import enum
import functools
import reprlib
import sys
from array import array
from collections.abc import (
    ItemsView,
    Iterable,
    Iterator,
    KeysView,
    Mapping,
    ValuesView,
)
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import (
    TYPE_CHECKING,
    Any,
    ClassVar,
    Generic,
    NoReturn,
    Optional,
    TypeVar,
    Union,
    cast,
    overload,
)

from ._abc import MDArg, MultiMapping, MutableMultiMapping, SupportsKeys

if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
    from typing import Self
else:
    from typing_extensions import Self


class istr(str):
    """Case insensitive str."""

    __is_istr__ = True
    __istr_identity__: Optional[str] = None


_V = TypeVar("_V")
_T = TypeVar("_T")

_SENTINEL = enum.Enum("_SENTINEL", "sentinel")
sentinel = _SENTINEL.sentinel

_version = array("Q", [0])


class _Iter(Generic[_T]):
    __slots__ = ("_size", "_iter")

    def __init__(self, size: int, iterator: Iterator[_T]):
        self._size = size
        self._iter = iterator

    def __iter__(self) -> Self:
        return self

    def __next__(self) -> _T:
        return next(self._iter)

    def __length_hint__(self) -> int:
        return self._size


class _ViewBase(Generic[_V]):
    def __init__(
        self,
        md: "MultiDict[_V]",
    ):
        self._md = md

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        return len(self._md)


class _ItemsView(_ViewBase[_V], ItemsView[str, _V]):
    def __contains__(self, item: object) -> bool:
        if not isinstance(item, (tuple, list)) or len(item) != 2:
            return False
        key, value = item
        try:
            identity = self._md._identity(key)
        except TypeError:
            return False
        hash_ = hash(identity)
        for slot, idx, e in self._md._keys.iter_hash(hash_):
            if e.identity == identity and value == e.value:
                return True
        return False

    def __iter__(self) -> _Iter[tuple[str, _V]]:
        return _Iter(len(self), self._iter(self._md._version))

    def _iter(self, version: int) -> Iterator[tuple[str, _V]]:
        for e in self._md._keys.iter_entries():
            if version != self._md._version:
                raise RuntimeError("Dictionary changed during iteration")
            yield self._md._key(e.key), e.value

    @reprlib.recursive_repr()
    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        lst = []
        for e in self._md._keys.iter_entries():
            lst.append(f"'{e.key}': {e.value!r}")
        body = ", ".join(lst)
        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__}({body})>"

    def _parse_item(
        self, arg: Union[tuple[str, _V], _T]
    ) -> Optional[tuple[int, str, str, _V]]:
        if not isinstance(arg, tuple):
            return None
        if len(arg) != 2:
            return None
        try:
            identity = self._md._identity(arg[0])
            return (hash(identity), identity, arg[0], arg[1])
        except TypeError:
            return None

    def _tmp_set(self, it: Iterable[_T]) -> set[tuple[str, _V]]:
        tmp = set()
        for arg in it:
            item = self._parse_item(arg)
            if item is None:
                continue
            else:
                tmp.add((item[1], item[3]))
        return tmp

    def __and__(self, other: Iterable[Any]) -> set[tuple[str, _V]]:
        ret = set()
        try:
            it = iter(other)
        except TypeError:
            return NotImplemented
        for arg in it:
            item = self._parse_item(arg)
            if item is None:
                continue
            hash_, identity, key, value = item
            for slot, idx, e in self._md._keys.iter_hash(hash_):
                e.hash = -1
                if e.identity == identity and e.value == value:
                    ret.add((e.key, e.value))
            self._md._keys.restore_hash(hash_)
        return ret

    def __rand__(self, other: Iterable[_T]) -> set[_T]:
        ret = set()
        try:
            it = iter(other)
        except TypeError:
            return NotImplemented
        for arg in it:
            item = self._parse_item(arg)
            if item is None:
                continue
            hash_, identity, key, value = item
            for slot, idx, e in self._md._keys.iter_hash(hash_):
                if e.identity == identity and e.value == value:
                    ret.add(arg)
                    break
        return ret

