## Handle secrets either from env vars or streamlit manager
import streamlit as st
import os
api_key = os.getenv("LITELLM_KEY")
if api_key is None:
    api_key = st.secrets["LITELLM_KEY"]
cirrus_key = os.getenv("CIRRUS_KEY")
if cirrus_key is None:
    cirrus_key = st.secrets["CIRRUS_KEY"]

import os
import requests
import zipfile

def download_and_unzip(url, output_dir):
    response = requests.get(url)
    zip_file_path = os.path.basename(url)
    with open(zip_file_path, 'wb') as f:
        f.write(response.content)
    with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_file_path, 'r') as zip_ref:
        zip_ref.extractall(output_dir)
    os.remove(zip_file_path)

download_and_unzip("https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip", "hwc")

import pathlib
from langchain_community.document_loaders import PyPDFLoader

def pdf_loader(path):
    all_documents = []
    docs_dir = pathlib.Path(path)
    for file in docs_dir.iterdir():
        loader = PyPDFLoader(file)
        documents = loader.load()
        all_documents.extend(documents)
    return all_documents

docs = pdf_loader('hwc/')

# NRP embedding model tends to throw errors
# embedding = OpenAIEmbeddings(model = "embed-mistral", api_key = api_key, base_url = "https://llm.nrp-nautilus.io")

## Use the model on Cirrus instead:

from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings
embedding = OpenAIEmbeddings(
                 model = "cirrus",
                 api_key =  cirrus_key, 
                 base_url = "https://llm.cirrus.carlboettiger.info/v1",
)

# Build a retrival agent
from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
text_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=5000, chunk_overlap=500)
splits = text_splitter.split_documents(docs)

# slow part here, runs on remote GPU
from langchain_core.vectorstores import InMemoryVectorStore
vectorstore = InMemoryVectorStore.from_documents(documents = splits, embedding = embedding)
retriever = vectorstore.as_retriever()

# Choose any of the models listed by their short-name:
# see `curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $OPENAI_API_KEY" https://llm.nrp-nautilus.io/v1/models`
"""
models = {"llama3": "llama3-sdsc", 
          "deepseek-small": "DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B",
          "deepseek": "deepseek-r1-qwen-qualcomm",
          "gemma3": "gemma3",
          "phi3": "phi3",
          "olmo": "olmo"
         }
"""
from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
#llm = ChatOpenAI(model = models['gemma3'],
                 #api_key = api_key, 
                 #base_url = "https://llm.nrp-nautilus.io",  
                 #temperature=0)


from langchain.chains import create_retrieval_chain
from langchain.chains.combine_documents import create_stuff_documents_chain
from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate

system_prompt = (
    "You are an assistant for question-answering tasks. "
    "Use the following scientific articles as the retrieved context to answer "
    "the question. Appropriately cite the articles from the context on which your answer is based using (Author, Year) format. "
    "Do not attempt to cite articles that are not in the context."
    "If you don't know the answer, say that you don't know."
    "Use up to five sentences maximum and keep the answer concise.\n\n"
    "{context}"
)
"""
prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
    [
        ("system", system_prompt),
        ("human", "{input}"),
    ]
)
question_answer_chain = create_stuff_documents_chain(retriever, prompt)
rag_chain = create_retrieval_chain(retriever, question_answer_chain)
"""

def test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5):
    retriever.search_kwargs["k"] = k  # restrict top-k results
    retrieved_docs = retriever.invoke(query)
    
    print(f"\n🔍 Query: {query}")
    print(f"\n📄 Top {k} Retrieved Documents:\n" + "-"*60)
    
    for i, doc in enumerate(retrieved_docs):
        print(f"\n--- Document #{i+1} ---")
        print(doc.page_content[:1000])  # preview first 1000 chars
        if hasattr(doc, "metadata") and doc.metadata:
            print("\n[Metadata]:", doc.metadata)

test_query = "I live in Tanzania and am having issues with lions breaking into my boma and preying on cattle. What are a few ways to help me prevent this from happening in the future? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
test_retriever_only

🔍 Query: I live in Tanzania and am having issues with lions breaking into my boma and preying on cattle. What are a few ways to help me prevent this from happening in the future? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip

📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
------------------------------------------------------------

--- Document #1 ---
242 Conﬂict Intervention Priorities
helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
Education and awareness programs were often cited in
feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
exploration into why and where conservation decision
makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
may be more effective than simple information provision
or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
However, how different interventio

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}

--- Document #2 ---
8 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure A5. Silhouette width plot of the k-medoid partitions with k = 2 to 10 used to estimate the best 
number of clusters to describe livestock husbandry systems within the wolf range in northern Portugal 
(see the main text for details). 
  
