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According to Mayo Clinic, most doctors believe that the underlying cause of metabolic syndrome is resistance to insulin — a hormone made by the pancreas that helps control the amount of sugar in your bloodstream. Normally, your digestive system breaks down some of the food you eat into sugar (glucose). Your blood carries the glucose to your body’s tissues, where the cells use it as fuel. Glucose enters the fat and muscle cells through receptors with the help of insulin. Receptors are like a lock on a door. When glucose knocks, insulin acts like the key to open the lock and let glucose into the cells.
Chronic consumption of high simple carbohydrate foods results in chronically elevated blood sugar and overproduction of insulin by the pancreas. Eventually overproduced insulin levels ‘desensitize’ cell receptors and the cell door stops opening when glucose knocks. This means elevated insulin and elevated blood sugar. Increased insulin raises your triglyceride level and those of other blood fats. This also interferes with how your kidneys work, leading to increased blood pressure. High levels of sugar in blood scratch the lining of the blood vessels and result in Systemic inflammation . A number of inflammatory markers (including C-reactive protein ) are often increased, as are fibrinogen , InterLeukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFa) and others. Chronic inflammation causes many disease, pain, and fatigue.
Why do we crave the types of foods that result in this condition? Stress is often the answer. When we are in sympathetic nervous system mode (“fight or flight”) our bodies produce stress chemicals that make us crave the food that will turn to easy fuel (high sugar foods) because the body mistakenly believes we are in a crisis situation. This would not be a problem if only occurring infrequently, but the problem is that we are often chronically stressed (from work, family, traffic, finances etc) our bodies are constantly calling for these sugary foods!
|
<urn:uuid:bdfbf4d2-9a26-4ee0-a387-2f00a602c6ad>
| 3
| 3.234375
| 0.885278
|
en
| 0.931403
|
https://orlandoacupuncture.com/faq/what-causes-metablolic-syndrome/
|
S-102 Data Volume
During the project we have been considering how different datasets, based on resolution, affect data volume and consequently how much data must be distributed.
High-resolution data sets were expected to create an inappropriate volume for distribution. As such, we aimed to look at the possibility of producing smaller datasets, according to the specific needs of the end users, while still maintaining sufficient information, but without compromising intended use and quality.
For example, the end user may want specific depth curves or elevation tiles to meet the user requirements, whilst other, less relevant data is removed from the dataset to be downloaded.
Unfortunately, we were not able to adequately test this – the reference group did not require this in the operational testing and the Demonstrator did not include the functionality required to visualise this type of data extraction. It was, therefore, not deemed a priority at this stage.
What we did experience through the upload testing, however, was the various countries based their S-102 test datasets on different criteria with regard to size and distribution of data, this in turn meant data volume varied greatly – single datasets varied in size from a few MB to over 1 GB.
Some producers decided to include larger geographical coverage in one data set (with greater data output as a result), whilst others chose to divide data into different degrees of resolution in combination with less area coverage per data set.
Lower resolution = Smaller data set.
Smaller geographical areas also provided smaller datasets. Overall, a high-resolution data set covering the same geographical area will be the same data size regardless of how the data cells are divided. The topography to be rendered is, of course, also crucial to the size of a data set.
A specific Norwegian dataset was used to see the variation in volume, models were generated with 1m, 2m, 5m and 10m resolution. The size of the 4 *.bag files were based on the same selected area as detailed below :
Table 1: Resolution and output file size on S-102 models.
The difference between a 1m resolution model and a 10m resolution model shows that the 1m model is nearly 100 times larger. In the 10m model there will be a hundred 1m cells / pixels – the general assumption being that there would be smaller “no-data-areas” in the 10m model (no compression was done during the file export).
If the topography is “advanced” then a higher resolution data set would be required, as opposed to when the topography is “easier”. The data size factors are thus compounded, meaning we will probably see different solutions for the division of data sets from the different data producers (Hydrographic Offices).
When producing the Norwegian test datasets, the focus was to select the areas of interest based on the needs requested, which in this case was the planned operational tests.
During the operational tests, only data that met the required resolution and quality were used to produce the S-102 data sets. The data provided was of the highest-resolution and sufficient quality of data available. There has been no deliberate plan for adapting the data from different areas according to one another, such as using national tiling schemes.
Based on our experience throughout the project, we see that other producers have a more proactive approach and plan to produce data according to predefined grid (extent) and resolutions.
Lessons Learned:
Resolution and geographical coverage are the most important factors that determine the size of the dataset.
It may seem that the producers will produce large-span data in size and extent, the draft version of S-102 2.0.0 is quite cautious in detailing how this should be done.
|
<urn:uuid:442bc80d-5aaf-438f-9c32-f833f1ae1c92>
| 3
| 2.640625
| 0.030108
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en
| 0.952309
|
https://s102.no/s-102-data-volume/
|
more in Experiments
Build A Soap Powered Model Boat
You will need:
• A foam tray (like the kind meat comes in) or a piece of non-currogated cardboard
• A tray, bowl, or cookie sheet full of water
• Liquid dish soap
• A toothpick
What to do:
Cut the foam tray or cardboard into a boat shape as shown below:
soapboat1A good size seems to be about 2 inches long.
Dip the toothpick into the liquid soap and use the toothpick to put soap onto the sides of the notch at the back of the boat.
That’s it! Now carefully place the boat onto the surface of the water and watch it scoot across the water for several seconds – you’ve made a soap-powered boat! To demonstrate the boat again, you will need to rinse out the tray to remove any soap from the previous demonstration.
How does it work?
Soap is a surfactant – that means that it breaks down the surface tension of water. As the surface tension is broken up, it creates enough of a force to push the lightweight boat across the surface.
1. Does liquid soap last longer than a solid piece of soap?
2. Does warm water work better than cold water?
3. What materials make the best floating boat?
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<urn:uuid:cc90921b-d674-4228-b77f-d8526c514aa4>
| 3
| 3.1875
| 0.52022
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en
| 0.924221
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https://sciencebob.com/build-a-soap-powered-model-boat/
|
中級 其他腔 51 分類 收藏
Go Seigen takes B, Fujisawa Kuranosuke takes W.
Nowadays the ni-ren-sei fuseki is quite common.
But it's a very modern fuseki in the year 1953.
People often plays komoku at that time.
From today's point of view,
these two komoku are not at the right direction.
Because these two komoku towards the right side,
If B kakari,
B's kakari stones will coordinate well
with these stones on the star point.
So if W plays komoku,
perhaps this kind of komoku would be better.
It's the theory, but it's just the theory.
we can't say these moves are bad moves.
B kakari, W attaches, B nobi, W bumps, B bends, W descents.
This is an old joseki. In modern times this joseki is rarely seen.
Relative to this shape,
W is worse on the left side but a bit better on the lower side.
B tenuki, placing more emphasis on fuseki speed.
W attaches.
Go Seigen's new fuseki theory
is to attach more importance to the center. Not to territory.
All of the stones faced the wide area.
In this playing style, if you can master well,
all of the stones will exert significant effect;
if you can't master well,
they will go so far as to become the oppent's attacking target.
Personally, I prefer B. Because B's shape is beautiful.
And W's direction is not good.
So I said maybe it's better for W to chose this komoku.
B extends, W kakari.
In this situation, if it was modern players play,
most of them would play a splitting move.
But according to the old go theory,
kakari is considered the biggest move in fuseki.
B jumps. To make a moyo in this area.
Then W extends. If W keima, B will certainly get influence.
This stone could also coordinate well with these stones here.
So w extends directly.
Then B extends here. This is an interesting move.
To play here or here is more common.
If B shimari,
it would be easy for W to invade the right side.
If B extends here, W could invade san-san.
It's a simple but good choice.
These two stones are the same distance from the star point.
In this kind of circumstance, W invades san-san,
B will be a little confused.
No matter B blocks here or here,
one of these stone's efficiency couldn't be high.
If B extends here,
W may don't want to invade san-san.
It will be too easy for the opponent to make a choice.
B will block here without thinking.
Because this area is wider.
I think that's why B extends here instead of here.
Then W jumps.
This move is very big.
Now it's a common sense for B to extend.
But Go Seigen's playing style is very light and unrestrained.
B tenuki and jumps here.
This point is tenouzan.
It concerns the development for both sides.
If B doesn't play,
W jumps here,
W could enlarge the moyo and reduce B's at the same time.
Then W plays here to reduce B's moyo.
This move is imaginative.
B jumps.
W shoulder hits.
If B nobi,
W will get a good shape.
So B nobi here.
W presses.
B nobi.
W keima.
W's keima is very elegant!
It can reduce B's moyo, and strengthen this group.
W can follow-up play here
or here to settle this group in the future.
Now B begins to settle the lower side.
It's common sense for B to extend.
But W will keima,
W's shape will be better than B's.
So B kosumi first.
If W nobi,
then B extends.
Then the two groups will be almost equal.
W doesn't want B to be satisfied.
So W counter-attacks.
If B just jumps out,
W will nobi.
W will be comfortable.
W group is still better than B's,
and B will be a floating group.
So this diagram is unacceptable for B.
In this area, both sides can't answer the opponent's move.
They just tenuki and tenuki.
For the same reason, W can't answer this move.
W caps here
to capture these three.
B continues tenuki, atari here.
Now we can see W killed these three,
but B gains a big corner.
You may think the exchange is bad for B,
because W seems to have so much territory.
But it's not the truth.
B's corner is very solid.
Though the three stones are dead,
W's shape is thin,
B can still make use of these dead stones,
and B could invade here.
Not all of this area is W's solid territory.
In actual game, W keima cap.
Very light.
Here and here will be miai.
W will be easy to settle.
If B keima,
W will play like this.
This is the diagram which W expects.
W group is well-settled.
I can't say B is bad.
It's just too common for Go Seigen,
the most talented player of the last century.
Go Seigen chose to counter attack.
He would never follow the opponent's intention.
W plays here.
B nobi.
W connects.
B nobi.
W jumps.
Locally if B tenuki,
because of the cutting point here,
W can take sente to hane and connect,
Then W will make a two space extension.
It will be easy for W to make a life.
So if B wants to attack W,
B must descend at first.
W extends.
B blocks.
W keima to escape.
B contacts and cuts W's connection.
W hane.
B nobi.
W kosumi.
In actual game, B jumps here.
After the match,
Go Seigen said this move may be a bit slow.
Because it will be hard for B to attack after W's jumping.
Go Seigen said, he also considered about this diagram.
To bend here, make a direct attack.
These moves are very strong.
This diagram will be risky for both sides.
In actual game, B jumps here.
Personally, I like this move.
It just like you should pull back your fist before you hit somebody.
After this move, B is very thick,
he will be free to attack without any worry.
Then W jumps.
Now it's too slow for B to nobi.
If B nobi.
W simply nobi.
Then if B nobi,
W nobi.
B can bring no threat to W.
These B stones are totally useless.
So B can't play like this.
In actual game, B keima.
This is a good move.
This move is very thin.
Go Seigen considered that
this move has accumulated enough strength.
This shape has no weakness.
So he could forcibly attack W.
This move is able to maximize the efficiency of this move.
Then W kosumi.
B keima.
These moves and the following moves are Go Seigen's style.
Very light.
W keima.
B contacts.
To make full use of these dead stones.
W nobi.
This exchange also causes some trouble to W's connection.
Then B contacts here.
W hane.
B nobi, W descents.
After these exchanges,
it's more difficult for W to escape through this way.
B kosumi to reinforce this group.
W responds here.
Then B points.
If W plays here,
W can make a life locally.
But the game of Go is not only a game of skill,
but also a game of psychology.
It's a match between masters,
a slight retreat can lead to the whole loss of the match.
As I said, Fujisawa 9 dan has a resignation in his pocket.
Under this circumstance,
he didn't have any mood to shirk from a fight.
W may think, these stones are too thin,
You want to attack me? I'll cut you first.
Now it's common sense for B to block.
But if B blocks,
W will cut.
W's shape is very good.
These stones are too thin,
and they will be very hard to settle.
So W pushes, B pushes.
It's an excellent move.
W connects.
It seems very successful to W
to have cut these B stones.
B is a spilit shape.
But B has his own reason to play like this.
B pushes.
You see, B suddenly turned his gun to this group.
The subject of this game
is to alternately attack these two groups.
Now if W blocks,
B will cut.
If W plays in this way,
W could make a life.
But W still has a weakness here,
W will be uncomfortable.
So W nobi first.
Now if B hane,
after this exchange,
now W blocks.
The situation has changed.
Now if B cuts,
W will play the variation I just mentioned.
At this time, because of this exchange,
W hane here,
W's weakness has gone.
So B doesn't want to respond here.
B choice to nobi.
W hane.
B points.
What a fierce attack B plays!
W connects.
B nobi.
In actual game,
W connects.
B turns.
Then W hane.
It's better for W to hane directly.
B hane.
W kosumi.
Cause this is W's sente.
W can make a life in this way.
B has to answer.
If B atari,
W can kosumi.
After these exchanges here,
B can't escape.
So W can make a life in local.
If B doesn't play atari,
but to nobi instead.
W nobi.
B clamps.
W connects.
B connects.
W nobi.
B has so many weaknesses.
Here is a cutting point,
and this stone will escape.
W will be easy to settle.
So it's better for W to hane directly.
In actual game,
W connects.
B bends.
After this exchange,
W hane.
B hane.
W kosumi.
B atari.
Now W can't kill B.
W hane.
B atari.
W makes a bamboo joint.
B captures.
W kosumi to get a connection.
W has linked together.
But this move is B's sente.
If W doesn't answer.
B will waist cut.
B can't waist cut directly without this stone.
W bends.
It will get connected with this group or this one.
In actual game,
B bends. It's B's sente.
W answers here.
Then B connects.
B stones which in the center
were very thin and difficult to settle.
You see, by attacking this W group,
B group which in the center has been settled very well.
This is Go Seigen's playing style.
To play very thin in the first place,
then handles everything well,
let every stone at a maximum efficiency,
but leaves no obvious weakness to the opponent.
It's very hard to grasp the sense of proportion.
That's why I said it's better for W to hane at first,
then make a life locally.
If W can make a life locally,
This move couldn't be B's sente.
Then W plays here.
If B pushes.
W will push.
B cuts.
W atari.
B escapes.
W atari.
B jumps.
W kosumi.
W can get connected.
So B plays here,
and continues to make use of these dead stones.
If W simply connects,
now B can play the variation which I just mentioned.
Now you see, because of this exchange,
W's kosumi can't get a connection.
B could cut W in this way.
W also realized B's intention.
So W nobi and counter-attacks.
While this battle is continuing,
a new fighting starts here.
This is the brilliant aspect of this game.
B pushes.
W bends.
B cuts.
W nobi.
B nobi.
W atari.
B escapes.
W escapes.
B atari.
W escapes.
B escapes.
Then W kosumi.
It's a tesuji to escape.
If B atari,
W connects.
Due to the cutting point here,
B can't cut W.
B can't atari.
W atari.
B connects.
W will get a connection.
If B plays here,
W will atari,
and connect.
So it's a good tesuji to escape.
In actual game,
B pushes.
B is going to make a sacrifice.
Now W can't push.
If W pushes,
B atari.
W will be killed.
So W has to kill these five.
Then B connects.
W got great profit in local.
Captured 5 stones, and has chance to cut here.
This move is very big.
Did Go Seigen play it bad?
Of course not.
I think Go Deigen has foreseen this result
when B clamped here.
B suffered great loss on the left side,
but please note,
B gets two moves here.
The original shape was like this.
Also, this move will be B's sente.
W should capture.
The disparity between beginners and Go masters
is how they exert influence.
You can see, B payed a lot to get these two stones,
these two is useless to a beginner,
but to Go Seigen, it's power can't be measured.
Then W attaches, trying to make a life.
Before B made this wall,
anytime would be OK for W to attach here.
And B has no choice but to hane,
to protect the territory on the side.
B would never play elsewhere and let W to break the territory.
But now, B has influence here.
The situation has changed.
B points.
It's a critical strike.
This move is totally beyond imagination.
B keima, forcibly attacked this W group,
then launched a fierce attack on this group,
then sacrificed these stones to make this wall.
All of these are prepared for this move.
This move was played in 1953.
Today, after 58 years,
when I put this stone on the board,
I can still feel the power from 58 years ago,
just the moment the stone touched the board.
This power shocked my heart deeply.
If W nobi,
B pushes.
W blocks.
B atari.
W descents.
B atari.
W connects.
B descents.
W killed the two stones,
but this is a false eye.
W can't make a life.
If W connects,
B will play here.
W hane.
B connects.
W jumps.
Now B can't jump here.
W can make an eye in sente,
then W will connect here.
W will be a living group.
But B can jump here.
Next, here and here
will miai for B.
W can't make a life.
So W has no better choice but to hane.
Sacrifice the group to exchange the corner.
B pushes.
W atari.
B escapes.
W pushes.
B nobi.
Actually, B's nobi is not the best choice.
In this situation, B should descent.
If W connects,
now B nobi.
B can still kill the W group,
and these two stones are not dead.
B should make a life in the corner.
If W atari,
B escapes.
Then if W cuts,
B atari.
B can still kill W.
If W connects,
B will cut.
B will not be afraid if W pushes through.
Because B is very thick.
W can't make an eye in this area.
In actual game, B nobi.
It's a hasty move.
B may want to capture this W group steadily.
This move actually gives a breathing space to W.
Let's think back.
This area was B's sphere of influence.
If B has to sacrifice the corner to kill W,
we can't say that B has an decisive advantage.
Especially B has suffered big losses here.
W has a lot of territory in this area,
also captured these five,
and has chance to cut these three.
If W can get the right upper corner,
though the big group has been dead,
the unexpected result is that
the situation would be not bad for W.
In actual game,
W hane.
B double hane.
W atari.
B counter atari.
W captures.
The stone on the star point has been captured.
That's very painful for B.
Then B kosumi.
W atari.
B connects.
Then W cuts.
The biggest point on the board.
B keima.
W descents.
B descents.
W hane.
Then B peeps.
This kind of move is a habit of professional players:
making some advantageous exchanges before make a life.
But obviously, Go Seigen made a mistake.
This move was a bad move.
B considered that W should connect docilely.
But in actual game,
W counter-attacks with a tesuji right away.
That's an excellent move.
This kind of tesuji could never escape from Fujisawa 9 dan's eyes.
Now B can't atari.
W atari.
If B escapes,
W atari here.
B escapes.
W pushes.
Here we connect and here we atari.
W's dragon will back to life.
After this move,
Go Seigen found that he could not escape.
So B kosumi.
W nobi.
Now we see, this exchange is very bad for B.
B has to make a life.
Then W bends.
B plays here.
W here.
B has to connect.
Now you can see B's big area has been totally broken by W.
W's territory is even more than B's.
And B is a gote.
Then W blocks.
B here.
W connects.
B takes a sente to hane and connect.
Then B captures.
Though the game didn't use komi,
In this situation we can't deny that W is in the lead.
If W reinforces here,
W's situation would be better than B's.
Then if B points,
it's the biggest on the board.
W just retreats and makes a life.
Though it's uncomfortable, if W chooses this way to play,
W would be safe.
Thus maybe Fujisawa could win the game,
the modern Go history would be changed.
In actual game, Fujisawa didn't play here.
This move is safe.
But this move is the biggest.
In actual game,
W descents.
This move reflects Fujisawa 9 dan's professionalism.
It is: never defend passively even if you have advantages.
Pursue perfect moves at any time.
But this move gives Go Seigen the final opportunity.
This group seems a little thin.
When you face a master hand like Go Seigen,
every little weakness could lead to a fatal blow.
B contacts.
You can see, in the fuseki stage,
W killed three B stones.
During the game,
B make use of them again and again,
even in the end game stage,
B could still make use of them.
Now W can't block.
If W blocks,
B double hane.
W's territory will be destroyed.
So W hane here.
B crosscuts.
Now if W nobi,
this is the W's strongest move.
B connects.
W blocks.
B atari.
W descents.
B descents.
W descents.
B descents.
W kosumi to bridge under.
B's descent is sente.
Still making use of the dead stones.
If W tenuki,
B kosumi.
These stones will escape,
and these three will be killed.
But if W responses,
B can kosumi to bridge under.
So I said, if W kosumi instead of the descent,
B will have no change to bridge under.
If so W can play according to this variation.
B's this technique simply can't work.
Unluckily, W has no stone here.
So W can't play the variation I just mentioned.
W atari here instead.
B nobi,
W connects.
B nobi.
W pushes.
B kosumi.
It's a tesuji.
W can't atari.
B pushes.
W connects.
B connects.
If W connects,
B atari.
W has to connected.
These stones back to life again.
So you can see
it's very hard to kill Go Seigen's stones comfortably.
In actual game, W connects.
B pushes.
W pushes.
A dramatic result appears.
The W's dragon backs to life.
But when B pushes through,
this W dragon is a dead group.
W has to connected in gote.
Then B takes chance to save these five.
W has to reinforces here.
B connects.
Not only the five stones are saved,
but the three stones instead are also saved.
So I said it's very hard to kill Go Seigen's stones.
During the huge exchange,
the W dragon came back to life,
but this dragon was killed.
This dragon is no smaller than this one.
What's more, these 8 stones were dead stones,
but now, they all alive,
and these W stones are dead.
The difference between the two results are too big.
Without doubt W is all over.
The final result was that Go Seigen won the game.
Subtitled by: Small Qing^_^
最棒的圍棋比賽 01-最好中的最好 (Greatest Games Ever Played 01 - Best of The Best)
51 分類 收藏
jigme.lee888 發佈於 2018 年 8 月 22 日
1. 1. 單字查詢
2. 2. 單句重複播放
3. 3. 使用快速鍵
4. 4. 關閉語言字幕
5. 5. 內嵌播放器
6. 6. 展開播放器
1. 英文聽力測驗
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<urn:uuid:fd38c406-477d-4385-a503-28f3263625f6>
| 3
| 2.640625
| 0.233729
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en
| 0.899771
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https://tw.voicetube.com/videos/68938
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Posted By Nico Rushh
The Mixed Kids: A Critical Look into the Term and its Usage.
Race is a description of how you look. Culture includes traditions, customs or any other non-genetic aspect. Ethnicity refers to where you and your family come from. Culture and ethnicity are typically correlated. Due to colonization and immigration, race is now thrown into the mix.
Growing up, the term “mixed” has often been used to describe a child of two or more races, usually, between a white and black parent. That has since expanded to generalize to having two parents of different racial categories.
Many tend to confuse culture, race, and ethnicity due to lack of discussions as well as society using these terms interchangeably.
The problem begins when those who identify as mixed do not know that they are more so speaking on their cultural and ethnic identity, but not necessarily racial identity. One could be mixed culturally, ethnically, and even racially, but that also does not determine their personal racial identity. You can be “mixed,” but be dark or pale-skinned. You can always turn out differently from your parents and not look like the typical “mixed kid”. For example, having tan/caramel skin, curly (1-3B) hair, mixed colored eyes and mixed African/European facial features. Franchesca Ramsey, a YouTuber, activist and actor, produced a video called, “The Many Problems With, ‘I Want Mixed Babies’” on the subject of fetishization of mixed kids to help showcase the topic in greater detail.
Due to racism and genetic factors, one cannot identify to be two races at once. The structural aspects of race and phenotypes come into play so that you do not get to choose your race. Race is something that is wholly outside of your decision due to race being an outside determinant of life experience. Racially ambiguous folks interact with this the most since they can experience both structural racism, but also be within the standard of acceptable beauty. This grey zone creates an identity issue of where they belong and which racial category do they fit in because depending on the situation or person, their race can be perceived differentlyRacial ambiguity should be considered a race or at least include that within the conversation since they could be mixed and always experience structural racism due to them being black compared to someone who does not and is white. One is racially ambiguous, not both black and white or any other combination of races.
Take the racial make-up of Latin America and the Carribean, for example. Due to colonization and the slave trade, the well-known concept of being Latino/a/x (having a mixture of Indigenous, African, & European ancestry) as a race is created. As time has gone on, conversations about race are finally being brought to the table. Racial discrimination exists among Black/Afro and Indigenous populations due to the fact that white and mestizo (white & indigenous) are seen as superior through the eurocentric standards that plague the Latin community.
The racial makeup of Latin America is just as racially diverse as the United States. Although Central/South America and the Carribean has had the ability and time to mix to a point of creating their own identity and culture, North America has not yet had the time to do that, though we are heading in that direction as more people get into interracial marriages throughout time. Over time, cultures will mix, creating a new identity that will encompass both, if not all, racial categories that exist within the region.
This is not to say that those who are mixed are “fake” Black people who lean on white privilege to get ahead in life; although they could easily head there (eg. Mestizos using their completion as a means of getting ahead). Mixed, as a racial identity, is a misnomer for the reality mixed kids experience throughout their life. Culture, Ethnicity and Nationality are where the “mixed” conversation can happen but race is something entirely separate and structurally created to divide us. Overall, the complexity of this identity as a topic has yet to be discussed in detail within the racial context of the U.S. and within Latin America.
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https://uhurumag.com/the-mixed-kids/
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by | General Liability |
What is Legionnaires’ Disease?
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (the CDC) states that each year between 8,000 and 18,000 people are hospitalized with Legionnaires’ disease in theU.S. Legionnaires’ disease is a potentially deadly, infectious disease caused by gram-negative bacteria (legionella), and is a form of lung infection which produces high fever and pneumonia. The disease occurs whenever someone breathes in a mist of vapor that has been contaminated with the bacteria.
The bacteria is found throughout nature. However, the conditions are rarely favorable for people to catch the disease. In addition, Legionnaires’ disease cannot be passed from human to human. A person may contract the disease if exposed to the bacteria growing in systems where water temperatures encourage its proliferation.
The Ideal Environment
The bacterium’s ideal growing environment is warm, freshwater between 68° F-122° F. Hot water heaters, cooling towers, air conditioners, and spa pools are all examples of places where the bacteria may gather.
Hot Water Heaters
Hot water heaters can be an ideal spot for legionella to grow. Many hot water heaters’ temperatures are kept at 120° F, which is the prime temperature for growth. To prevent the growth of legionella, you should keep your water heater’s temperature at 140F. At that temperature though, the water can scald human skin, or cause first degree burns. At a temperature of 140° F, it takes only three seconds to sustain a first degree burn, whereas at a temperature of 120° F, it takes eight minutes to produce first degree burns. Therefore, the best solution is to keep the temperature of the water at 140° F to prevent legionella growth and to install a scald-guard so that the water at the tap only comes out at a maximum of 120° F.
Spas are also a popular place where legionella can be found. Spa temperatures should be kept at 105° F or below. As noted, higher temperatures create a prime environment for the development of legionella. To properly protect your hot tub, the right disinfectant and pH levels are essential. Test strips should be purchased to check water for adequate chlorine or bromine and pH levels. Spas that are not kept clean and disinfected are at a much higher risk to carry the bacteria. According to the CDC, spas should be disinfected and pH levels should be checked twice per day (or more if the spa has a lot of traffic). The water should also be changed routinely.
Air Conditioners
Air conditioners most susceptible to the legionella bacteria are those with cooling towers. Here’s how you can prevent cooling towers from spreading this disease:
1. Eliminate the spray or minuscule droplets by employing drift eliminators.
1. Prevent legionella accumulation in the system by checking, cleaning, and maintaining the cooling towers according to the manufacturer’s recommendation.
Prevention is Key
Legionnaires’ disease is still a major problem throughout theUnited Statesand many people continue to develop the disease each year. Preventing legionella growth is one of the keys to suppressing future outbreaks and for ensuring a healthy living environment for our families, employees, and customers.
For more information regarding Legionnaires’ disease and prevention tips, please visit the following sources:
And remember: don’t forget to subscribe to our blog! Stay informed on risk management information, tips and advice from Acadia Insurance specialists that are relevant to your business!
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https://www.acadiainsurance.com/legionnaires-disease/
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home / health / colds and flu / tips to keeping young children cold & flu-free
Tips to keeping young children cold & flu-free
When you have young children the ages of 2 - 7 can really feel like you're bouncing from one cold, flu or respiratory tract infection to the next can't they? These are the years young children seem to be human velcro for viruses.
Play groups and schools are hot zones for germs and cold and flu viruses making it inevitable that young children will get ill. There are three reasons for this.
• They are in daily contact with more people than normal.
• Young children play very closely, sharing toys, stationery and even their lunchbox contents with one another. They often put their fingers and toys in their mouths. Thus bugs are easily passed from one child to another.
• Young children have not been exposed to many of the most common bugs and viruses and so haven't built a resistance or immunity to them.
The most common infections young children acquire are colds and flu, or intestinal infections that cause diarrhoea.
On average, young children will experience between 6 and 12 cold or flu infections a year. That means your child could be sick at least every second month. Often these infections lead to secondary infections and complications, such as middle ear infections, bronchitis, tonsillitis, or pneumonia. Naturally the result is more days off school, regular appearances in your doctor's rooms and prescriptions for antibiotics which themselves are harsh on little bodies. Not to mention the stress if you're a working parent who then needs to take time off to care for your child.
Can you prevent your child from getting colds and flu?
While you can't prevent your child from ever falling prey to a cold or flu virus (there are over 200 known cold viruses!), you can significantly reduce the number of infections they get in a year and prevent the more problematic secondary infections. How? By building their resistance to infection, teaching them healthy habits and supporting their immune system.
1. Start with a good base
For children (and adults) the base of a strong immune system is found in the gut. The millions of gut bacteria (known as the gut microbiome) that line the small intestine are, amongst other functions, critical in programming the immune system to recognise and fend off invading pathogens. Antibiotics and high sugar diets do severe damage to these gut bacteria populations, in fact it's said that after just one course of antibiotics it can take months the gut bacteria population to re-establish itself. Frequent upset tummies or colds or sinus infections can indicate your child's gut bacteria is out of balance. Just like adults, digestive symptoms like bloating, cramping, constipation, gas can also be common in children with a compromised gut microbiome.
Ensure your child's diet is rich in vegetables, fruit, wholegrains and brown rice and steer clear of processed, refined foods. Yes, we know, getting vegetables into children can often be a battle of wills, but persistence and creativity will win the day. The earlier these foods are introduced the better.
Sugar is a big culprit in disrupting a healthy gut microbiome since yeasts, fungi and bad gut bacteria thrive on sugar. Check food labels for hidden sugars - you'd be surprised how many foods contain sugar - and keep sweets, desserts and even concentrated fruit juices to a minimum. Add in foods that are high in a substance called lactic acid such as Bulgarian yoghurt or include a daily dose of Molkosan, a digestive tonic that contains one of the highest concentrations of L+ lactic acid available (hint: mix it into a little fruit juice as the sour taste might be challenging to a child). This L+ lactic acid is extremely beneficial to the gut bacteria, particularly if your child has had antibiotics recently. It helps correct the pH balance of the gut, eliminates bad gut bacteria and yeasts and is a nutrient source for healthy gut bacteria allowing them to thrive and better support your little one's health.
2. Teach them to wash the bugs away
Hand washing is still the best and easiest way to prevent colds, flu and respiratory tract infections. Approximately 80% of colds and flu are 'caught' from our hands. We touch something with a virus on it and not long afterwards, we'll touch our faces, nose, mouths or eyes giving the bugs direct access to our bodies. And as you know, young children do that a lot! A Danish study found children who were taught correct hand washing techniques and washed their hands three times a day missed 26 percent fewer school days and had 22% fewer infections than children who weren't taught or required to wash their hands.
As soon as they are old enough, from about 2 or 3 years old, teach your child the correct way to wash their hands with soap and water. 20 - 30 seconds is the recommended time, about as long as it takes to sing 'Happy birthday' twice. And teach them the right times to wash, such as after going to the bathroom, before eating, coming home from school or from being outside, after using a tissue or any time the hands look dirty. Eventually it will become a habit and they'll be reminding you!
3. Oops, our parents had it wrong *cough*
While those of us over 30 can easily recall the exasperated voices of our parents telling us to 'put your hand over your mouth when you cough!' today teaching children to cough and sneeze into the crook of their elbow is the new norm and regarded as much more effective by the medical fraternity. It stops sick children coughing or sneezing virus particles into the air or onto their hand and then depositing them on everything they touch afterwards leaving them to infect the rest of the family or classroom.
We all love watching our youngsters observe the world in wide-eyed fascination, until another child sneezes or coughs right in front of them and we freeze in horror. More than their nose and mouth, children's eyes are most at risk of absorbing virus particles, so teaching them to close their eyes tight for a few seconds when someone sneezes or coughs near them also helps prevent infection.
4. Sleep rules
Just uttering the words 'bed time' can kick off a nightmare for parents the world over but honestly, the fight is worth it. Establishing good sleep habits from young will set your child up for a lifetime of better health. Sleep deprivation is a leading cause for lowered immune function in all ages, including children. Sufficient sleep every night is essential for keeping a child's immune system strong. Between ages 3 - 6 children need 10 - 13 hours' sleep a night. From 6 - 13 years, 9 - 11 hours per night is recommended.
5. Reinforce their defences
The reason children get so many more infections than adults is also because their immune systems aren't as well trained in identifying invading pathogens and they haven't yet built up immunity to common bugs.
A daily immune system support like Echinaforce Junior will help build their resistance to common infections. These are tasty, tooth-friendly orange flavoured chewable tablets that children enjoy. (Naturally, the orange flavouring comes from real oranges.) Made in Switzerland, they're a 100% natural, clinically proven prophylactic (prevents colds and flu) against colds and flu.
They're also antiviral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory so aside from reducing your child's risk of getting sick, if they do get ill these properties mean the severity of symptoms is less and the length of the illness is shortened. Even better, studies have shown Echinaforce can prevent the secondary infections like tonsillitis, sinusitis, ear infections, bronchitis and pneumonia. These are the main reasons behind doctors' visits and the need for antibiotics. So by using Echinaforce daily, you could significantly reduce your medical bills, especially during winter. And yes, you can use them year round because as any parent knows, colds, flu and respiratory tract infections are not just a winter problem.
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https://www.avogel.co.za/health/Colds-and-flu/keeping-children-cold-and-flu-free/
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Police investigating "white power" symbol found after social justice center burned down
The Jefferson County Sheriff's Office and agents from Tennessee's bomb and arson agency opened an investigation Tuesday after an iconic social justice center was destroyed in a fire last week where a "white power" symbol was found spray painted on its parking lot. No one was injured in the fire.
Why it matters: The Highlander Research and Education Center, founded in 1932, congregated civil rights figures like Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Rosa Parks for training and organizing efforts. Rhetoric, protests and crimes related to white nationalism have increased in recent years in the U.S. and globally. The center called for the community to stay vigilant.
Go deeper: The rise of white nationalism in America
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https://www.axios.com/social-justice-center-white-power-8b84e8be-6caf-44b8-87e7-997679e0e7ad.html
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Big Government and Billion Dollar Campaigns
The news that this year will see the first billion-dollar presidential election campaign may produce new campaign finance regulation to cure our addiction to political money. Such a reaction confuses the symptom with the disease and reflects the conventional lack of wisdom on campaign spending.
Higher campaign spending isn't a morality play filled with people wearing white and black hats. Spending on campaigns has risen for observable reasons. Increases in campaign spending should be seen in the light of seven "mores": inflation has made everything more costly; more elections are held now; more wealth is available for politics; more voters take part; more advertising must be bought; and more campaign finance regulations must be honored.
Nevertheless, the most important factor driving campaign finance upward is "more government." Simply stated, the growth of government spending fosters the growth in campaign spending. Taxes and regulations on society have increased the ambit of government at all levels. Increasing government activity leads to more efforts to influence political decisions, including spending on campaigns, a relationship confirmed by scholarly studies.
As government does and spends more, individuals try to influence government, both to advance their causes and to protect themselves from abuse. Government has grown enormously. In 2000, the federal government taxed Americans to the tune of $2.03 trillion, a 250 percent real increase since 1970. On the expenditure side, federal government spending reached $1.79 trillion in 2000, a 915 percent nominal increase over the previous 30 years.
Government has assumed the additional power to regulate all kinds of private conduct, especially regarding economic life. Economist Thomas Hopkins estimates that the cost of complying with these federal regulations exceeds $700 billion. The desire to gain benefits or avoid costs from regulation also pushes campaign contributions upward.
These levels of taxation and regulation indicate that government has vast power over many aspects of American life -- from wealth redistribution, to the nature of housing, agriculture, education, and health care, to trade, energy, and telecommunications, to gun ownership, to the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and drugs. Almost 70,000 government bodies are authorized to impose taxes on Americans.
Is it any wonder, then, that several billion dollars are spent lobbying politicians during each election cycle? Is it a surprise that a Brigham Young University study found interest group spending on 2000's most competitive congressional races totaled more than $360 million?
There's solid empirical evidence that expanding government results in increases in campaign spending. For example, research by economist John Lott Jr. found that 87 percent of the rise in federal campaign spending between 1976 and 1994 was attributable to the $1,101 per capita rise (in real terms) in federal government spending.
Is there a solution to increased campaign spending? Within the current policy environment, it's impossible to reduce campaign spending. We'll only reduce the amount of money flowing within the tributaries of our political system by reducing the incentive for private interests to directly and indirectly support candidates and parties.
Therefore, the only plausible solution is to limit the size of government. Anything else merely treats the symptoms without addressing the underlying disease of the body politic. Lower government spending will lead to lower levels of campaign contributions; in turn, that will result in lower levels of campaign spending.
Efforts to limit campaign spending will be futile. Our legislators' demonstrated lack of commitment to limited government ensures that the upward momentum of campaign spending will continue unabated for the foreseeable future.
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https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/big-government-billion-dollar-campaigns
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Child Soldiers and Fiction: Black Panther
Dustin Johnson
March 01, 2018
Warning: this post contains spoilers for Black Panther.
This is the first post in an ongoing series on the portrayal of child soldiers in works of fiction.
Whether explicitly acknowledge or not, child soldiers commonly appear in works of fiction, some speculative like Black Panther or the Hunger Games, some historical like books on the Second World War. Child soldiers are often portrayed across a spectrum of sometimes conflicting roles, whether as heroes, victims, villains, or children caught up in the events of their world.
Black Panther portrays child soldiers both as victims of adults waging a war, worthy of being saved from their circumstances, and as heroes necessary to the defeat of the movie’s villain.
Early in the movie, T’Challa, the king of the fictional African nation of Wakanda, and known as the Black Panther, attacks a convoy of militants driving through the forest and easily dispatches them. Just as T’Challa is about to kill the last militant, the Wakandan spy Nakia, who had been posing as one of a group of kidnapped girls in one of the trucks, stays his hand, as the final militant was a child soldier kidnapped at the same time as the girls.
The location is specifically identified on screen as Sambisa Forest, an area in northeastern Nigeria that until recently was the stronghold of the very real armed group Boko Haram, infamous for their use of child soldiers and child suicide bombers. The dress of the militants and of the girls they are holding captive, and their use of child soldiers, along with the location, indicates that they are in fact supposed to be Boko Haram.
This scene realistically depicts child soldiers as we often think about them in the real world: children forced or coerced into fighting or carrying out other tasks for an armed group, who deserve a second chance even after they have been given a gun and put into battle. With some useful, if last-minute, intelligence from Nakia, T’Challa is able to avoid killing one of the child soldiers, who can now return home with the kidnapped girls.
It should be noted though that leaving the children to fend for themselves in the forest, rather than first taking them to the appropriate child protection authorities before returning to Wakanda, was probably not in their best interest.
Later in the film, we see a different portrayal of a child soldier, one who is a hero and only fights because of the circumstances she is pressed into. T’Challa’s sister Shuri is a genius who leads Wakanda’s technological development, and is 16 in the movie. During the final battle with Killmonger, the movie’s charismatic villain, she joins the fight with some of her technology, firing on Killmonger before he almost kills her.
These differing portrayals of child soldiers in the film illustrate the complexities of the use of child soldiers in the real world, across different motivations, ages, and roles. Children can be forced or coerced into fighting, but also choose to do so, whether for survival, protection, or supporting a cause. They take on a variety of roles, some involving fighting, some in support. Some are quite young, others are older teenagers, and many view themselves as adults, as Shuri likely does due to her significant responsibilities.
These tropes of child soldiers as either heroes, villains, or victims are quite common in Western literature and cinema. In some works, one or more is used simplistically or uncritically, while in others they are woven together with more nuance. While Black Panther does not dwell on these issues as much as movies they are central to, such as the Hunger Games series, it draws in very real-world scenarios and complexities with Boko Haram, and portraying a very politically engaged and important child who comes to fight through necessity.
Photo from European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.
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https://www.childsoldiers.org/child-soldiers-and-fiction-black-panther/
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Tree posture
Work your child through tree posture by using the following instructions, and check out Figure 17-6 for an illustration. Flip to Chapter 7 for more information on the adult version.
1. Start in the mountain posture, standing tall and still.
2. Bend one of your legs and place the bottom of that foot up high on the inside of the other thigh.
3. Bring your hands together up high above your head and imagine you're a tree, making the sound of the wind blowing through your leaves: shhhhhhhh.
4. Now try the same movements on the other side.
Chapter 11 gives you more information on the adult version of cobra II; the following instructions and Figure 17-7 can help you lead your child through this version.
1. Lie flat on your belly and place your hands on the floor near your armpits with your fingers going forward.
2. Raise your head, shoulders, and back as you press down on your hands, keeping your hips on the ground.
3. Imagine you're a cobra and make the cobra's sound: sssssss.
Figure 17-6:
Tree posture for kids.
Figure 17-6:
Tree posture for kids.
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https://www.dahnyoga.net/exercises/tree-posture.html
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super quiz section 2
The flashcards below were created by user dog on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
1. 457. general location of most early cities and towns
near streams (USQRG:27,1,1)
2. 458. two solutions of early humans after streams became insufficient for cities’ water needs
bring water through canals and dig wells (USQRG:27,1,1)
3. 459. groundwater
all water contained in spaces within the bedrock and regolith (USQRG:27,1,3)
4. 460. percentage of Earth’s water that is groundwater
less than 1% (USQRG:27,1,3)
5. 461. amount of groundwater on Earth relative to amount of freshwater in lakes and streams
40 times more (USQRG:27,1,3)
6. 462. amount of groundwater on Earth as a fraction of amount of water contained in glaciers and polar ice
1/3 (USQRG:27,1,3)
7. 463. glacier
body of ice wholly or largely on land that shows evidence of flowing under gravity’s influence (USQRG:27,1,3; USQRG:102,1,3)
8. 464. origin of most groundwater
rainfall (USQRG:27,2,1)
9. 465. two ways by which groundwater moves toward the ocean
directly through the ground or by joining streams on the surface (USQRG:27,2,1)
10. 466. scientist who determined groundwater comes from rainfall
Pierre Perrault (USQRG:27,2,2)
11. 467. Pierre Perrault’s occupation
physicist (USQRG:27,2,2)
12. 468. In what century was it established that groundwater comes from rain?
17th century (USQRG:27,2,2)
13. 469. river that Pierre Perrault used to link rainfall and groundwater
Seine (USQRG:27,2,2)
14. 470. factor that needs to be taken into account when comparing amounts of rainfall and stream runoff
evaporation (USQRG:27,2,2)
15. 471. What land area has no water underneath it?
nowhere (USQRG:27,2,3)
16. 472. depth to which most usable groundwater exists
750 meters (USQRG:27,2,3)
17. 473. volume equivalent to that of all groundwater in the first 750 meters of Earth’s crust
a 55‐meter thick layer of water across the entire Earth (USQRG:27,2,3)
18. 474. greatest depth at which an oil drill found water
9.4 kilometers (USQRG:27,2,3)
19. 475. greatest depth at which groundwater has been found
11 kilometers (USQRG:27,2,3)
20. 476. location at which groundwater has been found at its great depth
Kola Peninsula (USQRG:27,2,3)
21. 477. ethnicity of scientists who discovered groundwater at its greatest known depth
Russian (USQRG:27,2,3)
22. 478. first layer of ground passed through when digging a well
moist soil (USQRG:28,1,0)
23. 479. second layer of ground passed through when digging a well
zone of aeration (USQRG:28,1,0)
24. 480. zone of aeration
open space in regolith or bedrock mainly filled with air (USQRG:28,1,0)
25. 481. another name for the zone of aeration
unsaturated zone (USQRG:28,1,0)
26. 482. amount of water saturation present in the zone of aeration
none (USQRG:28,1,0)
27. 483. third layer of ground passed through when digging a well
saturated zone (USQRG:28,1,0)
28. 484. saturated zone
underground area in which all openings are filled with water (USQRG:28,1,0)
29. 485. water table
upper surface of the saturated zone (USQRG:28,1,0)
30. 486. typical orientation of the water table
sloping toward the nearest stream or lake (USQRG:28,1,0)
31. 487. location of the water table in deserts
far underground (USQRG:28,1,0)
32. 488. capillary attraction
adhesive force between a liquid and a solid that causes water to be drawn into small tube‐like openings (USQRG:28,1,1)
33. 489. type of sediment that allows for a fringe on top of the water table
fine‐grained (USQRG:28,1,1)
34. 490. maximum thickness of the fringe on top of the water table
60 centimeters (USQRG:28,1,1)
35. 491. force that draws ink through blowing paper and kerosene through the wick of a lamp
capillary attraction (USQRG:28,2,0)
36. 492. How does the water table appear in humid regions?
as a “subdued imitation of the land surface above it” (USQRG:28,2,1)
37. 493. topographical location with the lowest pressure on the water table
low points, such as valleys (USQRG:28,2,1)
38. 494. type of area to which water in the water table tends to move
low points (USQRG:28,2,1)
39. 495. event that would occur in the water table if all rainfall ceased
flattening of the water table (USQRG:28,2,1)
40. 496. level that the water table would reach if all rainfall ceased
level of the water table in valleys (USQRG:28,2,1)
41. 497. How are changes in the water table manifested above ground during droughts?
drying up of wells (USQRG:28,2,1)
42. 498. How does water seepage into the ground change if all rainfall ceases?
diminishes and then stops altogether (USQRG:28,2,1)
43. 499. fact that scientists can infer from a dried‐up well
water table has dropped to a level below the well (USQRG:28,2,1)
44. 500. three geological features that result from the water table intersecting the land surface
lakes, marshes, and streams (USQRG:28,fig)
45. 501. How is the water table maintained at a normal level?
repeated rainfall (USQRG:28,2,1)
46. 502. substance that forms a layer coinciding with surface soil
moisture (USQRG:28,fig)
47. 503. upper limit that the water table represents
all readily usable groundwater (USQRG:29,1,1)
48. 504. two groups that seek to determine the depth and shape of the water table
groundwater geologists and well drillers (USQRG:29,1,1)
49. 505. hydrologic cycle
continuous process in which water evaporates from oceans, falls to land as rain, enters the groundwater, and re‐enters the ocean (USQRG:29,1,2)
50. 506. two units commonly used to measure groundwater movement
centimeters per day and meters per year (USQRG:29,1,3)
51. 507. reason for the disparity between the speed of rivers and groundwater
unimpeded path of rivers versus constricted passageways of groundwater (USQRG:29,1,3)
52. 508. porosity
percentage of the total volume of a rock consisting of open spaces (USQRG:29,1,4; USQRG:103,2,21)
53. 509. pores
open spaces in a rock (USQRG:29,1,4)
54. 510. factor determining the amount of water a given volume of rock or sediment can contain
porosity (USQRG:29,1,4)
55. 511. three factors that affect sediments’ porosity
size, shape, and compactness of particles (USQRG:29,1,5)
56. 512. maximum porosity of well‐sorted sands and gravels
approximately 20% (USQRG:29,1,5)
57. 513. maximum porosity of clay
approximately 50% (USQRG:29,1,5)
58. 514. three factors affecting sedimentary rocks’ porosity
sorting and arrangement of particles and extent to which its pores are filled with cement (USQRG:29,1,6)
59. 515. general porosity of igneous and metamorphic rocks
low (USQRG:29,1,6)
60. 516. permeability
measure of how easily a solid allows fluids to pass through it (USQRG:29,1,7: USQRG:102,2,16)
61. 517. expected permeability for a rock with very low porosity
low (USQRG:29,1,7)
62. 518. force that exists between a solid surface and a film of water
molecular attraction (USQRG:29,2,0)
63. 519. relationship between amount of cement present and porosity of a rock
more cement lowers porosity (USQRG:29,fig)
64. 520. diameter of clay particles
less than 0.005 millimeters (USQRG:30,1,0)
65. 521. permeability level of clay
low (USQRG:30,1,0)
66. 522. relationship between pore size and permeability
smaller pore size lowers permeability (USQRG:30,1,0)
67. 523. diameter of sand particles
0.06 to 2 millimeters (USQRG:30,1,1)
68. 524. relative size of gravel pores
very large (USQRG:30,1,1)
69. 525. Why do molecular forces of attraction not lower the permeability of sand?
films of water adhering to adjacent grains cannot span the wider pores, allowing water to move freely (USQRG:30,1,1)
70. 526. Why does gravel make a good building material for wells?
has high permeability due to large pores, allowing large amounts of water into the well (USQRG:30,1,1)
71. 527. process that resulted in the presence of clay in most soil
chemical weathering of bedrock (USQRG:30,1,2)
72. 528. Why is most soil less permeable than its underlying rock?
presence of fine clay particles (USQRG:30,1,2)
73. 529. force that keeps some rainwater in topsoil
molecular attraction (USQRG:30,1,2)
74. 530. two processes through which the rainwater retained by topsoil returns to the atmosphere
evaporation and transpiration (USQRG:30,2,0)
75. 531. force that channels most rainwater to the water table
gravity (USQRG:30,2,1)
76. 532. underground zone that is mostly dry between rains
zone of aeration (USQRG:30,2,1)
77. 533. percolation (in geology)
movement of groundwater in the saturated zone (USQRG:30,2,2)
78. 534. process similar to the flow of water after gently squeezing a saturated sponge
percolation (USQRG:30,2,2)
79. 535. type of path by which groundwater moves through small pores during percolation
parallel and threadlike (USQRG:30,2,2)
80. 536. Why does percolation stop on the sides of pores in rocks?
molecular attraction (USQRG:30,2,2)
81. 537. general direction of groundwater percolation
toward surface streams and lakes (USQRG:30,2,3)
82. 538. two types of paths taken by groundwater during percolation
directly moving along the water table and flowing along long, curving paths deep underground (USQRG:30,2,3)
83. 539. force that deep groundwater paths resist to flow into surface streams
gravity (USQRG:31,1,0)
84. 540. altitudes at which upward flow of groundwater into streams is possible
all altitudes (USQRG:31,1,0)
85. 541. Why is upward flow of groundwater into streams possible?
water in the saturated zone is under greater pressure beneath a hill than beneath a stream (USQRG:31,1,0)
86. 542. type of path along which most of the groundwater that enters a stream travels
shallow path not far beneath the water table (USQRG:31,1,0)
87. 543. recharge (of groundwater)
replenishment of groundwater through rainfall and snowmelt entering the ground (USQRG:31,1,1)
88. 544. groundwater recharge areas
regions of the ground in which precipitation seeps beneath the surface to the saturated zone (USQRG:31,1,1)
89. 545. groundwater discharge areas
regions in which subsurface water is discharged to streams, lakes, ponds, or swamps (USQRG:31,1,1)
90. 546. surface area of groundwater recharge areas compared to that of discharge areas
larger (USQRG:31,2,0)
91. 547. speed of groundwater as it moves from recharge to discharge areas
slow (USQRG:31,1,1)
92. 548. two factors that affect the time it takes water to move from a recharge area to a discharge area
rates of flow and distance to be travelled (USQRG:31,2,1)
93. 549. the minimum amount of time for water to travel from a recharge area to a discharge area
several days (USQRG:31,2,1)
94. 550. the longest amount of time water could take to travel from a recharge area to a discharge area
thousands of years (USQRG:31,2,1)
95. 551. parts of a humid landscape considered recharge areas
entire landscape beyond streams and their floodplains (USQRG:31,2,2)
96. 552. alluvial fans
• loose rock material forming a sloping, fan‐shaped mass at the point where a stream emerges from an upland area into a valley (USQRG:31,2,2;
• USQRG:101,1,1)
97. 553. three parts of an arid landscape encompassed by recharge areas
mountains, bordering alluvial fans, and river channels with alluvium beds (USQRG:31,2,2)
98. 554. type of rock strata in which downward and upward percolation is more efficient
most porous (USQRG:31,fig)
99. 555. How do river channels with permeable alluvium beds act as recharge areas in arid regions?
water leaks downward through the alluvium, recharging the groundwater (USQRG:31,2,2)
100. 556. two common ways people obtain groundwater
natural springs or excavating wells that reach an underground body of water (USQRG:32,1,1)
101. 557. frequency of direct recharge in arid regions
infrequently or minimally (USQRG:32,1,fig)
102. 558. consequence of periods of low recharge flow in arid regions
streams lose water as it seeps downward to resupply groundwater (USQRG:32,1,fig)
103. 559. spring
a flow of groundwater emerging naturally at surface level (USQRG:32,1,2)
104. 560. simplest type of spring
one that issues at an intersection of the land surface and water table (USQRG:32,1,2)
105. 561. kinds of rocks in which small springs are found
all (USQRG:32,1,2)
106. 562. three most common rocks in which large springs are found
lava, limestone, and gravel (USQRG:32,1,2)
107. 563. common reason for the localization of springs
vertical or horizontal change in permeability (USQRG:32,1,3)
108. 564. result of a porous limestone layer above an impermeable shale layer at the water table
a spring (USQRG:32,2,fig)
109. 565. aquiclude
layer of impermeable rock adjacent to a permeable layer (USQRG:32,1,3; USQRG:101,1,5)
110. 566. fault (in geology)
plane within rocks along which movement has taken place (USQRG:32,1,3; USQRG:101,2,15)
111. 567. result of water percolating downward through a porous sand and meeting an underlying impermeable clay
flows laterally, creating a spring where the sand‐clay boundary meets the land surface (USQRG:32,1,3)
112. 568. condition that must be met for a well to supply water
intersects the water table (USQRG:33,1,1)
113. 569. rate of withdrawal of water from a new well compared to the rate of local groundwater flow
greater (USQRG:33,1,2)
114. 570. effect of water being pumped from a new well
cone of depression forms around the well (USQRG:33,1,2)
115. 571. cone of depression
conical indentation in the water table surrounding a new well after it begins operating (USQRG:33,1,2)
116. 572. How obvious are cones of depression in most small domestic wells?
“barely discernible” (USQRG:33,2,0)
117. 573. Why does a cone of depression increase the flow of water to a well?
locally steepened slope of the water table (USQRG:33,1,2)
118. 574. effect on hydraulic gradient once the rate of inflow of a new well matches the rate of withdrawal
stabilization (USQRG:33,2,0)
119. 575. effect of the wet season on the rate of groundwater recharge
increases (USQRG:33,fig)
120. 576. slope of the hydraulic gradient during the wet season
relatively steep (USQRG:33,fig)
121. 577. effect of increased pumping of a well during the dry season on a cone of depression
increases in size (USQRG:33,fig)
122. 578. Why are most igneous and metamorphic rocks not very permeable?
small and constricted mineral grains (USQRG:34,1,0)
123. 579. feature of large masses of igneous and metamorphic rocks that allow free circulation of groundwater
openings, such as fissures and joints (USQRG:34,1,0)
124. 580. perched water body
body of water that lies on top of an aquiclude, above the main water table (USQRG:34,1,1)
125. 581. condition necessary for a perched water body to occur
impermeable layer of rock or sediment in the zone of aeration (USQRG:34,1,1)
126. 582. aquifer
body of highly permeable rock lying in the zone of saturation (USQRG:34,1,2)
127. 583. original language of the word “aquifer”
Latin (USQRG:34,1,2)
128. 584. Latin meaning of the word “aquifer”
water carrier (USQRG:34,1,2)
129. 585. three rock types that are generally good aquifers
gravel, sand, and sandstone (USQRG:34,1,2)
130. 586. material whose presence reduces the quality of sandstone as an aquifer
cement (USQRG:34,1,2)
131. 587. How does a cementing agent reduce the quality of sandstone as an aquifer?
reduction of the diameter of openings in the stone (USQRG:34,2,0)
132. 588. unconfined aquifer
aquifer in direct contact with the atmosphere (USQRG:34,2,1)
133. 589. confined aquifer
aquifer bounded by aquicludes (USQRG:34,2,1)
134. 590. approximate percentage of groundwater used in irrigation obtained from the High Plains aquifer in the United States
30 (USQRG:34,2,2)
135. 591. What type of aquifer is the High Plains aquifer?
unconfined aquifer (USQRG:34,2,2)
136. 592. average depth of the High Plains aquifer
approximately 65 meters (USQRG:34,2,2)
137. 593. number of wells that tap the High Plains aquifer
approximately 170,000 wells (USQRG:34,2,2)
138. 594. two most common types of rocks in the High Plains aquifer
sandy and gravelly (USQRG:34,2,2)
139. 595. two geological ages during which most of the rocks in the High Plains aquifer were formed
Tertiary and Quarternary (USQRG:34,2,2)
140. 596. average rate of water flow through the High Plains aquifer
30 centimeters per day (USQRG:34,2,2)
141. 597. orientation of the water table in the High Plains aquifer
west to east (USQRG:34,2,2)
142. 598. Through what two means is the High Plains aquifer recharged?
direct precipitation and seepage from streams (USQRG:34,2,2)
143. 599. first decade in which the groundwater High Plains aquifer was tapped for irrigation
the 1930s (USQRG:34,2,3)
144. 600. original reason for the High Plains aquifer being used for irrigation
severe regional droughts (USQRG:34,2,3)
145. 601. decade of the second peak in demand for irrigation water from the High Plains aquifer
the 1950s (USQRG:34,2,3)
146. 602. rate of annual recharge of the High Plains aquifer compared to the rate of water being withdrawn
much less (USQRG:34,2,3)
147. 603. inevitable result of the net yearly withdrawal of water from the High Plains aquifer
long‐term fall in the water table level (USQRG:34,2,3)
148. 604. three American states in which the thickness of the saturated zone has fallen by more than 50% in the past 50 years
Kansas, New Mexico, and Texas (USQRG;34,2,3)
149. 605. part of metamorphic and igneous rocks that must be penetrated by a well to produce water
fractures (USQRG:34,fig)
150. 606. eight states lying within the High Plains aquifer
South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas (USQRG:35,fig)
151. 607. Which state’s land area lies mostly within the High Plains aquifer?
Nebraska (USQRG:35,fig)
152. 608. direction of water flow in the High Plains aquifer, in relation to contour lines
perpendicular (USQRG:35,fig)
153. 609. three rivers in Wyoming and Nebraska contained within the High Plains aquifer
North Platte, North Loop, and Elkton (USQRG:35,fig)
154. 610. two geological time intervals in which the bedrock found beneath the High Plains aquifer in Wyoming and Nebraska formed
Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous (USQRG:35,fig)
155. 611. two direct effects of reduced thickness of the saturated zone on aquifers
decreased water yield and increased pumping costs (USQRG:36,1,0)
156. 612. home state of the Dakota aquifer
South Dakota (USQRG:36,1,1)
157. 613. What type of aquifer is the Dakota aquifer?
confined (USQRG:36,1,1)
158. 614. mountain range to the west of the Dakota aquifer
the Black Hills (USQRG:36,1,1)
159. 615. two geographical features forming the land surface of the Black Hills
permeable strata and bounding aquicludes (USQRG:36,1,1)
160. 616. two types of stone in the aquifer units of the Dakota aquifer
sandstone and limestone (USQRG:36,fig)
161. 617. location at which rain must fall to recharge the Dakota aquifer
permeable units at the surface (USQRG:36,1,1)
162. 618. role of aquicludes in the Dakota aquifer
confining units (USQRG:36,fig)
163. 619. river east of the Black Hills that is part of the Dakota aquifer system
Missouri (USQRG:36,fig)
164. 620. uplift portion of the Dakota aquifer system
Sioux Uplift (USQRG:36,fig)
165. 621. direction of groundwater flow in the Dakota aquifer
east (USQRG:36,1,1; USQRG:36,fig)
166. 622. direction of water flow during percolation into a confined aquifer
downward (USQRG:36,1,2)
167. 623. type of pressure that increases as water descends in a confined aquifer
hydrostatic (USQRG:36,1,2)
168. 624. reason water rises in a well drilled into a confined aquifer
pressure difference between the water table in the recharge area and the well intake (USQRG:36,2,0)
169. 625. maximum height of water in a well drilled into a confined aquifer
level of the water table in the recharge area (USQRG:36,2,0)
170. 626. condition necessary for water to flow out of a well drilled into a confined aquifer without pumping
top of the well located at a lower altitude than the recharge area (USQRG:36,2,0)
171. 627. artesian aquifer
aquifer in which the discharge area is lower than the recharge area such that water naturally rises to the surface when tapped (USQRG:36,2,0)
172. 628. artesian well
well drilled into an artesian aquifer, allowing water to rise naturally to the surface (USQRG:36,2,0)
173. 629. artesian spring
freely flowing spring supplied by an artesian aquifer (USQRG:36,2,0)
174. 630. city from which the term “artesian” is derived
Artois, France (USQRG:36,2,0)
175. 631. Roman name for the city of Artois
Artesium (USQRG:36,2,0)
176. 632. Why was the term “artesian” derived from the name of a city?
Artesian flow was first studied in Artois. (USQRG:36,2,0)
177. 633. maximum height of a fountain created by artesian water pressure under ideal conditions
60 meters (USQRG:36,2,0)
178. 634. condition necessary for artesian springs and fountains to maintain their free flow of water
recharge to the system matches outflow (USQRG:36,2,0)
179. 635. advantage of tapping artesian wells and springs
avoid the cost of pumping (USQRG:36,2,0)
180. 636. major source of water in dry regions of western North America
groundwater (USQRG:37,1,1)
181. 637. average discharge of aquifer systems in dry regions of western North America
low (USQRG:37,1,1)
182. 638. two conditions necessary for an artesian system
confined aquifer and water pressure sufficient to make the water in a well rise above the surface (USQRG:37,fig)
183. 639. height to which water in a nonartesian well rises
height of the water table in the recharge area, less water loss due to friction of percolation (USQRG:37,fig)
184. 640. How is the amount of water available from groundwater sources in dry regions of western North America changing?
steadily diminishing (USQRG:37,1,1)
185. 641. nonrenewable resources
natural supplies formed only over geologically long intervals of time (USQRG:37,1,1)
186. 642. three nonrenewable resources being used at unsustainable rates
petroleum, minerals, and groundwater (USQRG:37,1,1)
187. 643. time scale needed to restore some aquifers to their original state
centuries or millennia (USQRG:37,1,1,)
188. 644. possible result if groundwater withdrawal from a spring exceeds recharge
drying up, if the water table no longer intersects the surface (USQRG:37,2,1)
189. 645. process that can halt the fall of the water table
artificial recharge (USQRG:37,2,2)
190. 646. method of artificial recharge of groundwater involving food processing plants
spraying biodegradable liquid waste from a food processing plant over the land surface (USQRG:37,2,2)
191. 647. type of process that removes pollutants from biodegradable liquid waste as it percolates toward the groundwater
biological (USQRG:37,2,2)
192. 648. method of artificial recharge of groundwater involving urban areas
channeling runoff from rainstorms in urban areas into basins for percolation into the groundwater (USQRG:38,1,0)
193. 649. injection wells
wells used to pump groundwater back into the ground after being used for nonpolluting industrial purposes (USQRG:38,1,0)
194. 650. zone recharged by injection wells
saturated zone (USQRG:38,1,0)
195. 651. action that accelerated the tilting of the Leaning Tower of Pisa
withdrawal of groundwater from aquifers (USQRG:38,2,fig)
196. 652. country of the Leaning Tower of Pisa
Italy (USQRG:38,2,fig)
197. 653. force that supports the weight of overlying rocks or sediments in an aquifer
water pressure in the pores of an aquifer (USQRG:38,1,1)
198. 654. effect on water pressure of the withdrawal of groundwater from an aquifer
reduction (USQRG:38,1,1)
199. 655. effect on aquifer particles of the withdrawal of groundwater from an aquifer
slight shifting (USQRG:38,1,1)
200. 656. effect on the land surface particles of the withdrawal of groundwater from an aquifer
subsiding (USQRG:38,1,1)
201. 657. three factors affecting the amount of land subsidence when groundwater is withdrawn from an aquifer
reduction of water pressure, thickness of the aquifer, and compressibility of the aquifer (USQRG:38,1,1)
202. 658. region of the United States with widespread land subsidence due to withdrawal of groundwater
southwestern (USQRG:38,1,1)
203. 659. effect on land subsidence in areas subject to flooding in the United States
increase (USQRG:38,1,1)
204. 660. type of area in which land subsidence is “especially damaging,” according to Skinner
regions in which water is pumped from beneath cities (USQRG:38,1,2)
205. 661. ancient Aztec capital
Tenochtitlan (USQRG:38,1,2)
206. 662. modern‐day city on top of the ancient Aztec capital Tenochtitlan
Mexico City (USQRG:38,1,2)
207. 663. unique geographic feature of the ancient Aztec capital
situated in the middle of a shallow lake (USQRG:38,1,2)
208. 664. effect of rapid withdrawal of groundwater around Mexico City on porous lake sediments
compression (USQRG:38,1,2)
209. 665. year in which construction on the Leaning Tower of Pisa began
1174 (USQRG:38,1,2)
210. 666. type of sediments on which the Leaning Tower of Pisa was built
unstable fine‐grained floodplain (USQRG:38,1,2)
211. 667. century in which the tilting of the Leaning Tower of Pisa rapidly increased
20th (USQRG:38,1,2)
212. 668. recent improvement to the Leaning Tower of Pisa to keep it stable
strengthening of the foundation (USQRG:38,1,2)
213. 669. action necessary to keep the Leaning Tower of Pisa stable
strict controls on the withdrawal of groundwater (USQRG:38,1,2)
214. 670. three causes for contamination of drinking water
natural dissolved substances, human waste products, and industrial waste products (USQRG:38,1,3)
215. 671. seven most common compounds dissolved in groundwater
chlorides; sulfates; calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and iron bicarbonates (USQRG:38,1,4)
216. 672. origin of dissolved compounds in groundwater
weathered rocks (USQRG:38,2,0)
217. 673. chief determinant of the composition of groundwater
composition of the rock in which water occurs (USQRG:38,2,0)
218. 674. two rocks containing much of the groundwater of the central United States
limestone and dolostone (USQRG:38,2,0)
219. 675. two compounds found in high amounts in groundwater of the central United States
calcium and magnesium bicarbonates (USQRG:38,2,0)
220. 676. hard water
water rich in calcium and magnesium bicarbonates (USQRG:38,2,0)
221. 677. two reasons bathing in hard water is frustrating
soap does not lather easily and a crustlike ring forms in the tub (USQRG:38,2,0)
222. 678. depositions made by hard water in pipes
scaly crusts (USQRG:38,2,0)
223. 679. soft water
water with little dissolved matter and no appreciable calcium (USQRG:38,2,0)
224. 680. two rocks commonly associated with soft water
greywacke sandstone and volcanic rocks (USQRG:38,2,0)
225. 681. region of the United States with generally soft water
northwestern (USQRG:38,2,0)
226. 682. What event occurs when groundwater flows through rocks containing noxious elements?
