+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [36]:
+
+
+
+
+
+## Handle secrets either from env vars or streamlit manager
+import streamlit as st
+import os
+api_key = os.getenv("LITELLM_KEY")
+if api_key is None:
+ api_key = st.secrets["LITELLM_KEY"]
+cirrus_key = os.getenv("CIRRUS_KEY")
+if cirrus_key is None:
+ cirrus_key = st.secrets["CIRRUS_KEY"]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [37]:
+
+
+
+
+
+import os
+import requests
+import zipfile
+
+def download_and_unzip(url, output_dir):
+ response = requests.get(url)
+ zip_file_path = os.path.basename(url)
+ with open(zip_file_path, 'wb') as f:
+ f.write(response.content)
+ with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_file_path, 'r') as zip_ref:
+ zip_ref.extractall(output_dir)
+ os.remove(zip_file_path)
+
+download_and_unzip("https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip", "hwc")
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [38]:
+
+
+
+
+
+import pathlib
+from langchain_community.document_loaders import PyPDFLoader
+
+def pdf_loader(path):
+ all_documents = []
+ docs_dir = pathlib.Path(path)
+ for file in docs_dir.iterdir():
+ loader = PyPDFLoader(file)
+ documents = loader.load()
+ all_documents.extend(documents)
+ return all_documents
+
+docs = pdf_loader('hwc/')
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [39]:
+
+
+
+
+
+# NRP embedding model tends to throw errors
+# embedding = OpenAIEmbeddings(model = "embed-mistral", api_key = api_key, base_url = "https://llm.nrp-nautilus.io")
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [40]:
+
+
+
+
+
+## Use the model on Cirrus instead:
+
+from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings
+embedding = OpenAIEmbeddings(
+ model = "cirrus",
+ api_key = cirrus_key,
+ base_url = "https://llm.cirrus.carlboettiger.info/v1",
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [41]:
+
+
+
+
+
+# Build a retrival agent
+from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
+text_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=5000, chunk_overlap=500)
+splits = text_splitter.split_documents(docs)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [42]:
+
+
+
+
+
+# slow part here, runs on remote GPU
+from langchain_core.vectorstores import InMemoryVectorStore
+vectorstore = InMemoryVectorStore.from_documents(documents = splits, embedding = embedding)
+retriever = vectorstore.as_retriever()
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [43]:
+
+
+
+
+
+# Choose any of the models listed by their short-name:
+# see `curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $OPENAI_API_KEY" https://llm.nrp-nautilus.io/v1/models`
+"""
+models = {"llama3": "llama3-sdsc",
+ "deepseek-small": "DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B",
+ "deepseek": "deepseek-r1-qwen-qualcomm",
+ "gemma3": "gemma3",
+ "phi3": "phi3",
+ "olmo": "olmo"
+ }
+"""
+from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+#llm = ChatOpenAI(model = models['gemma3'],
+ #api_key = api_key,
+ #base_url = "https://llm.nrp-nautilus.io",
+ #temperature=0)
+
+
+from langchain.chains import create_retrieval_chain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents import create_stuff_documents_chain
+from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+
+system_prompt = (
+ "You are an assistant for question-answering tasks. "
+ "Use the following scientific articles as the retrieved context to answer "
+ "the question. Appropriately cite the articles from the context on which your answer is based using (Author, Year) format. "
+ "Do not attempt to cite articles that are not in the context."
+ "If you don't know the answer, say that you don't know."