2 4 6 8 10 
0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 
Number of clusters 
Silhouette Width

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creator': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creationdate': '2017-01-25T14:50:41+00:00', 'author': 'V. Pimenta', 'moddate': '2017-01-25T14:52:31+00:00', 'source': 'hwc\\Pimenta et al. 2017.pdf', 'total_pages': 20, 'page': 17, 'page_label': '18'}

--- Document #3 ---
Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
beginning AC treatm ent.
https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
PLOS ONE
Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}

--- Document #4 ---
51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}

--- Document #5 ---
3
Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS  |        (2020) 10:15341  | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
www.nature.com/scientificreports/
numbers increase and more bears need more  food26,43,44. Hence, the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions can 
be lower than expected when hungry bears become persistent and more aggressive in damaging behaviour. As 
high density may lead to more bears involved in conflicts, it also could increase the demand for bear  removal45 
and affect the effectiveness of removal techniques such as translocation and lethal control.
In this paper, we compiled a global database of intervention effectiveness against bears and studied how it 
is related to bear species and densities, duration of intervention application, and intervention techniques. We 
attempted to find and describe the most effective and the least effective interventions against bears. Further, we 
tested several hypotheses: (1) lethal control and invasive management are less effective th

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Adobe PDF Library 15.0; modified using iText® 5.3.5 ©2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (SPRINGER SBM; licensed version)', 'creator': 'Springer', 'creationdate': '2020-09-14T15:09:33+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'springer.com', 'moddate': '2020-09-14T15:58:07+02:00', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'author': 'Igor Khorozyan', 'title': 'Variation and conservation implications of the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'doi': '10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'springerlink.com', 'source': 'hwc\\Khorozyan and Waltert 2020.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}

<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>

test_query = "What should I do if elephants are destroying my crops? And what are the most cost-effective prevention methods, if there are any you know of? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
test_retriever_only

🔍 Query: What should I do if elephants are destroying my crops? And what are the most cost-effective prevention methods, if there are any you know of? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip

📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
------------------------------------------------------------

--- Document #1 ---
242 Conﬂict Intervention Priorities
helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
Education and awareness programs were often cited in
feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
exploration into why and where conservation decision
makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
may be more effective than simple information provision
or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
However, how different interventio

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}

--- Document #2 ---
Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
beginning AC treatm ent.
https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
PLOS ONE
Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}

--- Document #3 ---
51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}

--- Document #4 ---
* Correspondence: B. F. Blackwell, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research
Center, Ohio Field Station, Sandusky, OH, 44870, U.S.A.
E-mail address: bradley.f.blackwell@aphis.usda.gov (B. F. Blackwell).
Contents lists available atScienceDirect
Animal Behaviour
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013
0003-3472/Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Animal Behaviour 120 (2016) 245e254
SPECIAL ISSUE: CONSERVATION BEHAVIOUR

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows)', 'creator': 'Elsevier', 'creationdate': '2016-09-26T20:02:29+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'elsevier.com', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Animal Behaviour, 120 (2016) 245-254. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'author': 'Bradley F. Blackwell', 'elsevierwebpdfspecifications': '6.5', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'moddate': '2016-09-26T20:03:01+05:30', 'doi': '10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'sciencedirect.com', 'title': 'No single solution: application of behavioural principles in mitigating human-wildlife conflict', 'source': 'hwc\\Blackwell et al. 2016.pdf', 'total_pages': 10, 'page': 0, 'page_label': '245'}