Particles from the rocks dissolve into the water, making it unsuitable for consumption. (USQRG:38,2,1)
227. 683. chemical formula of hydrogen sulfide
H2S (USQRG:39,1,0)
228. 684. odor of hydrogen sulfide
rotten eggs (USQRG:39,1,0)
229. 685. type of rock from which hydrogen sulfide in groundwater is derived
sulfur‐rich (USQRG:39,1,0)
230. 686. two compounds that are highly concentrated in arid regions, occasionally making groundwater non‐potable
sulfates and chlorides (USQRG:39,1,0)
231. 687. type of compound groundwater releases from porous sedimentary rocks in very dry regions
salts (USQRG:39,1,0)
232. 688. zone in which groundwater deposits salts in very dry regions
zone of aeration (USQRG:39,1,0)
233. 689. effect of salt on soil with regard to agriculture
makes soil unsuitable for agriculture (USQRG:39,1,0)
234. 690. most common source of water pollution in wells and springs
sewage (USQRG:39,1,1)
235. 691. size of pores in coarse gravel or cavernous limestone
large (USQRG:39,1,1)
236. 692. four potential sources of groundwater contamination from sewage
septic tanks, broken sewers, privies, and barnyards (USQRG:39,1,1)
237. 693. minimum distance needed for sewage‐contaminated groundwater to be purified
30 meters (USQRG:39,2,0)
238. 694. mineral that purifies sewage‐contaminated groundwater relatively quickly
sand (USQRG:39,2,0)
239. 695. distance for which sewage‐contaminated groundwater remains polluted in coarse gravel, relative to sand
long distance (USQRG:39,1,1)
240. 696. substance used by purification plants to treat municipal water supplies and sewage
sand (USQRG:39,2,0)
241. 697. three ways in which sand purifies groundwater
mechanically filtering out bacteria, oxidizing bacteria, and placing bacteria in contact with other organisms that will consume them (USQRG:39,2,0)
242. 698. effect of oxidation on bacteria
They are rendered harmless. (USQRG:39,2,0)
243. 699. substance forming a barrier between fresh groundwater and seawater along coasts
brackish water (USQRG:39,2,1)
244. 700. thickness of the barrier between fresh groundwater and seawater along coasts
thin (USQRG:39,2,1)
245. 701. effect of pumping an aquifer near the coast on the flow of fresh groundwater to the sea
reduction (USQRG:39,2,1)
246. 702. effect of pumping an aquifer near the coast on the flow of saltwater to the sea
increase landward toward permeable strata (USQRG:39,2,1)
247. 703. eventual result of excessive pumping from aquifers near the coast
seawater intrusion (USQRG:40,1,0)
248. 704. seawater intrusion
salt water encroaching inland and contaminating freshwater supplies (USQRG:40,1,0)
249. 705. difficulty of reversing seawater intrusion
very difficult (USQRG:40,1,0)
250. 706. two types of landfills
open basins and excavations (USQRG:40,1,1)
251. 707. step taken after a landfill reaches capacity
covered with dirt (USQRG:40,1,1)
252. 708. process allowed to take place after a landfill reaches capacity
revegetation (USQRG:40,1,1)
253. 709. How are waste products in covered landfills mobilized?
water seepage carries away soluble substances in the waste products (USQRG:40,1,1)
254. 710. factor determining the direction of flow of contaminated water from landfills
regional groundwater flow pattern (USQRG:40,1,1)
255. 711. rate at which contaminated water from landfills disperses
same rate as percolating water in groundwater systems (USQRG:40,1,1)
256. 712. two goals of a United States government program tackling pollution from landfill waste
clean up landfills and render them environmentally safe (USQRG:40,1,2)
257. 713. number of United States landfill sites identified to be creating pollution
tens of thousands (USQRG:40,2,0)
258. 714. two aspects of plants pesticides and herbicides are used to improve
quality and productivity (USQRG:40,2,1)
259. 715. two chief problems pesticides and herbicides can cause in humans
cancer and birth defects (USQRG:40,2,1)
260. 716. event that marked a dramatic drop in the United States population of bald eagles
introduction of pesticides into the natural food chain (USQRG:40,2,1)
261. 717. pesticide mainly responsible for the reduction of the United States population of bald eagles
DDT (USQRG:40,2,1)
262. 718. reason pesticides reach groundwater
precipitation flushes them into the soil (USQRG:40,2,1)
263. 719. zone that disappears during excessive pumping of a coastal well
brackish transition zone (USQRG:40,fig)
264. 720. point at which salt water and fresh water come into contact during limited pumping of a coastal well
right before pumping (USQRG:40,fig)
265. 721. leading environmental concern of industrialized countries
necessity of dealing with highly toxic industrial wastes (USQRG:40,2,2)
266. 722. two short‐term results of surface dumping of highly toxic industrial waste
contamination of surface and subsurface water supplies (USQRG:40,2,2)
267. 723. long‐term result of surface dumping of highly toxic industrial waste
serious and potentially fatal health problems (USQRG:40,2,2)
268. 724. environmental problem unique to nuclear‐capable countries
disposal of radioactive waste products (USQRG:40,2,2)
269. 725. two especially radioactive isotopes
90Sr and 137Cs (USQRG:40,2,2)
270. 726. amount of 90Sr required in the surface environment to be fatal to humans
“minute quantities” (USQRG:41,1,0)
271. 727. two categories of hazardous wastes
toxic and radioactive (USQRG:41,1,1)
272. 728. conclusion of most feasibility studies of the disposal and storage of hazardous wastes
Underground storage is appropriate, assuming safe sites can be found. (USQRG:41,1,1)
273. 729. maximum time span high‐level nuclear wastes can remain dangerous
hundreds of thousands of years (USQRG:41,1,1)
274. 730. reason high‐level nuclear wastes remain dangerous for extended very long time
the long half‐lives of some radioactive isotopes (USQRG:41,1,1)
275. 731. primary requirement for sites for high‐level nuclear waste disposal
stability over a very long time span (USQRG:41,1,1)
276. 732. three criteria for completely safe sites for high‐level nuclear waste disposal
immune from chemical changes by groundwater, physical changes by earthquakes, or disruptions by humans (USQRG:41,1,1)
277. 733. most immediate area of concern in placing hazardous wastes underground
groundwater (USQRG:41,2,0)
278. 734. What type of solvent is water?
nearly universal (USQRG:41,2,0)
279. 735. How acidic or basic is most groundwater?
weakly acidic (USQRG:41,2,0)
280. 736. Why is any underground container of hazardous waste likely to corrode?
the acidity of passing groundwater (USQRG:41,2,0)
281. 737. rate of circulation of water present in crustal rocks
1 to 50 meters per year (USQRG:41,2,0)
282. 738. ideal level of fracturing in the rock enclosing an underground radioactive waste storage site
very low (USQRG:41,2,2)
283. 739. ideal permeability of the rock enclosing an underground radioactive waste storage site
low (USQRG:41,2,3)
284. 740. ideal economic mineral potential of the rock enclosing an underground radioactive waste storage site
none (USQRG:41,2,3)
285. 741. relative rainfall in the area of an ideal underground radioactive waste storage site
low (USQRG:42,1,3)
286. 742. relative thickness of the zone of aeration in an ideal underground radioactive waste storage site
thick (USQRG:42,1,4)
287. 743. relative erosion rate in an ideal underground radioactive waste storage
very low (USQRG:42,1,5)
288. 744. ideal probability of earthquakes or volcanic activity in an underground radioactive waste storage site
very low (USQRG:42,1,6)
289. 745. knowledge needed by geologists to predict future geological events
local and regional groundwater conditions (USQRG:42,1,8)
290. 746. three areas that geologists need to understand to predict future conditions in a underground waste storage site
• response of groundwater systems to crustal movements, local and global climatic change, and other factors affecting the site’s stability
• (USQRG:42,1,8)
291. 747. feature in surface landfill which makes it safer than an open waste pond
fully lined, preventing downward seepage of wastes (USQRG:41,fig)
292. 748. type of rock unit required in the injection method of waste management
deep and confined (USQRG:41,fig)
293. 749. structure that must be above a rock unit utilized in the injection method of waste management
aquifers used for water supplies (USQRG:41,fig)
294. 750. Why is constant monitoring needed at injection wells used for waste management?
The injection method is not foolproof. (USQRG:41,fig)
295. 751. When does rainwater begin to chemically weather regolith and bedrock?
as soon as it infiltrates the ground (USQRG:42,2,1)
296. 752. dissolution
process of chemical weathering in which minerals and rock materials pass directly into solution (USQRG:42,2,1; USQRG:101,2,9)
297. 753. type of rock in Earth’s crust that most easily undergoes dissolution
carbonates (USQRG:42,2,1)
298. 754. three most common carbonate rocks
limestone, dolostone, and marble (USQRG:42,2,2)
299. 755. solubility of carbonate minerals in pure water
nearly insoluble (USQRG:42,2,2)
300. 756. relative proportion of the Earth’s surface underlain by limestone, dolostone, and marble
large majority (USQRG:42,2,2)
301. 757. acid present in rainwater that dissolves carbonate minerals
carbonic (USQRG:42,2,2)
302. 758. cations present in groundwater from the dissolution of carbonate minerals
calcium (USQRG:42,2,2)
303. 759. anions present in groundwater from the dissolution of carbonate minerals
bicarbonate (USQRG:42,2,2)
304. 760. portions of carbonate rocks that are most affected by groundwater weathering
joints and other partings (USQRG:42,2,3)
305. 761. granite mineral largely resistant to weathering
quartz (USQRG:42,2,3)
306. 762. result of limestone weathering
Nearly all the minerals dissolve away into slowly moving groundwater. (USQRG:42,2,3)
307. 763. rate at which carbonate landscapes drop in temperate regions with high rainfall, vegetation level and water table
10 millimeters per 1,000 years (USQRG:43,1,0)
308. 764. two processes through which the dissolution rate may exceed the average rate of surface erosion
mass‐wasting and sheet erosion (USQRG:43,1,0)
309. 765. geological feature that may cause the dissolution rate to exceed the average rate of surface erosion
streams (USQRG:43,1,0)
310. 766. substance responsible for most conversion of sediment in sedimentary rock
groundwater (USQRG:43,1,1)
311. 767. most common type of iron compound in sedimentary rocks
hydroxides (USQRG:43,1,1)
312. 768. saturated zone
region of the ground in which sediment is saturated with water (USQRG:43,1,1)
313. 769. process by which loose sediment transforms into firm rock
substances in a groundwater solution are precipitated as cement between rock and mineral particles of sediment (USQRG:43,1,1)
314. 770. three chief cementing substances in sedimentary rocks
quartz, calcite, and iron compounds (USQRG:43,1,1)
315. 771. most common cementing substance in sedimentary rocks
calcite (USQRG:43,1,1)
316. 772. replacement (in geology)
process in which a fluid dissolves existing matter and deposits an equal volume of a different substance (USQRG:43,1,2)
317. 773. How do geologists know that replacement takes place on a volume‐for‐volume basis?
New material preserves the minutest textures of the material it replaces. (USQRG:43,1,2)
318. 774. two types of substances that can undergo replacement
mineral and organic (USQRG:43,1,2)
319. 775. common example of the replacement of organic matter
petrified wood (USQRG:43,1,2)
320. 776. sinkhole
depression in the surface of the ground, often connecting to a cavern or other subterranean passage (USQRG:43,1,3; USQRG:103,1,9)
321. 777. identifying characteristic of rocks in regions with many caves and sinkholes
exceptionally soluble (USQRG:43,1,3)
322. 778. drainage pattern in regions with many caves and sinkholes
disrupted (USQRG:43,2,0)
323. 779. geological features streams reappear as in landscapes with numerous caves and sinkholes
large springs (USQRG:43,2,0)
324. 780. Karst topography
landform developed in areas underlain by easily dissolved rock; with many caves and sinkholes (USQRG:43,2,0; USQRG:102,1,11)
325. 781. former country in which the Karst region lies
Yugoslavia (USQRG:43,2,0)
326. 782. characteristic feature of the Karst region’s landscape
closely spaced sinkholes (USQRG:43,2,0)
327. 783. most common type of rock in karst landscapes
carbonate (USQRG:43,2,0)
328. 784. four types of rock in which karst landscapes may develop
carbonate, dolomite, gypsum, and salt (halite) (USQRG:43,2,0)
329. 785. four criteria for a karst landscape
steep hydraulic gradient, sufficient precipitation, adequate soil and plant cover, and dissolution‐promoting temperatures (USQRG:43,2,1)
330. 786. Why is a steep gradient necessary for a karst landscape?
allows groundwater to flow through soluble rock by the force of gravity (USQRG:43,2,1)
331. 787. best climate and landscape for the development of a karst terrain
moist temperate to tropical regions with many thick, soluble rocks (USQRG:43,2,1)
332. 788. most common type of karst landscape
sinkhole karst (USQRG:43,2,2)
333. 789. sinkhole karst
landscape dotted with sinkholes of various sizes and shapes (USQRG:43,2,2)
334. 790. three American states in which sinkhole karst landscapes are most common
Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee (USQRG:43,2,2)
335. 791. island nation on which sinkhole karst landscapes are commonly found
Jamaica (USQRG:43,2,2)
336. 792. cone karst
closely spaced conical‐ or pinnacle‐ shaped hills separated by deep sinkholes (USQRG:43,2,3)
337. 793. tower karst
isolated tower‐like hills separated by expanses of alluvium (USQRG:43,2,3)
338. 794. rock underlying cone and tower karst landscapes
thick, well‐jointed limestone (USQRG:43,2,3)
339. 795. eventual result in a tower karst if the local drainage system does not remove sediment
Areas between towers form a flat alluvial surface. (USQRG:43,2,3)
340. 796. two world regions in which cone and tower karst landscapes are most commonly found
Central America and the South Pacific (USQRG:43,2,3)
341. 797. two Caribbean islands on which cone and tower karst landscapes are found
Cuba and Puerto Rico (USQRG:43,2,3)
342. 798. Guilin’s country
China (USQRG:43,2,4)
343. 799. type of karst landscape found near Guilin, China
tower karst (USQRG:43,2,4)
344. 800. height of vertical‐sided peaks of limestone in the karst landscape near Guilin, China
200 meters (USQRG:45,1,6)
345. 801. pavement karst
areas of bare limestone in which dissolution has etched and widened joints and bedding planes (USQRG:45,1,7)
346. 802. What high‐latitude process increases the probability of a pavement karst forming?
Continental glaciations stripping away regolith, leaving carbonate bedrock exposed to weathering. (USQRG:45,1,7)
347. 803. Greenland city known for its pavement karst landscapes
Spitzbergen (USQRG:45,1,7)
348. 804. region of Ireland known for its pavement karst landscapes
Burren (USQRG:45,1,7)
349. 805. element with atomic number 34
selenium (USQRG:43,1,4)
350. 806. government agency that released the 1983 report on the devastation of wildlife in the Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USQRG:43,1,5)
351. 807. What THREE effects did selenium poisoning have on Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge’s nesting waterfowl in the early 1980s?
high death rates, birth defects, and decreased hatching rates (USQRG:43,1,5)
352. 808. Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge’s state
California (USQRG:43,1,5)
353. 809. valley in which Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge is located
San Joaquin Valley (USQRG:43,1,5)
354. 810. climate of western San Joaquin Valley
arid (USQRG:45,1,1)
355. 811. effect of irrigation on the water table in San Joaquin Valley
rose significantly (USQRG:45,1,1)
356. 812. method by which excess water due to irrigation in the San Joaquin Valley was removed
system of subsurface drains (USQRG:45,1,1)
357. 813. natural source of selenium near San Joaquin Valley
Coast Ranges (USQRG:45,1,2)
358. 814. annual rainfall of the Coast Ranges
less than 250 millimeters (USQRG:45,1,2)
359. 815. annual evaporation rate of the Coast Ranges
approximately 2,300 millimeters (USQRG:45,1,2)
360. 816. Why has selenium concentrated in the Kesterson Reservoir?
The reservoir has no outlet. (USQRG:45,1,2)
361. 817. two chemical properties of the shallow groundwater of the San Joaquin Valley
alkaline and slightly to highly saline (USQRG:45,1,3)
362. 818. relative solubility of selenium in the shallow groundwater of the San Joaquin Valley
high (USQRG:45,1,3)
363. 819. depth of a clay layer beneath the San Joaquin Valley
3 to 23 meters (USQRG:45,1,4)
364. 820. geographic feature resulting from the clay layer beneath the San Joaquin Valley
perched water body (USQRG:45,1,4)
365. 821. paleogeography
geography of the past (USQRG:45,2,1)
366. 822. record used to reconstruct ancient environments
stratigraphic (USQRG:45,2,1)
367. 823. organisms whose skeletons form calcareous ooze on the deep sea floor
single‐celled plankton (USQRG:46,fig)
368. 824. type of location at which coarse‐grained alluvial fans form
emergence of streams from mountains (USQRG:46,fig)
369. 825. stone released by icebergs
dropstone (USQRG:46,fig)
370. 826. climate of lakes in which seasonal varves form
cold (USQRG:46,fig)
371. 827. geological feature that clogs braided streams
bar (USQRG:46,fig)
372. 828. type of sand that accumulates in braided streams
cross‐bedded gravelly sand (USQRG:46,fig)
373. 829. type of water from which evaporites precipitate in dry climates
hypersaline (USQRG:46,fig)
374. 830. geological feature resulting from winds in barrier islands
cross bedded sand dunes (USQRG:46,fig)
375. 831. geological feature on which oolites form in shallow tropical seas
shoals (USQRG:46,fig)
376. 832. How does a tempestite form?
Sediment stirred up by a storm settles on the continental shelf or in a shallow sea. (USQRG:47,fig)
377. 833. process by which cycles of graded beds form in a turbidite
Coarse‐grained sediments settle before fine‐grained sediments as turbidity currents slow down. (USQRG:47,fig)
378. 834. animal category that creates mottled textures in sandy lagoon muds
burrowers (USQRG:47,fig)
379. 835. two goals of paleogeography
understand the distribution of land and sea at a given time and identify localized environmental features of the past (USQRG:48,1,0)
380. 836. lagoon
shallow pond or lake on the edge of the ocean but separated from it (USQRG:48,1,0; USQRG:102,1,13)
381. 837. mammal once considered extremely similar to the largest dinosaurs
hippopotamus (USQRG:48,1,1)
382. 838. object in soil around which white nodules of calcium carbonate form
plant roots (USQRG:48,1,fig)
383. 839. type of sediment in which petroleum and natural gas tend to accumulate
porous (USQRG:48,2,0)
384. 840. reef
sedimentary rock aggregate formed from skeletons of colonial organisms that lived below the surface of the ocean (USQRG:48,2,0; USQRG:103,1,1)
385. 841. organisms that often construct limestone reefs in shallow seas
coral (USQRG:48,2,0)
386. 842. actualism
studying modern deposition patterns to reconstruct ancient deposits in similar environments (USQRG:48,2,1)
387. 843. coring
driving a tube into a sedimentary deposit to withdraw the contents (USQRG:48,2,1)
388. 844. type of location at which coring is especially useful for examining deposits
center of a large body of water such as a lake, lagoon, or deep ocean (USQRG:48,2,1)
389. 845. two pieces of information a core of sediment provides
sequence of deposition and a three‐dimensional picture of the deposit (USQRG:48,2,1)
390. 846. two means by which geologists can examine a meandering river’s depositional record
dig pits in the adjacent valley floor or core the valley floor (USQRG:48,2,1)
391. 847. animal whose burrows fossilized into “devil’s corkscrews”
beavers (USQRG:48,2,fig)
392. 848. state whose grasslands were inhabited by beavers 20 million years ago
Nebraska (USQRG:48,2,fig)
393. 849. type of environment that produced most coal deposits
swamps choked with vegetation (USQRG:48,2,2)
394. 850. two types of locations in which swamps choked with vegetation are found
banks of rivers and marine lagoons (USQRG:49,1,0)
395. 851. How do geologists conclusively determine the environment in which coal deposits were formed?
by evaluating the beds above and below the coal deposits (USQRG:49,1,0)
396. 852. geological find in a coal deposit rock bed that indicates a marine lagoon lay near a swamp
fossils of marine animals (USQRG:49,1,0)
397. 853. Lake Louise’s Canadian province
Alberta (USQRG:49,fig)
398. 854. soil
loose sediment that contains organic matter accumulated in contact with the atmosphere, not underwater (USQRG:49,1,1)
399. 855. two types of substances on which soil can rest
sediment or rock (USQRG:49,1,1)
400. 856. two ways in which soil benefits plants
supplies essential nutrients and physically supports plants (USQRG:49,1,1)
401. 857. two processes by which most soil forms
weathering and decay of plant material (USQRG:49,1,1)
402. 858. topsoil
upper zone of many soils (USQRG:49,1,1)
403. 859. three main components of topsoil
sand, clay, and humus (USQRG:49,1,1)
404. 860. humus
organic matter that gives topsoil its dark color (USQRG:49,1,1)
405. 861. process that creates humus
bacteria‐caused decay of plant debris (USQRG:49,2,0)
406. 862. caliche
calcium carbonate precipitated as massive deposits due to groundwater evaporation (USQRG:49,2,1)
407. 863. type of climate in which caliche forms
warm climates that are dry for part of the year (USQRG:49,2,1)
408. 864. process that destroys humus
oxidization (USQRG:49,2,1)
409. 865. type of climate in which humus is destroyed by warm water percolation
moist and tropical (USQRG:49,2,1)
410. 866. laterites
soils rich in iron and aluminum oxides (USQRG:49,2,1)
411. 867. color of laterites
rusty red (USQRG:49,2,1)
412. 868. type of mineral that breaks down quickly under warm water percolation, creating laterites
silicate (USQRG:49,2,1)
413. 869. process by which most soil is destroyed
erosion (USQRG:49,2,2)
414. 870. reason ancient buried soils can be difficult to recognize and interpret
Chemical components are often altered beyond recognition. (USQRG:50,1,0)
415. 871. type of location likely to contain an ancient soil
beneath an unconformity (USQRG:50,1,0)
416. 872. two epochs in which “devil’s corkscrews” formed
Oligocene and Miocene (USQRG:50,1,0)
417. 873. greatest distance underground that ancient beavers lived
10 meters (USQRG:50,1,0)
418. 874. environmental role of freshwater lakes and glaciers
supply reservoirs on land (USQRG:50,1,1)
419. 875. geological epoch in which lakes occupied a large fraction of Earth’s surface
none (USQRG:50,1,2)
420. 876. Why are lake deposits more likely to survive erosion than soils?
Lakes form in basins that lie at lower elevations than most soils. (USQRG:50,1,2)
421. 877. event indicated by historical presence of large freshwater lakes
abundant precipitation (USQRG:50,1,3)
422. 878. method by which large freshwater lakes receive a substantial portion of their water
runoff from land (USQRG:50,1,3)
423. 879. characteristic of large freshwater lakes that stabilizes the temperature of nearby land areas
high heat capacity of water (USQRG:50,1,3)
424. 880. texture of sediments around the margins of a freshwater lake compared to those at the center
coarser (USQRG:50,1,4)
425. 881. varves
alternating coarse‐ and fine‐grained layers resulting from seasonal depositions (USQRG:50,1,4)
426. 882. type of season in which a freshwater lake receives almost all of its coarse sediment
moist (USQRG:50,1,4)
427. 883. area of deep lakes at which wind‐driven waves touch the lake bottom
only approaching the shore (USQRG:50,1,4)
428. 884. two types of exclusively marine fossils
corals and echinoderms (USQRG:50,1,5)
429. 885. relative strength of waves and currents in lakes
generally weak (USQRG:50,2,0)
430. 886. abundance of burrowing animals in marine environments compared to lakes
more frequent (USQRG:50,2,0)
431. 887. continental shelf
gently sloping zone of shallowly submerged land surrounding the continents (USQRG:50,2,1; USQRG:101,1,17)
432. 888. barrier commonly present in between deep‐sea deposits and lake deposits
unconformity (USQRG:50,2,1)
433. 889. Why do glaciers formed in mountain valleys seldom leave enduring geologic records?
Mountains standing above the surrounding terrain erode rapidly. (USQRG:50,2,2)
434. 890. time span for which records of continental glaciers survive
hundreds of millions of years (USQRG:50,2,2)
435. 891. two modern continental glaciers
one occupying most of Greenland and one covering nearly all of Antarctica (USQRG:50,2,2)
436. 892. natural method by which a glacier’s movement is recorded
Rocks embedded in the base of the glacier leave deep scratches in underlying rock. (USQRG:50,2,3)
437. 893. till
unconsolidated, unsorted sediments deposited by glaciers (USQRG:50,2,4; USQRG:103,2,5)
438. 894. tillite
lithified till (USQRG:50,2,4)
439. 895. moraine
accumulation of sediment deposited at the farthest reach of a glacier (USQRG:50,2,4)
440. 896. meltwater
streams issuing from the front of a retreating glacier (USQRG:50,2,4)
441. 897. outwash
well‐stratified sediment found in meltwater consisting of gravel, cross‐bedded sand, and mud (USQRG:50,2,4)
442. 898. geological feature often formed in front of a retreating glacier
lake (USQRG:50,2,5)
443. 899. season in which coarse sediment layers form in glacial lakes
summer (USQRG:50,2,5)
444. 900. material carried into glacial lakes by meltwater in the summer
sand (USQRG:51,1,0)
445. 901. season in which fine layers of sediment form in glacial lakes
winter (USQRG:51,1,0)
446. 902. process by which fine layers of sediment form in glacial lakes
Suspended clay and organic matter settle slowly in the lake’s still water. (USQRG:51,1,0)
447. 903. How does abundant organic matter in glacial lakes’ sediment layers affect the lakes’ color?
darkens (USQRG:51,1,0)
448. 904. time span represented by a pair of sediment layers in a glacial lake
1 year (USQRG:51,1,0)
449. 905. pieces of glacier that break off into lakes or oceans
icebergs (USQRG:51,1,1)
450. 906. two characteristics of glacial till
tightly packed and coarse (USQRG:51,1,1)
451. 907. dropstone
glacial sediment dropped into a lake or ocean (USQRG:51,1,1)
452. 908. ice rafting
icebergs breaking off from glaciers, resulting in the deposition of large stones in lakes or oceans (USQRG:51,1,1)
453. 909. frequency of organic matter in desert soils
low (USQRG:51,1,2)
454. 910. source of organic matter in soils
vegetation (USQRG:51,1,2)
455. 911. two processes caused by desert rain
erosion and deposition of sediment (USQRG:51,1,2)
456. 912. geological feature that carries chemical products of weathering to desert basins
temporary streams (USQRG:51,1,2)
457. 913. exterior drainage
runoff water and sediment from beyond a region’s borders (USQRG:51,1,2)
458. 914. type of region that experiences exterior drainage
humid (USQRG:51,1,2)
459. 915. interior drainage
pattern in which streams dry up through evaporation, seepage into dry terrain, or drainage into lakes (USQRG:51,1,2)
460. 916. type of region that experiences interior drainage
arid (USQRG:51,1,2)
461. 917. playa lakes
lakes in areas with interior drainage (USQRG:51,1,2)
462. 918. How permanent are playa lakes?
temporary (USQRG:51,1,2)
463. 919. dune
hill of loose sand formed by the wind (USQRG:51,1,3; USQRG:101,2,11)
464. 920. type of region in which dunes form
dry and sparsely vegetated (USQRG:51,1,3)
465. 921. percentage of deserts occupied by dunes
less than 1 (USQRG:51,1,3)
466. 922. direction in which a dune crawls
downwind (USQRG:51,1,3)
467. 923. method by which a dune crawls
the wind sweeps sand up and over the top of the dune, depositing it downwind (USQRG:51,1,3)
468. 924. trough cross‐stratification
new sets of sediment beds accumulating on a curved surface, cutting through older sets (USQRG:51,2,0)
469. 925. part of a dune at which a windstream becomes compressed
just above (USQRG:51,fig)
470. 926. point at which a dune stops growing
The height causes the windstream to move rapidly enough to transport sand. (USQRG:51,fig)
471. 927. Which side of a dune has a steep slope?
downwind or leeward (USQRG:51,fig)
472. 928. climate typified by Death Valley
arid basin (USQRG:52,1,1)
473. 929. Death Valley’s state
California (USQRG:52,1,1)
474. 930. geological belt in which dry climates are commonly found
trade wind (USQRG:52,1,0)
475. 931. mountain feature that creates dry climates
rain shadow (USQRG:52,1,0)
476. 932. alluvial fans
loose rock material forming a sloping, fan‐shaped mass where streams emerge into a valley (USQRG:52,1,1; USQRG:101,1,1)
477. 933. type of particles that form alluvial fans
poorly sorted and sedimentary (USQRG:52,1,1)
478. 934. type of material in alluvial fans near the source area
range from boulders to sand (USQRG:52,2,0)
479. 935. type of material in alluvial fans on low, gentle slopes
range from sand to mud (USQRG:52,2,0)
480. 936. braided stream
stream in which sand bars cause a series of separating and uniting channels (USQRG:52,2,0)
481. 937. direction of flow of a braided stream in an arid basin
toward the center (USQRG:52,2,1)
482. 938. minerals accumulated as a playa lake dries up
evaporite (USQRG:52,2,1)
483. 939. three chief evaporites in Death Valley
halite, gypsum, and anhydrite (USQRG:52,2,1)
484. 940. salt pans
large polygonal mudcracks formed in arid basins by alternate wetting and drying (USQRG:53,1,0)
485. 941. geological feature formed by calcium carbonate deposition near salt pans
caliche (USQRG:53,1,0)
486. 942. type of drainage normally present in areas with abundant rainfall
exterior (USQRG:53,1,1)
487. 943. location of alluvial fans in moist regions
at the foot of mountains and steep hills (USQRG:53,1,2)
488. 944. slope of alluvial fans in moist regions compared to those in arid regions
gentler (USQRG:53,1,2)
489. 945. level of vegetation on alluvial fans
poor (USQRG:53,1,2)
490. 946. reason for the level of vegetation present on alluvial fans
steep slopes (USQRG:53,1,2)
491. 947. two events that trigger the formation of braided streams in alluvial fans in moist regions
heavy rainfall or snowmelt (USQRG:53,1,2)
492. 948. type of glaciers that form braided streams
those that experience substantial melting in summer (USQRG:53,1,2)
493. 949. meandering rivers
streams that occupy solitary channels, winding back and forth like ribbons (USQRG:53,1,3)
494. 950. two large meandering rivers
Mississippi and Thames (USQRG:53,1,3)
495. 951. amount of sediment in meandering rivers compared to that in braided streams
significantly lower (USQRG:53,1,3)
496. 952. Why are meandering rivers not choked with sediment?
Sediment enters the river at a much slower rate than the flow of water (USQRG:53,1,3)
497. 953. cause of curvature in a meandering river
any irregularity in the local terrain (USQRG:53,1,3)
498. 954. speed of flow near the inside of a bend in a meandering river compared to that of the outside
significantly lower (USQRG:53,1,3)
499. 955. Which bank does a meandering river cut into when rounding a bend?
outer (USQRG:53,1,3)
500. 956. point bar
deposition of sediment in the inside of a bend in a meandering river (USQRG:53,1,3)
501. 957. most common substance in point bars
sand (USQRG:53,1,4)
502. 958. arrangement of minerals in point bars
cross‐bedded (USQRG:53,1,4)
503. 959. two minerals commonly found on the riverbed of deep meandering rivers
gravel and sand (USQRG:53,1,3)
504. 960. Why does mud not settle in a meandering river?
consists of very fine particles (USQRG:53,2,1)
505. 961. floodplains
lowlands adjacent to a meandering river (USQRG:53,2,1)
506. 962. backswamps
lowlands adjacent to a meandering river (USQRG:53,2,1)
507. 963. rate of flow of floodwaters in floodplains
slow (USQRG:53,2,1)
508. 964. change in flow rate of floodwaters further away from floodplain channels
decreasing (USQRG:53,2,1)
509. 965. first two materials deposited by floodwaters in floodplains
sand and silt (USQRG:53,2,1)
510. 966. natural levee
gentle ridge of sand and silt beside a river channel and floodplains (USQRG:53,2,1)
511. 967. geological feature that eventually forms over point‐bar depositions
floodplains (USQRG:53,fig)
512. 968. frequency of flooding for natural levees and floodplains
only periodically (USQRG:53,fig)
513. 969. geological feature formed when floodplains and natural levees dry out
mudcracks (USQRG:54,1,0)
514. 970. What record shows the earlier existence of moisture‐loving plants on floodplains?
traces of roots in the rock record (USQRG:54,1,0)
515. 971. mineral formed by deposits of plants
coal (USQRG:54,1,0)
516. 972. type of sequence in which sediments are deposited by a meandering river
vertical (USQRG:54,1,0)
517. 973. sediment at the bottom of deposits made by a meandering river
coarse channel deposits (USQRG:54,1,1)
518. 974. sediment at the middle of deposits made by a meandering river
cross‐bedded point‐bar sands (USQRG:54,1,1)
519. 975. sediment at the top of deposits made by a meandering river
muddy backswamp deposits (USQRG:54,1,1)
520. 976. location of levee sediments in the deposits of a meandering river
between cross‐bedded and backswamp deposits (USQRG:54,1,1)
521. 977. Walther’s law
If deposition areas migrate laterally, sediments of one area settle on top of sediments of an adjacent area. (USQRG:54,1,1)
522. 978. subsiding basin
basin sinking relative to the surrounding terrain (USQRG:54,1,2)
523. 979. sedimentary cycle
coarse‐to‐fine composite depositional unit from a meandering river (USQRG:54,1,2)
524. 980. Why are many cycles of migrating channels only partially preserved?
A channel can cut deeply, removing the uppermost and some lower deposits. (USQRG:54,1,2)
525. 981. location that a river in a moist region deposits its entire load of sediment
a lake or the sea (USQRG:54,1,3)
526. 982. pattern of sediment deposition at the end of a river
fanlike (USQRG:54,1,4)
527. 983. result of a current reaching the end of a river
dissipation (USQRG:54,1,4)
528. 984. delta
depositional body of sand, silt, and clay formed when a river deposits it sediment (USQRG:54,1,4; USQRG:101,2,7)
529. 985. How did a delta get its name?
resemblance to the Greek letter delta (Δ) (USQRG:54,1,4)
530. 986. type of area in which most large, well‐preserved deltas formed
points at which sizable rivers emptied into ancient seas (USQRG:54,1,4)
531. 987. three deposits of a delta structure
delta‐plain, delta‐front, and prodelta (USQRG:54,2,0)
532. 988. delta‐plain beds
delta deposits consisting mostly of sand and silt (USQRG:54,2,1)
533. 989. orientation of delta‐plain beds
horizontal, except for a few cross‐bedded areas (USQRG:54,2,1)
534. 990. distributary channels
smaller channels branched from the main river channel that radiate outwards in a delta (USQRG:54,2,1)
535. 991. material that forms the floor of distributary channels
cross‐bedded sand (USQRG:54,2,1)
536. 992. two geological features found between distributary channels
natural levees and swamps (USQRG:54,2,1)
537. 993. delta‐front beds
delta deposits sloping seaward from the delta plain (USQRG:54,2,2)
538. 994. two main materials in delta‐front beds
silt and clay (USQRG:54,2,2)
539. 995. environmental system in which delta‐front beds fully lie
marine (USQRG:54,2,2)
540. 996. type of organisms found in delta‐front muds
marine fauna (USQRG:54,2,2)
541. 997. fragments often found in delta‐front muds
waterlogged wood (USQRG:54,2,2)
542. 998. prodelta beds
farthest delta bed, spreading seaward at a low angle (USQRG:55,1,1)
543. 999. material that forms most prodelta beds
clay (USQRG:55,1,1)
544. 1000. event that causes silt to be deposited in delta‐front beds, even during floods
the abrupt slowdown of distributary channels (USQRG:55,2,0)
545. 1001. density of freshwater compared to sea water
less dense (USQRG:55,2,0)
546. 1002. progradation
seaward growth of a delta (USQRG:55,2,1; USQRG:57,1,1)
547. 1003. progression of delta deposits in a core sample, according to Walther’s law
delta‐plain, delta‐front, and prodelta (USQRG:55,2,1)
548. 1004. the Mississippi River’s final destination
Gulf of Mexico (USQRG:55,2,2)
549. 1005. Why does the Mississippi River delta spread far out into the sea?
The area is protected from strong wave action. (USQRG:55,2,2)
550. 1006. river‐dominated delta
delta constructed from river‐borne sediment, not forces of the sea (USQRG:55,2,2)
551. 1007. active lobe of a delta
portion of the delta that is growing (USQRG:55,2,2)
552. 1008. location of distributary channels in a river‐dominated delta
the active lobe (USQRG:55,2,2)
553. 1009. dating method used for previously active lobes of the Mississippi River delta
carbon‐14 dating (USQRG:55,2,2)
554. 1010. another name for delta lobe growth
depositional activity (USQRG:55,2,2)
555. 1011. How do sediments in an abandoned delta lobe change over time?
compact under their own weight (USQRG:55,2,3)
556. 1012. Why are delta structures always sinking?
isostatic response of the crust to the constantly increasing mass of sediment (USQRG:55,2,3)
557. 1013. location at which young delta lobes form
atop abandoned delta lobes (USQRG:55,2,3)
558. 1014. superimposition
layering of one delta lobe over another previously formed (USQRG:55,2,4)
559. 1015. difficulty of erosion of previously constructed delta lobes
easy (USQRG:55,2,4)
560. 1016. two valuable commodities found in the porous sand of the upper parts of some deltaic cycles
petroleum and natural gas (USQRG:55,2,4)
561. 1017. two factors affecting the size of a delta lobe
rate of sinkage and supply of sediment (USQRG:55,2,5)
562. 1018. current rate of growth of the Mississippi River delta
rapid shrinkage (USQRG:56,1,0)
563. 1019. two events that have reduced the rate of sediment deposition in the Mississippi River delta
construction of levees on the Mississippi and dams on its tributaries (USQRG:56,1,0)
564. 1020. How many times higher is the rate of subsidence in the Mississippi River delta due to removal of groundwater for human use?
5 (USQRG:56,1,0)
565. 1021. number of square miles of the Louisiana coast lost every year
approximately 40 (USQRG:56,2,0)
566. 1022. location of the United States’ largest waterfowl population
the Mississippi River delta (USQRG:56,2,0)
567. 1023. effect of the Gulf of Mexico on the Mississippi River delta
increasing encroachment on the delta (USQRG:56,2,0)
568. 1024. percentage of the annual United States seafood harvest supplied by the Mississippi River delta
nearly 30% (USQRG:56,2,0)
569. 1025. barrier islands
land masses that border long stretches of shoreline without large river deltas (USQRG:56,2,1)
570. 1026. main component of barrier islands
clean sand (USQRG:56,2,1)
571. 1027. Where is the sand that forms barrier islands derived from?
the sea (USQRG:56,2,1)
572. 1028. longshore currents
shallow currents that flow along the coast (USQRG:56,2,1)
573. 1029. How are barrier islands formed?
Waves and longshore currents sweep sand parallel to the shoreline. (USQRG:56,2,1)
574. 1030. type of beaches that have barrier islands with nearly horizontal bedding
those washed by breaking waves (USQRG:56,2,1)
575. 1031. type of beaches that have cross‐bedded barrier islands
those with irregular surfaces and that experience periodic change (USQRG:56,2,1)
576. 1032. type of sediment trapped by lagoons
fine‐grained (USQRG:56,2,2)
577. 1033. two materials typically found in lagoon floors
mud and muddy sands (USQRG:56,2,2)
578. 1034. geological feature often constructed by small rivers along the landward margins of lagoons
deltas (USQRG:56,2,2)
579. 1035. barrier island‐lagoon complex
barrier island and the lagoon behind it (USQRG:56,2,2)
580. 1036. geographical feature separating adjacent barrier islands in a chain
tidal channels (USQRG:56,2,3)
581. 1037. type of bedding in tidal deltas
cross‐bedded (USQRG:56,2,3)
582. 1038. tidal flats
depositional environment found along lagoon shores (USQRG:56,2,3)
583. 1039. two main materials that form tidal flats
sand or muddy sand (USQRG:56,2,3)
584. 1040. geological feature that periodically exposes and floods tidal flats
the ocean’s tide (USQRG:56,2,3)
585. 1041. altitude of tidal flats compared to lagoon marshes
much lower (USQRG:56,2,3)
586. 1042. material formed by rapid plant material decomposition
peat (USQRG:56,2,3)
587. 1043. Which deltaic cycle receives the lowest number in a numbering of several superimposed cycles?
the lowest/oldest (USQRG:56,fig)
588. 1044. Why is most of the water in lagoons in moist climates brackish?
Water remains trapped for some time. (USQRG:56,2,4)
589. 1045. factor affecting the salinity of lagoon water
rate of freshwater runoff from land (USQRG:56,2,4)
590. 1046. climate of the lagoon Laguna Madre
warm and arid (USQRG:56,2,4)
591. 1047. state in which the lagoon Laguna Madre is located
Texas (USQRG:56,2,4)
592. 1048. salinity of the lagoon Laguna Madre
hyper‐saline (USQRG:56,2,4)
593. 1049. two reasons for the hyper‐salinity of the lagoon Laguna Madre
little freshwater flow from rivers and a high rate of evaporation (USQRG:56,2,4)
594. 1050. Why are many forms of marine life excluded from lagoons?
abnormal and fluctuating salinity (USQRG:57,1,0)
595. 1051. relative diversity of fossil fauna in ancient sediments of lagoons
sparse (USQRG:57,1,0)
596. 1052. common burrower in ancient lagoons
segmented worms (USQRG:57,1,0)
597. 1053. effect of burrowers on lagoons
mottled sediments devoid of bedding structure (USQRG:57,1,0)
598. 1054. effect of high sedimentation rates on a barrier island‐lagoon complex
progradation (USQRG:57,1,1)
599. 1055. key difference between progradation of a barrier island‐lagoon complex and that of a delta
A barrier island‐lagoon complex takes place along a broad belt of shoreline. (USQRG:57,1,1)
600. 1056. horizontal sequence of depositional environments in a barrier island‐lagoon complex
barrier island, marsh or tidal delta, lagoon, tidal flat, and marsh (USQRG:57,1,1)
601. 1057. process by which the horizontal sequence of a barrier island‐lagoon complex becomes a vertical sequence
progradation (USQRG:57,1,1)
602. 1058. effect of strong tidal currents on open continental shelves with abundant sand
Currents pile sand into large ridges or dune‐like structures. (USQRG:57,2,0)
603. 1059. effect of strong tidal waves on open continental shelves with abundant sand
Sand spreads out into sheets. (USQRG:57,2,0)
604. 1060. tempestites
sandy beds produced by storms (USQRG:57,2,1)
605. 1061. thickness of most tempestites
a few centimeters (USQRG:57,2,1)
606. 1062. two materials that typically accumulated on quiet continental shelves
mud and muddy sand (USQRG:57,2,1)
607. 1063. direction of Wales relative to central England
west (USQRG:57,2,3)
608. 1064. orientation of mid‐Silurian marine invertebrate fossils found in Wales relative to the shoreline then
roughly parallel (USQRG:57,2,3)
609. 1065. Lingula
inarticulate brachiopod genus (USQRG:57,2,3)
610. 1066. amount of species found in mid‐Silurian fossils in Wales
few (USQRG:57,2,3)
611. 1067. type of water found in ancient Wales near the site of mid‐Silurian fossils
brackish (USQRG:57,2,3)
612. 1068. two types of coastal environments tolerated by Lingula today
brackish and of variable salinity (USQRG:57,2,3)
613. 1069. stability of the center and seaward margin of a lagoon, compared to the shoreline
more stable (USQRG:57,2,4)
614. 1070. Why have geologists inferred a barrier island was present in Wales near the findings of mid‐Silurian Lingula?
Fossils of brachiopods adapted to barrier island conditions have been discovered seaward of sandy deposits. (USQRG:57,2,4)
615. 1071. area of lagoon deposits to which trilobites fossils are restricted
finer‐grained sediments far offshore (USQRG:57,2,5)
616. 1072. identifying characteristic of a stable offshore shelf environment
high diversity of species (USQRG:57,2,5)
617. 1073. stabilizing feature of offshore shelf environments
removal from the influence of river water (USQRG:57,2,5)
618. 1074. Why did ancient offshore shelf environments have a low food supply?
far from the algae and primitive plants flourishing in the lagoon (USQRG:58,1,0)
619. 1075. planktonic graptolites
fragile colonial animals (USQRG:58,1,0)
620. 1076. prevailing type of sedimentation in tropical shallow marine settings lacking siliciclastic sediments
carbonate (USQRG:58,2,1)
621. 1077. geological feature often present in tropical shallow marine settings lacking siliciclastic sediments
coral reefs (USQRG:58,2,1)
622. 1078. type of rock in which reefs form their depositional records
limestone (USQRG:58,2,1)
623. 1079. How do reefs form their own depositional records?
secretion of calcium carbonate by reefs’ own organisms (USQRG:58,2,1)
624. 1080. type of water in which modern reefs grow
shallow water with high clarity and normal marine salinity (USQRG:59,1,0)
625. 1081. type of host water for ancient reefs, compared to that for modern reefs
none (USQRG:59,1,0)
626. 1082. substance used in the basic framework of a reef
calcareous skeletons or organisms (USQRG:59,1,1)
627. 1083. primary organism incorporated into a reef’s structure
coral (USQRG:59,1,1)
628. 1084. How is the framework of a reef strengthened?
cementation of organisms that encrust the surface of the reef (USQRG:59,1,1)
629. 1085. main component of carbonate sediment of reefs
skeletons of reef‐dwelling organisms (USQRG:59,1,1)
630. 1086. How does a reef fill its voids during construction?
trapping carbonate sediment in the porous framework (USQRG:59,1,1)
631. 1087. degree of bedding of reef limestone
nonexistent or poorly bedded (USQRG:59,1,1)
632. 1088. valuable commodity often trapped by ancient buried reefs
petroleum (USQRG:59,1,1)
633. 1089. Why do reefs alter nearby patterns of sedimentation?
stand above the surrounding seafloor (USQRG:59,1,2)
634. 1090. position of the leeward side of a reef, relative to the rest of the reef
side nearest the land (USQRG:59,1,2)
635. 1091. geological feature typically on the leeward side of a reef
relatively calm lagoon (USQRG:59,1,2)
636. 1092. reef flat
horizontal upper surface of a reef that can reach close to sea level (USQRG:59,1,2)
637. 1093. structure of a reef below its living surface
limestone core consisting of dead skeletal framework and trapped sediment (USQRG:59,2,0)
638. 1094. talus
pile of rubble in a reef’s limestone core that has fallen from the reef front (USQRG:59,2,0)
639. 1095. effect on reef height, relative to sea level, of rapid sinking of the seafloor around the reef
none, as the reef builds upward rapidly (USQRG:59,2,1)
640. 1096. two basic structural features of modern reefs
seaward talus deposits and leeward back‐reef strata (USQRG:59,2,1)
641. 1097. time at which the reef flat of a reef growing up to sea level is exposed
low tide (USQRG:59,fig)
642. 1098. two areas near barrier reefs at which sediment accumulates
back‐reef area and in the lagoon (USQRG:59,fig)
643. 1099. patch reefs
isolated reefs formed in lagoons behind elongate reefs (USQRG:59,2,2)
644. 1100. barrier reefs
elongate reefs at the edge of lagoons facing the open sea (USQRG:59,2,2)
645. 1101. fringing reefs
reefs that grow along the coastline without a lagoon behind them (USQRG:59,2,2)
646. 1102. eventual effect of fringing reefs growing seaward
become barrier reefs (USQRG:59,2,2)
647. 1103. atoll
island reefs made of coral (USQRG:59,2,3; USQRG:101,1,8)
648. 1104. two possible atoll shapes
circular or horseshoe‐shaped (USQRG:59,2,3)
649. 1105. geological location at which atolls form
volcanic islands (USQRG:59,2,3)
650. 1106. region known for its atolls
tropical Pacific (USQRG:60,1,0)
651. 1107. scientist who developed the modern explanation for Pacific atolls
Charles Darwin (USQRG:60,1,0)
652. 1108. first stage in the development of a Pacific atoll
volcano rises from the ocean floor (USQRG:60,fig; USQRG:60,1,0)
653. 1109. second stage in the development of a Pacific atoll
fringing reef colonizes an extinct volcano (USQRG:60,fig; USQRG:60,1,0)
654. 1110. third stage in the development of a Pacific atoll
island begins sinking, the fringing reef becomes a barrier reef, and a lagoon forms in the center (USQRG:60,fig; USQRG:60,1,0)
655. 1111. final stage in the development of a Pacific atoll
island sinks completely, leaving a circular reef (USQRG:60,fig; USQRG:60,1,0)
656. 1112. type of stone that accumulates in the central lagoon of an atoll
limestone (USQRG:60,1,0)
657. 1113. side of a horseshoe‐shaped atoll broken the most often
leeward (USQRG:60,2,0)
658. 1114. maximum diameter of horseshoe‐shaped atolls
approximately 40 miles (USQRG:60,2,0)
659. 1115. function of atolls’ lagoons during World War II
natural harbors for ships (USQRG:60,2,0)
660. 1116. How can ancient atolls lying beneath younger sediments be identified?
studying cores of rock brought up from drilling operations (USQRG:60,2,1)
661. 1117. carbonate platform
broad calcium carbonate structure rising above the seafloor on at least one side (USQRG:60,2,2)
662. 1118. Why do organic reefs often grow near carbonate platforms?
Windward margins contain abundant food sources. (USQRG:60,2,2)
663. 1119. type of water body from which calcium carbonate in carbonate platforms precipitates
shallow tropical waters near the site of accumulation (USQRG:60,2,2)
664. 1120. solubility of carbon dioxide in cold water compared to that in warm water
more soluble (USQRG:60,2,3)
665. 1121. chemical formula of carbonic acid
H2CO3 (USQRG:60,2,3)
666. 1122. two compounds that react to form carbonic acid
carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) (USQRG:60,2,3)
667. 1123. relationship between temperature of seawater and the concentration of carbonic acid
the warmer the water, the lower the concentration of carbonic acid (USQRG:60,2,4)
668. 1124. chemical formula of calcium carbonate
CaCO3 (USQRG:60,2,5)
669. 1125. chemical formula of a calcium ion
Ca2+ (USQRG:60,2,5)
670. 1126. chemical formula of a bicarbonate ion
HCO3‐ (USQRG:60,2,5)
671. 1127. chemical equation of the process of calcium carbonate being broken down by carbonic acid
H2CO3 + CaCO3 = Ca2+ + 2HCO3‐ (USQRG:60,2,5)
672. 1128. relationship between carbonic acid concentration in seawater and precipitation of calcium carbonate
lower the concentration of carbonic acid, the higher the precipitation (USQRG:60,2,6)
673. 1129. level of carbonic acid in warm tropical seas favoring organic reef growth
low (USQRG:60,2,6)
674. 1130. coast of the United States that once housed carbonate platforms
eastern (USQRG:60,2,7)
675. 1131. Why are carbonate platforms geographically restricted today?
coolness of Earth’s climate compared to much of history (USQRG:60,2,7)
676. 1132. peninsula in the western Atlantic and Caribbean region that houses a large carbonate platform
Yucatan (USQRG:60,2,7)
677. 1133. island chain in the western Atlantic and Caribbean region bordered by small carbonate platforms
Antilles (USQRG:60,2,7)
678. 1134. two carbonate platforms that border Florida
Little Bahama Bank and Great Bahama Bank (USQRG:61,1,0)
679. 1135. number of years ago the mid‐Jurassic time period occurred
170 million (USQRG:61,1,1)
680. 1136. length of carbonates that have accumulated on the Bahama banks and in southern Florida since mid‐Jurassic times
10 kilometers (USQRG:61,1,1)
681. 1137. last time period in which the Bahama banks and southern Florida were part of the same carbonate platform
Cretaceous (USQRG:61,1,1)
682. 1138. distance below sea level some shallow‐water Jurassic deposits now lie near southern Florida
10 kilometers (USQRG:61,1,1)
683. 1139. main component of oolites
ooliths (USQRG:61,1,2)
684. 1140. ooliths
spherical grains consisting of aragonite needles precipitated from seawater (USQRG:61,1,2)
685. 1141. geological feature that piles ooliths into shoals
strong currents (USQRG:61,1,2)
686. 1142. type of bedding of oolith shoals in the Bahama banks
cross‐bedding (USQRG:61,1,2)
687. 1143. condition for individual ooliths to form
ability for the ooliths to roll around (USQRG:61,1,2)
688. 1144. stromatolites
layered structures built up over a long time by cyanobacteria (USQRG:61,2,1; USQRG:103,1,12)
689. 1145. How do cyanobacteria form sticky mats?
trapping carbonate mud (USQRG:61,2,1)
690. 1146. action of cyanobacteria after forming a stromatolite layer
growing up through it (USQRG:61,2,1)
691. 1147. time span of the fossil record of stromatolites
3 billion years (USQRG:61,2,1)
692. 1148. two types of environments in which stromatolites are almost exclusively found
supratidal and high intertidal (USQRG:61,2,2)
693. 1149. three characteristics of settings in which stromatolites are almost exclusively found
above sea level most of the time, hot, and dry (USQRG:61,2,2)
694. 1150. two events that usually occur after an underwater cyanobacteria mat is formed
Grazing marine animals eat it or burrowers damage it. (USQRG:61,2,2)
695. 1151. What feature allows large column‐shaped stromatolites to grow in some subtidal channels in the Bahamas?
very strong currents (USQRG:61,2,2)
696. 1152. country in which Shark Bay is located
Australia (USQRG:61,2,2)
697. 1153. two features of Shark Bay that make it conducive to stromatolites
hypersaline waters and few animals (USQRG:61,2,2)
698. 1154. land feature that mudcracks on coastal sands resemble
mudcracks in a mud puddle that has dried up (USQRG:61,2,3)
699. 1155. two types of environments indicated by mudcracks in ancient marine deposits
intertidal or supratidal (USQRG:61,2,3)
700. 1156. approximate time period that geologists recognized turbidity currents had produced certain sedimentary rocks
mid‐20th century (USQRG:61,2,4)
701. 1157. turbidity current
flow of dense, sediment‐charged water moving down a slope due to gravity (USQRG:61,2,4)
702. 1158. geological feature in which turbidity currents were first noticed
clear lakes (USQRG:61,2,5)
703. 1159. From where are turbidity currents in clear lakes formed?
muddy river water hugging the lake floor (USQRG:61,2,5)
704. 1160. Philip Kuenen’s home country
the Netherlands (USQRG:62,1,0)
705. 1161. decade in which Philip Kuenen demonstrated turbidity currents can attain great speeds
the 1930s (USQRG:62,1,0)
706. 1162. two characteristics that help turbidity currents gain speed
being heavily laden with sediment and moving down steep slopes (USQRG:62,1,0)
707. 1163. maximum percentage increase in the density of turbidity currents due to the presence of sediment
100% (USQRG:62,1,0)
708. 1164. behavior of sediment suspended in a turbidity current
act as part of the moving fluid (USQRG:62,1,0)
709. 1165. effect of a flattening slope on a turbidity current
slows and spreads (USQRG:62,1,1)
710. 1166. type of sedimentary bed deposited by turbidity currents
graded (USQRG:62,1,1)
711. 1167. two types of materials found on the bottom of sedimentary beds deposited by turbidity currents
poorly sorted sand and granules (USQRG:62,1,1)
712. 1168. turbidite
graded bed deposited by a slowing turbidity current (USQRG:62,1,1)
713. 1169. continental slope
steeply sloped zone between the continental shelf and the ocean depths (USQRG:62,1,2; USQRG:101,2,1)
714. 1170. two locations at which turbidity currents flowing down continental slopes deposit turbidites
along continental rises and on the abyssal plain (USQRG:62,1,2)
715. 1171. consequence of turbidity currents originating near the continental shelf
erosion of the continental slope and part of the continental rise (USQRG:62,1,2)
716. 1172. feature formed by turbidity currents at the mouths of submarine canyons
deep‐sea fans (USQRG:62,1,2)
717. 1173. geological feature superficially resembling deep‐sea fans formed by turbidity currents
alluvial fans (USQRG:62,1,2)
718. 1174. type of rock most commonly found in the sandy portion of lithified turbidites
greywacke (USQRG:62,1,4)
719. 1175. typical thickness of a single turbidite
a few centimeters (USQRG:62,1,4)
720. 1176. maximum thickness of a single turbidite
1 meter (USQRG:62,1,4)
721. 1177. minimum thickness of a meandering‐river cycle
2 or 3 meters (USQRG:62,1,4)
722. 1178. Why is the base of a turbidite commonly irregular?
The depressions in the sedimentary surface laid down earlier are filled in by the first sediments to settle. (USQRG:62,1,4)
723. 1179. “sole marks”
irregularities in the base of a lithified turbidite (USQRG:62,1,4)
724. 1180. information about turbidity currents that sole marks reveal
direction of water flow (USQRG:62,1,4)
725. 1181. typical rate of sediment accumulation in the abyssal plain
one millimeter per 1,000 years (USQRG:62,2,1)
726. 1182. material that forms most sediment in the deep ocean
clay (USQRG:62,2,1)
727. 1183. two sources of clay in the deep ocean
weathering of rocks from oceanic volcanoes and settling from the water above (USQRG:62,2,1)
728. 1184. ocean with the most abundant supplies of clay due to the weathering of rocks from oceanic volcanoes
Pacific (USQRG:62,2,1)
729. 1185. pelagic sediment
fine‐grained sediment that settles to the deep‐sea floor (USQRG:62,2,1)
730. 1186. pelagic forms of life
organisms occupying the water just above the deep‐sea floor (USQRG:62,2,1)
731. 1187. two biologically produced sediments found on the deep‐sea floor
calcium carbonate and silica (USQRG:62,2,2)
732. 1188. calcareous ooze
calcium carbonate sediment consisting of skeletons of single‐celled planktonic organisms (USQRG:62,2,2)
733. 1189. relative grain size of calcareous ooze
fine (USQRG:62,2,3)
734. 1190. foraminifera
amoeba‐like protozoans whose skeletons form calcareous ooze (USQRG:62,2,3)
735. 1191. nannoplankton
single‐celled floating algae that helps form tropical phytoplankton (USQRG:62,2,3)
736. 1192. maximum depth of calcareous ooze
approximately 4,000 meters (USQRG:62,2,4)
737. 1193. Why does calcareous ooze not exist at depths of 8,000 meters?
dissolves at great depths (USQRG:62,2,4)
738. 1194. Why is carbonic acid more concentrated in ocean depths?
temperature decreases, increasing the concentration level of carbon dioxide and thus carbonic acid (USQRG:62,2,4)
739. 1195. siliceous ooze
biologically formed silica sediment carpeting the ocean floor in certain regions (USQRG:62,2,5)
740. 1196. two regions with siliceous ooze covering the deep‐sea floor
those at high latitude and in the tropical Pacific (USQRG:62,2,5)
741. 1197. two organisms that form siliceous ooze
diatoms and radiolarians (USQRG:62,2,5)
742. 1198. diatoms
highly productive phytoplankton group found in non‐tropical waters (USQRG:62,2,5)
743. 1199. radiolarians
single‐celled planktonic protozoans related to foraminifera (USQRG:62,2,5)
744. 1200. type of silica forming the skeletons of diatoms
opal (USQRG:62,2,5)
745. 1201. Why is it impossible to discern individual skeletons of diatoms and radiolarians?
Opal tends to recrystallize. (USQRG:63,1,0)
746. 1202. diatomaceous earth
soft sediment that forms siliceous ooze before recrystallization (USQRG:63,1,0)
747. 1203. substance found on ocean floors that is used as the abrasive in many scouring powders
diatomaceous earth (USQRG:63,1,0)
748. 1204. geological period in which diatoms first formed
Mesozoic (USQRG:63,1,1)
749. 1205. Why has the composition of pelagic sediments changed markedly through the course of history?
Sediment‐contributing organisms have evolved and gone extinct. (USQRG:63,1,1)
750. 1206. annual monetary cost of landslides in the United States
1.5 billion (USQRG:63,1,2)
751. 1207. deaths caused annually by landslides in the United States
25 to 50 (USQRG:63,1,2)
752. 1208. type of damage that comprises most of the economic cost of landslides
road (USQRG:63,1,2)
753. 1209. maximum potential death toll of a landslide
hundreds of thousands (USQRG:63,1,2)
754. 1210. How can geologists minimize the economic and human costs of landslides?
identifying geologically unstable areas that should be avoided or properly engineered (USQRG:63,1,2)
755. 1211. five indications of geological instability
recent landslides, clay‐rich soils, planes of weakness in rocks, frequent earthquakes, and slope undercutting (USQRG:63,1,2)
756. 1212. example of poor engineering exacerbating natural vulnerability to a landslide
oversteepening a slope (USQRG:63,1,2)
757. 1213. landslide
earth materials moving rapidly under gravitational force (USQRG:63,2,1; USQRG:102,1,14)
758. 1214. two types of movement typically involved in a landslide
downward and lateral (USQRG:63,2,1)
759. 1215. avalanche
movement of snow and ice that is similar to a landslide (USQRG:63,2,1)
760. 1216. number of lives lost annually to avalanches in the United States
approximately 20 (USQRG:63,2,1)
761. 1217. two factors that make downslope movement of soil and rock inevitable
constant stress of gravity and gradual weakening of earth materials through weathering (USQRG:63,2,2)
762. 1218. criteria for a downslope movement of material to be classified as “hazardous”
likely to threaten man‐made structures (USQRG:63,2,2)
763. 1219. smallest volume of material that can be involved in a landslide
1 boulder (USQRG:63,2,2)
764. 1220. country in which the largest landslide on earth occurred prehistorically
Iran (USQRG:63,2,2)
765. 1221. dimensions of the largest landslide on earth
14 kilometers wide by 19 kilometers long (USQRG:63,2,2)
766. 1222. annual monetary cost of landslide damage to buildings and building sites in the United States
approximately $500 million (USQRG:63,2,3)
767. 1223. major California city near which Big Rock Mesa is located
Malibu (USQRG:63,2,3)
768. 1224. number of people killed annually in the United States by small flows and landslides
approximately 25 (USQRG:63,2,4)
769. 1225. number of people killed annually worldwide by landslides
600 (USQRG:63,2,4)
770. 1226. state in which the Kootenai River Valley is located
Montana (USQRG:64,1,2)
771. 1227. dam near the Kootenai River Valley whose construction started in 1967
Libby (USQRG:64,1,2)
772. 1228. major city near the Pierre Formation in the United States
Denver, Colorado (USQRG:64,1,2)
773. 1229. equipment needed to detect old landslides with the potential to reoccur
aerial photography equipment with remote sensing techniques (USQRG:64,1,2)
774. 1230. particular type of clay whose presence indicates natural instability
swelling (USQRG:64,1,3)
775. 1231. season in which movement of soil rich in silt‐to‐clay‐sized material occurs
spring (USQRG:64,1,3)
776. 1232. loess soil
fine soil developed on fine wind‐blown material (USQRG:64,1,3)
777. 1233. city in which 200,000 lives were lost in 1920 during a loess landslide
Kansu, China (USQRG:64,1,3)
778. 1234. event that destroyed the Roman city of Herculaneum in 79AD
mudflow (USQRG:64,1,3)
779. 1235. mountain overlooking the ancient city of Herculaneum
Mount Vesuvius (USQRG:64,1,3)
780. 1236. two formations notorious for landslides triggered by flowage during liquefaction
Rissa Clay in Norway and Leda Clay in Ontario, Canada (USQRG:64,1,3)
781. 1237. general time period in which the Rissa Clay and Leda Clay formations were deposited
late glacial periods (USQRG:64,1,3)
782. 1238. orientation of planes of weakness in bedrock that indicates instability
downslope (USQRG:64,1,4)
783. 1239. schistosity
platy and rod‐shaped minerals in metamorphic rocks (USQRG:64,1,4)
784. 1240. joint orientation relative to slope direction that is vulnerable to landslides
parallel (USQRG:64,1,4)
785. 1241. state in which the Gros Ventre landslide occurred
Wyoming (USQRG:64,1,4)
786. 1242. South Dakota city near a Cretaceous landslide triggered by a plane weakness that dipped steeply downslope
Rapid City (USQRG:64,1,4)
787. 1243. country of the Vaiont Reservoir landslide
Italy (USQRG:64,2,0)
788. 1244. year in which the Vaiont Reservoir landslide occurred
1963 (USQRG:64,2,1)
789. 1245. immediate result of the 1963 landslide plunging into the Vaiont Reservoir
a 300‐foot high wave (USQRG:64,2,1)
790. 1246. number of deaths that occurred in the Vaiont Reservoir landslide
3,000 (USQRG:64,2,1)
791. 1247. four geological features near which landslides are particularly common
stream banks, reservoir shorelines, large lakes, and seacoasts (USQRG:64,2,2)
792. 1248. location that exemplifies of soft glacial sediment and slope undercutting
shores of the Great Lakes (USQRG:64,2,2)
793. 1249. state in which the 1959 Madison Canyon landslide occurred
Montana (USQRG:64,2,3)
794. 1250. event that triggered a 1965 British Columbia landslide that covered Highway 3 with 130 million tons of debris
two small earthquakes (USQRG:64,2,3)
795. 1251. 1965 British Columbia landslide that covered Highway 3 with 130 million tons of debris
Hope Mountain slide (USQRG:64,2,3)
796. 1252. event that triggered a Brazil landslide that killed 600 people in 1967
a three‐hour cloudburst (USQRG:64,2,4)
797. 1253. two events in the southern and central Appalachian Mountains that often coincide with increased landslides
severe local summer cloudbursts and thunderstorms (USQRG:64,2,4)
798. 1254. two geological events correlated by studies of the Canadian Rockies
rainstorms and rockfalls (USQRG:64,2,4)
799. 1255. type of season in which landslides are particularly abundant along the West Coast of North America
rainy (USQRG:64,2,4)
800. 1256. angle of repose
maximum angle that can be measured on a slope when material is stable and at rest (USQRG:65,1,2)
801. 1257. natural angle of repose of stable materials
approximately 40° (USQRG:65,2,0)
802. 1258. location of a 1966 flow of fine‐grained mine waste that killed 144 people
Aberfan, Wales (USQRG:65,2,0)
803. 1259. state in which a failed dam made up of coal mine wastes triggered a 1972 landslide
West Virginia (USQRG:65,2,0)
804. 1260. immediate result of the flow of coal mine wastes caused by a failed dam in 1972 in Buffalo Hollow
a 15‐foot high wave entering Buffalo Creek Valley (USQRG:65,2,1)
805. 1261. type of site in which landfills piled near their angle of repose present safety risks
those subject to earthquake tremors (USQRG:65,2,1)
806. 1262. What action at the base of a slope can set the whole slope in motion?
removal of material (USQRG:65,2,2)
807. 1263. 2006 landslide that blocked California Highway 140 near the Merced River
Ferguson Slide (USQRG:65,fig)
808. 1264. three ways in which humans may load an unstable slope from above
construction of a building, storage tank, or highway on materials that cannot bear the additional load (USQRG:66,1,0)
809. 1265. range of seasonal water level variations in flood‐control reservoirs in steep valleys
more than 100 feet (USQRG:66,1,2)
810. 1266. season in which flood‐control reservoirs in steep valleys lower quickly
spring (USQRG:66,1,2)
811. 1267. mass wasting
downslope movement of materials (USQRG:66,2,1)
812. 1268. the most prevalent geologic process
mass wasting (USQRG:66,2,1)
813. 1269. creep (geologic process)
mass wasting that is too slow to be detected by direct observation (USQRG:66,2,1)
814. 1270. three manifestations of creep
misaligned utility poles, out‐of‐plumb houses, and bulges in stone retainer walls (USQRG:66,2,1)
815. 1271. analogy used by Nuhfer to illustrate the process of mass wasting and creep
melting of a snowman (USQRG:67,1,0)
816. 1272. Why do more landslides occur in spring?
