+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [36]:
+
+
+
+
+
+## Handle secrets either from env vars or streamlit manager
+import streamlit as st
+import os
+api_key = os.getenv("LITELLM_KEY")
+if api_key is None:
+ api_key = st.secrets["LITELLM_KEY"]
+cirrus_key = os.getenv("CIRRUS_KEY")
+if cirrus_key is None:
+ cirrus_key = st.secrets["CIRRUS_KEY"]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [37]:
+
+
+
+
+
+import os
+import requests
+import zipfile
+
+def download_and_unzip(url, output_dir):
+ response = requests.get(url)
+ zip_file_path = os.path.basename(url)
+ with open(zip_file_path, 'wb') as f:
+ f.write(response.content)
+ with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_file_path, 'r') as zip_ref:
+ zip_ref.extractall(output_dir)
+ os.remove(zip_file_path)
+
+download_and_unzip("https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip", "hwc")
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [38]:
+
+
+
+
+
+import pathlib
+from langchain_community.document_loaders import PyPDFLoader
+
+def pdf_loader(path):
+ all_documents = []
+ docs_dir = pathlib.Path(path)
+ for file in docs_dir.iterdir():
+ loader = PyPDFLoader(file)
+ documents = loader.load()
+ all_documents.extend(documents)
+ return all_documents
+
+docs = pdf_loader('hwc/')
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [39]:
+
+
+
+
+
+# NRP embedding model tends to throw errors
+# embedding = OpenAIEmbeddings(model = "embed-mistral", api_key = api_key, base_url = "https://llm.nrp-nautilus.io")
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [40]:
+
+
+
+
+
+## Use the model on Cirrus instead:
+
+from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings
+embedding = OpenAIEmbeddings(
+ model = "cirrus",
+ api_key = cirrus_key,
+ base_url = "https://llm.cirrus.carlboettiger.info/v1",
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [41]:
+
+
+
+
+
+# Build a retrival agent
+from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
+text_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=5000, chunk_overlap=500)
+splits = text_splitter.split_documents(docs)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [42]:
+
+
+
+
+
+# slow part here, runs on remote GPU
+from langchain_core.vectorstores import InMemoryVectorStore
+vectorstore = InMemoryVectorStore.from_documents(documents = splits, embedding = embedding)
+retriever = vectorstore.as_retriever()
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [43]:
+
+
+
+
+
+# Choose any of the models listed by their short-name:
+# see `curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $OPENAI_API_KEY" https://llm.nrp-nautilus.io/v1/models`
+"""
+models = {"llama3": "llama3-sdsc",
+ "deepseek-small": "DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B",
+ "deepseek": "deepseek-r1-qwen-qualcomm",
+ "gemma3": "gemma3",
+ "phi3": "phi3",
+ "olmo": "olmo"
+ }
+"""
+from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+#llm = ChatOpenAI(model = models['gemma3'],
+ #api_key = api_key,
+ #base_url = "https://llm.nrp-nautilus.io",
+ #temperature=0)
+
+
+from langchain.chains import create_retrieval_chain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents import create_stuff_documents_chain
+from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+
+system_prompt = (
+ "You are an assistant for question-answering tasks. "
+ "Use the following scientific articles as the retrieved context to answer "
+ "the question. Appropriately cite the articles from the context on which your answer is based using (Author, Year) format. "
+ "Do not attempt to cite articles that are not in the context."
+ "If you don't know the answer, say that you don't know."
+ "Use up to five sentences maximum and keep the answer concise.\n\n"
+ "{context}"
+)
+"""
+prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+ [
+ ("system", system_prompt),
+ ("human", "{input}"),
+ ]
+)
+question_answer_chain = create_stuff_documents_chain(retriever, prompt)
+rag_chain = create_retrieval_chain(retriever, question_answer_chain)
+"""
+
+def test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5):
+ retriever.search_kwargs["k"] = k # restrict top-k results
+ retrieved_docs = retriever.invoke(query)
+
+ print(f"\n🔍 Query: {query}")
+ print(f"\n📄 Top {k} Retrieved Documents:\n" + "-"*60)
+
+ for i, doc in enumerate(retrieved_docs):
+ print(f"\n--- Document #{i+1} ---")
+ print(doc.page_content[:1000]) # preview first 1000 chars
+ if hasattr(doc, "metadata") and doc.metadata:
+ print("\n[Metadata]:", doc.metadata)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [62]:
+
+
+
+
+
+test_query = "I live in Tanzania and am having issues with lions breaking into my boma and preying on cattle. What are a few ways to help me prevent this from happening in the future? "
+test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
+test_retriever_only
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+🔍 Query: I live in Tanzania and am having issues with lions breaking into my boma and preying on cattle. What are a few ways to help me prevent this from happening in the future?
+
+📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- Document #1 ---
+23. Carbone C, Teacher A, Rowcliffe JM. The costs of carnivor y. PLoS Biol. 2007; 5: 0363–0368. https://
+doi.org/10.13 71/journal.p bio.0050022 PMID: 17227145
+24. Grant J, Hopcraft C, Sinclair ARE, Packer C. Planning for success: Serenget i lions seek prey accessib il-
+ity rather than abundance. J Anim Ecol. 2005; 74: 559–566. https://d oi.org/10.111 1/j.1365 -2656.2005.
+00955.x
+25. Tuqa. The Impact of Climate Variability on the Ecology of a Lion (Panthera leo Linnae us 1758) Popula-
+tion and Lion-Lives tock Conflicts in the Amboseli Ecosyste m-Kenya . University of Leiden . 2015.
