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- content="Deformable Neural Radiance Fields creates free-viewpoint portraits (nerfies) from casually captured videos.">
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- <title>Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fields</title>
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- <h1 class="title is-1 publication-title">Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fields</h1>
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  <div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
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- <span class="author-block">
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- <a href="https://keunhong.com" target="_blank">Keunhong Park</a><sup>1</sup>,</span>
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- <span class="author-block">
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- <a href="https://utkarshsinha.com" target="_blank">Utkarsh Sinha</a><sup>2</sup>,</span>
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- <span class="author-block">
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- <a href="https://jonbarron.info" target="_blank">Jonathan T. Barron</a><sup>2</sup>,
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- </span>
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- <span class="author-block">
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- <a href="http://sofienbouaziz.com" target="_blank">Sofien Bouaziz</a><sup>2</sup>,
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- </span>
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- <span class="author-block">
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- <a href="https://www.danbgoldman.com" target="_blank">Dan B Goldman</a><sup>2</sup>,
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- </span>
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- <span class="author-block">
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- <a href="https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~seitz/" target="_blank">Steven M. Seitz</a><sup>1,2</sup>,
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- </span>
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- <span class="author-block">
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- <a href="http://www.ricardomartinbrualla.com" target="_blank">Ricardo Martin-Brualla</a><sup>2</sup>
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- </span>
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- </div>
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-
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- <div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
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- <span class="author-block"><sup>1</sup>University of Washington,</span>
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- <span class="author-block"><sup>2</sup>Google Research</span>
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- <!-- PDF Link. -->
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- <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.12948" target="_blank"
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- <span class="icon">
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- <i class="fas fa-file-pdf"></i>
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- </span>
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- <span>Paper</span>
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- </a>
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- </span>
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- <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.12948" target="_blank"
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- <span>arXiv</span>
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- <a href="https://github.com/google/nerfies" target="_blank"
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- <a href="https://github.com/google/nerfies/releases/tag/0.1" target="_blank"
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- <h2 class="subtitle has-text-centered">
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- <span class="dnerf">Nerfies</span> turns selfie videos from your phone into
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- free-viewpoint
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- portraits.
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- <!-- Abstract. -->
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- <h2 class="title is-3">Abstract</h2>
 
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  <p>
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- We present the first method capable of photorealistically reconstructing a non-rigidly
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- deforming scene using photos/videos captured casually from mobile phones.
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  </p>
 
 
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  <p>
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- Our approach augments neural radiance fields
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- (NeRF) by optimizing an
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- additional continuous volumetric deformation field that warps each observed point into a
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- canonical 5D NeRF.
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- We observe that these NeRF-like deformation fields are prone to local minima, and
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- propose a coarse-to-fine optimization method for coordinate-based models that allows for
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- more robust optimization.
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- By adapting principles from geometry processing and physical simulation to NeRF-like
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- models, we propose an elastic regularization of the deformation field that further
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- improves robustness.
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  </p>
 
