more accidents and injuries of all kinds than do children who don't have ADHD.
• Tend to have poor self-esteem.
• Are more likely to have trouble interacting with and being accepted by peers and adults.
• Are at higher risk of alcohol and drug misuse and other behavior that can cause problems with the law.
• Have a higher risk of suicidal thoughts and suicide.
• Have sleep disorders.
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What is the prevention of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children?
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To help lower your child's risk of ADHD:
• During pregnancy,avoid anything that could harm your baby's development before birth. For example, don't drink alcohol, use drugs or smoke cigarettes.
• Protect your child from exposure to pollutants and toxins,including cigarette smoke and lead paint.
• Limit screen time.Although still not proved, it may be a good idea for young children to limit TV, video games and other screen time.
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What are the Overview of Atypical genitalia?
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Atypical genitalia, formerly called ambiguous genitalia, is a rare condition in which an infant's genitals don't appear to be clearly male or female on the outside. In a baby with atypical genitalia, the genitals may not be developed fully or may look different from what is expected. Or the baby may have features of more than one sex. The sex organs on the outside of the body may not match the sex organs on the inside. And they may not match the genetic sex, which is determined by sex chromosomes: typically, XX for females and XY for males.
External genitals are the sex organs on the outside of the body. They include the opening of the vagina and the labia, clitoris, penis and scrotum. Internal genitals are the sex organs inside the body. They include the vagina, fallopian tubes, uterus, prostate, ovaries and testicles. Sex hormones are made by the ovaries and testicles, which also are called gonads. Genetic sex is set based on sex chromosomes. Typically, these sex chromosomes are a genetic female with two X chromosomes and a genetic male with one X and one Y chromosome.
Atypical genitalia is not a disease; it's a difference of sex development. Usually, atypical genitalia can be seen at or shortly after birth. The condition can be very distressing for families. Your medical team looks for the cause of atypical genitalia and provides information and counseling that can help guide decisions about your baby's sex and any needed treatment.
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What are the symptoms of Atypical genitalia?
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Your medical team will likely be the first to notice atypical genitalia soon after your baby is born. Sometimes, atypical genitalia may be suspected before birth. Atypical genitalia can vary in appearance. Differences may depend on when during genital development the hormone changes that affected development occurred and the cause.
Babies who are genetically female, which means they have two X chromosomes, may have:
• An enlarged clitoris, which may look like a penis.
• Closed labia, or labia that include folds and look like a scrotum.
• Lumps that feel like testicles in the fused labia.
Babies who are genetically male, which means they have one X and one Y chromosome, may have:
• A condition in which the narrow tube that carries urine and semen, called the urethra, doesn't fully extend to the tip of the penis. If the tube opening is on the underside of the penis, the condition is called hypospadias.
• A very small penis with the urethral opening closer to the scrotum.
• One or both testicles missing in what appears to be the scrotum.
• Testicles that remain in the body, also called undescended testicles, and an empty scrotum that has the appearance of labia with or without a micropenis.
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What are the causes of Atypical genitalia?
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Atypical genitalia usually happen when hormone changes during pregnancy stop or disturb an unborn baby's developing sex organs. An unborn baby also is called a fetus.
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What are the risk factors of Atypical genitalia?
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Family history may play a role in the development of atypical genitalia. This is because many differences of sex development result from gene changes that can be passed down in families. Possible risk factors for atypical genitalia include a family history of:
• Unexplained deaths in early infancy.
• Infertility, not having menstrual periods or having a lot of facial hair in females.
• Atypical genitalia.
• Atypical physical development during puberty.
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a group of genetic conditions that affect the adrenal glands and are passed down in families.
If your family has a history of these risk factors, talk with your healthcare professional before trying to get pregnant. Genetic counseling also can help in planning ahead.
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What are the complications of Atypical genitalia?
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Complications of atypical genitalia may include:
• Infertility.Whether people with atypical genitalia can have children depends on the specific diagnosis. For example, genetic females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia usually can get pregnant if they so choose.
• Higher risk of certain cancers.Some differences of sex development are linked with a higher risk of certain types of cancer.
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What are the Overview of Atypical hyperplasia of the breast?
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Atypical hyperplasia of the breast is the development of precancerous cells in the breast. Atypical hyperplasia causes a buildup of cells in the breast tissue. When viewed with a microscope, the cells look different from typical breast cells.
Atypical hyperplasia of the breast isn't breast cancer. But it's a sign that you have an increased risk of breast cancer in the future.
Your healthcare team creates a plan to help you manage your risk of breast cancer. Often this includes more-frequent breast cancer screening tests. You also might consider medicines to reduce breast cancer risk.
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What are the symptoms of Atypical hyperplasia of the breast?
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Atypical hyperplasia of the breast usually doesn't cause any symptoms.