+LED flashlight technique in reducing livestoc k depredation by Lions (Panthera leo)
+PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.01908 98 January 31, 2018 17 / 18
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 8.0.2p1 (C++/Win64); modified using iTextSharp™ 5.5.3 ©2000-2014 iText Group NV (AGPL-version)', 'creator': 'Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 11.0.2857/W Unicode-x64', 'creationdate': '2018-01-10T21:11:13+05:30', 'title': 'Effectiveness of a LED flashlight technique in reducing livestock depredation by lions (Panthera leo) around Nairobi National Park, Kenya', 'eps_processor': 'PStill version 1.76.22', 'moddate': '2018-01-10T21:12:24+05:30', 'author': "Francis Lesilau, Myrthe Fonck, Maria Gatta, Charles Musyoki, Maarten van 't Zelfde, Gerard A. Persoon, Kees C. J. M. Musters, Geert R. de Snoo, Hans H. de Iongh", 'source': 'hwc\\Lesilau et al. 2018.pdf', 'total_pages': 18, 'page': 16, 'page_label': '17'}
+
+--- Document #2 ---
+Bomas constructed with high wooden post supported by chain-link (χ
+2
+= 8.1131, df = 1, p-
+value < 0.005) and barbed wire with post fence, were attacked less frequently than the other
+categories (p <0.05, Fig 8). None of the other deterrence variables (scare crow, dogs, spotlight,
+Table 1. GLMER showing the significance variables in relation to predation around the park using likeliho od ratio test.
+Variables Df AIC LRT Pr(Chi) Significa nce
+Flashlight 1 743.92 14.303 0.0001556
+
+Years 1 742.83 13.220 0.0002770
+
+Mean Rainfall 1 741.64 12.029 0.0005237
+
+Park Distance 1 743.95 14.333 0.0001532
+
+Significance codes: 0 ‘
+
+’, 0.001 ‘
+
+’, 0.01 ‘
+
+’, 0.05’.’, 0.1 ’ ’, 1[
+
+] represent s the reference variable.
+Model 1: Attnight ~ Flashlight + Year + Mean Rainfall + Park Distance+ (1 | Code) + (1 | Years)
+https://do i.org/10.1371/j ournal.pone .0190898.t001
+Fig 6. Mean number of nocturnal and diurnal boma attacks around NNP between 2007 and 2016 at different dista
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 8.0.2p1 (C++/Win64); modified using iTextSharp™ 5.5.3 ©2000-2014 iText Group NV (AGPL-version)', 'creator': 'Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 11.0.2857/W Unicode-x64', 'creationdate': '2018-01-10T21:11:13+05:30', 'title': 'Effectiveness of a LED flashlight technique in reducing livestock depredation by lions (Panthera leo) around Nairobi National Park, Kenya', 'eps_processor': 'PStill version 1.76.22', 'moddate': '2018-01-10T21:12:24+05:30', 'author': "Francis Lesilau, Myrthe Fonck, Maria Gatta, Charles Musyoki, Maarten van 't Zelfde, Gerard A. Persoon, Kees C. J. M. Musters, Geert R. de Snoo, Hans H. de Iongh", 'source': 'hwc\\Lesilau et al. 2018.pdf', 'total_pages': 18, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '11'}
+
+--- Document #3 ---
+attacks, due to economic losses[6,7]. In West and Central Africa, lion mortality due to retalia-
+tory killing is a major concern as the few remaining lion populations have reached critically
+low densities [4,8–10]. For conservationists working in these areas, conflict retaliation has
+therefore become a main priority [4,7,10,11].
+We explored a novel method for reducing human-lion conflict in Kenya. Kenya is a strong-
+hold for lions, with an estimated population of 2,000 individuals in 2008 [12]. With an esti-
+mated population of 35 lions including cubs, Nairobi National Park (NNP) in Kenya the lions
+are surviving despite its relative confinement inside the park surrounded by a densely populated
+urban area. Although the park is largely fenced [13], an unfenced connection between the
+southern border of the park and the Athi-Kapiti Plains [14] provides a wildlife migratory corri-
+dor and a possibility for lions to roam into surrounding communities. The intensified human
+demand for space ar
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 8.0.2p1 (C++/Win64); modified using iTextSharp™ 5.5.3 ©2000-2014 iText Group NV (AGPL-version)', 'creator': 'Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 11.0.2857/W Unicode-x64', 'creationdate': '2018-01-10T21:11:13+05:30', 'title': 'Effectiveness of a LED flashlight technique in reducing livestock depredation by lions (Panthera leo) around Nairobi National Park, Kenya', 'eps_processor': 'PStill version 1.76.22', 'moddate': '2018-01-10T21:12:24+05:30', 'author': "Francis Lesilau, Myrthe Fonck, Maria Gatta, Charles Musyoki, Maarten van 't Zelfde, Gerard A. Persoon, Kees C. J. M. Musters, Geert R. de Snoo, Hans H. de Iongh", 'source': 'hwc\\Lesilau et al. 2018.pdf', 'total_pages': 18, 'page': 1, 'page_label': '2'}
+
+--- Document #4 ---
+Similar to results from other studies [4,22,35], our findings show that increased rainfall is
+related to higher livestock depredation frequencies. This is a common phenomenon which is
+associated with a greater dispersal by both lions and their natural wild prey species during the
+wet season due to an increased and more widespread availability of both water and pasture
+after the rains [19]. Rainfall in the study area was highest during the 2011–2012 season, which
+was also the peak for livestock depredation.