Soils are wet from recently melted snow. (USQRG:67,1,1)
817. 1273. method of determining the likelihood of landslides in areas prone to landslide‐triggering earthquakes and storms
mapping the geological conditions that make an area prone to movement (USQRG:67,1,2)
818. 1274. four groups of people helped by maps of geological conditions that make an area prone to landslides
planners, lenders, homeowners, and insurers (USQRG:67,1,2)
819. 1275. maximum speed of massive landslides
upwards of 100 miles per hour (USQRG:67,1,3)
820. 1276. most infrequent type of land‐wasting events
massive landslides involving hundreds of tons of material (USQRG:67,1,3)
821. 1277. For what TWO reasons should the 1963 Vaiont Reservoir landslide have been anticipated?
The valley contained multiple landslide scars and the geological conditions indicated the likelihood of massive failures. (USQRG:67,1,3)
822. 1278. sturzstorm
landslide involving billions of cubic yards of material (USQRG:67,1,4)
823. 1279. California region with evidence of a sturzstorm
Shasta (USQRG:67,1,4)
824. 1280. planet that contains evidence of sturzstorms
Mars (USQRG:67,1,4)
825. 1281. three indicators of mass wasting over a long time period
gradual movement as creep, seasonally increased landslide activity, and irregular rainstorm or earthquake‐triggered landslides (USQRG:67,2,0)
826. 1282. relationship between size and frequency of a landslide
the larger the landslide, the more infrequently it occurs (USQRG:67,2,0)
827. 1283. two factors that increase the need for a complete geologic investigation of an area
susceptibility to landslides and encroachment by humans (USQRG:67,2,1)
828. 1284. criterion that should mandate a complete geologic investigation of an area, according to Nuhfer
a structure whose failure may endanger human lives (USQRG:67,2,1)
829. 1285. three topographic features examined during a complete geologic investigation of an area
relief, steepness, and shape of slope (USQRG:67,2,3)
830. 1286. two bedrock features examined during a complete geologic investigation of an area
types and conditions of bedrock underlying the slope (USQRG:67,2,4)
831. 1287. two soil features examined during a complete geologic investigation of an area
type and thickness (USQRG:67,2,5)
832. 1288. two features of bedding planes or rock fabric examined during a complete geologic investigation of an area
angle and direction (USQRG:67,2,6)
833. 1289. four features of discontinuities examined during a complete geologic investigation of an area
frequency, direction, extent, and type of infilling material present (USQRG:67,2,7)
834. 1290. two vegetation features examined during a complete geologic investigation of an area
amount and types present on the slope (USQRG:67,2,8)
835. 1291. two aspects of moisture examined during a complete geologic investigation of an area
sources of moisture and moisture‐retaining properties of the earth materials (USQRG:67,2,9)
836. 1292. three types of drainage examined during a complete geologic investigation of an area
surface, subsurface, and any human‐made drainage (USQRG:67,2,10)
837. 1293. four events whose past occurrences are traced during a complete geologic investigation of an area
earthquakes, slides, flows, and rockfalls (USQRG:67,2,11; USQRG:67,2,12)
838. 1294. three features of materials susceptible to failure examined during a complete geologic investigation of an area
volume of such materials, ways in which they may fail, and area that may be affected by such a failure (USQRG:67,2,13)
839. 1295. three roles of geologists at the regional level
data gatherers, compilers, and organizers of basic information (USQRG:67,2,14)
840. 1296. federal government body in charge of geological surveys
U.S. Government Survey (USQRG:67,2,14)
841. 1297. job scope of geologists employed by state geological surveys
construct geological and slope stability maps (USQRG:67,2,14)
842. 1298. main source of information for mapping completed by geologists
field study of soils and rock formations (USQRG:67,2,14)
843. 1299. two types of remote sensing photography that aid geologists in mapping
satellite and high‐altitude (USQRG:68,1,0)
844. 1300. factor of safety
quantitative estimation of slope safety (USQRG:68,1,1)
845. 1301. prerequisite of most engineering design projects involving construction on a sloping terrain
calculating of a factor of safety (USQRG:68,1,1)
846. 1302. two professions that make use of slope stability research
mining and civil engineering (USQRG:68,1,1)
847. 1303. country supporting a vigorous research program studying massive earth movements
Russia (USQRG:68,1,2)
848. 1304. How does the use of computers affect factor of safety calculations?
faster and less tedious results (USQRG:68,1,3)
849. 1305. science most essential to understanding good land use, according to Nuhfer
geology (USQRG:68,1,5)
850. 1306. Why should citizens understand slope hazards, according to Nuhfer?
Many homes and developments are built on slopes. (USQRG:68,1,5)
851. 1307. fraction of civil engineers who take at least one geology course before graduation
one‐half (USQRG:68,2,0)
852. 1308. year in which one of the most expansive landslides in history occurred near Thistle, Utah
1983 (USQRG:68,2,1)
853. 1309. cost of the relocation of a major highway and railroad near Thistle, Utah, after a major landslide occurred
$200 million (USQRG:68,2,1)
854. 1310. newspaper whose reporter coined the term Dust Bowl
Washington Evening Star (USQRG:68,2,2)
855. 1311. total cultivated land in the United States in the 1930s, in acres
530 million (USQRG:68,2,3)
856. 1312. type of crop most prevalent in the Great Plains in the 1930s
cereal (USQRG:68,2,3)
857. 1313. summer fallow
only planting on cultivated land on alternate seasons (USQRG:68,2,3)
858. 1314. fallow period
time when a plot of land remains uncropped (USQRG:68,2,3)
859. 1315. dust mulching
process in which the soil is frequently clean tilled (USQRG:68,2,3)
860. 1316. three purposes of dust mulching
leave no crop residues on the surface, control weeds, and preserve moisture evaporation (USQRG:68,2,3)
861. 1317. two factors that optimized conditions for wind erosion during the Dust Bowl
frequent cultivation and lack of crop canopy and residues (USQRG:68,2,3)
862. 1318. two materials that are removed from topsoil during wind erosion
silt and clay (USQRG:68,2,4)
863. 1319. four states hit hardest by wind erosion during the Dust Bowl
Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and Kansas (USQRG:69,1,1)
864. 1320. westernmost state majorly affected by Dust Bowl wind erosion
Montana (USQRG:69,1,1)
865. 1321. group of Canadian provinces affected by the Dust Bowl wind erosion
Canadian Prairie Provinces (USQRG:69,1,1)
866. 1322. How did the Dust Bowl wind erosion make travel difficult?
Airborne dust reduced visibility. (USQRG:69,1,1)
867. 1323. general maximum amount of topsoil removed from some places during the Dust Bowl
3 to 4 inches (USQRG:69,1,2)
868. 1324. maximum height of dunes formed by topsoil during the Dust Bowl
15 to 20 feet (USQRG:69,1,2)
869. 1325. percentage of land affected by wind erosion in a Soil Conservation Service survey of 20 Dust Bowl counties
80 (USQRG:69,2,0)
870. 1326. percentage of land seriously affected by wind erosion in a Soil Conservation Service survey of 20 Dust Bowl counties
40 (USQRG:69,2,0)
871. 1327. event that caused the disappearance of many small Great Plain towns and community institutions during the Dust Bowl
mass migration (USQRG:69,2,1)
872. 1328. three examples of non‐detrimental tillage and agricultural management practices
use of windbreaks, maintenance of surface crop residues, use of better machinery (USQRG:70,1,0)
873. 1329. three methods of conservation tillage
stubble mulch, mulch, and residue tillage (USQRG:70,1,0)
874. 1330. crops used in a three‐year agricultural rotation
wheat and sorghum (USQRG:70,1,0)
875. 1331. areas in which a three‐year agricultural rotation is especially common
humid regions in the West (USQRG:70,1,0)
876. 1332. four states in 1982 with the most serious erosion per unit area
Texas, Colorado, Nevada, and Montana (USQRG:70,1,1)
877. 1333. three geological features that plagued the United States during the 1930s
strong winds, drought, and clouds of dust (USQRG:70,1,2)
878. 1334. percentage of the United States affected by the Dust Bowl
nearly 75% (USQRG:70,1,2)
879. 1335. Dust Bowl
area of the Great Plains where drought and inappropriate farming practices resulted in severe soil erosion in the 1930s (USQRG:70,2,0; USQRG:102,2,12)
880. 1336. time period in which the seeds of the Dust Bowl were sown, according to Colenso
early 1920s (USQRG:70,2,2)
881. 1337. event that led farmers to try new mechanized farming techniques in the years before the Dust Bowl
post‐World War I recession (USQRG:70,2,2)
882. 1338. total area of United States farmland that was plowed for the first time between 1925 and 1930
5 million acres (USQRG:70,2,2)
883. 1339. size of the 1931 United States crop compared to that of previous years
record high (USQRG:70,2,2)
884. 1340. two factors that severely depressed wheat prices in the early 1930s United States
the Great Depression and overproduction of wheat (USQRG:70,2,2)
885. 1341. What event occurs if plow‐based farming is implemented in prairies?
erosion of topsoil (USQRG:70,2,2)
886. 1342. two characteristics of land without topsoil
vulnerable to drought and inhospitable for growing crops (USQRG:70,2,3)
887. 1343. black blizzards
dust storms occurring in the Dust Bowl caused by drought and the loss of topsoil (USQRG:70,2,3)
888. 1344. number of black blizzards reported in 1932
14 (USQRG:70,2,3)
889. 1345. number of black blizzards reported in 1933
40 (USQRG:70,2,3)
890. 1346. year the Dust Bowl ended due to the end of drought
1939 (USQRG:70,2,4)
891. 1347. tilling
turning over the top layer of soil or removing weeds and adding fertilizers and pesticides (USQRG:70,1,3)
892. 1348. soil nutrient that escapes topsoil during tilling
carbon dioxide (USQRG:70,1,3)
893. 1349. no‐till
sustainable farming method that keeps nutrients in the soil (USQRG:70,1,3)
894. 1350. location of organic matter in topsoil farmed with no‐till
at the surface (USQRG:70,1,3)
895. 1351. two processes reduced by the presence of healthy topsoil
water runoff and erosion (USQRG:70,1,3)
896. 1352. Okies
nickname given to poor migrants from the Southwestern United States during the Dust Bowl (USQRG:71,1,1)
897. 1353. percentage of Okies that actually came from Oklahoma
approximately 20% (USQRG:71,1,1)
898. 1354. fraction of Great Plains farmers who left their homes during the Dust Bowl
one‐third (USQRG:71,1,1)
899. 1355. state to which most migrating farmers during the Dust Bowl moved
California (USQRG:71,1,1)
900. 1356. United States president during the Great Depression and Dust Bowl
Franklin D. Roosevelt (USQRG:71,1,3)
901. 1357. year in which the first mortgage and farming relief act was passed under the New Deal
1933 (USQRG:71,1,3)
902. 1358. purpose of the first mortgage and farming relief act of the New Deal
reduce foreclosures and keep farms afloat (USQRG:71,2,0)
903. 1359. number of acres of United States farmland ruined by the end of 1934
approximately 35 million (USQRG:71,2,0)
904. 1360. number of acres of topsoil that had blown away in the United States by the end of 1934
approximately 100 million (USQRG:71,2,0)
905. 1361. purpose of the 1934 Taylor Grazing Act
designated 140 million acres as protected federal land (USQRG:71,2,1)
906. 1362. two activities monitored on federal lands under the Taylor Grazing Act
grazing and planting (USQRG:71,2,1)
907. 1363. New Deal program known as the CCC
Civil Conservation Corps (USQRG:71,2,1)
908. 1364. time period in which the government created the CCC
early 1930s (USQRG:71,2,1)
909. 1365. number of young men who volunteered for work with the CCC
3 million (USQRG:71,2,1)
910. 1366. nickname for CCC workers
Rooseveltʹs ʺForest Armyʺ (USQRG:71,2,1)
911. 1367. three purposes of the CCC’s work
control floods, conserve water, and prevent further soil erosion (USQRG:71,2,1)
912. 1368. period in which the Farm Security Administration, Drought Relief Service, and Resettlement Administration were established
between 1933 and 1935 (USQRG:71,2,2)
913. 1369. New Deal program known as the WPA
Works Progress Administration (USQRG:72,1,1)
914. 1370. act under which the WPA was created
Emergency Relief Appropriation Act (USQRG:72,1,1)
915. 1371. number of people employed by the WPA
over 8.5 million (USQRG:72,1,1)
916. 1372. work completed by WPA employees
construction of roads, bridges, airports, public parks, and buildings (USQRG:72,1,1)
917. 1373. Black Sunday
day on which million of tons of dirt from the Great Plains blew into Washington, D.C. (USQRG:72,1,2)
918. 1374. government agency once known as the SCS
Soil Conservation Service (USQRG:72,1,2)
919. 1375. federal department that housed the SCS
Department of Agriculture (USQRG:72,1,2)
920. 1376. federal act that established the SCS
Soil Conservation Act (USQRG:72,1,2)
921. 1377. successor of the SCS
Natural Resources Conservation Service (USQRG:72,1,3)
922. 1378. two ideas promoted by the SCS
healthy soil management and farming practices (USQRG:72,1,3)
923. 1379. three SCS farming practices still used today in the Great Plains
irrigation, crop diversity, and no‐till farming (USQRG:72,1,3)
924. 1380. number of hectares of arid land in North America
450 million (USQRG:72,1,4)
925. 1381. percentage of arid land in North America that suffers moderate to severe desertification
90 (USQRG:72,1,4)
926. 1382. city in which NASAʹs Goddard Space Flight Center is located
Greenbelt, Maryland (USQRG:72,1,6)
927. 1383. What method did Siegfried Schubert and his colleagues use to analyze climate over the past century?
a computer model with modern‐era satellite data (USQRG:72,1,6)
928. 1384. surface temperature of the Pacific Ocean relative to its average during the Dust Bowl
cooler (USQRG:72,1,6)
929. 1385. surface temperature of the Atlantic Ocean relative to its temperature during the Dust Bowl
warmer (USQRG:72,1,6)
930. 1386. large body of water with reduced moisture during the Dust Bowl due to abnormal ocean temperatures
Gulf of Mexico (USQRG:72,2,0)
931. 1387. the United Statesʹ major climatic event, according to Siegfried Schubert
the 1930s drought (USQRG:72,2,1)
932. 1388. identifying characteristic of La Niñas
reduced Pacific Ocean surface temperatures (USQRG:72,2,2)
933. 1389. type of conditions created in the Great Plains by La Niñas
dry (USQRG:72,2,2)
934. 1390. atmospheric general circulation model known as NSIPP
NASAʹs Seasonal‐to‐Interannual Prediction Project (USQRG:72,2,3)
935. 1391. two sets of NASA satellite observations used to develop NSIPP
radiation measurements from the Earthʹs Radiant Energy System and precipitation data from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (USQRG:72,2,3)
936. 1392. jet stream
ribbon of fast moving air near the Earthʹs surface (USQRG:72,2,4)
937. 1393. relative strength of the jet stream during the Dust Bowl
weak (USQRG:72,2,4)
938. 1394. normal direction of travel of the jet stream
westward over the Gulf of Mexico and then northward over the Great Plains (USQRG:72,2,4)
939. 1395. effect of the jet stream’s weakening on its travels
travels farther south (USQRG:73,1,0)
940. 1396. What soil characteristic can localize droughts, as confirmed by Siegfried Schubertʹs study?
moisture levels (USQRG:73,1,1)
941. 1397. type of process in which scarce rain leads to less evaporation, leading to even less rain
feedback (USQRG:73,1,1)
942. 1398. common factor in most major droughts of the United States in the 1900s
cool tropical Pacific (USQRG:73,1,2)
943. 1399. organization that funded Siegfried Schubertʹs study of the American climate over the past century
NASAʹs Earth Science Enterprise (USQRG:73,2,0)
944. 1400. two purposes of the Earth Science Enterprise
understand the Earth as an integrated system and improve climate, weathering, and natural hazard prediction (USQRG:73,2,1)
Card Set:
super quiz section 2
2010-09-28 00:59:52
super quiz section
super quiz section 2
Show Answers:
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https://www.freezingblue.com/flashcards/print_preview.cgi?cardsetID=37809
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(BIRD INTELLIGENCE) Researchers have found that birds, specifically pigeons, are math wizards in the animal kingdom. Besides for humans and certain non-human primates, pigeons can learn abstract mathematical rules and other numerical skills. Read more on this new finding and why the shared math intelligence of birds and primates is puzzling scientists. — Global Animal
Pigeons turn out to be math whizzes -- and other birds may be equally skilled. Photo credit: Discovery News
Discovery News, Jennifer Viegas
Pigeons may be ubiquitous, but they’re also brainy, according to a new study that found these birds are on par with primates when it comes to numerical competence.
Could pigeons then be the Einsteins of the bird world?
“It would be fair to say that, even among birds, pigeons are not thought to be the sharpest crayon in the box,” lead author Damian Scarf told Discovery News. “I think that this ability may be widespread among birds. There is already clear evidence that it is widespread among primates.”
“We took steps to ensure things like volume could not control responding in training and testing,” he said. “For example, during training and testing, the higher numerosity did not always have the largest surface area/volume and thus the pigeons could not respond based on this stimulus dimension.”
The images also came in different colors and shapes, so the pigeons weren’t somehow linking those qualities to quantity.
“Remarkably, the pigeons were able to respond to these novel pairs correctly,” Scarf said. “In addition, their performance was indistinguishable from that of two rhesus monkeys that had been previously trained on this task.”
For example, he called a juicy red apple that appears to have brought to mind bananas and cherries a “banerry.”
In terms of math, one of Alex’s greatest feats was that he understood a numerical concept akin to zero, which is an abstract notion that people don’t typically understand until age three or four.
One explanation could be that the last common ancestor of these two groups possessed amazing numerical competence, but that would mean many other animals have it too, and studies haven’t found clear evidence for such abilities yet.
“At this point in time, I have no inkling as to which hypothesis is correct,” Scarf said. “To answer this question, many distantly related animals would have to be tested.”
More Discovery News: http://news.discovery.com/animals/pigeons-math-animals-111222.html#mkcpgn=rssnws1
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https://www.globalanimal.org/2011/12/29/pigeons-feathered-einsteins/61651/
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If your cat drinks a lot of water, seems constantly hungry, yet never puts on any weight, it might have a problem with its thyroid gland. A cat gets feline hyperthyroidism when the thyroid starts over-producing the hormones which regulate the body's metabolic rate and therefore the overall activity of the cat.
If it is not treated, hyperthyroidism in cats often results in heart failure. But the good thing is that in most cases treatment is both possible and straightforward.
Hyperthyroidism is uncommon in cats under 10 years old but may affect as many as 2% of cats older then this. The average age at which a cat might get hyperthyroidism is about 13.
How do I know that my cat may suffer from hyperthyroidism?
Not all cats with hyperthyroidism lose weight, though almost all will start eating and drinking noticeably more. You will notice an increased insistence and frequency in demands for food, but the overeating will often result in vomiting and diarrhea. The cat drinking more water and urinating often is also a good indicator that there might be a problem. Cats may become more noisier and more energetic. When the cats are brought to the vet, people often comment that there can not be much wrong with their pet since she is so lively and eating well. However, good appetite is one thing - overeating is another matter. If your cat does start to eat noticeably more than normal or shows any of the other symptoms described here, head for the vet. If your cat is elderly, go sooner rather than later. The vet will have no trouble diagnosing whether or not the cat has hyperthyroidism. The condition generally causes an enlarged thyroid which can be felt as a hard lump under the skin. The vet will easily check this with a physical examination which can be confirmed by a blood sample which checks for thyroid hormones in the blood. A high thyroxine (T4) concentration (the main hormone) is usually all that is required for the diagnosis in most cases.
Secondary complications caused by hyperthyroidism
Because thyroid hormones affect the function of almost all organs, hyperthyroidism may cause other parts of the body to malfunction, and this will need to be treated separately. Such problems are particularly common if the illness is not caught and treated early. One of the common complications is problems with the cat's heart. The thyroid hormones stimulate the heart to beat faster and the heart muscle to contract more strongly. If the hyperthyroidism is not treated, the muscle of the largest chamber in the heart (the left ventricle) enlarges and thickens - so called 'left ventricular hypertrophy'. If nothing is done about this, it will eventually result in heart malfunction. Hypertension (high blood pressure) is another potential complication which can cause additional damage to several organs including the eyes, kidneys, heart and brain.
There are three main treatments for hyperthyroidism: drug treatment, surgery and radioactive iodine therapy. The choice of treatment will be determined by the underlying cause of the problem and usually also by the costs involved. Drug treatment involves giving the cat pills twice a day. This is a low cost non-invasive method which avoids general anaesthesia. However, apart from the issues involved with getting pills into cats, some cats may get side-effects which normally include vomiting. Also if hyperthyroidism is caused by cancer, the pills do not eliminate the underlying cause. In such cases, especially with a fast-growing cancer, surgery may be the option to go for, despite the fact that with surgery there are always risks involved. If the cancer has spread, surgery may not remove all of it. Alternatively, radioactive iodine provides a safe and effective treatment for hyperthyroidism. Like the surgery, it is cures, rather than treats the condition, but despite the scary name, radioactive iodine is much safer. The iodine is injected under the skin and then taken up by active thyroid cells. Because the cancerous cells are most active, they take up most of the radioactive material. This kills those cells but does not damage surrounding tissue. There are also fewer side-effects than with drugs or surgery. The only problem with radioactive iodine therapy is that it has to be carried out in a hospital under protective conditions, and the cat has to remain in the hospital until the radioactive level falls down and does not pose any risk to people handling the animal. As a result this treatment can get costly. However, the success rate after a single treatment is 95% and it can be repeated if necessary. Normally after iodine treatment thyroid hormones are restored to normal levels within three weeks.
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https://www.knowyourcat.info/health/hyperthyroidism.htm
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Knowledge Base
Home » Categories » Navigation Instruments » WSO100 (Discontinued)
What is true wind?
True wind is what the wind is truly doing and it can be computed from the measured apparent wind by subtracting the vessels speed. For example, if the vessel was moving at exactly 5 knots and the wind was blowing in the exact opposite direction at 5 knots, then the WSO100 measured, or apparent wind speed would be 10 knots. If the boat speed of 5 knots was subtracted from the apparent wind speed, then the computed true wind speed would be 5 knots. Maretron display products (DSM150, DSM200, DSM250, and N2KView) always show true wind referenced to the bow of the vessel. In other words, you see the angle at which the true wind is striking the vessel relative to the bow of the vessel. It is important to note that the WSO100 doesn't actually compute and transmit true wind speed, it is the displays that subtract the boat speed from the apparent wind and ultimately display true wind.
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https://www.maretron.com/support/knowledgebase/phpkbv7/article.php?id=9
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Kavachi is one of the most active underwater volcanoes in the southwest Pacific Ocean. It's surrounded by hot, acidic seawater that can make it too dangerous for human divers — and that's when it's not erupting explosively.
But when a team of scientists recently sent down camera-equipped robots, they not only found animals surviving in and around the volcano; they found a surprising amount of biodiversity, including silky sharks, hammerhead sharks and the rarely seen Pacific sleeper shark, which had previously been caught on video just twice.
It's like "Sharknado," but with a volcano instead of tornadoes. Plus it's real.
The sharkcano is located south of Vangunu in the Solomon Islands, where researchers funded by the National Geographic Society recently embarked on a risky trip to explore Kavachi. The volcano is very active, having experienced a minor eruption in 2014 as well as more explosive outbursts in 2007 and 2004.
Kavachi seamountSteam rises from the Kavachi seamount during a 2000 eruption. (Photo: Brent McInnes/CSIRO/NOAA)
"Nobody actually knows how often Kavachi erupts," team member Brennan Phillips tells National Geographic. And even when it's not launching lava, ash and steam above the surface, he adds, it can be too extreme for divers to explore. "Divers who have gotten close to the outer edge of the volcano have had to back away because of how hot it is or because they were getting mild skin burns from the acid water."
To avoid that risk, Phillips and his colleagues sent down submersible robots with underwater cameras to explore Kavachi's inhospitable environment. Despite the extreme conditions, the robots spotted a variety of wildlife living around Kavachi, including jellyfish, crabs, stingrays and the aforementioned sharks.
On top of the volcano-dwelling silky and hammerhead sharks, the team was also psyched to see a Pacific sleeper shark swimming near Kavachi. These enigmatic fish are normally found in the North Atlantic, the North Pacific and around Antarctica, but they've never been seen near the Solomon Islands before. Phillips says this is only the third time the species has been caught on video anywhere, and his HD footage may represent the highest-quality glimpse in history. Check it out below:
Even though Kavachi wasn't erupting at the time, the team still saw bubbles of carbon dioxide and methane rising from seafloor vents, notes National Geographic's Carolyn Barnwell. It's unclear how the sharks and other animals deal with the extremes of this habitat, but given the growing threat of ocean acidification around the world, any animals that are adapted to conditions like these are worth a closer look.
"These large animals are living in what you have to assume is much hotter and much more acidic water, and they're just hanging out," Phillips says. "It makes you question what type of extreme environment these animals are adapted to. What sort of changes have they undergone? Are there only certain animals that can withstand it?"
Phillips is also curious what all these animals do when Kavachi erupts. "Do they get an early warning and escape the caldera before it gets explosive," he wonders, "or do they get trapped and perish in steam and lava?" He hopes to deploy longer-term cameras and set up a seismic observatory to answer those questions.
In the meantime, given the disproportionate danger sharks face from humans, it's nice to know these ancient fish have at least a few places they can hide from us.
Sharks found living inside an active volcano
Despite its hot, acidic water and looming risk of eruption, Kavachi is home to a surprising abundance of sharks.
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https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/blogs/sharks-found-living-inside-active-volcano
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Got Sensitive Teeth? What to Do
Having sensitive teeth can be such a pain – literally. Imagine having to do normal activities like brushing, chewing, or eating with fear of sudden sharp toothache at any given time. Tooth sensitivity is one of the most common reasons patients in Greenville SC visit a dentist. Are you tired of that wrenching pain whenever you take a bite of your favorite ice cream or a spoonful of hot savory soup? Then read on.
What is Tooth Sensitivity?
Tooth sensitivity, scientifically called dentin hypersensitivity, is a common dental condition that causes mild to severe, temporary pain. It occurs when your teeth are exposed to specific triggers.
Causes and Triggers
The ultimate cause of tooth sensitivity is exposed roots. Our teeth have a layer of enamel for protection. Once that layer is lost, the roots of our teeth become exposed to outside elements, making it sensitive to various triggers.
These are some reasons behind a worn-down enamel:
• Using a toothbrush with hard bristles
• Brushing your teeth too hard
• Eating acidic food frequently
• Clenching your teeth
Tooth sensitivity can also be a symptom of a more serious dental problem. Sometimes it can be a sign of gum disease, gingivitis or a cracked tooth or filling, among others.
Sensitive teeth react immediately to various triggers, causing mild to severe pain that can last for some time.
Here are various things that could trigger a toothache of you have sensitive teeth:
• Food and beverages that are hot, cold, sweet and acidic
• Cold air
• Alcohol-based mouthwash
You can also get a toothache due to dentin hypersensitivity while you are doing regular activities like brushing your teeth and flossing.
greenville sc dentist
Home Remedies
Tooth sensitivity can never go away unless you address the root of the condition. However, there are various ways and home remedies to prevent it from recurring.
• A good oral hygiene could prevent almost all tooth conditions.
• Brush your teeth twice a day using soft strokes so as not to damage your enamel or gums further.
• Use a toothpaste that’s specifically made for sensitive teeth.
• Avoid alcohol-based mouthwash.
• Avoid acidic drinks and food.
Mild tooth sensitivity can be prevented with good oral hygiene. If your toothache persists, it’s recommended that you visit your Greenville SC dentist to determine what your dental condition might be.
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https://www.ncinfoplus.com/got-sensitive-teeth-what-to-do/
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Leadership Development Blog
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Why It’s Imperative To Lead By Example
Posted by Darleen DeRosa July 20, 2018
One way or another, leaders in any organization are always leading by example. While this idea is usually associated with the image of a leader charging headlong into the latest challenge, inaction can speak just as loudly as more proactive behaviors. A leader who withdraws from others and avoids engagement does just as much to set an example as a leader who is deeply involved and invested with their team’s success.The consequences of bad leadership are easy enough to measure. Research has shown that organizations with “poor” leadership perform almost three times worse than companies with “great” leadership. These results represent more than just bad management decisions. Setting a bad example through unethical behavior or decisions guided by self-interest can have a devastating effect on an organization. There’s a certain degree of truth to the old cliche about a “fish rotting from the head,” and companies that tolerate poor leadership will eventually pay a price for it in the form of diminished profits or high turnover rates.
By virtue of their visibility, a leader’s actions, behaviors, and attitudes are constantly being observed and interpreted by employees. Try as they might to distance themselves from this dynamic, leaders cannot avoid the fact that everything they do is a reflection of the values and ideology of the organization. It also conveys how well the organization adheres to the rules it sets for its employees. When leaders behave as if the rules do not apply to them and aren’t held accountable for their actions, it becomes easy for employees to tune out the latest company initiatives.
The real question, then, is not whether leaders set an example for their teams because they obviously do set an example simply by virtue of their position. What developing leaders should focus on, however, is what kind of an example they should be setting.
Leading to Build Trust
One of the most important steps leaders can take to set a good example for employees is to establish a foundation of trust. Without trust, leaders will have difficulty securing commitment and buy-in, making it far more difficult to meet the organization’s goals.
The first step in building trust can be accomplished by demonstrating credibility. Leaders must find ways to show that they not only possess valuable expertise, but also do not withhold or manipulate information to suit their own needs. For today’s collaborative teams, information sharing is absolutely essential, and leaders who are unwilling to be open and honest with their teams are effectively sabotaging their efforts. While this is not to suggest that leaders need to tell employees everything, sharing necessary details about decisions and data that affect their teams fosters a culture of collaboration and unity in the pursuit of the organization’s goals.
Effective leaders also set an example of reliability to further strengthen the bonds of trust with employees. They follow through on commitments and are consistent in their interactions with other people. By showing respect for their obligations, leaders help to reinforce the idea that everyone is accountable for their actions and behavior. Employees know they can count on them to do what they say they’re going to do. That reassurance makes the employees more likely in turn to take ownership and responsibility for their own tasks.
Leading to Foster Collaboration
While establishing trust is absolutely essential for building effective teams, leaders can also set a positive example to promote collaboration and communication among employees. Rather than adopting a uniform approach to all employees, skilled leaders treat everyone as a unique individual. They respect differences and regard people’s needs and concerns as valid. When leaders put the concerns of others above their own self-interests, they set an example discouraging selfish behavior that can damage an organization in the long run.
Many of the strategies used to foster collaboration can empower employees by making them feel valued and heard. By setting a standard for mutual respect and empathy, leaders can promote the same values in their teams to help them work together more effectively. Conflict management, in particular, is a good showcase for this approach because it provides leaders with an opportunity to demonstrate how differences can be overcome productively in ways that benefit the organization as a whole.
Leading to Inspire
Setting an example isn’t just about finding ways to motivate employees in the short term; it can also inspire them in more lasting ways. Inspirational leadership generates enthusiasm and passion for the organization’s mission by helping employees to align their personal values with company initiatives. An inspired team is more likely to meet its goals, demonstrate higher levels of engagement, and produce higher quality work.
Leaders are in a unique position to inspire their employees because they can set an example for how to create a sense of purpose within the organization. Very often they do this by giving without any expectation of getting something in return, rather, they support their team members because they are deeply invested in the team’s success. When employees are consistently supported, they’re more likely to go the extra mile to accomplish the team’s goals.
While leaders need to focus on effective strategies that help their teams produce positive results, they also need to consider how the way they deploy those strategies is perceived. Whether they like it or not, they’re constantly being observed by employees who are watching to see if they “practice what they preach.” By setting a consistent example for employees that shows how an individual can align the organization’s goals with their own actions and values, leaders can establish a powerful model for employees to turn to for guidance.
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Topics: leadership skills, influencing, flexible leadership
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https://www.onpointconsultingllc.com/blog/why-its-imperative-to-lead-by-example
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Learning - Math | 4-18 yrs
Math Fiction Books For Children
Whether your child is in head over heels love with math or terrified of multiplication signs, this list has a book that your child can enjoy. Math is often a subject that is mystified and treated as something only geniuses can understand. It comes across as subject that requires a lot of work, but with little fruit.
However, that need not be the case at all. One just needs the right approach and point of view towards math to make it seem as exciting as any other learning adventure. This is why we have put together a ClipbBook that collects fun and engaging mathematical fiction to draw your child into the world of math. The books create enticing plots around mathematical concepts and puzzles so that your child feels compelled to think mathematically not because of a boring assignment, but to understand the book and the plot better. This is a great way of learning, as it is not forced, but depends on the motivation and the involvement of the child in learning the material.
Math Curse By Jon Scieszka
This book is especially for the children who are afraid of math and might consider it as a curse even. It all changes when the protagonist of the book starts to see the world through math problems and suddenly problem is mathematical, even the que...
The Adventures Of Penrose The Mathematical Cat By Theoni Pappas
This book does not go into the ordinary mathematical concepts encountered in school, but some of the more fascinating ideas in higher level mathematics. Nonetheless, Theoni Pappas does a good job of putting those ideas across in a simple way throu...
Sideways Arithmetic From Wayside School By Louis Sachar
This book is a treat from the award-winning children’s author, Louis Sachar. The book weaves in plot with mathematical and logical puzzles for the reader to solve. These aren’t normal puzzles but sideways ones and ask questions about why two elves...
The Phantom Tollbooth By Norton Juster
Norton Juster takes the readers on a fantastical journey with a young bored boy called Milo, who learns to be curious about the world around him. The journey involves some of the strangest things that Milo has ever seen. From subtraction soup, whi...
Sir Cumference And The First Round Table By Cindy Neuschwander
This is just the first book in the series of Sir Cumference and Charlesbridge's Math Adventures. Full of fun word play and mathematical concepts, it makes for an entertaining and educational read for anyone above the age of six.
Further Recommendations!
Maths Through Stories is an initiative started by the University of Reading's Institute of Education in the UK. It’s a not-for-profit organization that attempts to help people learning maths everywhere. It primarily focuses on how mathematical und...
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https://www.parentcircle.com/clipbook/math-fiction-books-for-children/
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As the flu season continues, you’ll start to see signs in every grocery store: “Free Flu Shots, See Pharmacist for Details”. Every year, a new version of the flu shot is offered to combat the most common strain of the flu identified that season. But not everyone receives the flu shot. Is there even a small chance that it’s dangerous? Why is this immunization so important?
Have you heard these 5 myths about the flu shot? Here’s the truth about this vital immunization. Click To Tweet
The Truth About the Flu Vaccine
Myths about the flu shot crop up every year. However, none of these alleged dangers are based in reality. Before you forego your flu shot because of a less-than-honest internet source, listen to what the medical community has to say about these common myths:
1. The flu shot gives you the flu
2. The flu shot doesn’t work
3. Getting the flu provides more immunity
4. The vaccine makes you vulnerable to other diseases
5. The vaccine causes severe reactions
1) The Flu Shot Gives You the Flu
Despite common misconceptions, the flu shot does not contain an active strain of the flu virus. The injection will either give you an inactivated (dead) version of the virus or portion of the virus’s genetic information to stimulate your immune system without truly giving you the flu. You may experience temporary symptoms as your body adjusts to the vaccine, but you will not catch the flu from the shot.
2) The Flu Shot Doesn’t Work
Some patients may receive the flu shot, later catch the flu anyway, and come to the conclusion that the vaccine didn’t really do anything. However, the truth is more complex. Multiple strains of the flu are active every year. The vaccine is designed to combat what doctors believe will be the most active or dangerous type, and their predictions aren’t always correct. If you get sick after receiving the vaccine, you’ve either caught a different sickness entirely or just another strain of the flu virus that the vaccine wasn’t designed for.
3) Getting the Flu Provides More Immunity
To some extent, it is true that natural immunity is more effective and lasts longer than vaccine immunity. However, the risk of complications from the flu is simply not worth it. Influenza is a serious disease and carries the risk of dangerous complications, especially for patients such as young children, seniors, and the immunocompromised. For protection against this disease, immunization is the safer choice.
Pro Tip: You may have heard that receiving the flu shot multiple times boosts your immunity. However, this is not the case. One shot is more than enough. Save the other shots for patients who need them.
4) The Vaccine Makes You Vulnerable to Other Diseases
A 2012 study seemed to suggest that the flu vaccine made patients more vulnerable to respiratory infections. However, later studies have failed to duplicate these results. While doctors still aren’t sure what caused the 2012 study to produce these confusing results, more recent science has shown that there’s almost no evidence to suggest that the flu vaccine makes you more susceptible to other viruses or infections.
5) The Vaccine Causes Severe Reactions
Some patients may experience tenderness at the injection site, low-grade fever, soreness, or a sore throat after receiving the flu vaccine. These symptoms generally last a day or two at most. On very rare occasions, within minutes or hours of receiving the vaccine, some patients may experience severe reactions ranging from fever to apparent allergic responses. These reactions are fortunately very rare, and when they do occur, are easily treatable by a medical professional. Watch your body after receiving a flu vaccine and if you notice any signs of severe reactions, speak to a doctor immediately.
The Flu Vaccine is Safe & Effective
As the flu virus thrives this fall, the best choice you can make for your own health and your loved ones’ health is to receive the flu vaccine as quickly as possible. Decades of testing have made this immunization incredibly safe and effective. Talk to your doctor about where to get a flu vaccine and when to schedule one for your children.
Connect with us to learn more about vaccines and their effects on modern healthcare.
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https://www.pasadenahealthcenter.com/2019/10/04/5-myths-about-the-flu-shot/
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Wireless Communication Through Free Space Optics
Free Space Optics refers to the transmission of modulated visible or infrared beams through the atmosphere to obtain broadband communications.
How does this work? Data is transmitted wirelessly by light propagating in free space, like through an ambient or environmental vacuum like space. The energy beam is collimated and sent through air or space from the source to its destination.
At the source, the beam is modulated with the data to be transmitted. Once at the destination, it is intercepted by a photodetector. The data is then extracted, and the resulting signal is amplified and sent to hardware.
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https://www.pathfinderdigital.com/wireless-communication-through-free-space-optics
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The Battle for New Resources: Minor minerals in green technologies
Author Name ABRAHAM, David (Former Visiting Scholar, RIETI)
Creation Date/NO. March 2012 12-P-005
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Emerging green technologies are the most significant and realistic path to reducing global dependence on polluting fossil fuels while simultaneously decreasing the reliance of many countries on oil-rich regimes to meet their energy needs. However, as nations begin to rely on green energy products, they are trading one set of resource dependencies for another. Wind and sun produce energy, but rare minerals like neodymium and tellurium are essential in applications to harness that power. To the extent countries begin to rely on these green energy sources to produce, use, and store power, the geopolitical significance of rare minerals rises. It highlights an emerging reality: the battle for new resources. Despite the importance of green technology to the future of global power generation, very little analysis to date has outlined the geopolitical repercussions of shifting reliance on traditional fossil fuels to an undefined mix of alternative energy sources. Previous research assumes that green technology adoption is limited by its current high cost; will free societies from dependency on countries producing fossil fuels; and is a panacea for reducing environmental degradation caused by those fossil fuels. Green technology therefore can make countries more energy secure. However the reality is stark: the world cannot meet projected green technology demands with its current rare mineral resource supply. There are steps that countries can take to address increasing minor metal demands including R&D investments, recycling, and encouraging better product design. But shortages of some minerals are inevitable and will impact geopolitical relations.
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<urn:uuid:b812468d-41c1-4df9-a21c-3c5aab8dba5f>
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https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/publications/summary/12030010.html
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Wednesday, 11 December 2019
A doctor with a difference
Dr Dorothy Cochrane Logan was a “doctor with a difference” who shifted to Whitianga in the early 1950s. Born in Dublin in 1888 to a military family, Dr Logan was an educated woman. She studied medicine in London in the early 1900s. She later set up a practice in Kent and then in Harley Street in London by 1920.
Along the way, Dr Logan also served in the French Red Cross in World War I, as a doctor at the Scottish Women’s Hospital in Royaumont, France. Perhaps due to her general loathing of bureaucracy, she was dismissed after just three months of service in June 1918.
An avid swimmer, Dr Logan began training to conquer the English Channel. She made three attempts in 1926 and 1927 under the pseudonym of Mona MacLellan. She made word headlines in October 1927 when she entered the water in Griz Nez, France with the goal of making the crossing. She appeared appropriately greased up and exhausted in Folkestone, England, apparently setting a new world record.
A few days later, however, Dr Logan confessed that it was a hoax and that she had only spent four hours in the water and the rest of the time was seasick in a boat. She said that she had sought to demonstrate to the world how flimsy the rules and regulations were around the Channel crossings, which were popular in the day, but totally unmonitored. She was duly censured by the British Medical Association (BMA), which sought to strike her off the roll of medical paractitioners.
In 1929, Dr Logan married her trainer, fellow channel swimmer and bus driver, Horace Carey. The couple had a daughter, Joan Mona MacLellan Cochrane Carey, but separated in 1930.
Dr Logan and her daughter emigrated to New Zealand after World War II. She arrived in Whitianga when the population was just more than 400 people. She was widely known as a lovely, kind and helpful doctor, and a very talented swimmer and musician.
Whitianga local, Bridget Mackereth, remembers Dr Logan as a strong, dedicated woman who disapproved of all things bureaucratic and particularly hated waste. She would never refuse a call-out, sometimes travelling six hours or more to attend to someone in need. She visited summer camping sites, offering help for cuts and other injuries and providing medications. She would sit up all night with sick patients. Nothing was too much trouble for her.
Dr Logan often would not accept money from her patients and attended to people who could not afford medical care. She was also an advocate for natural remedies, which caused consternation in the medical fraternity.
Bridget was unsure of where Dr Logan lived. According to the book “Ducks, Dipsomaniacs and Diseases” (a book detailing the history of the Mercury Bay Hospital), Dr Logan for a time lived in a dilapidated old van, which she generally parked under a tree. She was known to bathe in various places, including a horse trough by the Whitianga Wharf and swam often in the river on the 309 Road. She apparently stored her meat pies in her post office mailbox, which was cool enough storage, until she was asked to stop by the postmaster.
Fashion was not a priority for Dr Logan, who dressed in old smocks tied at the waste by twine and old canvas shoes, augmented in the winters by an army greatcoat. Her undergarments consisted of a “brassiere” made of muslin cloth tied at the neck, which she disposed of each time she changed. Knickers were surplus to requirements.
As dedicated and talented as she was, Dr Logan was disliked by the medical establishment at the Thames Hospital Board, often stepping over the lines set in those days in the interests of patient well-being and seldom following the prescribed administrative requirements.
Dr Logan suffered a bad accident on the Tapu-Coroglen Road in later years, landing in a creek, upside down, where she stayed for over four hours. She spent a long time in Thames Hospital as a result. Although infirmed, she continued to run her practice from the hospital. She never quite recovered and died in Whitianga in July 1961.
Pictured: A newspaper clipping of one of Dr Dorothy Cochrane Logan’s attempts to swim, as Mona MacLellan, across the English Channel.
Latest business rest of site
Go Kiwi
Go Kiwi is the only direct transport operator in Whitianga with daily departures to and from the Coromandel Peninsula. They provide a direct service to and from Auckland Airport and downtown…
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https://www.theinformer.co.nz/feature/a-doctor-with-a-difference
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In witch lore this is the term meaning the spit of a witch. Witches caused their evil spells or curses to be effective against others by using their own saliva or spit when producing them. Some witches spit on stones while rubbing them when reciting curses.
There were various uses for spittle. In Lapland, witches could bring many kinds of illness and misfortune on people by spitting three times upon a knife and then rubbing the knife on their victims. Another Lapland witch charm for dooming someone to destruction called for tying three knots in a linen towel in the name of the Devil, spitting on them and naming the victim.
This practice of spitting during the casting of spells still exists, especially in tribal societies. Marquesan sorcerers spit into leaves and bury them while reciting incantations against their enemies. Malay sorcerers place spit, blood, urine, and excrement into clay effigies, which they roast to curse the victim to death. In necromancy, the practitioner sometimes spits when conjuring the spirits of the dead.
Likewise, in other practices of magic, some practitioners believe the saliva of the victim helps to increase the power of the spell. Therefore, various people think it unwise to spit indiscreetly because it is believed that demons capture one’s saliva and use it for evil purposes. Among the tribes of East Africa, South Africa and New Zealand, spittle is hidden lest it would fall into hands of sorcerers.
European witch-hunters during the Middle Ages and Renaissance believed witches were incapable of shedding tears, and to fool the inquisitors they would smear spittle on their cheeks.
Spitting, in folk magic, is a universal defense against the evil eye, bad luck, illness, and witchcraft. The custom that dates back to ancient Roman times includes spitting into the right shoe every morning; spitting into the toilet after urination; spitting on the breast or on the ground three times; and spitting while passing any place where danger might exist. Pliny recorded the effectiveness of spittle against various disorders, such as boils, eye infections, epilepsy, and leprosy.
It is thought spittle is especially potent in protecting infants and children against fascination. In Italy, for example, those persons suspected of overlooking children (casting the evil eye on them) a re requested to spit in their faces to nullify the harm done.
The practice of spitting in both hands before fighting to strengthen the blows dates back to Roman times. A.G.H.
Source: 4, 325.
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https://www.themystica.com/spittle/
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Use of Machine Translation in Humanitarian Crisis Situations
Use of Machine Translation in Humanitarian Crisis Situations
According to Translators Without Borders, “Information in the wrong language is useless”. In the event of humanitarian crises, the process of providing help to affected areas can be considerably slowed down when aid workers and the people in need of help do not speak the same language.
This usually occurs in locations where the resources are poor and the local community has very limited access to basic things like food, healthcare and education. In such situations, disseminating information during and following to a crisis can literally save lives.
Translators Without Borders are a non-profit organisation working towards closing the gap caused by language barriers in the context of humanitarian and international development. By maintaining and managing a global network of professional translators, Translators Without Borders aim to dramatically increase access to information and resources as well as promote values such as respect and dignity.
Since 2011, Translators Without Border have delivered over 50 million translated words to non-profit partners. All this work would not be possible without a variety of tools and technologies that the organisation uses to maximise its outreach and impact.
One of them is an online translation platform called Kató, developed in collaboration with Translators Without Borders and The tool is used by the translators within the Translators Without Borders community. The platform integrates not only typical functionalities, such as translation memory and quality assurance tools, but also machine translation.
In this context, machine translation significantly helps to cover more languages and more people in need.
For example, in autumn 2016 Translators Without Borders developed offline machine translation engines for Sorani and Kurmanji to translate content targeted to refugees. These are the two main languages used by Kurdish refugees and there has previously been no existing MT engine for Sorani.
The resources to create and train the engines were scarce, which is why creating a neural system was out of the question and instead the rule-based machine translation engines were built. Another reason for this was the fact that rule-based systems are much less demanding in terms of hardware and computing power required than neural systems.
The MT engines built have made it possible for Kurdish refugees to be able to communicate with the humanitarian aid workers in Greece on a basic level. For the refugees, being capable to liaise with the aid workers meant that they could get the help and support they needed. This scenario demonstrates how significant the adoption of MT systems can be in crisis situations.
Another project supported by Translators Without Borders through an organisation that they acquired in 2017, Rosetta Foundation, is Kanjingo, a smartphone app created with volunteer translators in mind. Its incredibly intuitive and simple interface has been specifically designed to enable volunteer linguists to do post-editing on the go, wherever and whenever they have a spare moment.
Smartphone screen showing the interface of a machine translation post-editing app
Kanjingo has been designed to encourage volunteers to do post-editing on the go.
The user sees each machine translated word as a separate tile that can be moved around to arrange the words in a correct and meaningful order. It is also possible to edit the text within the existing tiles as well as remove and add new tiles to accommodate for additional words. In this way, post-editing machine translation becomes very easy to manage. It is important to note that Kanjingo is not intended for professional use, only for those who volunteer and donate the words they translate to non-profit bodies.
In that sense, the app aims to encourage people to engage in volunteering as post-editors for non-profit organisations, thus actively contribute to expanding those organisations’ outreach and capacity to make a difference in crisis-affected areas.
Applying machine translation and post-editing is not exclusive to the world of translation agencies. Their use reaches far beyond just the commercial aspect of language services provision. Without them, it would be considerably harder to overcome language barriers in situations of crises, where an efficient flow of communication is absolutely key.
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<urn:uuid:227694e1-4913-4240-8914-385f738d8fe0>
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https://www.translatemedia.com/machine-translation-email/use-of-machine-translation-in-humanitarian-crisis-situations/
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Tuesday, May 03, 2011
New Zealand's hit by tornado
A tornado affects a largest city of New Zealand's city on Tuesday, at least one person was killed and 20 injured, a hospital official said. The swirling dark air and cloud cut a 3-mile path across the Auckland suburb of Albany at mid afternoon, flattening trees and tossing vehicles around. There are probably six or seven seriously damaged cars, and some of them saw cars flying off the ground about 30 meters in the air.
The tornado first touched down in Albany and then passed through neighboring Birkenhead. Most of the serious damage was in Albany, where a shopping mall, a large hardware store and a supermarket were hit. Radio New Zealand reported that the roof of the Mega Center mall in Albany collapsed. Tornadoes are not uncommon in New Zealand, particularly on the country's North Island, where Auckland lies. But they tend to be smaller than those seen in the U.S. Midwest. Auckland generally gets one or two tornadoes a year, according to New Zealand's Ministry of Civil Defense and Emergency Management. New Zealand has been hit by several disasters in recent months, including a Feb. 22 earthquake that devastated the South Island city of Christchurch and killed at least 169 people.
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http://abobora-oca.blogspot.com/2011/05/new-zealands-hit-by-tornado.html?widgetType=BlogArchive&widgetId=BlogArchive1&action=toggle&dir=open&toggle=MONTHLY-1188630000000&toggleopen=MONTHLY-1304233200000
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Poodle dog Poodle dog
Poodle dog
Poodle dog
Poodle dog
Poodle Temperament
The Miniature Poodle is a high energy, intelligent, and compliant breed. It has been and remains one of the most popular breeds of dog. The Miniature Poodle can be sensitive. It is a breed that commits to its owner and can be timid around people it does not know. The Miniature Poodle had a tendency to be well-behaved with children, other pets, and other dogs. It can have a propensity to bark. The Standard Poodle is a highly intelligent and well-mannered dog. It is often playful, yet inquisitive. When outside, the Standard Poodle enjoys the opportunity to run, swim, and retrieve. This breed is good with children, other pets, and other dogs, but can be more reserved with people it does not know.
Poodle Upkeep
The Poodle requires a significant amount of socialization with people. This breed also needs exercise physically and mentally. The physical exercise requirements can be satisfied with short play sessions or games in conjunction with a daily walk. The exercise needs of the Standard Poodle may be more demanding. The Poodle cannot survive in an outdoor environment and should live indoors. The maintenance of the coat can require daily brushing depending on the length of the coat. The hair of the breed collects in the hair surrounding it when it is shed, thereby creating the potential for matting. Pet clips can help to maintain this coat and can be performed every four to six weeks.
Poodle Health
There are several major health concerns for the Poodle, which include PRA (progressive retinal atrophy), Legg-Perthes, patellar luxation, and epilepsy. Some of the minor health concerns for this breed include trichiasis, entropion, lacrimal duct atresia, cataracts, glaucoma, and distichiasis. On occasion, urinary stones and intervertebral disk degeneration is seen in the Poodle. To keep this breed healthy, regular testing of the eye, knee, hip, and DNA is suggested. The average life span of the Poodle is 13 to 15 years.
Poodle History
It is believed that the Poodle has its origins and ancestors in central Asia, but many people associate the breed with France. The initial manifestation of this breed is thought to be the Barbet, which was found in France, Russia, and Hungary. The German version of the Barbet is thought to have the most influence on today’s Poodle with the word Poodle having roots to the German word pfudel. The French version was known as the caniche or chien canard. Many of the definitions of these words were related to the water and hunting abilities of the breed. The Poodle had many useful functions including being a guard dog, a wagon puller, a circus performer, and a military dog. The traditional puffs of hair of the Poodle have been thought to be for protection while hunting, but other verification exists detailing how it was decoration for performing. Eventually the Poodle became a fashion item for women and made its way to the likes of French aristocrats. The breed even gained notoriety as the national dog of France. Towards the end of the 1800s, the Poodle became a show dog. The hair of the Poodles that were originally shown was often left matted as opposed to brushed out. This trend eventually phased out and at the beginning of the 1900s, the brushed out style became the popular trend. The Poodle’s popularity was diminishing in America during this time and by the 1920s, but quickly made a comeback to become the most popular dog in America by the 1930s.
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http://bib.ge/dogs/open.php?id=137&ph=3
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Research shows that listening to soothing music can lower blood pressure, heart rate, and anxiety. “Create a playlist of songs or nature sounds (the ocean, a bubbling brook, birds chirping), and allow your mind to focus on the different melodies, instruments, or singers in the piece,” Benninger says. You also can blow off steam by rocking out to more upbeat tunes -- or singing at the top of your lungs!
Stress is a significant individual and public health problem that is associated with numerous physical and mental health concerns. It is estimated that between 75% and 90% of primary care physician visits are caused by stress-related illnesses (2). Cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, depression, anxiety, immune system suppression, headaches, back and neck pain, and sleep problems are some of the health problems associated with stress (4,8). These conditions are some of the most burdensome health problems in the United States based on health care costs, the number of people affected, and the impact on individual lives. Extreme levels of stress were reported by 22% of respondents from the 2011 Stress in America™ survey, and 39% reported that their level of stress had increased during the past year (3). More than 80% of the survey respondents at the WorldatWork Conference in 2012 reported that stress moderately or significantly contributed to their health care costs (6).
Building on guided imagery, you can also imagine yourself achieving goals like becoming healthier and more relaxed, doing well at tasks, and handling conflict in better ways. Also, visualizing yourself doing well on tasks you’re trying to master actually functions like physical practice, so you can improve your performance through visualizations as well.
Fortunately, the recommendations for exercise in the role of stress management fit with the current health recommendations (12). The proposed physiological adaptations thought to improve the way the body handles stress and recovers from stress can occur with a regular moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise program (12,13,16), such as the recommendations of 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise per week. If an individual is using exercise as a time-out from stressors, shorter duration activity can serve the purpose, especially when lack of time or fatigue is a concern. Consider an individual who reports significant work-related stress. Breaking the exercise into two 10- to 15-minute sessions, one before work and one at lunch time when possible, can help combat stress throughout the day. Although there is not a lot of research with resistance exercise and stress management, resistance exercise can be used to provide a time-out from one’s stressors. Because resistance training produces different exercise adaptations compared with aerobic exercise, it might not affect the way the body physiologically reacts to stress as aerobic exercise does. However, the acute effect of a time-out to reduce stress can be beneficial. In addition, clients can receive the numerous health benefits associated with resistance training. The resistance exercise prescription for general health benefits of 2 to 3 days of exercise to target all of the major muscle groups performed at a moderate intensity of 8 to 12 repetitions can be recommended.
A 2008 study at Hofstra University played two different binaural beats and a control sound (a babbling brook) to patients with high blood pressure. There was no difference between the groups. In one small study from Japan that was published in the Journal of Neurophysiology in 2006, they played various binaural beats to nine subjects, and observed the resulting EEGs. They found great variability in the results. Their conclusion was that listening to binaural beats can produce activity on the human cerebral cortex, however the cause was more likely a conscious auditory reaction and was not correlated to the frequency of the binaural beat. However, a 2005 study published in Clinical Neurophysiology found that they were able to induce a desired frequency in the EEG matching the phantom beat frequency encoded in a binaural beat, however this was with a single subject and was neither blinded nor controlled.
With its focus on full, cleansing breaths, deep breathing is a simple yet powerful relaxation technique. It’s easy to learn, can be practiced almost anywhere, and provides a quick way to get your stress levels in check. Deep breathing is the cornerstone of many other relaxation practices, too, and can be combined with other relaxing elements such as aromatherapy and music. While apps and audio downloads can guide you through the process, all you really need is a few minutes and a place to stretch out.
Some people deny there is any such thing as “spiritual”. Atheists, secular humanists, etc., do not as a rule accept the concept of the existence of things “spiritual.” For them the benefits of meditation are largely physical and/or emotional in nature. It is not my intention to dispute or attempt to change their views here. What I can say is that they are free to skip over any mention of things spiritual and focus on the physical/emotional aspects. Meditation is a broad enough discipline to encompass all these areas of our existence.
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http://brainwaveentrainmentgurus1a.com/binaural-beats-high-brainwave-meditation-mp3.html
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Titanic vs. Lusitania: How People Behave in a Disaster
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Time & Life Pictures / Getty
An illustration of the Titanic as it sank in the Atlantic Ocean
To study those differences, the authors of the PNAS paper — Bruno Frey of the University of Zurich and David Savage and Benno Torgler of Queensland University — combed through Titanic and Lusitania data to gather the age, gender and ticket class for every passenger aboard, as well as the number of family members traveling with them. They also noted who survived and who didn't.
With this information in hand, they separated out one key group: all third-class passengers age 35 or older who were traveling with no children. The researchers figured that these were the people who faced the greatest likelihood of death because they were old enough, unfit enough and deep enough below the decks to have a hard time making it to a lifeboat. What's more, traveling without children may have made them slightly less motivated to struggle for survival and made other people less likely to let them pass. This demographic slice then became the so-called reference group, and the survival rates of all the other passenger groups were compared to theirs.
There were a lot of factors behind these two distinct survival profiles — the most significant being time. Most shipwrecks are comparatively slow-motion disasters, but there are varying degrees of slow. The Lusitania slipped below the waves a scant 18 min. after the German torpedo hit it. The Titanic stayed afloat for 2 hr. 40 min. — and human behavior differed accordingly. On the Lusitania, the authors of the new paper wrote, "the short-run flight impulse dominated behavior. On the slowly sinking Titanic, there was time for socially determined behavioral patterns to reemerge."
That theory fits perfectly with the survival data, as all of the Lusitania's passengers were more likely to engage in what's known as selfish rationality — a behavior that's every bit as me-centered as it sounds and that provides an edge to strong, younger males in particular. On the Titanic, the rules concerning gender, class and the gentle treatment of children — in other words, good manners — had a chance to assert themselves.
Precisely how long it takes before decorum reappears is impossible to say, but simple biology would put it somewhere between the 18-min. and 2-hr. 40-min. windows that the two ships were accorded. "Biologically, fight-or-flight behavior has two distinct stages," the researchers wrote. "The short-term response [is] a surge in adrenaline production. This response is limited to a few minutes, because adrenaline degrades rapidly. Only after returning to homeostasis do the higher-order brain functions of the neocortex begin to override instinctual responses."
Once that happened aboard the Titanic, there were officers present to restore a relative sense of order and to disseminate information about what had just happened and what needed to be done next. Contemporary evacuation experts know that rapid communication of accurate information is critical in such emergencies.
Other variables beyond the question of time played important roles too. The Lusitania's passengers may have been more prone to stampede than those aboard the Titanic because they were traveling in wartime and were aware that they could come under attack at any moment. The very nature of the attack that sank the Lusitania — the sudden concussion of a torpedo, compared to the slow grinding of an iceberg — would also be likelier to spark panic. Finally, there was the simple fact that everyone aboard the Lusitania was aware of what had happened to the Titanic just three years earlier and thus disabused of the idea that there was any such thing as a ship that was too grand to sink — their own included.
The fact that the two vessels did sink is an unalterable fact of history, and while ship design and safety protocols have changed, the powder-keg nature of human behavior is the same as it ever was. The more scientists learn about how it played out in disasters of the past, the more they can help us minimize loss in the future.
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<urn:uuid:40b29828-bc62-4b99-9769-6dff2cb1862d>
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http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1969142,00.html
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From WikiFur, the furry encyclopedia.
Jump to: navigation, search
This page is about anatomy. For a member of the fandom, see Furry.
Synthetic fur, as used in a fursuit
Fur, also known as the pelt or pelage, refers to the hair of non-human mammals.
The pelt is commonly made up of more than one type of hair. Some of the most prominent types of hair that make up the pelage include guard hairs (such as the defensive spines of porcupines), and bristles (which make up the mane of lions). The pelage is significant in several respects: as insulation; as a guard against injury; and, in its coloration and pattern, as a species adornment for mutual recognition among species members, concealment from enemies, or, in the case of many males, as a sexual allurement to promote courtship and mating
Fur usually consists of two main layers:
• Ground hair or underfur — the bottom layer consisting of wool hairs which tend to be shorter, flattened, curly and denser than the top layer.
• Guard hair — the top layer consisting of longer straight shafts of hair that stick out through the underfur. This is usually the visible layer for most mammals and contains most of the pigmentation.
Fur and furry[edit]
In the furry fandom, the term fur can be used in several different ways. It can refer to a member of the fandom (e.g., I'm meeting some furs for dinner). It can allude to a furry character in a story or movie (e.g., Plonq often has disagreements with the other furs in his office.). The term can also be used to describe a person's fursona (e.g., Brightwings likes hanging out with other furs).
Fur correctly refers to real fur, but is also commonly used to refer to artificial substitutes, used for fursuits and plushies.
Many furry fans[who?] are opponents of the use of real fur, both in and outside of furry fandom. However, in the video entitled "Furries Of Anthrocon: Beneath The Fursuit" posted by NBC News on youtube, reporter Amna Nawaz discovers that actual authentic fur is still used in making clip-on tails for the fandom and is still for sale.
[citation needed]
Real fur is frowned upon at all furry conventions, in the same sense that leaping in front of speeding locomotives is frowned upon at comic book conventions.
Samuel Conway, in response to a letter sent by PETA to Anthrocon, Inc., Dear Furries, Please Don't Wear Real Fur. Love, PETA
Colors and pattern[edit]
Most furries model their fursonas after real life animals, giving natural colored colors and patterns. Others like to be more individual or unique and include colors or patterns not found in nature.
A pattern can be stripes, spots, bars, bands, rings, or other similar feature of a lighter or darker hue than the base color.
The base color can range anywhere within the rainbow, though mammals typically have more earth-tone colors (brown, blond, black, grey).
A common feature of fur coats in wild animals is countershading - having the underside a lighter color than the upperside. This is a form of camouflage which offsets the shading effects caused by sunlight shining from above; it effectively makes their overall colour more flat. This is possibly why many mammals have white or light fur on their chest and belly.
See also[edit]
view · talk · edit
Limb styles
Body parts
view · talk · edit
Fursuiting topics
Construction and components
Fursuit Markus Hug.JPG
Websites and databases
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http://en.wikifur.com/wiki/Fur
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A lot of people believe that language skills make a good writer. However, that is far from true. A good writer needs to be curious and observant, but above all, empathetic. He/she should have a rational flow of thoughts, attention to detail, and in the end, he/she should be able to put all of it down on paper.
It is because of the above traits that we barely do any writing in The Young Writer/Journalist workshops. Our workshops are just meant to raise curiosity, trigger emotions, get them to experience something different, and then look at grammar and spellings. Not too much to our surprise, the last part has rarely been a problem, considering the demography our workshop kids belong to. However, our emphasis is on the first few parts.
I have found, that as parents, we have succeeded in giving our children the ‘good life’, a life of abundance, privileges, and even knowledge. Our kids are aware of their surroundings, but have only heard of the less privileged, never really seen them. Which is why, our first workshop used the background of the Evolution of the Earth, to teach children how lucky we are, to even exist, let alone thrive. They then created comic strips on ‘Saving the Planet’. In the second class, they created this poem, lending one line each. For the future workshops, we plan to introduce the children to children with disability, with those less privileged, to grow into empathetic citizens and build an inclusive society.
Many people call up asking, their children cannot build sentences together, yet can they join? Of course, they can! Because clearly, when their thoughts are clear, the language will flow naturally. In fact, fixing the language is the easiest piece in the puzzle. Many say that they are keen on the workshops, but their kids are not fond of writing. Our workshops are called writing/ journalism workshops, but they involve more of cognitive thinking across domains like sports, space, technology, culture, history, etc. Our endeavor is toward building conscientious citizens who use their communication skills to make the world a better place, is the tougher part.
At The Young Chronicle, it is this part, of raising our children as aware citizens of the future, that we as a team of mothers, is trying to work on.
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http://gurgaonmoms.com/what-makes-a-good-writer/
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Lindfield et al. 2014
scientific article | Methods Ecol Evol
Lindfield SJ, Harvey ES, McIlwain JL, Halford AR
1. Underwater visual census (UVC) using SCUBA is a commonly used method for assessing reef fish communities. Evidence suggests, however, that fish avoid divers due to the sound of bubbles produced by open-circuit SCUBA, and avoidance behaviour is more pronounced as fishing pressure increases. Despite the potential for producing biased counts and conclusions, these behavioural effects have rarely been quantified, especially when assessing the effectiveness of marine protected areas (MPAs). 2. To test the magnitude of avoidance behaviour, we surveyed fish populations inside and outside two MPAs in Guam, using two diving systems: standard open-circuit (OC) SCUBA and a closed-circuit rebreather (CCR) that produces no bubbles. Data were collected using a diver-operated stereo-video system (stereo-DOV), which provided counts of relative abundance, measures of fish length and the minimum approach distance of the diver to a fish. 3. Inside MPAs, fish surveys conducted with CCR recorded similar community metrics to fish surveys conducted with conventional OC SCUBA. In contrast, outside the MPAs, the bubble-free diving system recorded 48% more species and up to 260% greater fish abundance. These differences reflected the ability of a diver wearing the silent CCR unit to sample the larger, most heavily targeted species that are shy of divers in fi shed areas. This difference was also large enough to change some results from ‘reject’ to ‘accept’ the null hypothesis of ‘no significant differences exist between fished and protected areas’. 4. The use of CCR for fish surveys clearly minimizes behavioural biases associated with fish avoiding open-circuit SCUBA divers. We recommend the use of this bubble-free diving system for surveys assessing reef fish populations, especially in areas where fish are heavily targeted by spearfishing. If fish behaviour is not accounted for, surveys using SCUBA could result in erroneous conclusions when comparing fished and protected areas. While the behaviour of fish towards divers is rarely mentioned in conclusions from studies using UVC, it is an important source of bias that should be acknowledged and minimized where possible.
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Dr. Paul LaViolette spent one full week in September 2014 investigating Bosnian Pyramid complex. This distinguished scientist, who cares about scientific argument and not "reputation" has concluded: "Bosnian Pyramids are one of the biggest discovery in archaeology ever!"
PAUL A. LaVIOLETTE, PH.D, is author of Secrets of Antigravity Propulsion, Subquantum Kinetics, Earth Under Fire, Genesis of the Cosmos, Decoding the Message of the Pulsars, Galactic Superwaves and their Impact on the Earth, and is editor of A Systems View of Man. He has also published many original papers in physics, astronomy, climatology, systems theory, ancient technology and psychology.
Below are a few facts about the pyramid.