+ "Use up to five sentences maximum and keep the answer concise.\n\n"
+ "{context}"
+)
+"""
+prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+ [
+ ("system", system_prompt),
+ ("human", "{input}"),
+ ]
+)
+question_answer_chain = create_stuff_documents_chain(retriever, prompt)
+rag_chain = create_retrieval_chain(retriever, question_answer_chain)
+"""
+
+def test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5):
+ retriever.search_kwargs["k"] = k # restrict top-k results
+ retrieved_docs = retriever.invoke(query)
+
+ print(f"\n🔍 Query: {query}")
+ print(f"\n📄 Top {k} Retrieved Documents:\n" + "-"*60)
+
+ for i, doc in enumerate(retrieved_docs):
+ print(f"\n--- Document #{i+1} ---")
+ print(doc.page_content[:1000]) # preview first 1000 chars
+ if hasattr(doc, "metadata") and doc.metadata:
+ print("\n[Metadata]:", doc.metadata)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [44]:
+
+
+
+
+
+test_query = "I live in Tanzania and am having issues with lions breaking into my boma and preying on cattle. What are a few ways to help me prevent this from happening in the future? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
+test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
+test_retriever_only
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+🔍 Query: I live in Tanzania and am having issues with lions breaking into my boma and preying on cattle. What are a few ways to help me prevent this from happening in the future? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip
+
+📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- Document #1 ---
+242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
+helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
+2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
+and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
+(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
+stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
+and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
+adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
+Education and awareness programs were often cited in
+feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
+tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
+based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
+exploration into why and where conservation decision
+makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
+proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
+dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
+may be more effective than simple information provision
+or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
+However, how different interventio
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}
+
+--- Document #2 ---
+8
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure A5. Silhouette width plot of the k-medoid partitions with k = 2 to 10 used to estimate the best
+number of clusters to describe livestock husbandry systems within the wolf range in northern Portugal
+(see the main text for details).
+
+2 4 6 8 10
+0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32
+Number of clusters
+Silhouette Width
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creator': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creationdate': '2017-01-25T14:50:41+00:00', 'author': 'V. Pimenta', 'moddate': '2017-01-25T14:52:31+00:00', 'source': 'hwc\\Pimenta et al. 2017.pdf', 'total_pages': 20, 'page': 17, 'page_label': '18'}
+
+--- Document #3 ---
+Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
+the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
+Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
+events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
+beginning AC treatm ent.
+https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
+PLOS ONE
+Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
+PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}
+
+--- Document #4 ---
+51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
+[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
+increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
+subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
+increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
+with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
+sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
+captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
+conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
+instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
+has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}
+
+--- Document #5 ---
+3
+Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:15341 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
+www.nature.com/scientificreports/
+numbers increase and more bears need more food26,43,44. Hence, the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions can
+be lower than expected when hungry bears become persistent and more aggressive in damaging behaviour. As
+high density may lead to more bears involved in conflicts, it also could increase the demand for bear removal45
+and affect the effectiveness of removal techniques such as translocation and lethal control.
+In this paper, we compiled a global database of intervention effectiveness against bears and studied how it
+is related to bear species and densities, duration of intervention application, and intervention techniques. We
+attempted to find and describe the most effective and the least effective interventions against bears. Further, we
+tested several hypotheses: (1) lethal control and invasive management are less effective th
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Adobe PDF Library 15.0; modified using iText® 5.3.5 ©2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (SPRINGER SBM; licensed version)', 'creator': 'Springer', 'creationdate': '2020-09-14T15:09:33+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'springer.com', 'moddate': '2020-09-14T15:58:07+02:00', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'author': 'Igor Khorozyan', 'title': 'Variation and conservation implications of the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'doi': '10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'springerlink.com', 'source': 'hwc\\Khorozyan and Waltert 2020.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}
+
+
+
+Out[44]:
+
+
+<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [60]:
+
+
+
+
+
+test_query = "What should I do if elephants are destroying my crops? And what are the most cost-effective prevention methods, if there are any you know of? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
+test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
+test_retriever_only
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+🔍 Query: What should I do if elephants are destroying my crops? And what are the most cost-effective prevention methods, if there are any you know of? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip
+
+📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- Document #1 ---
+242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
+helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
+2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
+and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
+(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
+stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
+and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
+adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
+Education and awareness programs were often cited in
+feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
+tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
+based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
+exploration into why and where conservation decision
+makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
+proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
+dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
+may be more effective than simple information provision
+or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
+However, how different interventio
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}
+
+--- Document #2 ---
+Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
+the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
+Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
+events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
+beginning AC treatm ent.
+https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
+PLOS ONE
+Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
+PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}
+
+--- Document #3 ---
+51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
+[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
+increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
+subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
+increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
+with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
+sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
+captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
+conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
+instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
+has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}
+
+--- Document #4 ---
+* Correspondence: B. F. Blackwell, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and
+Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research
+Center, Ohio Field Station, Sandusky, OH, 44870, U.S.A.
+E-mail address: bradley.f.blackwell@aphis.usda.gov (B. F. Blackwell).