+Despite the great variation in reports on the importance of boma characteristics and con-
+struction materials [20,27,35] in the prevention of attacks onlivestock by large carnivores, it is
+generally agreed that improved enclosures as well as both night and day time vigilance reduces
+the rate of livestock depredation [7,8,10,20]. The improved fencing techniques used in studies
+such as “Living walls bomas” [35,36] and “predator-proof bomas” [29] demonstrated success
+rates which were si
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 8.0.2p1 (C++/Win64); modified using iTextSharp™ 5.5.3 ©2000-2014 iText Group NV (AGPL-version)', 'creator': 'Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 11.0.2857/W Unicode-x64', 'creationdate': '2018-01-10T21:11:13+05:30', 'title': 'Effectiveness of a LED flashlight technique in reducing livestock depredation by lions (Panthera leo) around Nairobi National Park, Kenya', 'eps_processor': 'PStill version 1.76.22', 'moddate': '2018-01-10T21:12:24+05:30', 'author': "Francis Lesilau, Myrthe Fonck, Maria Gatta, Charles Musyoki, Maarten van 't Zelfde, Gerard A. Persoon, Kees C. J. M. Musters, Geert R. de Snoo, Hans H. de Iongh", 'source': 'hwc\\Lesilau et al. 2018.pdf', 'total_pages': 18, 'page': 13, 'page_label': '14'}
+
+--- Document #5 ---
+radio, fire and noise) were significant in predation prevention (see S1 Table).Herd size did not
+affect nocturnal predation of shoats (Kruskal test, χ
+2
+= 21.76, p-value = 0.7) and cattle (χ
+2
+25,
+p-value = 0.6) (see S1 Table).
+When respondents were asked an open question on what they believed should be done to
+resolve human-lion conflicts around NNP, (Appendix I, question 13), most respondents
+(92%) had one or more suggestions (S3 Table): “flashlight installation” and “some form of
+compensation” were by far the most mentioned suggestions, followed by measures that would
+prevent lions from roaming outside the park boundaries. Although “fencing the park” was
+sometimes mentioned, 62% of the respondents did not believe that complete fencing of the
+park would resolve the human-lion conflict. Suggestions further included measures that could
+rapidly detect and relocate freely roaming lions back to the park, which according to some will
+become even more important when the announced plans for
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 8.0.2p1 (C++/Win64); modified using iTextSharp™ 5.5.3 ©2000-2014 iText Group NV (AGPL-version)', 'creator': 'Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 11.0.2857/W Unicode-x64', 'creationdate': '2018-01-10T21:11:13+05:30', 'title': 'Effectiveness of a LED flashlight technique in reducing livestock depredation by lions (Panthera leo) around Nairobi National Park, Kenya', 'eps_processor': 'PStill version 1.76.22', 'moddate': '2018-01-10T21:12:24+05:30', 'author': "Francis Lesilau, Myrthe Fonck, Maria Gatta, Charles Musyoki, Maarten van 't Zelfde, Gerard A. Persoon, Kees C. J. M. Musters, Geert R. de Snoo, Hans H. de Iongh", 'source': 'hwc\\Lesilau et al. 2018.pdf', 'total_pages': 18, 'page': 11, 'page_label': '12'}
+
+
+
+Out[62]:
+
+
+<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [64]:
+
+
+
+
+
+test_query = "What should I do if elephants are destroying my crops? And what are the most cost-effective prevention methods, if there are any you know of?"
+test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
+test_retriever_only
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+🔍 Query: What should I do if elephants are destroying my crops? And what are the most cost-effective prevention methods, if there are any you know of?
+
+📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- Document #1 ---
+242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
+helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
+2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
+and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
+(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
+stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
+and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
+adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
+Education and awareness programs were often cited in
+feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
+tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
+based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
+exploration into why and where conservation decision
+makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
+proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
+dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
+may be more effective than simple information provision
+or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
+However, how different interventio
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}
+
+--- Document #2 ---
+3
+Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:15341 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
+www.nature.com/scientificreports/
+numbers increase and more bears need more food26,43,44. Hence, the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions can
+be lower than expected when hungry bears become persistent and more aggressive in damaging behaviour. As
+high density may lead to more bears involved in conflicts, it also could increase the demand for bear removal45
+and affect the effectiveness of removal techniques such as translocation and lethal control.
+In this paper, we compiled a global database of intervention effectiveness against bears and studied how it
+is related to bear species and densities, duration of intervention application, and intervention techniques. We
+attempted to find and describe the most effective and the least effective interventions against bears. Further, we
+tested several hypotheses: (1) lethal control and invasive management are less effective th
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Adobe PDF Library 15.0; modified using iText® 5.3.5 ©2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (SPRINGER SBM; licensed version)', 'creator': 'Springer', 'creationdate': '2020-09-14T15:09:33+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'springer.com', 'moddate': '2020-09-14T15:58:07+02:00', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'author': 'Igor Khorozyan', 'title': 'Variation and conservation implications of the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'doi': '10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'springerlink.com', 'source': 'hwc\\Khorozyan and Waltert 2020.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}
+
+--- Document #3 ---
+L~J;~...'
+¿- ~1i
+~ø~~/
+,'~ '~J-'::~;"~' ~-~
+'-
+a
+c
+b
+..--~
+1-
+~~-
+, :~';~'?'".
+-1~~~~f~':".o.,".~.~) ~
+ç J)';i-ir,i.();::u-::::;v'
+~d/idlj¡ti# - ""... .. . '. ý.o:.. .1l)"',y'A 'jt:)
+.: .' ~:-~J.~,,:::;:,'."'h _ .. " i.-/ J. l1?~"P~.o~'::~ ....( I:? ~'J.J.I
+'-~:~.éiiA~~t~'?:,)J -~
+e
+¡=j'~0'Ó .~
+! r- ..'7~l)S,
+. '~RfÖ'~~j£'"J;').,;.... i
+/!Æ,?-:''~, j
+q~ f\ .;- .J')~~:' -' i
+(1"
+Fig. /8. a. A leg-hold trap is first laid on the ground to detemiine best location of hole. b. The hole should be about II cm deep and shape to
+accommodate the trap. c. If a stake is used. it is driven into the boHom of the hole. If a drag is used, it is placed in the hole. The chain is then put
+into the hole and covered with soil unlIlthe hole is about 3 cm deep and packed to provide a firm foundation. d. TIie front jaw is raised and the pan
+cover is placed over the pan so soil cannot get under the pan. e. The trap is covered with finely sifted soil to a depth of 0.6-1.2 cm. A siick or whisk
+broom is used to to
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Canon iR C5800', 'creator': 'Canon iR C5800', 'creationdate': '2009-03-09T08:39:40-05:00', 'subject': 'Image', 'source': 'hwc\\Dolbeer et al. 1994.pdf', 'total_pages': 34, 'page': 27, 'page_label': '28'}
+
+--- Document #4 ---
+gered and 'protected by state and federal laws. Control
+operators unfamiliar with bat identification are urged to
+sek professional help from wildlife agencies or univer-
+sities (Frantz 1986).