3) This pyramid complex is the oldest known made made structure in the world. A radiocarbon date on organic material under one of its cement slabs indicates an age of around 33,640 calendar years before present (~29,200 C-14 years BP); see photo below. Varved chronology records require that a correction of ~4400 years be added to the radiocarbon date to compensate for C-14 reservoir changes.) Other radiocarbon dates back up its antiquity. This places the pyramid’s construction in the middle of the ice age, about 8000 years after the extinction of Neanderthal man which had occurred about 40,000 C-14 years ago, or about 42,000 calendar years ago. Another radiocarbon date was secured on organic material found above a cement layer and beneath the overlying clay deposit covering the pyramid. This indicated a later burial date of 24,800 C-14 years, equivalent to 28,600 calendar years, which supports the earlier date for the pyramid itself.
4) The main structure of the pyramid is constructed of a cement made from a gravel conglomerate that was mined from a flood conglomerate layer that underlies the pyramid and adjacent area. Evidence of this excavation is the existence of a vast network of many kilometers of tunnels present in the region surrounding the pyramid. The cement has been laboratory tested and been determined to be of artificial origin, not natural origin. Tests have shown that it has a hardness and resistance to water penetration equal to the best cements achieved in this 21st century. Analysis showed that its fabricators made their cement by mixing their mined conglomerate rock material with a special binder made of roasted lime and clay. The cement was cast to form large slabs that were separated from one another by clay layers for greater structural stability. Also the builders used an slab interleaving technique that also improves structural stability.
No one knows how the beam is generated. But it is highly unlikely to be of natural origin since most Hertzian energy sources would be expected to radiate in all directions like a radio station, not be confined to a beam. Beam emission is found in lasers but such beams are monochromatic (single discrete frequency) and this is not. Moreover no laser is known to lase at such a low frequency. Another possibility is that it might be a phase conjugate beam similar to technologies developed by the military for use in microwave beam weaponry and aerospace propulsion (e.g., Project Skyvault). But then again, this implies the existence of highly advanced technology, perhaps more advanced than what 21st century science has achieved. A 28 kiloHertz Hertzian antenna would need to have a length of at least 2.7 kilometers! This is far larger than the beam itself, which leads one to conclude that the beam is not generated by a Hertzian transmitter. This EM beam is also found to be accompanied by an ultrasonic signal beam of similar frequency, one also present at low intensity in the tunnel labyrinth system adjacent to the pyramid.
The anomalous character of the beam is strengthened by the observation that its signal intensity is found to increase with increasing distance above the vertex of the pyramid. The beam has been detected as high as 30 meters above the pyramid using a drone, and airplane flights are planned to see if the beam can be detected at even higher altitudes. As one possibility, one might imagine that the beam may have a source above the pyramid (i.e., in space). But this would require the presence of a geostationary satellite which if present should be known to most superpower defense departments which raises questions as to who would have placed such a probe aimed down at this particular pyramid and why the military allows its homing signal to be broadcast. Another possibility that has been suggested is that the source of the beam is located perhaps hundreds of meters beneath the center of the pyramid, which would imply that it must have a 10 kilowatt power source associated with it. One that has continued to function for 34,000 years? The thought begins to give one the chills. A high tech fuel-less generator that has been functioning for over 30,000 years if it were encapsulated at the time of the pyramid’s construction? The other thing is that Hertzian signals even collumnated into a beam always decrease with increasing distance from their transmitter. Here we have instead a signal that would increase in intensity with increasing distance from its transmitter (i.e., with height above the pyramid). Such behavior is possible with some phase conjugate beam technologies, but then we must consider the presence of a very advanced technical knowledge dating back to ice age times. This does not come as that much of a surprise to me based on what I have discovered to be encoded in ancient star lore and creation myths; see my books Genesis of the Cosmosor Earth Under Fire.
This of course pushes one’s credibility to the limits. It reminds us of the book and movie2001: A Space Odyssey in which a monolith is unearthed on the moon its presence having been detected by a signal it was periodically broadcasting. But the presence of this signal at the top of the pyramid is undeniable. It has been measured by scientists from a number of universities. Admitting to its existence and the possibility that the pyramid is associated with technology as advanced, or more advanced than our own is probably more than most mainstream archaeologists would be willing or able to handle. They would likely block out the whole matter from consideration, no matter what supporting proof was presented for the pyramid’s authenticity. Because, to admit its existence would mean they must step into what they consider to be “woo woo land”. Show them evidence that there was organized human civilization building pyramid structures during the mid Ice Age period and they become suspicious. Show them evidence that this civilization may have been technically highly advanced and they become very angry. More than anything, the denial by mainstream archeologists reflects on their own psychological limitations when confronted with the unknown.
7) There have been a very large number of ancient prehistoric artifacts, some even inscribed with runic-like symbols, that have been retrieved from the underground tunnel labyrinth excavated near the Pyramid of the Sun at Ravne. These, which date from the time of the tunnel construction and before its neolithic date of being sealed off, testify to the authenticity of the Visoko site as being of manmade origin. They are exhibited in the museum and archaeological repository of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation. I had a chance to view some of them and they are very impressive. A few are shown in the photos below. One particular piece, which is very astounding, is a piece of ceramic that contains what appears to be a rusted ferrous bar (third photo below). Future analysis will confirm if this is the case. If so, it will push the iron age back to the mid ice age period, with the tantalizing possibility that these pyramid builders were employing metallic machinery in the excavation of the tunnels and in construction of the pyramids. This again would challenge the limits of credibility of the standard archeologist.
8) I believe that the purpose of paleolithic construction of the tunnel labarynth was to create an underground refuge space where people of those days could take shelter against episodes of elevated superwave cosmic rays as well as from solar flare conflagration disasters. I have shown that a number of such cosmic ray disasters recurrently plagued the Earth during the last ice age. This is substantiated not only by the extensive astronomical and geological evidence outlined in my writings (e.g. in Earth Under Fire), but also in the many legends of the burning of the Earth by the Sun that have been handed down from the past in cultures all over the world. The largest such event to occur immediately prior to the time of the excavation of the Bosnian tunnels and pyramid construction was that which transpired during the 6000 year long hazardous period extending from 44,000 to 38,000 calendar years BP. During this period there occurred the largest Galactic cosmic ray flux event of the last 50,000 years, a tremendous build up of radiocarbon in the Earth’s carbon reservoir due to elevated solar flare activity, and a 400 year-long solar flare induced geomagnetic reversal. During this period Neanderthal man became extinct and particularly in Australia about 90% of Australia’s ice age animals became extinct, including all marsupials exceeding 100 kg, and 22 out of 38 species in the 10 to 100 kg range. Also three large reptiles and three large flightless birds became extinct there. If knowledge of such a horrible event were handed down to the pyramid builders, it is understandable why they would have gone to such extremes to excavate tunnels. Cosmic ray radiation within the tunnels has been measured to be far lower inside the tunnels than outside. So they would have offered a haven of safety.
Some tunnels extend several kilometers underground and these have branch tunnels splitting off every 20 meters or so. Also every so often along their length they widen into a room. One such chamber has a ceiling height of 4 meters and serves as a hub from which eight tunnel passages lead outward. Considering the extensiveness of the tunnel complex, with its many kilometers of branching tunnels as well as many room-like chambers, I estimate that this subterranean labyrinth could have held as many as a million people.
11) The purpose of the stones is not fully understood. Some theories suggest that they somehow interact with the energized environment to enhance healing effects reportedly occurring within the tunnels. People sitting around these stones and meditating or chanting have reported spiritual experiences. There is also the mystery of the luminous orbs that appear in some camera shots and are seen moving around in some videos taken within the tunnels. They call to mind the dandelion-seed-like spirit entities portrayed in the movieAvatar. In my group there were a number of people I met who showed me digital images they had just take which showed the orbs. Normally these were not visible to the naked eye, not because of their size (because they appear quite large in these shots), but rather because they luminesce at wavelengths outside of the visible, but within the camera’s spectral range. I guess they may be emitting in the ultraviolet. Some appeared in the very first picture I took upon entering the Ravne tunnels, but in no others. This was the shot shown above in which Dr. Osmanagich is leading the way. I have magnified a portion of this to show the orbs captured in the shot.
To fully appreciate the phenomenon, the orbs must be seen in videos such as these which are uploaded to the net:
Also here is an interview of people who witnessed them:
12) The tunnels which are found 5 to 25 meters underground were meticulously filled in with gravel and closed off by some civilization that resided in that region some time during the present interglacial. This sealing off is believed to have occurred around 3000 to 5000 years ago. It is a mystery why they were motivated to close off the tunnels. For, to do the job that was done would have involved an enormous amount of labor, hundreds of man-years of work. For these tunnels extend for several kilometers and have branch tunnels splitting off every 20 meters or so. The entrances to the branch passages are consistently blocked with a “dry wall” made of carefully placed large stones without use of mortar.
Ground radar indicates that the tunnel system being excavated will ultimately connect with chambers below the pyramid. So he still feels that within a few more years excavation efforts they will be able to penetrate the interior of the pyramid structure. There is an enthusiasm there that really infects one. People of many diverse backgrounds come together there from all parts of the world: rebel geologists, amateur and professional archaeologists, physicists, geologists, dowsers, mystics, medea crews, pyramid explorers, and people from many other walks of life. Maybe you will be next to go.
Last modified on Monday, 22 September 2014 11:09
Video clip from Visit to Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids 2014
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http://piramidasunca.ba/eng/latest-news/item/9519-dr-paul-laviolette-phd-bosnian-pyramid-complex-signs-of-technically-advanced-ice-age-civilization.html
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Grand Challenges
Grand Challenges are broad conceptual issues that span disciplines, colleges, and units, and are intended to help focus thought and analysis around central themes. The Grand Challenges help Mercer students think about significant questions such as the following:
What makes us good? What is our obligation to the common good? How can we examine what we know? What is the value of research? Why do the student learning outcomes in the pyramid matter? What is my niche in helping humanity?
Three Grand Challenge topics were chosen for the Mercer QEP, and the following rotation schedule will be implemented.
Social Responsibility
Academic year 2015-2016 and 2018-2019
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Why Grand Challenges?
This concept is prevalent in national engineering education and has been adopted by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation's Grand Challenges in Global Health Initiative and by the White House in its 21st Century Grand Challenges, an element in the President's Strategy for American Innovation. According to the National Academy of Engineering, "Grand Challenges are a call to action and serve as a focal point for society's attention to opportunities and challenges affecting our quality of life." Mercer uses Grand Challenges as a thematic focus that unifies Research that Reaches Out across colleges and schools, providing connecting points for curricular and co-curricular activities.
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http://qep.mercer.edu/grandchallenges/
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Cambodia’s Killing Fields
KF 6.jpg
Bracelets left behind in remembrance at the site of mass grave containing the bodies of 450 victims.
Between 1975 and 1979, nearly 2 million Cambodians (and some foreigners) were murdered in the genocide perpetrated by Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge regime. The basic idea was an ethnic cleansing in pursuit of a pure race and utopian society. The result was pretty much as far from utopia as you can possibly get.
People were forced from their homes overnight. They were sent to labor camps and prisons. They were tortured and they were murdered. Whole families were wiped out, from infants to the elderly (the Khmer Rouge wanted to minimize the risk of family members later seeking retribution for their relatives’ deaths).
It can be difficult to comprehend what life must have been like for those living in Cambodia during these darkest of days. To get some idea, you can visit the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum and the Killing Fields in Phnom Penh. Both include very well-produced audio guides to explain, as much as it can be explained, what happened.
Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum
Tuol Sleng, also known as S-21, was a previously a school that was taken over by the Khmer Rouge and turned into a torture prison. Approximately 14,000 people were held here during Pol Pot’s reign; only seven survived.
The Khmer Rouge kept detailed records of each prisoner, including photographs and details about punishments each endured (as well as the ‘crimes’ they confessed to during this abuse). Many of these photographs are on display at the museum.
In one building, the Khmer Rouge cut doors into the walls of the classrooms, creating a long corridor that could be patrolled by a single guard. Within each room, crude cells were built from bricks, giving each prisoner only a few feet of space.
Another building houses the interrogation rooms, which include the beds prisoners were shackled to as they were tortured.
Following the fall of Pol Pot’s regime in 1979, S-21 was discovered by two photojournalists who followed the smell of rotting flesh to find the last 12 prisoners who were killed as the prison guards escaped. They were still chained to the interrogation beds, having been bludgeoned and stabbed to death so as not to leave behind any witnesses.
The Killing Fields
Although there are killing fields all over Cambodia, the most famous one is near Phnom Penh. This was the last stop for prisoners held at S-21, who arrived simply to be killed.
Only a few buildings ever existed here, including a detention center where prisoners could be held overnight if there wasn’t enough time to kill them all immediately upon arrival, an executioner’s office, and a weapons storage area. None of these buildings remain, having been dismantled by villagers in the years after the genocide.
The site is now primarily a path and boardwalk through the area with the important areas denoted with brief signs. By far the most comprehensive explanation comes from the audio guide. In the center of the field stands a Memorial Stupa, housing the skeletal remains of thousands of victims.
Perhaps the most difficult part of the entire tour is the killing tree, against which infants were bashed to death (or close enough) before being tossed into a mass grave with their mothers.
Nearby is another tree. This one held loudspeakers that blasted music meant to drown out the sounds of the people being bludgeoned and hacked to death. The Khmer Rouge didn’t want to tip off the neighbors as to what was really going on in those fields. This was truly a horror movie being played out in real life, soundtrack and all.
It’s Worth It
It takes at least a half day to see both sites (assuming you listen to the whole audio guide), but could take longer depending on how much you want to explore on your own or visit the traveling exhibits (when I was there, one of these exhibits was about the women and men who were forced into marriage during the Khmer Rouge era and how they feel about it now). You aren’t going to leave in a particularly cheery mood, but you will learn something.
Location: Both sites are outside of Phnom Penh (or at least the part of town I was in) and about 30-40 minutes apart. You will book your driver for the full tour, so he will wait for you as you visit each location, rather than requiring you to find a new driver for each step.
How to Get There: All hostels/hotels can arrange a tuk-tuk driver for you, or you could arrange one yourself.
Cost: My hostel advertised $18 tuk-tuks for the day, which could be split by up to 4 people. Each location has a $6 entry fee (including $3 for the audio guide, which I highly recommend).
Reminder: Hold onto your bags and phones at all times. Thieves will snatch them right out of our your hand or out of your lap. Even when you’re in a tuk-tuk, they will drive up beside you, grab your stuff, and disappear. I can say from experience that this is definitely not cool.
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Tag: medical conditions
Thrombosis Disease
A blood clot that develops in blood vessels can be termed as thrombosis. When the arteries or veins get blocked, then this results in the creation of a blood clot in that area. The blood clot stops or obstructs the flow of blood to the veins and arteries. Blood clots are of different types, and each type can have a different sign or symptom of its appearance.
However, symptoms are very less, and hardly any chances are there of their appearance. This is the reason why it gets the consideration of being a silent condition. It becomes important for a person to be aware of the possible risk factors and symptoms that might take place due to blood clots.
Certain things are there that can help a person from getting into severe conditions due to a blood clot. These things might be there in the prescriptions given a healthcare professional.
Once these blood clots been detected make sure that it gets a proper diagnosis or treatment. It can be treated once it is detected. First and foremost approach should be to the treatment or diagnosis for thrombosis. Following are the things that can prevent from this condition : Continue reading “Thrombosis Disease”
Thrombosis Disease
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A blood clot that develops in blood vessels can be termed as thrombosis, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. It is very important to get thrombosis treatment and diagnosis for blood clot, once a person detects any thrombosis disease or symptoms.
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light values and exposure metering
Digital exposure using the histogram method
• most digital cameras display RGB histograms after the photo has been taken - that is a graphical display of how much of the image is recorded at each brightness level for each of the 3 digital color channels Red, Green & Blue.
• the main exposure problem in digital cameras is the loss of detail in over-exposed regions which cannot be retrieved by later processing (although if you shoot in RAW mode, some of it can be retrieved).
• thus, most digital photographers prefer to check the histograms to ensure none of the main image peak goes past the right side of the histogram in any of the 3 channels - although, inevitably with high contrast situations where there are 2 peaks, the right peak for very bright sky, reflections or the light source itself, will usually be to the right of the limit of the histogram and is thus ignored, while the right edge of the left peak representing your subject does not reach the right limit.
light values:
• light values is a way of estimating or determining the amount of light ambient on a scene which then enables one to predict what combination of aperture, shutter speed and ISO one will need for a given scene by using the S+L=A+T exposure system.
• why bother?
• let's say you want to take photos of paintings in the Louvre and you have only the one day in your life to do it.
• given that flash photography will be practically useless, and tripods not feasible, one will generally need to rely on hand-held photography, so will your camera/lens combination cut it in taking sharp photos without camera shake?
• you could just buy the most expensive camera and hope it will do, but the alternative is if you know the light value that you are likely to be working with (which I give below), then you can determine your requirements more accurately.
• given my calculations for paintings in the Louvre of -1 to +2 light value, this will mean that you can use ISO 200, f/2.8 and shutter speed will need to be 1/4 to 1/15th second which is too long hand held unless you have an image stabiliser or you use a higher ISO or wider aperture. Thus most consumer cameras would not be adequate to get good results with low noise.
• this same principle can be applied to a multitude of situations such as a sports event or model photography using ambient light from the sky.
• a professional photographer using a Canon 1D Mark III with a Canon EF 70-200mm f/2.8 L IS lens at 200mm:
• can usually get away with using f/2.8 at 1/50th sec handheld with IS on (ie. A+T = 3+6 = 9) and thus the light levels he can shoot hand held will be determined by the ISO he selects:
• ISO 100 ⇒ LV = 4 eg. sports ground with night lighting
• ISO 400 ⇒ LV = 2
• ISO 800 ⇒ LV = 1 eg. average living room lighting; heavy cloud,
• ISO 1600 ⇒ LV = zero
• ISO 3200 ⇒ LV = minus 1 eg. twilight
• ISO 6400 ⇒ LV = minus 2
• conversely, let's say he is shooting a sports ground under night lights with a LV of 4 and shooting at f/2.8, what is his fastest shutter speed to stop the action:
• ISO 800 ⇒ EV = 8+4 = 12 ⇒ T = 12-3 = 9 which equates to 1/500th sec
• ISO 1600 ⇒ EV = 9+4 = 13 ⇒ T = 13-3 = 10 which equates to 1/1000th sec
• ISO 3200 ⇒ EV = 10+4 = 14 ⇒ T = 14-3 = 11 which equates to 1/2000th sec
• ISO 6400 ⇒ EV = 11+4 = 15 ⇒ T = 15-3 = 12 which equates to 1/4000th sec
• a portrait photographer using a Canon 1D Mark III with a Canon EF 85mm f/1.2 at f/1.2 for its DOF:
• full sun at ISO 100: LV = 10, S = 5, A = 0.5 ⇒ T = 10+5-0.5 = 14.5 which equates to 1/20000th sec but as min. shutter is 1/8000th, this will be 1.5 stops over-exposed, thus need a ND or polariser filter but will not be able to use fill-in flash at that shutter speed.
• the difference of 1 for a light value equates to 1 f-stop difference.
• if you double the distance of a light source, this will result in the light reducing to 1/4 which equates to 2 f-stops less or 2LV less.
• camera manufacturers often give exposure range for their light metering, auto focus capability, etc in EV ranges, to determine exposure value (EV) from LV, just add 5 to LV assuming you are using ISO value of 100 for determining EV.
The S+L = A+T exposure system:
• An EV (exposure value) is equivalent to a combination of f/ratio, shutter speed at a given ISO value (usually 100ISO), with a value of 0 being 1 second at f/1.0., thus EV = S+L = A+T.
• The S+L=A+T exposure system uses this concept, but expands on it to create a value for each of the 4 variables of Speed (film speed), Light intensity, Aperture & Time (shutter speed) such that an integer difference in any of the values equates to 1 f stop difference, and the sum of S+L equals the sum of A+T which equals the EV at ISO 100:
• Speed: ISO film rating of 100 has a value of 5, each time you double the ISO value, you increase this value by 1, conversely, halving it drops the value by 1, thus ISO 1600 = 9. (S = log2 (0.3 x ISO))
• ISO 1600 = 9
• ISO 800 = 8
• ISO 400 = 7
• ISO 200 = 6
• ISO 100 = 5
• Light: bright sunlight = 10, for more see below (I use abbreviation LV for this) also LV = log2 (brightness in foot-Lamberts)
• see examples below
• Aperture: f/4 = 4, each f-stop change gives an integer change in the value, thus f/8 = 6 as it is 2 stops different to f/4. A = log2 (f-stop^2)
• f/16 = 8
• f/11 = 7
• f/8 = 6
• f/5.6 = 5
• f/4 = 4
• f/2.8 = 3
• f/2.0 = 2
• f/1.4 = 1
• Time: 1sec = 0, each time you halve the shutter speed, you decrease exposure by 1 f-stop, and you add an integer to the T value, so that 1/125th = 7 and 1/1000th = 10. T = log2 (1/exposure time in seconds).
• 1/1000th = 10
• 1/500th = 9
• 1/250th = 8
• 1/125th = 7
• 1/60th = 6
• 1/30th = 5
• 1/15th = 4
• 1/8th = 3
• 1/4 = 2
• 1/2 = 1
• 1sec = 0
• 2 secs = -1
• THUS, bright sunlight at ISO 100 = 5 + 10 = 15EV, and thus any combination of A & T that sum to 15 can be used such as f/5.6 and 1/1000th sec.
examples of light values:
• add 5 to the light value for EV at ISO 100
light value example ambient lighting scenes
10 bright sunlight
9 subjects backlit by sun with light background to give a silhouette (try 7-10LV); photos of the moon +/- 1stops;
7 outdoor shade (light from midday blue sky)
6 overcast sky (6.5LV ~1000lux; subjects backlit by sun with dark background (try 5.5-7LV) - may need a warming filter;
5 light from blue sky at sunset; crescent moon; ie. landscapes immediately after sunset;
4 sports ground night lighting (3.5-4 eg. ISO 3200, f/2.8, 1/1600th sec); indoor lighting (3-5); Paris' Dome Church ceiling in daylight; Church stained glass window in daylight; twilight 30-45min after sunset of mid-toned subject - bracket +/- 2 fstops; neon lights;
3 under a 300W reading lamp
2 office lighting, Westcott Ice Light 2 at 1m 1700lux
1 average living room lighting; heavy cloud, rain (0.6LV ~100lux); slit lamp for corneal flourescein;
0 the Louvre paintings (most are -1 to +2, eg. Mona Lisa 0.5, although some are very dimly lit at -2.5 to -2)
-1 night scenes of street lighting on buildings/streets (-2.5 to +0.5 eg. 1/15th sec ISO 2500 f/4); twilight (~10lux) St Peter's Basilica interior (1/15th sec ISO 400 f/2)
-2 light from a candle at 1 foot = 1 foot-candle; church cathedral interiors (eg. Notre Dame -3 to -1); fireworks;
-3 lightning +/- 2 stops;
-4 light from a candle at 2 feet = 0.25 foot-candle; distant view of city skyline lights;
-5 light from a candle at 1 meter = 1 lux = 1 meter-candle = 0.09 foot-candle; deep twilight;
-7 night scene lit by full moon overhead (~0.27lux); photo of bright stars (~0.0001lux for -1.4 magnitude)
-8 Milky Way
-11 photo of deep sky objects such as comet tails, nebulae (~0.0000001lux for 6th magnitude objects) - see astrophotography
Zone system for reflective light metering
A few more concepts:
Very brief duration light sources:
• the above S+L=A+T exposure system only applies to light sources that have a duration longer than the shutter speeds used.
• electronic flash units have a duration of 1/300th sec to 1/20,000th sec depending on the unit and output selected, thus the camera shutter speed selected only determines ambient lighting effect and does not affect the flash lighting which is dependent on aperture and ISO, hence the use of the guide number (GN) system for determining flash output.
• lightning also is very brief and its brightness is dependent on many factors including its intensity, distance and the amount of cloud or rain between the lightning and your camera. For lightning a few kilometres away, consider using f stop of f/5.6 to f/8 at ISO 50 and then set shutter speed according to desired ambient lighting effects needed (eg. for night streetscapes try 8-30 secs). A long shutter speed is usually needed to maximise the chance a lightning strike will occur during the exposure, unless you have a light-sensitive shutter trigger that takes the exposure immediately lightning occurs.
What is the true ISO?:
• transparency film photographers often set the transparent film ISO to be 1/3rd of a stop lower than stated to improve colour saturation and prevent highlights being blown out by its narrow dynamic range.
• B&W film photographers often shoot at a different ISO (eg. when they expose for the shadows) and use developing to modify the contrast range.
• digital cameras:
• most digital cameras ISO values are around 0.5EV lower than the stated value, although Olympus tends to be around 1EV lower than stated - this can be an issue if using external light meters.
• in general, it is best to exposure so that the histogram just reaches the far right and so highlights are not blown out.
• you have much more latitude in lowering the exposure value in RAW development than you have in increasing the exposure which tends to add noise to the shadows very rapidly BUT as long as you haven't blown the highlights as these areas will always remain white without any detail.
• if you capture using jpeg mode, you should aim for the exposure that looks best without any adjustment needed.
• if you capture using RAW mode you should aim for the exposure which will capture the greatest amount of useful capture information as you can always use contrast control to adjust the mid-tones later.
• shadow detail and highlight detail are extremely important in fine full-toned prints, to have black shadows with no details or blown out highlights makes the image look amateurish.
• illuminance onto a surface (E) = luminous flux / surface area, (unit is lumen per square meter = meter-candle) for a point source:
• E = (I/s^2)cos a
• where I = luminous intensity, s = distance from source, a = angle of source from the perpendicular of the surface
• hence, the intensity of sunlight is less in winter than summer as the angle from the zenith is greater, compounded by some atmospheric extinction as there is more atmosphere through which it must pass.
Reciprocity failure compensation for most films:
• 1/10th sec ⇒ + 0.5 stop
• 1 sec ⇒ + 1 stop
• 10 sec ⇒ + 1.5-2 stops
• 120 sec ⇒ + 2.5-3 stops
Dealing with high contrast scenes:
• digital sensors, like transparency film can only deal with 5-6 f-stops of dynamic range, thus for high contrast scenes such as landscapes when one wishes to show detail in the clouds/sky as well as in the scene shadows then one must resort to other means of obtaining it such as:
• use a higher dynamic range film such as B&W (expose for the shadows, adjust development for the highlight range needed) or color negative film
• use a higher dynamic range sensor such as medium format sensors (but these are very expensive) and save as HDR file.
• use a gradient filter on the lens - but this adds to lens flare and may not match the geometry of the highlight region
• use a polarising filter to darken the sky - but only if sky is approx. 90deg to the sun
• use infra-red filters to darken the sky - but this then creates an infra-red effect
• contrast mask blend a single image in Photoshop:
• use HDR techniques by taking 3-5 bracketed exposures 2-3 f-stops apart and blend images in Photoshop:
• may not be suitable if subject moves eg. human content
• painted mask technique - need to mask area by hand
• Gaussian blur layer mask technique - here is a snippet:
• Starting with having done the pasting of the dark image on the light one, add a Layer Mask. This is done by clicking on the second icon on the lower left of the Layers palette. You will now see a white rectangle next to the image on the Layer 1 layer.
• Click on the background layer (the lighter image) on the palette and the press CTRL-A to select the whole image. Press CTRL-C, copying it to the clipboard. Now hold down the ALT key (Option on the Mac) and click on the white mask rectangle on the Layer 1 palette.
• The whole image will now turn white. Next, press CTRL-V to paste the contents of the clipboard onto the white mask. You will now see a B&W mask image. With the B&W mask displayed go to Filter / Blur / Gaussian Blur and set the Radius to about 40 pixels. Click on the Background Layer and then flatten the layers.
• also Photoshop CS2 has a new dedicated HDR method
photo/light_values.txt · Last modified: 2018/01/28 05:21 by gary1
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10 Commonly Abused Opium Derivatives
Codeine is an alkaloid that is extracted from the opium produced from the poppy plant. Codeine is a painkiller that has sedative properties, and is used in prescription drugs, such as Vicodin, and cough syrups.
Morphine, like codeine, is an alkaloid that is extracted from opium, and is highly used in the medical field to help people manage their pain. Morphine is commonly administered in hospitals through an IV, to subside a person’s pain. However, morphine is also used to make heroin, which is an illegal narcotic drug.
According to the Center for Substance Abuse Research, the structure of oxycodone is similar to codeine, and is almost as potent as morphine. Oxycodone works on a person’s body through the central nervous system by altering the user’s sense of pain and their emotional response to pain.
Oxycodone is the most powerful prescription painkiller, and it is not time released, so when a person takes the drug, its onset is quick-acting and very powerful.
Many prescription painkillers are derivatives of the opium poppy.
OxyContin is one of the most commonly known prescription painkillers that people abuse and develop addictions to. OxyContin is the same as Oxycodone, except OxyContin is time released, which means it slowly is released into a person’s system when they take the pill. This prolongs the effects of the drug.
Percocet is another oxycodone based drug, except it is a mixture of oxycodone and Acetaminophen. Percocet is prescribed to help a person deal with moderate to severe pain, and is highly addictive when abused.
According to the Center for Substance Abuse Research, Heroin (diacetylmorphine) is highly addictive, and it is a heavily abused and extremely strong opiate. Heroin is processed from morphine, a naturally-occurring substance extracted from the opium poppy.
Heroin is man-made, and it is illegal. Heroin is commonly mixed with other chemicals to dilute the drug, and it is also commonly administered in a body through injection, which leads to the spread of fatal diseases such as Hepatitis C and HIV.
Hydrocodone derives from codeine and is often mixed with other painkilling drugs such as Ibuprofen or Acetaminophen. Hydrocodone is not as powerful as morphine based drugs, but it is still highly addictive and when abused can lead to dependency.
Vicodin is a mixture of hydrocodone and Acetaminophen. Hydrocodone, the main ingredient in Vicodin, is produced from codeine. Vicodin is the most commonly prescribed painkiller and will help a person deal with mild to moderate pain.
Percodan is a mixture of oxycodone and Ibuprofen. Percodan, just like Percocet or OxyContin is highly addictive and can cause dependency to occur. Percodan is prescribed to people to help them manage their mild to severe pain.
Methadone, when managed, is used to help people get through an opiate detox, but when it is abused it is addictive and dangerous. Methadone is a powerful and long-lasting opiate drug. Methadone has a slow onset, which makes the drug dangerous for people to abuse, since an overdose can easily occur.
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Thermal Index changes
Thermally cycling visible index of refraction (n) is not as easy as changing a thickness with temperature. The index of air is dependent on temperature as well. Since optical power is really dependent on the delta index of refraction, in some cases temperature changes in air need to be considered as well. For visible glasses where the index change with temperature (Dn/DT) is very small, the index change of air HAS to be includedl.
Air index of refraction as a function of temperature
Wavelength, λ, in µm
P is air pressure i Pascals
P0 is Normal pressure (0.101325*1e-6 Pascals)
T is temperature in C°
The Dnair/DT is about -1∙10-6 /C°. Ohara has a reference.
Relationship between relative and absolute index of refraction
Absolute index of refraction is used if your lens is in a vacuum
Relative index of refraction is used if your lens is in air
Schott, an optical glass manufacturer, reports both absolute and relative index of refraction.
Absolute index of refraction
The full nonlinear model of change in index of refraction with change in temperature is
This equation is used by Zemax to model the changes in index of refraction. Embedded in this equation is temperature changes to air's index of refraction.
Infrared index of refraction changes with temperature
The linear component of Dn/DT for infrared materials is usually an order of magnitude larger than visible glasses. Therefore
Dn/DT absolute ~ Dn/DT relative
In addition Dn/DT in the infrared is very difficult to measure and they have huge error bars! So a full nonlinear Dn/DT model is usually not used, but rather a single numeric value is used
=> Infrared materials model index changes with a single Value of Dn/DT instead of a bunch of coefficients.
Other visible glass manufactures:
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Monday, April 02, 2007
On the Theory of a Wednesday Crucifixion: 3. Interpretation
This is the third in a series on the theory of a Wednesday crucifixion. We've reviewed the relevant scriptures and some logical considerations. Here we come to the interpretation of the scriptures dealt with in the first part.
A. μετὰ τρεῖς ἡμέρας, "after three days."
Aside from the reference to the "sign of Jonah" in Matthew 12:40, there are only three scriptures that seem clearly to imply a literal three days in the tomb. These "after three days" passages are all in the Gospel of Mark, and reflect the "three major passion predictions" found in all three Synoptic Gospels. What is notable about each of these passages in Mark is that they all find parallels in Matthew and Luke, and in these parallel passages the expressions found in Matthew and Luke never retain the meaning "after three days." In all five cases where the time factor is mentioned (Luke omits the temporal reference entirely from the third prediction), the expression is uniformly, "on the third day" (Matt. 16:21, 17:23, 20:19; Luke 9:22, 18:32-33).
On the theory of the priority of Mark (Stein, 45-88; Carson, Matthew, 11-17) Matthew and Luke each "cleaned up" Mark's rather erratic Greek, and this would account for the misleading "after three days" to be altered to "on the third day." On the theory of Matthean priority, Mark altered Matthew's expression while Luke chose to retain it. In any case, the evangelists themselves evidently saw "after three days" and "on the third day" as equivalent expressions. Since Jewish reckoning was inclusive, something happening "on the third day" after something else (the day after the day after the original event) would have been counted as three days later, or "after three days" (Foster, 599; Carson, Matthew, 296).
B. Ambiguous or oblique references
1. Jesus' prediction to raise the temple "in three days"
John 2:19 records Jesus' prediction that he would raise the temple "in three days." Verse 21 goes on to explain that "the temple he had spoken of was his body." The phrase "in three days" would seem to be ambiguous, potentially referring either to the "temple" being raised on the third day after it was destroyed, or after three full days; again, Jewish inclusive reckoning would seem to favor the first understanding. But in light of the potential ambiguity, it would be unwise to base a decision on this verse, and still more unwise to base it on the verses which report hostile witnesses repeating Jesus' words (v. 20; Mk. 14:58; Matt. 26:61; 27:40).
2. The guarding of the tomb
One particular case of such "hostile repetition" merits additional note: in Matthew 27:62-64, the chief priests and Pharisees ask for "the tomb to be made secure until the third day," because they remember his claim that "after three days I will rise again." Although we have here a fourth example, and in a different Gospel, of the formulation "after three days," it occurs immediately in context with the formulation "until the third day"; i.e., we seem to have here an explicit equating of the two expressions, "after three days" and "until the third day," which would reconfirm the idea that according to Jewish inclusive reckoning, "after three days" would mean "until the third day," and not "until the fourth day," as it would naturally mean in modern English.
It is possible to argue that "until the third day" would mean the third day from the time they were speaking--i.e., the day "after Preparation," or after the crucifixion. Granted a Wednesday crucifixion and Jewish inclusive reckoning, they would only be asking for a guard until Saturday; one would further have to postulate that by "until the third day," they meant for the guard to remain at the tomb throughout Saturday night (technically, the beginning of Sunday). It would be much more natural to suppose that "after three days" and "until the third day" are intended to be synonymous expressions (as the Matthew-Mark parallels make clear that they are), so that "until the third day" contextually refers to the third day from the crucifixion, not the third day from their conversation. Again, it would be unwise to base a teaching on an ambiguous reference, and especially one that comes from the mouths of Jesus' enemies.
3. Jesus' response to Herod's threats
The ambiguity of the final reference is largely due to the fact that the passage itself is a veiled reference to Christ's passion, and some could argue that it is not a reference at all. In Luke 13:32, included in a response to a threat from Herod, Jesus refers to "today and tomorrow, and on the third day I will reach my goal." Although there is no explicit mention of the passion, Jesus refers to his death in the following verse, after mentioning again "today and tomorrow and the next day." If anything, this passage would tend to support a Friday crucifixion, but again, no dogmatic conclusions should be drawn.
C. τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ, "on the third day."
If the above analyses are correct, only one scripture seems clearly to indicate a full three-day entombment: the "sign of the prophet Jonah" in Matthew 12:40. Against this lone verse must be weighed the preponderance of scriptures that unambiguously indicate that Jesus rose "on the third day." These include at least ten separate scriptures, representing the pens of Matthew and Luke (writing both in Luke and in Acts) and Paul.
Five of the ten--parallels with Mark's passion predictions--have already been discussed. Their value lies in calling into question the implication that could be drawn from Mark that Jesus lay entombed for three full days. Two other references--Acts 10:40 and 1 Corinthians 15:4--also clearly state that Jesus rose on the third day. It is important to note that in every one of these predictions and recollections (except, arguably, 1 Corinthians 15:4), Jesus is represented as rising on the third day after his crucifixion and death, not after his burial. The Thursday-to-Saturday scheme mentioned in section II, even if plausible on its face, would only account for Jesus rising on the third day from his burial, not from his crucifixion and death. Moreover, the three remaining references, all from Luke's post-resurrection account, make it clearly impossible that the Crucifixion occurred on Wednesday.
Luke 24:6-7 and 24:46 assert (from the mouths of an angel and from the resurrected Christ, respectively), that Jesus would rise on the third day. In itself, this is no greater proof than the pre-resurrection predictions. But Luke 24:21 records the disciples on the road to Emmaus telling Jesus (whom they do not yet recognize), "This is the third day [τρίτην ταύτην ἡμέραν] since all this took place." This conversation is clearly located after the morning visits to the empty tomb (vv. 22-24), which undisputedly took place "on the first day of the week" (v. 1). Since "all this" cannot refer to Jesus' entombment, but rather refers to his sentencing to death and crucifixion (v. 20), it is impossible to suppose, on the theory of a Wednesday crucifixion, that Sunday is the "third day since all this took place"; by Jewish reckoning, it would in fact be the fifth. It is simply impossible to construe events clearly taking place on Sunday--the conversation of the disciples with Jesus on the road to Emmaus--as being on "the third day" from events--Jesus being sentenced to death and being crucified--supposed to have occurred on a Wednesday.
D. "Three days and three nights"
In light of the preponderance of scriptures indicating that Jesus rose on the third day, it would seem more reasonable to search for an alternative interpretation of the sole verse that states that Jesus was in the tomb for "three days and three nights" than it would be to insist on literalism for this verse at the expense of having to reinterpret all the others.
In fact, the context of Matthew 12:40 rather clearly indicates the possibility that the time period is not to be taken strictly literally. Jesus is responding to the religious leaders' unbelieving demand for a "sign" by referring to Jonah as a type of his own passion. Quoting Jonah 1:17, Jesus draws the analogy by applying the "three days and three nights" terminology to his own passion, knowing that "in rabbinical thought a day and a night make an õnâh, and a part of an õnâh is as the whole" (Carson, Matthew, 296); i.e., his audience (the Jews) would not have been confused; and we may suppose that Matthew's audience was more familiar with this time reckoning than was Luke's, which may be why Luke chooses another rendering in the parallel passage of Luke 11:29-32. The Old Testament records examples of such reckoning, notably in 2 Chronicles 10:5, 12:
And he said to them, "Return to me again in three days." So the people departed. . . . So Jeroboam and all the people came to Rehoboam on the third day as the king had directed, saying, "Return to me on the third day." (NASB; similarly RSV KJV NKJV)
Here, not only do Jeroboam and all the people understand Rehoboam to intend for them to return on the third day, when he had said, "in three days," but they even repeat his words back to him, paraphrased as "on the third day." Other similar examples include 1 Sam. 30:12-13 and Esther 4:16, 5:1.
In light of the precedent of such language, it is reasonable to suppose that Jesus' resurrection "on the third day" was close enough for those familiar with Jewish time reckoning to be regarded as a fulfillment of the Jonah typology.
The final installment of this series will deal with a few ancillary issues and wrap it up with a final conclusion.
Works Cited
The Bible. New International Version. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1984. (All scripture references unless otherwise noted.)
------. New American Standard Bible. La Habra, CA: Collins-World, 1973.
Carson, D.A. "Matthew." The Expositor's Bible Commentary, Vol. 8. Ed. Frank E. Gaebelein. Grand Rapids: Regency-Zondervan, 1984. 1-599.
------. The Gospel According to John. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991.
Foster, Lewis A. "The Chronology of the New Testament." The Expositor's Bible Commentary, Vol. 1. Ed. Frank E. Gaebelein. Grand Rapids: Regency-Zondervan, 1984. 593-607.
Stein, Robert H. The Synoptic Problem: An Introduction. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1987.
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1. Wow, and to think i thought three days and three nights meant three days and three nights. Good to know Jonah only had to spend a day and a half in the whale also.....oh that would be news to him!!!
2. Wow, and to think I thought "on the third day" meant "on the third day." And since that expression is used far more frequently.....
I have no idea why some people insist on reading the whole of scripture through the lens of just a few verses. That's a much larger problem than just in these passages.
3. I appreciate your research, this is not an issue for me but was smacked with it this morning in a service while visiting another church, It was used to build a basis for a teaching and take a few swipes at many others.I will use this for my further study. Thanks again it is a great help..
4. Anonymous,
Thank you for your kind comments. It's not a serious issue for me either; but those who want to make it into a serious issue end up causing division and strife, as you've already seen. I'm grateful that my little study has been a benefit.
5. Thank you for your observations; the issue is Liturgical for me, Holy Thursday, Good Friday, Holy Saturday, and Easter Sunday for a significant liturgical event. We're not troubled by members of our own church on this matter, but some visit our message board(s) and seek to promote a Wednesday crucifixion for the purposes of causing divisions and to condemn anything that doesn't match their perspective on the "Three days and three nights" throey.
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Drone Wireless Video Transmission – Technologies, Challenges and Probable Solutions !
IoT, LTE, Tech Fundas, Wi-Fi
Lately, drones have become very popular both as professional tools and for recreation and air sports competitions. Drone or UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) are generic terms that includes many types of unmanned, remote controlled aerial vehicles. This includes fixed wing planes, helicopters and multi-rotors. Professional drones have a wide range of applications. Aerial photography during sports events does not have to rely on expensive full size helicopters, and real-estate agents frequently use drones for documentation. Drones discover missing people, and can monitor habitats exposed to risk of pollution. Electricity companies are now inspecting some of their high-voltage lines without expensive power outages and risky climbs. Even a conservative industry like the railway companies are considering drones for inspection of disrupted tracks in areas with limited access. Several companies plan to deliver small packages by drones, but it is not a commercial reality yet. This is partly due to regulatory limitations.
Drones can be piloted in two different ways, either line of sight by visually observing the drone, or by First Person View (FPV). In an FPV system the video image from an on-board camera is transmitted by radio to a personal video display on the ground in the form of a screen or video goggles.
Wireless Technologies for Video Transmission
Wi-Fi can be used for fairly short distances. The range of a Wi-Fi signal, can range from 300 to 2000 meters, depending on equipment and conditions. The range will varies due to a number of factors:
• Power of the transmitter. The bigger the antenna the further the signal will radiate, with less attenuation;
• The antenna used. In ascending order of power Whip (or wire), Chip, PCB, or external (via a U.FL or RPSMA connector);
• The frequency used. Generally the lower the frequency the further the signal can travel. A 5GHz network has a shorter range than 2.4 GHz;
• The environment. Nearby trees, buildings, direct line of sight, atmospheric conditions, etc. can all negatively affect the range of the Wi-Fi signal. A direct line of sight on a clear day is obviously a better environment than in a forest on a foggy day.
5GHz Wifi network is preferred due to less interference in that band in urban areas.
Sub 1GHz Band
Common solutions are from those who fly FPV (First Person View), they use simple analog cameras connected to 900 MHz. With a 1 W 900 MHz transmitter with a cloverleaf antenna (a common antenna type), and a 18 dB gain patch antenna directed at your craft you can easily get 5+ miles line of site.
It depends upon the region where one wants to operates and so as band availability for using such applications.
One can use the 3G/4G dongles attached to the drone, for wireless transmission of high data rate. This solution can be used as per the availability of 3G / 4G network in that operating region.
Custom Solution
Integrated RF transceivers are not only widely employed in software-defined radio (SDR)1 architectures in cellular telephone base stations, such as multiservice distributed access system (MDAS) and small cell, but also for wireless HD video transmission for industrial, commercial, and military applications, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
One can use the RF transceivers line AD9361/AD9363 and make the right hardware based on the their spectrum availability as these transceivers are wide band upto 6GHz. One base band side suitable FPGA can be used for digital processing. For more information on this type of custom solutions, refer analog.com website.
Challenges for wireless video
The range of the wireless video link is limited by a number of factors. The path loss itself will diminish the signal when distance increases, and obstacles in the line of sight can give additional attenuation. However in a natural environment there are some less obvious challenges to the radio-link that require clever solutions. We will take an in-depth look at the two main issues.
Other sources of radio transmission in the environment can interfere with the main signal. If the interfering signals occur in the same frequency band as the wireless video link it will act as inband noise. This will reduce the signal to noise ratio, resulting in a noisy video image and limited range of the link. A typical interferer can be the video transmitter of another drone in the area, a nearby WiFi hotspot or mobile phone. The problem can be minimized by selecting a channel as far away in frequency from the interferer as possible, or by moving the video receiver and antenna. If the source of interference is powerful, but outside the band of the wireless link, it is called a blocker. The blocking signal can penetrate insufficient front-end channel filtering, and decrease the dynamics of the Low Noise Amplifier (LNA).
Multipath fading due to reflection
Even with a strong, noise free signal, a radio link can get sudden dropouts, especially in cluttered or urban environments. This can be due to the reflected propagation path canceling the direct propagation path. The canceling occurs because of the phase shift associated with different propagation delay. This occurs at a specific point of the receiving space, and can disappear just by moving the antenna less than one wavelength. In addition to signal cancellation, multipath propagation also results in symbol delay spread. The symbols from the various paths arrive at different time, causing bit errors if the delay is significant.
Overcoming Challenges
RF Frequency and Switching
The 2.4 GHz frequency is widely used for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth®, and IoT short -range communication, making it increasingly crowded. Using it for wireless video transmission and control signals increases the chances for signal interference and instability. This creates undesirable and often dangerous situations for UAVs. Using frequency switching to maintain a clean frequency will keep the data and control connection more reliable. When the transmitter senses a crowded frequency, it automatically switches to another band. For example, two UAVs using the frequency and operating in close proximity will interfere with each other’s communications. Automatically switching the LO frequency and re-selecting the band will help maintain a stable wireless link. Adaptively selecting the carrier frequency or channel during the power-up period is one of the excellent features in high end UAV.
Frequency Hopping
Fast frequency hopping, which is widely used in electronic countermeasures (ECM), also helps avoid interference. Normally if we want to hop the frequency, the PLL needs to re-lock after the procedure. This includes writing the frequency registers, and going through VCO calibration time and PLL lock time so that the interval of the hopping frequency is approximate to tens of microseconds.
Implementation of the PHY Layer—OFDM
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a form of signal modulation that divides a high data rate modulating stream onto many slowly modulated narrow-band close-spaced sub-carriers. This makes it less sensitive to selective frequency fading. The disadvantages are a high peak to average power ratio and sensitivity to carrier offset and drift. The OFDM is widely applied in the wide-band wireless communication PHY layer.
Wireless video for FPV drone piloting is still immature technology, and we will see compact and low-cost HD FPV systems emerge in the near future. The key to lowered cost is increased integration of systems on chip and a resulting high volume. Paradigm shifts will occur when totally new radio, camera, or display concepts emerges. The next generation of cellular and WiFi technology, termed 5G will exploit dynamic beamforming to increase system gain and keep interference low. Together with more sophisticated MIMO this will increase performance and transmission bandwidth further. It is likely that these concepts will be applied for future FPV systems when the technology matures. This will result in higher performance with extended range, higher image quality and better reliability. It will enable drones to handle more of our present challenges, and those we have not come to think of yet.
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Deng Xiaoping
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Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping in 1979
Chairman of the Central Advisory Commission of the Communist Party
In office
13 September 1982 – 2 November 1987
Deputy Bo Yibo
Xu Shiyou
Tan Zhenlin
Li Weihan
General Secretary Hu Yaobang
Zhao Ziyang
Preceded by New office
Succeeded by Chen Yun
Chairman of the Central Military Commission
In office
28 June 1981 – 9 November 1989
President Li Xiannian
Preceded by Hua Guofeng
Succeeded by Jiang Zemin
Chairman of the Chinese National PCC
In office
8 March 1978 – 17 June 1983
Preceded by Zhou Enlai
vacant (1976–1978)
Succeeded by Deng Yingchao
Member of the
National People's Congress
In office
18 April 1959 – 21 December 1964
26 February 1978 – 19 February 1997
Constituency Beijing At-large (59–64,78–83)
PLA At-large (83–97)
First Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China
In office
17 January 1975 – 18 June 1983
Premier Zhou Enlai
Hua Guofeng
Zhao Ziyang
Preceded by Lin Biao
Succeeded by Wan Li
Personal details
Born 22 August 1904(1904-08-22)
Guang'an, Sichuan
Died 19 February 1997(1997-02-19) (aged 92)
Nationality Chinese
Political party Communist Party of China
Spouse(s) Zhang Xiyuan (张锡瑗) (1928–1929)
Jin Weiying (金维映) (1931–1939)
Zhuo Lin (卓琳) (1939–1997)
Children Deng Lin
Deng Pufang
Deng Nan
Deng Rong
Deng Zhifang
Signature Deng Xiaoping's signature
Deng Xiaoping
Simplified Chinese 邓小平
Traditional Chinese 鄧小平
Deng Xiansheng
Simplified Chinese 邓先圣
Traditional Chinese 鄧先聖
Deng Xixian
Simplified Chinese 邓希贤
Traditional Chinese 鄧希賢
Deng Xiaoping (Pinyin: Dèng Xiǎopíng, [tɤŋ˥˩ ɕjɑʊ˩ pʰiŋ˧˥] ( listen); 22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a politician and reformist leader of the Communist Party of China who led China towards a market economy. While Deng never held office as the head of state, head of government or General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (the highest position in Communist China), he nonetheless served as the "paramount leader" of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to 1992. As the core of the second generation leaders Deng shared his power with the two most powerful men after him: Li Xiannian and Chen Yun.
Born into a peasant background in Guang'an, Sichuan, Deng studied and worked in France in the 1920s, where he was influenced by Marxism-Leninism. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1923. Upon his return to China he worked as a political commissar in rural regions and was considered a "revolutionary veteran" of the Long March.[1] Following the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Deng worked in Tibet and other southwestern regions to consolidate Communist control.
Deng was instrumental in China's economic reconstruction following the Great Leap Forward in the early 1960s. His economic policies, however, were at odds with the political ideologies of Chairman Mao Zedong. As a result, he was purged twice during the Cultural Revolution, but regained prominence in 1978 by outmaneuvering Mao's chosen successor, Hua Guofeng.
Inheriting a country fraught with social and institutional woes resulting from the Cultural Revolution and other mass political movements of the Mao era, Deng became the core of the "second generation" of Chinese leadership. He is considered "the architect" of a new brand of socialist thinking, having developed Socialism with Chinese characteristics and led Chinese economic reform through a synthesis of theories that became known as the "socialist market economy". Deng opened China to foreign investment, the global market and limited private competition. He is generally credited with developing China into one of the fastest growing economies in the world for over 30 years and raising the standard of living of hundreds of millions of Chinese.[2]Please provide quotation from verifiable source
Early life and family
Deng Xiaoping at age 16, studying in France.
Deng was born into an ethnically Hakka Han family in Paifang village (牌坊村), Xiexing township (协兴镇), Guang'an County in Sichuan province,[3][4] approximately 160 km from Chongqing (formerly spelled Chungking). Deng's ancestors can be traced back to Meixian County in Guangdong Province,[4] a prominent ancestral area for the Hakka people, and had been settled in Sichuan for several generations.[5]
Deng had the name Deng Xiansheng, with the given name meaning "early/first" "sage/saint." All of his siblings had given names beginning with "xian."[6] Deng's father, Deng Wenming, was a middle-level landowner and had studied at the University of Law and Political Science in Chengdu. His mother, surnamed Dan, died early in Deng's life, leaving Deng, his three brothers and three sisters.[7] At the age of five, Deng was sent to a traditional Chinese-style private primary school, followed by a more modern primary school at the age of seven.
Deng's first wife, one of his schoolmates from Moscow, died when she was 24, a few days after giving birth to Deng's first child, a baby girl, who also died. His second wife, Jin Weiying, left him after Deng came under political attack in 1933. His third wife, Zhuo Lin, was the daughter of an industrialist in Yunnan Province. She became a member of the Communist Party in 1938, and married Deng a year later in front of Mao's cave dwelling in Yan'an. They had five children: three daughters (Deng Lin, Deng Nan and Deng Rong) and two sons (Deng Pufang and Deng Zhifang).
Education and early career
As a student he had the name "Deng Xixian", spelled here as "Teng Hsi Hsien". The card says he "refused to work" and "do not take back".
When Deng first attended school, his tutor objected to him having the given name "Xiansheng." So he used the name "Deng Xixian" in school. The name "Xixian" includes the characters "to aspire to" and "goodness," so it gives overtones of wisdom.[8]
In the summer of 1919, Deng Xiaoping graduated from the Chongqing Preparatory School. He and 80 schoolmates travelled by ship to France (traveling steerage) to participate in the Mouvement Travail-Études, (a work-study program in which 4,001 Chinese would participate by 1927). Deng, the youngest of all the Chinese students in the group, had just turned 15.[9] Wu Yuzhang, local leader of the Mouvement Travail-Études in Chongqing, enrolled Deng and his paternal uncle, Deng Shaosheng, in the program. Deng's father strongly supported his son's participation in the work-study abroad program.[10] The night before his departure, Deng's father took his son aside and asked him what he hoped to learn in France. He repeated the words he had learned from his teachers: "To learn knowledge and truth from the West in order to save China." Deng Xiaoping knew that China was suffering greatly, and that the Chinese people must have a modern education to save their country.[11]
After studying French for a year,[citation needed] Deng departed with other Chinese students from Shanghai. On 19 October 1920 they arrived in Marseille, then traveled to Paris by train. He briefly attended middle schools in Bayeux and Châtillon, but he spent most of his time in France working; first at the Le Creusot Iron and Steel plant in central France, then as a fitter in the Renault factory in the Paris suburb of Billancourt, a fireman on a locomotive and a kitchenhand. He barely earned enough to survive. Many of these jobs had very harsh and dangerous working conditions, with workers frequently being injured. Deng would later claim that it was here where he got an initial feel for the evils of capitalist society.
Under the influence of older Chinese students in France (Zhao Shiyan, Zhou Enlai among others), Deng began to study Marxism and engaged in political dissemination work. In 1921 he joined the Chinese Communist Youth League in Europe. In the second half of 1924 he joined the Chinese Communist Party and became one of the leading members of the General Branch of the Youth League in Europe. In 1926 Deng traveled to the Soviet Union and studied at Moscow Sun Yat-sen University, where one of his classmates was Chiang Ching-kuo.[12] Deng returned to China in 1927.
Return to China
In late 1927, Deng left Moscow to return to China, where he joined the army of Feng Yuxiang, a military leader in northwest China, which had requested assistance from the Soviet Union in its struggle with other local leaders in northern China. At that time, the Soviet Union, through the Comintern, an international organization supporting the communist movements in the world, supported the Communists' alliance with the Nationalists of the Kuomintang (KMT) party founded by Sun Yat-sen.
He came to Xi'an, the stronghold of Feng Yuxiang, in March 1927. He was part of the Fengtian clique to prevent the break of the alliance between the KMT and the Communists. This split was caused by Chiang Kai-shek, the successor of Sun Yat-sen, who started the persecution of the Communists, forcing them to flee areas controlled by the KMT. After the breakup of the alliance between communists and nationalists, Feng Yuxiang stood on the side of Chiang Kai-shek and the Communists who participated in their army, as Deng Xiaoping, were forced to flee. In 1929 Deng led the Baise Uprising in Guangxi province against the Kuomintang (KMT) government. The uprising failed and Deng went to the Central Soviet Area in Jiangxi province.
Political rise
Although Deng got involved in the Marxist revolutionary movement in China, the historian Mobo Gao has argued that "Deng Xiaoping and many like him [in the Chinese Communist Party] were not really Marxists, but basically revolutionary nationalists who wanted to see China standing on equal terms with the great global powers. They were primarily nationalists and they participated in the Communist revolution because that was the only viable route they could find to Chinese nationalism."[13]
Activism in Shanghai and Wuhan
After leaving the army of Feng Yuxiang in the northwest, Deng ended up in the city of Wuhan, where the Communists at that time had its headquarters. At that time, he began using the nickname "Xiaoping" and occupied prominent positions in the party apparatus. Participated in the historic emergency session on 7 August 1927 in which, by Soviet initiative the party dismissed its founder Chen Duxiu and Qu Qiubai became the secretary general. In Wuhan, Deng first established contact with Mao Zedong, then a little valued by militant pro-Soviet leaders of the party.
Between 1927 and 1929, Deng Xiaoping lived in Shanghai, where he helped organize protests that would be harshly persecuted by the Kuomintang authorities. The death of many Communist militants in those years led to a decrease in the number of members of the Communist Party, which enabled Deng Xiaoping to quickly move up the ranks. During this stage in Shanghai, Deng married for the first time with a woman he met in Moscow, Zhang Xiyuan.
Military campaign in Guangxi
Beginning in 1929, he participated in the struggle against the Kuomintang in Guangxi. The superiority of the forces of Chiang Kai-shek caused a huge number of casualties in the Communist ranks. The confrontational strategy of the party leadership was a failure that killed many militants. The response to this defeat catalyzed one of the most confusing episodes in the biography of Deng Xiaoping: in March 1931, he left the Communist Army seventh battalion to appear some time later in Shanghai.
His official biography states that Deng Xiaoping had been charged by his superiors with deserting from the battle zone before fleeing to Shanghai, where there were leaders of the underground Communist Party. Although he was not punished in Shanghai, this episode in his biography remains unclear and would be used against him to question his devotion to the Communist Party during the Cultural Revolution era.
At the Jiangxi Soviet
References would improve this section
After returning to Shanghai, Deng discovered that his wife and daughter had died during childbirth. In addition, he discovered that many of his former comrades had died as a result of the Kuomintang's crackdown against the Communists.
The campaigns against the Communists in the cities represented a setback for the party and in particular to the Comintern Soviet advisers, who saw the mobilization of the urban proletariat as the force for the advancement of communism. Contrary to the urban vision of the revolution, based on the Soviet experience, the Communist leader Mao Zedong saw the rural peasants as the revolutionary force in China. In a mountainous area of Jiangxi province, where Mao went to establish a communist system, there developed the embryo of a future state of China under communism which adopted the official name of the Chinese Soviet Republic, but was better known as the "Jiangxi Soviet".
In one of the most important cities in the Soviet zone, Ruijin, Deng Xiaoping took over as secretary of the Party Committee in the summer of 1931. A year later, in the winter of 1932, Deng went on to play the same position in the nearby district of Huichang. In 1933 he became director of the propaganda department of the Provincial Party Committee in Jiangxi. It was then that he married for the second time to a young woman named Jin Weiying, whom he had met in Shanghai.
The successes of the Soviet in Jiangxi made the party leaders decide to move to Jiangxi from Shanghai. The confrontation between the ideas of Mao and the party leaders and their Soviet advisers were increasingly tense and the struggle for power between the two fractions led to the removal of Deng, who favored the ideas of Mao, from his position in the propaganda department. Despite the internal strife within the party, the Jiangxi Soviet became the first successful experiment of communist rule in rural China. It even issued stamps and paper money under the letterhead of the Soviet Republic of China, and the army of Chiang Kai-shek finally decided to attack the communist area.
Deng Xiaoping in NRA uniform, 1937
The Long March
Surrounded by the more powerful army of the Republic of China, the Communists were forced to flee from Jiangxi in October 1934. Thus began the historic flight across the interior of China known as the Long March.
The Long March became the epic event that would mark a turning point in the development of Chinese communism. The evacuation from Jiangxi was difficult, because the Army of the Republic had taken positions in all areas occupied by the Communists. Advancing through remote and mountainous terrain, some 80,000 men (and some women) managed to escape Jiangxi starting a long strategic retreat through the interior of China which ended one year later when between 8,000 and 9,000 survivors reached the northern province of Shaanxi.
During the Zunyi Conference at the beginning of the Long March, the so-called 28 Bolsheviks, led by Bo Gu and Wang Ming, were ousted from power and Mao Zedong, to the dismay of the Soviet Union, had become the new leader of the Communist Party of China. The pro-Soviet Communist Party of China had ended and a new rural-inspired party emerged under the leadership of Mao. Deng Xiaoping had once again become a leading figure in the party, when the north ended up winning the civil war against the Kuomintang.
The confrontation between the two parties was temporarily interrupted, however, by the Japanese invasion, forcing the Kuomintang to form an alliance for the second time with the Communists to defend the nation against external aggression.
Japanese invasion
The invasion of Japanese troops in 1937 marked the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War. During the invasion, Deng Xiaoping remained in the area controlled by the Communists in the north, where he assumed the role of political commissar of the three divisions that had been restructured Communist army. From September 1937 until January 1938, he lived in Buddhist monasteries and temples in the Wutai Mountains. In January 1938, he was appointed as Political Commissar of the 129th division of the Eighth Route Army commanded by Liu Bocheng, starting a long-lasting partnership with Liu.
Deng stayed for most of the conflict with the Japanese in the war front in the area bordering the provinces of Shanxi, Henan and Hebei, then traveled several times to the city of Yan'an, where Mao had established the basis for Communist Party leadership. In one of his trips to Yan'an in 1939, he married for the third and last time in his life, Zhuo Lin, a young native of Kunming, who, like other young idealists of the time, had traveled to Yan'an to join the Communists.
Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping's army and the Kuomintang army fighting.
Resumed war against the Nationalists
After Japan's defeat in World War II, Deng Xiaoping traveled to Chongqing, the city in which Chiang Kai-shek established his government during the blue Japanese invasion, to participate in peace talks between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. The results of those negotiations were not positive and military confrontation between the two antagonistic parties resumed shortly after the meeting in Chongqing.
While Chiang Kai-shek reestablished the government in Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, the Communists were fighting for control in the field. Following up with threatening guerrilla tactics from their positions in rural areas against cities under the control of the government of Chiang and their supply lines, the Communists were increasing the territory under its control, and incorporating more and more soldiers who had deserted the Nationalist army.
In the final phase of the war against the Nationalists, Deng Xiaoping again exercised a key role as political leader and propaganda master as Political Commissar of the 2nd Field Army commanded by Liu Bocheng. He also participated in disseminating the ideas of Mao Zedong, which turned into ideological foundation of the Communist Party. His work in political and ideological work, along with his status as a veteran of the Long March, placed him in a privileged position within the party to occupy positions of power after the Communist Party managed to defeat Chiang Kai-shek and founded a new communist state, the People's Republic of China.
Political career under Mao
As Mayor of Chongqing
On 1 October 1949, Deng Xiaoping attended the proclamation of the People's Republic of China in Beijing. At that time, the Communist Party controlled the entire north, but there were still parts of the south held by the Kuomintang regime. Deng Xiaoping became responsible for leading the liberation of southwest China, in his capacity as first secretary of the Department of the Southwest. This organization had the task of managing the final takeover of that part of the country where still held by the Kuomintang, while, on the other hand, most of Tibet was a de facto independent for many years.
The Kuomintang government after being forced to leave Guangzhou, and then had to establish a new provisional capital of Chongqing, the capital during the Japanese occupation. There, Chiang Kai-shek with his son Chiang Ching-kuo, former classmate of Deng Xiaoping in Moscow, were anxious to stop the Communist advance.
Under the political control of Deng Xiaoping, the Communist army won in Chongqing in late November 1949 and entered a few days later in Chengdu, the last bastion of power of Chiang Kai-shek. At that time, Deng took over as mayor of Chongqing; in addition to being the leader of the Communist Party in the southwest, where the Communist army, now known as the People's Liberation Army, had to suppress resistance loyal to the old Kuomintang regime. In 1950, the new state also seized control over Tibet.
Deng Xiaoping would spend three years in Chongqing, the city where he had studied in his teenage years before going to France. In 1952, he moved to Beijing, where he occupied different positions in the central government.
Political rise in Beijing
Deng Xiaoping met with the 14th Dalai Lama in 1954.
In July 1952, Deng came to Beijing to assume the posts of Deputy Premier and Vice President of the Committee on Finance. Soon after, he occupied the posts of Minister of Finance and Director of the Office of Communications. In 1954, he left all these posts, except the Deputy Premier. In 1956, he become the General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, Director of the Organization Department and Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission.
After officially supporting Mao Zedong in his Anti-Rightist Movement of 1957, Deng became General Secretary of the Secretariat and ran the country's daily affairs with then-President Liu Shaoqi. Having failed to advance the “social productive forces” in the Great Leap Forward through the “communist wind” and the “exaggeration wind”, Liu and Deng shift from an “ultra-leftist” approach to a pragmatic or "right opportunist" approach.
Both Liu and Deng had supported Mao in mass campaigns of the 1950s, in which they attacked the bourgeois and capitalists, and promoted the ideology of Maoism. However, the economic failure of the Great Leap Forward has brought criticism of the economic management capacity of Mao. Peng Dehuai was openly criticizing Mao, Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, though more cautious, began to take charge of economic policy, leaving Mao in a symbolic role as an ideological figurehead. Mao agreed to cede the presidency of the People's Republic to Liu Shaoqi, while retaining his positions as party leader and the army.
In 1961, at the Guangzhou conference, Deng uttered what is perhaps his most famous quotation: "It doesn't matter whether it's a white cat or a black, I think; a cat that catches mice is a good cat."[14] The earliest reference in Deng's Selected Works is his speech of 7 July 1962 on "How to Restore Agricultural Production". In this speech Deng argued for a pragmatic break with the People's Commune system—boosting peasant incentives by leasing land to them. This was the contract responsibility system that triumphed only 16 years later after the Cultural Revolution. Deng said "Comrade Liu Bocheng often quotes the old Sichuan saying 'It doesn't matter whether it is a white cat or a black cat, a cat that catches mice is a good cat.'[15] This Deng quote was later remembered in both China and foreign countries as being about black cats and white cats.[16][17]
In 1963, Deng traveled to Moscow to lead a meeting of the Chinese delegation with Stalin's successor, Nikita Khrushchev. Relations between the People's Republic and the Soviet Union had worsened since the death of Joseph Stalin. After this meeting, no agreement was reached and the Sino–Soviet split was consummated; there was an almost total suspension of relations between the two major communist regimes of the time.
During these years, Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping began to implement economic reforms by reversing the policies of the Great Leap Forward. This led Mao to take action to regain control over the state. Appealing to his revolutionary spirit, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution, which encouraged the masses to root out the right-wing capitalists who infiltrated the party, among them are Liu and Deng.
Target of two purges
Cultural Revolution
Mao feared that the reformist economic policies of Deng and Liu could lead to restoration of capitalism and end the Chinese Revolution.[18] For this and other reasons, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution in 1966, during which Deng fell out of favor and was forced to retire from all his positions.
During the Cultural Revolution, Deng Xiaoping and his family were targeted by Red Guards. Red Guards imprisoned Deng's eldest son, Deng Pufang. Deng Pufang was tortured and either forced or jumped out the window of a four-story building in 1968, becoming a paraplegic. In October 1969 Deng Xiaoping was sent to the Xinjian County Tractor Factory in rural Jiangxi province to work as a regular worker.[19] In his four years there,[20] Deng spent his spare time writing. He was purged nationally, but to a lesser scale than Liu Shaoqi.