--- Document #5 ---
3
Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS  |        (2020) 10:15341  | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
www.nature.com/scientificreports/
numbers increase and more bears need more  food26,43,44. Hence, the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions can 
be lower than expected when hungry bears become persistent and more aggressive in damaging behaviour. As 
high density may lead to more bears involved in conflicts, it also could increase the demand for bear  removal45 
and affect the effectiveness of removal techniques such as translocation and lethal control.
In this paper, we compiled a global database of intervention effectiveness against bears and studied how it 
is related to bear species and densities, duration of intervention application, and intervention techniques. We 
attempted to find and describe the most effective and the least effective interventions against bears. Further, we 
tested several hypotheses: (1) lethal control and invasive management are less effective th

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Adobe PDF Library 15.0; modified using iText® 5.3.5 ©2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (SPRINGER SBM; licensed version)', 'creator': 'Springer', 'creationdate': '2020-09-14T15:09:33+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'springer.com', 'moddate': '2020-09-14T15:58:07+02:00', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'author': 'Igor Khorozyan', 'title': 'Variation and conservation implications of the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'doi': '10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'springerlink.com', 'source': 'hwc\\Khorozyan and Waltert 2020.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}

<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>

test_query = "I know jaguars can prey on goats and cattle, which I have; what measures can I take to save them from getting harmed? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip."
test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
test_retriever_only

🔍 Query: I know jaguars can prey on goats and cattle, which I have; what measures can I take to save them from getting harmed? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip.

📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
------------------------------------------------------------

--- Document #1 ---
Graduate Fellowship from the University of Alberta
(https://w ww.ualberta.c a/index.htm l), and an
Alberta Gradua te Excellenc e Fellowship from the
Province of Alberta (https://stude ntaid.alber ta.ca/
scholarships /alberta-gradua te-excellenc e-
scholarship/ ). Additional financial support was
provided by an NSERC Discovery Grant (RGPIN-
2017-05915) and a Univers ity of Alberta Faculty of
Science Research Fellowsh ip awarded to C.C.S.C.
The British Columbia Conservatio n Officer Service
provided funding and assisted with field methods
but did not contribute to data analysis , the decision
to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Funding was also provided by the following
organizations : British Columbia Conservati on
Foundation (https://bccf .com/), Carney’s
WasteMana gement (https://dum psterrentals depot.
ca/dumpst er-rentals-whi stler/compan y/carneys-
waste-sys tems/), The Get Bear Smart Society
(https://w ww.bearsmar t.com/), Mountain
Equipment Co-op (https://www .mec.ca/en

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 1, 'page_label': '2'}

--- Document #2 ---
Received: 8 June 2023 | Revised: 30 October 2023 | Accepted: 31 October 2023
DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22526
REVIEW
Methods to mitigate human–wildlife conflicts
involving common mesopredators: a
meta‐analysis
Louis Lazure1,2 | Robert B. Weladji1
1Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke
Street West, Montréal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
2Zoo de Granby, 525 Saint‐Hubert Street,
Granby, QC J2G 5P3, Canada
Correspondence
Louis Lazure, Zoo de Granby, 525 Saint‐
Hubert Street, Granby, QC J2G 5P3, Canada.
Email: llazure@zoodegranby.com
Abstract
Conflicts between humans and mesopredators are frequent
and widespread. Over the last decades, conflicts have led to
the development and application of different mitigation
methods to diminish the costs and damage caused by such
conflicts. We conducted a systematic literature search and
meta‐analysis to assess the influence of different mitigation
methods on 3 common nuisance species: raccoons (Procyon
lotor), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and striped skunks (Mephitis
mephi

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'John Wiley & Sons', 'creationdate': '2024-01-03T16:15:52+05:30', 'keywords': 'management; Mephitis mephitis; mitigation; Procyon lotor; raccoon; red fox; striped skunk; Vulpes vulpes', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:05-07:00', 'subject': 'J Wildl Manag 2024.88:e22526', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1002/(ISSN)1937-2817', 'author': '', 'title': 'Methods to mitigate human–wildlife conflicts involving common mesopredators: a meta‐analysis', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1002/jwmg.22526', 'source': 'hwc\\Lazure and Weladji 2023.pdf', 'total_pages': 21, 'page': 0, 'page_label': '1'}