    def __or__(self, other: Iterable[_T]) -> set[Union[tuple[str, _V], _T]]:
        ret: set[Union[tuple[str, _V], _T]] = set(self)
        try:
            it = iter(other)
        except TypeError:
            return NotImplemented
        for arg in it:
            item: Optional[tuple[int, str, str, _V]] = self._parse_item(arg)
            if item is None:
                ret.add(arg)
                continue
            hash_, identity, key, value = item
            for slot, idx, e in self._md._keys.iter_hash(hash_):
                if e.identity == identity and e.value == value:  # pragma: no branch
                    break
            else:
                ret.add(arg)
        return ret

    def __ror__(self, other: Iterable[_T]) -> set[Union[tuple[str, _V], _T]]:
        try:
            ret: set[Union[tuple[str, _V], _T]] = set(other)
        except TypeError:
            return NotImplemented
        tmp = self._tmp_set(ret)

        for e in self._md._keys.iter_entries():
            if (e.identity, e.value) not in tmp:
                ret.add((e.key, e.value))
        return ret

    def __sub__(self, other: Iterable[_T]) -> set[Union[tuple[str, _V], _T]]:
        ret: set[Union[tuple[str, _V], _T]] = set()
        try:
            it = iter(other)
        except TypeError:
            return NotImplemented
        tmp = self._tmp_set(it)

        for e in self._md._keys.iter_entries():
            if (e.identity, e.value) not in tmp:
                ret.add((e.key, e.value))

        return ret

    def __rsub__(self, other: Iterable[_T]) -> set[_T]:
        ret: set[_T] = set()
        try:
            it = iter(other)
        except TypeError:
            return NotImplemented
        for arg in it:
            item = self._parse_item(arg)
            if item is None:
                ret.add(arg)
                continue

            hash_, identity, key, value = item
            for slot, idx, e in self._md._keys.iter_hash(hash_):
                if e.identity == identity and e.value == value:  # pragma: no branch
                    break
            else:
                ret.add(arg)
        return ret

    def __xor__(self, other: Iterable[_T]) -> set[Union[tuple[str, _V], _T]]:
        try:
            rgt = set(other)
        except TypeError:
            return NotImplemented
        ret: set[Union[tuple[str, _V], _T]] = self - rgt
        ret |= rgt - self
        return ret

    __rxor__ = __xor__

    def isdisjoint(self, other: Iterable[tuple[str, _V]]) -> bool:
        for arg in other:
            item = self._parse_item(arg)
            if item is None:
                continue

            hash_, identity, key, value = item
            for slot, idx, e in self._md._keys.iter_hash(hash_):
                if e.identity == identity and e.value == value:  # pragma: no branch
                    return False
        return True


class _ValuesView(_ViewBase[_V], ValuesView[_V]):
    def __contains__(self, value: object) -> bool:
        for e in self._md._keys.iter_entries():
            if e.value == value:
                return True
        return False

    def __iter__(self) -> _Iter[_V]:
        return _Iter(len(self), self._iter(self._md._version))

    def _iter(self, version: int) -> Iterator[_V]:
        for e in self._md._keys.iter_entries():
            if version != self._md._version:
                raise RuntimeError("Dictionary changed during iteration")
            yield e.value

    @reprlib.recursive_repr()
    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        lst = []
        for e in self._md._keys.iter_entries():
            lst.append(repr(e.value))
        body = ", ".join(lst)
        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__}({body})>"


class _KeysView(_ViewBase[_V], KeysView[str]):
    def __contains__(self, key: object) -> bool:
        if not isinstance(key, str):
            return False
        identity = self._md._identity(key)
        hash_ = hash(identity)
        for slot, idx, e in self._md._keys.iter_hash(hash_):
            if e.identity == identity:  # pragma: no branch
                return True
        return False

    def __iter__(self) -> _Iter[str]:
        return _Iter(len(self), self._iter(self._md._version))

    def _iter(self, version: int) -> Iterator[str]:
        for e in self._md._keys.iter_entries():
            if version != self._md._version:
                raise RuntimeError("Dictionary changed during iteration")
            yield self._md._key(e.key)