Nonetheless, when Maoists were defeatedTemplate:Clarify, and after Lin Biao launched an abortive coup before being killed in an air crash, Deng Xiaoping (who had led a large field army during the civil war) became the most influential of the remaining army leaders.[18] When Premier Zhou Enlai fell ill with cancer, Deng Xiaoping became Zhou's choice as successor, and Zhou was able to convince Mao to bring Deng Xiaoping back into politics in 1974 as First Vice-Premier, in practice running daily affairs. Deng focused on reconstructing the country's economy and stressed unity as the first step by raising production.[citation needed] He remained careful, however, to avoid contradicting Maoist ideology, at least on paper.
Deng Xiaoping (center) with U.S. president Gerald Ford (left), 1975.
The Cultural Revolution was not yet over, and a radical leftist political group known as the Gang of Four, led by Mao's wife Jiang Qing, competed for power within the Communist Party. The Gang saw Deng as their greatest challenge to power.[21] Mao, too, was suspicious that Deng would destroy the positive reputation of the Cultural Revolution, which Mao considered one of his greatest policy initiatives. Beginning in late 1975, Deng was asked to draw up a series of self-criticisms. Although Deng admitted to having taken an "inappropriate ideological perspective" while dealing with state and party affairs, he was reluctant to admit that his policies were wrong in essence. Deng's antagonism with the Gang of Four became increasingly clear, and Mao seemed to swing in the Gang's favour. Mao refused to accept Deng's self-criticisms and asked the party's Central Committee to "discuss Deng's mistakes thoroughly".
'Criticize Deng' campaign
Zhou Enlai died in January 1976, to an outpouring of national grief. Zhou was a very important figure in Deng's political life, and his death eroded the little support within the Party's Central Committee that Deng had left. After he delivered Zhou's official eulogy at the state funeral, the Gang of Four, with Mao's permission, began the so-called Criticize Deng and Oppose the Rehabilitation of Right-leaning Elements campaign. Hua Guofeng, not Deng, was selected to become Zhou's successor.
On 2 February 1976, the Central Committee issued a Top-Priority Directive, officially transferring Deng to work on "external affairs" and thus removing Deng from the party's power apparatus. Deng stayed at home for several months, awaiting his fate. The political turmoil halted the economic progress Deng had laboured for in the past year.[citation needed] On 3 March, Mao issued a directive reaffirming the legitimacy of the Cultural Revolution and specifically pointed to Deng as an internal, rather than external, problem. This was followed by a Central Committee directive issued to all local party organs to study Mao's directive and criticize Deng.
Deng's political fortunes were dealt another blow following the Qingming Festival, when the mass mourning of Premier Zhou on the traditional Chinese holiday sparked the Tiananmen Incident of 1976, an event the Gang of Four branded as counter-revolutionary and threatening to their power. Furthermore, the Gang deemed Deng the mastermind behind the incident, and Mao himself wrote that "the nature of things has changed".[22] This prompted Mao to remove Deng from all leadership positions, although he retained his party membership.
Re-emergence post-Cultural Revolution
After the Gang of Four was liquidated in October 1976, thanks to Li Xiannian and Ye Jianying, Deng gradually emerged as the de facto leader of China following Mao's death on 9 September 1976. Prior to Mao's death, the only governmental position he held was that of First Vice Premier of the State Council,[23] but Hua Guofeng wanted to rid the Party of extremists and was able to successfully marginalise the Gang of Four. On 22 July 1977, Deng was restored to the posts of Vice-Chairman of the Central Committee, Vice-Chairman of the Military Commission and Chief of the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army.[24]
By carefully mobilizing his supporters within the party, Deng was able to outmaneuver Hua, who had pardoned him, then oust Hua from his top leadership positions by 1980. In contrast to previous leadership changes, Deng allowed Hua to retain membership in the Central Committee and quietly retire, helping to set the precedent that losing a high-level leadership struggle would not result in physical harm.
Deng repudiated the Cultural Revolution and, in 1977, launched the "Beijing Spring", which allowed open criticism of the excesses and suffering that had occurred during the period. Meanwhile, he was the impetus for the abolition of the class background system. Under this system, the CPC removed employment barriers to Chinese deemed to be associated with the former landlord class; its removal allowed Chinese capitalists to join the Communist Party.
Deng gradually outmaneuvered his political opponents. By encouraging public criticism of the Cultural Revolution, he weakened the position of those who owed their political positions to that event, while strengthening the position of those like himself who had been purged during that time. Deng also received a great deal of popular support. As Deng gradually consolidated control over the CPC, Hua was replaced by Zhao Ziyang as premier in 1980, and by Hu Yaobang as party chief in 1981, despite the fact that Hua was Mao Zedong's designated successor as the "paramount leader" of the Communist Party of China and the People's Republic of China.
Important decisions were always taken in Deng's home with a caucus of eight senior party cadres, called "Eight Elders". Deng ruled as "paramount leader" although he never held the top title of the party, and was able to successively remove three party leaders, including Hu Yaobang.[25] Deng remained the most influential of the CPC cadre, although after 1987 his only official posts were as chairman of the state and Communist Party Central Military Commissions.
Originally, the president was conceived of as a figurehead of state, with actual state power resting in the hands of the premier and the party chief, both offices being conceived of as held by separate people in order to prevent a cult of personality from forming (as it did in the case of Mao); the party would develop policy, whereas the state would execute it.
Deng's elevation to China's new number-one figure meant that the historical and ideological questions around Mao Zedong had to be addressed properly. Because Deng wished to pursue deep reforms, it was not possible for him to continue Mao's hard-line "class struggle" policies and mass public campaigns. In 1982 the Central Committee of the Communist Party released a document entitled On the Various Historical Issues since the Founding of the People's Republic of China. Mao retained his status as a "great Marxist, proletarian revolutionary, militarist, and general", and the undisputed founder and pioneer of the country and the People's Liberation Army. "His accomplishments must be considered before his mistakes", the document declared. Deng personally commented that Mao was "seven parts good, three parts bad." The document also steered the prime responsibility of the Cultural Revolution away from Mao (although it did state that "Mao mistakenly began the Cultural Revolution") to the "counter-revolutionary cliques" of the Gang of Four and Lin Biao.
Opening up
Deng Xiaoping (left) and his wife Zhuo Lin (right) are briefed by Johnson Space Center director Christopher C. Kraft (extreme right)
In November 1978, after the country had stabilized following political turmoil, Deng visited Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore and met with Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, who advised Deng to open up and institute reforms, as well as to stop exporting Communist ideologies in Southeast Asia.[26] Later, Deng sent tens of thousands of Chinese to Singapore to study.
Thanks to the support of other party leaders who had already recovered their official positions, in 1978 the rise to power of Deng was inevitable. Even though Hua Guofeng formally monopolized the top positions in the People's Republic, his position, with little support, was becoming increasingly difficult. In December 1978, during the Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee Congress of the Communist Party of China, Deng Xiaoping took over the reins of power.
Beginning in 1979, the economic reforms accelerated the capitalist type, while maintaining the old Communist-style rhetoric. The commune system was gradually dismantled and the peasants began to have more freedom to manage the land they cultivated and sell their products on the market. At the same time, China's economy opened to foreign trade. On 1 January of that year, the United States diplomatically recognized the People's Republic of China, leaving the Taiwan authorities to one side, and business contacts between China and the West began to grow. In late 1978, the aerospace company Boeing announced the sale of 747 aircraft to various airlines in the PRC, and the beverage company Coca-Cola made public their intention to open a production plant in Shanghai.
Deng Xiaoping and Jimmy Carter at the arrival ceremony.
In early 1979, Deng Xiaoping undertook an official visit to the United States, during which he met President Jimmy Carter in Washington and several Congressmen. The Chinese insisted that ex-President Richard Nixon be invited to the formal White House reception, a symbolic indication of their assertiveness on the one hand, and their desire to continue with the Nixon initiatives on the other. While in the United States, Deng also visited the Johnson Space Center in Houston, as well as the headquarters of Coca-Cola and Boeing in Atlanta and Seattle, respectively. With these visits so significant, Deng made it clear that the new Chinese regime's priorities were economic and technological development.
Sino-Japanese relations also improved significantly.[27] Deng used Japan as an example of a rapidly progressing power that set a good example for China economically.
True to his famous 1961 pronouncement "do not care if the cat is black or white, what matters is it catches mice", which had caused so much criticism, Deng Xiaoping, along with his closest collaborators, such as Zhao Ziyang, who in 1980 relieved Hua Guofeng as premier, and Hu Yaobang, who in 1981 did the same with the post of party chairman, took the reins of power and the purpose of advancing the "four modernizations" (economy, agriculture, scientific and technological development and national defense), and announced an ambitious plan of opening and liberalizing the economy. The last position of power retained by Hua Guofeng, the chairman of the Central Military Commission, was taken by Deng in 1981.
A model reconstruction of Deng Xiaoping's 1984 meeting with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, Shenzhen.
From 1980, Deng led the expansion of the economy and in political terms, took over negotiations with the United Kingdom to return the territory of Hong Kong, meeting personally with British prime minister Margaret Thatcher. The result of these negotiations was the Sino-British Joint Declaration signed on 19 December 1984, states that the United Kingdom should return Hong Kong to China by 1997. The Chinese government pledged to respect the economic system and civil liberties of the then British colony for 50 years after the return.
In 1987, Portugal, under pressure from the Chinese authorities, agreed to arrange the return of its colony of Macau by 1999, with an agreement roughly equal to that of Hong Kong. The return of these two territories was based on political principle formulated by Deng himself called "one country, two systems", which refers to the coexistence under one political authority areas with different economic systems, communism and capitalism. Although this theory was applied to the cases of Hong Kong and Macau, it seems that Deng Xiaoping intended to also present it as an attractive option to the people of Taiwan for eventual incorporation of that island, claimed as Chinese territory.
In the economic sphere, the rapid growth faced several problems. On the other hand, the 1982 population census had revealed the extraordinary growth of the Chinese population, which already exceeded one billion people. Deng Xiaoping continued the plans initiated by Hua Guofeng to restrict birth to only one child, a reason why most couples could only have one child under the pain of administrative penalties.[28] On the other hand, the increasing economic freedom was being translated into a greater freedom of opinion and critics began to arise with the system, including the famous dissident Wei Jingsheng, who coined the term "fifth modernization" in reference to democracy as a missing element in the renewal plans of Deng Xiaoping. In late 1980s, dissatisfaction with the authoritarian regime and the growing inequalities caused the biggest crisis to Deng Xiaoping's leadership.
In October 1987, at the Plenary Session of the National People's Congress, Deng Xiaoping was re-elected as Chairman of Central Military Commission, but he resigned as Chairman of the Central Advisory Commission and he was succeeded by Chen Yun. He continued to chair and developed the reform and opening up as the main policy, put forward the three steps suitable for China's economic development strategy within 70 years: the first step, to double the 1980 GNP and ensure that the people have enough food and clothing, was attained by the end of the 1980s; second step, to quadruple the 1980 GNP by the end of the 20th century, was achieved in 1995 ahead of schedule; the third step, to increase per capita GNP to the level of the medium-developed countries by 2050, at which point, the Chinese people will be fairly well-off and modernization will be basically realized.[29]
Deng, however, did little to improve relations with the Soviet Union; he continued to adhere the Maoist line of the Sino–Soviet split era that the Soviet Union was a superpower as "hegemonic" as the United States, but even more threatening to China because of its geographic proximity.[30]
Economic reforms
China's nominal GDP trend from 1952 to 2005. Note the rapid increase since reform in the late 1970s.
Improving relations with the outside world was the second of two important philosophical shifts outlined in Deng's program of reform termed Gaige Kaifang (lit. Reforms and Openness). The domestic social, political, and most notably, economic systems would undergo significant changes during Deng's time as leader. The goals of Deng's reforms were summed up by the Four Modernizations, those of agriculture, industry, science and technology and the military.
The strategy for achieving these aims of becoming a modern, industrial nation was the socialist market economy. Deng argued that China was in the primary stage of socialism and that the duty of the party was to perfect so-called "socialism with Chinese characteristics", and "seek truth from facts". (This somewhat resembles the Leninist theoretical justification of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in the 1920s, which argued that the Soviet Union had not gone deeply enough into the capitalist phase and therefore needed limited capitalism in order to fully evolve its means of production.)
This interpretation of Maoism reduced the role of ideology in economic decision-making and deciding policies of proven effectiveness. Downgrading communitarian values, but not necessarily the ideology of Marxism-Leninism himself, Deng emphasized that "socialism does not mean shared poverty". His theoretical justification for allowing market forces was given as such:
"Planning and market forces are not the essential difference between socialism and capitalism. A planned economy is not the definition of socialism, because there is planning under capitalism; the market economy happens under socialism, too. Planning and market forces are both ways of controlling economic activity."[31]
Unlike Hua Guofeng, Deng believed that no policy should be rejected outright simply because it was not associated with Mao. Unlike more conservative leaders such as Chen Yun, Deng did not object to policies on the grounds that they were similar to ones which were found in capitalist nations.
This political flexibility towards the foundations of socialism is strongly supported by quotes such as:
We mustn't fear to adopt the advanced management methods applied in capitalist countries (...) The very essence of socialism is the liberation and development of the productive systems (...) Socialism and market economy are not incompatible (...) We should be concerned about right-wing deviations, but most of all, we must be concerned about left-wing deviations.[32]
Although Deng provided the theoretical background and the political support to allow economic reform to occur, it is in general consensus amongst historians that few of the economic reforms that Deng introduced were originated by Deng himself. Premier Zhou Enlai, for example, pioneered the Four Modernizations years before Deng. In addition, many reforms would be introduced by local leaders, often not sanctioned by central government directives. If successful and promising, these reforms would be adopted by larger and larger areas and ultimately introduced nationally. An often cited example is the household-responsibility system, which was first secretly implemented by a poor rural village at the risk of being convicted as "counter-revolutionary." This experiment proved very successful.[33] Deng openly supported it and it was later adopted nationally. Many other reforms were influenced by the experiences of the East Asian Tigers.[34]
This is in sharp contrast to the pattern in the perestroika undertaken by Mikhail Gorbachev in which most of the major reforms were originated by Gorbachev himself. The bottom-up approach of the Deng reforms, in contrast to the top-down approach of perestroika, was likely a key factor in the success of the former.[35]
Deng's reforms actually included the introduction of planned, centralized management of the macro-economy by technically proficient bureaucrats, abandoning Mao's mass campaign style of economic construction. However, unlike the Soviet model, management was indirect through market mechanisms. Deng sustained Mao's legacy to the extent that he stressed the primacy of agricultural output and encouraged a significant decentralization of decision making in the rural economy teams and individual peasant households. At the local level, material incentives, rather than political appeals, were to be used to motivate the labor force, including allowing peasants to earn extra income by selling the produce of their private plots at free market.
Export focus
In the main move toward market allocation, local municipalities and provinces were allowed to invest in industries that they considered most profitable, which encouraged investment in light manufacturing. Thus, Deng's reforms shifted China's development strategy to an emphasis on light industry and export-led growth. Light industrial output was vital for a developing country coming from a low capital base. With the short gestation period, low capital requirements, and high foreign-exchange export earnings, revenues generated by light manufacturing were able to be reinvested in technologically more advanced production and further capital expenditures and investments.
However, in sharp contrast to the similar, but much less successful reforms in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the People's Republic of Hungary, these investments were not government mandated. The capital invested in heavy industry largely came from the banking system, and most of that capital came from consumer deposits. One of the first items of the Deng reforms was to prevent reallocation of profits except through taxation or through the banking system; hence, the reallocation in state-owned industries was somewhat indirect, thus making them more or less independent from government interference. In short, Deng's reforms sparked an industrial revolution in China.[36]
These reforms were a reversal of the Maoist policy of economic self-reliance. China decided to accelerate the modernization process by stepping up the volume of foreign trade, especially the purchase of machinery from Japan and the West. By participating in such export-led growth, China was able to step up the Four Modernizations by attaining certain foreign funds, market, advanced technologies and management experiences, thus accelerating its economic development. Deng attracted foreign companies to a series of Special Economic Zones, where foreign investment and market liberalization were encouraged.
The reforms centered on improving labor productivity as well. New material incentives and bonus systems were introduced. Rural markets selling peasants' homegrown products and the surplus products of communes were revived. Not only did rural markets increase agricultural output, they stimulated industrial development as well. With peasants able to sell surplus agricultural yields on the open market, domestic consumption stimulated industrialization as well and also created political support for more difficult economic reforms.
There are some parallels between Deng's market socialism especially in the early stages, and Vladimir Lenin's NEP as well as those of Nikolai Bukharin's economic policies, in that both foresaw a role for private entrepreneurs and markets based on trade and pricing rather than central planning. An interesting anecdote on this note is the first meeting between Deng and Armand Hammer. Deng pressed the industrialist and former investor in Lenin's Soviet Union for as much information on the NEP as possible.
Role in the Tiananmen Square protests
The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, culminating in the June Fourth Incident, were a series of demonstrations in and near Tiananmen Square in the People's Republic of China (PRC) between 15 April and 4 June 1989. Many socialist governments collapsed during the same year.
The protests were sparked by the death of Hu Yaobang, a reformist official backed by Deng Xiaoping and ousted by his enemies. Many people were dissatisfied with the party's slow response and relatively subdued funeral arrangements. Public mourning began on the streets of Beijing and universities in the surrounding areas. In Beijing this was centered on the Monument to the People's Heroes in Tiananmen Square. The mourning became a public conduit for anger against perceived nepotism in the government, the unfair dismissal and early death of Hu, and the behind-the-scenes role of the "old men". By the eve of Yaobang's funeral, the demonstration had reached 100,000 people on Tiananmen Square. While the protests lacked a unified cause or leadership, participants raised the issue of corruption within the government and some voiced calls for economic liberalization[37] and democratic reform[37] within the structure of the government while others called for a less authoritarian and less centralized form of socialism.[38][39]
During the demonstrations, Deng Xiaoping's pro-market ally General Secretary Zhao Ziyang supported the demonstrators and distanced himself from the Politburo. Martial law was declared on 20 May by the socialist hardliner Li Peng, but no action was taken until 4 June. The movement lasted seven weeks. Soldiers and tanks from the 27th and 28th Armies of the People's Liberation Army were sent to take control of the city on 4 June. Many ordinary people in Beijing believed that Deng Xiaoping had ordered the intervention, but political analysts do not know who was actually behind the order.[40] However, Deng's daughter defends the actions that occurred as a collective decision by the party leadership.[41]
To purge sympathizers of Tiananmen demonstrators, the Communist Party initiated a one and half year long program similar to Anti-Rightist Movement. Old-timers like Deng Fei aimed to deal "strictly with those inside the party with serious tendencies toward bourgeois liberalization" and more than 30,000 communist officers were deployed to the task.[42]
Zhao was placed under house arrest by socialist hardliners and Deng Xiaoping himself was forced to make concessions to anti-reform communists.[40] He soon declared that "the entire imperialist Western world plans to make all socialist countries discard the socialist road and then bring them under the monopoly of international capital and onto the capitalist road". A few months later he said that the "United States was too deeply involved" in the student movement, referring to foreign reporters who had given financial aid to the student leaders and later helped them escape to various Western countries, primarily the United States through Hong Kong and Taiwan.[40]
Although at first he made concessions to the socialist hardliners, he soon resumed his reforms after his 1992 southern tour. After his tour, he was able to stop the attacks of the socialist hardliners on the reforms through their "named capitalist or socialist?" campaign.[43]
Deng Xiaoping privately told Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien that factions of the Communist Party could have grabbed army units and the country had risked a civil war.[42] Two years later, Deng Xiaoping endorsed Zhu Rongji, a Shanghai Mayor, as a vice-premier candidate. Zhu Rongji had refused to declare martial law in Shanghai during the demonstrations even though socialist hardliners had pressured him.[40]
After resignation and the 1992 southern tour
A billboard showing Deng in Shenzhen, one of the Special Economic Zones created under his leadership.
Officially, Deng decided to retire from top positions when he stepped down as Chairman of the Central Military Commission in 1989, and retired from the political scene in 1992. China, however, was still in the era of Deng Xiaoping. He continued to be widely regarded as the "paramount leader" of the country, believed to have backroom control. Deng was recognized officially as "the chief architect of China's economic reforms and China's socialist modernization". To the Communist Party, he was believed to have set a good example for communist cadres who refused to retire at old age. He broke earlier conventions of holding offices for life. He was often referred to as simply Comrade Xiaoping, with no title attached.
On 21 June 1992, Li Xiannian, the biggest assistant of Jiang Zemin, died. It was a big blow to Jiang, and a new opportunity for Deng to restore his influence.
A patrol boat in use during Deng Xiaoping's southern tour.
Because of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Deng's power had been significantly weakened and there was a growing formalist faction opposed to Deng's reforms within the Communist Party. To reassert his economic agenda, in the spring of 1992, Deng made his famous southern tour of China, visiting Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and spending the New Year in Shanghai, using his travels as a method of reasserting his economic policy after his retirement from office.
On his tour, Deng made various speeches and generated large local support for his reformist platform. He stressed the importance of economic reform in China, and criticized those who were against further economic and openness reforms. Although there was a debate on whether or not Deng actually said it,[44] his perceived catchphrase, "To get rich is glorious" (致富光荣), unleashed a wave of personal entrepreneurship that continues to drive China's economy today. He stated that the "leftist" elements of Chinese society were much more dangerous than "rightist" ones. Deng was instrumental in the opening of Shanghai's Pudong New Area, revitalizing the city as China's economic hub.
His southern tour was initially ignored by the Beijing and national media, which were then under the control of Deng's political rivals. Jiang Zemin showed little support. Challenging their media control, Shanghai's Liberation Daily newspaper published several articles supporting reforms authored by "Huangfu Ping", which quickly gained support amongst local officials and populace. Deng's new wave of policy rhetoric gave way to a new political storm between factions in the Politburo. President Jiang eventually sided with Deng, and the national media finally reported Deng's southern tour several months after it occurred. Observers suggest that Jiang's submission to Deng's policies had solidified his position as Deng's heir apparent. Behind the scenes, Deng's southern tour aided his reformist allies' climb to the apex of national power, and permanently changed China's direction toward economic development. In addition, the eventual outcome of the southern tour proved that Deng was still the most powerful man in China.[45]
Deng's insistence on economic openness aided in the phenomenal growth levels of the coastal areas, especially the "Golden Triangle" region surrounding Shanghai. Deng reiterated that "some areas must get rich before others", and asserted that the wealth from coastal regions will eventually be transferred to aid economic construction inland. The theory, however, faced numerous challenges when put into practice, as provincial governments moved to protect their own interests.
Death and reaction
File:Deng Funeral.jpg
Deng Xiaoping's ashes lie in state in Beijing, February 1997. The banner reads Memorial Service of Comrade Deng Xiaoping.
After being disconnected from life support, Deng Xiaoping died on 19 February 1997 from a lung infection and Parkinson's disease. Even though his successor Jiang Zemin was in firm control, government policies maintained Deng's political and economic philosophies. Officially, Deng was eulogized as a "great Marxist, great Proletarian Revolutionary, statesman, military strategist, and diplomat; one of the main leaders of the Communist Party of China, the People's Liberation Army of China, and the People's Republic of China; The great architect of China's socialist opening-up and modernized construction; the founder of Deng Xiaoping Theory".[46]
Although the public was largely prepared for Deng's death, as rumors had been circulating for a long time, the death of Deng was followed by the greatest publicly sanctioned display of grief for any Chinese leader since Mao Zedong. However, in contrast, Deng's death in the media was announced without any titles attached (Mao was called the Great Leader and Teacher, Deng was simply "Comrade"), or any emotional overtones from the news anchors that delivered the message.
At 10 am on the morning of 24 February, people were asked by Premier Li Peng to pause in silence for three minutes. The nation's flags flew at half-mast for over a week. The nationally televised funeral, which was a simple and relatively private affair attended by the country's leaders and Deng's family, was broadcast on all cable channels. Jiang's tearful eulogy to the late reformist leader declared, "The Chinese people love, thank, mourn and cherish the memory of Comrade Deng Xiaoping because he devoted his life-long energies to the Chinese people, performed immortal feats for the independence and liberation of the Chinese nation." Jiang vowed to continue Deng's policies.
After the funeral, his organs donated to medical research, the remains were cremated, and his ashes were subsequently scattered at sea, according to his wishes. For the next two weeks, Chinese state media ran news stories and documentaries related to Deng's life and death, with the regular 7 pm National News program in the evening lasting almost two hours over the regular broadcast time.
Certain segments of the Chinese population, notably the modern Maoists and radical reformers (the far left and the far right), had negative views on Deng. In the year that followed, songs like "Story of Spring" by Dong Wenhua, which were created in Deng's honour shortly after Deng's southern tour in 1992, once again were widely played.
There was a significant amount of international reaction to Deng's death: UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan said Deng was to be remembered "in the international community at large as a primary architect of China's modernization and dramatic economic development". French President Jacques Chirac said "In the course of this century, few men have, as much as Deng Xiaoping, led a vast human community through such profound and determining changes"; British Prime Minister John Major commented about Deng's key role in the return of Hong Kong to Chinese control; Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien called Deng a "pivotal figure" in Chinese history. The Kuomintang chair in Taiwan also sent its condolences, saying it longed for peace, cooperation, and prosperity. The Dalai Lama voiced regret.[47]
Statue of Deng in Shenzhen
When compared to the memorials of other former CPC leaders, those dedicated to Deng have been relatively low profile, in keeping with Deng's pragmatism. Deng's portrait, unlike that of Mao, has never been hung publicly anywhere in China. Likewise, he was cremated after death, as opposed to being embalmed like Mao.
There are a few public displays of Deng in the country. A bronze statue of Deng was erected on 14 November 2000, at the grand plaza of Lianhua Mountain Park simplified Chinese: 莲花山公园; traditional Chinese: 蓮花山公園; pinyin: Liánhuāshān Gōngyuán of Shenzhen. This statue is dedicated to Deng's role as a great planner and contributor to the development of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, starting in 1979. The statue is 6 metres (20 ft) high, with an additional 3.68-meter base. The statue shows Deng striding forward confidently. In addition, in many coastal areas and on the island province of Hainan, Deng is seen on large roadside billboards with messages emphasizing economic reform or his policy of One country, two systems.
Another bronze statue of Deng was dedicated 13 August 2004 in the city of Guang'an, Deng's hometown, in southwest China's Sichuan Province. The statue was erected to commemorate Deng's 100th birthday. The statue shows Deng, dressed casually, sitting on a chair and smiling. The Chinese characters for "Statue of Deng Xiaoping" are inscribed on the pedestal. The original calligraphy was written by Jiang, then Chairman of the Central Military Commission.[48]
In Bishkek, capital of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, there is a six-lane boulevard, 25 metres (82 ft) wide and 3.5 kilometres (2 mi) long, the Deng Xiaoping Prospekt, which was dedicated on 18 June 1997. A two-meter high red granite monument stands at the east end of this route. The epigraph in memory of Deng is written in Chinese, Russian and Kirghiz.[49][50][51]
See also
1. China's leaders. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
2. China in the Era of Deng Xiaoping. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
3. Luodai, a Hakkanese town in Sichuan Province. URL accessed on 16 November 2009.
4. 4.0 4.1 The arrival of the Hakkas in Sichuan Province. URL accessed on 13 March 2010.
5. Luodai, a Hakkanese town in Sichuan Province. URL accessed on 14 May 2010.
6. Evans, Sir Richard. Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China. Penguin Books, 1995. Second Edition. Page 3. ISBN 0 14 01.3945 1
7. Deng Xiaoping – Childhood. URL accessed on 14 May 2010.
8. Evans, Sir Richard. Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China. Penguin Books, 1995. Second Edition. Page 5. ISBN 0 14 01.3945 1
9. Spence 1999, 310
10. (fr) Deng Xiaoping, l'enfance d'un chef. URL accessed on 14 May 2010.
11. Stewart, Whitney, Deng Xiaoping: Leader in a Changing China, 2001
12. Exiled son who saved the state. Times Higher Education. URL accessed on 2 December 2010.
13. Gao 2008. p. 46.
14. Dr. Li Zhisui, The Private Life of Chairman Mao, Random House,1994
15. Deng Xiaoping, Selected Works, Zenme huifu nongye shenchan (English: How to Restore Agricultural Production) Volume One of the Chinese edition, speech of 7 July 1962
16. Deng Xiaoping heimao baimao lun kaiqi sanshinian kuaisufazhan" (English:"The Rapid Development Over Three Decades of Deng's Black Cat – White Cat Theory. URL accessed on 27 November 2011.
17. Qin Hanxiong, Xinhua News Agency, 24 April 2011, Deng xiaoping zhumingde maolun yuan zi nali? (English:"Where Did Deng's Famous 'Cat Theory' Come From?". URL accessed on 27 November 2011.
18. 18.0 18.1 Minqi Li. "Socialism, capitalism, and class struggle: The Political economy of Modern china", Economic & Political Weekly, December 2008.
19. Deng Xiaoping − The Years of Hardship and Danger.
20. "Film makers flock to tractor factory to shoot Deng's stories", News Guandong, 26 July 2004.
21. Deng Rong's Memoirs: Chpt 49.[dead link]
22. Deng Rong's Memoirs: Chapter 53.[dead link]
23. 1975–1976 and 1977–1980, Europa Publications (2002) "The People's Republic of Chine: Introductory Survey" The Europa World Year Book 2003 volume 1, (44th edition) Europa Publications, London, p. 1075, col. 1, ISBN 1-85743-227-4; and Bo, Zhiyue (2007) China's Elite Politics: Political Transition and Power Balancing World Scientific, Hackensack, New Jersey, p. 59, ISBN 981-270-041-2
24. "1977: Deng Xiaoping back in power", BBC Online, 22 July 1977. Retrieved on 21 July 2011.
25. Xiang, Lanxin (20 April 2012). "Bo Xilai probe shows up China's outdated system of government". South China Morning Post
26. MFA, Singapore Press Release. URL accessed on 27 November 2011.
27. (Article 2) “The Contracting Parties declare that neither of them should seek hegemony in the Asia-Pacific region or in any other region and that each is opposed to efforts by any other country or group of countries to establish such hegemony.” MOFA: Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of China
28. Cited by Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin in Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population, Volume 1, Oxford, 2005. ISBN 978-0-12-765660-1
29. The Three-Step Development Strategy. URL accessed on 28 November 2010.
30. Cited by Michael E. Marti in China and the Legacy of Deng Xiaoping, p. 19, Brassy's Inc., United States, 2002. ISBN I-57488-416-6
31. Cited by John Gittings in The Changing Face of China, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005. ISBN 0-19-280612-2
32. Cited by António Caeiro in Pela China Dentro (translated), Dom Quixote, Lisboa, 2004. ISBN 972-20-2696-8
33. Dali Yang, Calamity and Reform in China, Stanford University Press, 1996
34. Cited by David Shambaugh in Deng Xiaoping: portrait of a Chinese statesman, Oxford University, Oxford, 1995. ISBN 0-19-828933-2
35. Cited by Susan L. Shirk in The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China, University of California, Bekerley and Los Angeles, 1993. ISBN 0-520-07706-7
36. FlorCruz, Jaime (19 December 2008) "Looking back over China's last 30 years" CNN
37. 37.0 37.1 Nathan, Andrew J. (2001). The Tiananmen Papers. Foreign Affairs.
38. Voices for Tiananmen Square: Beijing Spring and the Democracy Movement. URL accessed on 13 March 2010.
39. Palmer, Bob (8 February 2006). Voices for Tiananmen Square: Beijing Spring and the Democracy Movement. Social Anarchism. 20.
40. 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 The Politics of China By Roderick MacFarquhar
41. Deng Xiaoping's daughter defends his Tiananmen Square massacre decision. Taipei Times. 25 June 2007.
42. 42.0 42.1 The Legacy of Tiananmen By James A. R. Miles
44. Iritani, Evelyn. "Los Angeles Times — Column One",, 9 September 2004. Retrieved on 13 March 2010.
45. Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour: Elite Politics in Post-Tiananmen China Suisheng Zhao, Asian Survey 1993 University of California Press
46. CNN: China officially mourns Deng Xiaoping 24 February 1997
47. CNN:World leaders praise Deng's economic legacy 24 February 1997
48. China Daily article "Deng Xiaoping statue unveiled". China Daily. URL accessed on 13 March 2010.
49. Turkistan-Newsletter Volume: 97-1:13, 20 June 1997. Google. URL accessed on 2 December 2010.
50. John Pomfret, In Its Own Neighborhood, China Emerges as a Leader Washington Post, 18 October 2001 as quoted in Taiwan Security Research
51. John Pomfret, In Its Own Neighborhood, China Emerges as a Leader Washington Post, 18 October 2001 Preview, with option to buy, direct from Washington Post
• Template:Aut (2008). The Chinese Cultural Revolution: A History. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. .
• Template:Aut (2008). The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution. London: Pluto Press. .
• Template:Aut (2006). Mao's Last Revolution. Harvard University Press. .
Further reading
• Evans, Sir Richard. Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China.
• Ezra Vogel, Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press (September 26, 2011), hardcover, 928 pages, ISBN-10: 0674055446 ISBN-13: 978-0674055445
• Spence, Jonathan D. "A Road is Made." In The Search for Modern China. 310. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999. (ISBN 0-393-97351-4)
• Spence, Jonathan D. "Century's End." In The Search for Modern China. 725. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999. (ISBN 0-393-97351-4)
• Yang, Benjamin and Yang, Bingzhang. Deng: A Political Biography.M.E. Sharpe, 1998. ISBN 978-1-56324-722-4
• "Fifth Plenary Session of 11th C.C.P. Central Chinese Committee", Beijing Review, No. 10 (10 March 1980), pp. 3–22, which describes the official Liu rehabilitation measures and good name restoration.
External links and further reading
Party political offices
Communist Party of China
Preceded by
Rao Shushi
Head of the CPC Central Organization Department
Succeeded by
An Ziwen
Preceded by
Zhang Wentian
Abolished since 1945
General Secretary of the Secretariat of the Communist Party of China
Succeeded by
Hu Yaobang
Abolished until 1980
Preceded by
Zhou Enlai
Kang Sheng
Li Desheng
Ye Jianying
Wang Hongwen
Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China
Along with: Zhou Enlai, Hua Guofeng, Kang Sheng, Li Desheng, Ye Jianying, Wang Hongwen
Succeeded by
Hua Guofeng
Ye Jianying
Wang Hongwen
Preceded by
Ye Jianying
Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China
Along with: Li Xiannian, Wang Dongxing, Chen Yun, Ye Jianying, Zhao Ziyang, Hua Guofeng
Post abolished
Preceded by
Hua Guofeng
Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission
Succeeded by
Jiang Zemin
New title Chairman of the CPC Central Advisory Commission
Succeeded by
Chen Yun
Political offices
People's Republic of China
Preceded by
Bo Yibo
Minister of Finance of the People's Republic of China
Succeeded by
Li Xiannian
Preceded by
Lin Biao
First-ranking Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China
Succeeded by
Zhang Chunqiao
Preceded by
Li Xiannian
First-ranking Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China
Succeeded by
Wan Li
Preceded by
Zhou Enlai
Vacant since 1976
Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Succeeded by
Deng Yingchao
New title Chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission
Succeeded by
Jiang Zemin
Military offices
People's Liberation Army
Preceded by
Huang Yongsheng
Vacant since 1971
Head of the People's Liberation Army General Staff Department
Vacant Head of the People's Liberation Army General Staff Department
Succeeded by
Yang Dezhi
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Tantrums: Why Your Kids Have Them & How To Make It Stop
The Importance of Structure
Structure is the most important thing for a child, which is something parents often overlook. Routines give them a sense of security and help them develop self-discipline. People in general are often afraid of the unknown, and even more so for toddlers. So many things are unknown to a child and they are constantly being introduced to new foods, people, experiences, etc. every day. By establishing a routine with your child, you are giving them the opportunity to be able to feel like they have some control over their day.
The very definition of growing up is that their own bodies are changing on them physically and intellectually. Babies and toddlers give up pacifiers, bottles, breasts, cribs, their position as the baby of the house, etc. They tackle and learn new skills and information at an astonishing pace, from walking and reading to learning how to play soccer and riding a bike. Few children live in the same house during their entire childhood; most move several times, often to new cities and certainly to new neighborhoods and schools. Very few changes in a child’s life are within the child’s control.
A Good Routine
Children, like the rest of us, handle change best if it is expected and occurs in the context of a familiar routine. A predictable routine allows children to feel safe, and to develop a sense of mastery in handling their lives. As this sense of mastery is strengthened, they can tackle larger changes: walking to school by themselves, paying for a purchase at the store or sleeping over a friend’s house. Uncontrollable changes can erode this sense of safety and mastery and leave a child feeling anxious and less able to cope with the vicissitudes of life, leaving them to act out in the only ways they know how to express themselves: crying, yelling, tantrums etc.
Preschoolers want to own their new-found independence, but they also want the close attention and love of their caregivers. Ages 2-4 are the most commonly difficult years for parenting because so many changes take place during such a short time. In only a few years you go from having to take care of every little need for your baby, to having to relinquish control and allow them to make their own choices and to start doing things without your help; very tough as a parent. You will always feel like you know what’s best for your child, but at the same time you need to let your child make some appropriate mistakes for themselves so they can learn from their own experience, instead of being told about it, hypothetically.
Tantrum Advice
1. Not staying consistent with a routine. When you’re not being consistent with your routine, preschoolers get confused and may act out more or throw more temper tantrums. If sometimes you let them do something and sometimes you don’t, they don’t understand.
Your child probably wants to know why last time Mommy let her color with her markers in the living room but this time won’t let her, or why Mommy laid down with her for 10 minutes last night while she fell asleep but now says she can’t.
2. Focusing on the negative. It’s easy to hone in on your child’s negative actions (like yelling and screaming) and ignore the good ones. But the truth is, if you give attention to your child in mostly a negative way then you are showing them how to act in order to get your attention—by acting out.
3. Missing the warning signs. Parents often try to reason with children when they’re in the throes of a temper tantrum, repeating, “Calm down, calm down,” but that’s like trying to reason with a goldfish. You’ve got power immediately beforehand when you can still distract or anticipate, but once the tantrum is in full force, you’ve lost your chance and your child is not hearing you anymore.
4. Unknowingly encouraging whining/nagging. For many parents, the case of the whines drives them crazy. Parents often give in to these whines to make the whining stop, but this only reinforces the attention-getting behavior. Your child will figure out which buttons to push and then push them over and over again until they wear you down enough so you give in. And then the cycle repeats every time the child wants something from you because they know that the whining has worked in the past.
5. Over-scheduling your child. This isn’t an issue for Ali at all right now, but I figured it was still good to talk about it now before Ali starts school in a year. Parents often line up a slew of activities like dance, music classes, soccer, t-ball, gymnastics etc. Then they wonder why their child isn’t getting in bed and falling asleep right away after so many activities that should have made her tired.
The problem is that they’re still wound up and need time to calm down. Every child needs down time, especially preschoolers. Whether your child is at preschool for two hours or there all day, it can be very exhausting emotionally and physically, and even though you might think they just played all day, they still need time to unwind and have free, unstructured play when they get home. Think of how you feel after you have had a hard day working and don’t get a minute to unwind and have a moment for yourself.
6. Underestimating the importance of play. This also is not a problem for Ali but again, I wanted to show the importance of this point for the future, because we are at the point now where we want Ali’s playing to be more purposeful and educational.
Many parents feel they should sign their children up for enrichment programs to give them an edge, but that’s really not necessary. The most enriching activity for a child between the ages of 3-5 is free play. This includes dramatic play (make believe), goofing around, playing kitchen, playing house, building with bikes etc. Free play is how children’s brains develop best. In play, children will naturally give themselves the right amount of challenge—not too easy or too hard, and it also gives you an excellent opportunity to play with them and to observe where their strengths, weaknesses and preferences are.
7. Getting distracted by the daily grind. Your child may play well independently, but that doesn’t mean he or she doesn’t still crave your attention. Children are missing out on something if parents don’t get on the floor and play with them. Not only do parents not get down and play, many parents are too easily distracted by their cell phone, email or other multitasking. Kids are very observant and always know whether we’re really paying attention or not.
8. Not setting expectations and limits. We all follow rules in our lives whether they are traffic rules, rules at work or personal rules we have set for ourselves, otherwise known as guidelines. We all have certain guidelines that need to be followed each day, and kids are no exception. If kids don’t know what is expected of them then their behavior is definitely going to reflect that in a negative way. Setting these limits and expectations doesn’t have to be negative, it’s just a way to set your child up to succeed during their day when they know what the people around them need from them.
Changing your child’s behavior won’t happen overnight. Pick an aspect of your child’s behavior that you want to change, and work on one thing at a time. You will see better results if you, for example, try eliminating the tantrums that happen before leaving the house, as opposed to trying to make your child never have a tantrum.
Brandi Brucks
Brandi Brucks
Brandi graduated from Simmons College in Boston, MA with a BA in English and a minor in Early Childhood Education, as well as a MA in Elementary Education. She specializes in potty training children as young as 21 months up to 4 years old, and has had amazing success using her intensive potty training method.
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Ulcerative colitisOverview
Ulcerative colitis is inflammation of the lower end of your digestive system, including your large bowel and rectum.
Common symptoms of ulcerative colitis include frequent diarrhoea (which may be bloody), stomach aches and needing to go to the toilet a lot.
It's not clear what causes ulcerative colitis. A possible cause is your immune system attacking your digestive system.
Ulcerative colitis is usually treated with medicines that reduce the inflammation in your digestive system. Surgery may be needed in severe cases.
Page last reviewed: 23/01/2019
Next review due: 23/01/2022
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https://api-bridge.azurewebsites.net/conditions/?uid=YWRyaWFuam9uZXNAbmhzLm5ldA==&p=ulcerative-colitis&p=ulcerative-colitis/treatment&p=ulcerative-colitis/causes&p=ulcerative-colitis/causes&p=ulcerative-colitis/diagnosis&p=ulcerative-colitis/complications&p=ulcerative-colitis
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The Brightest Hot DOG in the Universe
Title: The Strikingly Uniform, Highly Turbulent Interstellar Medium of the Most Luminous Galaxy in the Universe
Authors: T. Diaz-Santos, R. J. Assef, A. W. Blain, C.-W. Tsai, M. Aravena, P. Eisenhardt, J. Wu, D. Stern, & C. Bridge
First Author’s Institution: Nucleo de Astronomia de la Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
It’s year 109 post-Big Bang, and the galaxies are awakening.
It’s a busy time of growth in the life of our universe’s galaxies. Galaxies are booming with new stars—star formation is going to peak in a billion years or two, then drop precipitously thereafter. Also growing heartily are supermassive black holes, buried deep in the heart of each massive galaxy. Some are already a staggering billion solar masses. In a billion years or so, they too will be undergoing peak growth. It’ll never quite be the same again in the history of the universe, nor in the lives of its then-adolescent galactic citizens.
This era of growth is one in which some of the brightest galaxies we know of have been found. The brightest galaxy in the universe that we know of to date, W2246-0526, lives at a redshift of z ~ 4.6 (about a billion years after the Big Bang) and radiates at an astounding rate of 3.5 x 1014 L, about 10,000 times brighter than a typical star-forming galaxy you’d see today, such as the Milky Way. Its cryptic name hides a clue to why it’s so bright—its first letter is an abbreviation of the name of the telescope that discovered it, the space-borne Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), which was designed to image the entire sky in the infrared and find the most luminous infrared galaxies in the universe. W2246-0526, in fact, appears to radiate almost entirely in the infrared, unlike typical galaxies, which prefer to radiate at visible and UV wavelengths. Infrared emission is typically radiated by hot dust, thus the galaxy has been classified as a Hot Dust Obscured Galaxy, or Hot DOG for short.
What heats up all that dust? At the heart of such galaxies is a supermassive black hole that’s consuming the gas surrounding it, a system called an active galactic nucleus (AGN). As the gas is consumed by the black hole, the gravitational potential energy lost by the gas is converted in part into heat, causing the gas to heat up to millions of degrees. Gas this hot glows bright in visible and UV light. The staggering amounts of dust surrounding a Hot DOG absorbs the light, however, but reemits it in the infrared, giving rise to Extremely Luminous InfraRed Galaxies (ELIRGs). Given the extravagant luminosity of W2246-0526, it must be illuminated by a powerful AGN, powered by a ravenous and rapidly growing black hole. But rapid growth is often accompanied with growing pains, a rule from which galaxies not exempt—the black hole draws the material it accretes from the same reservoir from which its host galaxy forms stars. Thus both the galaxy’s AGN and star formation may shut off quickly thereafter.
At what stage might W2246-0526 be in this process? The authors of today’s paper sought to answer this question by mapping the galaxy’s star-forming gas, the interstellar medium (ISM). To do this, they imaged the galaxy in one particular emission line of singly-ionized carbon by which much of the ISM cools, thus making it a good tracer of the ISM (see these notes, starting on page 4, for more details). What they found was striking. They derived the projected velocity profile for the galaxy, which revealed that it exhibits minimal rotation, indicating that there is no significant disk (see Figure 1). In fact, the velocity dispersion—a measure of how randomly the gas is moving, typically small compared to the rotation velocity for a typical spiral galaxy—was found to be larger than the rotation velocity (see Figure 2), and among the highest observed in any galaxy. High velocity dispersions can signify that the gas is extremely turbulent. But that wasn’t all—the authors found that the velocity dispersion was surprisingly uniform, indicating that the highly turbulent gas must fill the galaxy up to several kiloparsecs from its center, possibly by expanding isotropically.
Figure 1. Velocity dispersion based on
Figure 1. The projected velocity map of the interstellar medium of W2246-0526. Calculated based on a map of [C II]. Note that the the projected velocity is at most 150 km/s. The red clump at the top may be a smaller galaxy in the process of merging with W2246-0526. The circle at bottom left depicts the image resolution.
Figure 2.
Figure 2. The velocity dispersion profile of WW2246-0526. Again, the velocity estimate has been derived based on a map of [C II]. Note both the high velocity dispersion (FWHM ~500-600 km/s) and that the high velocity is uniform across the entire region.
Why might W2246-0526’s ISM have the shape and dynamics that it does? The authors point out that the galaxy is so luminous that its central AGN can blow the dust surrounding it out by force of the light it radiates. They also point out that should the AGN transfers even 10% of its energy to the ISM, it’ll cause an isothermal bubble of gas to expand isotropically. Thus the gas and dust isn’t stable—it’ll soon be blown away, lifting the heavy cloak of dust that surrounds the fiery AGN inside. It looks like we’ve caught the most luminous galaxy in the universe at a special phase in its life, a point where it’s on the brink of emerging from its dusty cocoon to become an unobscured AGN shining in its native optical and UV light.
About Stacy Kim
I am a fourth-year graduate student in The Ohio State University's Department of Astronomy. On a day-to-day basis, you can typically find me attempting to smash clusters of galaxies together inside big supercomputers with Dr. Annika Peter to see if cluster mergers are good testbeds for dark matter collisionality. As an undergraduate at Caltech, I spent a few years chasing photons where planets are thought to form (or, as they say, performing Monte Carlo radiative transfer calculations of protoplanetary disks) with Dr. Neal Turner of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. When I'm not sitting in front of a computer trying to translate cosmic thoughts into pithy lines of code, you can find me in the kitchen or on the walls of a climbing gym.
1. Thanks a lot for the note Stacy. It surely is an amazing galaxy to study, with very striking kinematic properties. Hopefully new data from ALMA, VLA and other facilities will help us to understand better this monster! 🙂
• Thanks Tanio! It was a fun paper to read… I’m looking forward to hearing more about this beast! Good luck 🙂
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https://astrobites.org/2015/11/18/the-brightest-hot-dog-in-the-universe/comment-page-1/
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In this article about the AS870 flight that flew through the umbra of the March 8-9 2016 solar eclipse, there is a link to a YouTube video showing the eclipse recored by a handheld camera in the cabin.
Of course this is personal video and not recorded for analysis, but the images - especially during the zoomed part - remind me of an annular eclipse, rather than a total eclipse. Below are some screenshots - the weak Fresnel reflections in the cabin window act a bit like attenuators (ND filters) and give less saturated, though distorted views. Basically they all look like donuts.
My first thinking was that if it was a total eclipse on the ground, it couldn't be annular at 35,000 feet closer to the moon. But thinking and looking again, the sun is near the horizon, and the plane at about 150 West longitude is not necessarily closer to the sun than observers on the ground were in Indonesia circa 120 East.
My question is - is that just corona, or is the plane farther away enough from the moon at this time and location to make the eclipse annular?
It may be helpful to read about hybrid eclipses.
note: I'm looking for a quantitative answer, not an opinion.
There is another version of the video on YouTube with more views, but the narrative doesn't hold a candle to double rainbow guy original and musical version.
Alaska Airlines 870 Eclipse 1 Alaska Airlines 870 Eclipse 2
Here is a screenshot of a typical AS870 flight from flightradar24.com, pretty much between 152 and 158 degrees west.
screen shot from flightradar24.com
This is from the second link in the top line - the Alaska Airlines blog entry for the flight.
Alaska Airlines Blog image of AS870 eclipse path
How an eclipse could possibly appear annular from a plane over one place on the planet while appearing total on the ground at another place on the planet 5,000 kilometers away (note, these occur at different times - the shadow is moving relative to earth and the earth is rotating):
eclipse geometry
• $\begingroup$ The pixels around the moon are still bright enough to be saturated. There's a lot of (Mie)-scattered light in the Earth's atmosphere (caused by aerosols) close to the Sun. I doubt that the white-light scattering of the corona is bright enough to be seen. You're only going to get an opinion unless you know a lot more about the camera, how the film was taken, what the illumination levels were etc. etc. $\endgroup$ – Rob Jeffries Mar 18 '16 at 12:08
• $\begingroup$ @RobJeffries read it again - my question is about the geometry of the sun, earth, and moon and plane. "...is that just corona, or is the plane farther away enough from the moon at this time and location to make the eclipse annular?" If the plane were close enough for totality, it would be the corona, if the eclipse were annular, it would not be (just) the corona. $\endgroup$ – uhoh Mar 18 '16 at 13:55
• $\begingroup$ For a quantitative answer as stated, we really need quantitative data about the camera exposure, possible atmospheric conditions, exact aircraft location, etc. About all I can see from the picture is that the plane is probably well within the region of totality (as seen from the dark "wedge" over much of the sky) so we're not seeing an annular eclipse. $\endgroup$ – Andy Mar 18 '16 at 14:45
• 1
$\begingroup$ No the geometry is not significantly changed by flying 10km above the Earth's surface compared with the 400,000 km that the Moon is from Earth. And even if it were (I don't see how the plane can be further away from the moon than a point of totality at the surface of the Earth) it would likely be changed in the opposite direction to make the eclipse "more total". $\endgroup$ – Rob Jeffries Mar 18 '16 at 16:21
• $\begingroup$ OK @RobJeffries I have drawn you a sketch of how it can. The earth is round, and since the angle is oblique, being in a plane does not necessarily put you closer to the moon. You can also read about hybrid eclipses here and here $\endgroup$ – uhoh Mar 18 '16 at 16:41
It is quite clear from the film (and the awful soundtrack) that a total eclipse was observed. The Sun's corona and prominences cannot be seen during an annular eclipse. Nor is there a sudden fading or drastic brightening at the beginning and end of an annular eclipse.
The accompanying article talks about "totality" and removing safety glasses to look at the Sun during totality, and that the period of totality was 1 min 53 seconds; the (frankly, annoying) narrator shouts the word "totality" about 23 times.
The eclipse was observed towards the end period of totality (what I mean by that is the shadow is tracking west to east across the Earth's surface. That means the Sun was above the western horizon as seen by the plane, and at 5:35pm, would be 10 degrees above the horizon. That means that in order to observe this event the plane must have been closer to the moon than a point on the surface of the Earth where totality would have been observed at the same time. That means the period of totality would have been slightly longer and the moon would have had a slightly larger angular size as seen from the plane.
If I had the exact latitude and longitude I could tell you just how much longer the eclipse was. Messing about with Stellarium, I can get a reasonable match of the eclipse time at W157 58 35, N31 22 00. At 10,000m the eclipse is total and lasts about 70s. At sealevel at the same latitude it lasts maybe a few seconds longer (it's difficult to be sure). But the sea level region of totality observed at the same time would have been somewhat further east (but still along the path where totality was observed), where the period of totality would have been shorter.
• $\begingroup$ I'll give you credit for being quantitative :) is this the beginning of another Astronomer joke? $\endgroup$ – uhoh Mar 18 '16 at 16:45
• $\begingroup$ @uhoh I only said about about - it may have been more - I muted it. $\endgroup$ – Rob Jeffries Mar 18 '16 at 16:46
Your Answer
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https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/14212/why-does-the-eclipse-in-this-video-look-annular
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World Exhibition
01/04/1867 - 03/11/1867
Agriculture, Industry and Fine Arts
Official Designation
Exposition Universelle de Paris 1867
Area (ha)
Participants (Countries)
It was the second World Expo hosted in French capital. Its objective was to improve understanding between nations and foster peace.
The invention of the Expo Pavilion concept
The goal of the Expo was not only to bring produce from foreign countries and expose them at the Fair, but also to showcase different ways of life from all over the world and to allow interaction between different cultures through a new feature: the national pavilions. They provided a space in which countries could display there culture, their history and their innovations. The pavilions were to become the trademark of all future Expos.
The innovations showcased
Very innovative products appeared at this exhibition such as the new diver to swim under water, but also one that resists fire, a hydraulic elevator, reinforced concrete and machinery manufacturing soft drinks.
The key attractions
The Promenade, the park, restaurants of different nations, pavilions and different designs ranging from chapels to the lighthouse, the Egyptian Palace and the Russian village are a few examples of the diversity and impressive exhibitions showcased. It is also on the occasion of the exhibition of 1867 that the "bateaux-mouches" made their first appearance on the Seine as a means of transportation for tourists.
An Expo of great prestige and diplomatic influence
As no other World Exposition before it, the Exposition Universelle 1867 attracted the regents of the whole world. For the first time, even the Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz left his country to take part in the meeting of nations' representatives. This unbroken parade of princely visits went on for six months, a parade which was popularly known as the "Ballet of Nations". And even the rulers of the three continental powers who had fought against Napoleon I up until the year 1814 returned to Paris for the first time: the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph I, the Prussian King Wilhelm I with his Chancellor Bismarck and the Russian Tsar Alexander II.
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https://bie-paris.org/site/en/1867-paris
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Gossip was a powerful tool for the powerless in Ancient Greece
Through calculated use of gossip, women, non-citizens, or slaves wielded a potent weapon against those who wronged them.
Photo credit: Nicholas Tsikourias / Keystone / Hulton Archive / Getty Images
At the heart of the greatest works of Ancient Greek literature are mighty acts of revenge. Revengers overcome their enemies through superior physical prowess, as when Achilles kills Hector in a single combat to avenge the death of his comrade Patroclus; or through their employment of trickery and deceit, as when Medea slays Creon and his daughter by using poisoned clothing in revenge against Jason, her unfaithful husband. But how could a person lacking in physical strength, magical abilities or supportive friends take revenge?
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8 Yale University courses you can take online, for free
"The value of a college education is not the learning of many facts but the training of the mind to think," Albert Einstein said. So go back to school, Ivy League style.
Photo: Jonathan Daniels on Unsplash
The idea of continuing to learn new things after leaving school is an attractive one, but one that can seem daunting. Finding both the time and the proper resources to learn something new can prove difficult, and leave us with unsatisfied curiosity. Even if we find a class we might be interested in, the cost can be prohibitive.
So, to help you curious cats out, we present 8 online classes from Yale you can take right now, at no cost.
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The Economic Glory That Was Greece
What made the Golden Age of Greece, and Western Civilization, possible? One author says "free trade".
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https://bigthink.com/tag/ancient-greece
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The Second Crimean War: When Decaying Empires Strike Back
Rein Taagepera, recipient of Skytte Prize 2008, is Professor Emeritus of political science at the University of Tartu, and the University of California, Irvine, USA.
Cole Thomas. The Course of Empire Destruction. 1836
“Destruction”, the forth painting in a five-part series of paintings entitled “The Course of Empire”, created by Thomas Cole in the years 1833-36. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons.
The Crimean War began 160 years ago, 80 years after Russia seized Crimea from Turkey. The war theater covered all of northern and eastern Black Sea coast, and even reached the Gulf of Finland, but its focus was Franco-British-Sardinian siege and capture of Sevastopol. Why on earth would West European allies wish to get stuck on the Black Sea? They tried to keep Russia from cutting off too large a slice of the decaying Ottoman Turkish Empire. This empire kept on decaying, anyway. Counter-attacks by the empire and its opportunistic allies barely slowed down the process. Turkey did not recover Crimea.
Now another decaying empire tries to strike back, and it started with Crimea. Journalists and political scientists tend to have short time horizons. Anything without precedent since 1990, or 1945 at most, may be called “unprecedented”. In this view, an international system essentially stable since times immemorial has lately become disrupted. Future has become uncertain, the past offering no guidance. This means, of course, the past since the creation of the political world, in 1990 – or in 1945, if one was born that long ago.
“New Realities in the Making” sounds of course catchier than déjà vu, but systematic political science should embed short-term new realities in a broader framework, making use a longer historical perspective. This would improve our predictive power. Some political scientists pride themselves of never making predictions, but they must mean specific predictions. Separating the possible from the unlikely also is prediction. So is separating actions that look successful, short-term, from those that actually are, in the long term.
Why should society be interested in funding an endeavor completely devoid of prediction? Historians beat political scientists in describing what endures. Journalists beat them in instant postdiction. If political scientists publish only median-term analyses – too late for daily decision-making but outdated within ten years – what would their function be?
This note focuses on the long term, offering a sketch of patterns of stabilization and destabilization of international system. It largely shuffles mentally through a high school history book, but my quantitative studies on empire growth and decay over the last 5000 years may add insights. The outcome is a mapping of the present situation in a broader historical context. Mapping alone does not get us out of the woods. But with faulty mapping we may move deeper into the woods.
A classification of destabilizing circumstances
Stabilized international systems may become unstable under two circumstances: when an emerging power demands a larger slice of the pie, and when an existing empire undergoes decay, leaving a power vacuum. Germany in 1870-1945 and China now exemplify the first process. Socio-economic expansion leads to new confidence, demands for more voice, and also territorial claims. Resulting conflict may bring success or reverses and new attempts. Germany’s double failure in 1914-18 and in 1938-1945 by no means predicts a similar pattern for China. It merely predicts a protracted period of challenges, until a new steady state is reached, with some winners and losers.
Modern examples of decay of existing empires include colonial overseas empires with European cores, but also empires with disparate contiguous holdings: Polish-Lithuanian, Austrian, Ottoman, and Russian. The Ottoman Empire offers most parallels to the Russian, for reasons presented soon. Like Germany for China, Turkey offers no precise prediction for Russia. However, Turkey’s experience largely precludes some avenues that might look possible for Russia in a perspective limited to 1990 or 1945.
Overseas territories are easier to give up psychologically, once they are lost. The geographical separation line is clear. The lost lands are not right behind the border, almost within physical reach. Few Englishmen dreamed of reincorporating the United States in the early 1800s. Losing Indochina, then Algeria, deeply unsettled France, but reconquering those territories was unthinkable. This is not to say that shedding colonies was painless for France, Britain, Portugal or even The Netherlands and Belgium. Post-colonial trauma lasted for years and sometimes decades. But the idea of reconquesta did not enter.
Decay of contiguous empires
This was different for contiguous areas, which at times were repeatedly seized, lost and seized again. What was once lost and recovered, could conceivably be recovered again. What remained next door could conceivably be recovered. The Polish-Lithuanian, Austrian, Ottoman, and Russian empires all lost vigor long before marked territorial losses. While the visible effects were political, I’d rather characterize it as loss of social and/or economic capability.
Before final collapse, Poland-Lithuania and Austria-Hungary largely maintained their territory. At the eve of the three successive partitions (1772-1795), just 23 years apart, Poland was only slightly smaller than at its peak size. Austria actually achieved its largest extent barely 10 years before collapse, when it formally annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908.
These collapses were sudden and thorough. Austria survived as a rump state saddled with a huge capital city. It showed little will to continue as a separate state, much less restoring empire. Poland was erased from the map effectively in 1795 and formally after the uprising of 1863. Dreams of restoring Poland remained alive, and they included areas beyond its ethnic borders. Such hopes weakened the restored post-1918 Poland by pitting it against almost all its neighbors.
In contrast, Ottoman Empire, which sharply expanded in the 1500s and reached its peak size by 1680, slowly began to lose ground already in the 1700s. Later changes look small on historical maps, because losses of valuable real estate in the Balkans, around the Black Sea and the Maghreb were compensated by deeper penetration into the Saharan sands. But the trend was unmistakable.
Since early Ottoman losses were Russian and Austrian gains, Britain and France initially were motivated to prop up the decaying empire. This stand peaked with the Crimean War. Later, Britain and France participated in sharing the spoils in Africa and almost came to blows over Sudan. Italy, late in the game, seized Libya. Still, maintaining status quo was more in everyone’ s interest than the uncertainties of complete partition. So the “sick man of Europe” was maintained by international mutual consent, until it collapsed internally in the face of the stresses of the First World War.
The striking difference with Poland and Austria was that, after collapse, Turkey maintained an appreciable territory, partly even outside the predominantly ethnic Turkish area. This was possible because, under Kemal Atatürk’s leadership, Turkey explicitly gave up on the rest of the empire, turned a page, and focused on building a new nation state – in contrast to Poland, who in 1920 could not forget its former empire. Among overseas colonial powers, only Charles de Gaulle managed a comparably sharp reversal. France has maintained occasional military interference in its “Near Abroad” in Black Africa. Turkey has not – not only because of lack of opportunity but also lack of desire.
Ottoman and Russian commonalities
Russia reached its peak size in the very late 1800s, when conquest of Central Asia was completed. In its Soviet reincarnation, gains in Galicia and Tuva could not compensate for loss of Finland and Poland. In terms of external power and influence the Soviet Union certainly more than matched imperial Russia, but its peacetime collapse uncovered hidden socio-economic weakness on an unprecedented scale.
It took joint action by all three major neighbors to finish off Poland. It took a major war to break down Austrian and Ottoman empires. In contrast, it took no foreign activity (beyond nuclear arms race) to bring down the Soviet Union. This might be the first purely internal collapse since the demise of the Maya states and civilization one thousand years earlier.
In this perspective, the Bolshevik revolution bought territorial re-consolidation of the collapsed tsarist empire only at the cost of ever deepening social decay. The tsarist empire was actually modernizing at a faster clip than it is usually given credit for, under the influence of Soviet propaganda. Moreover, its economic modernization was more in step with social modernization. Soviet rule stopped real social modernization – hence the collapse in plain peacetime.
If one compares the Russian trajectory with the previous three, the Ottoman trajectory looks the closest. Both included vast territory, some of it densely inhabited, some almost empty. Loss of territory over the first century or two of retreat was fitful and involved some of the most densely inhabited parts – the Balkans, then Egypt for Turkey, Poland, then the western, Caucasian and Central Asian union republics for Russia.
Prior to final collapse, Turkey was reduced to ethnic core area, Fertile Crescent, and the wastelands (from the pre-naphtha viewpoint) of the Arabian Peninsula; and it had fallen far behind in economic development, compared to other world powers. As of now, Russia is reduced to ethnic core area, Caucasus, and the wastelands of Siberia; and it has fallen far behind in economic development, compared to other world powers. It would be foolhardy to conclude that collapse is imminent. Statistics based on a sample of one comparable case is poor statistics. And even then it took a war the Ottoman Empire did not initiate, to bring it down.
The parallels are more remote. Empires rarely can stand still. They initially outrun their internal flaws through external expansion. Once an empire stops growing, internal flaws accumulate. Expansion is self-reinforcing, and so is decay. It seems extremely hard to change such a course, short of giving up on previous glory and starting anew. Like Atatürk and de Gaulle. Unlike Putin.
Atatürk, de Gaulle, and Putin
This shift was easier for Atatürk. He could shift focus from Islam to ethnic Turkishness. Suleiman’s pretext for vastly expanding the Ottoman Empire in the 1500s had been to gather in all Muslim lands. This motive had lost luster. Linguistically based nationalism was the new wave, and Atatürk rode it masterfully, replacing Arab script with Latin and purging Turkish language from Arabisms. The post-Soviet Russian leaders had no such alternative. Ever since the gathering in of Russian lands justified Moscow’s early conquests, linguistically based nationalism was at the very core of the empire, even before this term was coined.
De Gaulle offers a more feasible script for Russia’s emancipation from its past. He hid his interpretation of grandeur française until he reached the peak. The colonialist diehards who carried him there were flabbergasted when de Gaulle indicated that, in the modern world, colonies were a burden to be dispensed of. Russia is still waiting for such a leader. And contiguity makes it harder to forget about Ukraine, compared to Algeria, not to mention letting Northern Caucasia and Tatarstan go.
Decaying empires rarely recover
Does history ever show empires that stumble and then catch a new breath? This may look so for the Egyptian, Assyrian and Hittite repeat empires. But on closer look these are new formations, after thorough breakdown, on the same cultural grounds. French colonial empire comes closest to a second breath. After being kicked out from Canada, Louisiana and India, France built up a second empire in Africa. Due to geographical distance, the loss of first colonies had a muted impact on the center. In particular, France did not remain obsessed with reclaiming the same colonies. It turned its sights elsewhere. Unlike Putin.
Short of reaching the Moon, today’s Russia does not have the option of new territories elsewhere. Striking back in its habitual sphere of domination only wastes resources that should go into starting afresh. Like pre-WWI Ottoman Empire (and the Austrian), Russia is stuck in the stage of half-hearted reforms alternating with retrenchment, all the while trying to recover past glory.
Like during the Ottoman decay, no external power wishes to promote a collapse of Russia – the result would be too messy and unpredictable. Short of outside jolts, such empires can last. But external jolts do occur. Sometimes the decaying empire unintentionally triggers them by trying to strike back. Germany did not unleash the First World War; Austria did – technologically third class, poorly organized, inept but pugnacious Austria. This was akin to today’s Russia, apart from nuclear weapons, another feature Russia inherited from better days.
This is the broader framework for viewing Russia’s recent actions. We have here another case of a socio-economically decaying society, still mired in nostalgia, still waiting for its Atatürk or de Gaulle. This decaying structure is still capable of considerable mischief.
Challenge by a team of ascending and decaying powers
International systems may become unstable when an emerging power demands a larger slice of the pie, or when an existing empire undergoes decay. Hitler’s challenge was an episode of the first type. Putin’s challenge is of the second type. In comparison, the previous Soviet challenge looked like the first type but turned out to be of the second type.
When both types combine the system becomes doubly unstable. The alliance of an ascending Germany with a decaying Austria was a main ingredient for World War One. This alliance encouraged Austria to lash out against Serbia, and Austria could not be contained without drawing in Germany. The tail wagged the dog.
The present constellation is vaguely analogous: an ascending China in a marriage of convenience with decaying Russia. The analogy should not be stretched too far. Germany and Austria shared a language and culture. Russia and China are strangers and competitors, momentarily drawn together by opposition to the world’s dominant coalition, for opposite reasons.
China sees the dominant coalition as an impediment to its rise. Yet by flexing its muscles, China forces ever more of its neighbors to join the coalition. Russia sees the West as actively encroaching on its space, rather than recognizing that Russia’s own weakness is creating a vacuum the West is reluctantly drawn into. By clumsily trying to strike back, Russia too is inducing a defensive circle around it. Putin’s seizure of Crimea forced the US to station troops in the Baltic states. As Russia sees itself encircled in the west and China in the southeast, by what they see as the same opponent, these two are motivated to paper over their inherent differences over the Russian Far East, which is Chinese on ancient maps and increasingly Chinese in its population.