+Contents lists available atScienceDirect
+Animal Behaviour
+journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013
+0003-3472/Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
+Animal Behaviour 120 (2016) 245e254
+SPECIAL ISSUE: CONSERVATION BEHAVIOUR
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows)', 'creator': 'Elsevier', 'creationdate': '2016-09-26T20:02:29+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'elsevier.com', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Animal Behaviour, 120 (2016) 245-254. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'author': 'Bradley F. Blackwell', 'elsevierwebpdfspecifications': '6.5', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'moddate': '2016-09-26T20:03:01+05:30', 'doi': '10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'sciencedirect.com', 'title': 'No single solution: application of behavioural principles in mitigating human-wildlife conflict', 'source': 'hwc\\Blackwell et al. 2016.pdf', 'total_pages': 10, 'page': 0, 'page_label': '245'}
+
+--- Document #5 ---
+3
+Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:15341 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
+www.nature.com/scientificreports/
+numbers increase and more bears need more food26,43,44. Hence, the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions can
+be lower than expected when hungry bears become persistent and more aggressive in damaging behaviour. As
+high density may lead to more bears involved in conflicts, it also could increase the demand for bear removal45
+and affect the effectiveness of removal techniques such as translocation and lethal control.
+In this paper, we compiled a global database of intervention effectiveness against bears and studied how it
+is related to bear species and densities, duration of intervention application, and intervention techniques. We
+attempted to find and describe the most effective and the least effective interventions against bears. Further, we
+tested several hypotheses: (1) lethal control and invasive management are less effective th
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Adobe PDF Library 15.0; modified using iText® 5.3.5 ©2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (SPRINGER SBM; licensed version)', 'creator': 'Springer', 'creationdate': '2020-09-14T15:09:33+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'springer.com', 'moddate': '2020-09-14T15:58:07+02:00', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'author': 'Igor Khorozyan', 'title': 'Variation and conservation implications of the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'doi': '10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'springerlink.com', 'source': 'hwc\\Khorozyan and Waltert 2020.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}
+
+
+
+Out[60]:
+
+
+<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [48]:
+
+
+
+
+
+test_query = "I know jaguars can prey on goats and cattle, which I have; what measures can I take to save them from getting harmed? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip."
+test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
+test_retriever_only
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+🔍 Query: I know jaguars can prey on goats and cattle, which I have; what measures can I take to save them from getting harmed? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip.
+
+📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- Document #1 ---
+Graduate Fellowship from the University of Alberta
+(https://w ww.ualberta.c a/index.htm l), and an
+Alberta Gradua te Excellenc e Fellowship from the
+Province of Alberta (https://stude ntaid.alber ta.ca/
+scholarships /alberta-gradua te-excellenc e-
+scholarship/ ). Additional financial support was
+provided by an NSERC Discovery Grant (RGPIN-
+2017-05915) and a Univers ity of Alberta Faculty of
+Science Research Fellowsh ip awarded to C.C.S.C.
+The British Columbia Conservatio n Officer Service
+provided funding and assisted with field methods
+but did not contribute to data analysis , the decision
+to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
+Funding was also provided by the following
+organizations : British Columbia Conservati on
+Foundation (https://bccf .com/), Carney’s
+WasteMana gement (https://dum psterrentals depot.
+ca/dumpst er-rentals-whi stler/compan y/carneys-
+waste-sys tems/), The Get Bear Smart Society
+(https://w ww.bearsmar t.com/), Mountain
+Equipment Co-op (https://www .mec.ca/en
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 1, 'page_label': '2'}
+
+--- Document #2 ---
+Received: 8 June 2023 | Revised: 30 October 2023 | Accepted: 31 October 2023
+DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22526
+REVIEW
+Methods to mitigate human–wildlife conflicts
+involving common mesopredators: a
+meta‐analysis
+Louis Lazure1,2 | Robert B. Weladji1
+1Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke
+Street West, Montréal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
+2Zoo de Granby, 525 Saint‐Hubert Street,
+Granby, QC J2G 5P3, Canada
+Correspondence
+Louis Lazure, Zoo de Granby, 525 Saint‐
+Hubert Street, Granby, QC J2G 5P3, Canada.