--- Document #3 ---
7,3 1 7e325
.
Hovick, T. J., Elmore, R. D., Dahlgren, D. K., Fuhlendorf, S. D., & Engle, D. M. (2014).
Evidence of negative effects of anthropogenic structures on wildlife: A review of
grouse survival and behaviour.Journal of Applied Ecology, 51, 1680e1689.
Huijser, M., McGowen, P., Fuller, J., Hardy, A., Kociolek, A., Clevenger, A. P., et al.
(2008). Wildlifeevehicle collision reduction study: Report to congress [No.
FHWAeHRTe08e034]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation.
Hunt, W. G., McClure, C. J. W., & Allison, T. D. (2015). Do raptors react to ultraviolet
light? Journal of Raptor Research, 49, 342e343.
Jaeger, M. M., Blejwas, K. M., Sacks, B. N., Neale, J. C. C., Conner, M. M., &
McCullough, D. R. (2001). Targeting alphas can make coyote control more
effective and socially acceptable.California Agriculture, 55,3 2e36.
Johnson, H. E., Breck, S. W., Baruch-Mordo, S., Lewis, D. L., Lackey, C. W.,
Wilson, K. R., et al. (2015). Shifting perceptions of risk and reward: Te

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows)', 'creator': 'Elsevier', 'creationdate': '2016-09-26T20:02:29+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'elsevier.com', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Animal Behaviour, 120 (2016) 245-254. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'author': 'Bradley F. Blackwell', 'elsevierwebpdfspecifications': '6.5', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'moddate': '2016-09-26T20:03:01+05:30', 'doi': '10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'sciencedirect.com', 'title': 'No single solution: application of behavioural principles in mitigating human-wildlife conflict', 'source': 'hwc\\Blackwell et al. 2016.pdf', 'total_pages': 10, 'page': 8, 'page_label': '253'}

--- Document #4 ---
Measuring and mapping the inﬂuence of landscape factors on
livestock predation by wolves in Mongolia
Hannah S. Daviea,*,1, James D. Murdocha, Ankhbayar Lhagvasurenb, Richard P. Readingc
a University of Vermont, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, Wildlife and Fisheries Biology Program, George D. Aiken Center, 81
Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
b National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
c Denver Zoological Foundation, Department of Conservation Biology, 2300 Steele Street, Denver, CO 80205, USA
article info
Article history:
Received 13 October 2013
Received in revised form
22 January 2014
Accepted 22 January 2014
Available online 13 February 2014
Keywords:
Canis lupus
Human-carnivore conﬂict
Mahalanobis D
2 (k)
Predation risk
Steppe
abstract
Gray wolves (Canis lupus) are a top predator in northern Asian ecosystems and often perceived as a threat
to livestock. As a result, wolves are heavily persecuted and populations have declined throughout m

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--- Document #5 ---
Mongabay.com Open Access Journal - Tropical Conservation Science Vol. 9 (2): 921-930, 2016 
 
Tropical Conservation Science | ISSN 1940-0829 | Tropicalconservationscience.org 
925 
Community-based organizations to support chili fences 
Communities living in wildlife dispersal areas and protected area buffer zones, which tend to comprise 
land of low agricultural productivity, typically have little income to buy the materials needed to construct 
chili fences, especially at the height of the raiding season when the crops are still in the fields and not in 
the markets. Thus, the project encouraged farmers to establish Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) 
and integrated micro-credit finance schemes [27, 29] as a way to support the use of chili fences. These 
CBOs enabled villagers to draw on their savings at critical times to purchase essential materials to protect 
their crops.  
 
The Village Savings and Loans (VSL) micro-credit system allows members of a self-selected group to 
volun

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<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>

test_query = "I am trying to prevent coyotes from eating the calves of my free-range cattle. What may work best and incentivize them to stay away? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
test_retriever_only

🔍 Query: I am trying to prevent coyotes from eating the calves of my free-range cattle. What may work best and incentivize them to stay away? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip

📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
------------------------------------------------------------

--- Document #1 ---
242 Conﬂict Intervention Priorities
helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
Education and awareness programs were often cited in
feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
exploration into why and where conservation decision
makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
may be more effective than simple information provision
or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
However, how different interventio

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}

--- Document #2 ---
Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
beginning AC treatm ent.
https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
PLOS ONE
Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}

--- Document #3 ---
51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}

--- Document #4 ---
8 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure A5. Silhouette width plot of the k-medoid partitions with k = 2 to 10 used to estimate the best 
number of clusters to describe livestock husbandry systems within the wolf range in northern Portugal 
(see the main text for details). 
  