It looks far-fetched to imagine that, in its gamble against the West, Russia could make mistakes that could draw in China, like Austria drew in Germany. But the latter scenario also looked far-fetched even in spring 1914. The main message for the West is: In reacting to Russia in Europe and Caucasus, always be on the lookout against unintentionally putting China in a bind.
How do US troops in the Baltic states and missile shield in Poland inadvertently affect far-away China? A pipeline from Central Asia to Europe through Transcaucasia makes sense in circumventing Russia; but how would it affect China’s energy balance? Or more to the point: how could it look, as viewed from China?
Conclusion: Elastic response
We are not on entirely new grounds. International systems have been challenged before. Can we learn from previous responses? Confrontation, containment or appeasement – these are the broad choices, or rather a palette from which to mix suitable responses.
Even though the international system faces a combined Chinese-Russian challenge, I overlook here the specifically Chinese aspects. What does history of decaying empires tell us about Russia? First, it is up to Russia to free itself from the chains of imperial history. Understandably, this takes time – generations, unless speeded up by some de Gaulle. Meanwhile, the tension has to be managed.
One must understand Russia’s frustration over so many of its former dependencies turning toward the West. What Putin sees as his Near Abroad is slipping away through peaceful means – through attraction of democracy and Western culture, and through lack of attraction of old Russian model. Understandably, Putin sees this as active Western interference, because his imperial mindset does not allow for former dependencies to have a mind of their own. While trying to counter-attack, Putin genuinely feels on the defensive.
But understanding does not mean justifying. Attacks must be resisted, even when launched by understandably frustrated leaders and countries. But one can afford a more elastic response when facing a decaying empire rather than an expanding one. Unlike Austria’s Anschluss, Crimea’s is not a steppingstone toward some string of further conquests. The decaying empire has the will for going further, but not the capability. For containment, active use of force is not needed. It suffices to refuse to recognize conquests and to reinforce defenses elsewhere, waiting for the empire either to reform or crumble. Time is on the side of containing powers.
Crimea was at the center of a major counter-attack on behalf of the decaying Ottoman Empire, 160 years ago. It is now the main booty in a major counter-attack by the decaying Russian Empire. Here the similarities end, apart from supplying a flashy title. The second Crimean war did not take place. The West, including the new western-oriented Ukrainian regime, chose not to fight but use a more elastic defense. Turkey did not recover Crimea, 160 years ago, and Russia’s present hold on Crimea remains pointless.
See the University of Tartu’s master’s programmes in political and social sciences: Baltic Sea Region Studies, Democracy and Governance, European Union – Russia Studies, International Relations and Regional Studies.
One Response to The Second Crimean War: When Decaying Empires Strike Back
1. Wayne Sandholtz says:
Rein Taagepera has offered multiple insights, grounded in historical awareness that few these days can match. The essay concludes that “Russia’s present hold on Crimea remains pointless.” Would the same be true of Russia’s apparent hold on eastern Ukraine? These land grabs may be pointless in terms of the larger international system, but they may well prove costly to Russia itself. No matter how much these territorial grabs sooth nationalist egos, they will require large-scale Russian investment over many years. Russia’s price tag for Crimea and eastern Ukraine may turn out to be large indeed.
Comments are closed.
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https://blog.ut.ee/the-second-crimean-war-when-decaying-empires-strike-back/
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Do You Understand The Time Value of Money?
The phrase “time is money” is not just used in terms of a powerful career person talking to his or her subordinates. “Time is Money” is actually a mathematically proven statement that explains the value of money now versus its value in the future. The reason is simple: A dollar that you receive today can be invested so that you can have more than a dollar at some point in the future. Therefore $1 today, is worth more than $1 received tomorrow.
Perhaps you’ve heard the famous lottery debate: would you take the $100,000 now or in 5 years? Let’s just keep it VERY simple for now and review the basics of this concept. Once you understand it, I hope you will see how valuable putting your extra cash in an interest bearing account or investment is. I also hope you can apply the principle of TMV in your daily life.
For some of you this is a review. If you weren’t a business major, this may seem a bit foreign. Either way, it is very important stuff to understand because everyone has and needs to learn to deal with money.
Example 1
You have an extra $1,000 sitting in your checking account that you never touch. If you moved that $1,000 into an account that earned 5% interest and didn’t touch it for 3 years, how much would you have after 3 years?
Present Value of your money is: $1,000
Value at the end of year 1: $1,000 * (1.05)= $1,050
Value at the end of year 2: $1,000 * (1.05)^2=$1,102.50
Value at the end of year 3: $1,000 * (1.05)^3= $1,157.63
Future Value of your money after 3 years: $1,157.62
Example 2
You want to pay off your $5,000 student loan in 3 years. Assuming the loan accumulates no interest, how much would you need today in order to have $5,000 at the end of 3 years at 5%?
To answer this question, we need to flip the equation. Therefore, $5,000 is the Future Value of your money, we need to solve for the Present Value.
So if, FV= PV * (1 + i)^n
Then, PV= FV/ (1 + i)^n
(n=period, in this case years; i= interest rate)
PV= $5,000/ (1.05)^3
= $4,319.19
So you will need to start with $4,319.18 today to grow your account to $5,000 at 5% after 3 years.
Example 3
How does saving $150 per month at 6% look after 5, 10, 20 and 30 years?
5 years: $10,466
10 years: $24,582
20 years: $69,306
30 years: $150,677
Plug in your own example using this calculator. Here’s how to fill in the calculator for this type of scenario:
PV= 0 (you start with nothing)
FV= leave blank (because this is what we are solving for)
Rate= interest rate
Periods= # of years you want to save*12 (i.e. period for 5 years is 60, or 5*12)
Drop Down Menu, select monthly (you will be contributing to this account each month). Then click FV to solve for Future Value.
The Rule of 72
The Rule of 72 is a popular way to quickly calculate how long it will take to double your money. It’s quite simple. All you do is take 72 and divide the interest rate you are getting, to find out how many years it takes to double your money.
So if you are earning 9% on your investment, 72/9=8 years
If you are earning 8% on your investment, 72/8= 9 years
In today’s economy, if you are earning 3% on your investment, 72/3= 24 years
If you have other scenarios that you’d like me to teach you to solve, send ‘em over. I’m happy to help!
One response to “Do You Understand The Time Value of Money?
1. I’m ashamed to admit that generally if something sounds remotely math-related, my brain tends to switch off. However, I read this through and it was really helpful! Thanks!
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https://careergirls.wordpress.com/2009/01/15/do-you-understand-the-time-value-of-money/
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I have found a term which can be used to describe a person who knows a lot about a specific field. Imagine a carpenter or a mechanic or an electrician etc. who know a lot about their specialties and are very familiar with their own profession. How would one indicate such an ability in natural English?
This is what I found:
I would relly appreciate it if someone could let me know whether there is a better term or idiom to explain such a person or not.
I would suggest saying the person was an Expert
He's a true pro.
He's an ace electrician.
He's top notch in his field.
Normal register:
He's an authority on {some specialized subject}. (e.g. elastomers, equine diseases, paleobotany).
I suggest connoisseur.
He is a businesses connoisseur.
It's synonym cognoscente is equally eloquent but sounds grandiloquous.
Also aficionado.
He is an aficionado of business.
I'm more inclined to use 'connoisseur' in this case, though.
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Neither of these terms has the shade of meaning the OP asks for. – verbose Jan 15 '17 at 9:19
• @verbose16 Can you please clarify to me why my answer is not applicable? – Nikki Jan 15 '17 at 9:37
• Not at all @Nikki. May I ask your nationality please? :) – A-friend Jan 15 '17 at 10:30
• 1
I am from India and not really 'well-versed' in English. Still a learner. – Nikki Jan 15 '17 at 10:39
• 1
Actually, connoisseur does apply in a sense, but not to the specific examples provided in the question (carpenter, mechanic, electrician). A connoisseur knows nearly all there is to know about things that have been produced by others (e.g. wine, food, art) whereas the question asks about people who truly know how to do something themselves. – Tᴚoɯɐuo Jan 15 '17 at 12:01
Your Answer
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https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/115640/a-skillful-person-who-is-very-familiar-with-their-own-profession
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History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars
History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars
This articles covers the history of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars.
Italian unification (1861-1870)
Modern Italy became a nation-state during the Risorgimento on March 17, 1861 when most of the states of the Italian Peninsula and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies were united under king Victor Emmanuel II of the House of Savoy, hitherto king of Sardinia, a realm that included Piedmont.
Giuseppe Garibaldi (July 4, 1807 – June 2, 1882) was an Italian patriot and soldier of the Risorgimento. He personally led many of the military campaigns that brought about the formation of a unified Italy. He has been dubbed the "Hero of the Two Worlds" in tribute to his military expeditions in South America and Europe.
The architect of Italian unification was Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, the Chief Minister of Victor Emmanuel.
Rome itself remained for a decade under the Papacy, and became part of the Kingdom of Italy only in 1870, the final date of Italian unification.
Napoleon III's defeat brought an end to the French military protection for Pope Pius IX and on September 20, Italian troops breached Rome's walls at Porta Pia and entered the city. The Italian occupation forced Pius IX to his palace where he declared himself a prisoner in the Vatican until the Lateran Pacts of 1929.
The Holy See (State of the Vatican City) is now an independent enclave surrounded by Rome, Italy.
From the unification to the First World War (1870-1914)
From its beginning the Italian Nationalist Movement had dreamt about Italy joining the modernized World Powers. In the North, extensive industrialization and the building of a modern infrastructure was well underway by the 1890s. Alpine railway lines connected Italy to the French, German and Austrian rail systems. Two south-going coastal lines were also completed. Most of the larger industrial businesses were originally founded with considerable investment from Germany, Britain, France and others. Subsequently, the Italian state decided to help initiate heavy industry such as car factories, steel works and ship building, adopting a protectionist trade policy from the 1880s onward. Northern Italian agriculture was modernized, as well, bringing larger profits, underpinned by powerful co-operatives. The South, however, did not experience the same kind of development in any of the abovementioned areas.
Liberal period
After unification, Italy's politics favored radical socialism due to a regionally fragmented right, as conservative Prime Minister Marco Minghetti only held on to power by enacting revolutionary and socialist-leaning policies to appease the opposition such as the nationalization of railways. In 1876, Minghetti was ousted and replaced by socialist Agostino Depretis, who began the long Socialist Period. The SocialistPeriod was marked by corruption, government instability, poverty, continued depravity in southern Italy, and use of authoritarian measures by the Italian government.
Depretis began his term as Prime Minister by initiating an experimental political idea called "Trasformismo" (transformism). The theory of "Trasformismo" was that a cabinet should select a variety of moderates and capable politicians from a non-partisan perspective. In practice, "trasformismo" was authoritarian and corrupt, Depretis pressured districts to vote for his candidates if they wished to gain favourable concessions from Depretis when in power. The results of the 1876 election resulted in only four representatives from the right being elected, allowing the government to be dominated by Depretis. Despotic and corrupt actions are believed to be the key means in which Depretis managed to keep support in southern Italy. Depretis put through authoritarian measures, such as the banning public meetings, placing "dangerous" individuals in internal exile on remote penal islands across Italy and adopting militarist policies. Depretis enacted controversial legislation for the time, such was abolishing arrest for debt, making elementary education free and compulsory while ending compulsory religious teaching in elementary schools. [(Smith (1997), pp. 95-107.)]
The first government of Depretis collapsed after his dismisal of his Interior Minister and resigned in 1877. The second government of Depretis started in 1881. Depretis' goals included widening suffrage in 1882 and increasing the tax intake from Italians by expanding the minimum requirements of who could pay taxes and the creation of a new electoral system called which resulted in large numbers of inexperienced deputies in the Italian parliament. [(Smith (1997), pp. 123.)] In 1887, Depretis was finally pushed out of office after years of political decline.
In 1887, Depretis cabinet minister and former Garibaldi republican Francesco Crispi became Prime Minister. Crispi's major concerns before during his reign was protecting Italy from their dangerous neighbour Austria-Hungary. To challenge the threat, Crispi worked to build Italy as a great world power through increased military expenditures, advocation of expansionism, [(Smith (1997), pp. 132-133.)] and trying to win Germany's favor even by joining the Triple Alliance which included both Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882 which remained officially intact until 1915. While helping Italy develop strategically, he continued "trasformismo" and was authoritarian, once suggesting the use of martial law to ban opposition parties. [(Smith (1997), pp. 133.)] Despite being authoritarian, Crispi put through liberal policies such as the Public Health Act of 1888 and establishing tribunals for redress against abuses by the government. [(Smith (1997),pp. 128.)]
The overwhelming attention paid to foreign policy alienated the agricultural community in Italy which had been in decline since 1873.". [(Smith (1997), pp. 138.)] Both radical and conservative forces in the Italian parliament demanded that the government investigate how to improve agriculture in Italy. [(Smith (1997), pp. 136.)] The investigation which started in 1877 and was released eight years later, showed that agriculture was not improving , that landowners were swallowing up revenue from their lands and contributing almost nothing to the development of the land. There was aggravation by lower class Italians to the break-up of communal lands which benefited only landlords. [(Smith (1997), pp. 136.)] Most of the workers on the agricultural lands were not peasants but short-term labourers who at best were employed for one year. [(Smith (1997), pp. 136.)] Peasants without stable income were forced to live off meager food supplies, disease was spreading rapidly, plagues were reported, including a major cholera epidemic which killed at least 55,000 people. [(Smith (1997),pp. 137.)]
The Italian government could not deal with the situation effectively due to the mass overspending of the Depretis government that left Italy in huge debt. Italy also suffered economically because of overproduction of grapes for their vineyards in the 1870s and 1880s when France's vineyard industry was suffering from vine disease caused by insects. Italy during that time prospered as the largest exporter of wine in Europe but following the recovery of France in 1888, southern Italy was overproducing and had to cut back which caused greater unemployment and bankruptcies. [(Smith (1997), pp. 139.)]
Early colonialism
In the late 19th and early 20th century, Italy attempted to join the Great Powers in acquiring colonies, though it found this difficult due to resistance and unprofitable due to heavy military costs and the lesser economic value of spheres of influence remaining when Italy began to colonize.
A number of colonial projects were undertaken by the government. These were done to gain support of Italian nationalists and imperialists, who wanted to rebuild a Roman Empire. Already, Italy had large settlements in Alexandria, Cairo, and Tunis. Italy's first attempted to gain colonies by entering a variety of failed negotiations with other world powers to make colonial concessions. Another approach by Italy was to investigate uncolonized undeveloped lands by sending missionaries to them. The most promising and realistic lands for colonization were parts of Africa. Italian missionaries had already established a foothold at Massawa in the 1830s and had entered deep into Ethiopia. [(Smith (1997), pp. 115-117.)]
During the construction of the Suez Canal in Egypt by Britain and France in the 1850s, Cavour believed that this presented an opportunity for Italian access to the East and had wanted the Italian merchant marine to take advantage of the Suez Canal's creation. [(Smith (1997), pp. 117.)] Following Cavour's initiative, a man named Sapeto was given permission by the Rubbatimo shipping company to use a ship to establish a station in east Africa as a means of creating a route to the east. Sapeto landed at the Bay of Assab, a part of modern-day Eritrea in 1869. One year later the land was purchased form the local Sultan there by the Rubbatimo shipping company acting on the behalf of the Italian government. In 1882, Assab officially became Italian territory making it Italy's first colony. Though Tunisia would have been a preferable target because of its close proximity to Italy, but the threat of reaction by the French made the attempt to dangerous to pursue. Italy could not afford the threat of war as its industry was not developed. Assab stood as the start of the small colonial adventures that Italy would initially undertake. [(Smith (1997), pp. 118-119.)]
On 5 February 1885, taking advantage of Egypt's conflict with Britain, Italian soldiers landed at Massawa a in present day Sudan, shortly after the fall of Egyptian rule in Khartoum. As was key in Italian foreign policy, the British backed Italy's taking of Massawa from the Egyptians as it aided their occupation efforts. [(Barclay, Glen St. J. (1973). "The Rise and Fall of the New Roman Empire". London: Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 0283978627, pp. 29.)] In 1888, Italy annexed Massawa by force, allowing it to pursue its creation of the colony of Italian Eritrea.
In 1885, Italy offered Britain military support for the occupation of Egyptian Sudan, but the British decided that they did not need Italian support to crush the remainder of Egypt as the forces of Sudanese Muslim rebel Muhammad Ahmad called the Mahdist army in Sudan already had crushed remaining Egyptian forces and Ethiopia's (then called Abyssinia) intervention in Sudan also aided the British. [(Barclay (1973), pp. 29.)] Italy's earlier intervention in Assab set off tensions with Ethiopia which had territorial aims on Assab and Italy's official annexation of Ethiopian-claimed Massawa in 1888 increased tensions further.
In 1889, Ethiopia's Emperor Yohannes IV died in battle in Sudan, Menelik II replaced Yohannes as Emperor. Menelik believed he could negotiate with Italy to avoid war and in error allowed Italy's claim to Massawa. Menelik made another serious blunder when he signed an agreement which declared that Ethiopia would work alongside the King of Italy in its dealings with foreign powers, which The Italians interpreted to declare that Ethiopia had in effect made itself a protectorate of Italy. [(Barclay (1973), pp. 32.)] Menelik opposed the Italian interpretation and the differences between the two states grew.
In October 1889, Menelik met with a Russian officer who was sent to discuss merging the Russian and Abyssinian orthodox churches, but Menelik was more concerned over Italy's massing army in Eritrea. [(Barclay (1973), pp. 32.)] The meeting was used by Menelik to show unity between Ethiopia and Russia against Italian interests in the area. [(Barclay (1973), pp. 32.)]
Russia's own interests in East Africa led Russia's government to sent large amounts of modern weaponry to the Ethiopians to hold back an Italian invasion. In response, Britain decided to back the Italians to challenge Russian influence in Africa and declared that all of Ethiopia was within the sphere of Italian interest. On the verge of war, Italian militarism and nationalism reached a peak, with Italians flocking to the Italian army, hoping to take part in the upcoming war. [(Barclay (1973), pp. 33-34.)]
In 1895, Ethiopia abandoned its agreement to follow Italian foreign policy and Italy used the renunciation as a reason to invade Ethiopia. [(Barclay (1997), pp. 34.)] The Italian army failed on the battlefield of Adowa, despite having superior weaponry, the shear large numbers of the Ethiopian warriors forced Italy to eventually retreat into Eritrea. [(Barclay (1973), pp. 35.)]
The failed Ethiopian campaign was an international embarrassment to Italy, whose citizens had grown used to earlier colonial victories at Assab and Massawa. Ethiopia would remain independent from Italy and other colonial powers until it was occupied in 1936 but then subsequently liberated four years later in World War II.
Giovanni Giolitti
In 1892, Giovanni Giolitti became Prime Minister of Italy for his first term. Though his first government quickly collapsed a year later, Giolitti returned in 1903 to lead Italy's government during a fragmented reign that lasted until 1914. Giolitti had spent his earlier life as a civil servant, and then took positions within the cabinets of Crispi. Giolitti was the first long-term Italian Prime Minister in many years and was so because he mastered the political concept of "trasformismo" by manipulating, coericing and bribing officials to his side. In elections during Giolitti's government, voting fraud was common, and Giolitti helped improve voting only in well-off, more supportive areas, while attempting to isolate and intimidate poor areas where opposition was strong. [(Smith, Dennis Mack (1997). "Modern Italy; A Political History". Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472108956, pp. 199.)]
Southern Italy was in terrible shape prior to and during Giolitti's tenure as Prime Minister. Four-fifths of southern Italians were illiterate and the dire situation there ranged from problems of large numbers of absentee landlords to rebellion and even starvation. [(Smith (1997), pp. 209-210.)] Corruption was such a large problem that Giolitti himself admitted that there were places "where the law does not operate at all". [(Smith (1997), pp. 199.)]
Natural disasters like earthquakes and landslides were a common source of destruction in southern Italy, often killing hundreds of people in each disaster, and southern Italy's poverty made repair work very difficult to do. Giolitti's small response to the major earthquake in Messina in 1908 was blamed for the high number of deaths which numbered at 50,000 people. The Messina earthquake infuriated southern Italians who claimed that Giolitti favoured the rich north over them.
One study released in 1910 examined tax rates in north, central and southern Italy indicated that northern Italy with 48% of the nation's wealth paid 40% of the nation's taxes, while the south with 27% of the nation's wealth paid 32% of the nation's taxes. [(Smith (1997), pp. 211.)]
During Giolitti's three year absence, the Italian liberal establishment collapsed with the rise of Italian nationalism. The nationalists were becoming a popular movement in Italy with popular leadership figures such as Enrico Corradini and the revolutionary Gabriele D'Annunzio. Nationalists began demanding the return of Italian-populated territories in Austria, demanded Croatian-populated Dalmatia, spoke of the need for Italy to expand territorially into Africa, particularly Libya. Giolitti negotiated with the nationalists demands and began planning an invasion of Ottoman Turkish-held Libya.
In 1911, Giolitti's government agreed to sending forces to occupy Libya. Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire which held Libya as a colony. The war ended only a year later, but the occupation resulted in acts of extreme discrimination towards Libyans such as the forced deportation of Libyans to the Tremiti Islands in October 1911 and by 1912, a third of these Libyan refugees had died due to lack of food supplies and shelter from the Italian occupation forces. [(Bosworth, R. J. B. (2005). "Mussolini's Italy". New Work: Allen Lane, 2005. ISBN 0713996978, pp. 50.)] Italian control of the area was weak, leading to twenty years of conflict with the Senussi religious order which was the main political and religious authority in the Libyan hinterlands. The invasion of Libya did mark a turn in direction for the opposition to the Italian government, revolutionaries became divided, some adopting nationalist lines, while others retaining socialist lines. [(Bosworth (2005), pp. 49.)] The annexation of Libya caused nationalists to advocate Italy's domination of the Mediterranean Sea by occupying Greece as well as the adriatic coastal region of Dalmatia.(Bosworth (2005), pp. 49.)]
While the success of the Libyan War improved the status of the nationalists, it did not help Giolitti's administration as a whole. The war radicalized the Italian Socialist Party with anti-war revolutionaries led by future-Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini calling for violence to bring down the government. Giolitti could no longer rely on the dwindling reformist socialist elements and was forced to concede even further to the right, Giolitti dropped all anticlericalism and reached out to clericals which alienated his moderate liberal base leaving him with an unsteady coalition which collapsed in 1914. By the end of his tenur, Italians detested him and the liberal establishment for the fraudulent elections, the divided society, and the failure and corruption of trasformiso organized governments. Giolitti would return as Prime Minister only briefly in 1920, but the era of liberalism was effectively over in Italy.
Italian colonial ventures began with the acquisition of the ports of Asseb in 1869 and Massawa in 1885 in what is now Eritrea. These areas were claimed by Ethiopia at the time, and when Ethiopia went into turmoil at the death of Emperor Yohannes IV Italy moved into the northern Ethiopian highlands. However, further expansion was checked by a revival of Ethiopian power under Emperor Menelik II which led to the defeat of Italian forces at the battle of Adua. However, Italy was still able to secure the northern highlands in the Treaty of Wuchale, ending its conflict with Ethiopia until 1935.
Around the same time Italy began to colonize Somalia. It avoided the other powers carving out domains in that area but gradually gained the southern Somali coast beginning with the Sultanate of Hobyo and the Sultanate of Majeerteen in 1888 and continuing with gradual acquisitions until 1925 when Chisimayu Region belonging to the British protectorate of Zanzibar was given to Italy.
Until 1922, Italy was a constitutional monarchy with a parliament, mostly elected with universal suffrage (in 1913, the first universal male suffrage election was held). The so called Statuto Albertino, which Carlo Alberto conceded in 1848 remained unchanged, even if the kings usually abstained from abusing their extremely large powers (for example, senators were not elected but chosen by the king).
The First World War (1914-1918)
At the beginning of World War I Italy remained neutral, claiming that the Triple Alliance had only defensive purposes, and the war was started by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. However, both the central empires and the Triple Entente tried to attract Italy on their side, and in April 1915 the Italian government agreed (London Pact) to declare war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire in exchange for several territories (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Province of Trieste, Istria, Dalmatia). In October 1917, the Austrians, having received German reinforcements, broke the Italian lines at Caporetto, but the Italians (helped by their allies) stopped their advance on the river Piave, not far from Venice. After another year of trench warfare, and a successful Italian offensive in autumn 1918, the exhausted Austro-Hungarian Empire which was falling apart back home started to negotiate during the Battle of Vittorio Veneto. The Austrian-Italian Armistice of Villa Giusti was signed on November 3 1918, but came in effect only a day later. As Austro-Hungarian troops had been prematurely told to stop fighting on the 3rd, the Italians could occupy Tyrol and capture over 300,000 Austro-Hungarians with hardly any resistance. [ [http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/vittorioveneto.htm First World War.com - Battles - The Battle of Vittorio Veneto, 1918 ] ] The Treaty of Saint-Germain confirmed most of the London Pact.
The Fascist regime (1922-1943)
:"See also: The Italian economy under Fascism, 1922-1943"Under the postwar settlement, Italy received most of the territories promised in the 1915 agreement, except for Dalmatia, which was mostly given to the newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Many Italian workers joined lengthy strikes to demand more rights and better working conditions. Some, inspired by the Russian Revolution, began taking over their factories, mills, farms and workplaces. The liberal establishment, fearing a socialist revolution, started to endorse the small National Fascist Party, led by Benito Mussolini, whose violent reaction to the strikes (by means of the "Blackshirts" party militia) was often compared to the relatively moderate reactions of the government. After several years of struggle, in October 1922 the fascists attempted a coup (the "Marcia su Roma", i.e. March on Rome); the fascist forces were largely inferior, but the king ordered the army not to intervene, formed an alliance with Mussolini, and convinced the liberal party to endorse a fascist-led government. Over the next few years, Mussolini (who became known as "Il Duce", the leader) eliminated all political parties (including the liberals) and curtailed personal liberties under the pretext of preventing revolution. The nation state could only be formed by means of revolt.
In 1929 Mussolini signed the Lateran Pacts with the Roman Catholic Church (with which Italy had been in conflict since the annexation of Rome in 1870), leading to the formation of the tiny independent state of Vatican City. He was initially on friendly terms with France and Britain, but the situation changed in 1935-36, when Italy invaded Ethiopian Empire despite their opposition (Second Italo-Abyssinian War); because of this and of the ideological affinities with the Nazi party led by Hitler. It was a main part of the Axis Powers in World War II with allies being Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany as the "Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis."
Italian occupation of Albania (April 1939)
As Germany annexed Austria and moved against Czechoslovakia, Italy saw itself becoming a second-rate member of the Axis. The imminent birth of an Albanian royal child meanwhile threatened to give King Zog a lasting dynasty. After Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia (March 15, 1939) without notifying Mussolini in advance, the Italian dictator decided to proceed with his own annexation of Albania. Italy's King Victor Emmanuel III criticized the plan to take Albania as an unnecessary risk. On April 7, 1939 Italy invaded Albania, in a short campaign the country was occupied and joined Italy in personal union.
Italy strengthened its ties with Germany on May 22, 1939 when both nations signed the Pact of Steel. This document solidified the alliance between the two regimes.
Italy and the Second World War (1940-1945)
At the beginning of World War II Italy remained neutral (with the consent of Hitler), but it declared war on France and Britain on June 10, 1940, when the French defeat was apparent. Mussolini believed that Britain would beg for peace, and wanted "some casualties in order to get a seat at the peace table", but that proved a huge miscalculation. With the exception of the navy, the Italian armed forces were a major disappointment for Mussolini and Hitler, and German help was constantly needed in Greece and North Africa.
After the German army defeated Poland, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France, a jealous Mussolini decided to use Albania as a springboard to invade Greece. The Italians launched their attack on October 28, 1940, and at a meeting of the two fascist dictators in Florence, Mussolini stunned Hitler with his announcement of the Italian invasion. Mussolini counted on a quick victory, but the Greek army halted the Italian one in its tracks and soon advanced into Albania. The Greeks took Korçë and Gjirokastër and threatened to drive the Italians from the port city of Vlorë.
Albanian fear of renewed Greek designs on their country prevented effective co-operation with the Greek forces, and Mussolini's forces soon established a stable front in central Albania. Fearful that the Balkans might become the Achilles heel of her domination of Europe, on April 6, 1941, Germany intervened to crush both Greece and Yugoslavia, and a month later the Axis added Kosovo to Italian-ruled Albania. Thus Albanian nationalists ironically witnessed the realization of their dreams of uniting most of the Albanian-populated lands during the Axis occupation of their country.
After the invasion of the Soviet Union failed (1941-42), and the United States entered the war (December 1941), the situation for the Axis started to deteriorate. In May 1943 the Anglo-Americans completely defeated the Italians and the Germans in North Africa, and in July they landed in Sicily. King Victor Emmanuel III reacted by arresting Mussolini and appointing the army chief of staff, Marshal Badoglio, as Prime Minister.
The new government officially continued the war against the Allies, but started secret negotiations with them. Hitler did not trust Badoglio, and moved a large German force into Italy, on the pretext of fighting the Allied invasion. On September 8, 1943 the Badoglio government announced an armistice with the Allies, but did not declare war on Germany, leaving the army without instructions. Badoglio and the royal family fled to the Allied-controlled regions. In the ensuing confusion, most of the Italian army scattered (with some notable exceptions with the Decima MAS in La Spezia, around Rome and in places such as the Greek island of Cefalonia), and the Germans quickly occupied all of central and northern Italy (the south was already controlled by the Allies). The Germans also liberated Mussolini, who then formed the fascist Italian Social Republic, in the German-controlled areas.
While the Allied troops slowly pushed the German resistance to the north (Rome was finally liberated in June 1944, (see Battle of Monte Cassino), Milan in April 1945) the monarchic government finally declared war on Germany, and an anti-fascist popular resistance movement grew, harassing German forces before the Anglo-American forces drove them out in April 1945.
* House of Savoy (including the list of the modern kings of Italy)
*"Fascism : an informal introduction to its theory and practice" by Renzo De Felice an interview with Michael Ledeen; New Brunswick, N.J. : Transaction Books, 1976 ISBN 0-87855-190-5.
* Text of the "Albertine Statute" (Constitution of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1840 to 1861, and of the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1946): [http://www.quirinale.it/costituzione/Preunitarie-testi.htm original Italian]
See also
*History of Italy as a Republic
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Look at other dictionaries:
• History of Italy — Italy, united in 1861, has significantly contributed to the cultural and social development of the entire Mediterranean area. Important cultures and civilizations have existed there since prehistoric times. Culturally and linguistically, the… … Wikipedia
• Military history of Italy — The military history of Italy chronicles a vast time period, lasting from the overthrow of Tarquinius Superbus in 509 BC, through the Roman Empire, Italian unification, and into the modern day. The Italian peninsula has been a centre of military… … Wikipedia
• Military history of Italy during World War II — The maximum extent of the Italian Empire pink areas were held for just brief periods of time. History of Italy … Wikipedia
• Military history of Italy during World War I — History of Italy This article is part of a series Ancient history … Wikipedia
• Hungary between the two world wars — This article is about the history of Hungary from March 1919 to November 1940.Hungarian Soviet RepublicThe rise of the Hungarian Communist Party (HCP) to power was swift. The party was organized in a Moscow hotel on November 4, 1918, when a group … Wikipedia
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Global menu
The Green pages
Fall colours
The First Nations Garden in fall.
Photo: Jardin botanique de Montréal (Michel Tremblay)
First Nations Garden in autumn.
Autumn wonderland
Birch leaves turn yellow, while maple leaves turn gold, orange, red and green. Why?
In the fall, shorter days and cold nights stimulate the production of ethylene, a hormone responsible for causing the leaves to drop off. A cork plug gradually forms and blocks the channels that carry nutrients to the leaves. They survive for a while longer by using up their own reserves.
When the essential minerals are no longer available, chlorophyll (green pigment) disappears, leaving its place to the yellow pigments (carotenes and xanthophylls) that are normally masked by the green. This is the case of the white birch.
For maples, the cork plug is not completely watertight and doesn’t completely block the flow of raw sap into the leaves. As a result, sugar builds up in the leaf tissues, causing the formation of red pigments (phenols and anthocyanins). These pigments change colour depending on the acidity of the soil: bright red in acidic soil, and purple in alkaline soil. At the same time, the percentage of (green) chlorophyll gradually declines, revealing the (yellow) carotene. This is why we see some maple leaves that are still green while others are yellow or red.
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Dark Matter
This post is about dark matter and is the latest in my series on cosmology, the study of the origin and evolution of the Universe as a whole. As readers of my previous posts will recall, dark matter makes up about 27% per cent of the mass of the Universe.
Dark energy now
Evidence for dark matter
Our solar system contains the Sun, eight planets with their moons and various minor bodies such as dwarf planets, comets and asteroids. If we plot the speed that each planet orbits the Sun against its distance from the Sun, then we get the curve shown below.
Planets speed
The graph above shows the speed at which the planets orbit the Sun in kilometres per second, plotted against their distance from the Sun in astronomical units (AUs). 1 AU is just under 150 million km and is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun.
The way that the speed of the planets’ orbits falls off with their distance from the Sun indicates that nearly all the mass of the Solar System is concentrated in its centre at the Sun. The further away a planet is from the Sun, the weaker the Sun’s gravitational pull and the more slowly it orbits. See Note 1.
Jupiter, the most massive planet, has only 0.1% the mass of the Sun. In fact the total sum of the masses of all the planets, their moons, dwarf planets (like Pluto), asteroids and comets in the Solar System is less than 1% of the mass of the Sun. This means that the effects of gravity caused by the other bodies in the Solar System on the speed of the planets’ orbit are insignificant.
The Sun belongs to the Milky Way galaxy, which contains about 400 billion stars (Cain 2013). If you were to look at the Milky Way from a great distance, it would look as shown below.
Sun in Milky Way
What the Milky way galaxy would look like from outside
All the stars in the Milky Way rotate around its centre, and the Sun rotates at a speed of 782,000 km/hour (Cain 2008). However, the distance between the Sun and the galactic centre is so great (nearly 30,000 light years) that it takes around 230 million years to complete a full revolution. This vast period of time is sometimes called a cosmic year.
Most of the stars in the Milky Way are concentrated near its centre. So if, like the Solar System, most of the matter in the Milky Way were in the form of stars, then it too would be concentrated at its centre. We would expect that as we get further from the centre of mass, then the stars would revolve around the centre of the galaxy more slowly in the same way that the planets orbit more slowly as we get further from the Sun. We would expect a rotation curve (a plot of the speed that a star orbits the centre of the galaxy against its distance) in which the orbital speed falls off with distance from the galactic centre, similar to A in the diagram below.
Galaxy Rotation Speed
In fact the orbital speed of a star around the centre of the galaxy does not fall off with its distance from the galactic centre. The rotation curve for our Milky Way galaxy is actually like B in the diagram above. The only way that these results can reconciled with our existing laws of physics is for there to be a large amount of matter in the outer regions of our galaxy which is not in the form of stars. The pull of gravity due to this matter means that the rotation curve does not fall off with distance. Because it does not emit light it is called dark matter and, to produce the flat rotation curves observed for our galaxy, most of its matter must be in the form of dark matter.
In the 1970’s astronomers measured the rotation curves of other spiral galaxies. It became clear that all spiral galaxies had rotation curves in which the speed at which a star orbits the centre of the galaxy does not decrease as a function of the distance from the centre of the galaxy. An early pioneer of this work was the American astronomer Vera Rubin (1928- ) pictured below.
Vera Rubin
In an influential scientific paper presented in 1980 she and her colleagues presented observations of the rotation curves of a large number of spiral galaxies (Rubin et al 1980). All of these showed rotation curves similar to the Milky Way. To explain her observations, spiral galaxies would need to be surrounded by an invisible dark matter halo which would, in general, have about five times the amount of matter that is held in the galaxy in the form of stars.
dark matter halo
This diagram shows a typical spiral galaxy surrounded by an invisible dark matter halo. The bright centre of the galaxy is shown in white and the outer regions of the galaxy are shown in light brown. The dark matter halo, which although shown in blue is invisible, is not flattened in a disk like the galaxy and extends to about 3 times the galaxy’s radius.
Since Rubin’s pioneering work, it is now generally accepted that most of the mass of galaxies is in the form of dark matter.
Clusters and groups of galaxies.
In general, galaxies are found in groups and clusters, the largest of which contain thousands of galaxies. The speed at which these galaxies are moving with respect to each other in these groups and clusters is often very high. For large clusters, such as the one shown below, individual galaxies can be moving at speeds of over 1000 km/s (3,600,000 km/h) relative to each other. To prevent the galaxy groups and clusters from flying apart, something must be holding them together. The most widely accepted explanation of this is that there must be a great deal of dark matter in most galaxy groups and clusters, and it is the force of gravity due to all this dark matter which binds the cluster together.
Part of the Virgo Cluster, a large cluster of galaxies about 50 million light years from Earth
Other Evidence for dark matter
Other evidence for dark matter comes from gravitational lensing, where the strong gravity from clumps of dark matter which lie between a very distant object and Earth actually form a “gravitational lens” and bend light rays causing two images of a very distant object to be seen.
A gravitational lens caused by the large amount of dark matter around a cluster of galaxies (D) causes two separate images (B and C) of a very distant galaxy (A) to be seen.
I won’t say any more about this in this post, but if you would like to know more about gravitational lensing caused by dark matter click here for an interesting article from the phys.org website.
In addition, cosmologist believe that clumps of dark matter were the seeds of galaxy formation. Without dark matter there wouldn’t be enough matter for galaxies to form. How galaxies form is such a huge topic that I could write several posts about it so I will come back to this at a later date.
What is the nature of dark matter?
As you will recall from my previous post ordinary matter is made up of atoms. Some dark matter may be in the form of ordinary matter in objects such as brown dwarfs. These are objects which are midway in size between the lightest stars and large planets such as Jupiter. Because they emit little or no light, brown dwarfs are extremely difficult to detect.
Brown dwarfs
However, for reasons which I’ll discuss in a future post, cosmologists believe that although some dark matter is in objects such as brown dwarfs, most dark matter isn’t made up of atoms. Instead it is made up of an entirely different kind of matter altogether. Various candidates have been suggested for the particles which make up dark matter but none has ever been detected by astronomers or in any particle physics experiment. The nature of dark matter is one of the great unsolved problems in physics.
Related Posts
This post is the fifth in my series about cosmology. The other posts are:
(1) The Universe Past, Present and Future. This describes what is meant by the Universe and gives an overview of its origins, evidence for its expansion and discusses its ultimate fate. To view this post click here.
(2) A brief history of the Universe. This gives a history of the Universe from just after the big bang until the current date. To view this post click here.
(3) Dark Energy. This post gives the reasons why cosmologist believe dark energy exists and why it makes up nearly 70% of the mass of the Universe. To view this post click here.
(4) Dark Energy over Time. This post discusses how the amount of dark energy in the Universe has varied over time and its implications on its future evolution. To view this post click here.
1 It is fairly easy to show, using high school physics, that if all the matter in the Solar System is concentrated in the Sun, then the speed of a planet’s orbit is proportional to the inverse square root of its distance from the Sun.
Cain, F (2008) Sun orbit, Available at: http://www.universetoday.com/18028/sun-orbit/(Accessed: 19 February 2015).
Cain, F (2013) How Many Stars are There in the Universe?, Available at:http://www.universetoday.com/102630/how-many-stars-are-there-in-the-universe/(Accessed: 19 February 2015).
Rubin, V. C.; Ford, W. K. & Thonnard, N. (1980) Rotational properties of 21 Sc galaxies with a large range of luminosities and radii, from NGC 4605 (R = 4kpc) to UGC 2885 (R = 122 kpc). The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 238, 471–487
37 thoughts on “Dark Matter”
1. Nice informative article on the current consensus, why dark matter is assumed/predicted/required if SCM-LCDM to exist.
From my perspective it should be qualified as ‘one way these results can be reconciled’ or ‘currently, the only ..
as the same factors that come into play in ‘SPIRAL cosmological redshift illusion resolution’s ‘Black-hole illusion resolution can explain the galactic rotation issue being due to hyper-dense proto-galactic formation, then a rapid expansion epoch to mature density, relatively early in the history of the universe. .
2. You’ve given a comprehensive explanation about dark matter. This is a wonderful post indeed. Your references are especially good. Looking forward to more such interesting posts 😃👌
3. Firstly, thank you for liking my own post on my blog, and secondly, you have a new follower! This was certainly a lovely read! And with an interest is astrology and space in general myself I look forward to reading more of your work! Extremely refreshing and informative. Thank you.
4. Reblogged this on the naked human and commented:
it seems that matter itself is 99.999999% empty space, and even that is only 5% of “Reality”, so more elusive even than almost empty matter is so called dark matter and more elusive than that is dark energy, could it be that the whole universe consists of thought, human or otherwise?
5. Reblogged this on Chaos Theory and Human Pharmacology and commented:
Sometimes I think that we understand drugs as much as we think we know the space just by seen the stars from the balcony of an apartment in the central park of New York at 8:00 PM (on a summer day).
There are many unpublished clinical trials that we don’t not know nothing except for their registry on a public database (e.g., ClinicalTrials.gov). That’s something like the stars we cannot see
from the balcony, but we know that these stars are there, probably we can see that stars if we were outside of the city.
Now, let’s change the subject, what about clinical trials which are unpublished and unregistered? That’s probably something that we understand even less than the astronomers doing research on the dark matter. There is evidence of that somewhere?
Oh yes, agomelatine: http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g1888/rr/762419
More evidence is out there, the problem is that databases of drug studies are huge, and not enough people doing research on the frauds of medical research.
6. Could Dark Energy,matter and flow be a form of condensed liquid? Super heated fuidic form cobtrolled by an electric form or energy?
P:S I have an affinity towards a consciouness controlling this electric energy.
1. Hi thanks for your comment
To answers your question I think it is very unlikely 😉
I am more inclined to go along with the more accepted theories of dark matter and dark energy as outlined in my recent posts.
The Science Geek
1. arjundass, dark matter has no electromagnetic interactions. That is what makes it dark (it neither emits nor absorbs electromagnetic radiation.) Also, computer simulations show that it behaves according to the laws of gravitation. There is nothing directing its behaviour.
7. Thank you for visiting Envisioning Life. I am glad you found something of interest that you could enjoy. Thank you again.
8. Very interesting and informative posts.
From a post about Dark Energy we learn about Dark Matter that, “most cosmologists believe [it] has a density of roughly 0.0027 trillionths of a gramme per cubic kilometer of space when averaged out throughout the Universe”
One assumes then that DM is greatest around galaxies, as per your illustration above. I picture something fluid, almost like water, transparent, yet still very there. Besides gravitational lensing, I wonder what other effects such mass may have on our observations, what other possible distortions, blocking etc? On earth, due to water vapor in the air, mountains at distance appear blued.
Anyway, just some thoughts. Again, interesting posts.
1. There’s a couple of things here that bear questioning.
First, Keppler’s third law- this is something that we know to be true in our solar system, and we see it in application with all the planets and with our sun… does it always work everywhere? Are there places where the 3rd Law cannot be proven to be operational? That is, that we’re fixated on “this law works always everywhere, except here.”
Thus, the conclusion that dark matter exists comes about because we cannot question Kepler’s 3rd law, or perhaps we’re just wrong on that one. Works with solar systems, but galaxies? Isn’t the law based on a newtonian constant, which works with the gravity which is determined by mass, right?
It just seems odd that we have ye olde dark matter out there, when it’s not substantiated by any physical evidence, and you cannot reproduce it, but you have to assume it’s there based on the precision movements of the galaxies.
And where does the dark matter inhabit? Just the outer reaches of the solar system? Why doesn’t it exist in a solar system like ours? Shouldn’t the dark matter give off some sort of spectrographic effect?
It is, or should be, the most plentiful stuff in the universe yet we cannot detect it, see it, or even determine what it is. Except for the math problem of the galaxies not behaving the way Kepler thought they should, I think we might have come up with something that cannot be verified through experimentation, is not visible to the eye or any spectrum with which we work, and, oh yeah, it’s a majority of stuff in the universe, just that we can’t figure out what it is.
1. Thank you pontiuscominius and midmiocene for your interesting comments.
As discussed in my post and some of my follow-up comments the current view of most cosmologists is that dark matter is composed of an unknown form of matter which has never been observed directly because it doesn’t interact (i.e. appears transparent to) with light on any other form of electromagnetic radiation. It can only be inferred because of its effects on ordinary matter.
A small minority of cosmologist believe that one way around this problem is that Newton Laws of gravity don’t hold at a very weak accelerations. This alternative theory is called Modified Newtonian Dynamics (usually abbreviated to MOND) and was first proposed by the Israeli physicist Mordehai Milgrom in 1981. More details are given in the link below
The Science Geek
2. Hmm. Something that gives all the appearances of being there but which is undetectable. Of course i’m just tossing out ideas, and obviously water couldn’t be in a liquid state in space. Then, when I look at the drag-like arms of the galaxies that gives the appearance of differential speed. What if they at one point were moving slower, but then sped up again for some unknown reason? All wild SF nonsense of course, but I thank the Science Geek for indulging me.
3. pontiuscominius, your thoughts were my initial thoughts on first reading about dark matter some years back. But there is more evidence than just rotations of galaxies. Gravitational lensing has been mentioned in this article. Also collisions between galaxies provide evidence for a halo of dark matter in and around all galaxies. Modified Newtonian dynamics can’t match the empirical results.
The dark matter fills the galaxy and an area of space around it, and is present throughout the solar system. However, it’s density is low and as it does not interact via the electromagnetic or nuclear force, it is extraordinarily difficult to detect.
Unlike normal matter, it doesn’t clump together to form stars or planets. It is instead dispersed throughout space like a very low density fluid.
9. Really interesting post and I like the way that you have described the evidence leading to the conclusion that dark matter exists. It leads me to think that in such a case, where the existence of something is “inferred” from evidence, such as the maintenance of stars’ rotational speed around their galactic centre, and the gravitational lens effect that you describe, is it possible that future discoveries relating to these phenomena may cause a revision of the Dark Matter theory – or do you think that it is pretty much proved to exist – we just haven’t developed the means to observe it directly? – fascinating subject. Thanks!
10. Reblogged this on Alan Olee Book Report and commented:
Dark matter interests me – and this is a great post. So there’s this certain something out there, that just has to be there, made up of stuff we can’t understand at all. Amazing how much we know; and how much we don’t.
1. One of the things I got to thinking about wrt dark matter, is where is it specifically? Or is it posited that it is diffused around galaxies to provide the necessary binding gravitational force. Or is it thought that it is concentrated at the center of galaxies? Do we think there is any of it in our solar system?
And are there any current missions we have, I’m thinking Dawn and News Horizons, that may shed some light on dark matter?
1. The general view is that dark matter is much more thinly spread out than ordinary matter.
This is illustrated in the diagram in my post, which shows a typical spiral galaxy surrounded by an invisible dark matter halo.
Dark matter is likely to be composed of one or more species of sub-atomic particles that interact very weakly with ordinary matter. Particle physicists have many possible candidates for the dark matter particles but non have ever been detected by any particle accelerator experiments. experiment and, because they interact so weakly with ordinary matter, they have never been directly observed
The Science Geek
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Sketoe Hanging Hole
Sketoe Hanging Hole in Newton, Alabama
Newton, Alabama
STATUS: Still standing
Founded in 1843, the town of Newton, Alabama served as a Confederate Army recruiting site during the Civil War. The forests surrounding the area were filled with deserters and Union supporters, both of which frequently entered the town to terrorize the locals. A small battle took place in Newton in March 1865.
Newton is also home to the infamous “Sketoe Hanging Hole.”
Methodist minister William “Bill” Sketoe had grown up in the town, though his family was originally from Spain. In 1864, while fighting his third year in the Confederate Army, he received word his wife Sarah had fallen ill. He hired a “substitute” to fight in his place while he was gone. Sarah was said to have significantly improved while Sketoe was there.
Weeks or months later, Sketoe returned, which raised the suspicions of seasoned military officer Captain Joseph R. Breare of the Dale County Home Guard. Breare had served in the Army of Northern Virginia for a greater portion of the war. On December 3, 1864, Breare and five of his men ambushed Sketoe outside of Newton, near the Choctawhatchee River bridge, while he was on his way home from the pharmacy.
Accusing him of desertion, the group beat him up and made him crawl through the sand before placing the buggy noose around his neck, which was tied to a post oak tree. Sketoe continued to proclaim his innocence.
Breare asked if Sketoe had any last words: he elected to pray instead, asking God to forgive his killers, which infuriated Breare. He whipped the buggy’s horse, but because the minister was so tall, he was able to touch the ground with his toes. The branch also bent under his weight.
One of Breare’s men, George Echols, had been previously injured and was utilizing a crutch. He utilized it to dig a hole in the soft riverbank sand beneath Sketoe’s feet. His body was briefly displayed in Newton, serving as a warning to other “deserters.” He was eventually buried with his family at Mount Carmel Cemetery in the nearby town of Echo.
In historian David Williams’ book Rich Man’s War: Castle, Class, and Confederate Defeat in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley, an alternative reason for Sketoe’s lyinching is presented, which also exposes unfillable (fact) holes in the urban legend.
There is no record of William Sketoe serving in any Confederate or state military unit. In early 1864, the Confederates had repealed the substitution laws, making it highly unlikely Sketoe hired someone to take his place.
Willaims’ book explained that Newton area residents formed the Home Guards to defend themselves. Newton lawyer Joseph Breare served in the Alabama infantry, had been captured at Gettysburg, and later formed the Newton Home Guard, nicknamed “the Buttermilk Rangers.” He and his men were dedicated to locating and punishing deserters, and weree engaged in heavy operations in the area following a raider attack on a Confederate ammunition wagon and the murder of a Southern officer.
In November 1864, they fought in a battle in Geneva County, which resulted in the capture of two men, including “Doc” Prim, an undercover soldier from the 1st Florida U.S. Cavalry. Prim was hung within days of Sketoe. All three lynchings took place in Newton.
Captain Breare was convinced Sketoe was assisting John Ward, the leader of a group of pro-Union guerillas consisting of deserters. While there was no evidence connecting the two and Sketoe was never tried or charged, Breare hung him anyways.
Historical records show Breare’s company saw the hanging of several men in Dale County, Alabama in December 1864. Those who weren’t executed were drafted into the Confederate army. Records also state that each of the six men in the Home Guard responsible for Sketoe’s hanging met unexplained, mysterious deaths.
Captain Breare was struck by the limb of a post oak tree while out riding, causing him to fall from his horse and die. George Echols died in the swamp from an unknown cause. One man was struck by lightning, and another was thrown off of his mule after it became spooked by something. The last two died of mysterious causes. It’s believed that Sketoe had a part in their deaths from beyond the grave.
The hole has refused to go away. Over the course of 125 years, visitors tried to fill it in, using dirt, trash, and sand to attempt to get rid of it. When they returned, sometimes as quickly as within an hour, the hole was empty. Each time, it maintained its original dimensions: 30” wide by 8” deep. Locals believe this phenomenon to be caused by the ghost of Bill Sketoe.
While the new bridge was being built, two men decided to camp over the hole. They filled it with dirt and one placed his bedroll over it, only to discover the hole to be empty the very next morning.
The locals say that the hole can never be filled, as it will empty itself of its soil, trash, and/or debris. No matter how many times the hole is filled up, it somehow manages to return. It was believed that Sketoe was dragging his feet from the tree to clear the hole. In 1979, the hole became partially covered by a bride and some rocks, but it remains a local attraction.
The hole was featured in Kathryn Tucker Windham’s book, 13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey, which gained exposure for the haunting.
In 1990, the Choctawhatchee River flooded and the “unfillable hole” was finally vanquished. It was filled with rocks piled beneath the modern Newton bridge; they are believed to be too heavy for a ghost’s feet to sweep away.
A recreation of the hole and an informational sign were placed near the original site at thee riverside park by Highway 123/134 bridge in 2006, courtesy of the Newton Historical Society. A local museum displays items surrounding Sketoe and his execution.
Bill Sketoe is buried in the Mt. Carmel Cemetery near Echo, Alabama. It is fenced off to protect it from thrill seekers and ghost hunters, as one visitor damaged the headstone a few years ago.
In Popular Culture
• The Sketoe Hanging Hole was featured in 13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey by Kathryn Tucker Windham.
1. Explore Southern History. “The Ghost of Sketoe’s Hole,”
2. Moonlit Road. “Bill Sketoe’s Hole: Alabama Ghost Story,”
3. Only In Your State. “The Alabama Ghost Story That Will Leave You Absolutely Baffled,”
4. Roadside America. “Cursed Hanging Hole of Bill Sketoe,”
5. Seeks Ghosts. “Bill Sketoe’s Hole,”
6. Wikipedia. “Bill Sketoe,”
7. Wikipedia. “Newton, Alabama,”
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https://ghostlyworld.org/2012/08/28/sketoe-hanging-hole/
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Boost your immune system and prevent illness
Eating the following has been shown to help boost your immune system and can prevent illness and long term health issues: Vitamin C-rich foods, like citrus fruit and broccoli, Vitamin E-rich foods, like nuts and whole grains, Garlic, Zinc-rich foods, like beans, turkey, crab, oysters, and beef, Bioflavanoids, which are found in fruits and vegetables, Selenium-rich foods, like chicken, whole grains, tuna, eggs, sunflower seeds, and brown rice, Carotenoid-rich foods, like carrots and yams, Omega-3 fatty acids, found in nuts, salmon, tuna, mackerel, flaxseed oil and hempseed oil.
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https://healthpledge.co.uk/boost-your-immune-system-and-prevent-illness
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What is your Hispanic country of Origin?
Nearly two-thirds of Hispanics in the United States self-identify as being of Mexican origin. Nine of the other ten largest Hispanic origin groups—Puerto Rican, Cuban, Salvadoran, Dominican, Guatemalan, Colombian, Honduran, Ecuadorian and Peruvian—account for about a quarter of the U.S. Hispanic population.
There are differences across these ten population groups in the share of each that is foreign born, citizen (by birth or naturalization), and proficient in English. They are also of varying age, tend to live in different areas within the U.S, and have varying levels of education, homeownership rates, income, and poverty rates.
The characteristics of the largest Hispanic origin groups in the U.S. are explored in ten statistical profiles, one for each country-of-origin group. Hispanic country of origin is based on self-described family ancestry or place of birth in response to questions in the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. It is not necessarily the same as place of birth. For example, a person born in Los Angeles may identify his or her country of origin as Mexico. Likewise, some people born in Mexico may identify another country as their origin depending on the place of birth of their ancestors.
Each statistical profile describes the demographic, employment and income characteristics of a Hispanic country-of-origin population residing in the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. The characteristics of an origin group are also compared with all Hispanics and the U.S. population overall. The profiles use data from the 2008 American Community Survey.
Then, what is your Hispanic country of Origin?
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https://hispanic-marketing.com/tag/salvadoran/
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Custom Loss Function in Keras
Keras is a library for creating neural networks. It is open source and written in Python. Keras does not support low-level computation but it runs on top of libraries like Theano or Tensorflow.
Keras is developed by Google and is fast, modular, easy to use.
Loss function has a critical role to play in machine learning. Loss is a way of calculating how well an algorithm fits the given data. If predicted values deviate too much from actual values, loss function will produce a very large number.
So our aim is to reduce the value produced by loss function with the help of optimization function.
Different loss functions in Keras:
Keras provides a bunch of loss functions. For example below is the few commonly used loss function for Keras:
Mean Squared Error
The mean squared error loss function measures the average of the squares of the errors. This is calculated effectively as the average squared difference between the predicted values and the actual value.
Mean Absolute Error
The mean absolute error is effectively the measure of difference between two continuous variables. The mean absolute error is an average of the absolute errors e = Y-X and Y is prediction and X is the true value.
What is custom loss function
A custom loss function in Keras will improve the machine learning model performance in the ways we want. Hence this is very useful for solving specific problems efficiently.
Sometimes we need to use a loss function that is not provided by default in Keras. In that case we can construct our own custom loss function and pass to the function model.compile as a parameter.
We can create a custom loss function in Keras by writing a function that returns a scalar and takes the two arguments namely true value and predicted value.
Creating custom loss function
Now let us start creating the custom loss function. For this we need to import below libraries. First one is numpy which stands for numerical python and second one is keras.backend.
Backend is a library used in Keras which is for performing most of the computation like tensor products, convolutions and other similar activities with the help of libraries like Tensorflow. Hence backend engine can perform the computation and develop the various models. As we might guess Tensorflow is the default backend engine which can be changed as well.
import numpy
import keras.backend as kerback
Then we need to generate the sample data for calculating the loss value using the custom loss function that we will create. For that we will take the help of numpy library. Numpy has a class called random and the method called rand, we are going to use the rand method with two parameters 79 and 89 as shown in below code.
Similarly to generate predicted values we are going to use rand method of random class for numpy. We will be passing the two values 79 and 89 as parameter to this function as well.
actual = numpy.random.rand(79,89)
predicted = numpy.random.rand(79,89)
After we are ready with actual and predicted values we are going to create a custom loss function called my_loss as shown below. The my_loss function will take two parameters namely actual and predicted. After that inside the my_loss function we are going to use keras backend as kerback and call the mean function on this class. The mean function will take kerback.sum as argument.
The kerback.sum method will take the kerback.square as argument. The square function is taking the difference of actual and predicted values and it is dividing it by actual multiplied by predicted. This is our custom implementation.
The my_loss function is returning the my_loss value as shown the code below.
def my_loss(actual, predicted):
return my_loss_value
After the above my_loss function returns the value, we are going to print it. We are passing keras backend eval function as argument of the print function.
The eval function is taking the my_loss function as parameter and the my_loss function , in turn taking the actual and predicted values as its parameter.
You can finally use this loss function in model.compile function as below.
Compiling keras model utilises some efficient numerical libraries implicitly also called backend which is actually like TensorFlow and Theano. The backend part of keras has the ability to choose best way to represent the network for training automatically.
While we start compiling the model we need to specify few additional properties compared to when training the model.
One important thing to specify is the loss function to be used to calculate a bunch of weights.
Note that the compile function has another parameter called optimizer: This object denotes the training method. The common used optimizers are named as rmsprop, Adam, sgd etc.
Custom loss function with custom signature:
Up till now, though we have created a custom loss function and used it to compile our model we have not been able to change the number of parameters of our loss function. In some cases you may like to use a third parameter, other than actual and predicted to be used for loss calculation.
In this case one of the ways to implement this is to wrap our standard loss function my_loss (actual, predicted) inside another function with any number of parameters, with whatever you want as third parameter of calculation and return the loss function my_loss (actual, predicted) which has the required signature. The example code is shown below with a wrapper function returning the custom loss function called my_loss. Note that, in this code we are using a third parameter param3 while calculating the loss.
def my_loss_wrapper(param3):
def my_loss(actual, predicted):
return my_loss_value
return my_loss
It all depends upon your particular use case, what kind of loss function you may like to write. I found it is really a bit cleaner to utilise Keras backend rather than TensorFlow directly for simple custom loss functions like this one. I hope you liked this implementation and would like to try a custom loss function on your own for keras.
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https://honingds.com/blog/custom-loss-function-keras/
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Tuesday, December 10, 2019
From the lab- Retinal damage and blindness: can we learn from zebra fish?
Studying retina regeneration in smaller animals like zebra fish and finding out whether those processes can be recreated in human beings.
Published: February 14, 2016 12:56:17 am
Many lower vertebrates have the ability to regenerate their organs if they get damaged. Regeneration has an edge over wound-healing, as the former restores lost tissue types and function. Zebra fish, for example, can regenerate every part of its body, including brain and heart. In higher order vertebrates including human beings, this ability is extremely limited. Humans can only regenerate their skin and, to some extent, their liver after damage.
Human bodies are capable of healing their wounds much faster than any other species. Our central nervous system (CNS) that includes the brain and the spinal chord, has the least regenerative capacity though. Retina, being a readily accessible part of CNS, often undergoes damages during the lifetime of an organism, leading to irreversible blindness.
Retina is like the photographic film of a camera. It is here that the images that human beings see and understand are formed. Any damage to the retina is irreversible, and leads to permanent blindness. Unlike blindness caused by cornea or lens damage, which can be addressed by corneal transplant or intra-ocular lens respectively, the retinal damage has no promising cure. That is because retina is connected to the CNS to enable vision and no regenerative repair is possible in the CNS of humans and hence for the eyes too.
The only possible solution to a problem like this, is to induce a regeneration response in the retina after an acute injury. But this doesn’t happen either in humans or other mammals like rats.
Fishes and humans have almost identical eye structures in terms of cell types and functionality. Interestingly, fishes can regenerate their retina within two weeks post injury.
Almost five per cent of the world’s population is suffering from retinal problems that can lead to irreversible blindness. A way to regenerate the retina can therefore be extremely useful to cure blindness.
I have been working on this subject since 2007. The idea is to find out the mechanism behind organ regeneration. For our research, we have been studying regeneration in zebra fish.
In the zebra fish retina, there are six types of neurons and one type of glia (non-neuronal cells) performing different kinds of functions. One of them, the Muller glia cells, largely perform supportive function to neurons that enable vision. But after an injury in the CNS leading to loss of vision, these glia cells change their nature, and convert themselves into stem cells. These stem cells multiply rapidly and produce cells that were damaged in the injury.
We are trying to study why a similar process does not occur in human beings and what are the factors that make it possible in zebra fish. There is a general concept that in higher mammals the CNS does not allow the multiplication of cells in large numbers. The CNS of human beings is not very ‘plastic’. One plausible reason that is offered is that human brain is highly evolved and needs to perform a large number of operations, often through multi-tasking. In such a scenario, retina being part of central nervous system often behaves synonymous to brain and it has a limitation to behave in a certain way on its own, which can interfere with the overall functioning of the brain. But this is only a postulate. We have still not managed to comprehend the complete process.
We employ various cellular, molecular, genetic and pharmacological approaches to understand the mechanism of retinal regeneration. Our research is continuing with the generous support of Wellcome Trust (United Kingdom), Department of Biotechnology (Government of India) India Alliance, and IISER-Mohali. We believe that in the next couple of years, we would be able to find a few clues to the reasons behind organ regeneration in smaller animals and whether those processes can be recreated in human beings. This information will pave way for curing retinal blindness in humans.
For your research to be considered for this column, please write to Senior Editor Amitabh Sinha at
For all the latest Lifestyle News, download Indian Express App
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https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/from-the-lab-retinal-damage-and-blindness-can-we-learn-from-zebra-fish/
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Use this phase to generate a list of shared ideas. These will help you accomplish the vision and mission. It is therefore key to create a safe learning environment and to stimulate communication between partners. Relying on external guidance can be a big help in avoiding the 'not invented here syndrome'. In addition, you should observe how partners from different industries interact. Talk and think along with them to see where you can introduce improvements for subsequent cross-pollinating sessions.
• A selection of key partner stakeholders who support the shared vision and mission
• These key partners are willing to work on (part of) the value proposition or value stream
• A list and an eventual selection of shared ideas for business model elements
1. Create a safe learning environment to stimulate and sustain openness and creativity.
2. Start an open dialogue with your key stakeholder partners. Get everyone in the right mindset and generate a list of shared business model elements that may help accomplish the shared vision/mission.
3. Make a list of shared ideas for possible business model elements, together with your key stakeholder partners. Discuss both the value generating and value destroying potential of particular elements. Bring them to the surface and take them into account.
Doing fine? Workout
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https://innovationacrossindustries.com/en/innovation/cross-pollinate
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While the surgeon general hasn’t taken up labeling water heaters as possibly harmful to your health, they may be. In fact, any of the many components that make up a home’s plumbing system are rife with the possibility of breeding Legionella pneumophila, the rod-shaped bacteria responsible for Legionnaires’ disease, according to a report at usnews.com.
The bacteria
Legionella is found naturally in freshwater environments, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It most often causes disease, however, when it grows in “human-made water systems,” such as hot tubs, swimming pools, ice-making machines, landscape water features, water heaters, showers and faucets.
Stagnant warm water (at a temperature between 68 and 120 degrees Fahrenheit), that contains sufficient biodegradable compounds, is the condition that most favors growth of the bacteria, according to a study by the American Society for Microbiology.
Furthermore, temperatures of 90 to 105 degrees are the ideal range for the bacteria’s growth. Rust, scale, “and the presence of other microorganisms can also promote the growth of LDB,” warns the experts at the U.S. Occupational and Safety Health Administration (OSHA).
“It will grow anywhere in the piping system where conditions are favorable for growth,” Ron L. George, president of Plumb-Tech Design & Consulting Services in Michigan tells, U.S. News’ Devon Thorsby.
The disease
Legionnaires’ disease, a lung disease and specific form of pneumonia, is tricky to diagnose because it presents with flu-like symptoms. It is particularly deadly to smokers, those with compromised immune systems and those in poor health. Although the large outbreaks get all the media attention, OSHA estimates that between 10,000 and 50,000 Americans are hospitalized each year for the disease.
Those who come down with Legionnaire’s disease were exposed to the bacteria by inhaling airborne water droplets that contain the bacteria (such as in the shower) or drinking water contaminated with it.
How the bacteria reaches your home
The water crisis in Flint, Michigan was a wakeup call to the entire country: don’t assume that your tap water is safe.
Thorsby warns that “Federal water conservation bills passed beginning in the 1990s have slowed the speed of water [to our homes], making travel time from a treatment plant to the end of the line longer. It went from as quickly as two days to as long as two weeks, in some cases . . .”
Why is this slowdown a problem? Municipal water systems purify water with chlorine, which decays quickly, diminishing by the time it reaches your home. If the chlorine content is negligible at this point, water in the lines “ . . . could become more vulnerable to picking up contaminants from pipe corrosion, interruptions like water main breaks and other incidents that could introduce toxins into the water,” Thorsby cautions.
How to protect yourself
The best way to ensure that Legionella is destroyed is by controlling the temperature of your water heater, according to OSHA. Set and maintain the temperature at 140 degrees.
Of course, this temperature introduces the danger of scalding, which can be minimized with the use of thermostatic mixing valves, according to the experts at Plumbing and Mechanical magazine. “Replacing standard faucet and shower fixtures with thermostatic mixing valves may allow a homeowner to maintain hot water at 140-degree F from the water heater to the mixing valve, but deliver water at a lower temperature to reduce the risk of scalding.”
Next, you’ll need to eliminate the bacteria’s food sources, such as scale and sediment. Something as simple as replacing your electric water heater with a gas model takes care of this requirement, according to the magazine. Not only do electric water heaters tend to have lower temperatures than their gas counterparts, but their heating elements are typically located on the side of the unit. Gas heaters, on the other hand, heat the water from below the tank, where sediment builds up, thereby destroying the bacteria’s major food source.
If that doesn’t convince you to ditch the electric water heater, consider a Canadian study of 211 homes, 178 of which had electric water heaters. The study found that 69 of these homes, or 33 percent, harbored Legionella. None were found in the homes with gas water heaters.
Regardless of which type of water heater you have, it needs to be drained and fully cleaned (not just flushed out) once a year.
Buying a vacant home?
Foreclosure and other vacant homes are perfect breeding grounds for Legionella. Since the plumbing system hasn’t been used, the water in the heater has been stagnant and, most likely, not hot enough to prevent the bacteria’s reproduction. The same holds true for the pipes in the system.