+The presence of bats in a building usually is evidenced
+by noise (squeaking, scratching) and by the presence and
+distinctive, pungent odor of the accumulated fecal drop-
+pings and urine. Bat feces are readily identified from those
+of rodents by odor, insect content, and the ease with which
+they are crushed (Greenhall 1982).
+Many people are feanul of bats and panic in their pres-
+ence. Bats occasionally contract rabics, and, although few
+human deaths have resulted from bat-transmitted rabies
+(Green hall i 982), contact with a rabid bat or a bite by a
+bat that escapes requires pòstexposurc trcatmcnt of people
+and pets without current vaccinations (Frantz 1986).
+Where bat colonies are allowed to pcrsist so that guano
+deposits accumulate, the fungus that causcs histoplasmosis
+can develop. Bats roostin
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Canon iR C5800', 'creator': 'Canon iR C5800', 'creationdate': '2009-03-09T08:39:40-05:00', 'subject': 'Image', 'source': 'hwc\\Dolbeer et al. 1994.pdf', 'total_pages': 34, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '11'}
+
+--- Document #5 ---
+Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
+the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
+Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
+events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
+beginning AC treatm ent.
+https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
+PLOS ONE
+Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
+PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}
+
+
+
+Out[64]:
+
+
+<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [66]:
+
+
+
+
+
+test_query = "I know jaguars can prey on goats and cattle, which I have; what measures can I take to save them from getting harmed? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help?"
+test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
+test_retriever_only
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+🔍 Query: I know jaguars can prey on goats and cattle, which I have; what measures can I take to save them from getting harmed? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help?
+
+📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- Document #1 ---
+hypothesis was that index of pre- and post-ban use
+was the same for both types of feeding sites.
+We calculated the average annual number of
+observed bears during pre- and post-ban periods
+for each feeding site. We then used these averages
+instead of raw data from individual counts. We
+calculated an annual index of feeding site use by
+pooling data from all feeding sites (average number
+of bears counted at feeding sites in post-ban period
+divided by average number of bears counted in pre-
+ban period). Subsequently, we used bootstrapping
+with 1,000 simulations to test for differences between
+SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDING AND BEAR DEPREDATIONS N Kavcˇicˇ et al. 113
+Ursus 24(2):111–119 (2013)
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'GPL Ghostscript 9.26', 'creator': '', 'creationdate': '2022-06-06T23:09:49-07:00', 'moddate': '2022-06-06T23:09:49-07:00', 'title': '', 'author': '', 'subject': '', 'keywords': '', 'source': 'hwc\\Kavcic et al. 2013.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}
+
+--- Document #2 ---
+1
+Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:15341 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
+www.nature.com/scientificreports
+Variation and conservation
+implications of the effectiveness
+of anti‑bear interventions
+igor Khorozyan* & Matthias Waltert
+Human-bear conflicts triggered by nuisance behaviour in public places and damage to livestock, crops,
+beehives and trees are among the main threats to bear populations globally. The effectiveness of
+interventions used to minimize bear-caused damage is insufficiently known and comparative reviews
+are lacking. We conducted a meta-analysis of 77 cases from 48 publications and used the relative
+risk of damage to compare the effectiveness of non-invasive interventions, invasive management
+(translocations) and lethal control (shooting) against bears. We show that the most effective
+interventions are electric fences (95% confidence interval = 79.2–100% reduction in damage), calving
+control (100%) and livestock replacement
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Adobe PDF Library 15.0; modified using iText® 5.3.5 ©2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (SPRINGER SBM; licensed version)', 'creator': 'Springer', 'creationdate': '2020-09-14T15:09:33+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'springer.com', 'moddate': '2020-09-14T15:58:07+02:00', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'author': 'Igor Khorozyan', 'title': 'Variation and conservation implications of the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'doi': '10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'springerlink.com', 'source': 'hwc\\Khorozyan and Waltert 2020.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 0, 'page_label': '1'}
+
+--- Document #3 ---
+L~J;~...'
+¿- ~1i
+~ø~~/
+,'~ '~J-'::~;"~' ~-~
+'-
+a
+c
+b
+..--~
+1-
+~~-
+, :~';~'?'".
+-1~~~~f~':".o.,".~.~) ~
+ç J)';i-ir,i.();::u-::::;v'
+~d/idlj¡ti# - ""... .. . '. ý.o:.. .1l)"',y'A 'jt:)
+.: .' ~:-~J.~,,:::;:,'."'h _ .. " i.-/ J. l1?~"P~.o~'::~ ....( I:? ~'J.J.I
+'-~:~.éiiA~~t~'?:,)J -~
+e
+¡=j'~0'Ó .~
+! r- ..'7~l)S,
+. '~RfÖ'~~j£'"J;').,;.... i
+/!Æ,?-:''~, j
+q~ f\ .;- .J')~~:' -' i
+(1"
+Fig. /8. a. A leg-hold trap is first laid on the ground to detemiine best location of hole. b. The hole should be about II cm deep and shape to
+accommodate the trap. c. If a stake is used. it is driven into the boHom of the hole. If a drag is used, it is placed in the hole. The chain is then put
+into the hole and covered with soil unlIlthe hole is about 3 cm deep and packed to provide a firm foundation. d. TIie front jaw is raised and the pan
+cover is placed over the pan so soil cannot get under the pan. e. The trap is covered with finely sifted soil to a depth of 0.6-1.2 cm. A siick or whisk
+broom is used to to
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Canon iR C5800', 'creator': 'Canon iR C5800', 'creationdate': '2009-03-09T08:39:40-05:00', 'subject': 'Image', 'source': 'hwc\\Dolbeer et al. 1994.pdf', 'total_pages': 34, 'page': 27, 'page_label': '28'}
+
+--- Document #4 ---
+Damage often is undetected until a tree shows above-
+ground signs of stress; by then damage is frequently lethal
+(Cummings and Marsh 1978). Pocket gophers also may
+damage plastic irrigation lines on agncultural lands as
+well as underground pipes and cables in other situations.