2 4 6 8 10 
0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 
Number of clusters 
Silhouette Width

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creator': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creationdate': '2017-01-25T14:50:41+00:00', 'author': 'V. Pimenta', 'moddate': '2017-01-25T14:52:31+00:00', 'source': 'hwc\\Pimenta et al. 2017.pdf', 'total_pages': 20, 'page': 17, 'page_label': '18'}

--- Document #5 ---
3
Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS  |        (2020) 10:15341  | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
www.nature.com/scientificreports/
numbers increase and more bears need more  food26,43,44. Hence, the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions can 
be lower than expected when hungry bears become persistent and more aggressive in damaging behaviour. As 
high density may lead to more bears involved in conflicts, it also could increase the demand for bear  removal45 
and affect the effectiveness of removal techniques such as translocation and lethal control.
In this paper, we compiled a global database of intervention effectiveness against bears and studied how it 
is related to bear species and densities, duration of intervention application, and intervention techniques. We 
attempted to find and describe the most effective and the least effective interventions against bears. Further, we 
tested several hypotheses: (1) lethal control and invasive management are less effective th

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Adobe PDF Library 15.0; modified using iText® 5.3.5 ©2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (SPRINGER SBM; licensed version)', 'creator': 'Springer', 'creationdate': '2020-09-14T15:09:33+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'springer.com', 'moddate': '2020-09-14T15:58:07+02:00', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'author': 'Igor Khorozyan', 'title': 'Variation and conservation implications of the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'doi': '10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'springerlink.com', 'source': 'hwc\\Khorozyan and Waltert 2020.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}

<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>

test_query = "Deers keep destroying and takiing over our large agricultural fields. Is there anything I can try to prevent this that won’t break the bank? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
test_retriever_only

🔍 Query: Deers keep destroying and takiing over our large agricultural fields. Is there anything I can try to prevent this that won’t break the bank? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip

📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
------------------------------------------------------------

--- Document #1 ---
242 Conﬂict Intervention Priorities
helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
Education and awareness programs were often cited in
feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
exploration into why and where conservation decision
makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
may be more effective than simple information provision
or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
However, how different interventio

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}

--- Document #2 ---
8 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure A5. Silhouette width plot of the k-medoid partitions with k = 2 to 10 used to estimate the best 
number of clusters to describe livestock husbandry systems within the wolf range in northern Portugal 
(see the main text for details). 
  
2 4 6 8 10 
0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 
Number of clusters 
Silhouette Width

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creator': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creationdate': '2017-01-25T14:50:41+00:00', 'author': 'V. Pimenta', 'moddate': '2017-01-25T14:52:31+00:00', 'source': 'hwc\\Pimenta et al. 2017.pdf', 'total_pages': 20, 'page': 17, 'page_label': '18'}

--- Document #3 ---
Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
beginning AC treatm ent.
https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
PLOS ONE
Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}

--- Document #4 ---
3
Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS  |        (2020) 10:15341  | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
www.nature.com/scientificreports/
numbers increase and more bears need more  food26,43,44. Hence, the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions can 
be lower than expected when hungry bears become persistent and more aggressive in damaging behaviour. As 
high density may lead to more bears involved in conflicts, it also could increase the demand for bear  removal45 
and affect the effectiveness of removal techniques such as translocation and lethal control.
In this paper, we compiled a global database of intervention effectiveness against bears and studied how it 
is related to bear species and densities, duration of intervention application, and intervention techniques. We 
attempted to find and describe the most effective and the least effective interventions against bears. Further, we 
tested several hypotheses: (1) lethal control and invasive management are less effective th

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Adobe PDF Library 15.0; modified using iText® 5.3.5 ©2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (SPRINGER SBM; licensed version)', 'creator': 'Springer', 'creationdate': '2020-09-14T15:09:33+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'springer.com', 'moddate': '2020-09-14T15:58:07+02:00', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'author': 'Igor Khorozyan', 'title': 'Variation and conservation implications of the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'doi': '10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'springerlink.com', 'source': 'hwc\\Khorozyan and Waltert 2020.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}