NSF International, a product testing, inspection and certification organization in Michigan, recommends that vacant home buyers flush the plumbing system with “superheated” water. In fact, they recommend that all homeowners perform this flush once a month.
• Set the water heater thermostat to its hottest setting.
• Turn on the water at each tap and allow them to run for 30 minutes. “If your water heater doesn’t have the capacity to flush all taps simultaneously (most home water heaters don’t), flush one or two taps at a time for 15 minutes, beginning with those closest to the water heater and ending with the farthest taps,” the experts at NSF recommend.
• Run the dishwasher and washing machine at their hottest settings.
Don’t forget to lower the temperature after the flush’s conclusion. NSF cautions that “only nonsmokers in generally good health” perform the flush, that children and those with compromised immune system leave the house during the procedure and that the flow from each faucet should be regulated to avoid splashing.
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| 0.945718
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https://isabelsnewhomes.com/real-estate-blog/whats-lurking-in-your-homes-plumbing-system/
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Fukushima-1 NPP began to remove fuel rods
In Japan, the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant began to remove fuel rods in the third nuclear power plant reactor.
Works are carried out with the help of a crane and a manipulator with a remote control. This is the first attempt to extract fuel after a disaster. Currently, 514 highly radioactive spent and 52 unused fuel rods are in the reactor basin.
The rods will be placed in the cooled pool of another nuclear power plant. It is assumed that in 2023, work on the extraction of all rods will be completed. Together, there are 1573 rods in the three reactors.
In 2011, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake occurred in Japan. The aftershocks caused a tsunami wave that hit the coast of Fukushima Prefecture and damaged the Fukushima NPP-1.
Source: elektrovesti
Tags: NPP, legislation, electricity, energy market
Read also
Ukrenergo has a new electricity distribution tariff
Changes have been made to the PSO mechanism in the electricity market
Batteries and the blackout: how energy storage saved the UK’s grid
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https://kosatka.media/en/category/elektroenergiya/news/na-aes-fukusima-1-nachali-izvlekat-toplivnye-sterzhni
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shifting cultivation (slash&burn)
Data type: enumeration list value
Shifting cultivation is here used to describe a type of crop rotation in combination with a fallow land phase which is applied mainly by subsistent farmers in tropical regions. Rain forest is cut down to gain space for growing crops. The biomass that has been cut down is burnt, the ashes serve as nutrition for the crops. The Cultivation period is limited to a few years, as long as the soil does not contain enough nutrition anymore due to nutrition wash out by tropical rain falls. Then the land is left fallow, and secondary vegetation succession takes place. After a certain time, this land undergoes again the cycle of slash and burn practice.
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<urn:uuid:d72b5bed-de69-46f5-a531-d6923ec412a9>
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| 0.268057
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| 0.940666
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https://land.copernicus.eu/eagle/content-documentation-of-the-eagle-concept/manual/content-documentation-of-the-eagle-concept/b-thematic-content-and-definitions-of-eagle-model-elements/part-iii-landscape-characteristics/1-land-management/1-1-agricultural-management/1-1-2-cultivation-practices/1-1-2-6-shifting-cultivation-slash-burn
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Ophthalmology: Eye Specialist
If you’re searching to find the best Ophthalmologist, Leading Medical Clinics of the World® can help. We put the best Ophthalmology clinics through our rigorous evaluation process and only the top 10% can become a Leading Ophthalmology Clinic. While there are many qualified candidates, we select only the best of the best, providing prospective patients with access to the top Ophthalmology doctors in the world.
What is Ophthalmology?
Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. Ophthalmologists are trained both medically and surgically to diagnose and treat a variety of eye problems. This includes:
• Eye Examinations
• Diagnosing and Treating Eye Conditions
• Prescribing Glasses or Contact Lenses
• Performing Eye Surgery (cataracts, LASIK, PRK, etc.)
The most serious eye diseases include macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma and these conditions require an eye specialist.
Medical training required to be an ophthalmologist:
After completing medical school, graduates must complete an ophthalmology residency that lasts a minimum of 4 years before they can legally become an ophthalmologist. They can then opt to continue their training to become a specialist in a specific ophthalmology sub-specialty such as:
• Pediatrics
• Retinal and Vitreous Diseases
• Cornea and External Diseases
• Refractive Surgery
• Glaucoma
• Oculoplastics
• Ocular oncology
• Neuro
How to find the best Ophthalmologist:
When trying to find the best eye clinic it’s important to consider a variety of different factors:
1. Experience – Find out the number of years your ophthalmologist has been practicing and the number of successful procedures they have completed. For example, if you’ve been diagnosed with cataracts, ask your ophthalmologist how many successful cataract procedures they’ve performed. You can also ask how many eye doctors have chosen them for their own eye surgery.
2. Training – Find out if your ophthalmologist has received training in a certain sub-specialty. Especially if you’ve been diagnosed with a particular disorder. For example, if you’ve been diagnosed with wet macular degeneration, make sure your ophthalmologist specializes in retinal diseases.
3. Professional accreditations – Find out if your ophthalmologist has received awards from any ophthalmologic societies or if they’ve published any papers in scientific journals.
We realize that finding the best ophthalmologist can be a daunting task so we’ve made it easier for you. We’ve evaluated and selected only the top ophthalmology clinics so you can quickly search and find the best ophthalmologist near you!
Frequently Asked Questions About Ophthalmology:
What is the anatomy of the eye?
The eye works much like a camera; light is reflected by the cornea, the clear outer surface in front of the eye, into the pupil, the opening in front of the iris. The iris controls the amount of light that reaches the back of the eye by narrowing the diameter of the pupil—almost like the aperture of a camera. Behind the pupil is a lens, which works to focus light clearly onto the retina in the back of the eye. Once the light has been focused onto the light-sensitive surface retina, the image is translated into images by the optic nerve.
What’s an eye exam with an ophthalmologist like?
An eye exam with an ophthalmologist should be simple, comfortable, and last around 45 to 90 minutes. In the first part of your eye exam with your ophthalmologist, your doctor will ask you about your complete medical history. You and your ophthalmologist will go over your overall health, your vision, your family’s history with eye diseases, what medications you’re on, and what type of corrective lenses you use, if any. You will then undergo a standard eye exam to test for refractive problems. You’ll be asked to read an eye chart at various distances and asked to identify different sets of letters. Your near and far vision will be tested. Your ophthalmologist can also perform a refraction assessment, either through a computerized refractor or through retinoscopy. A refractive error is when light waves that pass through your cornea and lens don’t bend correctly (which then causes vision problems like nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism), so a refraction assessment can measure your refractive error by measuring how well light reflects onto the retina.
To check your need for corrective lenses and refine the findings from the previous test, your ophthalmologist will ask you to view an eye chart through a phoroptor, a device that uses different lenses to check your ability to see different objects clearly (this is the device you sit in front of in the ubiquitous “better, or worse” test.)
Sometimes, an ophthalmologist will test how well your pupils react to stimulus by shining a bright light into your pupils. They will test whether your pupils properly constrict to light stimulus.
An ophthalmologist might also test for loss of side vision—a symptom for glaucoma. They can also test for eye movement through an ocular motility test. Because eye movement is a reflection of proper eye alignment and ocular muscle function, a common test is to see how quickly the eye darts around and how well it can track objects.
Another test is the slit lamp examination; in this test, your ophthalmologist might use eye drops to apply a dye into the eye. Then, a microscope called a slit lamp is placed in front of your eye and your ophthalmologist will examine the eyelids, the cornea, iris, lens, and the fluid chamber in between the cornea and the iris. The fluorescent dye will help the ophthalmologist determine if there are any damaged cells on the front of the eye, like a cataract or any scars and scratches.
Your doctor will also test your color vision using a chart filled with a pattern of multicolored dots.
How Does an Ophthalmologist Screen for Glaucoma?
Some tests performed by your ophthalmologist, like tonometry, might require the numbing of your eye. Tonometry measures the pressure inside your eye because fluid pressure that’s higher than normal might be a sign of glaucoma. For a tonometry test, your ophthalmologist will send a quick burst of air into your eye. Another tonometry test flattens a small part of your cornea by gently pressing the tip of a device onto the surface of your cornea. Before this test, you’ll be given eyedrops with a fluorescent dye.
What Happens in a Retinal Examination?
To look for possible diseases or abnormalities, ophthalmologists perform various types of retinal examinations. Before your retinal examination, your ophthalmologist will dilate your pupils with eyedrops so that they don’t contract when they shine a light into the eye and they can get a clear view of the retina.
Additional tests that an ophthalmologist can perform can include specialized imaging techniques like oct (optical coherence tomography) or a funduscopy. With an OCT, patients will have their dilated eyes scanned by a camera. The OCT will look at the optic nerve and look for any signs of macular holes and swelling. Fundus photos take photographs of the retina through a computer and a camera, allowing the ophthalmologist to compare the state of the blood vessels and optic nerve over time.
One additional test your ophthalmologist might perform is fluorescien angiography. With Fluorescein angiography, a dye will be injected into the arm so that it can travel throughout the blood stream and into the blood vessels in the retina. A camera will then take pictures of the retina to locate any vascular abnormalities—a possible sign of macular degeneration and other conditions.
After the pupils have been dilated, patients will experience some sensitivity and blurriness for a few hours. It’s highly recommended that patients don’t drive themselves home immediately after their pupils have been dilated.
When should a child’s eyes be examined by an ophthalmologist?
It’s actually recommended that newborns have their eyes checked before they’re discharged from the hospital. After that, a pediatrician can refer the patient to an ophthalmologist if possible vision problems are suspected. Signs of vision problems in children include:
• Constantly rubbing the eyes
• Light sensitivity
• Drooping lids
• Crossed eyes
• Constantly tilting the head
• Covering or closing one eye
• Inability to follow objects
• Difficulty reading or seeing things up close
When should an adult’s eyes be examined by an ophthalmologist?
It’s highly recommended that adult patients have their eyes examined on a regular basis. From ages 20-39, patients should have their eyes checked by an ophthalmologist every three to five years. By the time they’re 40, it’s highly recommended that patients get a baseline eye examination. Then from the ages of 40-65, patients should get checked every two to four years, while patients 65 and older should have an eye exam from an ophthalmologist every one or two years. Because your risk of developing eye diseases increases as you age, many ophthalmology organizations and ophthalmologists recommend that patients increase the frequency of their eye exams as they get older.
However, if you have a history of eye diseases, it’s important that you have your eyes checked by an ophthalmologist with greater regularity. If you have a risk factor for developing an eye disease like having a family history of eye disease or if you have diabetes or high blood pressure, it’s essential that you also have your eyes check much more frequently than normal.
Do eye exams hurt?
No, eye exams are not painful. In the case that the ophthalmologist has to perform a tonometry test, your eye will be numbed to make sure the patient is as comfortable as possible.
What’s the difference between an ophthalmologist and an optometrist?
In addition to their training, an ophthalmologist and an optometrist differ in what they can and can’t treat. Generally speaking, an ophthalmologist can diagnose and treat eye diseases and perform eye surgeries, like refractive eye surgery.
An optometrist is a licensed eye doctor, and they primarily diagnose vision problems and prescribe eyeglasses and contact lenses. Optometrists are also licensed to prescribe treatments for certain eye diseases like eye infections. Oftentimes, an optometrist and ophthalmologist will work together in an arrangement called co-management. An ophthalmologist will treat the patient medically or surgically, and the optometrist will monitor the patient’s post-operative recovery.
I have an eye condition, should I see an ophthalmologist or an optometrist?
If you already have a medical eye problem like glaucoma or macular degeneration, it’s important to get care from a specially-trained ophthalmologist so that they can monitor and treat your eye condition.
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Use Whole In A Sentence
Posted on admin
1. A topic sentence must be related to the rest of the paragraph. So it is no good having a topic sentence unless you have some ideas about the rest of the paragraph. These could be topic sentences.
2. Use the word whole in a sentence. ESL students, professors, and those who would like to gain additional insight into the meaning of words might especially enjoy this webpage. The lines of text below use whole in a sentence, and provide visitors a sentence for whole. Also see sentences for: aggregate, all, complete, gross, sum, total.
3. Whole Sentence Examples. I wish the whole world were like that! You'd have to know the whole story. The whole truth didn't sound nearly as bad as part of the conversation. This whole thing is crazy. I have eaten food pretty much my whole life. Her whole body trembled.
When is usually the right period to use á vs. An?. A bicycle. An icicle. Star trek armada 2 patch. A Website address or an Web address?What precisely is certainly the guideline? Despite the confusion on when tó use these twó phrases, the guideline relating to their use is definitely actually quite simple.
Whole definition is - free of wound or injury: unhurt. How to use whole in a sentence. Synonym Discussion of whole.
What is usually the Distinction Between A ánd An?ln this post, I will compare a vs. Both words are content and are usually extremely typical in the British sentence. As like, I will go over the common principle for a ánd an and usé each in several example sentences. When to Make use of AThe basic guideline for making use of a in a sentence will be.
Use a before words, abbreviations, acronyms, or words that begin with a consonant sound, irrespective of their speIling.For exampIe,. A doggie. A seafood. A university or college. A utopia.The important part will be the sound of the phrase that comes after, not necessarily the letter with which it begins.
The above illustrations have terms that start with vowels ánd consonants, but wé use a fór all of thém because they begin with the audio of a consonant. Even more on this beIow.
When to Make use of AnAn is usually utilized before phrases, abbreviations, acronyms, or words that start with a vowel sound, irrespective of their spelling. An fool. An element. An praise. An heirloom.The principle only gets difficult when you have got a voweI with a cónsonant sound or a consonant with a vowel sound like in our above examples,. A college (yoo-ne-vér-se-tée). A utopia (yóo-toe-pe-á).
An honour (ah-ner).When you arrive across these, disregard what the very first letter is usually and simply listen to the sound that it can make. State the term. If it seems as if it can be starting with a consonant sound, use a. If it sounds as if it is starting with a vowel audio, use an. Whát if an Adjéctive can be Added in Top of a Noun?Some individuals aren't certain how to use this principle when an shows up before the being referred to.For instance, which of these are appropriate?.
I went to an fascinating concert last night. (CORRECT). I went to a fascinating concert last night. (WRONG)The same rule nevertheless applies. “A new” can be utilized before words beginning in consonant sounds and “a good” is certainly used before words beginning with vowel sounds.
It doesn't issue if the phrase will be an adjective, á noun, an advérb, or anything eIse; the principle is precisely the exact same. Problem Phrases with An vs. AThere will be, however, some disagreement (although it is decreasing yr by 12 months) on how to deal with certain phrases that begin with “h,” specifically.But how can that end up being? Talk to any British speaker nowadays to state “historic” and you will almost invariably listen to a distinct “h” sound at the starting of the phrase.English loudspeakers of nowadays might enunciate “historic” with an “l” audio, but The American Traditions Dictionary offers a wonderful usage be aware explaining how that has been not always the case.In the use be aware, that “an” was at one period a even more common version before phrases starting with “h,” words and phrases where the 1st syllable is right now unstressed. This can be why you will quite routinely see in 18th-century books both “a historicaI” and “an historic.” Back after that, this use made logical feeling because many people did not enunciate the “h” at the beginning of the phrase.
The use note will go on to state that “by the late 19th century informed speakers generally provided their initial h's á huff, and thé practice of writing an before like words began to die out.”You will nevertheless find “an historical” in composing every now and then and, although The American Customs Dictionary states that both types suitable in official composing, “an historical” should become prevented. Both and hold that “a historic” is certainly the proper type.There are a several other problem “h” words and phrases out right now there. Here is a listing of many of them and their appropriate forms. An hr. An dignity. An honorary level. A hysterectomy. Cool things to do in gta san andreas.
A heredity trait. An inheritor. An heirloom.
Use Whole In A Sentence
An supplement. A very humble man. An respect to the faIlen.As we said above, this rule also applies to.
Destiny 2 legendary weapon list. Sep 11, 2017 How to Get Legendary Mods in Destiny 2. As you grind your way to the max Power (Light) level in Destiny 2, it’ll start to become a real mission to move that number up just a tad. Sep 12, 2017 Destiny 2 Legendary Mods are rare items that affect your weapons and armor. They can add different types of damage and give other effects, as well as boost your overall Power Level. There’s a few methods of obtaining Legendary mods; some of. Sep 12, 2017 Collecting enough rare mods to trade for legendary mods is a huge component of leveling up in the end-game of Destiny 2. Use your Weapon Attack mods wisely on exotics and kinetic weapons that you. Sep 21, 2017 How To Use Mods In Destiny 2: Legendary, Armor, And Weapon Mods, Components Guide. You can trade in two Mod Components and 1,000 glimmer to Banshee-44 to create a random new Legendary weapon. How to get Legendary mods for your weapons and armour. The only way to get Legendary mods - unless you pick up a weapon that already has one - is to buy them from Banshee-44.
Whether or not really to use án or a depends on the pronunciation. An NBC tv present. An Code record. A CBS news wall socket.
A Microsoft system.-but-. An MS-DOS program.Therefore, to reply to our starting question about URLs, it should end up being a Website since Link is usually pronounced U-R-L. SummaryIs it á or an? Bóth a and án are used as posts in the Everyday terms sentences, but their usé use differs centered on what words follow.How to Use A and An:. A is definitely utilized with consonant sounds. An is certainly used with vowel sounds.
Select the Best Synonym for wholeAdjective, mean not lacking or fauIty in any specific. Implies the soundness and the quality of every component, element, or high quality of a factor often as an unattainable or theoretical condition.a ideal collection of teethsuggests á completeness or perfection that can become sought, acquired, or obtained.sensed like a whole individual again after vacationimplies pérfection deriving from integrity, soundness, or completeness of a thing.the entire Beethoven corpusimplies retention of excellence of a point in its natural or primary condition.the fishing boat made it the tempest undamaged. AdjectiveThe doctor assured me that the whole method would only consider a several mins.The whole place was remodeled. It appears great right now.It't long been a whole week since I've noticed him.I invested the whole summertime vacationing through Europe.The whole night time had been a great achievement.She go through the whole guide in one day time.I've been recently waiting my whole living for this.We chose to neglect the whole matter.We cooked a whole chicken breast.The neighborhood center provides a whole range of applications.Nounthe landlord eventually returned the whole óf our depositAdverbWe cooked the chicken whole.The frog ingested the take flight whole.
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https://malaykeshav.me/use-whole-in-a-sentence/
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Last post, we read into dread, inspired by the “fear-nothing” dinosaur, Dreadnoughtus. This post, we’ll stare straight into the void: nought, “nothing,” and perform a little magic in the act.
Nought So Simple
For nought, we might as well begin with not, because that’s what it became. And to put it simply, it’s not quite so simple. I made a diagram to, er, help us out:
"Not so simple." Diagram by me.
“Nought so simple.” Diagram by me.
In short, not is reduced from nought, which comes from the Old English nowiht. This word joins ne (“not”) and owiht (anything, or “something,” not related to I ought to start exercising). Owiht is, in turn, composed of o, “ever” or “a,” and wiht, a “thing,” “creature,” or “being.” So, on a literal level–and not that words ever really behave so–not means “not a thing.” And so we pull a rabbit out of the hat: In talking about nothing, we find something.
Nowiht to nought to not, with a labyrinth of alternate spellings in between? Kind of crazy, huh? This is all about economy of speech, and we see it everyday. Why do you think we say gonna for going to
Naughty, Knotty Roots
Nought is considered a variation of naught, which arises like nought. In naught‘s case, the Old English nawiht still features ne but along with awiht (source of “aught,” a variant of ought). Awiht puts that same wiht together with a, a variant of o.
In its earliest uses in the 14th century, naughty meant “poor” or “needy.” It later evolved to “bad,” then “wicked,” then narrowing to describe disobedient children as “misbehaving” and “mischievous.” (Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology & Eric Partridge)
Even the English no is complex, from the Old English na, merging ne with to emphasize its no-ness as “not ever.”
Speaking of no, the Old English ne is from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *ne, “not,” pervasive across PIE daughter languages, including the English prefix un-. Wiht gives English whit–as in “not a whit”–and wight, from PIE *wekti, a “thing” or “creature.” And o and a? These are from *aiwwhich the American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots defines as “vital force, life, long life, eternity.”
Yes, no means “no”–but etymologically speaking, there’s a whole lot more going on.
m ∫ r ∫
13 thoughts on “nought
1. The old saying is now fraught with meaning–“what is it about No you don’t understand?” A great deal, apparently. Thanks for another fascinating post! 🙂 (I particularly enjoyed seeing the link between naught and nought)
1. Thanks! A great deal, indeed: “Nought” is fraught.
Person A: What is about “no” you don’t understand?
Me: Well, etymologically speaking…
I’d love to see how that would go over!
2. “Owt” and “nowt” are the British predominately Northern England dialect version of ‘anything’ (owt) and ‘nothing’ (nowt) eg. “there’s nowt so queer as folk” – ‘Nothing is as strange as people can be’.
1. Probably is the origin of the phrase which I used for an example mainly because it’s found its way into colloquial English along with “(you don’t get) owt for nowt” (you don’t get something for nothing.) Although Northern English isn’t my dialect, I would say /aʊ/ generally covers the pronunciation of the /ow/ for the various Northern dialects of Lancashire, the Yorkshires and Cumbria whilst the further you get to Scotland & the North East English regions of Northumbria, Tyneside etc. it would probably sound more like “oot” & “noot”?
2. Tricky things, these vowels are. Thanks for the clarifications! And yeah, though I’m certainly no expert, I would predict a lengthening, yielding something more like “oot” and “noot.”
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Essay On leadership
By | November 20, 2019
Leader is an essential part of social, and work life. In most of the situations, when people wish to execute any mission or a goal, it requires a leader to help them pursue it. Let us see more about the significance of leadership in daily life.
Essay On leadership
Essay On Leadership 250 words
A leader is the one who takes the initiative in any social or political movement, sports competition, school project, or an enterprise. He is the one who people follow as his supporters, and disciples. He is the highly renowned fellow of a profession, or a person who has distinguished position and impact among people.
Leadership occurs in various informal, and formal situations in life. In a group of friends, leadership skills are seen when any person takes lead in a majority of the team activities. He impacts people to keep working to attain a common objective. A leader has the ability to impact the behavior of people. They exploit not just human potential, but also transforms it to generate output.
Leadership is one of the abilities by which any person can influence others. He can accomplish a goal and directs an organization to make it more coherent, and cohesive. Leadership is one of the traits in a person that develops assurance and passion among people.
An influential leader has got the skills to creates an irresistible urge among people to accomplish their goals and obtain success. He encourages and motivates people to achieve their organizational objectives, and realize their long-held dreams.
A good leader always guides, influences and creatively directs his teammates in selecting and attaining specific objectives in life. He does it by acting as a mediator between people and an organization to help each other to get maximum satisfaction. Effective and dynamic leadership directs an organization towards the path of success.
Essay On Leadership 500 words
People needs to be guided in order to contribute towards their goals while maintaining confidence, and excitement. Leadership is a kind of relationship where the leader impacts other people to work mutually on specific tasks to realize their objectives as desired by their group or leader. A good leader has mastered the art to influence people so that they don’t lose help and keep on trying till they succeed.
Leaders are considered to be the role model for all those who follow them. You will find that the subordinates would not be loyal if they do not get any support from their leaders. Leaders need to cooperate with their followers in order to get co-operation from them. A leader should behave with the kind of behavior that he would expect from his followers. Leaders is expected to set his example before others.
He should be the ideal personality for them. People should get driven to him without his occupation and position. Such should be the magnetism, and power of the personality of a leader. Leadership skill isn’t only related to business organizations, but also in military organization, educational institution, charitable organizations, hospital, home, and other areas of life.
He has the power and an ability to keep people focused, hopeful, and enthusiastic to achieve their goals. He is optimistic and self-motivated person who teaches and inspires others to “Never Give Up”. He persuades his teammates to go after their defined objectives with devotion. Leadership skills are determined by attributes of a person, the type of conditions that prevail within an organization, as well as the team. The following points explain the nature of leadership:
Personal traits:
Personal traits are one of the important ways to distinguish between a good and a bad leader. This trait includes confidence, popularity, socializing skills and inter-personal skills, intelligence, etc. It is these qualities that can make one manager different from another. A leader who has got all these qualities is definitely considered to be a good leader.
Another thing that can influences your leadership style is your situation. A person who has these traits can take on an autocratic style or a democratic style of leadership on the basis of the situation. In other words, situation plays a very essential part in determining the leadership style.
Leaders has to have a good number of followers:
A person can only be respected and valued as a leader if he has got a good fan following base. If he leads and influences others, then he is called as a leader.
Leader and Power
A leader gets potential to make an impact on the behavior of people via power. It can be in the form of:
• power of position,
• power to offer rewards as bonus, promotion, and increments, to positively contribute an organization to meet its goals.
• Power to punish people for any wrong doing in the form of a holiday cut or salary cut.
• Power to access and deliver information
• Power to make new connections with other influential people
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https://myessaybook.com/essay-on-leadership
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How to buy Quality Sheets Things you need to know before buying sheets What Is Thread Count in Sheets? Thread count is simply the sum of the warp (lengthwise) and weft (widthwise) woven together in one squire inch of fabric. In general the higher that number, (thre
How to buy Quality Sheets
Things you need to know before buying sheets
What Is Thread Count in Sheets?
Thread count is simply the sum of the warp (lengthwise) and weft (widthwise) woven together in one squire inch of fabric. In general the higher that number, (thread count) the better the fabric. But in our days, I have to say that thread count has almost nothing to do with the fabric quality and became only of a marketing tool.
Around 20 years ago, Textiles Mills around the World would use one type of quality yarns woven in the same exact process, so whomever achieved higher thread count in those days, did in fact achieved better quality fabric.
In our days, things have changed dramatically. As technology advanced, what was not possible for the older generation of textile manufacturers became available for this one. Lower quality fiber which was not used in making T250 sheets for example, now were able to be use even in up to T300. Weaving looms were updated as well to able to weave fabric in many methods and speeds.
To simplify things, a 300 Thread count sheets made with quality yarn from quality fiber, woven in an authentic weave can well be of much better quality than a T500 or even higher. Does thread count is sheets still means quality to you?
What is Cotton Quality or Yarn Quality?
Quality of the fiber used in spinning the yarns can be of the most important in sheets making. Longer fiber such as Egyptian cotton or Pima cotton can produce much better yarns than other cotton which lacks such fiber. Combing is additional process in which Raw cotton is blended and cleaned from short fiber. Fibers of 1.25 to 2 inches in length are of Egyptian cotton while 7/8 of an inch for those of Pima cotton. The longer the fiber, the better, stronger & smoother fabric can be constructed.
What are the weaving processes?
The way in which the fabric is woven has very important effect on the finished fabric. The old traditional weave, plain weave or percale weave is one process in which the fabric is woven in one over one. It produces much stronger fabric but also limits the ultimate thread count which can be archived to 400 thread count.
Sateen weave or satin is the weave in which the fabric is woven in four over one; it means four yarn acts as if they were one. In this weave most of the yarns would be on the top surface of the fabric, resulting in silky smooth touch. In this weave higher thread count can be archived, even up to 1000 thread count per squire inch.
Just as the previous steps were effects by the advanced technology, weaving also received its share. The term insertions started to be used, the more insertions used in weaving a fabric the lesser quality it will get. For example a T400 woven with one pick insertion can be of much better weave of a T1000 woven with 10 pick insertions. It means 10 yarns were being inserted into the fabric from the weft (widthwise) as if they were one single yarn, creating a thicker heavier fabric as a result of the yarn build up.
Bamboo Cotton Blended With Egyptian Cotton Sheets
As soft as cashmere, as smooth as silk... bamboo sheets are todays luxury bedding choice. It seems strange to those who have not slept on bamboo sheets or tried other bamboo fabric products, but when bamboo grass is spun into fabric is quite literally is like a blend of cashmere and silk. People all over the world are switching from cotton to bamboo sheets and bedding... once you try it, you will never go back.
Why Bamboo?
For starters, did you know that bamboo sheets are actually temperature-regulating? Bamboo fabric naturally stays cool in the summer and warm in the winter, making it the perfect choice for sheets. And let's not forget that bamboo fabric is naturally antibacterial and allergen free... what more could a person really ask for?
But bamboo sheets are not just heavenly to sleep on -- they are also environmentally conscious! An ever-important factor in making any decision, bamboo sheets are made from one of the worlds fastest growing, greenest, most renewable resource -- bamboo! Bamboo plants can grow up to a foot per day (unlike those slow-growing (lucky bamboo plants, which coincidentally are not really bamboo), so there are really no worry about deforestation. Another wonderful factor: because bamboo can grow so densely, a bamboo forest has around 40% more biomass than a regular hardwood forest. That is 40% more carbon-reducing power!
As for herbicides and pesticides and other nasty chemicals, bamboo simply does not need them. This makes bamboo a naturally organic product -- unlike cotton. Despite the fact that it is a natural fiber, cotton production is a very unnatural process using more pounds of chemicals per pound of cotton than any other crop. Of course, some of this ends up in clothing and other products made from cotton, but the vast majority ends up in the rivers, and ultimately in the Gulf of Mexicos (Dead Zone.) Think you are doing the environment a favor by eating organic foods? Your clothes, sheets, towels and other textiles likely have more of an impact.
Bamboo sheets are also the vegan/animal friendly choice for luxury... unlike silk or cashmere. This means you can sleep peacefully knowing no animals were harmed for you to sleep on your comfy bamboo sheets.
Superior Egyptian cotton Percale Sheets In Plain Solid Colors
Percale stands for the weaving process in which the fabric is woven by. In percale the yarns are woven in one over one, unlike Sateen where it is four over one. The one over one (percale) weave create a much even, stronger, denser and softer fabric, which can stand the test of time and gets better and better feel the more you wash it. It is just like your favorite old shirt, the more it is laundered the softer and durable it gets.
Superior single pick insertion of 300 Thread count Percale make this better than a 600 Thread count with 4 pick insertions as most of the T600 are. Insertions means when weaving the fabric, you have the vertical yarns being inserted or hemmed by the horizontal yarns. If the horizontal hemming yarns are being done with 1 yarn at time , it is called single pick insertion, if it is using 4 yarns, it is called 4 pick insertion. The higher the number of insertions the faster the weave and the less quality fabric gets. Have you ever wondered why your old 200 or 300 thread count feels better than your new 600 Thread count sheets? The reason is simply because new high thread count sheets are being woven with a higher and higher insertion to save money. This is not the same thing as 2-ply sheets. The 2 or 3 ply sheets refer to the yarn being used in weaving and not how it is being woven.
Thread count sheets by Unversity of Missouri
The truth behind Thread counts
The Truth about Thread count By Article Ally
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A European Green Deal:
How offshore wind can help decarbonise Europe
Download our whitepaper
To deliver a Green Deal, making Europe the world’s first climate neutral continent, renewable power production must become the main source of energy for the entire economy. According to scenario analysis by the European Commission, such a transformation will increase electricity demand by a factor of up to 2.5 towards 2050.
This means the pace of the renewable energy buildout has to increase. For offshore wind, the European Commission estimates need for between 400 and 450GW offshore wind capacity installed by 2050. That equates to a 20-fold increase from the around 20GW installed today.
Fortunately, The recent steep cost reductions in offshore wind energy indicate that this ambitious undertaking is economically feasible.
The buildout must be attained while also protecting the local environment, while securing a just transition, offsetting jobs lost in the fossil energy sector with new opportunities in the renewables industry – and while ensuring cost-efficiency in both generation and grid to keep the European economy running.
Doing so will require Europe’s answers to three broad questions:
• How do we find the space?
• How do we ensure sufficient transmission capacity?
• How do we enable the industry to scale?
This paper is meant to kickstart the European discussion between governments, industry and civil society on how to best find the answers that enable offshore wind to help decarbonise Europe.
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Let's consider it case by case:
Case 1: Charged particle is at rest. It has an electric field around it. No problem. That is its property.
Case 2: Charged particle started moving (it's accelerating). We were told that it starts radiating EM radiation. Why? What happened to it? What made it do this?
Follow up question: Suppose a charged particle is placed in uniform electric field. It accelerates because of electric force it experiences. Then work done by the electric field should not be equal to change in its kinetic energy, right? It should be equal to change in K.E + energy it has radiated in the form of EM Waves. But then, why don't we take energy radiated into consideration when solving problems? (I'm tutoring grade 12 students. I never encountered a problem in which energy radiated is considered.)
How do moving charges produce magnetic field?
• $\begingroup$ A question that comes to my mind right now is, given an acceleration of magnitude $a$, what is the resulting frequency of the EM wave? I am almost a physicist now, I did not continue because the amazing world of programming has captured me so I am working right now! But someday I will go back and continue studying physics, and it also was mentioned to us but I haven't seen any mathematical derivation. $\endgroup$ – iharob Nov 11 '15 at 0:08
• $\begingroup$ Only an oscillating charge would radiate at a definite frequency, its frequency of oscillation. Otherwise you get pulses with a wide-band spectrum. $\endgroup$ – Pieter Nov 29 '16 at 23:19
• 1
$\begingroup$ physics.stackexchange.com/a/349367/47511 $\endgroup$ – Count Iblis Sep 3 '17 at 20:14
A diagram may help:
enter image description here
Here, the charged particle was initially stationary, uniformly accelerated for a short period of time, and then stopped accelerating.
The electric field outside the imaginary outer ring is still in the configuration of the stationary charge.
The electric field inside the imaginary inner ring is in the configuration of the uniformly moving charge.
Within the inner and outer ring, the electric field lines, which cannot break, must transition from the inner configuration to the outer configuration.
This transition region propagates outward at the speed of light and, as you can see from the diagram, the electric field lines in the transition region are (more or less) transverse to the direction of propagation.
Also, see this Wolfram demonstration: Radiation Pulse from an Accelerated Point Charge
• 1
$\begingroup$ Could you kindly comment on my "Follow up question" $\endgroup$ – claws May 21 '13 at 12:55
• $\begingroup$ @claws, my only comment for now (I'll save more for later when I have time) is to refer you to this on the question of "Does a uniformly accelerated charge radiate?": mathpages.com/home/kmath528/kmath528.htm $\endgroup$ – Alfred Centauri May 21 '13 at 13:13
• $\begingroup$ @Alfred Centauri: Purcell also followed the same procedure. Check this. $\endgroup$ – user36790 Jan 11 '16 at 3:14
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$\begingroup$ This is such a beautiful explanation! $\endgroup$ – Betelgeuse Feb 9 '18 at 15:33
• 3
$\begingroup$ Wouldn't the same argument apply to a an electron in uniform motion? $\endgroup$ – gardenhead Jan 7 at 22:14
The electrons intrinsic properties are their electric charge and their magnetic dipole moment. So the electron has two fields around it. The magnetic field is observable if one put a magnetizable material into an external magnetic field. Often the magnetization of the material holds for a while, which is explained by the alignment of the magnetic dipole moments of the subatomic constituents.
If one observe an electron beam in a vacuum chamber hardly one will observe that the electrons slow down (except the change of velocity and direction from the earths gravitation). Since there is no decrease of the speed of a constant moving electron there wouldn't be any loss of energy, hence the electron does not radiate. So you are right that only particles under acceleration radiate.
How an why do accelerating charges radiate electromagnetic radiation?
Accelerated charges radiate and they do this in portions, in the past called by Einstein quanta and later called photons. Every photon - as well as the emitting particle - has an electric field component and a magnetic field component and that is why such radiation is called EM radiation.
Why EM radiation occurs?
Suppose you have to slow down a car. Not having EM radiation you would be able to stop your care only by transferring your kinetic energy to another body, be this another massive body or a rotating disc for example. To our luck the loss of energy in every energy transfer happens at any case. So for a why question the answer has to be because nature works this way. The better questions are how something happens. The answer how would be an explanation on a more detailed level (including new hows) as the observation level.
How EM radiation occurs?
There is a phenomenon in nature called the Lorentz force. As soon as an electron moves inside a magnetic field and if the electrons direction of movement is not parallel to the north-south direction of the magnetic field then the electron gets deflection in the direction perpendicular to both directions of the electrons movement and the magnetic field.
An external constant magnetic field does not contribute (put in) energy for the deflection of the electron. Means, one can let through the magnet device electrons as long as he wants, the magnetic device does not weaken. So the reason for the deflection and the escorting EM radiation from the electron has to lie in the electron and its kinetic energy (an electron in rest to the external magnetic field won't be deflected.)
I started with the statement that an electron has a magnetic dipole moment. Coming into an external magnetic field the electrons magnetic field gets aligned to this external field. At the same time the photon emission happens. If we suppose that during the alignment process the radiation of the photon happens, this will disbalance the alignment again And - because the photon has a momentum - the electron gets pushed against the direction of the photon emission which is in accordance with the observation radially outwards directed.
Now we have an effective chain: alignment - photon emissio - deflection - again alignement - ... By this the electron lose kinetic energy and moves in a spiral path until it stops. In detail the spiral path is a path of tangerine slices.
• $\begingroup$ But how about when electron is not in external magnetic field. What causes it's acceleration to produce photons and slow it down? $\endgroup$ – MaDrung May 31 '17 at 10:51
• $\begingroup$ Nothing. As long as an electron isn't under the influence of a field or electromagnetic radiation it doesn't emit photons nor slows down. Why this question occurs to you? $\endgroup$ – HolgerFiedler Jun 3 '17 at 13:06
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$\begingroup$ I thought accelerating electrons emit photons and slow down. Let's say there is electric field pointing in the opposite direction. The photon Will be accelerating. Will he not be emiting light and slowing down? $\endgroup$ – MaDrung Jun 5 '17 at 5:54
• $\begingroup$ @MaDrung Where is the contradiction of what you comment right to my comment? $\endgroup$ – HolgerFiedler Jun 5 '17 at 6:52
The second problem is quite tough. J. D. Jackson comments, in the introductory remarks of his chapter on 'Radiation Damping, Classical Models of Charged Particles', that we know how to solve classical electrodynamics problems in two ideal conditions - a) given charge and current densities, how to compute the fields and b) given the fields, how to find the motion of charged particles in their presence. When charged particles accelerate, they do produce radiation which in turn affects the motion of all other charged particles. However, that problem is, Jackson says, still unsolved.
Coming to the first problem, if you calculate $\vec{E}$ and $\vec{B}$ for a moving charged particle, you will see that they depend on the acceleration $\vec{a}$ of the charged particle. Now calculate the Poynting vector $\vec{S}$. You will observe that $\vec{S}$, depends on acceleration but not velocity. Integrating it to get power radiated gives the famous Larmor formula. You may want to refer to Griffiths' chapter on 'Electromagnetic Radiation'.
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$\begingroup$ For Jackson, the radiation also affects the particle itself. For Griffiths, the Poynting vector does have terms that contain velocity, they just fall off faster than 1/r and so don't contribute a finite energy to an infinitely distant surface. But they are carrying power away, just not to super far away. So back to Jackson, that energy loss also affects the motion of the charge. $\endgroup$ – Timaeus Nov 12 '15 at 1:40
Accelerating charges don't have to radiate. Look at an electron at rest on the earth (or constantly accelerating for a long time). It will not radiate. The radiation acceleration formula such as Lamor's only hold for particles with changing acceleration - like a sinusoidal movement.
See for instance Feynman: From http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath528/kmath528.htm
For example, in Feynman's "Lectures on Gravitation" he says "we have inherited a prejudice that an accelerating charge should radiate", and then he goes on to argue that the usual formula giving the power radiated by an accelerating charge as proportional to the square of the acceleration "has led us astray" because it applies only to cyclic or bounded motions.
• $\begingroup$ The derivation of Larmor's formula does not require that the charged particle be in a cyclic or bounded motion. According to the classical electromagnetic theory (Maxwell's equations), accelerating charged body is associated with radiation EM field - a field component that decays with distance as $1/r$. In this sense, accelerated charges do radiate, no exceptions. The reason why lots of people are confused by this is because they tend to assume that just because there is this radiation field, it has to transmit energy away from the charged body. But that is a different, independent question. $\endgroup$ – Ján Lalinský Sep 3 '17 at 21:54
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$\begingroup$ "In General Relativity there is what is called The Equivalence Principle. This is the assertion that there should be no difference between a body at rest experiencing a uniform gravitational field and a body experiencing uniform acceleration. There is no reason to expect a charged particle resting in a uniform gravitational field to be emitting radiation. Therefore, according to the Equivalence Principle there should be no radiation from a charged particle experiencing uniform acceleration. But the Larmor formula and its derivation are there, so something must be wrong." - I side with GR $\endgroup$ – Tom Andersen Sep 3 '17 at 23:07
• $\begingroup$ Maybe there should be no radiation according to the reasoning based on the Equivalence principle, but there has to be radiation if EM field is to obey Maxwell's equations. When it comes to EM radiation, I side with electromagnetic laws, not theory of gravity. There is a puzzle to be solved, sure, but I doubt its resolution lies in invalidation of Maxwell's equations. Perhaps the two situations you mention are not as equivalent as would be required to apply the principle of equivalence. $\endgroup$ – Ján Lalinský Sep 4 '17 at 22:21
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$\begingroup$ Or perhaps there can be radiation field around the particle in the freely falling frame while there is none in the frame of the body that is source of the gravity field. $\endgroup$ – Ján Lalinský Sep 4 '17 at 22:26
• $\begingroup$ Agree with Ján Lalinský. Think of an electron sitting still in Earth's gravity field. It should not radiate at this moment. Now approach it with a ball made of neutrons so the electron experiences changing gravity (thus changing equivalent acceleration according to Einstein). Does it start to radiate? To my intuition it should not. $\endgroup$ – verdelite Jan 23 at 17:07
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https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/65339/how-and-why-do-accelerating-charges-radiate-electromagnetic-radiation/311114
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Knowledge Center
Software Testing in Agile Environment
Agile is an iterative methodology for software development. It bases on a close collaboration within the entire project team despite the development stage. Coding and quality verification are iterative and incremental.
At QA and testing stage, the implementation of Agile strategies requires specific techniques that differ from ones used during traditional software development. Agile testing should be iterative. It is not a one-time process. Agile testing is continuous in nature. In comparison to traditional software development, every Agile team member participates in testing activities. Agile testing makes the code “clean” as developers fix the detected bugs within the same interaction.
QA specialists must be flexible. They should not base testing activities on a full specification as the project requirements are determined and realized throughout the whole software development lifecycle (SDLC) that includes four stages:
1. inception - initiation of the project
2. iterations construction - delivery of the working system
3. transition - deploy of a release into production
4. production - support of the release.
The initial stage is project initiation called Iteration 0 or Sprint 0 depending on the Agile methodology, e.g., Scrum, XP (eXtreme Programming), FDD (Feature Driven Development), etc. Project initiation can take from a couple of hours to several weeks. It depends on the project specifics. At this stage, a project team conducts envisioning of initial requirements and architecture. Based on the results, a QA team determines a testing approach and sets up testing environment if necessary. There are several Agile testing strategies.
“Whole team” testing approach
The choice of testing strategy depends on the process size and complexity. According to the “whole team” approach, every member of Agile team should be aware of the specifics of programming and testing activities, despite his / her strengths. The generalization of different specialists with a wide range of skills takes place.
The approach increases the overall productivity and accelerates activities by reducing the wait time. It requires less paperwork, for example, a test plan, as the team members are closely collaborating. But the quality of testing based on the whole team strategy may suffer from group thinking. Besides, specialists may not have the skills required to conduct the task.
Development team testing approach
Agile development team prefers the whole team strategy applying such practices as continuous integration (CI) and test-driven development (TDD). Following CI approach, the team is able to perform continuous regression testing. The team performs multiple integrations of subsystems per day. To verify each integration and detect errors, specialists use an automated build. In other words, they conduct a static analysis to find errors of different nature, e.g., security issues.
TDD is one of confirmatory testing approaches. It verifies whether the requirement is implemented as it has been described before. The approach includes refactoring, e.g., the change of a source code to improve its design without modifying its semantics, and test-first development (TFD). According to TFD practice, a specialist writes a single test and part of code just enough to fail this test. He / she runs the test. If it fails, then the specialist updates the code to make the test pass. If the updated test passes, then a new test is written. The process is cyclic.
agile testing approaches
Agile team can performs TDD of different levels. Acceptance test-driven development (ATDD) starts with writing acceptance tests before the implementation of corresponding functionality. The tests are based on three different perspectives: customer (a problem to be solved), development (the way to solve the problem), and testing (the verification of realization). Acceptance TDD refers to behaviour driven development (BDD) that focuses on the expected behavior of the software under development. If no requirements are available, then user stories become the basis for testing. According to story test-driven development, the procedure starts with a story test provided by a customer. If the story test fails, then a specialist prepares a unit test. If the unit test passes, then code refactoring takes place.
Specialists perform refactoring to improve the quality of ready code. By making small changes of the code design, developers make it easier to comprehend and modify the code in future. Refactoring enables to apply an incremental and iterative approach to development. But during refactoring, the code semantics remains unchanged, and developers do not add any new feature. Refactoring is only the improvement of existing code and not the addition of a new one.
Apart from that, specialists can perform refactoring of a database schema that includes functional and structural aspects. Database refactoring is the process of database design improvement without any changes in its informational and behavioral semantics. In comparison to code refactoring, the database one is more complex. During code refactoring, a specialist should keep only behavioral semantics, while database refactoring also requires the maintainability of informational semantics. Refactoring can be applied to a user interface as well.
Independent test team
In case of complex environments that require specific skills and knowledge, the advanced strategy is applied to Agile software development. According to this approach, an independent QA team, that focuses only on testing activities, performs quality evaluation.
The tester’s role in non-Agile projects is to analyse requirements and documentation, select a testing strategy, prepare a Test Plan, design and execute test scripts, report detected bugs, and make sure a development team has fixed all of them. In case of Agile software development, a QA team is integrated into every stage of the process. Independent testers collaborate with developers and product owners to ensure a proper implementation of functional and business logic. Testers verify the meeting of acceptance criteria. A constant communication within the whole project team during daily meetings helps to detect and prevent errors in advance.
Besides, if development teams are working in parallel, independent test team helps to reduce expenses. One QA team will support several development ones. Apart from that, testing tools and expensive hardware environments are already available. Test environment setup includes setting up development tools, hardware, and work area. To optimize the process, developers adopt open source software tools. Independent test team uses both open source and commercial tools as they face more complex issues, for example, ones connected with system integration. Developers and independent test team should have a shared bug tracking system, especially while working on a complex system. When a system is ready to go into production, independent test team performs end-of-lifecycle testing. Also, testers can conduct parallel independent testing of Agile projects.
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https://qatestlab.com/resources/knowledge-center/agile-projects-testing/
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How can a parent best help their child with speech therapy?
Being a parent myself, know that we want what is best for our kids. I think it is safe to assume that all parents want their kids to be the best possible versions of themselves. With that in mind I will now answer this common question, “What can I do as a parent to best help my child?”. The answer to this question can be broken down into 4 different topics:
1. Finding a starting point
2. Use a systematic method to build a strong foundation.
3. Develop automatic productions by focusing on speed and accuracy
4. Practice….practice….practice….
Finding a starting point
Knowing where to begin is half the battle. Your best bet is to have a speech language pathologist assess your child. They will be able to give you a run-down of all the sounds which are in error as well as an order to approach working on the sounds. This will be money well spent. If you do not have access to a SLP or money is an issue (I know Speech Pathologists don’t come cheap) then try and find a sound that your child is stimulable with.
Stimulability refers to your ability to say a given sound (in isolation) when given a model. Quite often a child can be stimulable for a sound at sound level but unable to say the sound accurately in conversation. I see a lot of this. For me, Stimulability is always the main criteria I have for starting a speech sound. These targets will be easier to work with in comparison to sounds that are not stimulable.
Once a sound is stimulable, you will be able to start working on it using a Systematic approach.
Use a systematic method to build a strong foundation
Now that you have achieved a starting point you can start working on it using a systematic approach. I like using a systems approach because you will know what to do next each step of the way if the system is easy to follow. I like to use the following approach which breaks down the speech therapy process into manageable chunks.
1. Sound level drills
2. Syllable level drills
3. Double syllable level drills
4. Word level drills
5. Sentence level drills
6. Conversation level drills
Develop Automatic Productions by Focusing on Speed and Accuracy
You now have a systematic approach to use that shows you a pathway to follow. To further speed up the therapy process you need to focus on developing the speed of your productions while maintaining accuracy. Accuracy is always your starting point, but it is critical to boost the speed of your productions when training. Speech sound production requires rapid movements. Most clients require much focus and attention to say target sounds correctly when first working on a sound. This is the only way to override their automatic way of producing their sounds. In order to build automaticity for the correct sound, develop the speed of your productions.
My favorite way of doing this is getting in a rhythm. Always set your rhythm for sets of 5. This allows for easy chunking of sets and makes tracking number of reps much easier. Start with 2 slow productions to help accuracy then follow with 3 rapid productions. I call this the golden rhythm. By default it helps establish accuracy and provides the opportunity to work on speed.
This is powerful because it is built into each set of 5. You will be able to rack up some serious repetitions in little time using this method. Sounds losing accuracy? Slow it down and reconnect with your best sounding productions, then switch to pushing the speed using the golden rhythm. Developing your speed while holding onto your accuracy will optimize your results.
It is easy to overlook the simplicity of practice. Don’t be fooled. It is one of the most important elements for achieving quicker results. Do not leave the work of helping your child’s speech to the SLP only. There is only so much work the SLP can do. I found that when I was working with a child in the school system and was the only person doing the work, it simply took longer. I have long believed that the thing the kids need the most is what no SLP can give them.
Consistent daily practice has to be done! Work is the key that will unlock your child’s speech.
Make sure you our working with an SLP who takes full advantage of your willingness to help and contribute to your child’s speech success. By having the parent (and anyone else for that matter) contribute with helping the child with their speech homework you are upping the likelihood of a quicker outcome.
The key is getting everyone on the same page. Everyone needs to be working on the same sounds in unison. This is where having a simplified and easy to follow method is great. It creates a pathway for all to follow. By creating a speech team supporting your child and providing them with an optimized approach you are creating an ideal situation for your child. They will have plenty of opportunity to practice and thrive with their sounds.
About the Author
I am a Canadian Speech-Language Pathologist. My passion is helping children and adults achieve their speaking potential. Results come quicker when “an optimized” homework program is followed on a daily basis. Training parents, caregivers, tutors, educational assistants, teachers and volunteers is my top priority. The “Rapid Speech Therapy” method was born out of the necessity to provide an easy to use yet powerful way to develop speech sounds in the hands of the “non professional”.
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https://rapidspeechtherapy.com/help-my-child-with-speech-therapy/
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Hogsback Fall Leaves -Photo by Peter Kelly.
Hogsback Landscape
Cold-water ground-seeps within the lowland forest of yellow birch, black ash and eastern white cedar provide habitat for the largest variety of amphibians and reptiles on the reserve. Mature upland forest on the “hogs’ backs” interspersed through the lowlands include mature white oak, black oak, sugar maple, American beech and shagbark hickory. An understory of southern and northern shrubs and flowers combines leatherwood, witch-hazel, round-leaved hepatica and winterberry.
Regionally rare plants in the Hogsback include hemlock parsley and poke milkweed. Amphibians of the Hogsback include blue-spotted and yellow-spotted salamanders. This secluded location provides habitat for nesting great horned owl, ruffed grouse and northern waterthrush. Ground water seeps and mature pine provide continuous water supply and roosting trees through winter for wild turkey.
Hogsback Vision
The vision for the Hogsback is to protect and enhance the biodiversity of this lowland forest, consolidate and extend its upland woods component into nearby marginal cropland. The result will be an intensely rich diversity of flora and fauna connected to central portions of rare by corridors of cropland hedgerows.
rare Charitable Research Reserve
1679 Blair Road
Cambridge, ON N3H 4R8
(519) 650-9336
Charitable Registration:
#8776 15914 RR0001
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https://raresites.org/conservation/core-areas/hogsback/
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What You Need to Know to Survive a Wild Boar Attack
October 1, 2019
Continuing our series of wild animal attacks, we now turn to wild boars. So, are wild boars dangerous? Are wild boar attacks common?
Now, although in the past such attacks were considered rare, in recent years there has been an uncontrolled growth in the number of wild boar populations. Consequently, there have been some reported cases of wild hog attacks outdoors in the wild, though many of them involved hunters.
Statistics of the Feral Hog Population
you should know
In the study Wild Pig Attacks on Humans published in 2013, John J. Mayer of the Savannah River National Laboratory found that among the wild boar attacks reported, 70% of them occurred between 2000 and 2012, which is quite significant, to say the least.
Most of the attacks occurred in the Northern Hemisphere, about 88%, and the USA had the largest percentage of attacks, followed by India.
Overall, 15% of the boar attacks involved fatalities. The number of fatalities was twice as higher in the case of people that were traveling alone.
Moreover, as of late, they have also started raiding major European cities, looking for food in rubbish bins and jostling tourists. Among the cities affected is Barcelona, where wild boars emerge from Collserola Natural Park and make their way among people in the city.
Other affected cities include Berlin, Houston, Hong Kong and Rome. Perhaps this problem is also a direct result of the boar’s adaptability. They can thrive pretty much in any type of environment, from semi-arid plains to alpine forests.
They are very dangerous not only because of their aggression but also because they are the carriers of diseases that can be passed on to humans such as tuberculosis, hepatitis E and influenza A. The also cause thousands of accidents on the road each year that can result in serious injuries for drivers.
Below you’ll find some basic information on these animals.
General Information
about wild hogs
Alternative name: wild swine, Eurasian wild pig, wild pig
Scientific name: Sus scrofa
Native: Throughout Europe and Asia, introduced into parts of the US in the early 1900’s.
In Australia, Canada, Latin America, and the United States, wild boars have been hybridized in recent decades with feral pigs, and these hybrids have caused many issues.
Wild boars resemble domestic pigs in appearance, but they seem to be stronger and more long-legged than the latter.
The head of a wild boar is very big and takes up a third of its body.
Wild hogs have short coarse hairs. In terms of color, they have grey-brown fur. Piglets’ fur is ginger-brown with stripes for camouflage. Adult males have strong tusks that protrude from the mouth.
Wild boars can live up to 14 years in the wild. Most of them live in groups that are made up of females and their piglets. Adult males usually live on their own, only coming to the group to mate. They can reach speeds of up to 25 miles per hour.
In terms of weight, males are usually 20-30% heavier than females. The size and weight of these animals really depend on the region and environment they live in. For instance, in Europe, the average for males is 165-220 pounds and 130-180 pounds for females. In Northeastern Asia males can weigh up to 600 pounds
Wild boar diet
and what they eat
They are nocturnal animals. They search for food at night.
They are omnivores and their diet is comprised of nuts, seeds, roots, acorns, fruit, small reptiles, and rodents. Occasionally, they might eat small mammals and bird eggs.
of the wild board
Starting with 2005, a total of 16 species are recognized. These 16 subspecies can be divided into 4 regional groups as follows: Western, Indian, Eastern and Indonesian.
Wild boars and the damages
they cause
Because of their growing numbers, wild boars can have a negative impact on forest regeneration. This is mainly due to their habit of digging up soil while looking for food, which damages tree seedling survival and growth. The most vulnerable seem to be the longleaf pine seedlings.
Relationship with humans
and what they can result in
The number of boar population has increased throughout the years, but despite that, the species altogether is threatened by habitat loss. And that is because our fellow humans are at fault though all the deforestation that we are conducting and through the growth of settlements. Perhaps their increase in numbers correlated with the destruction of their habitat is what have triggered wild boars to invade cities.
When do they attack humans?
• When they feel cornered or threatened
• To defend themselves against hunters
• To protect its piglets if it’s a female (this is one of the main causes that wild boar attacks occur)
• Usually attacks are more frequent during the wild boars’ rutting season (November-January) in agricultural areas that border forests or on paths that lead to forests
wild boar attack
When wild boars attack, they usually charge and try to make its victim trip and fall to the ground. Because of their sharp tusks, humans can suffer injuries, especially in the lower part of the body. If after the initial attack the victim still shows movement, the wild boar will step back and then charge again.
Wild boar attack
And what to do
• Remain calm.
• Keep a safe distance.
• Slowly back away from the wild boar.
• If you have time, try to reach higher ground such as a boulder, car, possibly even climb a tree. But please consider that this might be hard to apply due to the closeness and speed of a wild boar surprise charge.
• When attacked, keep your footing. Try sidestepping quickly to avoid being swung by its tusks.
• If all the above fails, fight back with whatever available at hand (sticks, your bare hands, a knife, a gun) until mauling ends.
• Even when attacked, try to keep your standing position by all means as you can suffer greater injuries once down.
What NOT to do
And what to do
• Do not approach them, under any circumstances; adult boars with piglets are strikingly more sensitive and dangerous, therefore, they should be avoided at all costs.
• Likewise, do not feed them under any circumstances.
• Do not corner them or provoke them in any way.
Honestly, wild boar encounters are the worst for hikers. And that is because boars are the most unpredictable natural predators. However, if you take note of our guide, you should be safe.
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https://restlessbackpacker.com/how-to-survive-a-wild-boar-attack/
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EXERCISE – to engage the attention and “effort of” : to use repeatedly “in order to strengthen or develop”
Exercise is not recreation for enjoyment, or for pleasure, Exercise is for causing a change!
Exercise = is the Triggering,the Stimulus, a Stressor to bring about a response!
Exercise only determines, defines, creates, the “Physical Performance Level” desired, exercise does not determine the health or responses!
Exercise can ONLY increase strength, performance or increase muscle when there has already been adequate nutrition and adequate rest or time for processing the nutrition for response, Before or Prior to the exercise is performed!
I believe this should be “the major point” of client consideration…
This is “why we charge a little more” because what we teach and deliver
EXERCISE Is a “STRESS,” and not a benefit, learn why…
The following is just a small, yet “important” tip…. just one “in your face” self-evident piece of information, to help people to get the proper exercise most people deserve. Exercise is not well understood by most, including coaches, in that results are not near what they are desired to be. Because a lack of understanding of what is required, the order of requirements and the sequences of events “are not prioritized,” plus the applications are not effective or efficient!
This is just a small bit of information from my book, and it has had good results for open-minded people.
One must stop and open their minds to a “different view” on occasion, to benefit in ways not previously received or understood!
Exercise is a derivative of the word exert. Exert means force or effort. There is a significant difference between exercise and recreation, and that significant difference is that exercise is used to “make a change” while recreation is to have fun or enjoyment.
The most significant problem and detriment to people’s health today is the fact we have been educated or conditioned to believe that exercise is a benefit.
Most have been led to believe the more you exercise, the more benefit you will experience.
Well, exercise can do the following:
* It can increase circulation.
* It can burn some blood sugar.
* It can also burn some excess calories of stored fat if continued long enough.
However, exercise is not a benefit, in and of itself.
Exercise is a stimulus. It is a stress on the body, a stimulus or trigger to bring about a hopefully positive response from your body, usually for building strength and or stamina.
Exercise is not what makes the response of added strength, muscle, or stamina, and nutrition is the materials that make the physical make!
To gain optimum benefit from exercise or stimulus, it is most beneficial for a person to have proper and or adequate “nutritional intake” before exercise, allowing the body to have adequate “materials” to respond with! These considerations of nutritional intake should also have had adequate time, for the body to process them and make ready for a response!
The most important thing a person can do is having their recovery ability or response mechanisms, ready to meet the challenge of added stress called exercise.
Did you ever notice when you were exercising, and you stopped exercise for a couple of days and then went back to the gym, you were stronger?
Arthur Jones, of Nautilus and Med-Ex equipment, wrote about and noticed that athletes who had brief, infrequent layoffs, returned stronger than those who pushed their limits more often.
It should be noted that our record books are filled with great athletic comebacks. These are athletes who have set their records after having a significant setback or injury. They had more time off, to recover more fully, than those who did not break their training and frequency.
So, the better understanding or observation for improved success in gaining strength and physical performance is: EXERCISE, is stress or stimulus, to cause a triggering to create a change in physical status or performance!
Exercise because it is a tress, is most effective and efficient, being brief, and infrequent!
Nutritional considerations should be adequate, and be consumed “before the needs or requirements” for the desired responses from the body!
The realization is that “intake or nutrition” should be adequate “prior” to the needs for response and “adequate time allowed for intake to be processed and response readied.” So we eat today, for the desired exercise responses or benefits from tomorrow. Thus the adage; proper prior preparation prevents poor performance!
Contact us Today for a Free First Hour. First Time Free Consultation
Whether you are a youth, or a senior, healthy or seriously sick, a coach for amateur athletes or extreme professionals, a trainer, instructor, or a serious enthusiast, your future of training is waiting!
If you ”truly desire to know” how to increase physical human performance, for all parts of the three-part man (Spirit, Mind, Body) and literally at all levels, ”our programs are ready to educate you with the proven, tested, ”working knowledge” not theory, to actually engineer what you want, or what you want to deliver!”
These programs predict, repeat, sustain, and test to prove everything is fact-driven!
No guessing, only delivering results, every time!
Imagine, not just continuing results, but knowing each session results are happening! This creates motivation for even greater things!
Limited space, due to the intensity of learning and instruction!
Please, serious inquiries only!
First, consult free. Any additional are fee-based!
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https://resultsareproof.com/exercise/
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more in Science Q&A
What is the most poisonous animal in the world?
poison_frog“Poisonous animals” applies to animals that make you sick if you were to eat them. They may also use their poison as a defense against predators. Venomous animals generally use their venom to stun or kill other animals through a bite or sting. Despite what you may have heard, the “Daddy Long Legs” spider is NOT the most venomous animal at all. Some types are non-venomous and others have very little venom – and they are not even spiders!
So what is the most poisonous animal? That title goes to the poison arrow frogs of the rain forest. A drop of their venom the size of a pin head could kill a human. Just holding them is taking a risk on your life. Luckily, they have bright colors to alert you to their venomous status.
By the way, when it comes to VENOM, the Blue Ring Octopus is often considered the most venomous.
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https://sciencebob.com/what-is-the-most-poisonous-animal-in-the-world/
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Bentonite Pond Sealer
Bentonite for Pond Sealing
1. What is Sodium Bentonite Clay? Sodium Bentonite Clay is a naturally occurring clay that is used for its unique swelling and sealing capabilities. The clay is generally delivered in a granular form for use as a soil amendment in ponds, lagoons, lakes, and water treatment facilities. The bentonite clay is gray to white in color with extremely fine clay particle sizes. The bentonite clay can expand up to 30x it's dry volume when exposed to water.
2. How does Sodium Bentonite Clay seal a pond? Sodium bentonite swells into pores in the soil matrix sealing the pores and preventing water flow. Proper application of the bentonite is critical so that the bentonite is thoroughly mixed with compacted soil or in a uniform layer between compacted soil layers. The confinement of bentonite allows it to force its way into soil pores when it is exposed to water.
3. Does Calcium Bentonite work as well as Sodium Bentonite for sealing soils? NO, Calcium Bentonite is NOT the same type of clay as Sodium Bentonite. Calcium Bentonite is a NON-swelling clay. The high swell Sodium Bentonite clay can expand to over 30 times its dry volume when exposed to water. This swelling action helps to force the sodium bentonite clay particles into soil pores which seals the pond soil. While the non-swelling clay does have a fine particle size it does not expand and push into voids in the soil matrix. Calcium bentonite and some other clays can be treated with additives to create some expansion, but the effects of the additives are NOT long lived.
4. How is Sodium Bentonite Clay processed? Sodium Bentonite is mined from deposits found in a relatively few locations. Once the raw clay has been exposed, it is stockpiled for processing (drying and sizing). There are two methods of drying, Sun Drying and Kiln Drying. This may seem like a minor detail, but it is significant in assessing the quality of the bentonite clay produced and packaged. Kiln drying exposes the clay to very high temperatures which alter the clay. This can significantly reduce the ability of the clay to swell and fill soil voids. Sun drying is preferred as it does not expose the clay to excessively high temperatures and also results in a major decrease in the amount of fossil fuels consumed to process the clay.
5. Is there a laboratory analysis of the Bentonite clay? Yes, please contact us for specific laboratory analyses.
6. Can you send a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)? Yes! The MSDS for our granular sodium bentonite clay can be dowloaded here.
7. Do I need to drain the pond to apply Bentonite? For best results we do recommend draining the pond. The two most effective pond sealing methods require the pond to be drained and relatively dry to be most effective. Mixing sodium bentonite clay with the top 3 to 6 inches of soil then compacting with a pad foot roller is the preferred method of application. The blanket method is achieved by applying a continuous blanket of bentonite clay over the entire pond bottom. This is followed by a cover layer of 6” of soil. The swelling characteristics of the clay work to the pond owner’s advantage when the swelling clay is confined using one of these methods.
8. Can I sprinkle bentonite through the water column to seal a leak? In some limited scenarios this can be effective. First, it is important to know the precise location of the leak. If you want to attempt this method, we recommend a pelletized form of Sodium Bentonite known by the trade name Holeplug. This bulkier form allows more precise application of bentonite though the water column. If you do not know the precise location of the leak, a polymer application that will migrate to open pores and fissures in the pond bottom is a better choice.
9. Does bentonite quality vary? There are a large variety of clay deposits of varying quality. One of the primary analysis to determine the quality of Sodium Bentonite is the Swell Capacity. The deposit of Sodium Bentonite Clay that Natural Waterscapes has secured has been laboratory tested with swell capacity of 30! This high quality deposit is ideally suited for pond sealing. Detailed results available upon request.
10. Do the bulk sacks of bentonite come on a pallet? All of the bentonite clay bulk sacks are placed on a pallet when shipped by enclosed van trailer and in less-than-truck load quantities. For dedicated flatbed trailer deliveries, pallets are typically not used and the sacks can be unloaded using the four lifting loops on the top of the bulk sack. For lifting on the construction site, the bulk sacks are equipped with pallet fork loops on each corner of the top of the bulk bag.
11. What do I need to unload bulk sacks of Bentonite? You will need a forklift or other pallet fork equipped loader capable of safely lifting and moving 2,200 lbs for the 2,000 lb bulk sack, 3,200 lbs for the 3,000 lb bulk sack. For dedicated truck deliveries, you will need a pallet puller to move the pallets to the rear of the cargo trailer unless a flatbed trailer delivery is specified.
12. Is residential or construction site delivery available? Yes. Adequate unloading equipment and a level area to safely operate that equipment is required. Lift gate service is NOT included in the list pricing. For small orders of 2,000 lb super sacks (6 or less) lift gate service may be available in select locations. Contact us for details.
13. How do I empty the bulk sack of bentonite? Each granular bentonite bulk sack is equipped with a drawstring pour spout on the bottom of the back for conveniently dispensing the bentonite pond sealer. The spout allows easy distribution of the bentonite and can be used to control the flow rate out of the bulk sack as well.Bentonite for pond
14. What is the best way to spread bentonite clay in a pond? For the light application rates using the "Mixed" bentonite application method, we often recommend an agricultural broadcast spreader like those used for spreading fertilizer or lime. With this type of spreader you can control the application rate and evenly distribute the bentonite across the pond bottom and sides. For heavier (2lbs per square foot and higher) "Mixed" and the "Blanket" bentonite application rates it is often easiest to dump the bentonite in a straight line or pile from the pour spout of the bulk sack. Then, using a bulldozer, skid loader bucket, or agricultural rake spread the bentonite into layer of even thickness.
Detailed Bentonite Application Rates for Pond Sealing
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https://shop.naturalwaterscapes.com/bentonite-pond-sealer/
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What are dextrins and why are they used?
Dextrins are carbohydrates made from starch naturally present in vegetables and grains.
