-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [36]:
-
-
-
-
-
-## Handle secrets either from env vars or streamlit manager
-import streamlit as st
-import os
-api_key = os.getenv("LITELLM_KEY")
-if api_key is None:
- api_key = st.secrets["LITELLM_KEY"]
-cirrus_key = os.getenv("CIRRUS_KEY")
-if cirrus_key is None:
- cirrus_key = st.secrets["CIRRUS_KEY"]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [37]:
-
-
-
-
-
-import os
-import requests
-import zipfile
-
-def download_and_unzip(url, output_dir):
- response = requests.get(url)
- zip_file_path = os.path.basename(url)
- with open(zip_file_path, 'wb') as f:
- f.write(response.content)
- with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_file_path, 'r') as zip_ref:
- zip_ref.extractall(output_dir)
- os.remove(zip_file_path)
-
-download_and_unzip("https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip", "hwc")
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [38]:
-
-
-
-
-
-import pathlib
-from langchain_community.document_loaders import PyPDFLoader
-
-def pdf_loader(path):
- all_documents = []
- docs_dir = pathlib.Path(path)
- for file in docs_dir.iterdir():
- loader = PyPDFLoader(file)
- documents = loader.load()
- all_documents.extend(documents)
- return all_documents
-
-docs = pdf_loader('hwc/')
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [39]:
-
-
-
-
-
-# NRP embedding model tends to throw errors
-# embedding = OpenAIEmbeddings(model = "embed-mistral", api_key = api_key, base_url = "https://llm.nrp-nautilus.io")
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [40]:
-
-
-
-
-
-## Use the model on Cirrus instead:
-
-from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings
-embedding = OpenAIEmbeddings(
- model = "cirrus",
- api_key = cirrus_key,
- base_url = "https://llm.cirrus.carlboettiger.info/v1",
-)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [41]:
-
-
-
-
-
-# Build a retrival agent
-from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
-text_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=5000, chunk_overlap=500)
-splits = text_splitter.split_documents(docs)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [42]:
-
-
-
-
-
-# slow part here, runs on remote GPU
-from langchain_core.vectorstores import InMemoryVectorStore
-vectorstore = InMemoryVectorStore.from_documents(documents = splits, embedding = embedding)
-retriever = vectorstore.as_retriever()
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [43]:
-
-
-
-
-
-# Choose any of the models listed by their short-name:
-# see `curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $OPENAI_API_KEY" https://llm.nrp-nautilus.io/v1/models`
-"""
-models = {"llama3": "llama3-sdsc",
- "deepseek-small": "DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B",
- "deepseek": "deepseek-r1-qwen-qualcomm",
- "gemma3": "gemma3",
- "phi3": "phi3",
- "olmo": "olmo"
- }
-"""
-from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
-#llm = ChatOpenAI(model = models['gemma3'],
- #api_key = api_key,
- #base_url = "https://llm.nrp-nautilus.io",
- #temperature=0)
-
-
-from langchain.chains import create_retrieval_chain
-from langchain.chains.combine_documents import create_stuff_documents_chain
-from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
-
-system_prompt = (
- "You are an assistant for question-answering tasks. "
- "Use the following scientific articles as the retrieved context to answer "
- "the question. Appropriately cite the articles from the context on which your answer is based using (Author, Year) format. "
- "Do not attempt to cite articles that are not in the context."
- "If you don't know the answer, say that you don't know."