 
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  <p>
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- We show that <span class="dnerf">Nerfies</span> can turn casually captured selfie
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- photos/videos into deformable NeRF
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- models that allow for photorealistic renderings of the subject from arbitrary
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- viewpoints, which we dub <i>"nerfies"</i>. We evaluate our method by collecting data
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- using a
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- rig with two mobile phones that take time-synchronized photos, yielding train/validation
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- images of the same pose at different viewpoints. We show that our method faithfully
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- reconstructs non-rigidly deforming scenes and reproduces unseen views with high
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- fidelity.
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  </p>
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- </div>
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- </div>
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- </div>
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- <!--/ Abstract. -->
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-
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- <!-- Paper video. -->
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- <h2 class="title is-3">Video</h2>
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- <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MrKrnHhk8IA?rel=0&amp;showinfo=0"
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- frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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- <h2 class="title is-3">Visual Effects</h2>
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  <p>
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- Using <i>nerfies</i> you can create fun visual effects. This Dolly zoom effect
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- would be impossible without nerfies since it would require going through a wall.
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  </p>
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-
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- <h2 class="title is-3">Matting</h2>
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- <div class="column content">
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- <p>
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- As a byproduct of our method, we can also solve the matting problem by ignoring
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- samples that fall outside of a bounding box during rendering.
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- </p>
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- <video id="matting-video" controls playsinline height="100%">
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- </div>
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- </div>
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- <!--/ Matting. -->
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-
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- <!-- Animation. -->
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- <div class="column is-full-width">
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- <h2 class="title is-3">Animation</h2>
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-
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- <!-- Interpolating. -->
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- <h3 class="title is-4">Interpolating states</h3>
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- <div class="content has-text-justified">
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  <p>
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- We can also animate the scene by interpolating the deformation latent codes of two input
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- frames. Use the slider here to linearly interpolate between the left frame and the right
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- frame.
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  </p>
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- </div>
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- <div class="columns is-vcentered interpolation-panel">
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- <div class="column is-3 has-text-centered">
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- <img src="./static/images/interpolate_start.jpg"
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- class="interpolation-image"
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- alt="Interpolate start reference image."/>
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- <p>Start Frame</p>
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- <div id="interpolation-image-wrapper">
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- Loading...
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- <img src="./static/images/interpolate_end.jpg"
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- class="interpolation-image"
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- alt="Interpolation end reference image."/>
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- <p class="is-bold">End Frame</p>
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- </div>
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- </div>
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- <br/>
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- <!--/ Interpolating. -->
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-
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- <!-- Re-rendering. -->
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- <h3 class="title is-4">Re-rendering the input video</h3>
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- <div class="content has-text-justified">
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  <p>
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- Using <span class="dnerf">Nerfies</span>, you can re-render a video from a novel
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- viewpoint such as a stabilized camera by playing back the training deformations.
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  </p>
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- <div class="content has-text-centered">
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- <video id="replay-video"
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- controls
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- muted
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- preload
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- playsinline
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- width="75%">
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- <source src="./static/videos/replay.mp4"
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- type="video/mp4">
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- </video>
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- </div>
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- <!--/ Re-rendering. -->
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-
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  </div>
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  </div>
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- <!--/ Animation. -->
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-
 
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- <!-- Concurrent Work. -->
 
 
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  <div class="column is-full-width">
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- <h2 class="title is-3">Related Links</h2>
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  <div class="content has-text-justified">
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  <p>
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- There's a lot of excellent work that was introduced around the same time as ours.
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  </p>
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  <p>
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- <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.09125" target="_blank">Progressive Encoding for Neural Optimization</a> introduces an idea similar to our windowed position encoding for coarse-to-fine optimization.
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  </p>
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  <p>
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- <a href="https://www.albertpumarola.com/research/D-NeRF/index.html" target="_blank">D-NeRF</a> and <a href="https://gvv.mpi-inf.mpg.de/projects/nonrigid_nerf/" target="_blank">NR-NeRF</a>
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- both use deformation fields to model non-rigid scenes.
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  </p>
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  <p>
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- Some works model videos with a NeRF by directly modulating the density, such as <a href="https://video-nerf.github.io/" target="_blank">Video-NeRF</a>, <a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/~zl548/NSFF/" target="_blank">NSFF</a>, and <a href="https://neural-3d-video.github.io/" target="_blank">DyNeRF</a>
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  </p>
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  <p>
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- There are probably many more by the time you are reading this. Check out <a href="https://dellaert.github.io/NeRF/" target="_blank">Frank Dellart's survey on recent NeRF papers</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/yenchenlin/awesome-NeRF" target="_blank">Yen-Chen Lin's curated list of NeRF papers</a>.
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  </p>
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  </div>
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  </div>
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  </div>
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- <!--/ Concurrent Work. -->
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-
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- </div>
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- </section>
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-
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-
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- <section class="section" id="BibTeX">
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- <div class="container is-max-desktop content">
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- <h2 class="title">BibTeX</h2>
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- <pre><code>@article{park2021nerfies,
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- author = {Park, Keunhong and Sinha, Utkarsh and Barron, Jonathan T. and Bouaziz, Sofien and Goldman, Dan B and Seitz, Steven M. and Martin-Brualla, Ricardo},
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- title = {Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fields},
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- journal = {ICCV},
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- year = {2021},
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- }</code></pre>
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  </div>
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  </section>
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  <footer class="footer">
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  <div class="container">
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  <div class="content has-text-centered">
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- <a class="icon-link" target="_blank"
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- href="./static/videos/nerfies_paper.pdf">
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- <i class="fas fa-file-pdf"></i>
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- <a class="icon-link" href="https://github.com/keunhong" target="_blank" class="external-link" disabled>
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  This website is licensed under a <a rel="license" target="_blank"
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  href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative
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  Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>.
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- <p>
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- This means you are free to borrow the <a target="_blank"
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+ content="Réflexion IA - Questions and answers about artificial intelligence.">
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+ <meta name="keywords" content="AI, Artificial Intelligence, Q&A">
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+ <title>Réflexion IA</title>
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  <div class="container is-max-desktop">
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+ <h1 class="title is-1 publication-title">Réflexion IA</h1>
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  <div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
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+ <span class="author-block">Questions and answers about artificial intelligence</span>
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  <div class="publication-links">
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+ <!-- Instagram Link. -->
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  </div>
 