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        lst = []
        for e in self._md._keys.iter_entries():
            lst.append(f"'{e.key}'")
        body = ", ".join(lst)
        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__}({body})>"

    def __and__(self, other: Iterable[object]) -> set[str]:
        ret = set()
        try:
            it = iter(other)
        except TypeError:
            return NotImplemented
        for key in it:
            if not isinstance(key, str):
                continue
            identity = self._md._identity(key)
            hash_ = hash(identity)
            for slot, idx, e in self._md._keys.iter_hash(hash_):
                if e.identity == identity:  # pragma: no branch
                    ret.add(e.key)
                    break
        return ret

    def __rand__(self, other: Iterable[_T]) -> set[_T]:
        ret = set()
        try:
            it = iter(other)
        except TypeError:
            return NotImplemented
        for key in it:
            if not isinstance(key, str):
                continue
            if key in self._md:
                ret.add(key)
        return cast(set[_T], ret)

    def __or__(self, other: Iterable[_T]) -> set[Union[str, _T]]:
        ret: set[Union[str, _T]] = set(self)
        try:
            it = iter(other)
        except TypeError:
            return NotImplemented
        for key in it:
            if not isinstance(key, str):
                ret.add(key)
                continue
            if key not in self._md:
                ret.add(key)
        return ret

    def __ror__(self, other: Iterable[_T]) -> set[Union[str, _T]]:
        try:
            ret: set[Union[str, _T]] = set(other)
        except TypeError:
            return NotImplemented

        tmp = set()
        for key in ret:
            if not isinstance(key, str):
                continue
            identity = self._md._identity(key)
            tmp.add(identity)

        for e in self._md._keys.iter_entries():
            if e.identity not in tmp:
                ret.add(e.key)
        return ret

    def __sub__(self, other: Iterable[object]) -> set[str]:
        ret = set(self)
        try:
            it = iter(other)
        except TypeError:
            return NotImplemented
        for key in it:
            if not isinstance(key, str):
                continue
            identity = self._md._identity(key)
            hash_ = hash(identity)
            for slot, idx, e in self._md._keys.iter_hash(hash_):
                if e.identity == identity:  # pragma: no branch
                    ret.discard(e.key)
                    break
        return ret

    def __rsub__(self, other: Iterable[_T]) -> set[_T]:
        try:
            ret: set[_T] = set(other)
        except TypeError:
            return NotImplemented
        for key in other:
            if not isinstance(key, str):
                continue
            if key in self._md:
                ret.discard(key)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
        return ret

    def __xor__(self, other: Iterable[_T]) -> set[Union[str, _T]]:
        try:
            rgt = set(other)
        except TypeError:
            return NotImplemented
        ret: set[Union[str, _T]] = self - rgt  # type: ignore[assignment]
        ret |= rgt - self
        return ret

    __rxor__ = __xor__

    def isdisjoint(self, other: Iterable[object]) -> bool:
        for key in other:
            if not isinstance(key, str):
                continue
            if key in self._md:
                return False
        return True


class _CSMixin:
    _ci: ClassVar[bool] = False

    def _key(self, key: str) -> str:
        return key

    def _identity(self, key: str) -> str:
        if isinstance(key, str):
            return key
        else:
            raise TypeError("MultiDict keys should be either str or subclasses of str")


class _CIMixin:
    _ci: ClassVar[bool] = True

    def _key(self, key: str) -> str:
        if type(key) is istr:
            return key
        else:
            return istr(key)

    def _identity(self, key: str) -> str:
        if isinstance(key, istr):
            ret = key.__istr_identity__
            if ret is None:
                ret = key.title()
                key.__istr_identity__ = ret
            return ret
        if isinstance(key, str):
            return key.title()
        else:
            raise TypeError("MultiDict keys should be either str or subclasses of str")


def estimate_log2_keysize(n: int) -> int:
    # 7 == HT_MINSIZE - 1
    return (((n * 3 + 1) // 2) | 7).bit_length()


@dataclass
class _Entry(Generic[_V]):
    hash: int
    identity: str
    key: str
    value: _V


@dataclass
class _HtKeys(Generic[_V]):  # type: ignore[misc]
    LOG_MINSIZE: ClassVar[int] = 3
    MINSIZE: ClassVar[int] = 8
    PREALLOCATED_INDICES: ClassVar[dict[int, array]] = {  # type: ignore[type-arg]
        log2_size: array(
            "b" if log2_size < 8 else "h", (-1 for i in range(1 << log2_size))
        )
        for log2_size in range(3, 10)
    }

    log2_size: int
    usable: int

    indices: array  # type: ignore[type-arg] # in py3.9 array is not generic
    entries: list[Optional[_Entry[_V]]]

    @functools.cached_property
    def nslots(self) -> int:
        return 1 << self.log2_size

    @functools.cached_property
    def mask(self) -> int:
        return self.nslots - 1

    if sys.implementation.name != "pypy":

        def __sizeof__(self) -> int:
            return (
                object.__sizeof__(self)
                + sys.getsizeof(self.indices)
                + sys.getsizeof(self.entries)
            )