+On rangeland, soil disturbance and mound building by
+pocket gophers rcsult in increased plant diversity and a
+rcplacement of perennial by annual grasses (McDonough
+1974, Foster and Stubbendieck i 980, Marsh 1985a). They
+can greatly rcduce the carring capacity of rangeland for
+livestock. Gophcrs can be a serious pest in alfalfa by feed-
+ing on the leaves, stems, and roots (Marsh 1985a). Gopher
+mounds can cause equipment breakage and increascd
+weanng ratc of haying machinery. Gopher tunnels result
+in water loss in irrigated areas (Case and Jasch 1993).
+Pockct gophers are a major impedimcnt to reforcstation
+in the westcrn U.S. (Crouch 1986). During winter thcy
+often forage above ground by tunneling in the snow. Co-
+
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Canon iR C5800', 'creator': 'Canon iR C5800', 'creationdate': '2009-03-09T08:39:40-05:00', 'subject': 'Image', 'source': 'hwc\\Dolbeer et al. 1994.pdf', 'total_pages': 34, 'page': 13, 'page_label': '14'}
+
+--- Document #5 ---
+242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
+helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
+2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
+and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
+(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
+stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
+and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
+adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
+Education and awareness programs were often cited in
+feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
+tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
+based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
+exploration into why and where conservation decision
+makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
+proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
+dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
+may be more effective than simple information provision
+or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
+However, how different interventio
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}
+
+
+
+Out[66]:
+
+
+<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [68]:
+
+
+
+
+
+test_query = "I am trying to prevent coyotes from eating the calves of my free-range cattle. What may work best and incentivize them to stay away?"
+test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
+test_retriever_only
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+🔍 Query: I am trying to prevent coyotes from eating the calves of my free-range cattle. What may work best and incentivize them to stay away?
+
+📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- Document #1 ---
+hypothesis was that index of pre- and post-ban use
+was the same for both types of feeding sites.
+We calculated the average annual number of
+observed bears during pre- and post-ban periods
+for each feeding site. We then used these averages
+instead of raw data from individual counts. We
+calculated an annual index of feeding site use by
+pooling data from all feeding sites (average number
+of bears counted at feeding sites in post-ban period
+divided by average number of bears counted in pre-
+ban period). Subsequently, we used bootstrapping
+with 1,000 simulations to test for differences between
+SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDING AND BEAR DEPREDATIONS N Kavcˇicˇ et al. 113
+Ursus 24(2):111–119 (2013)
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'GPL Ghostscript 9.26', 'creator': '', 'creationdate': '2022-06-06T23:09:49-07:00', 'moddate': '2022-06-06T23:09:49-07:00', 'title': '', 'author': '', 'subject': '', 'keywords': '', 'source': 'hwc\\Kavcic et al. 2013.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}
+
+--- Document #2 ---
+depredation rates on domestic sheep (i.e. risk-taking behaviours)
+increased when coyotes were energetically challenged during
+whelping and provisioning of pups, and that removing pups from a
+territorial, depredating breeding pair reduced predation rates on
+sheep. In subsequent research, sterilized coyotes reduced predation
+rates on domestic lambs six- to eight-fold without affecting social
+behaviour and territory maintenance (Bromley & Gese, 2001a,
+2001b). Thus, anticipating how carnivores might shift their
+behaviour in response to available resources and in relation to the
+relative costs associated with anthropogenic‘predatory stimuli’ is
+critical for carnivoreeconflict mitigation.
+Complementing management strategies intended to lessen the
+energetic reward associated with risk-taking behaviours are efforts
+designed to modify or interrupt a carnivore's predatory sequence
+(i.e. killing livestock;Knowlton, Gese,& Jaeger, 1999; Shivik, 2006).