Atypical hyperplasia of the breast is typically found during a breast biopsy. A breast biopsy is a procedure to remove some breast cells for testing. It's often recommended if something concerning is found on a mammogram or an ultrasound. A biopsy also might be done to investigate a breast concern, such as a lump.
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What are the causes of Atypical hyperplasia of the breast?
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It's not clear what causes atypical hyperplasia of the breast.
Atypical hyperplasia of the breast happens when cells in the breast tissue develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cell to make many more cells. This causes a buildup of cells in the breast. Healthcare professionals call this buildup hyperplasia. The changes also turn the cells into atypical cells. This means that the cells look different from typical cells.
Atypical hyperplasia is thought to be a very early step in the process that turns healthy cells into cancer cells. In theory, if atypical hyperplasia cells are allowed to continue growing, they could get more DNA changes and become cancer cells. More research is needed to understand how this happens.
Atypical hyperplasia can happen in the breast ducts or the breast lobules:
• Atypical ductal hyperplasiadescribes a growth of atypical cells within the breast ducts. The breast ducts are tubes that can carry breast milk to the nipple. This type of atypical hyperplasia is most common.
• Atypical lobular hyperplasiadescribes a growth of atypical cells within the breast lobules. The breast lobules are glands that can make breast milk. This type of atypical hyperplasia is less common.
Both types of atypical hyperplasia increase the risk of breast cancer. Treatment for both types is similar.
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What are the risk factors of Atypical hyperplasia of the breast?
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There are no specific risk factors for atypical hyperplasia of the breast. Atypical hyperplasia is one of several conditions that cause a growth of cells in the breast that isn't cancerous. These conditions are sometimes called benign breast diseases. Healthcare professionals have found risk factors for benign breast diseases. They include:
• A family history of breast cancer.If a parent, sibling or child had breast cancer, your risk of being diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia of the breast or another benign breast disease before menopause is increased.
• Menopausal hormone therapy.Taking certain hormone therapy medicines to control the symptoms of menopause may increase the risk of atypical hyperplasia and other benign breast diseases.
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What are the complications of Atypical hyperplasia of the breast?
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If you've been diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia of the breast, you have an increased risk of getting breast cancer in the future. The risk of breast cancer in those with atypical hyperplasia is about four times higher than in those who don't have atypical hyperplasia. The risk is similar for atypical ductal hyperplasia and atypical lobular hyperplasia.
Studies of women with atypical hyperplasia have found that the risk of breast cancer increases over time. At 25 years after diagnosis, about 30% of women with atypical hyperplasia may have breast cancer. Put another way, for every 100 women diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia, 30 can be expected to have breast cancer 25 years after diagnosis. And 70 will not develop breast cancer.
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What is the prevention of Atypical hyperplasia of the breast?
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It's not clear whether there's anything that can prevent atypical hyperplasia of the breast. The same things that help lower the risk of breast cancer may help lower the risk of atypical hyperplasia. Things you can do to lower your risk of breast cancer include:
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What are the Overview of Auditory processing disorder?
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Auditory processing disorder, also called APD, is a type of hearing loss caused by something affecting the part of the brain that processes how you hear. Ear damage causes other types of hearing loss.
APDis also sometimes called central auditory processing disorder (CAPD). It can happen in anyone. But it most often happens in children and older adults.
Many conditions can affect how well a person understands what they hear, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism. But these conditions are different from auditory processing disorder, although they can appear withAPD.APDalso can happen with other types of hearing loss.
Auditory processing disorder has no cure. But treatments can help you hear better.
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What are the symptoms of Auditory processing disorder?
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Symptoms of auditory processing disorder (APD) can be subtle. Symptoms can include having trouble with:
• Telling where sound is coming from.
• Understanding words that are spoken quickly or in a noisy room.
• Paying attention.
• Reading and spelling.
• Following directions unless they are short and simple.
• Learning a new language.
• Singing or enjoying music.
• Understanding and remembering spoken information.
If you haveAPD, you also might:
• Take longer to reply to someone who is talking to you.
• Often need others to repeat themselves.
• Not understand sarcasm or jokes.
APDis often seen with attention, language and learning issues like those seen in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD.
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What are the causes of Auditory processing disorder?
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The cause of auditory processing disorder (APD) is sometimes unknown.APDcan be linked to many conditions. In older adults, conditions might include stroke and head trauma. In children,APDcan be linked to issues at birth, such as low birth weight or early birth, or repeated ear infections.
In typical hearing, the brain's auditory center takes the sound waves sent from the ears and turns them into sounds you know. But with auditory processing disorder (APD), the auditory part of the brain can't do this.
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What are the risk factors of Auditory processing disorder?
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Factors that increase your risk of auditory processing disorder (APD) include:
• Aging.
• Stroke.
• Head trauma.
• Lead poisoning.
• Seizure disorders.
• Issues linked to birth, such as an early birth, low birth weight or a pregnant person using alcohol, drugs or tobacco.
• Repeated ear infections, especially at a young age.