    @classmethod
    def new(cls, log2_size: int, entries: list[Optional[_Entry[_V]]]) -> Self:
        size = 1 << log2_size
        usable = (size << 1) // 3
        if log2_size < 10:
            indices = cls.PREALLOCATED_INDICES[log2_size].__copy__()
        elif log2_size < 16:
            indices = array("h", (-1 for i in range(size)))
        elif log2_size < 32:
            indices = array("l", (-1 for i in range(size)))
        else:  # pragma: no cover  # don't test huge multidicts
            indices = array("q", (-1 for i in range(size)))
        ret = cls(
            log2_size=log2_size,
            usable=usable,
            indices=indices,
            entries=entries,
        )
        return ret

    def clone(self) -> "_HtKeys[_V]":
        entries = [
            _Entry(e.hash, e.identity, e.key, e.value) if e is not None else None
            for e in self.entries
        ]

        return _HtKeys(
            log2_size=self.log2_size,
            usable=self.usable,
            indices=self.indices.__copy__(),
            entries=entries,
        )

    def build_indices(self, update: bool) -> None:
        mask = self.mask
        indices = self.indices
        for idx, e in enumerate(self.entries):
            assert e is not None
            hash_ = e.hash
            if update:
                if hash_ == -1:
                    hash_ = hash(e.identity)
            else:
                assert hash_ != -1
            i = hash_ & mask
            perturb = hash_ & sys.maxsize
            while indices[i] != -1:
                perturb >>= 5
                i = mask & (i * 5 + perturb + 1)
            indices[i] = idx

    def find_empty_slot(self, hash_: int) -> int:
        mask = self.mask
        indices = self.indices
        i = hash_ & mask
        perturb = hash_ & sys.maxsize
        ix = indices[i]
        while ix != -1:
            perturb >>= 5
            i = (i * 5 + perturb + 1) & mask
            ix = indices[i]
        return i

    def iter_hash(self, hash_: int) -> Iterator[tuple[int, int, _Entry[_V]]]:
        mask = self.mask
        indices = self.indices
        entries = self.entries
        i = hash_ & mask
        perturb = hash_ & sys.maxsize
        ix = indices[i]
        while ix != -1:
            if ix != -2:
                e = entries[ix]
                if e.hash == hash_:
                    yield i, ix, e
            perturb >>= 5
            i = (i * 5 + perturb + 1) & mask
            ix = indices[i]

    def del_idx(self, hash_: int, idx: int) -> None:
        mask = self.mask
        indices = self.indices
        i = hash_ & mask
        perturb = hash_ & sys.maxsize
        ix = indices[i]
        while ix != idx:
            perturb >>= 5
            i = (i * 5 + perturb + 1) & mask
            ix = indices[i]
        indices[i] = -2

    def iter_entries(self) -> Iterator[_Entry[_V]]:
        return filter(None, self.entries)

    def restore_hash(self, hash_: int) -> None:
        mask = self.mask
        indices = self.indices
        entries = self.entries
        i = hash_ & mask
        perturb = hash_ & sys.maxsize
        ix = indices[i]
        while ix != -1:
            if ix != -2:
                entry = entries[ix]
                if entry.hash == -1:
                    entry.hash = hash_
            perturb >>= 5
            i = (i * 5 + perturb + 1) & mask
            ix = indices[i]


class MultiDict(_CSMixin, MutableMultiMapping[_V]):
    """Dictionary with the support for duplicate keys."""

    __slots__ = ("_keys", "_used", "_version")

    def __init__(self, arg: MDArg[_V] = None, /, **kwargs: _V):
        self._used = 0
        v = _version
        v[0] += 1
        self._version = v[0]
        if not kwargs:
            md = None
            if isinstance(arg, MultiDictProxy):
                md = arg._md
            elif isinstance(arg, MultiDict):
                md = arg
            if md is not None and md._ci is self._ci:
                self._from_md(md)
                return

        items = self._parse_args(arg, kwargs)
        log2_size = estimate_log2_keysize(len(items))
        if log2_size > 17:  # pragma: no cover
            # Don't overallocate really huge keys space in init
            log2_size = 17
        self._keys: _HtKeys[_V] = _HtKeys.new(log2_size, [])
        self._extend_items(items)

    def _from_md(self, md: "MultiDict[_V]") -> None:
        # Copy everything as-is without compacting the new multidict,
        # otherwise it requires reindexing
        self._keys = md._keys.clone()
        self._used = md._used