- "Use up to five sentences maximum and keep the answer concise.\n\n"
- "{context}"
-)
-"""
-prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
- [
- ("system", system_prompt),
- ("human", "{input}"),
- ]
-)
-question_answer_chain = create_stuff_documents_chain(retriever, prompt)
-rag_chain = create_retrieval_chain(retriever, question_answer_chain)
-"""
-
-def test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5):
- retriever.search_kwargs["k"] = k # restrict top-k results
- retrieved_docs = retriever.invoke(query)
-
- print(f"\n🔍 Query: {query}")
- print(f"\n📄 Top {k} Retrieved Documents:\n" + "-"*60)
-
- for i, doc in enumerate(retrieved_docs):
- print(f"\n--- Document #{i+1} ---")
- print(doc.page_content[:1000]) # preview first 1000 chars
- if hasattr(doc, "metadata") and doc.metadata:
- print("\n[Metadata]:", doc.metadata)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [44]:
-
-
-
-
-
-test_query = "I live in Tanzania and am having issues with lions breaking into my boma and preying on cattle. What are a few ways to help me prevent this from happening in the future? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
-test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
-test_retriever_only
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-🔍 Query: I live in Tanzania and am having issues with lions breaking into my boma and preying on cattle. What are a few ways to help me prevent this from happening in the future? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip
-
-📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
-------------------------------------------------------------
-
---- Document #1 ---
-242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
-helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
-2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
-and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
-(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
-stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
-and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
-adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
-Education and awareness programs were often cited in
-feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
-tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
-based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
-exploration into why and where conservation decision
-makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
-proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
-dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
-may be more effective than simple information provision
-or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
-However, how different interventio
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}
-
---- Document #2 ---
-8
-
-
-
-
-
-Figure A5. Silhouette width plot of the k-medoid partitions with k = 2 to 10 used to estimate the best
-number of clusters to describe livestock husbandry systems within the wolf range in northern Portugal
-(see the main text for details).
-
-2 4 6 8 10
-0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32
-Number of clusters
-Silhouette Width
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creator': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creationdate': '2017-01-25T14:50:41+00:00', 'author': 'V. Pimenta', 'moddate': '2017-01-25T14:52:31+00:00', 'source': 'hwc\\Pimenta et al. 2017.pdf', 'total_pages': 20, 'page': 17, 'page_label': '18'}
-
---- Document #3 ---
-Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
-the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
-Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
-events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
-beginning AC treatm ent.
-https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
-PLOS ONE
-Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
-PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}
-
---- Document #4 ---
-51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
-[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
-increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
-subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
-increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
-with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
-sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
-captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
-conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
-instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
-has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}
-
---- Document #5 ---
-3
-Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:15341 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
-www.nature.com/scientificreports/
-numbers increase and more bears need more food26,43,44. Hence, the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions can
-be lower than expected when hungry bears become persistent and more aggressive in damaging behaviour. As
-high density may lead to more bears involved in conflicts, it also could increase the demand for bear removal45
-and affect the effectiveness of removal techniques such as translocation and lethal control.
-In this paper, we compiled a global database of intervention effectiveness against bears and studied how it
-is related to bear species and densities, duration of intervention application, and intervention techniques. We
-attempted to find and describe the most effective and the least effective interventions against bears. Further, we
-tested several hypotheses: (1) lethal control and invasive management are less effective th
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Adobe PDF Library 15.0; modified using iText® 5.3.5 ©2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (SPRINGER SBM; licensed version)', 'creator': 'Springer', 'creationdate': '2020-09-14T15:09:33+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'springer.com', 'moddate': '2020-09-14T15:58:07+02:00', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'author': 'Igor Khorozyan', 'title': 'Variation and conservation implications of the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'doi': '10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'springerlink.com', 'source': 'hwc\\Khorozyan and Waltert 2020.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}
-
-
-
-Out[44]:
-
-
-<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [60]:
-
-
-
-
-
-test_query = "What should I do if elephants are destroying my crops? And what are the most cost-effective prevention methods, if there are any you know of? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
-test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
-test_retriever_only
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-🔍 Query: What should I do if elephants are destroying my crops? And what are the most cost-effective prevention methods, if there are any you know of? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip
-
-📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
-------------------------------------------------------------
-
---- Document #1 ---
-242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
-helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
-2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
-and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
-(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
-stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
-and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
-adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
-Education and awareness programs were often cited in
-feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
-tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
-based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
-exploration into why and where conservation decision
-makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
-proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
-dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
-may be more effective than simple information provision
-or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
-However, how different interventio
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}
-
---- Document #2 ---
-Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
-the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
-Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
-events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
-beginning AC treatm ent.
-https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
-PLOS ONE
-Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
-PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}
-
---- Document #3 ---
-51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
-[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
-increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
-subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
-increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
-with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
-sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
-captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
-conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
-instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
-has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}
-
---- Document #4 ---
-* Correspondence: B. F. Blackwell, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and
-Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research
-Center, Ohio Field Station, Sandusky, OH, 44870, U.S.A.