+Here, we emphasize that the predatory sequence
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows)', 'creator': 'Elsevier', 'creationdate': '2016-09-26T20:02:29+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'elsevier.com', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Animal Behaviour, 120 (2016) 245-254. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'author': 'Bradley F. Blackwell', 'elsevierwebpdfspecifications': '6.5', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'moddate': '2016-09-26T20:03:01+05:30', 'doi': '10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'sciencedirect.com', 'title': 'No single solution: application of behavioural principles in mitigating human-wildlife conflict', 'source': 'hwc\\Blackwell et al. 2016.pdf', 'total_pages': 10, 'page': 5, 'page_label': '250'}
+
+--- Document #3 ---
+in each park. This model comprises a zero-inflated
+submodel to assess the probability that coyotes were
+reported on a certain park–week combination via a logis-
+tic regression, and a conditional submodel that assessed
+the abundance of coyote reports per park (or park area)
+per week using a negative binomial regression. Potential
+explanatory fixed-effect variables for this response vari-
+able included coyote season, year, and the last aversive
+conditioning treatment type prior to the reporting week if
+aversive conditioning was conducted in the eight weeks
+(56 days) prior to the week being evaluated. We also
+investigated the role of the number of days since the last
+aversive conditioning engagement, the number of aver-
+sive conditioning engagements of coyotes by contractors
+in the eight weeks prior to a reporting week (tallied sepa-
+rately for each park or park area), and the number of
+reports of coyote activity made to 311 in the eight weeks
+prior to the reporting week (also tallied sep
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 22.0 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 9.1.520/W Unicode', 'creationdate': '2023-10-10T06:27:55+05:30', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:15:21-07:00', 'subject': 'Ecosphere 2023.14:e4676', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1002/(ISSN)2150-8925', 'title': 'Proactive use of intensive aversive conditioning increases probability of retreat by coyotes', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1002/ecs2.4676', 'source': 'hwc\\Lajeunesse et al. 2023.pdf', 'total_pages': 17, 'page': 6, 'page_label': '7'}
+
+--- Document #4 ---
+58 EV ALUATING BEAR EDUCATION
+TABLE 2
+Questions Grouped in Indices Based on a Factor Analysis (N = 153)
+Initial Eigen
+values∗
+% of Component ∗
+Total variance loadings
+Index A: Attitude toward bear protection (Cronbach’sα = 0.63)
+It is good to have the RECAY? (5-point scale) 2 .049 51 .235 0 .742
+Do you believe the RECAY is needed for bear survival? (5-point scale) 0 .893 22 .329 0 .737
+Do bears need to be protected? (yes = 1/no = 0) 0 .604 15 .103 0 .644
+Are laws to protect bears needed? (yes = 1/no = 0) 0 .453 11 .333 0 .736
+Index B: Attitude toward bear presence (Cronbach’sα = 0.53)
+Name three animals that are detrimental to your livelihood
+(bear is named = 0; not named = 1)
+1.809 45 .224 0 .670
+Name three animals that are beneficial to your livelihood
+(bear is named = 0; not named = 1)
+0.848 21 .190 0 .604
+Are there currently more bears than in the past? (3-point scale) 0 .770 19 .262 0 .764
+Would you prefer that there are more or less bears in the forest?
+(5-point scale)
+0.573 14 .3
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 6.0.1 (Windows)', 'creator': 'dvips(k) 5.95a Copyright 2005 Radical Eye Software', 'creationdate': '2011-11-09T13:01:02+05:30', 'moddate': '2011-11-09T13:01:23+05:30', 'title': 'Human-Wildlife Conflict and Environmental Education: Evaluating a Community Program to Protect the A', 'source': 'hwc\\Espinosa et al. 2011.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 4, 'page_label': '58'}
+
+--- Document #5 ---
+460 SELECTIVE REMOVAL OF COYOTES * Blejwas et al. J. Wildl. Manage. 66(2):2002
+ lambs killed substantially more sheep than coy-
+ otes without access to lambs. One male whose
+ original territory did not overlap lambing pas-
+ tures was implicated in only 2 sheep kills over the
+ course of an entire year. After his mate died, he
+ merged his territory with that of a widowed
+ female in an adjacent lamb-access territory and
+ was subsequently implicated in 2 kills within a
+ month. Furthermore, at HREC, the same territo-
+ rial pairs that have access to small lambs during
+ the lambing season also have access to replace-
+ ment lambs during the summer and fall (Fig. 1).
+ Pairs in these territories killed sheep throughout
+ the year, a pattern that may have been encour-
+ aged by the continuing presence of replacement
+ lambs within the territory.
+ MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS
+ Previous studies have shown that breeding coy-
+ otes are responsible for most sheep depredations
+ (Till and Know
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'iText® 5.5.8 ©2000-2015 iText Group NV (AGPL-version); modified using iText® 7.1.3 ©2000-2018 iText Group NV (JSTOR Michigan; licensed version)', 'creator': 'page2pdf-2.1', 'creationdate': '2016-08-07T19:47:10+00:00', 'moddate': '2020-09-14T14:51:37+00:00', 'title': 'The Effectiveness of Selective Removal of Breeding Coyotes in Reducing Sheep Predation', 'source': 'hwc\\Blejwas et al. 2002.pdf', 'total_pages': 13, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '461'}
+
+
+
+Out[68]:
+
+
+<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [70]:
+
+
+
+
+
+test_query = "Deers keep destroying and takiing over our large agricultural fields. Is there anything I can try to prevent this that won’t break the bank?"
+test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
+test_retriever_only
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+🔍 Query: Deers keep destroying and takiing over our large agricultural fields. Is there anything I can try to prevent this that won’t break the bank?
+
+📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- Document #1 ---
+and among lethal interventions, 48.6% investigated culling (N =1 7 ) ,
+34.3% retaliatory killing (N = 12), and 17.1% trophy-hunting (N =6 ) .
+Contrary to the whole body of literature, most of these case studies were
+located in the Neartic (63.6%) followed by the Afrotropic (24.5%) and
+Paleartic (7.7%) (Fig. 3). Nonetheless, the species included in the case studies
+reflected the generalfindings, with most of the management experiments
+being conducted on wolves (29.4%) followed by bears (23.8%) and leopards
+(16.1%) (Fig. 2). Surprisingly, almost none of the experiments were con-
+ducted on tigers, despite their strong presence in the whole literature and
+their heavy impact, including attacks on humans (Dhungana et al., 2016).
+Fig. 2.Species prevalence in literature (black bars,N = 525) and case studies (gray bars, N = 143).
+Fig. 3.Geographic prevalence in literature (black bars, N = 525) and case studies (gray bars,N = 143), with species involved per geographic area. In circles, mean result
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PyPDF', 'creator': 'Elsevier', 'creationdate': '2022-06-07T02:40:21+00:00', 'author': 'Charlotte Lorand', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'elsevier.com', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'sciencedirect.com', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'elsevierwebpdfspecifications': '7.0', 'keywords': 'Human-carnivore coexistence; Lethal control; Non-lethal management; Conservation interventions; Effectiveness; Evidence-based', 'moddate': '2022-06-07T02:40:21+00:00', 'subject': 'Science of the Total Environment, 838 (2022) 156195. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156195', 'title': "Effectiveness of interventions for managing human-large carnivore conflicts worldwide: Scare them off, don't remove them", 'doi': '10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156195', 'robots': 'noindex', 'source': 'hwc\\Lorand et al. 2022.pdf', 'total_pages': 11, 'page': 5, 'page_label': '6'}
+
+--- Document #2 ---
+hypothesis was that index of pre- and post-ban use
+was the same for both types of feeding sites.