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What are the complications of Auditory processing disorder?
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Auditory processing disorder (APD) complications include:
• Trouble understanding what people are saying.
• Trouble taking part in activities.
• Feeling isolated and lonely.
• Trouble reading and writing, in children.
• Trouble doing well in school.
• Feeling depressed.
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What are the Auditory processing disorder (APD) of Auditory processing disorder?
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• Symptoms&causes
• Diagnosis&treatment
• Doctors&departments
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What are the Overview of Autism spectrum disorder?
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Autism spectrum disorder is a condition related to brain development that affects how people see others and socialize with them. This causes problems in communication and getting along with others socially. The condition also includes limited and repeated patterns of behavior. The term "spectrum" in autism spectrum disorder refers to the wide range of symptoms and the severity of these symptoms.
Autism spectrum disorder includes conditions that were once thought to be separate — autism, Asperger's syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder and a form of widespread developmental disorder that isn't specified.
Autism spectrum disorder begins in early childhood. Over time, it can cause difficulty functioning in society. For example, people with autism spectrum disorder may have problems being social or when in school or at work. Often children show symptoms of autism within the first year of life. A small number of children with the condition appear to develop as expected in the first year. Then between 18 and 24 months of age, they may lose some skills and develop autism symptoms.
There is no cure for autism spectrum disorder. But getting treatment early, during the preschool years, can make a big difference in the lives of many children with the condition.
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What are the symptoms of Autism spectrum disorder?
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Some children show signs of autism spectrum disorder in early infancy, such as less eye contact, not responding to their names or not being interested in caregivers. Other children may not develop as expected for the first few months or years of life. Then they suddenly become withdrawn or aggressive or lose the language skills they had before. Signs usually are seen by ages 2 to 3 years old.
Some people in the mild range on the autism spectrum may have more symptoms that aren't noticed early on. They may not be diagnosed until middle to late childhood, when there is a greater need to communicate and be social. Sometimes a diagnosis is made for the first time in adulthood, though symptoms were likely present during childhood.
Each child with autism spectrum disorder is likely to have a unique pattern of behavior that depends on whether symptoms are mild, moderate or severe.
Some children with autism spectrum disorder have trouble learning, and some have signs of lower than usual intelligence. Other children with the condition have usual to high intelligence. These children learn quickly but have trouble communicating, applying what they know in everyday life and adjusting to social situations.
Because each child can have a unique mix of symptoms, sometimes it can be hard to tell how severe the condition is. It's generally based on how severe the symptoms are and how much those symptoms affect a child being able to function.
Below are some common signs shown by people who have autism spectrum disorder.
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What are the causes of Autism spectrum disorder?
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Autism spectrum disorder has no single known cause. Since the condition is complex and symptoms and severity vary, there could be many causes. Both genetics and the environment may play a role.
• Genetics.Several genes seem to be involved in autism spectrum disorder. For some children, autism spectrum disorder can be related to a genetic condition, such as Rett syndrome or fragile X syndrome. For other children, genetic changes, also known as mutations, may raise the risk of autism spectrum disorder. Still other genes may affect the way that the brain develops or brain cells communicate. Or those genes may affect how severe symptoms are. While some genetic changes seem to be inherited, others aren't.
• Environmental factors.Researchers are exploring whether factors such as viral infections, medicines, complications during pregnancy or air pollutants play a role in causing autism spectrum disorder.
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What are the complications of Autism spectrum disorder?
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Because people with autism spectrum disorder often have a hard time interacting socially, communicating or behaving, this can lead to problems with:
• School and learning.
• Getting a job.
• Not being able to live on their own.
• Being isolated socially.
• Stress within the family.
• Being a victim and being bullied.
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What is the prevention of Autism spectrum disorder?
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There's no known way to prevent autism spectrum disorder. But many studies have been done to see if taking folic acid and other vitamins before and during pregnancy can lower the risk of having a baby with autism spectrum disorder. A review of studies on what are known as prenatal vitamins shows no clear answer. This is due to the quality of the research. More high-quality studies are needed.
Getting diagnosed and treated early is most helpful in improving behavior, skills and language development. But getting treatment is helpful at any age. Though children usually don't outgrow autism spectrum disorder symptoms, they may learn to function well.
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What are the Overview of Autoimmune encephalitis?
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Autoimmune encephalitis (en-sef-uh-LIE-tis) is a group of conditions that causes swelling in the brain. This happens because the immune system mistakenly attacks brain cells. Autoimmune encephalitis symptoms can vary but may include memory loss, changes in thinking, changes in behavior and seizures.
Autoimmune encephalitis is different from encephalitis caused by viral or bacterial infections, known as infectious encephalitis. Infectious encephalitis isn't caused by an immune reaction, and it's treated with different medicines. Research has found that the number of people with autoimmune encephalitis is comparable to the number of people with infectious encephalitis.