-E-mail address: bradley.f.blackwell@aphis.usda.gov (B. F. Blackwell).
-Contents lists available atScienceDirect
-Animal Behaviour
-journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav
-http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013
-0003-3472/Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
-Animal Behaviour 120 (2016) 245e254
-SPECIAL ISSUE: CONSERVATION BEHAVIOUR
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows)', 'creator': 'Elsevier', 'creationdate': '2016-09-26T20:02:29+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'elsevier.com', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Animal Behaviour, 120 (2016) 245-254. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'author': 'Bradley F. Blackwell', 'elsevierwebpdfspecifications': '6.5', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'moddate': '2016-09-26T20:03:01+05:30', 'doi': '10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'sciencedirect.com', 'title': 'No single solution: application of behavioural principles in mitigating human-wildlife conflict', 'source': 'hwc\\Blackwell et al. 2016.pdf', 'total_pages': 10, 'page': 0, 'page_label': '245'}
-
---- Document #5 ---
-3
-Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:15341 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
-www.nature.com/scientificreports/
-numbers increase and more bears need more food26,43,44. Hence, the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions can
-be lower than expected when hungry bears become persistent and more aggressive in damaging behaviour. As
-high density may lead to more bears involved in conflicts, it also could increase the demand for bear removal45
-and affect the effectiveness of removal techniques such as translocation and lethal control.
-In this paper, we compiled a global database of intervention effectiveness against bears and studied how it
-is related to bear species and densities, duration of intervention application, and intervention techniques. We
-attempted to find and describe the most effective and the least effective interventions against bears. Further, we
-tested several hypotheses: (1) lethal control and invasive management are less effective th
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Adobe PDF Library 15.0; modified using iText® 5.3.5 ©2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (SPRINGER SBM; licensed version)', 'creator': 'Springer', 'creationdate': '2020-09-14T15:09:33+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'springer.com', 'moddate': '2020-09-14T15:58:07+02:00', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'author': 'Igor Khorozyan', 'title': 'Variation and conservation implications of the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'doi': '10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'springerlink.com', 'source': 'hwc\\Khorozyan and Waltert 2020.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}
-
-
-
-Out[60]:
-
-
-<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [48]:
-
-
-
-
-
-test_query = "I know jaguars can prey on goats and cattle, which I have; what measures can I take to save them from getting harmed? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip."
-test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
-test_retriever_only
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-🔍 Query: I know jaguars can prey on goats and cattle, which I have; what measures can I take to save them from getting harmed? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip.
-
-📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
-------------------------------------------------------------
-
---- Document #1 ---
-Graduate Fellowship from the University of Alberta
-(https://w ww.ualberta.c a/index.htm l), and an
-Alberta Gradua te Excellenc e Fellowship from the
-Province of Alberta (https://stude ntaid.alber ta.ca/
-scholarships /alberta-gradua te-excellenc e-
-scholarship/ ). Additional financial support was
-provided by an NSERC Discovery Grant (RGPIN-
-2017-05915) and a Univers ity of Alberta Faculty of
-Science Research Fellowsh ip awarded to C.C.S.C.
-The British Columbia Conservatio n Officer Service
-provided funding and assisted with field methods
-but did not contribute to data analysis , the decision
-to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
-Funding was also provided by the following
-organizations : British Columbia Conservati on
-Foundation (https://bccf .com/), Carney’s
-WasteMana gement (https://dum psterrentals depot.
-ca/dumpst er-rentals-whi stler/compan y/carneys-
-waste-sys tems/), The Get Bear Smart Society
-(https://w ww.bearsmar t.com/), Mountain
-Equipment Co-op (https://www .mec.ca/en
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 1, 'page_label': '2'}
-
---- Document #2 ---
-Received: 8 June 2023 | Revised: 30 October 2023 | Accepted: 31 October 2023
-DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22526
-REVIEW
-Methods to mitigate human–wildlife conflicts
-involving common mesopredators: a
-meta‐analysis
-Louis Lazure1,2 | Robert B. Weladji1
-1Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke
-Street West, Montréal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
-2Zoo de Granby, 525 Saint‐Hubert Street,
-Granby, QC J2G 5P3, Canada
-Correspondence
-Louis Lazure, Zoo de Granby, 525 Saint‐
-Hubert Street, Granby, QC J2G 5P3, Canada.