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  </div>
 
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  </div>
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  </section>
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+ <section class="section">
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  <div class="container is-max-desktop">
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+ <!-- Introduction -->
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+ <div class="columns is-centered has-text-centered">
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+ <div class="column is-four-fifths">
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+ <h2 class="title is-3">Introduction</h2>
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+ <div class="content has-text-justified">
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+ <p>
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+ Welcome to Réflexion IA, a space dedicated to exploring the complexities of artificial intelligence through questions and answers.
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+ </p>
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  </div>
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  </div>
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  </div>
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+ <!--/ Introduction -->
 
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+ <!-- Q&A Section -->
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+ <div class="columns is-centered">
 
 
 
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  <div class="column is-four-fifths">
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+ <h2 class="title is-3">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>
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+
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  <div class="content has-text-justified">
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+ <p><strong>What is artificial intelligence?</strong></p>
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  <p>
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+ Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to systems or machines that mimic human intelligence to perform tasks and can iteratively improve themselves based on the information they collect. AI manifests in various forms, from chatbots to autonomous vehicles and smart assistants.
 
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  </p>
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+
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+ <p><strong>How does machine learning differ from AI?</strong></p>
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  <p>
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+ Machine learning is a subset of AI that focuses on the development of algorithms that enable computers to learn from and make decisions based on data. While AI is the broader concept of machines being able to carry out tasks in a way that we would consider "smart," machine learning is a specific application of AI based around the idea that machines should be able to learn and adapt through experience.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  </p>
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+
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+ <p><strong>What are neural networks?</strong></p>
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  <p>
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+ Neural networks are computing systems with interconnected nodes that work similarly to neurons in the human brain. These systems "learn" to perform tasks by analyzing examples, generally without being programmed with task-specific rules. They are particularly good at identifying patterns and can be trained to recognize images, translate languages, and make predictions.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  </p>
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+
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+ <p><strong>What ethical concerns surround AI development?</strong></p>
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  <p>
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+ AI development raises numerous ethical concerns including privacy issues, potential bias in algorithms, job displacement, accountability for AI decisions, and the long-term implications of increasingly autonomous systems. Ensuring that AI systems are developed and deployed responsibly requires ongoing dialogue between technologists, policymakers, and the public.
 
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  </p>
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+
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+ <p><strong>How will AI impact the job market?</strong></p>
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  <p>
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+ AI is likely to automate certain tasks and potentially eliminate some jobs, particularly those involving routine or predictable activities. However, it is also expected to create new job categories and transform existing ones. The key challenge will be helping workers transition to new roles and ensuring that the benefits of AI-driven productivity are broadly shared.
 
 
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  </p>
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+
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+ <p><strong>What is the future of AI research?</strong></p>
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  <p>
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+ Future AI research will likely focus on creating more generalizable and adaptable systems, improving interpretability and transparency, enhancing human-AI collaboration, ensuring safety and ethical alignment, and developing systems that can learn more efficiently with less data. Interdisciplinary approaches combining insights from computer science, cognitive science, neuroscience, and other fields will be crucial for advancing AI capabilities.
 
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+ For more information on artificial intelligence and related topics, consider exploring these resources:
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  </p>
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  <p>
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+ <a href="#" target="_blank">Understanding Machine Learning Fundamentals</a>
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  </p>
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  <p>
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+ <a href="#" target="_blank">Ethical AI: Principles and Practices</a>
 
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  </p>
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  <p>
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+ <a href="#" target="_blank">The History and Future of Artificial Intelligence</a>
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  </p>
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+ <a href="#" target="_blank">AI in Everyday Life: Applications and Implications</a>
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