Experts don't know what causes autoimmune encephalitis, also known as AE. For some people, AE is triggered by certain cancers or infections. Autoimmune encephalitis also may be triggered by medicines. People with an autoimmune disease or a family history of autoimmune disease may be more likely to get AE. Healthcare professionals use several tests to diagnose autoimmune encephalitis.
Without treatment, autoimmune encephalitis can cause serious complications, including death. But treatments can lead to recovery. Many people with AE make a full recovery, but some can have lasting symptoms.
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What are the symptoms of Autoimmune encephalitis?
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Autoimmune encephalitis symptoms can vary from person to person. But symptoms can occur in a pattern that is predictable depending on the type of autoimmune encephalitis. Many people have a headache, fever and other symptoms of an infection followed by:
• Psychiatric symptoms that may include anxiety, panic attacks, changes in behavior, agitation, hallucinations, delusions and trouble organizing thoughts.
• Trouble with memory.
• Trouble with language, such as talking less or repeating words or phrases.
• Movements that are not voluntary.
• Seizures.
• Changes in consciousness.
• Less sleep at the beginning of the disease followed by excess sleep during recovery.
Sometimes AE causes serious seizures that need emergency care, known as status epilepticus. These seizures last more than five minutes or occur one after another while the person is not conscious.
Autoimmune encephalitis symptoms can get worse over time. This disease course is known as progressive. Symptoms also might alternate between getting better and getting worse. This course is known as relapsing-remitting. These are similar to the disease courses people experience with multiple sclerosis.
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What are the causes of Autoimmune encephalitis?
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Autoimmune encephalitis causes are not known. Autoimmune encephalitis, also known as AE, happens when the immune system mistakenly attacks heathy brain cells.
Antibodies are part of the immune system. They help protect the body from viruses, bacteria and other substances that can cause illnesses. But in autoimmune encephalitis, the antibodies target and attack certain receptors in the brain. This leads to swelling in the brain, also known as inflammation, and other symptoms.
AE may be triggered by:
• Certain cancers. When this happens, it's known as paraneoplastic AE.
• Infections, such as from the herpes simplex virus.
• Certain medicines, such as monoclonal antibodies and medicines to suppress the immune system after a transplant.
Autoimmune encephalitis is more likely to occur in people who have an autoimmune disease or who have a strong family history of autoimmune disease.
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What are the risk factors of Autoimmune encephalitis?
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Risk factors for autoimmune encephalitis, also known as AE, include:
• Having had AE in the past, especially if it wasn't treated.
• Having had herpes simplex virus encephalitis.
• Taking monoclonal antibodies or medicines to suppress the immune system after a transplant.
• Having a tumor, especially small-cell lung cancer.
Researchers are studying whether certain genes may be related to autoimmune encephalitis.
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What are the complications of Autoimmune encephalitis?
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Serious autoimmune encephalitis, also known as AE, can lead to complications such as:
• Seizures that need emergency care, known as status epilepticus.The immune system's attack on the brain during AE can lead to seizures and a condition called autoimmune epilepsy. Sometimes the seizures may last more than five minutes or occur one after another. The person isn't conscious in between the seizures. These serious seizures are known as status epilepticus.
• Not enough air entering the lungs, known as respiratory failure.People with respiratory failure may need treatment with a machine that helps them breathe, known as mechanical ventilation.
• Trouble with heart rate and blood pressure.AE can affect heart rate, blood pressure, digestion and urination. These are known as autonomic functions.
• Fevers.People with AE may have high fevers.
Another possible complication is that the condition may come back after recovery. This is known as a relapse. A relapse is more likely in people who had anti-LGI1 limbic encephalitis or anti-CASPR2 associated encephalitis.
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What is the prevention of Autoimmune encephalitis?
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Autoimmune encephalitis, also known as AE, can't always be prevented. But getting cancer screenings can help your healthcare professional find tumors and treat them early. This could prevent autoimmune encephalitis that is triggered by cancers. Talk with your healthcare professional about your cancer risk and if cancer screening is recommended.
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What are the Overview of Autoimmune epilepsy?
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Autoimmune epilepsy is a type of epilepsy where seizures are caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking brain cells. It can occur with conditions that affect the immune system, especially autoimmune encephalitis.
Autoimmune epilepsy also is known as autoimmune associated epilepsy and acute symptomatic seizures secondary to autoimmune encephalitis.
The immune system protects the body from viruses, bacteria and other substances that can cause illnesses. Antibodies are proteins that are part of the immune system. In autoimmune epilepsy, antibodies mistakenly target receptors in the brain. This leads to swelling in the brain, also known as inflammation, and seizures.
Antiseizure medicines usually don't do enough to manage seizures in people with autoimmune epilepsy. Instead, immunotherapy medicines help reduce the immune response on the brain.
When immunotherapy is started early, it can reduce inflammation and improve seizures. For some people, treatment can stop seizures completely. For others, seizures may continue after treatment.