-Email: llazure@zoodegranby.com
-Abstract
-Conflicts between humans and mesopredators are frequent
-and widespread. Over the last decades, conflicts have led to
-the development and application of different mitigation
-methods to diminish the costs and damage caused by such
-conflicts. We conducted a systematic literature search and
-meta‐analysis to assess the influence of different mitigation
-methods on 3 common nuisance species: raccoons (Procyon
-lotor), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and striped skunks (Mephitis
-mephi
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'John Wiley & Sons', 'creationdate': '2024-01-03T16:15:52+05:30', 'keywords': 'management; Mephitis mephitis; mitigation; Procyon lotor; raccoon; red fox; striped skunk; Vulpes vulpes', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:05-07:00', 'subject': 'J Wildl Manag 2024.88:e22526', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1002/(ISSN)1937-2817', 'author': '', 'title': 'Methods to mitigate human–wildlife conflicts involving common mesopredators: a meta‐analysis', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1002/jwmg.22526', 'source': 'hwc\\Lazure and Weladji 2023.pdf', 'total_pages': 21, 'page': 0, 'page_label': '1'}
-
---- Document #3 ---
-7,3 1 7e325
-.
-Hovick, T. J., Elmore, R. D., Dahlgren, D. K., Fuhlendorf, S. D., & Engle, D. M. (2014).
-Evidence of negative effects of anthropogenic structures on wildlife: A review of
-grouse survival and behaviour.Journal of Applied Ecology, 51, 1680e1689.
-Huijser, M., McGowen, P., Fuller, J., Hardy, A., Kociolek, A., Clevenger, A. P., et al.
-(2008). Wildlifeevehicle collision reduction study: Report to congress [No.
-FHWAeHRTe08e034]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation.
-Hunt, W. G., McClure, C. J. W., & Allison, T. D. (2015). Do raptors react to ultraviolet
-light? Journal of Raptor Research, 49, 342e343.
-Jaeger, M. M., Blejwas, K. M., Sacks, B. N., Neale, J. C. C., Conner, M. M., &
-McCullough, D. R. (2001). Targeting alphas can make coyote control more
-effective and socially acceptable.California Agriculture, 55,3 2e36.
-Johnson, H. E., Breck, S. W., Baruch-Mordo, S., Lewis, D. L., Lackey, C. W.,
-Wilson, K. R., et al. (2015). Shifting perceptions of risk and reward: Te
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows)', 'creator': 'Elsevier', 'creationdate': '2016-09-26T20:02:29+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'elsevier.com', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Animal Behaviour, 120 (2016) 245-254. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'author': 'Bradley F. Blackwell', 'elsevierwebpdfspecifications': '6.5', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'moddate': '2016-09-26T20:03:01+05:30', 'doi': '10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'sciencedirect.com', 'title': 'No single solution: application of behavioural principles in mitigating human-wildlife conflict', 'source': 'hwc\\Blackwell et al. 2016.pdf', 'total_pages': 10, 'page': 8, 'page_label': '253'}
-
---- Document #4 ---
-Measuring and mapping the influence of landscape factors on
-livestock predation by wolves in Mongolia
-Hannah S. Daviea,*,1, James D. Murdocha, Ankhbayar Lhagvasurenb, Richard P. Readingc
-a University of Vermont, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, Wildlife and Fisheries Biology Program, George D. Aiken Center, 81
-Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
-b National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
-c Denver Zoological Foundation, Department of Conservation Biology, 2300 Steele Street, Denver, CO 80205, USA
-article info
-Article history:
-Received 13 October 2013
-Received in revised form
-22 January 2014
-Accepted 22 January 2014
-Available online 13 February 2014
-Keywords:
-Canis lupus
-Human-carnivore conflict
-Mahalanobis D
-2 (k)
-Predation risk
-Steppe
-abstract
-Gray wolves (Canis lupus) are a top predator in northern Asian ecosystems and often perceived as a threat
-to livestock. As a result, wolves are heavily persecuted and populations have declined throughout m
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows)', 'creator': 'Elsevier', 'creationdate': '2014-03-19T00:35:16+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'elsevier.com', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Journal of Arid Environments, 103 (2014) 85-91. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2014.01.008', 'author': 'Hannah S. Davie', 'elsevierwebpdfspecifications': '6.4', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'moddate': '2014-03-19T20:46:23+05:30', 'doi': '10.1016/j.jaridenv.2014.01.008', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'sciencedirect.com', 'title': 'Measuring and mapping the influence of landscape factors on livestock predation by wolves in Mongolia', 'source': 'hwc\\Davie et al. 2014.pdf', 'total_pages': 7, 'page': 0, 'page_label': '85'}
-
---- Document #5 ---
-Mongabay.com Open Access Journal - Tropical Conservation Science Vol. 9 (2): 921-930, 2016
-
-Tropical Conservation Science | ISSN 1940-0829 | Tropicalconservationscience.org
-925
-Community-based organizations to support chili fences
-Communities living in wildlife dispersal areas and protected area buffer zones, which tend to comprise
-land of low agricultural productivity, typically have little income to buy the materials needed to construct