+We calculated the average annual number of
+observed bears during pre- and post-ban periods
+for each feeding site. We then used these averages
+instead of raw data from individual counts. We
+calculated an annual index of feeding site use by
+pooling data from all feeding sites (average number
+of bears counted at feeding sites in post-ban period
+divided by average number of bears counted in pre-
+ban period). Subsequently, we used bootstrapping
+with 1,000 simulations to test for differences between
+SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDING AND BEAR DEPREDATIONS N Kavcˇicˇ et al. 113
+Ursus 24(2):111–119 (2013)
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'GPL Ghostscript 9.26', 'creator': '', 'creationdate': '2022-06-06T23:09:49-07:00', 'moddate': '2022-06-06T23:09:49-07:00', 'title': '', 'author': '', 'subject': '', 'keywords': '', 'source': 'hwc\\Kavcic et al. 2013.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}
+
+--- Document #3 ---
+in baboon space use patterns and foraging activity in year
+one and year two at the troop and at the individual level
+(males). To test for differences in space use, we used
+troop GPS data, comparing troop home range size
+between the 2 years and their composition (with respect
+to habitat use). This allowed us to determine whether
+baboons used the urban and farm habitats less (where
+conflict occurs) following the recommended management
+changes. To test for differences in behavior, we described
+the location of baboons foraging events and compared
+the overall proportion of time invested in foraging, rest-
+ing, traveling, and grooming activities, using Wilcoxon
+(troop) and Wilcoxon signed rank tests (males). Finally,
+we compared the number of public complaints between
+the 2 years relevant to this troop in this area in relation
+with the other troops in the Cape Peninsula.
+3 | RESULTS
+3.1 | Year one findings and
+recommendations
+Full details of year one findings are presented in
+Fehlmann et al.
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 11.0 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 9.1.520/W Unicode', 'creationdate': '2023-06-16T15:56:20+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:15:01-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservat Sci and Prac 2023.5:e12948', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)2578-4854', 'title': 'Using behavioral studies to adapt management decisions and reduce negative interactions between humans and baboons in Cape Town, South Africa', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/csp2.12948', 'source': 'hwc\\Fehlmann et al. 2022.pdf', 'total_pages': 16, 'page': 6, 'page_label': '7'}
+
+--- Document #4 ---
+likelihood ratio test that compared the modelfit with and without a group-
+ing factor (here, the case study ID).
+In addition to the scoring consistency of evaluators, we investigated
+whether average Effectiveness, CoE, HC, and HP scores changed over the
+time period covered by our study cases (1975–2021) or differed according
+to the intervention considered (lethal and non-lethal interventions, translo-
+cations). We modeled the scores for the four metrics as functions of the in-
+tervention type and time (year of publication of the case study) based on the
+mixed-effects linear regression models with the evaluator ID and case study
+ID used as random factors and the intervention type and publication year
+respectively incorporated as qualitative and quantitativefixed-effects ex-
+planatory variables. Models were implemented using thelmer function of
+the lme4 Rp a c k a g e(Bates et al., 2015).
+3. Results
+3.1. Features of human-large carnivore conflicts around the world
+From our literature search
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PyPDF', 'creator': 'Elsevier', 'creationdate': '2022-06-07T02:40:21+00:00', 'author': 'Charlotte Lorand', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'elsevier.com', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'sciencedirect.com', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'elsevierwebpdfspecifications': '7.0', 'keywords': 'Human-carnivore coexistence; Lethal control; Non-lethal management; Conservation interventions; Effectiveness; Evidence-based', 'moddate': '2022-06-07T02:40:21+00:00', 'subject': 'Science of the Total Environment, 838 (2022) 156195. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156195', 'title': "Effectiveness of interventions for managing human-large carnivore conflicts worldwide: Scare them off, don't remove them", 'doi': '10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156195', 'robots': 'noindex', 'source': 'hwc\\Lorand et al. 2022.pdf', 'total_pages': 11, 'page': 4, 'page_label': '5'}
+
+--- Document #5 ---
+Human–wildlife conflicts in a fragmented Amazonian forest
+landscape: determinants of large felid depredation on
+livestock
+F. Michalski1,2, R. L. P. Boulhosa2,3, A. Faria4 & C. A. Peres1
+1 Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
+2 Instituto Pr´o-Carn´ıvoros, Atibaia, SP, Brazil
+3 CENAP/IBAMA, Atibaia, SP, Brazil
+4 Faculdade de Cieˆncias Biol´ogicas, Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso, Alta Floresta, MT, Brazil
+Keywords
+human–wildlife conflicts; large felids;
+predation; Brazilian Amazonia.