    @overload
    def getall(self, key: str) -> list[_V]: ...
    @overload
    def getall(self, key: str, default: _T) -> Union[list[_V], _T]: ...
    def getall(
        self, key: str, default: Union[_T, _SENTINEL] = sentinel
    ) -> Union[list[_V], _T]:
        """Return a list of all values matching the key."""
        identity = self._identity(key)
        hash_ = hash(identity)
        res = []

        for slot, idx, e in self._keys.iter_hash(hash_):
            if e.identity == identity:  # pragma: no branch
                res.append(e.value)
                e.hash = -1
        self._keys.restore_hash(hash_)

        if res:
            return res
        if not res and default is not sentinel:
            return default
        raise KeyError("Key not found: %r" % key)

    @overload
    def getone(self, key: str) -> _V: ...
    @overload
    def getone(self, key: str, default: _T) -> Union[_V, _T]: ...
    def getone(
        self, key: str, default: Union[_T, _SENTINEL] = sentinel
    ) -> Union[_V, _T]:
        """Get first value matching the key.

        Raises KeyError if the key is not found and no default is provided.
        """
        identity = self._identity(key)
        hash_ = hash(identity)
        for slot, idx, e in self._keys.iter_hash(hash_):
            if e.identity == identity:  # pragma: no branch
                return e.value
        if default is not sentinel:
            return default
        raise KeyError("Key not found: %r" % key)

    # Mapping interface #

    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> _V:
        return self.getone(key)

    @overload
    def get(self, key: str, /) -> Union[_V, None]: ...
    @overload
    def get(self, key: str, /, default: _T) -> Union[_V, _T]: ...
    def get(self, key: str, default: Union[_T, None] = None) -> Union[_V, _T, None]:
        """Get first value matching the key.

        If the key is not found, returns the default (or None if no default is provided)
        """
        return self.getone(key, default)

    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]:
        return iter(self.keys())

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        return self._used

    def keys(self) -> KeysView[str]:
        """Return a new view of the dictionary's keys."""
        return _KeysView(self)

    def items(self) -> ItemsView[str, _V]:
        """Return a new view of the dictionary's items *(key, value) pairs)."""
        return _ItemsView(self)

    def values(self) -> _ValuesView[_V]:
        """Return a new view of the dictionary's values."""
        return _ValuesView(self)

    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
        if not isinstance(other, Mapping):
            return NotImplemented
        if isinstance(other, MultiDictProxy):
            return self == other._md
        if isinstance(other, MultiDict):
            lft = self._keys
            rht = other._keys
            if self._used != other._used:
                return False
            for e1, e2 in zip(lft.iter_entries(), rht.iter_entries()):
                if e1.identity != e2.identity or e1.value != e2.value:
                    return False
            return True
        if self._used != len(other):
            return False
        for k, v in self.items():
            nv = other.get(k, sentinel)
            if v != nv:
                return False
        return True

    def __contains__(self, key: object) -> bool:
        if not isinstance(key, str):
            return False
        identity = self._identity(key)
        hash_ = hash(identity)
        for slot, idx, e in self._keys.iter_hash(hash_):
            if e.identity == identity:  # pragma: no branch
                return True
        return False

    @reprlib.recursive_repr()
    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        body = ", ".join(f"'{e.key}': {e.value!r}" for e in self._keys.iter_entries())
        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__}({body})>"

    if sys.implementation.name != "pypy":

        def __sizeof__(self) -> int:
            return object.__sizeof__(self) + sys.getsizeof(self._keys)

    def __reduce__(self) -> tuple[type[Self], tuple[list[tuple[str, _V]]]]:
        return (self.__class__, (list(self.items()),))

    def add(self, key: str, value: _V) -> None:
        identity = self._identity(key)
        hash_ = hash(identity)
        self._add_with_hash(_Entry(hash_, identity, key, value))
        self._incr_version()

    def copy(self) -> Self:
        """Return a copy of itself."""
        cls = self.__class__
        return cls(self)

    __copy__ = copy

    def extend(self, arg: MDArg[_V] = None, /, **kwargs: _V) -> None:
        """Extend current MultiDict with more values.