-chili fences, especially at the height of the raiding season when the crops are still in the fields and not in
-the markets. Thus, the project encouraged farmers to establish Community-Based Organizations (CBOs)
-and integrated micro-credit finance schemes [27, 29] as a way to support the use of chili fences. These
-CBOs enabled villagers to draw on their savings at critical times to purchase essential materials to protect
-their crops.
-
-The Village Savings and Loans (VSL) micro-credit system allows members of a self-selected group to
-volun
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'þÿMicrosoft® Word 2016; modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'Microsoft® Word 2016', 'creationdate': '2016-05-30T17:02:47-05:00', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:02:07-07:00', 'subject': 'Tropical Conservation Science 2016.9:921-930', 'author': 'Alejandro Estrada', 'title': 'Scaling-Up the Use of Chili Fences for Reducing Human-Elephant Conflict Across Landscapes in Tanzania', 'source': 'hwc\\Chang_a et al. 2016.pdf', 'total_pages': 10, 'page': 4, 'page_label': '5'}
-
-
-
-Out[48]:
-
-
-<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [50]:
-
-
-
-
-
-test_query = "I am trying to prevent coyotes from eating the calves of my free-range cattle. What may work best and incentivize them to stay away? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
-test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
-test_retriever_only
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-🔍 Query: I am trying to prevent coyotes from eating the calves of my free-range cattle. What may work best and incentivize them to stay away? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip
-
-📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
-------------------------------------------------------------
-
---- Document #1 ---
-242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
-helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
-2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
-and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
-(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
-stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
-and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
-adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
-Education and awareness programs were often cited in
-feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
-tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
-based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
-exploration into why and where conservation decision
-makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
-proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
-dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
-may be more effective than simple information provision
-or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
-However, how different interventio
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}
-
---- Document #2 ---
-Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
-the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
-Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
-events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
-beginning AC treatm ent.
-https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
-PLOS ONE
-Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
-PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}
-
---- Document #3 ---
-51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
-[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
-increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
-subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
-increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
-with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
-sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
-captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
-conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
-instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
-has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}
-
---- Document #4 ---
-8
-
-
-
-
-
-Figure A5. Silhouette width plot of the k-medoid partitions with k = 2 to 10 used to estimate the best
-number of clusters to describe livestock husbandry systems within the wolf range in northern Portugal
-(see the main text for details).
-
-2 4 6 8 10
-0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32
-Number of clusters
-Silhouette Width
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creator': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creationdate': '2017-01-25T14:50:41+00:00', 'author': 'V. Pimenta', 'moddate': '2017-01-25T14:52:31+00:00', 'source': 'hwc\\Pimenta et al. 2017.pdf', 'total_pages': 20, 'page': 17, 'page_label': '18'}
-
---- Document #5 ---
-3
-Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:15341 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
-www.nature.com/scientificreports/
-numbers increase and more bears need more food26,43,44. Hence, the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions can
-be lower than expected when hungry bears become persistent and more aggressive in damaging behaviour. As
-high density may lead to more bears involved in conflicts, it also could increase the demand for bear removal45
-and affect the effectiveness of removal techniques such as translocation and lethal control.