+Email: llazure@zoodegranby.com
+Abstract
+Conflicts between humans and mesopredators are frequent
+and widespread. Over the last decades, conflicts have led to
+the development and application of different mitigation
+methods to diminish the costs and damage caused by such
+conflicts. We conducted a systematic literature search and
+meta‐analysis to assess the influence of different mitigation
+methods on 3 common nuisance species: raccoons (Procyon
+lotor), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and striped skunks (Mephitis
+mephi
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'John Wiley & Sons', 'creationdate': '2024-01-03T16:15:52+05:30', 'keywords': 'management; Mephitis mephitis; mitigation; Procyon lotor; raccoon; red fox; striped skunk; Vulpes vulpes', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:05-07:00', 'subject': 'J Wildl Manag 2024.88:e22526', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1002/(ISSN)1937-2817', 'author': '', 'title': 'Methods to mitigate human–wildlife conflicts involving common mesopredators: a meta‐analysis', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1002/jwmg.22526', 'source': 'hwc\\Lazure and Weladji 2023.pdf', 'total_pages': 21, 'page': 0, 'page_label': '1'}
+
+--- Document #3 ---
+7,3 1 7e325
+.
+Hovick, T. J., Elmore, R. D., Dahlgren, D. K., Fuhlendorf, S. D., & Engle, D. M. (2014).
+Evidence of negative effects of anthropogenic structures on wildlife: A review of
+grouse survival and behaviour.Journal of Applied Ecology, 51, 1680e1689.
+Huijser, M., McGowen, P., Fuller, J., Hardy, A., Kociolek, A., Clevenger, A. P., et al.
+(2008). Wildlifeevehicle collision reduction study: Report to congress [No.
+FHWAeHRTe08e034]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation.
+Hunt, W. G., McClure, C. J. W., & Allison, T. D. (2015). Do raptors react to ultraviolet
+light? Journal of Raptor Research, 49, 342e343.
+Jaeger, M. M., Blejwas, K. M., Sacks, B. N., Neale, J. C. C., Conner, M. M., &
+McCullough, D. R. (2001). Targeting alphas can make coyote control more
+effective and socially acceptable.California Agriculture, 55,3 2e36.
+Johnson, H. E., Breck, S. W., Baruch-Mordo, S., Lewis, D. L., Lackey, C. W.,
+Wilson, K. R., et al. (2015). Shifting perceptions of risk and reward: Te
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows)', 'creator': 'Elsevier', 'creationdate': '2016-09-26T20:02:29+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'elsevier.com', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Animal Behaviour, 120 (2016) 245-254. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'author': 'Bradley F. Blackwell', 'elsevierwebpdfspecifications': '6.5', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'moddate': '2016-09-26T20:03:01+05:30', 'doi': '10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'sciencedirect.com', 'title': 'No single solution: application of behavioural principles in mitigating human-wildlife conflict', 'source': 'hwc\\Blackwell et al. 2016.pdf', 'total_pages': 10, 'page': 8, 'page_label': '253'}
+
+--- Document #4 ---
+Measuring and mapping the influence of landscape factors on
+livestock predation by wolves in Mongolia
+Hannah S. Daviea,*,1, James D. Murdocha, Ankhbayar Lhagvasurenb, Richard P. Readingc
+a University of Vermont, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, Wildlife and Fisheries Biology Program, George D. Aiken Center, 81
+Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
+b National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
+c Denver Zoological Foundation, Department of Conservation Biology, 2300 Steele Street, Denver, CO 80205, USA
+article info
+Article history:
+Received 13 October 2013
+Received in revised form
+22 January 2014
+Accepted 22 January 2014
+Available online 13 February 2014
+Keywords:
+Canis lupus
+Human-carnivore conflict
+Mahalanobis D
+2 (k)
+Predation risk
+Steppe
+abstract
+Gray wolves (Canis lupus) are a top predator in northern Asian ecosystems and often perceived as a threat
+to livestock. As a result, wolves are heavily persecuted and populations have declined throughout m
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows)', 'creator': 'Elsevier', 'creationdate': '2014-03-19T00:35:16+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'elsevier.com', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Journal of Arid Environments, 103 (2014) 85-91. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2014.01.008', 'author': 'Hannah S. Davie', 'elsevierwebpdfspecifications': '6.4', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'moddate': '2014-03-19T20:46:23+05:30', 'doi': '10.1016/j.jaridenv.2014.01.008', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'sciencedirect.com', 'title': 'Measuring and mapping the influence of landscape factors on livestock predation by wolves in Mongolia', 'source': 'hwc\\Davie et al. 2014.pdf', 'total_pages': 7, 'page': 0, 'page_label': '85'}
+
+--- Document #5 ---
+Mongabay.com Open Access Journal - Tropical Conservation Science Vol. 9 (2): 921-930, 2016
+
+Tropical Conservation Science | ISSN 1940-0829 | Tropicalconservationscience.org
+925
+Community-based organizations to support chili fences
+Communities living in wildlife dispersal areas and protected area buffer zones, which tend to comprise
+land of low agricultural productivity, typically have little income to buy the materials needed to construct
+chili fences, especially at the height of the raiding season when the crops are still in the fields and not in
+the markets. Thus, the project encouraged farmers to establish Community-Based Organizations (CBOs)
+and integrated micro-credit finance schemes [27, 29] as a way to support the use of chili fences. These
+CBOs enabled villagers to draw on their savings at critical times to purchase essential materials to protect
+their crops.