        This method must be used instead of update.
        """
        items = self._parse_args(arg, kwargs)
        newsize = self._used + len(items)
        self._resize(estimate_log2_keysize(newsize), False)
        self._extend_items(items)

    def _parse_args(
        self,
        arg: MDArg[_V],
        kwargs: Mapping[str, _V],
    ) -> list[_Entry[_V]]:
        identity_func = self._identity
        if arg:
            if isinstance(arg, MultiDictProxy):
                arg = arg._md
            if isinstance(arg, MultiDict):
                if self._ci is not arg._ci:
                    items = []
                    for e in arg._keys.iter_entries():
                        identity = identity_func(e.key)
                        items.append(_Entry(hash(identity), identity, e.key, e.value))
                else:
                    items = [
                        _Entry(e.hash, e.identity, e.key, e.value)
                        for e in arg._keys.iter_entries()
                    ]
                if kwargs:
                    for key, value in kwargs.items():
                        identity = identity_func(key)
                        items.append(_Entry(hash(identity), identity, key, value))
            else:
                if hasattr(arg, "keys"):
                    arg = cast(SupportsKeys[_V], arg)
                    arg = [(k, arg[k]) for k in arg.keys()]
                if kwargs:
                    arg = list(arg)
                    arg.extend(list(kwargs.items()))
                items = []
                for pos, item in enumerate(arg):
                    if not len(item) == 2:
                        raise ValueError(
                            f"multidict update sequence element #{pos}"
                            f"has length {len(item)}; 2 is required"
                        )
                    identity = identity_func(item[0])
                    items.append(_Entry(hash(identity), identity, item[0], item[1]))
        else:
            items = []
            for key, value in kwargs.items():
                identity = identity_func(key)
                items.append(_Entry(hash(identity), identity, key, value))

        return items

    def _extend_items(self, items: Iterable[_Entry[_V]]) -> None:
        for e in items:
            self._add_with_hash(e)
        self._incr_version()

    def clear(self) -> None:
        """Remove all items from MultiDict."""
        self._used = 0
        self._keys = _HtKeys.new(_HtKeys.LOG_MINSIZE, [])
        self._incr_version()

    # Mapping interface #

    def __setitem__(self, key: str, value: _V) -> None:
        identity = self._identity(key)
        hash_ = hash(identity)
        found = False

        for slot, idx, e in self._keys.iter_hash(hash_):
            if e.identity == identity:  # pragma: no branch
                if not found:
                    e.key = key
                    e.value = value
                    e.hash = -1
                    found = True
                    self._incr_version()
                elif e.hash != -1:  # pragma: no branch
                    self._del_at(slot, idx)

        if not found:
            self._add_with_hash(_Entry(hash_, identity, key, value))
        else:
            self._keys.restore_hash(hash_)

    def __delitem__(self, key: str) -> None:
        found = False
        identity = self._identity(key)
        hash_ = hash(identity)
        for slot, idx, e in self._keys.iter_hash(hash_):
            if e.identity == identity:  # pragma: no branch
                self._del_at(slot, idx)
                found = True
        if not found:
            raise KeyError(key)
        else:
            self._incr_version()

    @overload
    def setdefault(
        self: "MultiDict[Union[_T, None]]", key: str, default: None = None
    ) -> Union[_T, None]: ...
    @overload
    def setdefault(self, key: str, default: _V) -> _V: ...
    def setdefault(self, key: str, default: Union[_V, None] = None) -> Union[_V, None]:  # type: ignore[misc]
        """Return value for key, set value to default if key is not present."""
        identity = self._identity(key)
        hash_ = hash(identity)
        for slot, idx, e in self._keys.iter_hash(hash_):
            if e.identity == identity:  # pragma: no branch
                return e.value
        self.add(key, default)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
        return default

    @overload
    def popone(self, key: str) -> _V: ...
    @overload
    def popone(self, key: str, default: _T) -> Union[_V, _T]: ...
    def popone(
        self, key: str, default: Union[_T, _SENTINEL] = sentinel
    ) -> Union[_V, _T]:
        """Remove specified key and return the corresponding value.

        If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise
        KeyError is raised.