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What are the symptoms of Autoimmune epilepsy?
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Symptoms of autoimmune epilepsy may begin after an illness with a fever. Seizures come on suddenly and are serious. The types of seizures that may occur include:
• Focal seizures.These are the most common type of seizure in autoimmune epilepsy. Sometimes focal seizures cause a change or loss of awareness. The seizures may cause the person to stare and not respond to the environment. Other types of focal seizures don't cause a change in awareness. These seizures cause different symptoms depending on which part of the brain causes them. Focal seizures may cause one part of the body to shake. Or they may cause a feeling that his has happened before, known as déjà vu. Focal seizures also may cause nausea or vision symptoms, such as flashing lights.
• Faciobrachial dystonic seizures.These seizures cause muscle contractions on one side of the face and in an arm, both on the same side of the body.
Symptoms related to seizures include:
• Seizures that happen several times a day.
• Seizures that don't go away with antiseizure medicines.
• Seizures that last more than five minutes or that occur close together without the person regaining consciousness, known as status epilepticus.
Autoimmune epilepsy symptoms also may include:
• Memory loss and trouble with thinking.
• Personality and behavior changes.
• Involuntary movements or clumsy movements.
• Irregular eye movements.
• Changes in heart rate, blood pressure and other automatic functions.
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What are the causes of Autoimmune epilepsy?
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Autoimmune epilepsy is caused by the immune system attacking brain cells and leading to seizures. Antibodies are part of the immune system. They usually protect the body from viruses and infections. But in autoimmune conditions, the immune system attacks healthy cells. More recently, research has concluded that epilepsy can be an autoimmune disease.
Autoimmune epilepsy causes may include:
• Autoimmune encephalitis.Autoimmune encephalitis (en-sef-uh-LIE-tis) is a group of conditions that causes swelling in the brain. This happens because the immune system mistakenly attacks brain cells. Autoimmune encephalitis causes a variety of symptoms, including seizures. It is the most common cause of autoimmune epilepsy. Certain types of autoimmune encephalitis are commonly linked to autoimmune epilepsy and are associated with antibodies that target NMDA-receptors, LGI1, CASPR2 and GAD65.
• Rasmussen syndrome.In this condition, immune cells known as T cells cause inflammation and brain damage that lead to seizures. People with autoimmune epilepsy due to Rasmussen syndrome may continue to have seizures after treatment.
• Cancer.Sometimes tumors trigger the immune system to attack healthy brain cells, known as paraneoplastic syndrome. This can lead to epilepsy.
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What are the risk factors of Autoimmune epilepsy?
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The risk of autoimmune epilepsy is low, but it can occur in both adults and children. Risk factors include:
• Having another autoimmune disease. These may include rheumatoid arthritis, Graves' disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis or lupus.
• Having a history of cancer.
• Having a parent, sibling or child with an autoimmune disease.
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What are the complications of Autoimmune epilepsy?
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Autoimmune epilepsy complications can include serious seizures that last more than five minutes or occur one after another. The person isn't conscious in between the seizures. These serious seizures are known as status epilepticus. They need emergency medical attention.
Sometimes autoimmune epilepsy can lead to seizures that don't stop with treatment.
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What is the prevention of Autoimmune epilepsy?
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You may not be able to prevent autoimmune epilepsy. But getting cancer screenings can help your healthcare professional find tumors and treat them early. This could prevent autoimmune encephalitis triggered by cancers, which can be a cause of epilepsy. Talk with your healthcare professional about your cancer risk and if you should get screened for certain cancers.
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What are the Overview of Autoimmune hepatitis?
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Autoimmune hepatitis is a liver disease that happens when the body's immune system attacks the liver. This can cause swelling, irritation and damage to the liver. The exact cause of autoimmune hepatitis is unclear, but genetic and environmental factors appear to interact over time to trigger the disease.
Untreated autoimmune hepatitis can lead to scarring of the liver, called cirrhosis. It can also eventually lead to liver failure. When diagnosed and treated early, however, autoimmune hepatitis often can be controlled with medicines that suppress the immune system.
A liver transplant may be an option when autoimmune hepatitis doesn't respond to medicines or liver disease becomes advanced.
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What are the symptoms of Autoimmune hepatitis?
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Symptoms of autoimmune hepatitis vary from person to person and may come on suddenly. Some people have few, if any, recognized problems in the early stages of the disease, whereas others experience symptoms that may include:
• Fatigue.
• Belly discomfort.
• Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, called jaundice. Depending on skin color, this change may be harder or easier to see.
• An enlarged liver.
• Irregular blood vessels on the skin, called spider angiomas.
• Skin rash.
• Joint pain.
• Loss of menstrual periods.
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What are the causes of Autoimmune hepatitis?