--- Document #5 ---
51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}

<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>

test_query = "We live in a suburb and bears sometimes come into our town to eat from our fruit trees and trash. What are the best ways for us to prevent this as a community without removing our fruit trees? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
test_retriever_only

🔍 Query: We live in a suburb and bears sometimes come into our town to eat from our fruit trees and trash. What are the best ways for us to prevent this as a community without removing our fruit trees? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip

📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
------------------------------------------------------------

--- Document #1 ---
242 Conﬂict Intervention Priorities
helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
Education and awareness programs were often cited in
feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
exploration into why and where conservation decision
makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
may be more effective than simple information provision
or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
However, how different interventio

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}

--- Document #2 ---
8 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure A5. Silhouette width plot of the k-medoid partitions with k = 2 to 10 used to estimate the best 
number of clusters to describe livestock husbandry systems within the wolf range in northern Portugal 
(see the main text for details). 
  
2 4 6 8 10 
0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 
Number of clusters 
Silhouette Width

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creator': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creationdate': '2017-01-25T14:50:41+00:00', 'author': 'V. Pimenta', 'moddate': '2017-01-25T14:52:31+00:00', 'source': 'hwc\\Pimenta et al. 2017.pdf', 'total_pages': 20, 'page': 17, 'page_label': '18'}

--- Document #3 ---
51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}

--- Document #4 ---
Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
beginning AC treatm ent.
https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
PLOS ONE
Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}

--- Document #5 ---
* Correspondence: B. F. Blackwell, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research
Center, Ohio Field Station, Sandusky, OH, 44870, U.S.A.
E-mail address: bradley.f.blackwell@aphis.usda.gov (B. F. Blackwell).
Contents lists available atScienceDirect
Animal Behaviour
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013
0003-3472/Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Animal Behaviour 120 (2016) 245e254
SPECIAL ISSUE: CONSERVATION BEHAVIOUR

[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows)', 'creator': 'Elsevier', 'creationdate': '2016-09-26T20:02:29+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'elsevier.com', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Animal Behaviour, 120 (2016) 245-254. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'author': 'Bradley F. Blackwell', 'elsevierwebpdfspecifications': '6.5', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'moddate': '2016-09-26T20:03:01+05:30', 'doi': '10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'sciencedirect.com', 'title': 'No single solution: application of behavioural principles in mitigating human-wildlife conflict', 'source': 'hwc\\Blackwell et al. 2016.pdf', 'total_pages': 10, 'page': 0, 'page_label': '245'}

<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>

test_query = "If we live in an area with a lot of wolves, what cattle husbandry strategies should I employ to prevent any sort of wildlife-human conflict? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
test_retriever_only

🔍 Query: If we live in an area with a lot of wolves, what cattle husbandry strategies should I employ to prevent any sort of wildlife-human conflict? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip

📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
------------------------------------------------------------

--- Document #1 ---
242 Conﬂict Intervention Priorities
helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
Education and awareness programs were often cited in
feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
exploration into why and where conservation decision
makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
may be more effective than simple information provision
or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
However, how different interventio

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--- Document #2 ---
Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
beginning AC treatm ent.
https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
PLOS ONE
Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19

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--- Document #3 ---
51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69

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--- Document #4 ---
3
Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS  |        (2020) 10:15341  | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
www.nature.com/scientificreports/
numbers increase and more bears need more  food26,43,44. Hence, the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions can 
be lower than expected when hungry bears become persistent and more aggressive in damaging behaviour. As 
high density may lead to more bears involved in conflicts, it also could increase the demand for bear  removal45 
and affect the effectiveness of removal techniques such as translocation and lethal control.
In this paper, we compiled a global database of intervention effectiveness against bears and studied how it 
is related to bear species and densities, duration of intervention application, and intervention techniques. We 
attempted to find and describe the most effective and the least effective interventions against bears. Further, we 
tested several hypotheses: (1) lethal control and invasive management are less effective th

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--- Document #5 ---
8 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure A5. Silhouette width plot of the k-medoid partitions with k = 2 to 10 used to estimate the best 
number of clusters to describe livestock husbandry systems within the wolf range in northern Portugal 
(see the main text for details). 
  
2 4 6 8 10 
0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 
Number of clusters 
Silhouette Width

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<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>