-In this paper, we compiled a global database of intervention effectiveness against bears and studied how it
-is related to bear species and densities, duration of intervention application, and intervention techniques. We
-attempted to find and describe the most effective and the least effective interventions against bears. Further, we
-tested several hypotheses: (1) lethal control and invasive management are less effective th
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Adobe PDF Library 15.0; modified using iText® 5.3.5 ©2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (SPRINGER SBM; licensed version)', 'creator': 'Springer', 'creationdate': '2020-09-14T15:09:33+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'springer.com', 'moddate': '2020-09-14T15:58:07+02:00', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'author': 'Igor Khorozyan', 'title': 'Variation and conservation implications of the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'doi': '10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'springerlink.com', 'source': 'hwc\\Khorozyan and Waltert 2020.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}
-
-
-
-Out[50]:
-
-
-<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [52]:
-
-
-
-
-
-test_query = "Deers keep destroying and takiing over our large agricultural fields. Is there anything I can try to prevent this that won’t break the bank? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
-test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
-test_retriever_only
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-🔍 Query: Deers keep destroying and takiing over our large agricultural fields. Is there anything I can try to prevent this that won’t break the bank? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip
-
-📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
-------------------------------------------------------------
-
---- Document #1 ---
-242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
-helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
-2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
-and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
-(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
-stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
-and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
-adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
-Education and awareness programs were often cited in
-feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
-tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
-based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
-exploration into why and where conservation decision
-makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
-proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
-dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
-may be more effective than simple information provision
-or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
-However, how different interventio
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}
-
---- Document #2 ---
-8
-
-
-
-
-
-Figure A5. Silhouette width plot of the k-medoid partitions with k = 2 to 10 used to estimate the best
-number of clusters to describe livestock husbandry systems within the wolf range in northern Portugal
-(see the main text for details).
-
-2 4 6 8 10
-0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32
-Number of clusters
-Silhouette Width
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creator': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creationdate': '2017-01-25T14:50:41+00:00', 'author': 'V. Pimenta', 'moddate': '2017-01-25T14:52:31+00:00', 'source': 'hwc\\Pimenta et al. 2017.pdf', 'total_pages': 20, 'page': 17, 'page_label': '18'}
-
---- Document #3 ---
-Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
-the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
-Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
-events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
-beginning AC treatm ent.
-https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
-PLOS ONE
-Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
-PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}
-
---- Document #4 ---
-3
-Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:15341 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
-www.nature.com/scientificreports/
-numbers increase and more bears need more food26,43,44. Hence, the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions can
-be lower than expected when hungry bears become persistent and more aggressive in damaging behaviour. As
-high density may lead to more bears involved in conflicts, it also could increase the demand for bear removal45
-and affect the effectiveness of removal techniques such as translocation and lethal control.
-In this paper, we compiled a global database of intervention effectiveness against bears and studied how it
-is related to bear species and densities, duration of intervention application, and intervention techniques. We
-attempted to find and describe the most effective and the least effective interventions against bears. Further, we
-tested several hypotheses: (1) lethal control and invasive management are less effective th
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Adobe PDF Library 15.0; modified using iText® 5.3.5 ©2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (SPRINGER SBM; licensed version)', 'creator': 'Springer', 'creationdate': '2020-09-14T15:09:33+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'springer.com', 'moddate': '2020-09-14T15:58:07+02:00', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'author': 'Igor Khorozyan', 'title': 'Variation and conservation implications of the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'doi': '10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'springerlink.com', 'source': 'hwc\\Khorozyan and Waltert 2020.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}
-
---- Document #5 ---
-51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
-[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
-increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
-subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
-increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
-with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
-sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
-captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
-conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
-instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
-has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}
-
-
-
-Out[52]:
-
-
-<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [54]:
-
-
-
-
-
-test_query = "We live in a suburb and bears sometimes come into our town to eat from our fruit trees and trash. What are the best ways for us to prevent this as a community without removing our fruit trees? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
-test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
-test_retriever_only
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-🔍 Query: We live in a suburb and bears sometimes come into our town to eat from our fruit trees and trash. What are the best ways for us to prevent this as a community without removing our fruit trees? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip
-
-📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
-------------------------------------------------------------
-
---- Document #1 ---
-242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
-helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
-2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
-and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
-(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
-stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
-and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
-adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
-Education and awareness programs were often cited in
-feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
-tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
-based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
-exploration into why and where conservation decision
-makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
-proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
-dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
-may be more effective than simple information provision
-or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
-However, how different interventio
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}
-
---- Document #2 ---
-8
-
-
-
-
-
-Figure A5. Silhouette width plot of the k-medoid partitions with k = 2 to 10 used to estimate the best
-number of clusters to describe livestock husbandry systems within the wolf range in northern Portugal
-(see the main text for details).