+
+The Village Savings and Loans (VSL) micro-credit system allows members of a self-selected group to
+volun
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'þÿMicrosoft® Word 2016; modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'Microsoft® Word 2016', 'creationdate': '2016-05-30T17:02:47-05:00', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:02:07-07:00', 'subject': 'Tropical Conservation Science 2016.9:921-930', 'author': 'Alejandro Estrada', 'title': 'Scaling-Up the Use of Chili Fences for Reducing Human-Elephant Conflict Across Landscapes in Tanzania', 'source': 'hwc\\Chang_a et al. 2016.pdf', 'total_pages': 10, 'page': 4, 'page_label': '5'}
+
+
+
+Out[48]:
+
+
+<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [50]:
+
+
+
+
+
+test_query = "I am trying to prevent coyotes from eating the calves of my free-range cattle. What may work best and incentivize them to stay away? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
+test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
+test_retriever_only
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+🔍 Query: I am trying to prevent coyotes from eating the calves of my free-range cattle. What may work best and incentivize them to stay away? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip
+
+📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- Document #1 ---
+242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
+helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
+2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
+and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
+(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
+stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
+and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
+adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
+Education and awareness programs were often cited in
+feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
+tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
+based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
+exploration into why and where conservation decision
+makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
+proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
+dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
+may be more effective than simple information provision
+or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
+However, how different interventio
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}
+
+--- Document #2 ---
+Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
+the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
+Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
+events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
+beginning AC treatm ent.
+https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
+PLOS ONE
+Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
+PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}
+
+--- Document #3 ---
+51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
+[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
+increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
+subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
+increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
+with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
+sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
+captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
+conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
+instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
+has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}
+
+--- Document #4 ---
+8
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure A5. Silhouette width plot of the k-medoid partitions with k = 2 to 10 used to estimate the best
+number of clusters to describe livestock husbandry systems within the wolf range in northern Portugal
+(see the main text for details).
+
+2 4 6 8 10
+0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32
+Number of clusters
+Silhouette Width
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creator': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creationdate': '2017-01-25T14:50:41+00:00', 'author': 'V. Pimenta', 'moddate': '2017-01-25T14:52:31+00:00', 'source': 'hwc\\Pimenta et al. 2017.pdf', 'total_pages': 20, 'page': 17, 'page_label': '18'}
+
+--- Document #5 ---
+3
+Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:15341 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
+www.nature.com/scientificreports/
+numbers increase and more bears need more food26,43,44. Hence, the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions can
+be lower than expected when hungry bears become persistent and more aggressive in damaging behaviour. As
+high density may lead to more bears involved in conflicts, it also could increase the demand for bear removal45
+and affect the effectiveness of removal techniques such as translocation and lethal control.