        """
        identity = self._identity(key)
        hash_ = hash(identity)
        for slot, idx, e in self._keys.iter_hash(hash_):
            if e.identity == identity:  # pragma: no branch
                value = e.value
                self._del_at(slot, idx)
                self._incr_version()
                return value
        if default is sentinel:
            raise KeyError(key)
        else:
            return default

    # Type checking will inherit signature for pop() if we don't confuse it here.
    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
        pop = popone

    @overload
    def popall(self, key: str) -> list[_V]: ...
    @overload
    def popall(self, key: str, default: _T) -> Union[list[_V], _T]: ...
    def popall(
        self, key: str, default: Union[_T, _SENTINEL] = sentinel
    ) -> Union[list[_V], _T]:
        """Remove all occurrences of key and return the list of corresponding
        values.

        If key is not found, default is returned if given, otherwise
        KeyError is raised.

        """
        found = False
        identity = self._identity(key)
        hash_ = hash(identity)
        ret = []
        for slot, idx, e in self._keys.iter_hash(hash_):
            if e.identity == identity:  # pragma: no branch
                found = True
                ret.append(e.value)
                self._del_at(slot, idx)
                self._incr_version()

        if not found:
            if default is sentinel:
                raise KeyError(key)
            else:
                return default
        else:
            return ret

    def popitem(self) -> tuple[str, _V]:
        """Remove and return an arbitrary (key, value) pair."""
        if self._used <= 0:
            raise KeyError("empty multidict")

        pos = len(self._keys.entries) - 1
        entry = self._keys.entries.pop()

        while entry is None:
            pos -= 1
            entry = self._keys.entries.pop()

        ret = self._key(entry.key), entry.value
        self._keys.del_idx(entry.hash, pos)
        self._used -= 1
        self._incr_version()
        return ret

    def update(self, arg: MDArg[_V] = None, /, **kwargs: _V) -> None:
        """Update the dictionary from *other*, overwriting existing keys."""
        items = self._parse_args(arg, kwargs)
        newsize = self._used + len(items)
        log2_size = estimate_log2_keysize(newsize)
        if log2_size > 17:  # pragma: no cover
            # Don't overallocate really huge keys space in update,
            # duplicate keys could reduce the resulting anount of entries
            log2_size = 17
        if log2_size > self._keys.log2_size:
            self._resize(log2_size, False)
        self._update_items(items)

    def _update_items(self, items: list[_Entry[_V]]) -> None:
        if not items:
            return
        for entry in items:
            found = False
            hash_ = entry.hash
            identity = entry.identity
            for slot, idx, e in self._keys.iter_hash(hash_):
                if e.identity == identity:  # pragma: no branch
                    if not found:
                        found = True
                        e.key = entry.key
                        e.value = entry.value
                        e.hash = -1
                    else:
                        self._del_at_for_upd(e)
            if not found:
                self._add_with_hash_for_upd(entry)

        keys = self._keys
        indices = keys.indices
        entries = keys.entries
        for slot in range(keys.nslots):
            idx = indices[slot]
            if idx >= 0:
                e2 = entries[idx]
                assert e2 is not None
                if e2.key is None:
                    entries[idx] = None  # type: ignore[unreachable]
                    indices[slot] = -2
                    self._used -= 1
                if e2.hash == -1:
                    e2.hash = hash(e2.identity)

        self._incr_version()

    def _incr_version(self) -> None:
        v = _version
        v[0] += 1
        self._version = v[0]

    def _resize(self, log2_newsize: int, update: bool) -> None:
        oldkeys = self._keys
        newentries = self._used

        if len(oldkeys.entries) == newentries:
            entries = oldkeys.entries
        else:
            entries = [e for e in oldkeys.entries if e is not None]
        newkeys: _HtKeys[_V] = _HtKeys.new(log2_newsize, entries)
        newkeys.usable -= newentries
        newkeys.build_indices(update)
        self._keys = newkeys

    def _add_with_hash(self, entry: _Entry[_V]) -> None:
        if self._keys.usable <= 0:
            self._resize((self._used * 3 | _HtKeys.MINSIZE - 1).bit_length(), False)
        keys = self._keys
        slot = keys.find_empty_slot(entry.hash)
        keys.indices[slot] = len(keys.entries)
        keys.entries.append(entry)
        self._incr_version()
        self._used += 1
        keys.usable -= 1

    def _add_with_hash_for_upd(self, entry: _Entry[_V]) -> None:
        if self._keys.usable <= 0:
            self._resize((self._used * 3 | _HtKeys.MINSIZE - 1).bit_length(), True)
        keys = self._keys
        slot = keys.find_empty_slot(entry.hash)
        keys.indices[slot] = len(keys.entries)
        entry.hash = -1
        keys.entries.append(entry)
        self._incr_version()
        self._used += 1
        keys.usable -= 1

    def _del_at(self, slot: int, idx: int) -> None:
        self._keys.entries[idx] = None
        self._keys.indices[slot] = -2
        self._used -= 1

    def _del_at_for_upd(self, entry: _Entry[_V]) -> None:
        entry.key = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
        entry.value = None  # type: ignore[assignment]


class CIMultiDict(_CIMixin, MultiDict[_V]):
    """Dictionary with the support for duplicate case-insensitive keys."""