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Autoimmune hepatitis occurs when the body's immune system, which usually attacks viruses, bacteria and other causes of disease, instead targets the liver. This attack on the liver can lead to long-lasting inflammation and serious damage to liver cells. Just why the body turns against itself is unclear, but researchers think autoimmune hepatitis could be caused by the interaction of genes controlling immune system function and exposure to viruses or medicines.
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What are the risk factors of Autoimmune hepatitis?
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Factors that may increase your risk of autoimmune hepatitis include:
• Being female.Although both males and females can develop autoimmune hepatitis, the disease is most common in females.
• Genetics.Evidence suggests that a predisposition to autoimmune hepatitis may run in families.
• Having an autoimmune disease.People who already have an autoimmune disease, such as celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis or hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease or Hashimoto thyroiditis), may be more likely to develop autoimmune hepatitis.
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What are the complications of Autoimmune hepatitis?
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Autoimmune hepatitis that goes untreated can cause permanent scarring of the liver tissue, known as cirrhosis. Complications of cirrhosis include:
• Enlarged veins in the esophagus, called esophageal varices.The portal vein carries blood from the intestine to the liver. When circulation through the portal vein is blocked, blood may back up into other blood vessels, mainly those in the stomach and esophagus.These blood vessels have thin walls. And because they become filled with more blood than they're meant to carry, they're likely to bleed. Massive bleeding in the esophagus or stomach from these blood vessels is a life-threatening emergency that needs immediate medical care.
• Fluid in the abdomen, called ascites (uh-SY-teez).Liver disease can cause large amounts of fluid to build up in the belly. Ascites can be uncomfortable and may interfere with breathing. It's usually a sign of advanced cirrhosis.
• Liver failure.Liver failure happens when extensive damage to liver cells makes it not possible for the liver to function well. At this point, a liver transplant is needed.
• Liver cancer.People with cirrhosis have an increased risk of liver cancer.
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What are the Overview of Autoimmune pancreatitis?
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Autoimmune pancreatitis is an inflammation in the pancreas. It may be caused by the immune system attacking the pancreas. Autoimmune pancreatitis also is called AIP. Two subtypes ofAIPare now recognized, type 1 and type 2.
Type 1AIPis called IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). This type often affects multiple organs, including the pancreas, bile ducts in the liver, salivary glands, kidneys and lymph nodes.
Type 2AIPseems to affect only the pancreas, although about one-third of people with type 2AIPhave associated inflammatory bowel disease.
Type 1AIPcan be mistakenly diagnosed as pancreatic cancer. The two conditions have overlapping symptoms, but very different treatments, so it is very important to distinguish one from the other.
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What are the symptoms of Autoimmune pancreatitis?
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Autoimmune pancreatitis, also called AIP, is difficult to diagnose. Often, it doesn't cause any symptoms. Symptoms of type 1AIPare like those of pancreatic cancer.
Pancreatic cancer symptoms can include:
• Dark urine.
• Pale stools or stools that float in the toilet.
• Yellow skin and eyes, called jaundice.
• Pain in your upper belly or middle part of your back.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Weakness or extreme tiredness.
• Loss of appetite or feelings of fullness.
• Weight loss for no known reason.
The most common sign of type 1AIPis painless jaundice. About 80% of people with type 1AIPhave painless jaundice. This is caused by blocked bile ducts. People with type 2AIPcan have repeat episodes of acute pancreatitis. Pain in the upper abdomen, a common symptom of pancreatic cancer, is often absent in autoimmune pancreatitis.
Differences between type 1 and type 2AIPare:
• In type 1AIP, the disease may affect other organs in addition to the pancreas. Type 2AIPaffects only the pancreas. Type 2 disease also is associated with another autoimmune condition called inflammatory bowel disease.
• Type 1AIPmostly affects men in the sixth to seventh decade of life.
• Type 2AIPaffects both men and women equally and has a younger age of onset compared with type 1AIP.
• Type 1AIPis more likely to relapse after treatment is discontinued.
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What are the causes of Autoimmune pancreatitis?
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Experts don't know what causes autoimmune pancreatitis, but it is thought to be caused by the body's immune system attacking healthy body tissue. This is known as an autoimmune disease.
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What are the risk factors of Autoimmune pancreatitis?
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The two types ofAIPhappen with different frequency in different parts of the world. In the United States, about 80% of people with autoimmune pancreatitis, also called AIP, have type 1.
People with type 1AIPoften:
• Are over age 60.
• Are male.
People with type 2AIP:
• Are often one or two decades younger than those with type 1.
• Are as likely to be female as male.
• Are more likely to have inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis.
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What are the complications of Autoimmune pancreatitis?
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Autoimmune pancreatitis can cause a variety of complications.
• Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.AIPmay affect the ability of your pancreas to make enough enzymes. Symptoms may include diarrhea, weight loss, metabolic bone disease, and vitamin or mineral deficiency.
• Diabetes.Because the pancreas is the organ that produces insulin, damage to it may cause diabetes. You may need treatment with oral medicine or insulin.