+In this paper, we compiled a global database of intervention effectiveness against bears and studied how it
+is related to bear species and densities, duration of intervention application, and intervention techniques. We
+attempted to find and describe the most effective and the least effective interventions against bears. Further, we
+tested several hypotheses: (1) lethal control and invasive management are less effective th
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Adobe PDF Library 15.0; modified using iText® 5.3.5 ©2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (SPRINGER SBM; licensed version)', 'creator': 'Springer', 'creationdate': '2020-09-14T15:09:33+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'springer.com', 'moddate': '2020-09-14T15:58:07+02:00', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'author': 'Igor Khorozyan', 'title': 'Variation and conservation implications of the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'doi': '10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'springerlink.com', 'source': 'hwc\\Khorozyan and Waltert 2020.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}
+
+
+
+Out[50]:
+
+
+<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [52]:
+
+
+
+
+
+test_query = "Deers keep destroying and takiing over our large agricultural fields. Is there anything I can try to prevent this that won’t break the bank? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
+test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
+test_retriever_only
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+🔍 Query: Deers keep destroying and takiing over our large agricultural fields. Is there anything I can try to prevent this that won’t break the bank? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip
+
+📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- Document #1 ---
+242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
+helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
+2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
+and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
+(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
+stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
+and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
+adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
+Education and awareness programs were often cited in
+feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
+tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
+based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
+exploration into why and where conservation decision
+makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
+proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
+dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
+may be more effective than simple information provision
+or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
+However, how different interventio
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}
+
+--- Document #2 ---
+8
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure A5. Silhouette width plot of the k-medoid partitions with k = 2 to 10 used to estimate the best
+number of clusters to describe livestock husbandry systems within the wolf range in northern Portugal
+(see the main text for details).
+
+2 4 6 8 10
+0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32
+Number of clusters
+Silhouette Width
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creator': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creationdate': '2017-01-25T14:50:41+00:00', 'author': 'V. Pimenta', 'moddate': '2017-01-25T14:52:31+00:00', 'source': 'hwc\\Pimenta et al. 2017.pdf', 'total_pages': 20, 'page': 17, 'page_label': '18'}
+
+--- Document #3 ---
+Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
+the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
+Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
+events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
+beginning AC treatm ent.
+https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
+PLOS ONE
+Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
+PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}
+
+--- Document #4 ---
+3
+Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:15341 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
+www.nature.com/scientificreports/
+numbers increase and more bears need more food26,43,44. Hence, the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions can
+be lower than expected when hungry bears become persistent and more aggressive in damaging behaviour. As
+high density may lead to more bears involved in conflicts, it also could increase the demand for bear removal45
+and affect the effectiveness of removal techniques such as translocation and lethal control.
+In this paper, we compiled a global database of intervention effectiveness against bears and studied how it
+is related to bear species and densities, duration of intervention application, and intervention techniques. We
+attempted to find and describe the most effective and the least effective interventions against bears. Further, we
+tested several hypotheses: (1) lethal control and invasive management are less effective th
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Adobe PDF Library 15.0; modified using iText® 5.3.5 ©2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (SPRINGER SBM; licensed version)', 'creator': 'Springer', 'creationdate': '2020-09-14T15:09:33+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'springer.com', 'moddate': '2020-09-14T15:58:07+02:00', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'author': 'Igor Khorozyan', 'title': 'Variation and conservation implications of the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'doi': '10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'springerlink.com', 'source': 'hwc\\Khorozyan and Waltert 2020.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}
+
+--- Document #5 ---
+51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
+[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
+increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
+subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
+increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
+with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
+sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
+captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
+conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
+instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
+has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}
+
+
+
+Out[52]:
+
+
+<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [54]:
+
+
+
+
+
+test_query = "We live in a suburb and bears sometimes come into our town to eat from our fruit trees and trash. What are the best ways for us to prevent this as a community without removing our fruit trees? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
+test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
+test_retriever_only
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+🔍 Query: We live in a suburb and bears sometimes come into our town to eat from our fruit trees and trash. What are the best ways for us to prevent this as a community without removing our fruit trees? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip
+
+📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- Document #1 ---
+242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
+helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
+2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
+and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
+(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
+stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
+and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
+adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
+Education and awareness programs were often cited in
+feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
+tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
+based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
+exploration into why and where conservation decision
+makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
+proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
+dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
+may be more effective than simple information provision
+or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
+However, how different interventio
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}
+
+--- Document #2 ---
+8
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure A5. Silhouette width plot of the k-medoid partitions with k = 2 to 10 used to estimate the best
+number of clusters to describe livestock husbandry systems within the wolf range in northern Portugal
+(see the main text for details).
+
+2 4 6 8 10
+0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32
+Number of clusters
+Silhouette Width
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creator': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creationdate': '2017-01-25T14:50:41+00:00', 'author': 'V. Pimenta', 'moddate': '2017-01-25T14:52:31+00:00', 'source': 'hwc\\Pimenta et al. 2017.pdf', 'total_pages': 20, 'page': 17, 'page_label': '18'}
+
+--- Document #3 ---
+51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
+[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
+increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
+subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
+increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
+with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
+sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
+captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
+conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
+instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
+has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}
+
+--- Document #4 ---
+Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
+the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
+Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
+events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
+beginning AC treatm ent.