class MultiDictProxy(_CSMixin, MultiMapping[_V]):
    """Read-only proxy for MultiDict instance."""

    __slots__ = ("_md",)

    _md: MultiDict[_V]

    def __init__(self, arg: Union[MultiDict[_V], "MultiDictProxy[_V]"]):
        if not isinstance(arg, (MultiDict, MultiDictProxy)):
            raise TypeError(
                "ctor requires MultiDict or MultiDictProxy instance"
                f", not {type(arg)}"
            )
        if isinstance(arg, MultiDictProxy):
            self._md = arg._md
        else:
            self._md = arg

    def __reduce__(self) -> NoReturn:
        raise TypeError(f"can't pickle {self.__class__.__name__} objects")

    @overload
    def getall(self, key: str) -> list[_V]: ...
    @overload
    def getall(self, key: str, default: _T) -> Union[list[_V], _T]: ...
    def getall(
        self, key: str, default: Union[_T, _SENTINEL] = sentinel
    ) -> Union[list[_V], _T]:
        """Return a list of all values matching the key."""
        if default is not sentinel:
            return self._md.getall(key, default)
        else:
            return self._md.getall(key)

    @overload
    def getone(self, key: str) -> _V: ...
    @overload
    def getone(self, key: str, default: _T) -> Union[_V, _T]: ...
    def getone(
        self, key: str, default: Union[_T, _SENTINEL] = sentinel
    ) -> Union[_V, _T]:
        """Get first value matching the key.

        Raises KeyError if the key is not found and no default is provided.
        """
        if default is not sentinel:
            return self._md.getone(key, default)
        else:
            return self._md.getone(key)

    # Mapping interface #

    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> _V:
        return self.getone(key)

    @overload
    def get(self, key: str, /) -> Union[_V, None]: ...
    @overload
    def get(self, key: str, /, default: _T) -> Union[_V, _T]: ...
    def get(self, key: str, default: Union[_T, None] = None) -> Union[_V, _T, None]:
        """Get first value matching the key.

        If the key is not found, returns the default (or None if no default is provided)
        """
        return self._md.getone(key, default)

    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]:
        return iter(self._md.keys())

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        return len(self._md)

    def keys(self) -> KeysView[str]:
        """Return a new view of the dictionary's keys."""
        return self._md.keys()

    def items(self) -> ItemsView[str, _V]:
        """Return a new view of the dictionary's items *(key, value) pairs)."""
        return self._md.items()

    def values(self) -> _ValuesView[_V]:
        """Return a new view of the dictionary's values."""
        return self._md.values()

    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
        return self._md == other

    def __contains__(self, key: object) -> bool:
        return key in self._md

    @reprlib.recursive_repr()
    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        body = ", ".join(f"'{k}': {v!r}" for k, v in self.items())
        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__}({body})>"

    def copy(self) -> MultiDict[_V]:
        """Return a copy of itself."""
        return MultiDict(self._md)


class CIMultiDictProxy(_CIMixin, MultiDictProxy[_V]):
    """Read-only proxy for CIMultiDict instance."""

    def __init__(self, arg: Union[MultiDict[_V], MultiDictProxy[_V]]):
        if not isinstance(arg, (CIMultiDict, CIMultiDictProxy)):
            raise TypeError(
                "ctor requires CIMultiDict or CIMultiDictProxy instance"
                f", not {type(arg)}"
            )

        super().__init__(arg)

    def copy(self) -> CIMultiDict[_V]:
        """Return a copy of itself."""
        return CIMultiDict(self._md)


def getversion(md: Union[MultiDict[object], MultiDictProxy[object]]) -> int:
    if isinstance(md, MultiDictProxy):
        md = md._md
    elif not isinstance(md, MultiDict):
        raise TypeError("Parameter should be multidict or proxy")
    return md._version