• Pancreatic and bile duct narrowing, called stricture.
• Pancreatic calcifications or stones.
Treatments for autoimmune pancreatitis, such as long-term steroid use, can cause complications. However, even with these complications, people who are treated for autoimmune pancreatitis have a typical life expectancy.
There is no established association betweenAIPand pancreatic cancer.
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What are the Overview of Benign adrenal tumors?
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Benign adrenal tumors are masses that aren't cancer. They form in the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are part of the endocrine system. These glands make hormones that send messages to nearly every organ and tissue in the body.
There are two adrenal glands, one above each kidney. Each gland has two types of tissue: the cortex and the medulla. Benign adrenal tumors that grow in the cortex are called adrenal adenomas. Those that grow in the medulla are called pheochromocytomas (fee-o-kroe-moe-sy-TOE-muhs).
Most benign adrenal tumors cause no symptoms and don't need treatment. But sometimes these tumors make high levels of some hormones that can cause problems. Hormones from the cortex control metabolism, blood pressure and certain body features, such as hair growth. Hormones from the medulla control the body's response to stress.
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What are the symptoms of Benign adrenal tumors?
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Symptoms depend on whether the tumor makes hormones, what hormone it makes and how much it makes. But many benign adrenal gland tumors don't cause symptoms because they don't make hormones.
The most common type of benign adrenal tumor, called adenoma, comes from the adrenal cortex. This type of tumor might cause symptoms such as:
• Weight gain.
• Easy bruising.
• High blood pressure, also called hypertension.
• Diabetes.
• Depressed mood.
• Tiredness.
• Muscle weakness or cramping.
A type of benign adrenal tumor from the medulla is called pheochromocytoma. It might cause the following symptoms:
• High blood pressure, also called hypertension.
• Fast heartbeat.
• Sweating.
• Tremors.
• Headache.
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What are the causes of Benign adrenal tumors?
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The cause of benign adrenal tumors often is not known.
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What are the risk factors of Benign adrenal tumors?
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The following might raise the risk of developing a benign adrenal tumor:
• A family history of benign adrenal tumors.
• Certain syndromes passed through families, called genetic syndromes, that make benign adrenal tumors more likely.
• A history of having an adrenal tumor surgically removed.
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What are the Overview of Bird flu (avian influenza)?
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Bird flu, also called avian influenza, is caused by influenza type A virus infections in bird species. Depending on the strain, bird flu may cause the bird to have no symptoms, mild illness, serious illness or lead to the death of the bird.
Bird flu rarely infects humans. But health officials worry because influenza A viruses that infect birds can change, called mutate, to infect humans and spread from person to person more often. Because a new strain of bird flu would be a new virus to humans, a mutated strain like that could spread quickly around the world.
People most often catch a bird flu virus from close, long-term contact with live, domesticated poultry typically on farms or in backyard coops. People also may catch bird flu through contact with wild birds or another type of animal. Bird flu rarely has spread from person to person.
In humans, flu is a viral infection of the nose, throat and lungs, which are part of the respiratory system. Symptoms of bird flu in humans are similar to flu symptoms and may be mild to serious.
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What are the Related information of Bird flu (avian influenza)?
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• Influenza (flu) - Related informationInfluenza (flu)
• H1N1 flu (swine flu) - Related informationH1N1 flu (swine flu)
• What's the difference between H1N1 flu and influenza A? - Related informationWhat's the difference between H1N1 flu and influenza A?
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What are the symptoms of Bird flu (avian influenza)?
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Bird flu symptoms can be mild to serious in a person. Symptoms typically show up within seven days of contact with the virus but can take as long as two weeks. A person can get infected from direct contact with an infected animal, or the bedding or stool of the animal.
Flu viruses have similar symptoms. So you need to be tested to check if you have a bird flu infection.
Common bird flu symptoms include:
• Fever.
• Problems breathing.
• Pink eye, also called conjunctivitis.
• Upset stomach and vomiting.
• Loose stool, called diarrhea.
Bird flu may cause breathing problems more often than other kinds of flu. And during bird flu pandemics, the risk that a person with flu will need a machine to help them breathe is higher.
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What are the causes of Bird flu (avian influenza)?
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Influenza is caused by viruses that infect the cells that line the nose, throat and lungs.
Flu virus particles spread through breath, saliva, mucus or stool. Bird flu in humans can happen when you inhale virus particles. You also can catch the virus if you touch an object with flu particles on it, and then touch your eyes, nose or mouth.
People most often catch bird flu from close, long-term contact with live, domesticated poultry typically on farms or in backyard coops. Rarely, people are exposed to bird flu by contact with wild birds or another type of animal.
But birds you may see in a park or yard, such as crows or sparrows, aren't a high risk. They don't usually carry bird flu viruses that infect people or farm animals.