As do many other starch-based ingredients, dextrins have useful thickening properties, which means they help bind ingredients together in food and prevent them from dispersing. This is why they are often used in packaged soups, sauces, sweets and baby food.
Dextrins are listed among all the other food ingredients on the product’s label. They provide approximately 4 kcal per gram.
Some dextrins behave like fibres and are resistant to digestion in the small intestine of the human body.
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https://starchinfood.eu/question/what-are-dextrins-and-why-are-they-used/
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10 - Primary Coffee Tastes (6- Sixth Final Part)
10 - Primary Coffee Tastes (6- Sixth Final Part)
10 A - Crust
The layer of saturated coffee grounds that floats to the surface during cupping coffee. As part of the traditional coffee cupping method, the grounds are agitated to release trapped vapors and the unique characteristics of the coffee. The crust must be removed with a spoon before tasting the brewed coffee.
10 B - Earthy
Earthy notes which is the aroma characteristic of (fresh earth, raw potatoes or wet soil) may not necessarily be a negative characteristic. Earthiness may be caused by molds during the processing of harvested coffee cherries.
10 C - Flat
Lacking flavor and aroma.
Very mild floral aromas are found in some coffees and are generally perceived along with fruity or herbal notes. The scent of flowers including jasmine, dandelion and nettles.
10 D - Fruity
Many coffees have fruity notes, the aroma and taste of fruit which is in every coffee cherry, is responsible for coffee’s acidity, or wine-like brightness and is often related to fruit, or citrus.
10 E - Full
A gourmet coffee that excels in the major characteristics of body, acidity, and flavor; strong character.
10 F - Grassy
Under-roasted coffee beans have aroma grassy aroma which are associated with freshly mowed green grass, herbs, green beans, and unripe fruit.
10 G - Harsh
Pungent and disagreeable, such as a very low quality bitter Robusta.
An unpleasant bitter or offensive taste in coffee often compared to raw weeds—generally undesirable though some people prefer a hint of it in a blend. Most common in low quality Robusta coffees.
10 H - Herbal
An aroma associated with dried herbs, grass, freshly mowed lawn, green grass, perhaps dry beans, and unripe fruit. An herbal aroma is also called green, grassy, or herby.
10 I - Instant taste
Freeze dried instant coffee, has a distinct taste characteristic of burned wood. Many find the taste of instant coffee objectionable. "Instant" coffee is normally a coffee that has already been and is dried (usually through freezing) into a dehydrated state.
Previous article Pour Over Dripper
Next article 9 - Primary Coffee Tastes (5- Fifth Part)
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https://teacoffee.com/blogs/education/about-coffee
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Lessons from the fall of the Berlin Wall still ring true, 30 years later
Data pix.
BERLIN — On Saturday, Germany and the free world will celebrate the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall.
For generations who lived through the Cold War, it was a monumental moment in history. For younger generations, it was something they heard stories about or learned in school.
The Wall has now been down longer than it stood, and it seems as if the lessons it taught the world are standing up to the test of time.
The Wall went up in August of 1961, virtually overnight. From the end of World War II to the wall going up, Communist East Germany lost 3.5 million people. If people continued leaving the east for the west, East Germany would collapse. The Wall was the government's solution.
West Berlin was unique in that it was an island of freedom in a sea of East Germany Communism. While the four allies in World War II divided Germany up, with the former Soviet Union controlling the East and the three other allies — including the United States — overseeing the West, all had flags planted in one of the four sectors of Berlin. It was a mission of western Europe and every U.S. president from Kennedy to H.W. Bush to keep West Berlin free. With that mission came the real possibility that a simple misunderstanding could turn into World War III.
“You can not solve a problem with a Wall,” said Dr. Jochen Staadt, a professor at Free Berlin University. Staadt said people continued to try and escape, despite the wall. Even the threat of death or secret prisons didn’t stop people from trying.
About 140 people died trying to escape East Germany. The last deaths came just eight months before the border was opened and the Wall came down.
Leo Klein was there that night in November. He grew up in Lakeview and traveled the world after graduating from University of Illinois at Chicago. When asked if a lesson was learned by the Wall he said, “Sometimes we learn them and then forget them. At least temporarily.”
Patricia Guhr and Judith Becker are both 29 years old. Both grew up in south Germany, but they never knew a divided Berlin or divided Germany.
“For me, it was more like a chapter in a history book,” Becker said.
Still, the two women said they understand the significance of the Wall and its fall.
“It was a horrible thing in the past and it would be a horrible if in any part in the world," Guhr said. "The use of something like that, such a separation, it definitely did a lot of harm."
The celebration of the fall of the Wall began earlier this week and will continue throughout the weekend. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo will be in Berlin on Friday to unveil a statue of President Ronald Reagan, who in front of the Brandenburg Gate, famously asked his Soviet counterpart to tear down the wall. His statue will be placed at the U.S. Embassy in Berlin, which interestingly enough is located behind the gate where Reagan spoke in what would have been East Berlin.
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https://wgntv.com/2019/11/07/lessons-from-the-fall-of-the-berlin-wall-still-ring-true-30-years-later/?shared=email&msg=fail
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IELTS Energy 271: Vocabulary for IELTS Questions on Crime and Punishment
IELTS vocabulary crime and punishment
Today you’ll get new vocabulary for IELTS questions that are related to crime and punishment!
These topics could come up in Listening Sections 3 and 4, a reading passage, Writing Task 2 or Speaking Part 3 questions.
Here is a crime and punishment question that might come up: “Some people believe that there should be fixed punishments for each type of crime. Others, however, believe that the circumstances and the motivation for committing it should be taken into account when deciding the punishment.”
When you get a question like this it’s important to have specific vocabulary. For example, in this question you need to name specific crimes.
If you don’t get specific with your examples and details using specific vocabulary on the Writing test you will not get higher than a 6 for Task Achievement because you are not strongly answering the question.
Also for your vocabulary score you cannot stay general and get a good score above a 7.
To get vocabulary and ideas you need to read newspapers about things you might not want to read about.
You have to be prepared.
You need to have ideas in your head about a lot of different topics.
Read English language newspapers a few times per week.
Don’t turn your back on these topics or your score will suffer!
100% Score Increase Guarantee with our Insider Method
Vocabulary for Crimes:
• Drunk driving: Driving while you are intoxicated with alcohol
• DUI: Driving Under the Influence- you get this when a cop stops you and arrests you for drunk driving
• Theft: Any time something is stolen it’s called “theft”
• Robbery: When an intruder comes in and the victim is present
• Burglary: When an intruder comes into a home when the victim is not present
• Rape: When someone has sex with someone against their will
• Murder: A general term for killing someone
• Manslaughter: A more technical term for killing someone
• Premeditated: This means that you planned the crime ahead of time
• Arson: When something is set on fire such as a building
• Fraud: Usually a “white collar crime” that doesn’t involve physical harm
• Check fraud: When someone falsifies a check
• Identity theft: When your identity is stolen and someone uses your information to purchase things such as a car or a house
• Tax fraud: When income is hidden to avoid taxes or other illegal actions are taken when submitting taxes
**Listen to the episode for more vocabulary about punishments!
What questions do you have about today’s episode?
Let us know below.
Photo Credit:
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https://www.allearsenglish.com/ielts/ielts-energy-271-vocabulary-ielts-questions-crime-punishment/
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Xidi Village was built during the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127). At that time, people lived together based on clanship and consanguinity. Xidi was occupied by the Hu clan. There are more than 300 buildings in Xidi, which were mainly built during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) Dynasties, among which there are 124 residential houses and three Ancestral Halls1 that have been preserved in their original state. The layout of Xidi is well designed. It looks like a sailing boat. Most of the houses are composed of three rooms and a square yard. The presence of elaborate brick-sculpture, woodcut and stone carvings on these ancient residences make them typical examples of the Hui style of architecture.
Walking into any of these houses, you will find art everywhere. Stone carvings of flowers, birds and beasts are usually on the doorframe. Brick carvings and woodcuts decorate the windows.
As a famous village in Huizhou, Xidi was once occupied by many rich Hui merchants. They wanted to build luxury houses to show off their wealth. But the strict hierarchy of society had restrictions on construction which specifically affected people of a lower social class. So the merchants were only able to choose the best materials and utilize the most sophisticated workmanship when building their place of residence. The memorial archway—built in 1578 by Hu Wenguang, who was a high-ranking official during the Ming Dynasty—is a good representation of the Hui-style of stone carving. The best example of Hui brick sculpture is in the house of another Ming official, which is in a place called the West Garden.
Xidi is considered to be at its most beautiful in the spring. The fields outside the village are covered in yellow canola flowers and there are hundreds of peach trees in the village, which all blossom together in April.
Ancestral Hall: It is a kind of temple where families can worship their ancestors.
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https://www.asiaculturaltravel.co.uk/xidi/
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Dr. Rami Zurayk contributes to research published in Nature
Food systems, beginning with the planting of seeds, going through individual consumption, and concluding in oceans or solid compost, have great impact on environmental systems. Marco Springmann and colleagues, including FAFS professor Rami Zurayk (LDEM), addressed the environmental impacts associated with food systems in their article “Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits” and published in the prominent journal Nature. The piece predicts an increase of 50-90% of food-related impacts (greenhouse gas emissions related to climate change, cropland use related to land-system change, freshwater use of surface and groundwater, and nitrogen and phosphorus applications) between 2010 and 2050 if no pre-emptive action is taken to counter their effects.
Dr. Zurayk, a member of the research team, contributed to providing options for transforming the food system using more sustainable practices focused on water and the depletion of water resources.
Given that the MENA region suffers stress on natural resources, including chronic water shortage, current patterns of food production and consumption may exacerbate these problems, especially when the effects of climate change are increasingly detrimental. This allows us to examine the global picture of the state of resources at a time when food trade has become a norm demanding integral inter-basin transfers. The research also identifies several hotspots, including MENA, suffering with the issue.
The authors suggest several possible solutions to reduce the environmental impacts of food systems, such as healthier dietary practices that include increasing plant-based diets and agricultural yields, adopting better water management practices, and reducing food loss and waste. The research shows that a global effort is required for any real mitigation of the negative consequences already on the horizon.
The press release “Feeding 10 billion people by 2050 within planetary limits may be achievable” about the research led by Marco Springamnn.
The research is also featured in several magazines, including: The GuardianThe Washington PostBBCThomson Reuters FoundationIndependent.
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https://www.aub.edu.lb/fafs/news/Pages/2018_Rami-Zurayk-research-in-Nature-Journal-.aspx
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Can a nation’s mood be determined by Twitter?
10 September 2013
According to the BBC, a team of British scientists from Loughborough University have been working on a computer program called Emotive that is able to scan 2,000 tweets a second, and then rates them for one of eight human emotions.
The idea is that Emotive will be used to track and take note of the mood of the nation which can help a government or police force handle potential criminal behaviour and threats to public safety.
The 8 emotions in which Emotive can extract from a Twitter post are anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, shame, and confusion.
Professor Jackson is the lead scientist in the research team, and says;
The idea that a program can track emotions is a strange concept and one for which arguments can be made for and against the use of the data obtained.
If you are familiar with the Terminator films/franchise, or any other film or book where computers take over the world (The Matrix, IRobot), you may deem this thought to be over the top. But is this new program not recognising and collecting human emotions, and will a program then be built to interpret these emotions and act on them?
Is a program that collects and analyses human emotions a good idea?
Only time will tell……
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https://www.bluewren.co.uk/blog/can-a-nations-mood-be-determined-by-twitter/
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10 Molybdenum-rich Foods To Include In Your Diet
Have you ever heard of a mineral called molybdenum? Molybdenum is that mineral which your body requires to activate the functions of enzymes that are essential for the synthesis of amino acids and metabolism of certain compounds.
Molybdenum is an important and indispensable mineral, which is required by the body in very little quantities. Your body requires this mineral for performing a variety of functions such as cell energy production, proper development of the nervous system and processing of wastes.
Molybdenum is used to treat Wilson's disease and improper carbohydrate metabolism. According to the US National Academy of Sciences, Food and Nutrition Board, the recommended dietary allowance for adults is 45 micrograms per day.
A deficiency of this mineral may affect the synthesis of certain key enzymes. So, include foods in your diet which are rich in molybdenum.
Here is a list of the molybdenum-rich foods.
1. Beans And Legumes
More than any other food, beans and legumes contain more molybdenum. A cup of cooked navy beans contains 196 micrograms of molybdenum. Other beans and legumes which are rich in molybdenum include black-eyed peas, split peas, and kidney beans.
2. Nuts
Nuts like almonds, cashew nuts, chestnuts and peanuts are rich in molybdenum. A cup of almonds contains 46.4 micrograms of molybdenum, a cup of peanuts contains 42.4 micrograms of molybdenum and a cup of cashew nuts contains 38 micrograms of molybdenum. If you consume unsalted nuts, then you will get enough molybdenum.
3. Soy Products
Soy products like soybeans, tofu and soy milk are rich in molybdenum. These foods are low in fat and high in protein content. Edamame are immature green soybeans and a cup of green soybeans contains 12.8 micrograms of molybdenum. You can steam the green soybeans and eat them as a snack or add them in your salads.
4. Dairy Products
Dairy products like cheese and yogurt contain high amounts of molybdenum. A cup of yogurt contains 11.3 micrograms of molybdenum and cottage cheese contains 10.4 micrograms of molybdenum per cup. So, start including dairy products in your diet whenever possible.
5. Leafy Vegetables
Dark green leafy vegetables like spinach, lettuce, cauliflower, kale, etc., are high in molybdenum. They are also packed with other vital vitamins, minerals and phytonutrients. Lettuce is known for improving your eyesight and bone health and cruciferous vegetables inhibit the growth of certain cancers.
6. Eggs
Eggs are considered as superfoods because they are packed with protein, calcium, vitamin A, folate, vitamin B5, vitamin B12, vitamin B2, phosphorous and selenium. Eggs are also rich in molybdenum and they contain 77 calories, 6 grams of protein and 5 grams of healthy fats.
7. Whole Grains
Whole grains like barley, brown rice, kamut, oats, quinoa, and wild rice are all rich in molybdenum. They are also an excellent source of carbohydrates, nutrients and dietary fibre. Having whole grains regularly will decrease the risk of several diseases.
8. Meat Liver
Meat liver such as beef liver, chicken liver and duck liver is high in many essential nutrients, including molybdenum. Meat liver is one of the most nutrient-dense foods on the earth packed with B vitamins, iron and vitamin A. Liver has been shown to prevent anaemia, aid detoxification and support fertility.
9. Tomatoes
Tomatoes are a rich source of molybdenum. They are considered both a fruit and vegetable. Eating tomatoes will improve digestion, stimulate blood circulation, improve fluid balance, protect the kidneys and reduce inflammation among others.
10. Peas
Peas are rich in molybdenum, potassium, sodium, vitamin A, calcium, vitamin C, vitamin B6 and magnesium. These also contain flavonoids, carotenoid, phenolic acids and polyphenols that help prevent ageing, and promote a stronger immune system.
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10 Benefits Of Drinking Water On An Empty Stomach
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https://www.boldsky.com/health/nutrition/2018/10-molybdenum-rich-foods-to-include-in-your-diet-120684.html
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Myths Of The Holy Month Of Ramzan Explained
By Subodini Menon
The Holy month of Ramzan is a time of worship and piety for all the members of the Muslim community. They spend the month in fasting during the day hours. The Muslims abstain from food as a mark of their faith and piety towards their Prophet and the almighty.
This year, the month of Ramadan started on the 17th of May and will come to end on the 16th of June. The Month of Ramadan is celebrated every year during the ninth month of the lunar calendar that the Muslim community follows.
This month is considered Holy because according to the beliefs, the writing of the Holy book of Quran started in this month. This month also saw the first sermon of Prophet Muhammad.
There are a lot of myths surrounding the Holy Month of Ramzan, the ideology behind it and the way it is observed. Let us discuss some of these myths and educate ourselves.
Muslims Do Not Eat For The Whole Month Of Ramzan
There are many who believe that Muslims do not consume anything during the month of Ramzan. This is a false notion. Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset. They have two meals in a day - one before the sun rises and the other - after the sun sets. The meal at sunrise is called Suhoor and the meal at sunset is called Iftar.
Fasting Is Compulsory Without Exemption
Fasting is not obligatory to every Muslim without exception. Children are exempted from fasting until they hit puberty. The sick and aged are also allowed to skip fasting. Women who are pregnant or are menstruating are not allowed to fast. The aim of the fast of Ramzan is spiritual cleansing. It must be done without harming the physical body.
One Is Not Supposed To Even Swallow Saliva
While there are people who follow this rule, it is not really possible to completely avoid swallowing one's own saliva. There is no rule in the rituals of Ramzan that are unattainable or are impractical.
It Is Okay To Drink Water During The Fast
What makes the fasting during the month of Ramzan so rigorous is that the believers do not drink even a drop of water. They drink water and consume enough nutrition during the meals to help ward off dehydration.
Ramzan Begins And Ends On Set Days
The beginning and end of Ramzan is decided by the sighting of the first moon, the day after the no moon day. The slightest sight of the moon or the 'Eid ka chaand' must be seen to start and end the fasting. It is very hard to predict when this will happen. Moreover, the month of Ramzan is based on a lunar calendar, which is different from the Gregorian calendar that we normally follow. Based on this and the sighting of the new moon, the dates of Ramzan may differ from year to year. Even in the same year, the dates may be different for various regions of the world.
Fasting Would Only Mean Abstinence From Food And Drink
It is not just food and drink that Muslims avoid during the month of Ramzan. They also refrain from using bad language. They are encouraged not to gossip or talk behind others. They are supposed to keep a clean mind for spiritual awakening during this time.
Read more about: ramzan
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https://www.boldsky.com/yoga-spirituality/festivals/2017/myths-of-the-holy-month-of-ramzan-explained-114944.html?utm_medium=Desktop&utm_source=BS-EN&utm_campaign=Similar-Topic-Slider
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Tomorrow’s power grid should be intelligent
Monday 24 Jun 19
Spyros Chatzivasileiadis
Associate Professor
DTU Electrical Engineering
+45 45 25 56 21
Project title: ID-EDGe—Indo-Danish collaboration for data-driven control and optimization for a highly Efficient Distribution Grid
Partners: The project is a collaboration between DTU and leading universities in India, led by IIT Roorkee, including IIT Delhi, IISc Bangalore, and NIT Trichy. Project partners also include ABB and TATA Power.
Total project budget: EUR 712,000 (DKK 5.3 million) (EUR 336,000 from Innovation Fund Denmark), and EUR 336,000 from The Indian Department of Science and Technology.
Duration of the project: 3 years
A new Danish-Indian project will enable the power grid to sense and compensate for loss of electricity and fluctuating input from renewable energy sources.
In Denmark, we have great expertise in integrating renewable energy into our power grid. We will need this expertise in the near future, when the power grid will store significantly larger amounts of energy from renewable energy sources than it does today. India is facing a conversion to solar cells and is also working to expand its power grid, which makes it a unique test zone for new, smart solutions. That is why a new Danish-Indian project aims to design the power grid of tomorrow.
The problem of basing a power system on energy sources such as wind and solar is that they depend on the wind to blow and the sun to shine, in order to produce electricity. An unstable supply of electricity to the power grid may, at worst, plunge streets and larger areas into darkness. The power grid must therefore be intelligent in order to anticipate any imbalances, explains Spyros Chatzivasileiadis, Project Manager at DTU Electrical Engineering.
“This will be achieved by enabling the power grid to sense and automatically prevent a power failure whenever the it becomes unstable. The aim is to train intelligent devices to quickly anticipate changes in the grid and reduce the loss of electricity on the way to the consumer,” he says.
Such devices could be solar PV inverters, which are normally used to convert the direct current produced by solar cells to alternating current, which can be used in homes, supermarkets, etc.
“Data from intelligent, local sensors will enable us to deduce the condition of the grid pretty much in real time. And we will be able to use the sensor data to train e.g. solar PV inverters to recognize grid disturbances and initiate emergency procedures to avoid power failures,” says Chatzivasileiadis.
Using machine learning methods, solar PV inverters and other devices could function both as telltale and repairer if the grid is getting unstable, which has not been possible until now.
“Machine learning methods will change the way the energy system is operated in the future. Groundbreaking new solutions that utilize digitization could lead to the 100 per cent green power grid of tomorrow,” says Professor Jacob Østergaard, Head of Centre and energy system specialist at DTU Electrical Engineering.
Lost electricity costs billions
8-15 per cent of electricity is lost on the way from the power station to the consumer. The electrical energy that does not reach the consumer will be converted into heat in the cables along the way.
“It costs society more than a billion Danish kroner in lost electricity per year in the Danish electricity system alone. And costs are much higher for larger systems such as that in India,” says Chatzivasileiadis.
To ensure that a larger share of the electricity reaches the consumer, you can, e.g., build larger cables or to use materials that conduct electricity even better than copper. This is because the heat in the cables develops when there is congestion and the electrons have difficulty moving forward.
The smartest solution is, however, to control the effect of electricity by maintaining a high voltage level, since the heat development typically occurs at a low voltage level, explains Chatzivasileiadis.
Therefore, the project will also develop methods for the grid to automatically maintain a high voltage level.
“The grid’s intelligent devices will be equipped to do this on their own, so the voltage level doesn’t become too low and result in loss of electricity as heat.”
The Project Manager predicts that if the project succeeds in developing methods to make the power grid intelligent and reduce the loss of electricity, it will save millions for the Danish consumers.
Furthermore, the solution can be used for the conversion of energy systems in other countries as well, as the project’s partners aim to develop advanced methods that apply to a variety of power grids. These will subsequently be tested in laboratory facilities and then on real power grids in India.
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10 DECEMBER 2019
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<urn:uuid:e2bdb299-6d5b-44ef-ab62-c1a1431c2443>
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https://www.cee.elektro.dtu.dk/news/nyhed?id=330B1609-520C-46DD-B94E-D4A11A2A15FD
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Some spiders are great sailors that can traverse oceans, scientists say
Many spiders can sail great distances over water, using legs or abdomens as sails
Story highlights
• Some spiders can fly long distances on a string of web silk
• Many of them can also sail, using their legs or abdomens as sails, study says
Their research could help explain why some types of spiders are present on nearly every corner of the globe. It was published this week in the journal BMC Evolutionary Biology.
Also, spiders are great pest controllers, so knowing how they move can be useful to humans. "We really want to know more about where they go, what they eat, how they move, how they get to a farmer's field -- for our own benefit," said Sara Goodacre, head of SpiderLab at the University of Nottingham in Britain.
Many spiders can also fly, but that's not news to scientists. The bugs catch a breeze in lines of web they spew from their abdomens -- a feat called ballooning. That can take them to a few feet the neighbor's yard or many miles to a neighboring country.
Ballooning has helped lead some species to conquer new habitats.
Myth: Landlocked
But until now, arachnologists believed that their conquest ended at water's edge, that when they landed in a pond, a creek or the ocean, the spiders became helpless.
The notion has left some questions open for scientists at SpiderLab.
How have so many spider species spread to most every continent, they asked? Why have spiders been seen floating alive in the middle of oceans? And why are they quick to turn up on islands newly formed by volcanic activity?
Some spiders use multiple skills to sail over water
Sure, there are aquatic spiders that have evolved to revel in the wet, but they're in the minority. The researchers wondered instead how teeming masses of crawly land lovers -- terrestrial spiders -- overcome oceans so well.
325 spiders in water
So, researchers collected 325 wild spiders and dropped them onto water to see how they fared.
A note for arachnophobes: The spiders they chose, almost all linyphiids, are not the scary, horror movie variety -- they're more like the itsy bitsy spider of nursery rhyme fame that crawled up the water spout. They are about half the size of a dime, legs included, often go unnoticed and aren't harmful to humans.
All 325 spiders floated on the tips of their legs when they hit the water.
And many of them pulled off wind-surfing ballets, catching the breeze by stretching legs upward or doing a "hand stand" on all eight legs and protruding their abdomens into the air.
The wind flicked the spiders over the water's surface like air-hockey pucks.
The behavior seemed specific to the aquatic environment. The spiders reacted this way only when on water. When confronted with wind on a dry surface, almost all of the spiders hunkered down to duck the gust.
Fliers also great sailors
About a third of the spiders that were tested showed ballooning behavior -- and these turned out to be good sailors at the same time. "The propensity for sailing appears to be tightly linked to the tendency for aerial dispersal," the arachnologists wrote.
They were true marines -- going most anywhere by land, sea or air.
Some spiders showed off handy seafaring skills to boot.
If the wind was too much for them, many shot a line of silk onto the water as an anchor to slow themselves down. "The silk may sometimes work as a dragline for the water-trapped spider to attach to floating objects or to the shore," the scientists wrote.
If a stick floated by, they zapped it with string, connected the other end to the water's surface and roped over to the object to use it as a raft -- or potentially more.
"A spider that reaches a floating tree, for example, might be able to become airborne by ballooning from its surface, or from one of its non-submerged branches," the researchers wrote.
The big takeaway for the arachnologists? Not only does the spiders' quest for new land does not end at the water's edge, but since they can go without food for long periods, they can travel a very long time for a very long distance.
Possibly an ocean away.
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https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/04/europe/spiders-sail-fly-balloon/index.html
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Possible Solutions and Ramifications for Higher Education There is need to
Possible solutions and ramifications for higher
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Possible Solutions and Ramifications for Higher Education There is need to identify possible solutions to education funding for institutions of higher learning. The government and the states spend a lot of billions on Pell grants and tax credits annually yet students still incur high costs after grants and scholarships. According to Hanan (2011) , Rudy Fichtenbaum, the president of the American Association of University professors proposed a modest tax on financial speculation transactions. They include trade in stocks, bonds etc. that he believes can yield billions of money as an additional funding for higher education. He also suggests that increasing instructional quality, graduation rates and degree attainment time will help cut down the cost of education. Another measure can be diverting of public funds spent on student’s financial aid towards public colleges and universities to make them tuition free. According to Soares, Steele and Wayt (2016), the university and college leaders should create transparency around financial data and decision making since of them are taking advantage by raising tuition fee without the consent of the government. In addition, they should come up with business practices that offer programs that align with students and employers needs and improve personal value for education. It is also essential for the states, the government and university and
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LITERATURE 5 college management to strengthen their relationship financially to ensure equal distribution of funds. Impacts of Federal and State Funding In Higher Education The impacts of funding can be positive or negative. From a positive note, there is a reduction of expenditure by institutions on buildings, research and equipment which consume a lot of money. Education funding benefits the entire nation economically. This is because more people have access to higher education, acquire necessary skills required in today’s jobs. People experience improved standards of living by taking up better paying job benefiting the government from revenue collection. Graduates are said to have better interpersonal skills and can effectively plan their lives. Access to funds also affects performance, improved outcomes have been observed from students since they can focus on their studies without worrying about funds. Negatively, citizens are forced have to dig deeper into their pockets to generate revenues required to pay for higher education while others leave institutions of higher learning with loan burden making it difficult to own a home and enjoy a prosperous life.
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https://www.coursehero.com/file/p2jkfn83/Possible-Solutions-and-Ramifications-for-Higher-Education-There-is-need-to/
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United States Colonists learned to grow and use pumpkins from Native Americans. Pumpkin and the pie made from it became a National Thanksgiving tradition (the holiday was even delayed once because molasses for the pie was not readily available). Pumpkin is a member of the gourd family which also include muskmelon, watermelon and squash. It has orange flesh (and usually an orange exterior) with a mild, sweet flavor with edible seeds (pepitas) when husked and roasted.
available year-round
How to select
They can grow to over 100 pounds, but only the smallest sizes have tender flesh suitable for eating. Select pumpkins that are free of blemishes and heavy for their size. Pureed pumpkin is also available canned.
How to store
They will keep whole at room temperature for a month, and in the refrigerator for three.
How to prepare
Matches well with
apples, bacon, bourbon, brown sugar, butter, caramel, cinnamon, cloves, cocnut, Cognac, crea, duck, garlic, ginger, Gruyere cheese, honey, leeks, mace, maple syrup, mint, molasses, mushrooms, nutmeg, nuts, olive oil, onions, pecans, pepper, pumpkin seeds, rum, sage, sherry, sour cram, sugar, thyme, vanilla, vinegar, walnuts, yogurt
Popular Pumpkin Recipes
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https://www.food.com/about/pumpkin-285
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The benefits and challenges of IT in healthcare
HEALTH, SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGY | 3 minutes | May 4, 2017
IT in healthcare
Healthcare Informatics is the interdisciplinary field that studies and pursues the effective use of biomedical data, information and knowledge for scientific inquiry, problem-solving and decision-making, motivated by efforts to improve human health.
If you work in this field you may be responsible for managing aspects of effective planning, collection, organising, implementation, analysis and use of data in order to create information within the healthcare system – often referred to as “healthcare intelligence.
Adam Lokeh, MD, Vice President of Clinical Informatics for Wolters Kluwer Health Clinical Solutions and a surgeon at Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota in Minneapolis, MN, defines healthcare intelligence as something which “focuses on the methodologies, processes, and technologies that transform raw clinical data into meaningful and useful information, for a multitude of healthcare-relevant purposes.”
These could range from the development and implementation of systems to capture, store and organise a patient’s medical data; and the compilation and analysis of medical data to improve research, cost control and the quality of care; to the research and analysis of healthcare costs, trends or threats; the electronic exchange of healthcare information between medical providers; or the education of patients using multimedia.
Why is the healthcare informatics field in such high demand?
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment of health information specialists is projected to grow 21% through 2020, far faster than the average growth for all occupations in the U.S.
Every year, the need for technology in the healthcare space becomes more evident. With the continuous shift away from fee-for-service payment systems and toward value-based care, healthcare organisations are becoming much more increasingly data-driven. From cybersecurity, apps, and artificial intelligence, to Big Data and Blockchain technologies, healthcare executives are determined to integrate IT into their industry.
IT in healthcare 2
The U.S. healthcare industry alone is valued at more than $2.8 trillion, and globally 70% of healthcare companies are anticipated to invest in wearables, mobile applications, virtual care, and remote health monitoring for customers by 2018.
According to Joe Fisne, Associate Chief Information Officer at Geisinger Health System:
“We are in an age where technology has extended so far into the realm of healthcare that it has become one of the most critical things, so the heightened need for security follows. And analytics is key, as well. We are investing in some of the Big Data platforms to take information and demonstrate trends, practices and patterns of care, as well as patterns of illness along the way. And that goes hand in hand with population health.”
But, in order to fully understand the impact that IT in healthcare is having, you need to look into both the benefits and challenges of this revolution.
The benefits of IT in healthcare
• Increase in financial benefits
Research has revealed that large hospitals implementing electronic health records have earned between $37M and $59M in a period of five years.
• Faster turnaround time
IT systems enable the auditing of patient records to happen in 1.4 hours as opposed to the 3.9 hours it would take using a paper-auditing system.
IT in healthcare 4
• Improved patient care
Medical practitioners regularly use tablets and handheld devices to record real-time patient data and then share it instantly within their updated medical history, storing it in one centralised area – which increases the effectiveness and efficiency of patient care.
• Improvement of healthcare and disease control
Software programs that classify illnesses, their causes and symptoms, into massive databases, allow medical professionals and researchers to find and retrieve valuable information that can be used to fight disease and improve healthcare.
• The implementation of value-based care
Value-based care is about considering the patients and giving them safe, appropriate, and effective care with enduring results, at a reasonable cost. But an important way to understand value is through measurement. IT in healthcare allows medical professionals to track and record the necessary data in order to ensure they can provide value-based care that works.
The challenges of IT in healthcare
• An insufficient data storage capacity
Data storage needs for healthcare double approximately every 18 months. Improving the storage capacity of data will require more effective software solutions to accommodate this massive influx of information.
• Cybersecurity concerns and data breaches
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) has set a high standard for encryption technology with the increased threat of repercussions and fines for data breaches of personal health information. Security breaches could cause incidents ranging from lost patient data to lost revenue and reputational damage, and potentially life-threatening incidents. Healthcare organisations will have to invest more in IT infrastructure and apply layered cybersecurity and firewall solutions to prevent these attacks from occurring.
IT in healthcare 6
• The growing cost of IT in healthcare
Government regulations, growing energy needs and pressure to coordinate with the insurance requirements proves to be increasingly costly to healthcare organisations.
Want to develop your understanding of healthcare informatics?
Register for the UChicago Healthcare Informatics online short course to gain a broad understanding of the field of HCI, and used it to set yourself apart in the industry.
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https://www.getsmarter.com/blog/market-trends/benefits-challenges-integrating-it-in-healthcare/
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25 words you're probably pronouncing all wrong
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You might be going into this thinking there's no way you'll be fooled by the words on this list. You're a pronunciation pro! You know "nuclear" isn't pronounced how George W. Bush said it in 2001. You know there's no "x" in "espresso." And you know you can say "either" either way and it'd still be correct.
But bid your confidence goodbye, because the words on this list might have you eating your words. Pronunciation varies widely in American English, and you might be surprised to hear that the dictionary offers more than one correct way to say some of your favorite words.
Of course, there are reasons why certain pronunciations might be preferred over others - sometimes because they will be more readily understood, sometimes because they better follow the spelling of the word, and sometimes because they better reflect the word's history or its language of origin. All this variation means that, no matter how much you think you know, someone somewhere thinks you're saying these words all wrong.
There is no asterisk at the end of this rule, and there is no X at the end of "asterisk." You should end your pronunciation of this word on the K, like in the word "risk." K?
Americans can't make bruschetta as good as Italians can, and they can't pronounce the word for it as well, either. If you want to sound authentic, "bruschetta" is pronounced "broo-sket-ah." Preferably with a rolled R and a "buon appetito!" to follow.
You can blame sports for this one if you want. The Boston Celtics pronounce Celtics as "sell-ticks," but Irishmen would think you were trying to pawn off parasites. While this pronunciation is considered acceptable in U.S. English, the preferred way to say this ethnonym is "kell-tick."
The "th" doesn't have to be silent! Stop being lazy and pronounce this word "clothes," not "close," and there won't be as much confusion. Case clothesed.
It might feel more comfortable to pronounce this word "cumf-ter-bull," but why not let yourself relax a little bit and just sink into each letter and syllable of the word? Try pronouncing it "come-fer-tuh-bull." It's tough to say at first, but give it a little practice and it'll feel cozy in no time.
You probably pronounce this delectable French treat as "crayp," but the street food actually goes by another name. The word and the food are both French - and so, as any Frenchman will sneer at you, it's better to pronounce it "crep." The E sounds as flat as the pancakes themselves.
This one's divisive, and it's all in the emphasis. Most people say this word "ee-lek-tor-al." Emphasis on the "tor." But that's actually incorrect. The preferred pronunciation is "ee-lek-tor-al." But if that sounds too awkward to you, you can elect to say it however you want, because both pronunciations are so widespread that few people will even notice.
Err on the side of caution when trying to pronounce this word. The vast majority of people say it such that it rhymes with "hair" - in other words, exactly like "air." But someone who pronounces it "ur" (so that it rhymes with "her") has not erred. This too is an acceptable pronunciation.
Speaking English is really not your forte, huh? The term "forte" in music is pronounced "four-tay" because it's from Italian, but in the phrase above, it should technically just be pronounced "fort." That's because this sense of the word comes from a fencing term for the sturdiest part of a sword, and our language borrowed the word from Middle French. Both senses are ultimately based on a Latin word that means "strong," so whether it's your forte or your fort, you'll probably come off looking pretty capable.
Prepare to be annoyed. Like many of the greatest food debates of our generation, the pronunciation of "hummus" never fails to ruffle feathers. That's because this delicious Mediterranean dip made of chickpeas, oil, tahini, and spices is a popular food in such a wide range of countries that the exact pronunciation varies based on language and dialect. You may be surprised to learn that many pronounce it more like "hoo-mus" - often with a throaty H sound at the beginning - rather that "hum-us," which is the most common way to say it in the US. Take your time digesting that.
You might pronounce this "lar-vay." How you think of the word for baby bugs probably depends on the way your science teacher said it, but the only two pronunciations listed by Merriam-Webster are "lar-vee" and "larv-eye."
If you're skipping the A in "liable," you're liable to be corrected. Skipping the A makes it sound exactly like "libel," which is a different word with a different meaning. Think about how you say "liability," which you'd correctly pronounce as though it meant "the ability to lie."
Your pronunciation of mauve may be a little off-color. Because the word comes from French, you can get away with switching out the more common "mawve" for the fancy, continental-sounding "mohve," which rhymes with trove. Or drove, grove, or stove.
There's no sneaking around this one. The I is before the V, not after. It just makes more sense to pronounce it how it's spelled - "mis-cheh-vus," not "mis-chee-vee-us."
You'll often run into folks who pronounce this "off-ten," but you'll also often hear "off-en," which isn't just a lazy byproduct of saying this word too often. The T is actually more often silent, according to Merriam-Webster.
Prescribe yourself a pronunciation lesson, because it might help you to better understand this word. While most people pronounce prescription as "pur-scrip-shun," the correct pronunciation is "pre-scrip-shun." The "pre" and "script" are actually clues to the word's meaning - you probably can't pick up your prescription if your doctor didn't write it first.
Oh, the irony! Your pronunciation of "pronunciation" is all kinds of messed up. You pronounce pronunciation "pro-nun-see-ay-shun," not "pro-now-n-see-ay-shun."
You're probably pronouncing this quasi-correctly, because as with many words that originally come from Latin, the pronunciation in English can be all over the map. Pronunciations listed in the dictionary include "kwayz-eye," "kwa-zee" and seemingly everything other variation between.
Recondite actually has quite the recondite pronunciation. Recondite, which means "difficult for someone of ordinary understanding or knowledge to comprehend," is pronounced either "rek-un-dyte" or "ri-kon-dyte."
Let's let the words of Theodore Geisel's friend Alexander Laing explain this one: "You're wrong as the deuce/And you shouldn't rejoice/If you're calling him Seuss/He pronounces it Soice." Seuss was actually the famous author's middle name and his mother's maiden name, and the family pronounced it just as Laing's poem describes. Professionally speaking, however, Dr. Seuss was fully comfortable with the fact that people thought his nom de plume rhymed with "Mother Goose."
No, this word is not spelled "sure, Bert." Most people pronounce it that way, though, and there's no reason we should be mistreating this sweet treat. "Sherbet" is pronounced "shur-bit." Not "shur-bay." "Shur-bit." Like the nonsensical phrase "sure bit," it rhymes with "curb it."
Prepare to have your mind blown. "Spherical" doesn't have to sound like "sphere" at the beginning. A less common but also acceptable pronunciation is "sfer-i-kuhl."
Supposedly there are people who pronounce "supposedly" as "supposably" - which is actually a totally different word. It's supposable that they're using "supposably" in its correct context, in which it is a synonym of "conceivably." But they're probably not.
You might think this old word is pronounced "vikt-chew-uhlz," but you'd be wrong. Meaning "supplies of food," victuals is pronounced "vit-uhlz" - just as in the synonymous word "vittles." Victuals, which could include anything from dozens of eggs to baskets of bread, rhymes with riddles.
Based on the spelling, you might think it's pronounced "zoo-loh-gee, and based on the fact that we all know that we can study animals in a zoo, you might think it's "zoo-ah-loh-gee." But the preferred pronunciation is "zoh-ah-loh-gee" because of the Greek roots the word is built from. Another wild word fact: Oology is also four syllable word - "oh-ah-loh-gee" - and it refers to the study of birds. Now study these baby birdies and enjoy the quasi-cute photos of them!
More from The Active Times:
22 Phrases Everyone Uses Wrong
The Weirdest Slang Terms From Around the World
The Coolest, Oddest and Funniest Baby Names From a Century Ago
The Oddest Named Town in Every State
35 Words We Don't Have in the English Language (but Need)
More Stories
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https://www.hellotoronto.com/stories-of-interest/754/25-words-youre-probably-pronouncing-all-wrong
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Social anxiety
What is Social Anxiety?
Social anxiety, as the name suggests, is when someone is very anxious about social interactions. They often worry about being evaluated negatively by others and feel extremely self-conscious in social situations. People who experience social anxiety may worry that they are blushing, shaking or sweating during social interactions and that other people will notice this and think badly of them for it. This can lead them to avoid social situations.
What do we offer in our service to help with this?
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy is the recommended treatment for social anxiety and we normally suggest that people attend our Fighting Fear group or have some individual Cognitive Behaviour Therapy.
You can find links to self-help leaflets and books on social anxiety on our Resources page.
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| 3
| 3.296875
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| 0.962587
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https://www.hounslowiapt.nhs.uk/who-we-see/difficulties-we-treat/social-anxiety/
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How to Calculate How Much Gravel I Need
Gravel can be used for mulch, to make an attractive border, a walkway or as a base for other projects. Available in a variety of colors from gray to light brown, gravel can be purchased from a wide range of home and garden stores as well a bulk material companies. Calculating the amount of gravel needed is an important first step to determine how much gravel you should purchase to accomplish the job.
credit: Goodshoot/Goodshoot/Getty Images
Hispanic carpenter taking a measure with his plans
credit: Huntstock/Huntstock/Getty Images
Measure the length and width of the area where the gravel will be placed. Use a tape measure and determine the overall length of the area as well as the width.
Step 2
Measure odd-shaped areas by breaking them down into rough rectangular or square shapes.
close-up of a calculator and a pen on paper
credit: Ciaran Griffin/Stockbyte/Getty Images
Multiply the length by the width to determine the square footage.
Multiply the length by the width to determine the square footage. Use a calculator to perform the multiplication if necessary. For example, multiply a length of 12 by a width of 10 to equal 120 square feet.
Mature couple working at home
credit: Medioimages/Photodisc/Photodisc/Getty Images
Determine how many inches of gravel will be placed in the area. Multiply the total number of inches for the gravel depth by the total square feet from the previous step. For example, using a gravel depth of 3 inches, convert the inches to feet, which equals 0.25. Multiply 120 square feet by a gravel depth of 0.25 feet to equal a volume of 30 cubic feet.
Step 5
Divide the total cubic feet, using the example of 30, by 27 to convert the amount to cubic yards. Use the cubic yards figure when purchasing in bulk, as most landscaping materials are sold by the cubic yard. For the example of 30 cubic feet needed, divide by 27 to equal 1.11 cubic yards.
Keith Dooley
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https://www.hunker.com/13404719/how-to-calculate-how-much-gravel-i-need
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Cows and snacks
The legendary Farmer John is throwing a huge party, and animals from all over the world are hanging out at his house. His guests are hungry, so he instructs his cow Bessie to bring out the snacks! Moo!
There are A snacks flavors, numbered with integers 1,2,…,A. Bessie has A snacks, one snack of each flavor. Every guest has exactly two favorite flavors. The procedure for eating snacks will go as follows:
• First, Bessie will line up the guests in some way.
• Then in this order, guests will approach the snacks one by one.
• Each guest in their turn will eat all remaining snacks of their favorite flavor. In case no favorite flavors are present when a guest goes up, they become very sad.
Help Bessie to minimize the number of sad guests by lining the guests in an optimal way.
Input Format:
First argument of input contains a single integer A
Second argument of input contains a 2 x M integer matrix B denoting favorite flavor of each guest.
Output Format:
return a single integer denoting the smallest possible number of sad guests.
2 <= N <= 100000
1 <= M <= 100000
1 <= B[i][0] , B[i][1] <= N
B[i][0] != B[i][1]
For Example:
Input 1:
A = 5 , B = [[1, 2], [4, 3], [1, 4], [3, 4]]
Output 1:
Bessie can order the guests like this: 3,1,2,4. Guest 3 goes first and eats snacks 1 and 4. Then the guest 1 goes and eats the snack 2 only, because the snack 1 has already been eaten. Similarly, the guest 2 goes up and eats the snack 3 only. All the snacks are gone, so the guest 4 will be sad.
Input 2:
A = 6 , B =[[2, 3], [2, 1], [3, 4], [6, 5], [4, 5]]
Output 2:
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https://www.interviewbit.com/problems/cows-and-snacks/
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Main content
Current time:0:00Total duration:18:38
Video transcript
What I want to do in this video is talk a little bit about the kidney-- and this is a big picture of a kidney-- and to talk about how it operates at its-- I guess you could call it its smallest functional level and that's the nephron. So we're going to talk about the kidney and the nephron. And I think you might already know the kidney. We have two of them. They're the organ that, I guess, is most famous for producing or allowing us to excrete waste. But part of that process, it also helps us maintain our water, the correct level, and actually the amount of salts or electrolytes we have and our blood pressure, but I'll just say maintain water. And it also produces hormones and things, and I'm not going to go into a lot of detail on that right now. I really just want to focus on these first two to kind of just understand the overview function of the kidney. And most of us have two of these. They're kind of closer to our back on either sides of our spine behind our liver. And this is a zoomed-in version of it. If you're watching this in full screen, it's not going to be as big as this picture is, but we've sliced it so we can see what's going on inside the kidney. Just to understand the different parts here, just because it will actually be significant when we start talking about the functional units or the nephron within the kidney, this area right here from here to here, this is called the renal cortex. Whenever we talk about something with the kidney, if you see a renal anything, that's actually referring to the kidney. So this right here is a renal cortex, that outer part right there. And then this area right here, this is the renal medulla. And medulla comes from middle. So you can almost view it as the middle of the kidney. Besides just understanding these words, we're going to see that they actually play a very important role in this actual filtration or this excretion of waste and this ability to not dump too much water or excrete too much water when we're trying to filter out our blood. So I've said before, and you might have heard it already from other lectures or from other teachers, that the functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. And the reason why it's called a functional unit-- I'll put it in quotes-- is because that's the level at which these two things are happening. The two major functions of the kidney: the waste excretion and the maintenance of the water level in our blood system. So just to get an idea of how a nephron fits in within this picture of a kidney-- I got this picture from Wikipedia. The artist tried to draw a couple of nephrons over here. So a nephron will look something like this, and it dips down into the medulla, and then it goes back into the cortex, and then it dumps into collecting ducts, and essentially the fluid will end up in the ureters right here and end up in our urinary bladder that we can later excrete when we find a suitable time. But that's about-- I guess you can imagine the length of a nephron. This is where it starts and then it dips down again. So multiple nephrons are going to keep doing that, but they're super thin. These tubes or these tubules, maybe I should say, are super thin. Your average kidney will contain on the order of one million nephrons. You can't really say, my nephrons are microscopic. They kind of have a-- at least their length when they dip down, you can say, I can see that distance. You can still jam a lot of them inside of one kidney. With that said, let's actually figure out how a nephron filters the blood and actually makes sure that not too much water or not too much of the good stuff in our blood ends up the urine. So let me draw here a nephron. So I'm going to start like this. We'll start with the blood flow. So the blood's going to come in an arteriole -- that's an arterial capillary, you could say. So it's going to come in like that. This is actually called the afferent arteriole. You don't have to know the names, but you might see that sometime. Blood is coming in. Then it goes into this big windy place. It really winds around like that. This is called the glomerulus. And then it leaves via the efferent arteriole. Efferent just means away from the center. Afferent towards, efferent away from the center. And I'll talk about it more in the future, but it's interesting that we're still dealing with an artery at this point. It's still oxygenated blood. Normally, when we leave a capillary system like the glomerulus right there, we're normally dealing with the venous system, but here we're still an arterial system. And it's probably because arterial systems have higher blood pressure, and what we need to do is we need to squeeze fluid and stuff that's dissolved in the fluid out of the blood and in the glomerulus right here. So this glomerulus is very porous and it's surrounded by other cells. This is kind of a cross-section. It's surrounded like that by this structure, and these are cells here so you can imagine these are all cells over here. And, of course, the actual capillaries have cells that line them so there are cells here. So when I draw these lines, these lines are actually made up of little cells. What happens is the blood comes in at really high pressure. This is very porous. These cells out here, they're called podocytes. They're a little bit more selective in what gets filtered out, and essentially about a fifth of the fluid that's coming in ends up going into this space right here that's called the Bowman's space. Well, actually, this whole thing is called the Bowman's capsule. It's a sphere with an opening in here that the capillary can kind of wind around in, and the space right here, this is the Bowman's space. It's the space inside the Bowman's capsule, and the whole thing has cells. All these structures are obviously made-- or maybe not so obviously-- they're made up of cells. And so we end up having filtrate in it. Filtrate is just the stuff that gets squeezed out. We can't call it urine just yet because there's a lot of steps that have to occur for it to earn the name urine. So it's only filtrate right now, and essentially what get squeezed out, I said it's about a fifth of the fluid, and things that are easily dissolved in fluid, so small ions, sodium, maybe some small molecules like glucose, maybe some amino acids. There are tons of stuff in here, but this is just to give an idea. The things that do not get filtered are things like red blood cells or larger molecules, larger proteins. They will not get filtered. It's mainly the micromolecules that'll get filtered, that'll be part of this filtrate that shows up here in the Bowman space. Now, the rest of what the nephron does, the Bowman's capsule is kind of the beginning of the nephron, and just to get an idea of our big picture of our kidney, let's say we're near an arteriole. This is a Bowman's capsule right here. It looks something like that, and the whole nephron is going to be convoluted like this. It's going to dip down into the medulla, and then come back, and then it's going to eventually dump into a collecting duct, and I'll talk more about that. So what I've drawn just here, this is a zoomed-in version of that part right there. Now what I want to do is zoom out a little bit because I'm going to run out of space. So let me zoom out. So we had our arteriole go in. It gets all bunched in the glomerulus, and then most of the blood leaves, but one-fifth of it gets essentially filtered in to the Bowman's capsule. That's the Bowman's capsule right there. I've just zoomed out a little bit. So we have our filtrate here. Maybe I'll make it a little bit yellow. The filtrate that just comes out at this point, sometimes it's called the glomerular filtrate because it's been filtered by the glomerulus, but it's also been filtered by those podocyte cells on the inside of the Bowman's capsule. But now it's ready to go to the proximal tubule. Let me draw something like this. And obviously, this is not exactly what it looks like, but it gives you the sense. This right here, this is the proximal tubule. And it sounds like a very fancy word, but proximal just means near and tubule, you can imagine, is just a small tube. So it's a small tube that's near the beginning. That's why it's called a proximal tubule. And it has two parts. The whole thing is often called a proximal convoluted tubule. That's because it's all convoluted. The way I've drawn it is all curvy. And I just drew it curvy in two dimensions. It's actually curvy in three dimensions. But the reality is there's a curvy part and then there's a straight part near the end of the proximal tubule. So we'll call this whole thing the proximal tubule. This is the convoluted part. That's the straight part, but we don't have to get too picky. But the whole point of this part of the nephron-- and just to remember where we are, we're now at this point of the nephron right there-- the whole point is to start reabsorbing some of the stuff that is in the filtrate that we don't want to lose. We don't want to lose glucose. That's hard-earned stuff that we ate that was good for energy. We don't want to lose necessarily as much sodium. We've seen in multiple videos that that's a useful ion to have around. We don't want to lose amino acids. Those are useful for building up proteins and other things. So these are things we don't want to lose so we start absorbing them back. I'll do a whole video on exactly how that happens, but it's done actively. Since we're using ATP, and just as a bit of a summary, you're using ATP to actually pump out the sodium and then that actually helps bring in the other things. That's just kind of a tidbit on what's happening. So we're reabsorbing, so just imagine what's happening. You have cells lining the proximal tubule right now. And actually, they have little things that jut out. I'll do a whole video on that because it's actually interesting. So you have cells out here. On the other side of the cells, you have an arterial system, or a capillary system, I should say, actually. So let's say you have a capillary system here that is very close to the cells lining the proximal tubule, and so this stuff actually gets actively pumped, especially the sodium, but all of it, using energy, gets pumped back into the blood selectively, and maybe a little bit of our water. So we're pumping back some sodium, some glucose, and we'll start pumping a little bit of the water back in because we don't want to lose all of that water. If all of the water that was originally in the filtrate we were just leaving in our urine, we'd be excreting gallons and gallons of water every day, which we do not want to do. So that's the whole point. We're starting the absorption process. And then we'll enter the loop of Henle, and actually, this is, in my mind, the most interesting part of the nephron. So we're entering the loop of Henle, and it dips down, and then comes back up. And so most of the length of the nephron is the loop of Henle. And if I go back to this diagram right here, if I'm talking about the loop of Henle, I'm talking about this whole thing right there. And you can see something interesting here. It crosses the border between the cortex, this light brown part, and the renal medulla, this kind of reddish or orange part right there, and it does that for a very good reason. I'm going to draw it here. So let's say this is the dividing line right here. This right here was the cortex. This right here is the medulla. So the whole point-- well, there's two points of the loop of Henle. One point is to make the renal medulla salty, and it does this by actively pumping out salts. So it actively pumps out salts, and it does that in the ascending part of the loop of Henle. So it actively pumps out salts: sodium, potassium, chloride, or chlorine, I should say. Chlorine ions. It actively pumps out these salts right here to make the entire medulla salty, or if we think about it in terms of kind of osmosis, make it hypertonic. You have more solute out here than you have in the filtrate that's going through the tubules. And it uses ATP to do this. All of this stuff requires ATP to actively pump against a concentration gradient. So this is salty and it's salty for a reason. It's not just to take back these salts from the filtrate, although that's part of the reason, but by making this salty, the ascending part is only permeable to these salts and these ions. It's not permeable to water. The descending part of the loop of Henle is only permeable to water. So what's going to happen? If this is all salty because the ascending part is actively pumping out salt, what's going to happen to water as it goes down the descending loop? Well, it's hypertonic out here. Water will naturally want to go and kind of try to make the concentrations balance out. I've done a whole video on that. It doesn't happen by magic. And so the water will-- because this is hypertonic, it's more salty, and this is only permeable to water, the water will leave the membrane on the descending part of the loop of Henle right now. And this is a major part of water reabsorption. I've thought a lot about why don't we use ATP somehow to actively pump water? And the answer there is, there's no easy way to do that. Biological systems are good at using ATP to pump out ions, but it can't actively pump out water. Water's kind of a hard thing for proteins to operate on. So the solution is to make it salty out here by pumping out ions and then water, if you make this porous only to water, water will naturally flow out. So this is a major mechanism of gaining back a lot of the water that gets filtered out up here. And the reason why this is so long is to give time for this water to secrete out, and that's why it dips nice and pretty far down into this salty portion. So then we'll leave the loop of Henle and then we're almost done with the nephron. Then we're in another convoluted tubule, and you might even guess the name of this convoluted tubule. If this was the proximal one, this is the distal one. And actually, just to make my drawing correct, it actually passes very close to the Bowman's capsule, so let me do it in a different color. The distal convoluted tubule actually goes pretty close to the Bowman's capsule. And once again, I've made it all convoluted in two dimensions, but it's actually convoluted in three. And it's not that long, but I just had to get over here and I wanted to get over that point right there. It's called distal. Distal is further away. It's convoluted and it's a tubule. So this right here is the distal convoluted tubule, and here we have more reabsorption: calcium, more sodium reabsorption. We're just reabsorbing more things that we didn't want to lose in the first place. There's a lot of things we could talk about what get reabsorbed, but this is just the overview. And we're also reabsorbing a little bit of more water. But then at the end right here, our filtrate has been processed. A lot of the water's been taken out. It's a lot more concentrated. We've reabsorbed a lot of the salts, electrolytes that we want. We've reabsorbed the glucose and a lot of the amino acids. Everything that we want, we've taken back. We've reabsorbed. And so this is mainly waste products and water that we don't need anymore and then this gets dumped into collecting ducts. And you can kind of view this as the trash chute of the kidney, where multiple nephrons are going to dump into this. So that might be the distal tubule of another nephron right here and this is a collecting duct, which is just a tube that's collecting all the byproducts of the nephrons. And the interesting thing is that the collecting duct further goes into the medulla again. It goes into the medulla again to the salty part again. So if we're talking about the collecting duct, maybe the collecting duct's coming back into the medulla, collecting all of the filtrate from the different nephrons. And because it goes back through that super salty spot in the medulla, we actually have four hormones called anti-diarrhetic hormone that can dictate how porous this collecting tube is, and if it makes it very porous, it allows more water to leave as we go to the medulla, because this is very salty, so the water will leave if this is porous. And when we do that, what that does is it makes the filtrate-- and we can maybe start calling it urine now-- even more concentrated so we lose even less water, and it keeps collecting, collecting, collecting until we end up here, and it leaves the kidney and goes via our ureters to the urinary bladder. So hopefully, you found that helpful. I think the neatest thing here is just how we actively reabsorb the water and how we-- well, actually, in my mind, that is the neatest part in the loop of Henle.
Biology is brought to you with support from the Amgen Foundation
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https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/kidney-nephron/v/the-kidney-and-nephron
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Are There Foods That Can Drastically Reduce Tinnitus?
Foods don't cause or cure tinnitus, but a change in diet may help, depending on the underlying cause of the problem. Tinnitus isn't a disease or condition itself. It's a symptom of an underlying condition. If you're bothered by a ringing sensation in your ear, talk to your doctor to find the cause and establish a treatment plan.
Though tinnitus is usually described as a ringing in the ear or ears, it can also be a hissing, clicking, buzzing or roaring sound that can be loud or soft and high- or low-pitched. The American Tinnitus Association estimates that 50 million Americans suffer from tinnitus to some degree. About 16 million of those sufferers are troubled enough to seek medical treatment. There's no cure for tinnitus, but there are steps you can take to help treat the problem.
To reduce the noise of tinnitus, it's important to determine the cause of the ringing sensation. Tinnitus can be caused by something as simple as wax buildup in the ear or result from extreme noise or noise-induced hearing loss. The symptom can be a result of an ear or sinus infection, hormonal changes in women, thyroid abnormalities, Meniere's disease or a brain tumor. Many medications also can bring on a case of tinnitus. In rare cases, the ringing sound may be a result of heart or blood vessel problems. In those cases, adopting a more heart-healthy eating plan may help. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, lean meats and low-fat dairy products.
Hypertension or other factors that increase blood pressure can make tinnitus more noticeable. The American Tinnitus Association recommends going through a process of elimination to see if changes in your diet will help. Stress, alcohol and caffeine can all increase blood pressure, so find more time to relax and cut back on alcoholic beverages and coffees, teas and sodas with caffeine. Foods high in salt, artificial sweeteners and sugar also can aggravate tinnitus. What works for one person may not work for you, so take the time to pay attention to your triggers and experiment with dietary changes.
If making changes to your diet doesn't affect your tinnitus, there are a number of other treatments to consider. Work with your doctor to see if changing any of your current medications might help. Have your ears examined for wax buildup. Try suppressing the noise with white-noise machines, hearing aids or masking devices worn in the ear. Ask about prescription medications that may help reduce the severity of tinnitus.
Is This an Emergency?
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https://www.livestrong.com/article/485316-foods-that-can-drastically-reduce-tinnitus/
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Why Strong, Unique Passwords Matter
From the Desk of Thomas F. Duffy, Chair, MS-ISAC
Cybersecurity experts continually identify the use of strong, unique passwords as one of their top recommendations. However, this is also one of the least commonly followed recommendations because unless you know the tricks, it’s difficult to remember strong, unique passwords for every login and website.
Strong passwords are important. A strong password consists of at least 10, and includes a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols. A unique password is a password that is only used with one account.
Why Strong, Unique Passwords Matter
Cybersecurity experts make the recommendation for strong, unique passwords for several reasons – the first being that every day malicious cyber threat actors compromise websites and online accounts, and post lists of usernames, email addresses, and passwords online. This exposes people’s passwords, and worse yet, they are exposed with information that uniquely identifies the user, such as an email address. That means that a malicious actor can look for other accounts associated with that same person, such as work related, personal social media, or banking accounts. When the malicious actor finds those accounts they can try logging in with the exposed password and if the password is reused, they can gain access. This is why unique passwords matter.
Secondly, when malicious cyber threat actors can’t easily find or a guess the password, they can use a technique called brute forcing. This is a technique where they try every possible password until the correct password is identified. Computers can try thousands of passwords per second, but for this technique to be worthwhile, the malicious cyber threat actor needs the password to be easy to identify, which is why a strong password matters. The stronger the password the less likely brute forcing will be successful.
When malicious actors use brute forcing techniques they often try every word in the dictionary because it’s easier to remember words than random letter combinations. This technique is not limited to English-language dictionaries, so switching languages will not help. And since many passwords require a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols, the malicious actors rely on human instinct to narrow down the possibilities. For instance, most users when faced with choosing a password that fits these requirements, will pick a word, put the uppercase letter first, and end the password with the number and symbol. Alternatively, many people will replace common letters with a number or symbol that represents that letter. This changes a common password, such as “password,” into the only slightly more complex password of “p@ssw0rd,” which is still an easy to guess pattern.
Consider using a password manager, which is an application that can run on a computer, smartphone, or in the cloud, that securely tracks and stores passwords. Most password managers can also generate strong, random passwords for each account. As long as the password to access the password manager is strong and unique, and two-factor authentication is being utilized, this technique can be effective. However, if the company running the cloud-based password manager is compromised, or a vulnerability in their software is discovered and leveraged by an attacker (which does happen!) it is possible that all of your passwords could be compromised. If you choose a password manager that is local to your computer or smartphone, your passwords may be compromised if malware gets on your computer or you lose your smartphone. When choosing a password manager, ensure it is from a known, trustworthy company with a good reputation.
Another technique to assist in building strong, unique passwords, is to choose a repeatable pattern for your password, such as choosing a sentence that incorporates something unique about the website or account, and then using the first letter of each word as your password. For example the sentence: "This is my January password for the Center for Internet Security website." would become "TimJp4tCfISw." This password capitalizes 5 letters within the sentence, swaps the word "for" to the number "4," and adds the period to include a symbol. The vulnerability in this technique is that if multiple passwords from the same user are exposed it may reveal the pattern. Variations on this technique include using the first letters from a line in a favorite song or a poem.
More information on the role of strong passwords in enterprise defense is available in the CIS Critical Security Controls: https://www.cisecurity.org/critical-controls.cfm
Further advice on passwords is available in the MS-ISAC Security Primer available at: http://msisac.cisecurity.org/whitepaper/documents/Security Primer - Securing Login Credentials.pdf
Provided By:
Stop Think Connect
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https://www.mhbank.com/blog/news/why-strong-unique-passwords-matter/
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Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith en haar meid met het hoofd van Holofernes, ca. 1613 (Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence)
What was the role of women artists in Late Renaissance and Baroque Italy? How did they come into their own artistically in a male-dominated world? Such is the premise of the fall exhibition of the Museum of Fine Arts Ghent (MSK). Featuring some fifty paintings, the exhibition sheds light on the critical role of women painters in Italy from 1550 to 1680.
Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-1652), arguably the most famous female artist of 17th-century Italian art, figures prominently in the exhibition, which compares her work with that of her female contemporaries. The inclusion of decorative art objects from the period serve to contextualize the works of these women.
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Women artists in the 16th- and 17th-century
During the 16th and 17th centuries, women artists in Venice, Rome, Naples, and Bologna undeniably shared a common ground that earned them their own place in the Baroque aesthetics. These women chose to dedicate themselves to painting and, consequently, to compete with accomplished male artists and their studios.
They were the daughters, sisters or wives of well-known artists, or in some cases nuns. Their works displayed a conceptual and formal coherence that formed a sharp contrast to the diverse styles of the period. By using bold treatements and brilliant pictorial devices, they circumvented – delicately when needed, forcefully if possible – the rules and practices imposed by the Counter-Reformation, a movement advocating a spiritual renewal within the Catholic Church.
Artemisia: the fight against authority
Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-1652) figures prominently in archival documents and literature. Like her father Orazio Gentileschi, Artemisia was a proponent of Caravaggio’s dramatic realism. Her work placed her in direct competition with her male contemporaries, and she enjoyed significant success.
Artemisia gradually rose above her station and came to symbolize the fight against artistic authority: firstly, against her father’s authority, and later, vigourously, against the lack of freedom for women.
Reinterpreting the champion of women painters
In order to better understand Artemisia’s work, we must refrain from over-interpreting certain events in her life, such as her rape as a young woman. In the past, her unique artistic position was at times too easily linked to these stories. The MSK exhibition will endeavour to qualify this perception by examining the conditions under which women artists of the Late Renaissance and Baroque lived and worked. Artemisia was far from the only woman to champion the cause of female painters.
From Sofonisba Anguissola to Elisabetta Sirani
Sofonisba Anguissola (1532-1625), Fede Galizia (1578-1630), Giovanna Garzoni (1600-1670), as well as Orsola Maddalena Caccia (1596-1676), Lavinia Fontana (1552-1614), Virginia da Vezzo (1601-1638) and Elisabetta Sirani (1638-1665): according to the mores of the times, all these women had to make do with portraiture and allegorical paintings featuring fruit and flowers. However, they were quick to flout these restrictions, using the themes that were forced on them as powerful instruments: they displayed remarkable freedom in the face of the strict gender rules.
The undeniable portraits and self-portraits behind their allegorical, mythological, and religious figures are imbued with an astonishing naturalistic presence. That same naturalism is to be found in their flower and fruit arrangements. These women transformed the traditional symbols of the transience of objects and of fertility into powerful instruments of defiance and opposition.
‘The ladies of the baroque’ shows how these painters tackled the restrictions of their time in inventive ways. To that end, the MSK has brought together an exceptional selection of works from both prestigious museum such as the Galleria degli Uffizi (Firenze), the Gemäldegalerie (Berlin) and the Galleria Borghese (Rome), as well as finds from important private collections. Many of these works have been on public display only occasionally or are presented now for the first time.
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https://www.mskgent.be/en/exhibitions/ladies-baroque
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Does inheriting a good set of sporting genes determine a future gold medallist?
Sporting prowess runs in families, so inheriting a good set of sporting genes may make the difference between being a weekend athlete and a gold medal winner.
Since the 1968 Mexico Olympics attempts have been underway to identify the genes that improve sporting performance.
Many thousands of athletes have now been tested to find the hidden genetic code for sport performance. So far this search for sporting genes has been without success. Part of the problem in finding the genetic code for sport performance is the complex nature of different sports.
In all sports there are subtle vagaries of luck, technique, strategy and single mindedness, all factors that cannot be predicted by a genetic test. However, there is one common feature of many sports. This is the ability to convert oxygen into performance.
The ability to use oxygen is called aerobic capacity. This is the combined capacity of the lungs, circulatory system and oxygen carrying ability of the blood to deliver oxygen to the working muscles.
For athletes this is measured as the maximal amount of oxygen that can be used in a minute. To measure this, athletes complete a voluntary maximal oxygen uptake test (known as VO 2 max).
Athletes breath through tubes connected to an oxygen metre that measures the amount of oxygen consumed in each breath. At the same time the exercise test (generally running on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike) is increased in intensity till the athlete has to stop.
All endurance athletes have high VO 2 max scores, with some of the most successful Olympians of all time having exceptionally high scores.
A major international program has been hunting for genes that predict exceptionally high VO 2 max scores.
Scanning across the DNA of thousands of national and international world-class athletes, including 825 who have competed in various past Olympics, has been completed to locate the aerobic genes.
Despite thousands of possible genes, only one small genetic region (rs558129 to be precise) has any association with VO 2 max.
The conclusion of this analysis is that genetic testing cannot identify world-class athletes from the rest of world’s population.
Athletes are only partly born that way and much of their elite and remarkable feats of skill, speed and endurance are made through hard work and perseverance.
Last Reviewed: 24/09/2019
Norman Swan Medical Communications
Cao Y et al. No evidence of a common DNA variant profile specific to world class endurance athletes. PLOS One Epub online January 29, 2016. doi: 10.1371/journal.pon.0147330.
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https://www.mydr.com.au/news/can-genes-pick-a-future-gold-medallist
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