-
-2 4 6 8 10
-0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32
-Number of clusters
-Silhouette Width
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creator': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creationdate': '2017-01-25T14:50:41+00:00', 'author': 'V. Pimenta', 'moddate': '2017-01-25T14:52:31+00:00', 'source': 'hwc\\Pimenta et al. 2017.pdf', 'total_pages': 20, 'page': 17, 'page_label': '18'}
-
---- Document #3 ---
-51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
-[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
-increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
-subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
-increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
-with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
-sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
-captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
-conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
-instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
-has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}
-
---- Document #4 ---
-Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
-the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
-Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
-events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
-beginning AC treatm ent.
-https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
-PLOS ONE
-Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
-PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19
-
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-
---- Document #5 ---
-* Correspondence: B. F. Blackwell, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and
-Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research
-Center, Ohio Field Station, Sandusky, OH, 44870, U.S.A.
-E-mail address: bradley.f.blackwell@aphis.usda.gov (B. F. Blackwell).
-Contents lists available atScienceDirect
-Animal Behaviour
-journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav
-http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013
-0003-3472/Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
-Animal Behaviour 120 (2016) 245e254
-SPECIAL ISSUE: CONSERVATION BEHAVIOUR
-
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-Out[54]:
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-test_query = "If we live in an area with a lot of wolves, what cattle husbandry strategies should I employ to prevent any sort of wildlife-human conflict? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
-test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
-test_retriever_only
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-🔍 Query: If we live in an area with a lot of wolves, what cattle husbandry strategies should I employ to prevent any sort of wildlife-human conflict? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip
-
-📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
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-
---- Document #1 ---
-242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
-helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
-2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
-and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
-(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
-stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
-and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
-adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
-Education and awareness programs were often cited in
-feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
-tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
-based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
-exploration into why and where conservation decision
-makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
-proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
-dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
-may be more effective than simple information provision
-or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
-However, how different interventio
-
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-
---- Document #2 ---
-Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
-the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
-Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
-events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
-beginning AC treatm ent.
-https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
-PLOS ONE
-Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
-PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}
-
---- Document #3 ---
-51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
-[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
-increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
-subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
-increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
-with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
-sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
-captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
-conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
-instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
-has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}
-
---- Document #4 ---
-3
-Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:15341 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
-www.nature.com/scientificreports/
-numbers increase and more bears need more food26,43,44. Hence, the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions can
-be lower than expected when hungry bears become persistent and more aggressive in damaging behaviour. As
-high density may lead to more bears involved in conflicts, it also could increase the demand for bear removal45
-and affect the effectiveness of removal techniques such as translocation and lethal control.
-In this paper, we compiled a global database of intervention effectiveness against bears and studied how it
-is related to bear species and densities, duration of intervention application, and intervention techniques. We
-attempted to find and describe the most effective and the least effective interventions against bears. Further, we
-tested several hypotheses: (1) lethal control and invasive management are less effective th
-
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-
---- Document #5 ---
-8
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-Figure A5. Silhouette width plot of the k-medoid partitions with k = 2 to 10 used to estimate the best
-number of clusters to describe livestock husbandry systems within the wolf range in northern Portugal
-(see the main text for details).
-
-2 4 6 8 10
-0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32
-Number of clusters
-Silhouette Width
-
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