It may be possible to be exposed to bird flu through undercooked foods, such as eggs or poultry. In places where bird flu has spread to dairy cows, it may be possible to get bird flu through raw dairy products. But dairy products that have been heated to kill germs, called pasteurization, are not a risk for bird flu.
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What are the risk factors of Bird flu (avian influenza)?
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The risk of a human catching a bird flu is low.
Contact with sick poultry or their environment is the most common bird flu risk for people. Infected birds can spread the virus through their breath, saliva, mucus or stool.
Rarely, people have caught bird flu after contact with wild birds or other animals. And sometimes humans have passed a bird flu to other humans.
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What are the complications of Bird flu (avian influenza)?
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People with bird flu may have worsening medical issues or new health problems. Some may be life-threatening.
Complications include:
• Worsening of chronic lung conditions, such as asthma or cystic fibrosis.
• Ear and sinus infection.
• Failure of the respiratory system, called acute respiratory distress syndrome.
• Kidney problems.
• Heart problems.
• Bleeding in the lungs, collapsed lung or bacterial pneumonia.
• Sepsis.
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What is the prevention of Bird flu (avian influenza)?
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To prevent bird flu, follow all recommended actions to protect yourself if you work with animals as a job.
If you are traveling to a place where bird flu is spreading, avoid poultry farms and bird markets if possible. Cook food fully and wash hands with soap and water after handling food and animals.
And make sure to get your seasonal flu vaccine every year. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends annual flu vaccination for everyone age 6 months or older. It doesn't prevent bird flu, but the seasonal flu vaccine can help you avoid having two flu viruses at the same time.
If a bird flu virus leads to a human pandemic, public health agencies have plans for vaccine development and administration.
People can take actions to further lower the risk of getting bird flu in many ways.
• Avoid contact with animals who are sick or may be sick.Wild or domestic, keep birds at a distance to avoid any germs they may carry.
• Wear eye, nose and mouth protective gear when needed.Flu viruses get in the body through the mouth, nose or eyes. Wear eye protection, a face mask and gloves to help keep the virus out if you're in an area where it might be present.
• Wash your hands with soap and water.This is especially important after touching animals or surfaces that may be dirty with animal mucus, saliva or stool.
Getting bird flu from food is very rare. But it's a good idea to follow safe food handling recommendations.
• Avoid spreading germs in the kitchen.Use hot, soapy water to wash all surfaces that have come into contact with raw poultry, meat, seafood or eggs.
• Cook food fully.Cook chicken until it reaches an internal minimum temperature of 165 F (74 C). Cook eggs until the white and yolk are firm. Egg dishes, such as quiche, should reach 160 F (71 C). Cook beef to 145 F (63 C) and let it rest for 3 minutes. Cook ground beef to 160 F (71 C).
• Avoid raw dairy products.Dairy milk that is heated to kill germs is called pasteurized. In the U.S., dairy milk and foods made with it say on the Nutrition Facts label if the milk is pasteurized. Raw milk isn't pasteurized, so it is more likely to make you sick.
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What are the Overview of Brain aneurysm?
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A brain aneurysm (AN-yoo-riz-um) is a bulge or ballooning in a blood vessel in the brain. It's also known as a cerebral aneurysm or intracranial aneurysm. One type of aneurysm called a berry or saccular aneurysm looks like a berry hanging on a stem.
Experts think brain aneurysms form and grow because blood flowing through the blood vessel puts pressure on a weak area of the vessel wall. This can increase the size of the brain aneurysm. If the brain aneurysm leaks or ruptures, it causes bleeding in the brain, known as a hemorrhagic stroke.
Most often, a ruptured brain aneurysm happens in the space between the brain and the thin tissues covering the brain. This type of hemorrhagic stroke is called a subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Brain aneurysms are common. But most brain aneurysms aren't serious, especially if they're small. Most brain aneurysms don't rupture. They usually don't cause symptoms or cause health problems. In many people, brain aneurysms are found during tests for other conditions.
However, if an aneurysm ruptures it can quickly become life-threatening and requires emergency treatment.
If a brain aneurysm hasn't ruptured, treatment may be right for some people. There are many factors to be considered. If it is felt that the treatment risk is lower than the future risk of aneurysm rupture, then treatment of an unruptured brain aneurysm may be recommended. Talk about your treatment options with your healthcare professional.
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What are the symptoms of Brain aneurysm?
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Most brain aneurysms that haven't ruptured don't cause symptoms, especially if they're small. Brain aneurysms may be found during imaging tests that are done for other conditions.
If an aneurysm ruptures, this is a very serious condition, typically causing a severe headache. And if an unruptured aneurysm presses against brain tissue or nerves, it may cause pain and other symptoms.
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What are the causes of Brain aneurysm?
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Brain aneurysms are caused by thinning artery walls. Aneurysms often form at forks or branches in arteries because those areas of the vessels are weaker. Although aneurysms can happen anywhere in the brain, they're most common in arteries at the base of the brain.
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