+Correspondence
+Fernanda Michalski, Centre for Ecology,
+Evolution and Conservation, School of
+Environmental Sciences, University of East
+Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
+Fax: +44 1603 591327
+Email: F.Michalski@uea.ac.uk
+Received 20 September 2005; accepted
+5 December 2005
+doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00025.x
+Abstract
+Most large carnivore species are in global decline. Conflicts with people, particu-
+larly over depredation on sm
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib PLOP 3.0 (.NET/Win32)/Acrobat Distiller 6.0.1 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': '3B2 Total Publishing System 8.07f/W', 'creationdate': '2006-03-25T19:46:31+05:30', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T11:47:43-07:00', 'subject': 'Animal Conservation 2006.9:179-188', 'wps-proclevel': '2', 'title': 'Human–wildlife conflicts in a fragmented Amazonian forest landscape: determinants of large felid depredation on livestock', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00025.x', 'source': 'hwc\\Michalski et al. 2006.pdf', 'total_pages': 10, 'page': 0, 'page_label': '1'}
+
+
+
+Out[70]:
+
+
+<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [72]:
+
+
+
+
+
+test_query = "We live in a suburb and bears sometimes come into our town to eat from our fruit trees and trash. What are the best ways for us to prevent this as a community without removing our fruit trees? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
+test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
+test_retriever_only
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+🔍 Query: We live in a suburb and bears sometimes come into our town to eat from our fruit trees and trash. What are the best ways for us to prevent this as a community without removing our fruit trees? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip
+
+📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- Document #1 ---
+242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
+helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
+2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
+and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
+(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
+stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
+and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
+adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
+Education and awareness programs were often cited in
+feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
+tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
+based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
+exploration into why and where conservation decision
+makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
+proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
+dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
+may be more effective than simple information provision
+or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
+However, how different interventio
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}
+
+--- Document #2 ---
+8
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure A5. Silhouette width plot of the k-medoid partitions with k = 2 to 10 used to estimate the best
+number of clusters to describe livestock husbandry systems within the wolf range in northern Portugal
+(see the main text for details).
+
+2 4 6 8 10
+0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32
+Number of clusters
+Silhouette Width
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creator': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creationdate': '2017-01-25T14:50:41+00:00', 'author': 'V. Pimenta', 'moddate': '2017-01-25T14:52:31+00:00', 'source': 'hwc\\Pimenta et al. 2017.pdf', 'total_pages': 20, 'page': 17, 'page_label': '18'}
+
+--- Document #3 ---
+51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
+[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
+increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
+subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
+increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
+with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
+sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
+captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
+conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
+instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
+has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}
+
+--- Document #4 ---
+Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
+the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
+Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
+events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
+beginning AC treatm ent.
+https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
+PLOS ONE
+Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
+PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}
+
+--- Document #5 ---
+* Correspondence: B. F. Blackwell, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and
+Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research
+Center, Ohio Field Station, Sandusky, OH, 44870, U.S.A.
+E-mail address: bradley.f.blackwell@aphis.usda.gov (B. F. Blackwell).
+Contents lists available atScienceDirect
+Animal Behaviour
+journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013
+0003-3472/Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
+Animal Behaviour 120 (2016) 245e254
+SPECIAL ISSUE: CONSERVATION BEHAVIOUR
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows)', 'creator': 'Elsevier', 'creationdate': '2016-09-26T20:02:29+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'elsevier.com', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Animal Behaviour, 120 (2016) 245-254. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'author': 'Bradley F. Blackwell', 'elsevierwebpdfspecifications': '6.5', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'moddate': '2016-09-26T20:03:01+05:30', 'doi': '10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'sciencedirect.com', 'title': 'No single solution: application of behavioural principles in mitigating human-wildlife conflict', 'source': 'hwc\\Blackwell et al. 2016.pdf', 'total_pages': 10, 'page': 0, 'page_label': '245'}
+
+
+
+Out[72]:
+
+
+<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [74]:
+
+
+
+
+
+test_query = "If we live in an area with a lot of wolves, what cattle husbandry strategies should I employ to prevent any sort of wildlife-human conflict? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
+test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
+test_retriever_only
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+🔍 Query: If we live in an area with a lot of wolves, what cattle husbandry strategies should I employ to prevent any sort of wildlife-human conflict? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip
+
+📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- Document #1 ---
+242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
+helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
+2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
+and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
+(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
+stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
+and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
+adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
+Education and awareness programs were often cited in
+feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
+tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
+based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
+exploration into why and where conservation decision
+makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
+proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
+dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
+may be more effective than simple information provision
+or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
+However, how different interventio
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}
+
+--- Document #2 ---
+Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
+the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
+Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
+events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
+beginning AC treatm ent.
+https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
+PLOS ONE
+Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
+PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}
+
+--- Document #3 ---
+51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
+[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
+increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
+subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
+increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
+with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
+sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
+captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
+conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
+instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
+has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}
+
+--- Document #4 ---
+3
+Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:15341 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
+www.nature.com/scientificreports/
+numbers increase and more bears need more food26,43,44. Hence, the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions can
+be lower than expected when hungry bears become persistent and more aggressive in damaging behaviour. As
+high density may lead to more bears involved in conflicts, it also could increase the demand for bear removal45
+and affect the effectiveness of removal techniques such as translocation and lethal control.
+In this paper, we compiled a global database of intervention effectiveness against bears and studied how it
+is related to bear species and densities, duration of intervention application, and intervention techniques. We
+attempted to find and describe the most effective and the least effective interventions against bears. Further, we
+tested several hypotheses: (1) lethal control and invasive management are less effective th
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Adobe PDF Library 15.0; modified using iText® 5.3.5 ©2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (SPRINGER SBM; licensed version)', 'creator': 'Springer', 'creationdate': '2020-09-14T15:09:33+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'springer.com', 'moddate': '2020-09-14T15:58:07+02:00', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'author': 'Igor Khorozyan', 'title': 'Variation and conservation implications of the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'doi': '10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'springerlink.com', 'source': 'hwc\\Khorozyan and Waltert 2020.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}
+
+--- Document #5 ---
+8
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure A5. Silhouette width plot of the k-medoid partitions with k = 2 to 10 used to estimate the best
+number of clusters to describe livestock husbandry systems within the wolf range in northern Portugal
+(see the main text for details).
+
+2 4 6 8 10
+0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32
+Number of clusters
+Silhouette Width
+
+[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creator': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creationdate': '2017-01-25T14:50:41+00:00', 'author': 'V. Pimenta', 'moddate': '2017-01-25T14:52:31+00:00', 'source': 'hwc\\Pimenta et al. 2017.pdf', 'total_pages': 20, 'page': 17, 'page_label': '18'}
+
+
+
+Out[74]:
+
+
+<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In [ ]:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+