+https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
+PLOS ONE
+Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
+PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}
+
+--- Document #5 ---
+* Correspondence: B. F. Blackwell, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and
+Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research
+Center, Ohio Field Station, Sandusky, OH, 44870, U.S.A.
+E-mail address: bradley.f.blackwell@aphis.usda.gov (B. F. Blackwell).
+Contents lists available atScienceDirect
+Animal Behaviour
+journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013
+0003-3472/Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
+Animal Behaviour 120 (2016) 245e254
+SPECIAL ISSUE: CONSERVATION BEHAVIOUR
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows)', 'creator': 'Elsevier', 'creationdate': '2016-09-26T20:02:29+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'elsevier.com', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Animal Behaviour, 120 (2016) 245-254. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'author': 'Bradley F. Blackwell', 'elsevierwebpdfspecifications': '6.5', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'moddate': '2016-09-26T20:03:01+05:30', 'doi': '10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'sciencedirect.com', 'title': 'No single solution: application of behavioural principles in mitigating human-wildlife conflict', 'source': 'hwc\\Blackwell et al. 2016.pdf', 'total_pages': 10, 'page': 0, 'page_label': '245'}
+
+
+
+Out[54]:
+
+
+<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [56]:
+
+
+
+
+
+test_query = "If we live in an area with a lot of wolves, what cattle husbandry strategies should I employ to prevent any sort of wildlife-human conflict? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
+test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
+test_retriever_only
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+🔍 Query: If we live in an area with a lot of wolves, what cattle husbandry strategies should I employ to prevent any sort of wildlife-human conflict? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip
+
+📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- Document #1 ---
+242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
+helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
+2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
+and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
+(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
+stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
+and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
+adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
+Education and awareness programs were often cited in
+feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
+tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
+based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
+exploration into why and where conservation decision
+makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
+proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
+dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
+may be more effective than simple information provision
+or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
+However, how different interventio
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}
+
+--- Document #2 ---
+Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
+the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
+Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
+events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
+beginning AC treatm ent.
+https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
+PLOS ONE
+Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
+PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}
+
+--- Document #3 ---
+51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
+[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
+increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
+subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
+increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
+with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
+sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
+captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
+conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
+instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
+has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}
+
+--- Document #4 ---
+3
+Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:15341 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
+www.nature.com/scientificreports/
+numbers increase and more bears need more food26,43,44. Hence, the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions can
+be lower than expected when hungry bears become persistent and more aggressive in damaging behaviour. As
+high density may lead to more bears involved in conflicts, it also could increase the demand for bear removal45
+and affect the effectiveness of removal techniques such as translocation and lethal control.
+In this paper, we compiled a global database of intervention effectiveness against bears and studied how it
+is related to bear species and densities, duration of intervention application, and intervention techniques. We
+attempted to find and describe the most effective and the least effective interventions against bears. Further, we
+tested several hypotheses: (1) lethal control and invasive management are less effective th
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Adobe PDF Library 15.0; modified using iText® 5.3.5 ©2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (SPRINGER SBM; licensed version)', 'creator': 'Springer', 'creationdate': '2020-09-14T15:09:33+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'springer.com', 'moddate': '2020-09-14T15:58:07+02:00', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'author': 'Igor Khorozyan', 'title': 'Variation and conservation implications of the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'doi': '10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'springerlink.com', 'source': 'hwc\\Khorozyan and Waltert 2020.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}
+
+--- Document #5 ---
+8
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure A5. Silhouette width plot of the k-medoid partitions with k = 2 to 10 used to estimate the best
+number of clusters to describe livestock husbandry systems within the wolf range in northern Portugal
+(see the main text for details).
+
+2 4 6 8 10
+0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32
+Number of clusters
+Silhouette Width
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creator': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creationdate': '2017-01-25T14:50:41+00:00', 'author': 'V. Pimenta', 'moddate': '2017-01-25T14:52:31+00:00', 'source': 'hwc\\Pimenta et al. 2017.pdf', 'total_pages': 20, 'page': 17, 'page_label': '18'}
+
+
+
+Out[56]:
+
+
+<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [ ]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+